í7«*. ■^ JFrancís fímípont fóarnarii, THE Ikopal politician REPRESENT ED I N One Hundred Emblems. Written in Spanish by Don T>iego Saavedra Faxardo,* Knight of the Order of St. Jago, Plenipotentiary Ambaííador To the Cantons of SWIT^E RLAND, At the Imperial Diet ztRATISBON, At the Famous Treaty of MV NSTER, And of the Supreme Council of State for poththe INDIES. ' ■ ~ <; : With a large Preface, containing an Account of the Author, his Works., and the Uiefuinefs thereof. Done into English from the Original. By Sir J A. A S T R Y. V O L. II. LONDON: Printed for Matt.Gylliflo-wer at the Spread-Eagle in IVeftminfter-Hall: And Luke Meredith at the Star in St. Parts Ghurch- Yard , M D C C 3&GJ :: .iaAS The Contents of the Second Part. ' Emb. LI pIDE ScDiffide, LII. Magis quam in terra nocuus,i» P*ge t LE T his Confidence be always Vigi- lant . For Evil Minifters are mofl dangerous in the higheji Pojls. Herein they extraje their ¿¡varice ; And defire rathtr to depend on them- f elves than the Prince. Counfellors are the Eyes of the Scepter, Secretaries are the Compafs They are both Wheels in the Clock of Government, but not the Hand. Then let him give them all forts of LVIII. Sine detrimento lucís fuae,j 7 Honour without Prejudice to his own. How a Prince ought to behave himfelf in the Government of his States and Kingdoms. fOunfel and Strength are neceffary to LIX. £UM Arte & cum manu,6j LUÍ. Cuftodiunt non carpunt, LIV. A fe pender, LV. His prsevide & provide, LVL Qui á íecretis ab omnibus, LVII. Uni reddatur, 29 4? LX. Vel afcendit vel defcendif, 84. preferve them. For let him be affured, that if they incrtafe not they will diminijh. Let him know well all the Strings of his Government, and take Care that the greater Strings agree with the lefs. Without discovering the Artifice of their Harmony. Let him confider the Beginning, and End of his Refolutions. Let him be flow in Confutation, and quick in Execution. Let him correii Errours before they multiply. Let him Jee that his Countrey be well Peopled, and breed up Subjects fit for the Magi fir aty, Let him not over-burthen them with Taxes. Let him encourageTrade and Commerce, which are the Poles of Common- wealths, Keeping to himfelf thePower of War and Peace, by his Swd and his Purfe. Let him not divide his State between his Children Indufiry overcomes all things. Refl renews Strength How a Pxinc* ought to behave himfelf, in the internal and external D i (orders of his Sea tes. ^Editions are appeas'dby Cd-.rity and LXXIj? £Omprefia quiefcunr, 1 8z ffdt C -2 LXI. Ma jora minoribus confo- nant, 9+ LXII. Nulli patee, 109 LX1II. Confule utrique, 107 LXIV. Statu* & exequere, It: LXV. Ex uno errors rmilti, 116 LXVI. Ex fafcibus fafces, I2f LXVII. Amputac non excindii •,IJt LXVIII. His Polis, HS LXIX. Ferto & Aura, IS» LXX. Dum fcinditur frangor» 16c LXXf. Labor omnia vincit» LXXU. Vires alir, 170 176- 91 (■: J. 3157 The Contents of the Second Part. War ought to be undertaken, to ac- quire Peace. He who Jem Difcord reaps Wars. Which are caused by the ill Intentions of Min't/lers. And by the Interviews of Princes. Let a Prince beware of fpecious Pretences. Which ought to be deluded by others of the fame kind. By being in a Readi.nefs agair.fi a Ru- pture. And conjidering his Strength. Placing his Glory and Bravery in Arms. For upon the Exercife of them depends the Prejervation of his States. Let him ail mere by Counfel than Force. Avoiding middle Counfels. Let him perfonally ajfi(l in the Wars of his State. Always remembrivg, that his Arms flourish moft i when God is of his fide, that he ought to adjufi hie Will to his Divine Decrees. 2 "hat Concord oyertomes all things. That the beft Stratagem is Diverfion. That he ought not to confide in reconü-^ led Friends. Emb. LXXIV. In fulcrum pacis, Page '93 LXXV. Bellum colligit qui difcor- dia* feminat, ,oq LXXVÍ. Incrac lux & exit flam- LXXVIÍ. Praefentia nocet, 109 LXXVIII Formóla fuperné, 212 LXXIX Confilia coniiliis fruftran- tur < 119 LXXX In arena & antearenam, 223 LXXXI. Quid valeant vises, 230 LXXXII. Decus in armis, 143 LXXXI1I. Offendunt & defendunr, LXXXIV.Plura confilio quam vi,2 5 8 LXXX V Confilia media fueicda.jtfi LXXXVÍ Rebus adeft, 268 LXXXVII. AufpiceDeo, 27; LXXXVIII. Volentes trahimur, 28 1- LXXXIX Concordiae cedunt, 287 XC. Disjunftis viribus, XCI. ¿tolidari non poteft, 593 208 XCII. Proteguntat deftruunr, XCII1. inipia fcedera, That Pnteclion is generally Pernicious' That Leagues with Hereticks are dan- gerbtts. ■ ■ «-■ That the Mitre ought to fbine equally all the World over. Neutrality neither makes Friends , nor gams Enemies. •How a Prince ought to behavehimfelf in Victories and Treaties of Peace jN ViBory let him be always, mindful XCVL \^emor adverfae, 3 \ 4. •*■ of Aiverfity. XGIV. Librata refulger, XCV. Neutri adhaerendum, 304 309 3» 5 323 XCVL pernor adverfae, XCVII. Fortior Spoliis, Making ufe oftheSpils to augment his own Strength. And concluding Peace under the Shield. For the Pleafures of Peace are the Fruit of War. How a Prince ought to behave himfelf in his old Age. TE T him confidor.that his la/l A8¡- C / A U 1 legitime certaverit, XCVM. SubClyreo, XCIX. MercesBciJi, ens Crown his Government. And Prognofiicatg what his Succeffor will be. And that he is equal to the reft of Mankind in the Pangs of Death, CI. Futurum indicat, Cil. Lydibria Moras, 343 348 354 36*0 574 OF Vol. Ií; OF THE EDUCATION P R IN C E .Vil i '• ni'i " i «''¿«j- EMBLEM hi THERE is nothing better of tfiofe advantageous tó Mankind than prudent Diffidence ; 'tis the Guard and Prefervation of our Lives and Fortunes, our own Security obliges us to it ; without it there would be no Caution, without v^hich no Safety; that Prince governs bet! B who i '215157 •l A ? rimes Confidence fhould Vol. II. who trufts feweft, there is but one Confidence fafe, which is not to depend upon the Will of another. For who can fé- curc himfelf of Man's heart, hid in the privateft corner of the Breaft, whofe Secrets the Tongue diffembles, the Eyes and all the Motions of the Body contradict (i). 'Tis a Gulf rowling with the Tempefts of different Affections, a Sea full of hidden Rocks which no Chart can difcover. What Prudence muft the Needle be touched with for a Prince to fa.il by, through fuch dangerous and difficult Seas (2). How well fhould he know the Winds ? when to'fSHand loofe the Sails of Confidence ? In thisconfifts the chiefeft Art of Government ; 'tis in this that a Prin- ces danger chiefly confifts, either through want of Experi- ence in Affairs, or Knowledge of his Subjects, none of them appearing ill to him. For in his Pretence all compofe their Actions, and adjuft their Looks: Their fet Speeches found nothing but Love, Zeal and Fidelity, and their At- tendance nothing but Refpect and Obedience ; Difcontent, Hatred and Ambition being hid in the heart ; which made one fay, a Prime jhould truft no Body ; but both extrearas are equally to be avoided (%). To truft none is the Sufpicion of a Tyrant, to truft all the eafinefs of an imprudent Prince. Confidence is not lefs important to a Prince than Diftruft : The one is worthy a fincere and Royal Breaft, the other is very neceflary in the Arc of Government, as an Inftrument by which Policy works its Ends. The Difficulty confifts in knowing how rightly to ufe one and t'other, fo that neither a too credulous Confidence expofe you to Infidelity and Dangers, or a too fufpicious Diftruft provoke Hatred, or make the Prince by reafon of this Diffidence incapable of treating with any one : He fhould not meafure all things by Confidence, nor all by Diftruft. If a Prince will truft none, who can ferve him without evident Dangers? Tis as great a misfortune to lofc a faithful Minifter upon vain and groundlefs Sufpicions, as by a too eafie Credulity to truft (1) Ecclef. 13. 31. (2) The heart is deceitful above all things, and defperarely wicked: Who can know it ? Jiretn. 17. 9. (3) Uirumque m vitit eft-, Ó 4 ownib'u credere, & nulli. Seneca. thole Vol. II. nót átate bis Vigilance] J thofe who are not fo. Let a Prince confide, but at the fame time fufpect that he may be cheated ; this Sufpicion: ought not to retard the CoUrfe of his Acíions, but only to be a Caution to him : if he was without Sufpicion he would be too carelefs. Sufpicion is a cautionary Security, a due weighing of Matters ; he who doubts nothing can never know the Truth. Let him give Credit as if he be- liev'd, and diftruft as if he believ'd not. Confidence and Diffidence being thus governed by Prudence and Reafon, work Miracles. Let the Prince therefore be well advifed in the Affairs which he treats of, in the Alliances which he ratifies, in the Peaces which he concludes, and in all other Treaties in general which concern the Government ; and when he Signs them let his hand be full of Eyes, (as in the prefent Erijblem) that he may fee what he does. The' Bawd in Plautus valued not the Promifes of the Lover when me faid, Our bands are full of eyes, what they fee they believe ■ j and elíewhere ihe calls the Day quick fighted, in which flie never traded but for the Ready. Blind are Refolves made by Confidence ; Fythagoras's Motto was, Not to make' hands with every Body. Credulity to all is very dange- rous ; fet a Prince therefore eonfider well before he inga- ges himfelf, thinking always that his Friends as well as his Enemies defign to cheat him, one more, the other lefs ; one ..to rob him of his Territories and Riches, the other only to reconcile himfelf to his Favour and Good-wilí. This Pre fuppofition flioukl not be deriv'd from Fraud, and Vil- lainy giving him the Liberty to forfeit his Word and Pro- mife, which would utterly confound the públi'ck Faith, ana be a great Blot in his Reputation ; this Caution ílíotrlá be nothing but a prudent Circumfpe&ion and piece of Po- licy. That Diffidence the Daughter of Sufprcion is then blarrieable in a Prince, when 'tis frivolous and vicious^ which immediately difcovers its Effects and proceeds to Ex- ecution, not that Circumfpeft and general Diftruft, which equally regards all, without particularizing upon any oneg, until the Circurrrftances well examined (hall dictate other- wife, and perhaps you may not fuflfrciently confide in any one, whom y^J rruyneverthelcfs have a good Opinion of, fcf 8 -k fhiáf 4 A Trincos Confidence (bould Vof. If. this is not a particular diftrufting of him, but a general Caution of Prudence ; there are Forts in the very middle of Ktngdoms,in which there are Garrifons kept, as if on the E- nemies Frontiers. This Caution is convenient, and reflects not upon the Subjects Fidelity. A Prince may confide in his Relations, Allies, Subjects and Minifters, yet this Confidence ihould not be fo remifs, as to lull him afleep, and make him carelefs of all Accidents, by which Ambiti- on, Intereft, or Hatred ufually pervert Fidelity ; breaking the ftrongeft Bars of the Law of Nature and Nations ; when a Prince had rather chufe to fuffer,than live in the con- tinual Alarms of fo many Cautions ; and rather let things run on, than remedy the Inconveniencies which may hap- pen. He makes his Minifters wicked and fometimes trea- cherous, for they imputing his Indulgence to Incapability defpife and flight him, and each Reigns abfoiutely in that part of the Government which is allotted him. But when the Prince is vigilant, and if he does confide in any does it not without Caution ; when he is always fo prepaid, that Treachery fliall never find him unprovided j when he con- demns not withoat hearing; and reprehends not but to pre- ferve Fidelity, when 'tis in danger, he may wear his Crown in fafety. King Ferdinand the Catholick had no reafon to fufpect the Fidelity of the great Captain t ; neverthelefs he kept thofe people near him who ihould diligently pry into his Actions , that he knowing how narrowly he was watch'd, might Aft with the more Caution. This was not properly an Action of diftruft but prudence. For all this he mull take care that this Sufpicion be not groundlefs and frivolous, as was that of the fame King Fer- dinand to the fame great Captain ; for though after thelofs of the Battel of Ravenna, he wanted him for the manage- ment of Affairs in Italy, he would not make ufe of him, when he faw with what eagernefs all the people ftrove to ierve and fight under him ; and fo endeavoured by all the means he could to aífure himíelf of Duke Valentine, fb that fufpetting an experimented Fidelity, he expofed him- f Gmfalix. Fernandez of Cordova, Mar. Hift. Hifp. fclf Voí. ir. not álate hh Vigilance, t¡ íelf to one fufpetted : So over jealous Spirits to avoid one Danger fall into a greater ; though ibmetimes the refufal of the Services of fuch great Men, may be rather a Princes Envy or Ingratitude, than Jealoufie or Sufpicion. It may be alfo that this wife Prince, thought it not convenient to make ufe of a Man whom he knew to be difcontented ; a Prince muft expect little Fidelity from a perfon of whofp he has once (hewn aDiftruft.Tbe more ingenious and generous a Spi- rit is, the more it refents the Sufpicion of its Fidelity, and ib more eafily quits it, which made Getulim make bold to wwte toTiberint,That he was Loyal ¡and unkfs [ufpeftedjvould remain fo (4,). A Prince ought to learn by the experience of his own Accidents as well as others, how far he ought to con- fide in his Subjects. Amongft the Cautions which King Henry the II. left his Son Don John, there was this, That he Qiould continue the Rewards given to thofe, who had follow'd his party againft King Peter their natural Lord, but that he ihould not put fo much Confidence in them, as not to have an Eye upon 'em, that in Offices and Places of Truft he ihould make ufe o¿ thofe, who adher'd to their Mailer King Peter like true and faithful Subjects, and oblige ? em to make amends for paft Offences by future Services ; but that he ihould not put any Confidence in the Neuters, who had :fliewn themfelves more addicted to felf Intereft than the publick Good. Traytors are odious even to thofe whom they ferve by their Treafon (5), and the Loyal are efteem'd by thoie againft whom they are fo; upon this ground Otho trufted Celjm^ who had faithfully ferved Galba (6). 5 Tis not good to raife a Minifter all at once to great Places, for it makes others envy him and hate the Prince, they taking this ludden Promotion as an Argument of his Levity. There is no Minifter fo modeft, as not to be affron- ted, nor fo zealous as to continue in his Devoir, when he fees (4) Sibi fidtm integramj&linuUis infttiiis ¿>3teretur 9 ynanjwam Tac.6. ann. (s) Quippe proditores, ettamiis, quos anteponunr, htvifunt. Tac. r. ann. (6) Manjitque Celfo vclut fatalite'r ttiam pro Qihme fidts integra # infelix. Tac 1. Hift. B 3 anothff $ A Triads Confidence jhould Vol. II, another (o unjuftly preferred. For one that's fatisfied many are difcontented ; and when the Minifters are difgufted 'tis impoifible the Government fliould go well : Such Elections are nothing elfe but abortive Births ; and Fidelity takes deeper root, when it fees that Offices and Imployments are the reward of faithful Services : the Prince has in the mean while time tomakeTryal of his Minifter, firft in places of fmall Truit leaft it fliould con him too dear, afterwards in places of greater Importance (7), let him examine before he employs him in Affairs of Peace or War, what is the moil likely to (hake his Fidelity, what his Birth is, what his Reputation and Fortune ; this Grcumipection is parti- cularly neceifary in places of Truft, which are as 'twere the JCeys and Security of Governments. Augujtm would not permit any Senator or Roman Knight to enter Egypt without his fpecial Order, becaufe that Pro- vince was the Grainary of the Empire, and that he who made himfelf Mailer of that had the other at Command : for the fame reafon 7'tber'm fliarply reprehended Germankm for going into Alexandria without his leave (8), but for the greater Security, and the better to keep the Minifter in obedience, 'twould be convenient to allow a little more Au- thority to the Magiftracy of the Province, for there are no Curbs ftronger than that, nor more ready to oppofe the Faults of the Governor, Mean and abject Spirits,fuch as have no Ambition ofGlo- ry,or thirft for Preferments,are fit for no Employ. The chief Quality which God found in Joflmah, to introduce him in- to the management of Affairs, was that he had a great Spi- rit (9). But yet the Courage fliould not be fo great, as to repine at his being born a Subject, and not be contented with his Condition ; for the Loyalty of fuch is in great Danger, becaufe ihey afpire always to the higheft ftep, which if they attain not, -tis either for want of Power, or (7) He that is faithful in that which is leaft, is faithful alio in much, Luk. \6. ro. (8) Acetrine moepuit , qmd contra inftttututK ¿iugufii, non fronte gri-ncipis /iLxan?.riam intro'Jftt. Tac 2. inn. (9) Numb. 27. ¡8. __ Wit, Vol. II. not álate his Vigilance. 7 Wit, befldes they íbon flag in their Zeal for the Publick, and Obedience to their Prince. Great Spirits are not lefs dangerous at leaft, if they are not docile and modeft for being very pofitive and conceited of their own Opinions, they are apt to flight Commands, and believe that all ihould be governed at their Pleafure. A perfon is as troublefome for his good Qualifications, as for his having none at all ; for there is no fatisfying him, who prefumes too much upon his Merit : Tiberius never defired great Vertues in Offices of Truft, and hated Vices too ; tor from one he feared Danger tohimfelf, from t'other Scandal to the Government (10). Nor are thofe fit for Minifters who are rich and of great Families, for having no need of the Prince, and flowing in plenty of all things, they won't expofe themfelves to Perils andToils, nor can, nor will they be under Command (nj. Whence Soféim Britannicm us'd to fay, Princes can't endure Riches in the Commons ( 12). When a Prince ihall have made Choice of a Minifter with all due Circumfpection, let him feemingly put an en- tire Confidence in him, but always keep an Eye upon his Actions and Intelligences, and if they are any ways iufpici- ous, let him be removed to another Poft, where he will want opportunity to make a party to execute his ill De- iigns } for there is more prudence and kindnefs in preven- ting a Crime, than in forgiving it when committed ; if Ger- mankus's Vi&ory, and the Soldiers Applaufe pleas'd Tibe- rius on one hand, on t other they made him jealous and uneaiie (13). And underftanding the Commotions in the Eaft, he was glad of a Pretence to expofe him to Dan- gers, by making him Governour of thofe Provinces (14). (10) Ñeque enim inminentes liirtutes fe¿íabatw,& rurfus vitiaoderat ; ex optimis periculum fibiji pejfimis dedecus publicum metuebat. Tac. i arm. ( j 1) Qui in affluent! a fortuna, -virium, opum, & amicorum, aliorumq; tahum co/ifiituti funt , R.egin Vol. If. Tiberius though a Tyrant never advar.c'd his Nephews without this Caution, and particularly Drufus, whom he would not make a Tribune till after eight years Experi- ence (5 ). Preferment to an unexperienced perfon is Favour, but to one of Experience a juft Reward. Yet is not Experi- ence in all things, as neither all Vertucs requifite for every Office; but only thofe who regard each in particular, for that which is proper and requifite for one is not always for others : Experience of the Sea is ufelefs in Affairs at Land, and it does not follow, 1 that he who knows how to manage a Houfe or ride aHorfe, can alfo marfhal an Army (6). In this Lewi* Forza Duke of Milan was miftaken, when he committed the Conduct of his Army againft the King of Trance to Galeaze St. Severin, who was very dexterous in managing Horfes, but underftood little of Affairs of War. Mattatbias made amore prudent Choice when feeing himfelf near his End, he chofe for General Judas Maccbabee, a ro- buft Man, and well vers'd in Arms, and for his Counfellor his Brother Simeon a Man of Judgmentjand Experience (7). In this we have feen great Errors, in changing the reins and adminiftration of Governments. Thefe are different in Kingdoms and Common- wealths. Some refpeft Juftice, others Plenty , fome War, others Peace ; yet though they are fo different in themfelves, there is neverthelefs a certain Faculty or civil Vertue, which unites 'em, and makes them all tend one way, to the Prefervation of the State : each aiming at this by means proportioned to the Office he is in. This civil Vertue is different according to the feverai Forms of Government, which differ according to the means, and methods of governing, for which feafon a Man may be a good Citizen, but not a good Minifter, for 'tis not fufficient that he be endu'd with feverai moral Vermes, un- kfs he has alfo civil ones, and this natural Difpofttion fo proper to Adminiftration and Government. (5) Neyue nunc propere), f*d per otto anuos capto experimento. Tac 3. arm. (6) Nam urium oput ah ftno optime perficitur, quod ut fiat , munus ifl Legumlatoru providcre, nee yubere, ut tibia canat quijauam, (3 idem Calceos conjtciat. Arift. 2. Pel cap. 9 (?) 1 Macch. * 65. Vol. II. the more Dangerous] I ? 'Tis therefore neceflary for a Prince to know the Na- ture and Inclinations of his Subjects, that he may better know how to employ 'em, for upon this good Choice all the A&ions of his Government depend. The Genius of Herman Cortez, was particularly proper for theConqueftof India ; that of Gonzalez Fernandez of Cordova for the War. of Naples ; and if they had been exchang'd, and the firft fent againft the French, and the latter againft the Indians^ doubtlefs they had not been fo fuccefsful. Nature has not given Man alike Qualifications for all things; but only one excellence for one Office, whether it be Frugality, or Pru- dence, and 'tis certain, Instruments do moft Service when tfoey are made ufe of by one, not by many. For this reaibo, Ariftotle blam'd the Carthagians t for that among them one perfon officiated in many places, there being no Man fit for all (8). Nor is it polfible [as the Emperour Juflinian remark'd j (9) to mild two , without forgetting one or t'other. A Nation is much better govern'd, when in that as in a Ship every Man knows his Birth ; for though perhaps a Man may be found capable of all Affairs, it do's not follow, that they ftiall be all aifign'd him. That great Copper Vef- fel for Sacrifices called for its largeneis a Sea, and Supported by 1 2 Oxen before the Altar of the Temple of Solomon (10J contain'd 3000 meafures, yet they tfever 'put in above 2000 (11). 'Tis by no means convenient to accumulate all Offices and Preferments upon one perfon, to the Envy and Diflatisfa&ion of all ; but whether for want of Knowledge of perfons, or for that they won't take the pains to look for fit Men, it ufually happens that Princes hnploy one, or at moft a very few of thofe who are about them : In all Affairs, whence Promotions and Rewards are fcarce, and io Emulation grows cold, and all things move ilowly. For the fame Reafon 'tis not good for two perfons to be (8) Sicenimoptime inftrument l a proficient ', Jt ' eorum fingul*, non multiff fed uni defervi/rnt. Aiift. lib. I. Pol. cap. i- (9) Ncc fit concejfum cui- <¡uam duobus ajjifiere Magi jlr at i bus, & utriufque Judicii curara peragere, nee fault credendum ductbas necejfiriis rebus , imam fuffieere. L- F- di Allef. (\c) i Chron c 4. j. (n) 1 Kings 7,26; employed 16* An Évil Minifler^ the higher his Pofi y Vol. 1Í. employed about the fame Affair, for that makes it confus'd like a Piclure drawn by two hands, the methods of Pain- ters being always different, one is quick, the t'other flow, one loves Lights, the t'other is more for Shades. Befides this, 'tis impoffible two íhould agree in the fame Conditi- ons, Counfels and Methods, or that they mould not difa- gree to the great Detriment of the Negotiation and Prince too. Thefe fecond Caufes have each their diftinft Office and feparate Operations. For my part I think it more ad- vifeable to commit an Office to one perfon lefs capable, than to two though more fufficient ; fince therefore the good Election is a thing fo neceíTary, and its Succels fo difficult, 'tis not advifeable for Princes to relie too much upon their own Judgments. Pope Paul the Hi. and King Ferdinand the Catholick »firft confulted the people, fuffering it as if carelefly to be publiihed before they made their Choice ; the Emperour Alexander Severus, propofed his Choice to all, that each perfon as if he were interested in it, might freely declare his thoughts of his Capacity, or Incapaci- ty (1 1). Though the peoples Approbation is not always to be depended on ; Sometimes 'tis in the right, fometimes neis in the wrong (i;) ; 'tis oft deceived in Mens Natures and hidden Vices. Moreover Induftry , Self-intereft, or Malice, and Emulation fpread this Report among the Mob, either in their Favour or othenvife. Nor is a Miniiters- behaving himfelf well in (mall Offices fufficient to recom- mend him to greater, for Preferment makes fome more vigorous and aft i ve, others carelefsand lazy (14) : much fa* fer was the Diligence of King Philip the II. who carefully obferved his Nurferies , and took particular notice what Plants were like to bear, when tranfpanted into the civil or Eccleíiaítical Government, and had private Informations (12) Ubi aliquot voluijfet, vel Reef ores Provinciis dare, vel Pr£pojttot faceré, yel Procur atores, id eft, rationales ordinare, nomina eorura propo- ncbat,&c. Lamp, in vit. Alex. Sev. (r 1) tiaud Jemper err at fama, ahquando & ehgit. Tac in vit. Agr. (14) Non eüt rumore jlatuendum mult os in Provinciis, contra quern fpes, atit metus de Mis fuer tt,egijfe, excitar i quojdam admehora Magnitudiw rerun, bebefcere alies. Tac. 3. an n. OÍ Vol. If. the more Dangerous, t? of their Behaviour in their Youth, before Ambition could difguife their Vices, whether they grew flreight and up- right, or crooked ; and had certain Characters of the Ver- tüés and Vices of the chief of his Subjects-, whence he ne- ver made an ill Choice, and in his time flourifhed Perfons truly valuable ; efpecially in Ecclefiaftical Preferments, for he thought it better to make Choice of fuch as he knew would not deferve Püniíhment, than to puniili them after- ward (15). Happy is that Kingdom where there is no room for Ambition , Petitions, Prayers, nor Attendance , and where even concealed Vertue has no need of a Petition, or Recommendation to be known to the Prince, who of him- felf knows the Merits of his Subjects; this was formerly fpoken in TiberiuSs Commendation (16). An auricular Commendation depends upon others, but an ocular one not ; that may be deceived, this rut ; that only informs the mind, this both informs and moves too \ nay, as 'twere forces to Püniíhment or Rewards. Some Coüñtreys have chofen their Minifters by Lots, 1 which in fome Cafes is not improper, to decline Envy, and avoid Contention and Emulation, often the grounds of Tu- mults and Seditions. But when a fit perfon is to be chofen for the Adminiilration ofJufttce,or Command of the Army* upon whom "the Government and publick Safety is to de- pend, a matter or that Concern, ought not to be decided by the uncertainty of Chance, but to pais the Tryal of a due Ele&ion For the Lot or Dye weigh's not Qualifica- tions, Deiert, and Reputation, as Counfels do, where all things are examined by weight and rneafure (17), and though all Counfels are ufually guided by Intereft, a Prince may make a good Choice, if he takes Care privately to in- form himfelf of the Parties Qualifications and Vertues, as alfo the ends which his Councellors propofe in promo- (15) Officii s ac adminijirationibm t potius non peccaturos, quam dam- nare cum peccajfent. Tac. in vif. Agr. (\6) Quia fine Ambitione, aut froximorum Precibus, ignotos ettam, ac ultro accitos Munificent i a juver at. Tac. 4. ann. (17) Sorte & urna mores non difecrni : fujfragia Ó" ex- iftimatior.tm jenatus referid , ut in cujufque vitam, famamqm psnitra- rent. Tac- 4. Hiít. C ting. i 8 Covetous Men unfit for places Vol. II. ting them. For when a Prince blindly approves all Propo- fals, thefe above-mentioned Inconveniencies will attend; but when his Counfellors fee that he examines them, and that he docs not always admit the Perfons propos'd, but choofes others more fufficient, they will advife with greater Care and Deliberation. EMBLEM Llll TH E Tbehatts reprelented the Integrity of Mini- fters, efpecially thofe of Juftice, by a Stacue with- out hands: for when they are ihut they are the Emblem of Avarice, when open itslnflruments. This Gar- den reprefents the fame thing, by thefe Statues without Arms, which are at the corners of each Walk, like thole in the Walks at Rome j nor are there any better Guards than Vol. II. of great Trttfl. 19 than thefe ; for they have eyes to watch the Flowers, but I want Arras to gather them ; if all Minifters were like thefe Statues, the Exchequer would he more fecure, and Nati- ons better governed, efpecialljCommonwealths, whofe Re- venues are looked upon as common, every Magiftrate be- lieving it no Crime to make his fortune out of them ; one accufes t'other to excufe hiraielf, and all wink at one another, and this Vice being like Fire, which with the fame matter that (hould quench it is nouriflied and burns fierce (1), fo they the more they get, the more they de-, fire (2), and Avarice once glutted with the publick Trea- íure, then Attacks private perfons, whence they wholly confound the principal end of Society which is common Perfervation. Where Avarice reigns, Peace and Quiet is ba- nifhed ; all things are in diforder and confufion j nothing but Jars, Seditions and Civil Wars, the Forms of Govern- ment are changed, and Empires run to Ruine, as moft have been loft upon this account. Avarice drove the Pha* nicians out of Spain * , that made the Oracle of Apollo fore- tell the downfall of the Common- wealth of Sparta. God warn'd Mofes to choofe perfons into places of Truft who hated Covetoufiiefs (; ). 'Tis imponible that State fliould be governed well whole Minifters are covetous ; for how cart he who Plunders every Body rightly adminifter juftice t ■How will he procure Plenty, whofe whole Gain is ftarving others? How can he love the Kingdom, who thinks of no- think but robbing on^t? How can he whofe mind runs upon nothing but filling his Chefts, mind Affairs of State 2 How will he indeavour to merit Rewards, who is his own Pay-Mailer? Nothing fucceeds well when Self intereft ma- nages. For Intereft is preferr'd before Duty or Honour. Nothing great or glorious is enterpriz'd without a defire of Glory, which a mean,abjecl:, covetous Spirit has no value for. There is fcarce any Crime but proceeds from Avarice or Ambition (4). Nothing makes Rebels fooner than the fraud (t) Ecclef. 7.9. (2) Ecclef. 14.9. * Mar. Hift. Hifp. (3) Exod. 1 8. a r . (+ ) Fleraque eorum mu* k /mines ixjuftefaciunt, fcr Ambit ionem & Avaritwm cemrnittuntur. Arifior. 2. PqL cap. 7. C 2 snd 2 o Covetous Men un ft for places Vol. H. and corruption of the Minifters. They are firft moved by their particular Damages, then by the common Injuftice, then by Envy againft thofe who commit it, and fo by Hatred to the Prince that fufrers it ; if he knows it not, they accuie him of Incapacity ; if he tolerates it, they fay he's remifs and negligent; if he permits it, he's an Accomplice; if he wiihes it to the end, that the Authors being glutted like Spunges, he may take occafion to fqueeze 'em after- wards, he is a Tyrant. O unhappy Prince and State, wherein the Minifters don't thrive but by their Ruine. Nor would I have Minifters ib nice, as to refufe all Prefents in general ; 'tis incivility to receive nonej many, Sordidneisj all, Covetoufnefs. Avarice in Princes is the ruin of States (5), for the people can't bear to fee their Eftates in danger, in the hands of him whom they chooíé to preferve 'em ; fo that feeing this pretended Defender of his Countrey, the firft that Arms himfelf againft it , they ftreight look out for ano- ther : In ihort, what can a Subject hope for from a cove- tous Prince? For this Vice even Children hate their Pa- rents. Where there is noProfpeft of Intereft, there is no Love nor Obedience j that Government isTyrannick which refpects Self intereft, more than thepublick Good. 'King AU phonfo, the Wife, for this Reafon faid ; " That a King ought " not to covet abundance of Riches only to fill hisTreafury, " and not do good with them ; for 'tis imponible but he " who does fo, muft ufe indirect means to gain 'em, which " is beneath the Dignity of a Prince * ; the Holy Writ com- pares a covetousprince who unjuftly ufurps hisSubjectsEftates to a roaring Lyon, and a hungry Bear (6), and his Actions to a Spiders Web which periihes with it, or to a Vineyard- Keeper's Arbour, which lafts but a little while (7); that which is ill got isfoon fpent How like Spiders are fome Princes, who fpin their Web from their own Bowels, gri- ping and draining their Subjects to make their own fortune from the Rock, and weave Nets which foon break and de- ceive their hopes (8). (O PiOV.a^.X.í.tk.s.p.í.^Prov^S.^.f/^ob z-j.i\i.{8)}ob 8.t 4 . There Vol. ¡i. of great Truft. 21 There are feveral Remedies againft this Vice, the beft are thofe which prevent it ; for if once Nature is tainted with it, 'tis very Difficultly cured ; 'tis our laft fliift. If Princes are naturally Lovers of Money, they ihould be kept: from feeing or feeling it, as much as poííible, for Avarice like Love enters at the Eyes, and 'tis more ealie to order a Payment than to make it ones felf. The Minifters of the Treafury too ihould be generous, snd not prompt the Prince to enrich himfelf by fordid and unworthy Methods ; to pre- vent alfo Avarice in the Minifters, Care ihould be taken that Offices and Places be not bought and fold, as theEm- perour Commodm obferv'd,for he who buys 'em fells 'em too; this the Emperour Severm knew, as alfo Lewis XII. of Frame, who ufed this Remedy , but has been fince ill obferv'd by his Succeflburs. it feems to be the Law of Nations, that a Province, the Command of which is bought, ihould be plunder'd, and that Judgment ihould be given to the higheft bidder at the Court -of Ju (lice, which is not to be approached but by Golden fteps '9 J. Cavile to this Day finds the misfortune of theíé Methods in the Governments of their Cities, becaufe they are all fold, againft a Statute made by common Confent, in the time of Don Joba II. that they ihould be for Life, and given to none but whom the Kings ihculd nominate. 'Tis necelfary befides to fettle a competent Salary upon each Office, fuch as the incumbent may live handfomely upon ; this was the Method of Don Alonfo IX giving fuf- ficient Salaries to his Judges, and feverely puniiliing thofe whom he found guilty of Bribery. The fame was pra- ctise by their Catholick Majefties, Ferdinand and lfabella, who reduced Lawyers Fees to a certainty *. Magiftrates ihould not be fuffer'd to Trafficfc or Merchan- dize (ioj, for they'll never give good Counfel, which they (9) Provincias fpoliari, Ó" nummarium tribunal, audita utrinqtte li- citatione, altea addict non mirum quando qua cmerit venderé gentium jus efl. Sen. lib. i. c. y. de ben. * Mar. Hiir. Hifp. (i c) Sed caput cfi jn omni Rep. ut legibw, & omni alia ratiore provifum (it, ne qui facul~ tas quajlus fa:iendi Magijlratibus relinq-iatur,- Arift.Pol. 5. c. Ü. C 3 fee '%% Covetous Men unfit for places Vol. II. fee is againft their Gain. Befides the people is better fatis- fied with the Honour and Preferment which are conferr'd on others, provided they have the Gain and Profit, but they are incens'd and apt to rebel when they fee themfelves rob'd of both (u). And to this Caufe the Feuds between the Nobility and Commonalty of Genoua may be attributed. Offices ought not to be given to poor and needy Perfons, for their Poverty expofes 'em too much to Corruption and Bri- bery. In an Election in the Roman Senate for a Governour of Spain, the Difpute lay between Sulpkius Galba and Aure- lias Cotta, Scipio being asked his Opinion reply 'd, He lik'd neither, one for having nothing, and t'other for that he had never enough. The Athenians always Elected rich Magift rates, and Ari- fiotle gives this Reafon for it, that 'tisimpoffible for a poor one to govern juftly or peaceably (12)? Tis true, in Spain we have had feveralable States- men, who came poor into Office and went poor out. Minifters who have a great Family are very burthen- íbme to their Provinces ; for though they are Men of In- tegrity themielves, yet their Retinue mayn't be fo, the Ro- man Senate for this, Reafon would not fuffer them to carry their Wives into their Governments (1 ;) j and the Kings of Terfia generally prefer'd Eunuchs to the greateft places of Truft (14J, becauíé being free from the trouble of Wives, and Cares of providing 1 , for Children, they might be more careful of, and lefs chargeable to the Publick. Thofe who are too much addicted to Self-intereft, and a delire of rai- ling their Fortunes, are very dangerous in publick Offices. For though fome do ftrive to raife themfelves by Merit and Renown, yet they generally think it the fureft way to do it by Riches, without waiting Rewards and Gratuities from the Prince, who is ufually moil fparing to him, who de- ferves mod. LuchIIhs the Confuí whom Want made cove- (ir) Tunc utrumque ei molejlum eft, quad nee bonorum pttrticeps fit * & quod a quxflibm fufonoveatur. Ibid, (i:,) Quafi impojjibile fit, qui egenus txiftat, ettm bene Magiflratum gerere, ant quietem optare. Arifh Pol. a. c. 9. (13) ¡laud emnt fruftra platitum ohm, ne f ermine in So~ ños aut gentes txtcrms trahcmifHr. Tac 3-ann. (t^) Heft. 1. 11. tous Vol. II. ef great Trufi. 2$ tous, and Avarice cruef^orought an unjuft War upon Spain only to enrich himfelf. Refidents in Courts after Imployments are over, is a very effe&ual Remedy, becauléof the fear not only of lofing this ill gotten Wealth, but alfo of Punifliment, in the Severity of which there fliould be no Favour, nor ihould it be bought off by refounding ; as Sergius Galba the Frator did at Rome, when he was accuíéd of Treachery to the Portu- guese. If all the Ghairs of Juftice were cover'd with the Skins of corrupt Judges, as Cambyfes King of Ver fia ordered, and fince him Roger of Sicily, certainly Juftice and Integra ty would be more ftrictly obferved. EMBLEM LIV. L I BERT Y is natural to Men; obedience forced; that is Arbitrary, this guided by Reafon, thefe are Contraries, and continually jarring againft one ano- C 4 ther i 2-4 Evil Minifteri depend more upon Vol. IL ther j whence proceed Rebellions and Treafons againft the Prince, and as no Government can confiit , unlefs fome commanded and others obeyed (i); every one would be Head, and depend on none but himfelf, which being im- poffible, he imagines his Liberty confifts in changing the form of Government: and this is the greateft misfortune that can befall States, and is often the chief Caufe of their Ruine, wherefore 'tis highly neceflary to ufe fuch methods, as that this Luft after Liberty, and this humane Ambition being removed far from the immediate Adminiftration, ihould be kept under by reafon, and the force of Govern- ment; fo that this fupream Authority which is the Princes Property ihould be granted to none elfe, for he expofes Loyalty to evident Danger ; who grants any one a Power too abfolute. The Royal Crown put upon a Subjects Head, tho* but in jeft, wilt make him proud and think himfelf above what he is.The mind of a Subject ihould pot experience this Royal Grandeur and Glory of reigning, for afterwards abu- fing it he ufurps it, and that it mayn't return to him from whom he had it, he Plots and contrives his Ruine ; the Di- vine Writ in one Chapter gives us Examples of Kings put to Death by the hands of their Subjects, for having raifed them too high. Solomon for all his Wifdom fell into this misfortune and ran the fame Rifque, for having made Jero- boam Prefident'of all theCuftoms of the Houfe oijofeph (2 ), and we read that he had the Impudence to lilt up his hand againft his King (;), Let Princes then take it for a ¿Maxim of State, not to promote one too much above others, or if they are obliged tp it, let ft not be one but feveral, that they may balance one another.and mutually keep each other in their Devoir, by a reciprocal Examination of one anothers Actions and Defigns (4). The Emperour Ferdinand II. did not fufficiently obfervc this piece of Policy, when he (1) Naturam duas wcejffarias fes, eafdem falutares human» generi compara ffi, ut alii cum Imperii) effint, alii ei fubjicerentur, nihilque quod citra h#c, net : .mínimo quidem que at /patio perdurare. Dion. lib. 14. (2) 1 Kin. r r. 28. (})-i-Kin: n. 2.6. (4) Eft atttem omnis Monarchic cantío communis, nemiflem faceré nimis magnum, ant terte plufquam ununt faceré : ij>¡¡ enim inter fe, quid qui [que agai tbfervattt. Aviit-j. i J oI. ci r. gave Vol. II. themf elves than the Prince. 25- gave the abfolute Command of his Armies, and Provinces to the Duke of Fridland, whence fprang fo many misfor- tunes, and amongft the reft the lofs of that great Man, which was meerly the effeft of too much Power. Let not Princes be deceived by the Example of Pharach, who com- mitted all his Power into the hands of Jofeph, who pre- ferv'd his Kingdom (5) ; for Jofepb was the Emblem of Chrift, and there are very few Jofeph's to be found now adays. Each would depend upon himfelf, and not upon the Body ; which this prefent Emblem reprefents , by a Branch encircled with a wicker Basket filled with Earth, fuch as Gardiners uie, where it by degrees takes root, and fo being cut off infenfibly, becomes a Tree independant of the Stock, without the leaft refpecT: to its Greatnefs. This Example ihews the Danger in making Governments of Pro- vinces perpetual, for Ambition having once taken root, claims 'em as its Property, he who is fo accuftom'd to com- mand, will afterwards fcarce be brought to obey. 'Trance ihews us many Examples of this written in its own Blood. Even God's Minifters in the Kingdom of Heaven are liable to flip (6), the Perpetuity of great Offices is an Alienati- on from the Crown ; the Scepter will be ukkfs and of no force, and will ftand in awe of that very Power it has been fo prodigal of: Liberality will want a Dowry, and Vertue a Reward. The Minifter becomes a Tyrant in the Govern- ment which he is fure of for Life ; that Prince whom he fees preftrves his Authority, he refpecls as his Mailer, but him who does not he defpifes, and at Iaft rebells againil him. Therefore Julius Cafar limited the Pretorihip to one Year, and the Con ful (hip to two. And the Emperour Charles V. advifed his Son Philip II. not to continue Minifters in Office too long, efpecially in places Military, to give the greateft to perlons of mean Fortune, and Embafly's to the rich, thereby to weaken 'em. The Bravery of the great Captain in Italy, made King Fer- dinand the Catholick fufpedt him, fo that he recall'd him, and if he did not then wholly miftruft him, at leaft he (5) Gen. 41. 40. (6) Job 4.18. would 2.6 Evil Miniflen depend more upon Vol. It would no longer hazard his Loyalty, by the Continuation of the Vice-Royihip of Naples. And though that great Politician Tiberius continued Minifters in Pofts all their Life-time, but this was upon fuch Tyrannick Confiderati- ons, as ought not to enter into the Thoughts of a prudent and juft Prince ("}). Princes ought therefore to take advice from Nature, the Miftrefs of true Politicks ; who does not allow its Celeftial Minifters of light a perpetual Authority, and Government of the World, but certain fixt Seafons, as we may fee in the Motion and Reigns of the Planets, that they mayn't lofe the right of difpofing of 'em, and to pre- vent, the ufurping her Authority and Power ; befides ihe confiders, that the Earth would be ruined, if it ihould al- ways be governed by the Melancholy of Saturn, or the heat and fury of Mars, or the feverity of Jupiter, or the fub- tilty of Mercury, or the levity of Venus, or the inconftan- cy of the Moon, In removafs of this Nature great Care ought to be taken, that Minifters ihould not take it to be a flur upon their Reputation, to be removed from greater to lefTer Places, for fince there are not many, that Miniften would be of no ufe, who when he has been employ'd in the higheít, would refufe to Officiate in lower Places ; and though Rea- Ion requires that Rewards ihould be equal to Deferts ; yet in this Point the Subjects reafon ihould be guided by the Princes intereft, when his Service, or the publick Advan- tage is in the Cale ; [not that he ought to be put into any inferior Port, out of Contempt or Difgrace] for fo the im- portance of the Negotiation makes amends for the meannefs of the Office. If any Offices may be continued long, they are Embaflies ; for their Bufinefs is only to intercede, not Command} not to give Orders, but to negotiate j at their Departure all Acquaintance with their native Countrey dies, and all Intimacy with the prince with whom they negotiate and (7 J Id mor urn Tiberii fuit, continuare bnperia, ae plerofa) ad /¡turn vitx in lifdtm txtreU'ibus , ant ^urijdiclmibm habere. Tac. 5. ann. tí* Vol. II. themfelves than the Prince. 17 his Minifters cealé. Forts and Garrifons, which arc as it were the Keys of the Kingdom, ihould be at the imme- diate Power and Difpofal of the Prince ; King Sancho was ill adviied, when by reafon of the Minority of his Son Don Jlonfo III. he order'd thofe of the Nobility, who were Go- vernours of Cities to remain till his Son was fifteen years old, which occafioned many grievous Calamities to thac Kingdom. As for other Offices let 'em be but for a time, for their too long continuance makes the Minifters proud, and endangers their Loyalty : This Tiberius knew though he did not practife (8). Vertue is tired by Induftry and Expectation ; yet ihould not Offices be of too ihort conti- nuance, fo as the Minifter can reap no benefit or experience in 'em, or fo as to make him too ravenous like Hawks in Norway^ becaufe of the ihortnefs of the day ; but in trou- blelbme and dangerous times, publick Offices and places of Truft ought to be continu'd longer, leaft they ihould upon removal be conferr'd upon raw; unexperienced Perfons. So Auguftut did upon the defeat of gumtilws Farm. But this Doctrine of Minifters being continued in Offices but for a time, muft not be underftood of thofe fupream Offices of the Princes Counfel, or of Juftice. But on the contrary, they ought to be fixt and continued, becaufe of the advan- tage of their Experience and Knowledge of Affairs depending.' Thefe kinds of Offices are in Governments like the Poles in the Heavens,about which the leiTer Orbs move, fo that if they ihould be chang'd or removed, the whole Univerfe would"be endanger'd by the diforder of its natural Moti- ons. Solon knew this Inconveniency in the four hundred Senatours, which were yearly Elected by Lot at Atbens % and therefore he eftabliihed a Senate of Sixty worthy Men who were called Areopagites, and while this continu'd the Republick flourifhed. 'Tis moreover very dangerous to commit the Government of Kingdoms during the Minori- ty, to perfons who have any Pretentions thereto, though (8) Superbire homines etiarn annua defgmtime : {¡aid Ji bmirem per f¡umc¡ttennium agitent ? Tac. 2. ann. never \% Evil Minifiers depend more, &c. Vol. IF. never fo unjuft ; fo it fell out in Art agon, by the Impru- dence of thofe who committed the Government to Sancho Duke of Rouffilhn, until King James I. came to age. Thofe Perfons who have no manner of Preten- tion to the Crown, either by Birth, or any other Caufe, often thirft after it ; how much more then thofe, who in Pictures and Images fee their Anceftours brows incircled with it ? This Age as well as the pafs'd gives us many deplorable Examples of .Relations, who have treacheroufly ufurped Kingdoms which they wereentrufted with. Thofe of the Royal Blood are more prone to Tyranny, in that they never want means to accomplifli their Defigns. Few can be per- fwad'd of the Juftice of that Law, which prefers Birth to Vertue ; and every one thinks he better deferves a Crown , than another, and if this Reafon ihould be of force in any one, he is in danger from his Favourites, who hoping to participate of his Grandeur, ftrive to procure it by violent means, and to raife Jealoufies amongft his Relations. If King Philip had any Jealoufie of Don John of Aufiria they flow'd from this Spring. A glorious Example of this Policy we find in the Infant Ferdinand refilling the Crown, which was the Right of hisNephewDwjMw II. by which generous .Recufance of that Crown on Earth he merited many more in Heaven. The generous Loyalty which the Infants of that Name have paid the Kings nf their Race, is of an an- cient Date. Nor do we find lefs in this prefent Infant to- wards the prefent King, whofe Refpect and Obedience is more like that of a Subject: than of a Brother. The hea- venly Spheres pay not a more ready Obedience to the fir ft mover, than his Highnefs does to his Majeftys Will. O truly Noble Prince, whofe glorious Birth, though the great- eft in the World, is yet the leaft of his Excellencies, the Effect of Divine Providence, that in a time of fuch trou- blefome and tedious Wars^which ftrain'd the very Axle-tree and Poles of the Government, to raife us up an Atlas to fupport it by his Valour, Conduct and Prudence. E M. Vol. II. EMBLEM LV. 29 &1 SToTLE the better to inftru& Alexander the Great, in the Qualities of Counfellours com- pared them to Eyes ; which companion Don A- lonfo the Wife makes ufe of in his Books of Laws. Nor is this thought new, for the Kings of Perfia and Babylon call'd 'em their Eyes, their Ears and their Hands, according to the Offices in which they officiated : The feven Spirits God's Minifters fent all over the Earth, were the Eyes of a Lamb without fpot or blemiih (1). A Prince who ought to fee and comprehend fo many Affairs, fhould be all Eyes and all Ears (2), and becaufe he can't be fo, he muft make ufe of the Eyes and Ears of other. Whence there is no (1) Apoc. 5. 6: (z) Superior debet ejfe totus mem, & totus oculuj. S. Antioc. Horn. 5. Prince, 30 C ounce Hours are the Eyes of the State. Vol. II. Prince, though never fo prudent and intelligent, but has occafion for Minifters, and to make ufe of them as his Eyes, Ears and Hands (%). This is not of fmall advantage to him, if he knows how to make a right ufe on't , for by this means he fees with every Body's eyes, hears with their Ears, and takes advife from them all (4.). The «¿Egyptians meant this by the Eye which they placed upon their Scepter, forCounfels are the Eyes ^y which we-infpefr Futuritiy ($J. This Jeremiah feem'd td allude to, when he faid, Virgam vigilantem ego video £6/. For this Reafon, in this prefent Emblem you fee a Scepter full of Eyes, to give the Prince to underftand, that he ought to infpecl all Affairs of the Government by his Minifters ; nor is it to be wondefd at, that we place the Minifters in the Scepter , for formerly their Names were engraven on the Crowns of the f mpe- rours and Kings of Spain, nor without Reafon, fo£ they fliine brighter than the Diadems themielves. This Emblem of Eyes fufficíently (hews the Qualifications, that a Minifter ought to be endued with. For as theSight extends to all things far and near, fo ihould the aftive Spirit of the Counfellour infpect all things prefent,paft and future, that he may make a right Judgment of things, and give a true Opinion of all Affairs, which can't be done without much Reading , great Experience , and a continual Com- merce with foreign Countries : For if the Counfellours ben't perfectly verfed in the Princes Nature, and the Man- ners and Genius of the people, they'll ruine both themfelves and the Government (7). And to know this requires ufe ; for the Eyes don't know things which they have never feen ; he who has had Experience and Knowledge of things, wilfrea- dily find Expedients and Remedies (8/. (3) Nam Principes ac Reges nunc tjutque multos fibi e culos, multas au~ rts, multas item mania atque pedes facimtt. Arift. Pol. y. c ia (4) Hag tnim ratione, & omnium ocul'ts cernet, & omnium auribus audiet y tjr om- nium dsniqne conjtliis in unum tendentibw confultabit. Sinef. ad Arcad. (5) Confilium octt/us futurorum. Arift. lib. 6. de Regim. (6) Jerem: it 11. Vid. Verfion. Vulgar. (7) Marum, animorumque Provinces. ni(i flnt gfiari qui de ea cwfulant, perdunt fc; & Rempub. Cicero. (8) Ec- clef3-4- _ There Vol. II. Comcettoun are the Eyes of the State. 3 1 There is fuch a correfpondence between the Eyes and Heart, that the Affeftions of the one immediately ftrikes the other, when this is fad they weep, when this glad they fmile ; if the Counfellour has not a particular Efteem for his Prince, he will take but little care of his Affairs, and is therefore very little to be trufted, fo faid King Alpbonfo the Wife : " *,That Councellours ought to be the Princes true " Friends, otherwife he would be in great Danger, for " thofe who hate aPeribn will never advife him cordially. The Eye won't fuffer the Finger to touch its iniide, but upon its approach immediately fculks within the Lids ; how wile and learn'd foever the Minifter is in his Couniels, if he is eafte and free of his Secerts, if he fuffers his Finger to probe his Heart, he'll be more prejudicial to the Prin- cers Affairs than one who underftands nothing, Counfeis are worth nothing when revealed, and there is more danger in good Refolves unfeafonably difcover'd, than in ill ones executed with Secrecy; let a Minifter therefore avoid Dif- courfe with thofe who are not entrufted with the fame Se- cret. Let him (hut his Heart againft thoie who would dive into it : for in difcourfing of Affairs the Defign is eafily diicovercd, with the Maxims by which the Prince governs. The Lips are the windows of the Heart, the opening of which difcovers all within. The Eyes are fo pure and free from Avarice ; that they won't admit the leaü Atom, and if by chance any thing, though never fo little gets in, it obftrutts their Sight, or at leaft makes them fee things double, and different from what they are ; the Minifter who receives Prefents will be blind- ed with the duft of them, fo as not to be able to diicern things rightly, but only as Self-intereft ihall reprefent 'em. Though the Eyes are two, yet they fee but one and the fame thing, they both agree in the truth of the Species which they receive, and in tranfmitting them to the fence by the Optick Nerves which are united, that they mayn't enter feverally and deceive it. If the Minifters don't unani- moufly agree in advifing for the belt, without being divided * L. 5. tit. 9. p. a. is 3 i Coumetiours are the Éyes of the State. Vol. U. in their Sentiments by love and hate, or any other reafon, the Prince will be always in doubt or confufion, without knowing which Counfel is beft. And this inconvenience falls out when one Minifter thinks he fees and underftands more than another, or when he has not Judgment enough to diftinguiih which is beft (9 J. or when he is byaiVd by his own' Paifions or defire of Revenge. But a Minifter fliould be free from all thefe, fo as to have no other Purpofe or Defign than the Service of his Prince: " Such a Minifter " [fays Alpbonfo the Wife] is called in Latine Patrici- " m y being as it were a Father to the Prince, which u Title is taken from the refembiance it bears to the natu- " ral Father, for every Father is naturally inclined to ad- u vife his Son in all things for his advantage and Honour ; " fo he who governs the Prince by his Counfels, ought to " love him and advife him with Sincerity, preferring his 11 Honour and Intereft above all things, not refpecling the " Love or Hatred, Intereft or Prejudice, that may enfuc, " and all this without Flattery, not minding whether he be " good or bad ; like a Father in inftruiling his Child f. Nature has divided the Jurifdiftion of the Eyes by a Line interpos'd, not but that they both agree in Operation, af- fifting one another with a Zeal fo mutual, that if one turns to one fide, the t'other does fo too, that they may have á more certain Cognizance of things, neither regarding whe- ther they be within their Sphere or not, the fame Agree- ment is abfolutely neceifary amongft Minifters, whofe Zeal ihould be fo univerfal, that they fliould not only regard thofe things which their Office obliges 'em to, but aifo thofe that belong to others ; there is no Member, but for the prefervation of the whole Body, fends its Blood and Spirit's to the aftiftance of that which is out of order. For a Mi- nifter to be an idle Spectator of anothers Calamities flwws malice, envy and want of refpect to the Prince. This pro- ceeds often from a love of Self intereft and Glory ; or lead he ihould by aififting his Friend endanger his own Reputa- tion, or elfe that he may flouriih more upon his Friends (9) Ecclaf 8. 10 f L- 7. tit. 1. p. 4. mistar- Vol. II. Councellours are the Eyes of the State. 3 3 misfortune. Such Miniiters only ferve themfelves not the Prince. Whence proceed Divifions in the State, Army and Revenue, by which many good opportunities are toft, many Towns, Caflles and Provinces ruined; Mrnifters mould mutually communicate their Defigns and Adions, as the Cherubims did their wings in the Temple of Solomon (10J. As ufeful as Eyes are to the Body, Nature has given it but two, becaufe more would breed confufion and obftrucT; the Siifception of things : 'Tis the fame in Coünfeilours, for When there are too many, Confutations are retarded, Se- crets revealed, and Truth confounded, for their Votes aie Only counted not duly weighed, and the greater number Carries it ; and thence proceed generally all misfortunes in Common-wealths. The multitude is always blind and thoughtlefs ; and the wifeft Senate, if compofed of too ma- ny, will have a mix ure of the Ignorance of the vulgar. A few Planets give more light than many Stars, and the mul- titude thereof in the Via Lattea darken one another by the refraftion of their own Light, fo that *crs darker there than in any other part of the Sky. Two great a number makes Liberty fawcy and ftubborn, and difficult to be reduced to the Princes Will fn). As it often happens in Parliaments and general AfTemblies; let therefore .the Prince have juft fo many Minifters asare fufftcient to govertf his- State, carrying himfelf indifferently to them all, noo being ruled wholly by one, for he can't fee fo well witri one as with all ; thus Xcn&fhon faid when ufi-ng the fame companion, he called the Nlinifters of the Rings of Ver fia their Eyes and Ears (in) ; fuch a Minifter would ofurpall the Dignity and Majefty of the Prince to himfelf, for 1 thatí the Prince is oblig'd to fee with his Eyes (13). Princes (10) 2 Chron. }. 11. (11) Popnli Impzrium juxta ¿ibsrtatem :' pad- corum Dominatio Regir libidini proprior eft. Tac. 6. ann. (li) HirtS f*Hum eft, ut vulgo j \iñ ¿runt Perfarum Reg'em mullos habere óculot, sr* 34 Counce Hours are the Eyes of the State. Vol. II. are generally fo taken with fome one Minifter, that with him they negotiate all manner of Affairs, though he be ne- ver fo great a Stranger to them ; hence proceed fo many Er- rours in their Refutations, for neither can Men of Learn- ing give proper adviie in Military Affairs, nor Souldiers in thole which relate to Peace ; upon which Confideration the Emperour Severn* advifed with every one in thofe matters which particularly belonged to them (14). By all thefe Qualities of the Eyes the Body is governed, without 'em it can't move one ftep fecurely ; 'twill be the fame in theGovernment which wants goodMinifters. Without thefe Eyes the Scepter would be blind, for there is no Prince fo wife as to be able to decide all Affairs himfelf : " t Since 4t Royalty [Tays K. Alphonfut} admits of no Companion,nor lt has occafion for any, 'tis neceiTary for the Prince to have x \ about him Perfons of integrity and Wifdom,who may up- Grandeuf ,to have " always, according to his commendable Cuftom, worthy " Counfellours about him/and to take advice of them in all (10) Prov. u, u.fai) Prov. 4. 25. fn) Prow i:. fj. "Homer, \ P » " thirgsj 3 6 CounceUours a re the Eyes of the State. Vol. II. 11 things ; for if every private Man's Duty be to have u good Counfellours, how much more is it incumbent up- " on a Prince ? Every Fool can give advice, but he muft be a Man of Prudence who refolves well (23). And there is no Diminution of the Honour of a Prince, who knows how to take advice and make a good Choice : whatever (hall be well Enacted by u theafliftance of yourCounfels, " laid the Emperour Iheodoftm in one of his Laws, will " redound to the Honour of the Empire and my own " Glory (24). The Victories of Scipio Africams proceed- ed from the Counfels of Lalim, whence they faid in Rome, Lxlius wrote the Play, and Scipio Atted it. Yet did not this obfcure the Luftre'of his Glory, nor was the Honour of Scipio s Exploits attributed to Lalhis, 'tis necelfary that the Prince mould know how to Act the Play himfelf, and that the Minifter ihould not be both Poet and Actor too. For though a Prince's Minifters are his Eyes, yet he fliould not be fo nark blind, as not to fee at all without them, for this would be to govern by Guefs, and he would incur the contempt and difrefpect of his Subjects ; Lucius Tore¡uatus being chofen Confuí the third time, defired to be excufed for the weaknefs of his Eyes, faying, 'Twos a frame that the Government, and the Eft ates of the Citizens jhould be committed to one, who muft be forced to fee with other Mens Eyes (2$). King Ferdinand the Catholick us'd to fay, That AmbaiTadours were a Princes Eyes ; but that he would be very unfortunate who ihould fee with no other: That great Politician did not wholly rely upon his Minifters; fee with them indeed he did.butas we do with Spectacles, by applying 'cm to his own Eyes. When the Minifters find that the Ad- miniftration of Affairs is wholly in their Power, they will wreft it to their own private Ends, and their Ambition in- ereafing they divide into Factions, every one arrogates to (13) Piov. 13. 16. (24) Beneenim quod cum vefíro con filio fuer it or- dinatum, id ad beaiitud'mero nojlri imperii, & adnojiram Gloriam redun- dare. L. Humaiuim, c. dcLeg. (2$) mdignuin ejfe, Rewptib & for- tunas shimn (i tWtmiftt qui alitnU ottdU uti ircdentur. Tit. Liv. lib. z6. himfelf Vol. ir. Councettours are the Eyes of the State. 3 7 himfelfthat (hare of power and authority .that the Prince thro' his Lazinefs and Infufficiency has granted him. All things are in diibrder and confufion ; if the Miniiters aim to be any thing mere than Perfpectives,by which thePrincedifcoversthe Horizon of Affairs, and takes thofe Refolutions and Counfels which he i ikes beft, Nature has given him Eyes, and if God governs his Heart (16), he directs alio his Sight, and makts it more clear and quick than his Minifters. King Philip 1 1. retired fometimes into himfelf, to meditate upon the Af- fairs of his Government, and after having fervendy recom- mended himfelf to God; he reiolv'd upon the firft method that offer'd it felf, though againft the Opinion of all his Minifters,and this generally fucceeded. Counfellours can't always be at the Princes Elbow, for the Mate of Affairs and the urgency of Opportunity requires fometimes, that their Refolutions be quick and ready (27J. Orders are not re- flected and obey'd, when it appears that he gives them not, but receives them himfelf: 'Tis a prefumptuousRafrinefsto conclude all without ever taking Advice.and a Itupid Slavery to Ad nothing without it. He who Commands ihould have the Liberty of changing,mending,and rejecting whatever his Minifters propofe to him. 'Tis fometimes convenient to hide from 'em certain Myfteries,and to deceive them, as the fame Philip ,did who differently reported to his Council the Negotiations of his Ambafladours, when he had a mind to draw 'em to his own Refolutions, or thought it convenient to conceal certain Circumftances from them. A Council of State ihould be like a Cohjfus, that the Prince (tending upon its Shoulders may fee farther than it. The Tkebins did not defire Princes fo forefighted, as one may guefs by the manner of Painting them with their Eirs open, and their Eyes {hut, fignifying that they ought blindly to exe- cute all the Refolutions of the Senate : but this was not the Emblem of an abfolute Prince, but only of a Prince of a Common-wealth, whofe Power is fa circum'crib'd that 'tis fufficient for him to hear, for the Power ot feeing what is (26) Prov. if. f. (il) Non omnia confilia cunñis prxfsnti í f trztia. fi ¡ mt occaftonum veUiitut patitur. Tac. i. Hift. D 1 ttj 38 Councellours are the Eyes of the State. Vol. IF. to be done, it referved for the Senate. This is nothing but a dark ihadow of Majeily, and an empty appearance of Authority. His Power is nothing but a reflection of that of the Senate, and fo he has no need of Eyes, who can'c go where he pleafes. But though ? tis convenient for a Prince to preferve this liberty in Counfels, yet he ought not to be fo vain as for fear of being thought to want their Advice, to reject what- ever they propofe ; for fo he would incur very great Incon- yeniencies : As Pettns did according to Tacitm (28). If ? twere poflible Kings ihould have" Kings for their jCoun fell ours, that fo their Counfels might not deviate from the Authority and Honour of Majefty ; a Prince fometimes (does things beneath himfelf by the Initigation of an abject mean Spirited Counfellour. But fince this is imponible £faey ihould chufe fuchCounfrllours, as though they are not Princes by Birth, are fo in greatnefs of Mind and Gene- rofity. In Spain there are feveral Councils inftituted, with a great deal of Prudence ; for the Government of Kingdoms and Provinces, and for all the moft important Affairs of the jtpngdom, yet ought not all Care to be rejected, by confi- dently relying upon this happy Conftitution, for noGo- yernrnent is fo flrongly fenced, but that its Foundations in jtime wear away, or are unfenfibly undermin'd by Malice or Abuíé. Tis not fufticient for each diftinft part to be well govern'd, if they don ? t fometimes all unite, to treat as well of themfelves in particular, as oí the whole Body in general. For this Reafon we have in Convents or religious prders, Provincial and general Chapters, and in the Govern- ment of the Church, Councils. For the fame Reafon every ten years there is held at Madrid a General Council confiding pf two 'Counfellours, of each particular Council, and of two Deputies of each Province, to confult for the Prefervation pot only of each part, but of the whole Kingdom. For if \ hefe j&jngdpnis were not fo renewed, they would grow old (a 8) Ne alien* feat tnt i a indigent videretur, in divsrf* ac deteriora iranSbflt. Tac u. arm. Vol.* TI. Coance/Iours are the Eyes of the State. 39 and at laftdie. This Aflembly will unite the parts of the Monarchy, and make 'em agree among themfelves, to the mutual affiftance of each other. For this Reafon the Councils of Toledo were affembled, where not only Matters of Religion, but alfo thofe of State were treated of. All thefe Qualities of Eyes ought alfo to be found in ConfeiTors to Princes, who are their Counfellours, Judges, and fpiritual Phyficians : thefe Offices require Men of Zeal and intire Affeclion for the Service of God, and their Prince ; Períbns who have Sence to judge well, prudence to adviíé, Liberty to reprehend, and Courage to undeceive, by fetting before his Eyes, though at the hazard of his Favour, the Difgiifts of his Subjects, and the Danger of his Kingdom, without fmearing over the craz'd and falling Wall with untempered Mortar (19). Some Princes ufe ConfeiTors only for Confcience fake, others make ufe of them as Coun- cilors of State : I (hall not pretend to examine into the Reafon of thefe two Methods; I only fay, 'tis thought con- venient in Spain, to admit the King's Confefibr into his Council, as well to give his aííiftance in matters of Con- fcience, as alfo that being as it were a (barer in the manage- ment of Affairs, he may corred the Prince, if in any thing he is deficient in his Devoir. For fome know the Faults that they are guilty of. as Men, but not thofe which they commit as Princes, though thofe are greater which belong to their Office than thofe which refpect only their perfon. Blot only the ConfeiTors ought to aflift in Council, but al- io Biihops, or other Ecclefiafticks, who by their Autho- rity and Learning may be very ferviceable, and fo the two Arms, the Temporally and Spiritualty will more firmly unite, for the Defence and Prefervation of the Body of the Government. The Gothick Kings itfed to advife about all weighty Affairs , with Prelates who were, to that purpoie affembled in the Councils of Toledo. What we have faid about ConfeiTors ihould be un- derftood alfo of Preachers , who are the Trumpets of (25) Ezek. 13. io. D 4 Truth (p> 40 CoumeSours are the Eyes of the State. Vol. IL Truth (%o\ the Interpreters between God and MenC;r), in whole mouth God has put his word (32), the Prince ought to carry himfelf with great Circumfpetfion towards them, they being the Channels by which wholefome or poyfonous Doctrines are delivered to the people ; theMobb 'wholly depends upon ? em , they being the moft proper In- ftrurnents either to raife or appeaíé them, as has been feen in the Revolts of Catal niaandPortugat. Their Zeal for declaim ing again ft Vice, often gives 'em occafion to reflect upon thofe in Authority, which the people eagerly fwallow, thro' their natural Averfion to the Minifters ; whence proceeds Contempt of Authority, and the Peoples dilguii, which Is the occafion of Seditions and Tumults ; efpecially when the Princes faults are reflected on,i 'tis neceflary therefore, jtfoat thefe Reprimands ihould be general, without pointing at perions when the Scandal is not publick, or Holy Admo- nitions, or other Circumftances have been ineffectual. God fo modeitly in the Apocalypfe reprehended the Biihops, that he Teems almoft to flatter them (3%) ; Chrift never re- heeled upon any perfon from the Pulpit, his Reprehenfions Were general, and if at any timehedcfcended to particulars 'twas not as Preacher, but as King. That fliould by no means be heard from the Pulpit, which is diflblute and pu- hiihable in the Streets, in which Zeal is often miftaken, ei- ther becaufe 'tis extravagant,or blinded with the Applaufeof the Giddy Mobb, which eagerly crowds to hear the Prince orMagiftracy refie&ed upon. »H " — " ... 11., (30) Cry aloud, fparenor, lift up thy voice like a Trumpet, Ifa. <8. 1. (j-tj For every High Prieft taken from among Men, is ordained for Men in things appeitainjng to God, Heb. $. 1. (32) Behold I have pur. my words in thy mouth, Jerem.i. 9. (]{) I know thy Works and Charity, and Service, and Faith, and thy Patience, and thy Works ; and the lafl: to be more than the firft. Notwichftanding 1 hav« a few things ag^inft thee. Revel. 2. 10. Efy To!. H. 4» EMBLEM LVf. THE Office of a Secretary depends upon the under* ftanding,not the Pen ;if it all lay in neatly cutting a Letter Printers would be the beft Secretaries. His Duty is to confult, propofe and bring matters to Perfecti- on, he is the right hand of the Princes Will, his Inftru* ment of Government, the Finger by which he points out his Refolutions ; and as King Alphonfus fays, " The fecond " Officer of the Houfliold, at lealt of thofc who are of " the Cabinet ; for as the Confelfor is Mediator between f* God and the King, fo is the Secretary between the King " his Subjects f. Difcreet and prudent Confultations in Councils will be of fmall Effect, if he who ihould metho- t L, *. tit- j, p. 2. dize 41 Secretaries the Compáfs of the State. Vol. II. dize them fliould fail in his part ; the Minifters give their Opinions, and the Prince declares his Sentiments by his Secretary, and a word now and then aptly apply'd, changes the Face of Affairs, as in a Pifture, a ¡mall made or a ftroke of the Pencil, either fpoils it, or gives more Life to it; the Council forms the Idea of the Building, the Secretary draws the Plan thereof, which if it be irregular, the Su- per- ftruclurc muft of neceffity be fo too. The better CO re- prefent this, you fee in the prefent Emblem his Pen is a pair of Companies, becaufe his Bufinefs is not only to write, but alfo to meafure the Refolves, and to fet out fit times and opportunities for the Execution of 'em, that they may nei- ther be too foon nor too late: this Office is fo united to that of the Prince, that if the trouble of ArTairs would per- mit, it fliould by no means be committed to another ,for if it is not a part of^Májefty, 'tis atleaft a certain Reflection of it ; this I believe Cicero meant, when he advifed the then Pro-conful of Afi$ thus, " Let your Ring [which you muft *' conftrue Secretary] be not as any other piece of Goods, " but as your own felf, not a Minifter of another's Will* " but a Witnefs of your evvn ; each other Minifter is the " Kings Reprefentative but in one Office, but the Secretary " in all ( i). Itfuffices others to know what belongs to their particular Places, but he muft have a perfect Knowledge, a general and particular Intelligence o£ Practices, and Arts» as well of Peace as War. If they erre 'tis but in fome one particular ; but this reaches all in genera!, yet ib privately, that the mif-carriagc is imputed to the Council ; as the ig- norance of the Phyfician is to the Malignity of the Diftem- per ; fome Affairs may be negotiated with bad Minifters, but not with an ignorant Secretary. He is the Stomach, in which Affairs are digefted, and if they come thence crude and ill concocted, the Life of the Government will be ilojc- ly and fliort ; caft your Eyes back upon Paftimes, and you will find that never any Government has been well manag'd (i) Sit annullus tuus, von ut vas aliquod, fed tsmquam ipfe tu ; non Minijfer alien. i voluntatis, fed tefli; tuce, Cicer, lipid, i. ad Quinr. fratrcm. without Vol. IT. Secretaries úe Compaft of the State. 4 j without good Secretaries. What fignifies the Princes care- ful Refolves, if the Secretary knows not how to apply them, by judicioufly confidering, and prudently obferving certain Circumftances on which Affairs always depend. If he wants Difcretion and Judgment, his written Rules and Inftruftions are of fmall ufe, for there is fcarce any Affair for which you can find an exatt'Precedent. For time and 0- ther accidents alter the very Nature and Form of all things. Apothecaries have different Medicines prefcribed by feve- ral Phyficians, for feveral Difeafes ; but they'd be notori- oufly miftaken, if they.ihould ignorantly apply them with- out a due Knowledge of -theCaufes whence they proceed, asalfo of the Conftitution of the fick Perfon, the time, and other Circumftancesj which Experience, Reaion, and Spe- culation íhall dictate. The fame Affair íhould be differently prefcrib'd to a Phlegmatick and (molerick Minifter, diffe- rently to a timorous and bold one. The Secretary oughc to inftruct each how he ihould behave himfelf. What are Secretaries Offices, but certain Schools for the Education of able Statefmen ? From what Practice and Experience teaches them, they learn the true Art of Government. There they obierve what Counfels have fucceeded, what mif carried. From all which appears the neceiiity of choo- fing fuch for Secretaries, as are endu'd with good natural parts. Thofe great Minifters or Secretaries of God, which we call Evangelifts, were reprefented in the Apocalypfe, by four wing'd Animals, full of Eyes both within and with- out, fignifjing by their Wings, their Expedition and Exe- cution , their Knowledge of all things by their external Eyes, and their Contemplation by their internal ones (i). Being fo buiie that they never refted night or day (;), fo intent upon their Duty , that their wings were always ftretch'd upwards (4), fo conformed and united to the Holy Spirit in all things, that they never parted from it ($). {■>) Revel, 4. 8. (3) Ibid, fr) Ezek. 1. if. (5) Ezek. 1. 12. To 44 Secretaries the Compafs of the State. Vol. If. Tj make a good Choice of a Secretary, 'twould be convenient for Princes to train up fuch perfons as by their natural Qualifications and perfect Knowledge of the Latine Tongue feem fit for it, under their Ambafladours, or chief Minilters, making Tryai of them in léveral Pofts beyond Sea ; and afterwards let them call 'em to the Secretaries Office at Court , where they may ferve, and capacitate themfelves for Secretaries of State, High Treafurer, and the like, upon whole Knowledge and Experience, the Suc- cefs and good management of Affairs very much depend. By this means the ill Choice which Minifters of State ufu- aliy make of their Secretaries would be avoided, for they employ only them, who haveferved *em formerly, and who are ufually moil unfit for that Office, being chofen com- monly more from the neatnefs of their Hand-writing than their Undemanding. Whence it falls out, that a good Mi- nifter who has a carelefs ignorant Secretary, is more preju- dicial to the Princes Affairs , than a bad Minifter whole Secretary is difcreet and careful ; beiides the Secretary be- ing chofen by the Prince himfelf, on whom he folely de- pends, will make the Mid i iter more vigilant and attentive in the performance of his Office ; King Alpbonfo well know- ing of what importance it was to have a good Secretary, laid, " That a King ought to make Choice of for that c " Charge, a perfon well born and well bred, of good Sence, " good Temper, and good Manners; who can read and " write Latine, as well as his Volga? Tongue \. King AU phonfo ieems to thing it not fufficient that he can read it, but that be muft readily fpeak it too ; for this is abfolutely neceffary for him, who is to treat with all Nations. Efpe- cially at prefent, now the Spánfi Monarchy is extended over fo many foreign Kingdoms, and Provinces, becaufe of the frequent Correfpondence in Latine. Themoft effential thing in a Secretary is Secrecy, whence his Name is derived, that he may upon hearing it be put in mind of his Duty. The Tongue and the Pen are the t L. } . tit. 9. p 2. moil Vol.II. Counce Hours and Secretaries are, &c. 45- moft dangerous Inftruments of the heart, bythefe 'tis ufu- álly expos'd, either through Levity, or Vanity, to be thought the Repofitories of very important Secrets , by disco- vering them, either by difcourfe or writing, to thofe from whom they íhould conceal 'em: So that he is not fit for the Charge of a Secretary, who can't modeftly hear others, ra- ther than talk himfelf, without changing the Air of his Face at any thing ; for oft-times the Secrets of the heart are difcovered thereby. EMBLEM LVIÍ. ^HE wheels of a Clock perform their Office with iuch filence, that their Motions can neither be heard nor perceived, and though the whole Con- trivance deperd upon them, yet do they not attribute to thcmfelves the Honour of ir, 'but lend to the hand its Mo- tion. 4 6 Councellors and Secretaries are the Wheels, VolJi. tion, which alone diftinguifhes and points out the hours,and is efieem'd by all, the only Rule and Meafure of time. This mutual Correfpondence and Agreement fliould be between the Prince and his Counfellours; for 'tis highly convenient to have them : for [as King Alphonfus the Wife faid] tc Though Emperours and Kings are great perfons, yet can •* neither of them by themfelves do more than a fingle " Man ; fl~and the Government of a Nation requires ma- " ny, but them fo modeft as not to attribute their fucceis- ful Refolutions to their own Couniel, but to the Princes ; let 'em iliare the Trouble but not the Power ; let 'em be Minifters not Companions ; let 'em know that the Prince can govern without them, but not they without him. Where a Prince can fliew his Authority and Greatnefs without the ailiftance of others,let him do it. ln-^£gypt where the heat of the Sun is more powerful than in other parts, it breeds Animals without any ailiftance ; if a Prince does nothing without Advice, he's more like a Client than a Prince. The force of Government is loft, unlefs the Summ of Affairs be reduced to one (\)\ Monarchy is diftinguifhed from other methods of Government in that one- only Commands, and the reft obey, and if the Prince flfrall permit feveral to rule, 'twill not be a Monarchy but an Ariftocracy, there is no Command where all areMafters. The Holy Spirit takes this for a puniihment of the Sins of the people (z), and on the contrary a Blefling when only one Commands (3), when the Minifters (hall find a Prince fo carelefs as fo let others Reign, they ufurp to themfelves what Authority, they can. Pride and Emulation grows among them, every one tears a flip from the RoyalRobe, fo that at laft it remains a mere Ragg. The people confounded between fo many Mafters, no longer acknowledge their true and lawful one, andfo be- gin to defpife and contemn the Government. For they believe |J L. 11. tir. r.p. 2. (i) Neve Tiber im vim Principatui refeheret, cuntía ad f ena turn vacando, earn cwditionem tjje nnperandi, ut mn alitif ratio conflet,qttam Jiufi reddatur. Tad ann. (2) For tiie tranfgreifion of a Land, many are the; Princes thereof Prov. a8. :. {]) And I will fct up one Shepherd over them. Ezck. 3^. « 3. nothing Vol. II. fiot the Hands, in the Clock of the State. 47 nothing can be well done, but what they think the Prince does of himfelf, whence they prepare a Remedy by force. Hiftories furniih us with deplorable Examples of this, in the Depofition and Death of Cardas King of Galtcia, who would not be ib much as the Index to poinc out the Motion of the Government ; but left all to the manage- ment of a particular Favourite of his, who was afterwards kiird with him. We find Sancho King of Portugal depos'd % becauíé his Queen, and a kw other Scoundrel Servants had the whole management of Affairs ; the iiime thing befel King Henry IV. for being fo eafie as to Sign all Difpatches which his Minifters brought him, without ever reading or knowing the Contents of 'em. The Prince expofes himfelf to all manner of Inconveniencies , who without perufal or confideration, agrees to whatever others defire^him: for upon him as upon foft Wax every one makes what impref- iion he pleafes ; fo it was with the Emperour Claudias (4). God plac'd the Government upon the Princes own Shoul- ders, not upon his Minifters (5J; as Samuel intimated to Saul, at the Entertainment when he anointed him King, when he on purpofe ordered the Cook to let by for him a ihoulder of Meat (6 ). Yet would I not have a Prince like a Camel merely to bear Burthens ; but his Shoulders ihould be full of Eyes, like the Animals in Ezekiel's Vifion, that they may fee and know what they bear : Elijha call'd Elias the' Chariot and Horfemen of Jfraet, becaufe he fuftain'd and managed the Government f. He does not deferve the name of Prince, who cannot of himfelf give Orders and contradict era, as is viiible in Vhellius, who not being ca- pable of commanding nor puniihing, was no longer Empe- rour, but only the caufe of War (8) ; wherefore a Prince ihould not only perform the part of ú\t hand in the Clock of the Government, but that alio of the Pendulum, which (4^ Nihil eirduum vidct>atur in animo Principis, eiti ncn judicium^ nm odium erat niji indita & j»jfa. Tac. 12. unn. (5) Jjai. 9. 6. (6) And the Conk toe k up the Shoulder, &c. 1 Sum, 9. 24. (7) Ezck. ». i'3. lm. LXX. f 2 Kings 2 12. (8 J Ipff ncque jubendi, v que vitandi j>»- tins,non jam Impera tor, fed iantnm hlli canja eraf. Tac f. tiift. ieyulate; 48 Councellors and Secretaries are the Wheels ■, V ol.If. regulates the Motions of the Wheels : In fliort, upon that depends the whole Art of Government ? Not that I would have a Prince perform the Office of a Judge, Counfellour or Preiident, for his Dignity is far above it (9), if heap- ply'd himfelf fo to all Bufinefs, he would want time for Af- fairs of greater moment. M He ought, fays King Alpbon- " fo, to have Underftanding, Loyal, and Truity Perfons " to affift him, and ferve him faithfully in all things, as well <( to advife him as to adminifter Juftice to his People ; for " he can't of himfelf duely weigh and examine all things, " fo that he has need of fome in whom he can confide. He fliould ufe them as the lnftruments of Government, and let them operate ; yet fo as he may infpedt what they do, with a fuperiour Direction, more or lefs immediate or aflfc frant, as the importance of Affairs requires. Thofe things which properly belong' to the Minifters, let the Minifters perform. Thofe which are peculiar to the Princes Office, let him only manage. For which Reafon Tiberius checked the Senate for leaving the whole Burthen of Affairs to 1 him (ió), the weighty thoughts of Princes, ought not to be difturb'd by frivolous Confultations, when without any offence to their Majefty, they may be decided by the Mini- fies. Wherefore sangmnim advifed the Roman Senate, not to troubleJthe Emperour with fuch Matters,as without mo- leiting him were in their Power to remedy (1 1). But if a Prince relying upon the Prudence and Integrity of a Mini- fies (hall intruft him with the management of any Affair,- let him leave it wholly to him. After God had made Adam Lord of the whole Earth, he brings all the Animals which he had created, that he might give 'em names Í12), God would not fo much as referve that to himfelf. For the like Reafon a Prince ought to leave ordinary Cares and Trou- (9) Non jEdilis, aut Prxtoris, aut Cmfulls Partes fuflhieo, majus *> litpwd, & excelfius íi Pri?¡eipe psfiulatur. Tac. 3. Hift./ioJ Et proximi Senatut die, Tiberius ca/trgatis per literas obliq-te Patribus, quod (Unci* curarum ad Principem rejicerent. Tac 3. ami. (11) Sanguiniut Maxi- mus é Confularibm otavit Senatum ne curas Imperatons co/irjuijitis inju- per acerbitattbus augerxnt, frtffitere ipjum fuitmndit remtdiis* Tac. 6¿ ann. (12) (¿en. 2. 19. fcfef Vol. Ií. vottíoeHanh in the Clock of the State. 49 bles to others : for the Head intermeddles not with the bu- finefs of the Hands and Feet, nor does the Pilot intermed- dle with the common Sailers Duty, but fitting in the Stern does more with the gentle Motion of his hand, in guiding the Boat, than all the other with their Toil and Labour. But if a Prince either by reafon of his Minority or old Age, or any other natural defect, be incapable of attending the direction of Affairs, let himchoofe an Afliftant, For 'tis much better to govern well by another, than ill by himfelk The firft years of Nerd's Reign were happy, becaufe he took Advice from good Councellours ; but when he took the ma» nagement of all into his own hands he ruin'd himfelf. King Philip II. finding that Age and Infirmities had render'd him unfit to govern , chofe certain trufty and experienced Minifters for his A%ants. Yet even when neceflity urges, a Prince ought not wholly to omit the Care of Affairs, be his Minifters never ib prudent and faithful, for the Body politick refembles the natural, in which if the Heat be de- ficient, no Remedy, no Art, nor Induftry can preferve its Life. The Prince is the Soul of the Government where* fore to keep that alive, 'tis neceiTary that this ihould aflilt the Members and Organs; if he can't abfolutely do this, let him feem to fee and hear all things, with fuch Afliduity, that they may be attributed to his Difpofal and Judgment \ the Princes Prefence though it has no other Effect, ■ at leaft influences the Minifters, and makes em more careful and Afliduous. To know only that all Orders come through his hands, gives them Authority, though he never alter nor fee 'em ; what will it do then if he (hall particularly exa- mine, and being privately inftrufted, (hall correct and re- prehend his Minifters faults ? If he do this but once, they will be ever after fearful and cautious, they will imagine that he actually fees, or infpects all things. Let them treat in Councils not only of Affairs of State, but alio of what worthy Perfons, they íhoüld promote to Offices and pre- ferments ; but let his hand confirm their Refutations, lee it be that which bellows all Rewards and Gratuities, not fufTeringas in a Sun-Dial his ihadow, I mean his Minifters and Favourites, to jpoi'nt 'em out, and publifh them, and $o Councilors and Secretaries are the Wheels ¡ Vol.11. fo caufe them to be afcrib'd to them ; for by this he would lofe his Efteem, Affairs their Authority, Rewards their Ac- ceptance } and the Prince is flighted by thoíé whom he has moft oblig'd ; for which Reafon Tiberim when he faw the Senate inclin'd to reward M, Hortalu4> vigoroufly oppos'd itf i ;). And fharply check' ¿Junius Galiiofor propofing Gra- tuities to the /V¿tfí?r/j»Souldiers,giving him to underftand that it was only the Emperours Prerogative (14) ; fo a Prince is not refpetted becaufe he is a Prince, but becauíé as fuch he Commands, Rewards, and Puniflies. If any piece of Severity is to be committed, or any rigorous Pu- niihment to be inflicted, let it be done by the hands of his Miciifters, but let the Prince conceal his own as much as poilible. Let the Peoples Indignation, and the Odium of Severity, and Puniihment fall upon them, not him (if K The Ancients faid of Jupiter, that*of himfelf he darted forth none but benign Rays, without hurting any one, but only to ihcw his Power, but that malign ones were by the Council of the Gods ; let the Minifters be thought fevere and cruel , the Prince tender and merciful j 'tis their part to accufe and condemn, his to forgive and pardon. Ema- nuel King of Portugal thank'd a certain per fon, who found an Argument tofave a Criminal. Alio John III. King of Vortugat being prelent at the Trjal of a Criminal, when the Judges were equally divided, and his Opinion ask'd to decide the matter fpoke to this Eftect, " You, fays he, in 'having condemn'd this Man have done Juftice, and I " could wiili you had been all of the fame Opinion ; but " I am for acquitting him, leaft any mould lay, that the " Kings Vote alone took away a Subjects Life. The Prince is made for the Subjects preiervation, and he ought to put no one to Death, but for the fake of that. (ll) Inclinatio Stria tus incit amentum Tiberio fu'tt, quo prompt ¡us aver» furt tur. Tac. 2. ann., (14) Violent ér increpuit, velut coram regit ans, quid ¡Hi turn militibus, quot, ñeque diña Imperatoria ñeque prsmia, nip »b lmpcr atore accipere par tjfct. Tac, 6. ann. (is) Et honores ipfe per fe tribune, panas auttm per alio/ Magijifatus, & jndiees irrogare. Aiií). lib- 5. Pol. c. 11. The Vol. II. not the Hand, in the Clock of the State, 5 \ The hand of a Clock has no effect upon the Wheels, but permits them to do their Duty, and only denotes their Motion, fo the Emperour Charles V. was of Opinion, a Prince ought to behave himfelf towards his Council, to let them alone in their Debates without intermeddling with 'em ; this Precept he left to his Son Philip the II. A Princes Prefence obftrucis their Freedom, and gives opportunity for Flattery, and though in Matters of greater moment, the Prince's Prefence feems very convenient, in that he can't be fo throughly informal by reading, as by hearing their. Debates, for by this he will learn much, and begin to love Bufinefs, and be inítrufted in the Qualifications, and De- fignsof his Councellours, a Prince ought to be extremely cautious in declaring his Opinion, leaft either Flattery, Re- fpect, or Fear ihould make it received. For this Reaiba Pifo, When Marcelliu was accus'd for taking down the Head of Auguflus's Statue, and putting his own up ; being ask'd his Opinion by Tiberius, What* s your Sentiment , Sir,faid he,// you ¡peak fir$ I know what to fottowjbut iflaft I am afraid leaft Ifhould imprudently think otherwife (16) For the fame Rea- fon 'twas a prudent Order of the fame Emperour, that his Son Drufm ihould not Vote firft in the Senate, leaft 0- thers ihould think themfelves obliged to follow his Opi- nion (17,. This is a thing of ill Confequence; is it left inconvenient not to declare his mind at all, for fo that Counfel which fcems bed may with more Secrecy be exe- cuted. Henry King of Portugal propofed matters with lo much Difcretion in his Council, that it could not be dif- cover'd, either by his Words or Looks, which way he in- clined i whence came the Cuftorri of Prefidents and Vice- Roys, not giving their Votes in Council, which is an anci- ent Practice, and was ufed by the Etolians. But in a matter in which the Princé delires rather their Ap^ probation than Advice,he may open his mind and declare hi$ (16) Quo loca cenftbtt Cafar ? Si pritrtut, kalso quod fequori p. poJZ omnet, vertorné imprudent diffentiam. Tac. i. ann. (if) Exemit etiam Druftm Confulem defignatum dicenda primp loco fententia, quod alii if vile reBmtur, nt é¿tltrit *dfeniit?iJ> wctflitat fieret. Tac. 3. ann. £• i Opinion, 51 Comcettors and Secretaries are the Wheels > Vol.íí: Opinion, for he will find they will generally fide with him , either through a delire to pleafe, or becaufc we naturally in- cline to follow our Superior. In Affairs of War, efpccially when the Prince is involve therein, his Prefence in Council is of more importance, as well for the above-mentioned Reafons, as that he thereby animates them, and that their prudent Refolves may be put in fpeedy Execution, and leaft while they are brought to him the opportunity be flipt. He muff know that fome JVlini- fters defire to be thought vigorous and active, rather than difcreet, and fo in the Princes Prefence oft n are the Authors of raih Counfel, not that they would be th - per- fons that ihould execute them, nay they have a particular averiion to all Danger, as it was with thofe who advis'd Vitellius to take .up Arms (i8j. Tis a common Queftion among Politicians, whether or lió a Prince bimfelf ihould not affift in the Courts ofju- ftice; 'tis atoo weighty Employ, and would take up too much of that rime which is necelfary for Affairs of State, and the Adminiftration of the Government. Though 77- btr'm after he had afliftcd in the Senate, went to the Courts of Judicature (19). King Ferdinand the Holy was often prefent in thofe Courts, where he heard and defended the Poor, and protected the weak from the llrong. K Alfhonjo the Wife orclain'd, that the King himfclf ihould under- take the Caufes of Widows and Orphans, " For tho*, fays " he, he is oblig'd in general to defend his Subjects, yet " ought he particularly to affift them, becaufe they arc 41 more helplefs than others *. Solomon's great Judgment in the Decilion of Caufes got him the general Efteem of all (20); the-7/r^//f«defiredaKing, who as in other Na- tions might be Judge over them (21; ; the Preíénce of the •'• s (18) Sed quod in ejufmodi rebus accidit, certfdium ab omnibtu datum efi, feticulum pauci fetifere. (19) Nee patrum cognitiombus ¡at ¿at us, Judkiit adftdebat in tornu tribunalis. Tac. 1. ami. * L. 20. tit. 23. p. 3. (20) And all Ifrael heard of the Judgment which the King had judged, and they fearedthe King ; rbr they faw that the Wifdom of God was in him to do Judgmenr, 1 Kin. 3. a8 (21) Now make us a King to judge us like ail the Nations, 1 Sam. 8. 5. King Vol. II. not the Hand, in the Clock of the State. $ 5 King makes Judges juft, and his Power only can defend the poor(ii); the chief Reafon why God chofe David King was, becaufe he who had freed his Flocks from the jaws of the Lion (1;), beft knew how to protect the Impotent from the powerful (24) : ib grateful and acceptable is this Care to God, that for that only he promifes to blot out all the reft of his Sins, and make them as white as Snow (25). Wherefore I can't deny that this is the main part of a Prin- ce's Duty, yet I think he fulfils it, if he choofes Perfons of Integrity for his Minifters of Juftice,and takes Care that they juftly and uprightly perform their Offices.'Twill fuffice fome- times in the moft important Cafes, I mean fuch as may be opprefs'd by Power, to be pr'efent at their giving their O- pinions, fo as to make the Judges always in fear, leaft he ihould be in fome corner of the Court and hear all that is (aid and done. For which Reafon all the Judges live in the Royal Palace at Madrid \ and in the Courts where they fit, there are windows , from whence his Majefty ufes to hear all that paffes. The fame is ufual in the Turks Divan % where when the BaJJ'a's meet to treat about Affairs, he hears them when he pleafes, from a window cover 'd with Sar- cenet. And this Harmony of the Clock, and the mutual Agree- ment between the Wheel?, and the Hand which points the hours is evidently vifible in the Government of theKingdom of Spain % which is fo well conftituted,that thole Kingdoms and Provinces which Nature has dif-joyn'd.ihe unites by the pru- dence of her Government Each has its particular Court at Madrid^ Caflile , Arragon, Portugal ', Italy, the Nether- lands and the Indies t to which there is but one Prefident, they take Cognizance of al! Affairs, whether of Juftice or Rewards belonging to any of thefe Kingdoms or Pro- vinces. And their Debates are brought to the King who orders what he thinks fit, fo that the Councils are as 'twere the Wheels, and his Majefty the Index ; or they the Op- (22) A King that fitteth in the Throne of Judgmenr ? fcirtereth away all evil with his Eyes, Prov. 2o. 8. (23) Pialm 5. 14* (24) 1 Sam. 17. 31. (25) Ifa. 1. 17. E 1 tick 54 C ounce Hours and Secretaries are the Wheels, Vol.11. tick Nerves, by which vifible Species are tranfmitted to the Prince, and the King the common Senfe which difcernsand Judges them. The Affairs of the Kingdom being fo dif- pis'd and prefented to his Majefty, all's manag'd with that eafe and prudence, that for above a hundred years fince it J)egan to flourifli ; there his happened no confiderable mif- carriage, which is almorí incredible, in fuch a dif-united Body. The Roman Empire was more fuccinct, and yet it al- moft continually felt Convulftons and Diforders, an unde- niable Proof that ours is better founded than their s, and jgovern'd by Men of greater Judgment, Prudence and In- tegrity. Since then the Summ of all Affairs ihould be re- duc'd to the Prince, he ihould not only be a Father to the Republick in Love, but Economy too, nor ihould he think it fufficient to haveCounfellours, and Mtnifters to manage his Affairs, but he ihould alfo keep by him a certain private Memoir of them, by which he ihould be guided in all things ; as Merchants keep their Accounts in a particular Book for that purpofe, fuch a Book as this the Emperour Auguflus kept. In which he took an account of the Revenue, of the number of the Citizens and Auxiliaries in his Service, alfo of the Fleets, Kingdoms, Provinces, Tributes,Taxes, and Gra- tuities, all which he wrote with his own hand (26); the Memory is the Treafury of Experience, but is very íhort and weak without the affiftance of the Pen to ftrengthen and perpetuate it upon Paper. He'll find a great advan- tage, who for Memory's fake, takes an account of all Actions good or ill, in his Book ; which Diligence if your Royal Highnefs when fetled upon the Throne (hall neglect, and think it beneath your Grandeur to (loop to, and that your ÍVefenc* is fufficient without this troubleibme Afliduity, leaving that to your Miniftcrs, I dare averr from the excel- lent Conititution, and order of this Government, both in (16) Opes publica continebantur, quantum avium, Jociorumque in Jr- mit, qttot Clajfet, Rcpia, Provincia, Tribuí» & Necejfitater, ac LtrgitU- ties, qua (unci» fua mam perfcripferat Auguftus. Tac. 1. arm. U . ..... *..-.< . . . . ¡ K Vol, H. not the Hand, in the Clock of the State. $$ its Courts and Counfels, your Highnefs might finifli your Courfe without any confiderable Danger ; but you would be no more than the hand to the Clock, wholly govcrn'd by theWhrels, nor would there appear any thing confpi- cuous or glorious in your whole Reign ; as there will, if Cwhich God grant] your Highnefs imitating Auguftus, (hall make your Remarks upon each Kingdom diftinctly, with an Addition of all Garrifon'd Towns, alfoof all perfons famous for War or Peace, with their Qualifications, Characters, Services and the like ; particularly inferting all Affairs of great Concern, what has been their Iffue, in what they fucceeded, in what fail'd, and feveral other Obíervations, which are initructive in the Art of Government. Hence proceeds the Harmony in the Order of the Jefuits, which all fo much admire, for every three years the General has a particular Account of all things that have pafs'd, toge- ther with a private Lift of thofe of the Order ; who be- caufe they may in time alter their Nature and Manners the fe Catalogues are renewed every Year; befides, he has particular Informations every Year of what ever is neceflary for him to know. By which they always fucceed in their E- lections, by fuiting the Capacity of the Perfon to the Office, not the Office to the Perfon. And if Princes had fuch Characters of things and peribns, they would not be fo often deceived in their Refolves and Counfels; they would be better inftrufted in the Art of Government, and need not depend wholly upon their Minifters ; and thefe would ferve the Prince with more Care and Circumfpection, when they knew that he underftood and took notice of all things ; and fo thefe grofs Faults which we fee at prefent, I mean, in not timely providing Neceiftries for Peace and War, would never be committed ; in a word, the fear of this Catalogue would make Vertue flourilh, and Vice periih ; nor would thefe fliort Memoirs breed any confufion, efpecially if fome were made by the Princes own hands, and others by his chief Minifters, who are perfons of Underftanding, qnd whom he can truft to do it fincerely and carefully ; where- fore if as Cicero fays, this Knowledge is neceflary for a Sena- E 4 tour $6 CoiMcelloun and Secretaries are, &c. Vol.11. tour (27), who is but a fraall Member of the Government, how much more is it for a Prince on whom depends the univerfal welfare of his State ? And if Philip King of Ma- cedoti.cm'sd the Articksof the Roman League to be read over to him twice every day, why ihould a Prince difdain to read in one Book, an Epitome of the whole Body of his Empire, viewing in that as in a Map, all the parts of which it confifts > (17) Ejifentttori necejfarium noffe Rempub. quant late patet,juid habeat Mil ¡turn, quid valeat cer avium, quo: Joeios Refp. habeat, quo* arnica, qua fiipendiarios, qu» qui/que fit lege, conditiwe, feedere., &c. Cicero. EM- Vol. II. EMBLEM LVIH. 57 ITFO N OUR is one of the chiefeft Inftruments in the — I Art of Government ; if it were not the Off fpring ■ JL of Glory, I ihould think it a politick Invention ; it is the Prop of Empires ; without it none could ftand long ; a Prince without it wants a Guard for his Vertues, the Spur of Renown, and Bond, which makes him to be loved and refpeded ; aThirft for Riches is Tyrannick, but for Honour Royal ( i) ; nor is Honour lefs requifite in the Subject than the Prince ; for without that the Laws would not be able to keep the people in their Devoir, it being cer- tain, that they arc more reftrain'd by the fear of Infamy than punifhment. The Economy of Government would (i) Velle pecuniis exeelhre'Tyrannwim, Homribus wromagisRegium, Arift. PoK Hb. 5. foe: i J 8 A Prince fbould give to his Minifiers all Vol II. foon be ruined, were not Obedience, Loyalty, Integrity and fuch like Vertues in efteem. Ambition for Honour preferves the Authority of the Laws, to attain it we inure our felves to Labour and ;Vertue. That Government is in as much danger where all would be Slaves, as that in which all would be Matters. A Nation too abjeft and baie, is a prey- to every Invader, and foon forgets its Duty to its lawful Prince ; but that which is of a more lofty Spirit, and which lets a value upon Honour, flights all Toils and Perils j nay, even defpife9 its own Ruine, to remain firm in its Obedience and Loyalty ; what Wars, Calamities and Devastations by Fire and Sword, has not the Dutchy of Burgundy felt for preferving their Faith and Allegiance to hisCathohck Maje- fty, neither the Tyranny and Barbarity of their Enemies, nor the infection of the Elements, though all Teem'd to confpire againft them, could make their Conftancy. They might indeed take from thofe Loyal Subjects, their Eftates, their Countrey, and their Lives, but not their fíncete Faith, and generous Loyalty to their* lawful Prince. The ufual Remedies againft interline Diforders, is to make the People ftrangers to Honour and Reputation, which piece of Policy is us'd in Chiya, which is in no danger but from its own Subjects ; but in other Kingdoms which are expofed to Invafions, Glory and Renown is abfolutely ne- cefiary for the Subjects, that they may have Courage to re- pulfe an Enemy ; tor where there is no Honour, there is no Valour. That Prince is not truly Great, who does not command great Spirits, nor can he ever without fuch make himfelf formidable, or enlarge his Territories. The Sub- jeft's Honour obliges them to procure the Prince's, for upon his Grandeur depends their's. The very iha- dow and empty appearance of Honour , makes 'em aifi- duous in Labours, and valiant in Dangers. What Trea- fures could make iufricient Compenfation for the Eftates, and Blood which Subjects fquander away for the Prince's Will and Fancy ; were it not for this publick Coin of Ho- nour, wherewith every one pays himfelf in his own Opi- nion I Tis the beft Price of worthy and brave Exploits, ¿he cheapeft Reward that Princes could have found^ fa that if not Vol.11, fuch Honours y as may not prejudice his own. jo, not for their own Grandeur, they ought at leaft for their Conveniency and Intereft, maintain it among their Sub- jefts ; by either taking no notice of, or lightly puniih- ing the Faults which they commit to defend it, and on the contrary, by encouraging with Rewards and publick Ac- knowledgments, fuch Actions as are generous and honoura- ble. But they fliould beware of giving the leaft Incourage- ment to that vain fantaftical Honour fo much in Vogue, which depends upon peoples Fancies, not true Vertue, thence proceed Difputes among the Minifters about Prece- dence, to the prejudice of the Publick, and the Prince's Service: Hence Duels, Affronts, and Murthers ; and from thefe come Tumults and Seditions. This makes Obedience ftagger, and defiles it with the Prince's blood ; for if once the Subject (hall be perfwadcd in his own Opinion, or by the common Cry, that he is a Tyrant and not fit to live, he foon contrives his Death, to obtain the Honour of AiTertor of his Countrey's Liberty (i). It ihould therefore be the Princes Care to aboliih this Superftition of falfe Honour, and to promote the Worfliip of the true. Let not a Prince difdain to honour Merit, either in Sub- jects or Strangers, for this does not derogate from the Prin- ce's Honour, no more than the light of a Torch is dimi- nifhed by the lighting of another by it ; for which Rea- loii Ennius compares the Charity of a perfon, who inftrufts a wandring Traveller in his way, to a Flame. He who t 9 a wandring Man his way has (hewn, Lights t'other s Torch and never hurts his own *. From whence proceeds Ciceros Advice, that whatever Jrindnefs can be done another without Detriment to ones felf, let it be done even to a Stranger (3). From both theie Sentences the prefent Emblem is taken $ a lighted Candle (2^ Itaque Monarches, non Mt fibi vendicent Monitrchiam, invadtmt, fed"* famam &gIoriam adtfijeantur. Arift. Pol. y. cap. 10. * Ennius. (3; Ut yuhquid fine detrimento actommtdari pffttjd tribuaturvel ignoto. (Cicero, ia 6o A Prince fhould give to his Minifiers all Vol. IÍ. in a Candleftick, the Emblem of Divinity, and fupream Authority, at which two others are lighted, to fignifie that a Prince may beitow Honour upon thofe who deierve it without Detriment to his own. His Honour, is borrowed, not his own, who is afraid of wanting it, when he con- fers it on others. Springs continually flow, and are never empty. The Fund of Honour in Princes is inexhauflible, be they never fo profufe : All refpect them as the only Ma- gazines of Honours, from whence every one expels his ihare ; fo the Earth with its Vapours refreihes the Air, which returns them in Dew upon the Earth again. And this mutual Correfpondence between the Prince and his Subjects, King Alphonfo the Wife knew, when he faid, that " thefe in Honouring him, honour'd themfelves, becaufe " from him they expect Honour and Preferment ; where " this mutual Honour is, there Affairs fiouriih in Peace and " War, and the Government is eftablifhed. Nor does a Prince fhew his Majefty more in any thing, than in the Ho- nours he confers. All natural Bodies the more noble they are, are the more generous and free of their Verrues and Gifts. To give Riches is humane, but the diftnburion of Honour belongs to God or his Vicegerents, In theíé Maxims I would perfectly inftruct your Highneís, efpecially in that of honouring the Nobility, who are the main fupport of Monarchy. Let your Highnefs hearken to your glorious Predeceifor, King Alphonfo the Wife, who in laying down Maxims for his Succeííbrs, fpeaks to this Effect: " Furthermore he " ought to refpect and honour the Nobility for their Riches, " and for that they are an Honour to his State ; and he " ihould refpect and honour the Gentry, as being hisGuard ,c and the Bulwark of his Kingdom. Without Rewards Services fljg, but rewarded they flou- i'iih, and make the Kingdom glorious Under an ungrate- ful King never any great Action was atchkved, nor any glorious Example tranfmitted to Pofterity. Thofe three brave Souldiers , who broke through the Enemies Squa- drons and fetch'd water from the Cittern , fcarce did any thing elfe remarkable, becaufe David did not gratifie them. Vol.IT. fucb Honours, as may not prejudice hi$ oWn. 6t them. A Prince by once rewarding the Merits of a Fa- mily, binds them to his Service for ever. The Nobili- ty is as much urg'd to Glory, by the noble Exploits of their Anceftors, and by Honours with which they were reward- ed, as by thofe which they themfelves expert ; 'twas upon this Account that your Royal HighneiTes Prcdeceilbrs be- fiowed eternal marks of Honour upon the Services of lome great Families of Spain. So King John II. rewarded thofe of the Counts Ribadeo, by ; permitting them to eat at the King's Table upon Twelfth-day, and to have the iame Coat which his Majéfty wore that day \ his CatholickMajefty granted the fame Honour to the Marquéis of Cadiz. And order'd, that they fliould have the Coat which he wore upon the Feafi of the Bleffed Virgin ; to the Marqueííe3 of Moya t he gave the Cup which the Kings ihould drink out of upon St. Lit- f/Vs Day ; to the Earls of Roca,of the Family of Vera, and to all of that Houfe a Grant for each, to exempt thirty per- fons from all Taxes ; the fame King Ferdinand, when he met the King of France at Savon a, invited the great Cap- tain Gonfalvo to Table with him, at whofe houfe alfo he ftaid at mVEntry into Naples ; and what wonder fince he ow'd him his Kingdom and all Spain, its Glory and Suc- cefs f? Of him might well be faid, what Tacitus fays of another brave and valiant General. Tn his Body was all the beauty of the Cherufci ; and whatever was done "with Suc- cefs was the refult of his Counfel (4). The Valour and C r nducl; of one Minifter is often the Foundation and Rife of a Kingdom That which is founded in America is owing to Herman Cortez, and the Pizarrs. The fingle Valour and Induftry of the Marquefs of Aytona, kept the Netherlands from revolting upon the Death of the Infanta lfabella, and fomeofcur prefentMinifters have been the chief Inftrumcnts in preferving the Empire in the Houfe of Aaftria, and of the Tranquility which Italy has fo long enjoyed, whofe great Re- wards have been a fpark to kindle a glorious Emulation in others. By recompencing one Service you purchafe many •f Mar. Hifi. Hifp. Í4) Ilk in corpore dews orrme Cherufcorum, ii/itis conjtlia gefla, Mo- narchy arrived at this Perfection, becaufe King Ferdinand the Catholick, and alter him Charles V. and Philip l\. knew how to hew out, and proportion the Stones to its bignefs. Princes complain of this Age of being barren, and not productive of fuch great Spirits, not confidering that the Reafon is that they don't look for them, or if they da find them, that they don't give them fufficient Encourage- ment, but only promote thofe who are about them, which depends more upon Chance than Choice. Nature always produces fome great Genius's, but Princes don't always make ufe of them. How many excellent Genius's and great Spirits are born and die in Obfcurity , who if they had been imployed and exercis'd in Bufineis, had been the Ad- miration of Mankind : OJfat had died Chaplain of St. Lewis in Rome, without the Glory of having done lb many fignal Services to France, had not Henry IV. of France obierving his great Abilities procur'd him a Cardinals Hat. If a Prince faffers a great Soul to herd with the common Rout, he will live and die like one of them, without performing any thing remarkable or glorious. Chrift went up to the Mountain Tabor with three of his Difciples only, leaving the reft with the multitude, upon which their Faith im- mediately cool'd ; 5), io that they could not cure a poiTeft perfon (6). Great Spirits do not flouriih nor BlofTom, un- lefs they are watw'd by the Dew of Favour. That Prince therefore, who (hall fow Honours íhali reap able Stateiraen. But he ought to fow them in Seafon, and to have them al- ways ready upon all Occafions ; for then they are rarely to be found. In this Princes are ufually carelefs while they live in Peace and Quiet, thinking they fliall never have need of them. (s) Nam quod Domino in monte demorante, Ó" if {is turn turbs rejiden- tibus quídam í tepor eorum fidem retardaverat. Hilar, cap. 7. Sup. Matth. (6) And I brought him to thy Difciplet and they could not cure him, Matth. 17. ij. tat Vol.11, fuch Honours, as way not prejudice bis own. 6% Nor mould a Prince honour and prefer only his Nobility and Minifters,but alfo all others of his Subjefts, whofe Acti- ons (hall be meritorious. As King Alphonfo prudently ad- vifes in his Laws, where he fays, that a Prince ought to honour Vertue wherefoever he finds it, though it be in the very meaneft of his Subjects. A Prince ought to be very cautious in the Diftribu- tion of Honours , coniidering the time and weighing the Qualifications of the perfons, that they may be exactly ad- apted to their Merit. For that diftinguiihes Dignities, as the intrinfick worth of a Diamond makes it more valuable? if Honours were all equal, they would be left valued ; 'tis a kind of Tyranny not to reward Defert, and nothing more incenfes the People than it ; a whole Government isdifor- dered by the unequal Diftribution of Preferments, Rewards above Defert are a Scandal to the receiver, and an Affront to thofe who deferve better. One is gratified ; many offended. To gratifie all alike is to reward none. Vertue thrives not by equality, nor* will Valour ever attempt any considerable Aftion, without the hopes of fome particularReward. A Sta- tue erected for one, aftefts many with a glorious Defire of obtaining the fame Honour. In a word, Honour fuited to a perfons Merit, is a Spur to him, an Encouragement to o- thers, and a means to preferve Obedience in the people. But though nothing more firmly fettles, or more glori- oufly adorns a Prince's Throne than Diftribution of Ho- nours, yet ought he diligently to take Care, not to Grant away thoíé which are proper to his own Dignity, and di- ftinguiih him from others : For they are not like Flames which paffing to another Subject, ftill remains entire in its own ; but all fuch which he mall confer on others, will no more ihine in him, fo that Majefty will be oblcufd, nor will any make their Applications to him, but to them to whom he has granted fuch Honours ; Tiberlm would not permit even his Mother Livia to receive thofe particular Honours ' which the Senate defign'd, becaufe he thought 'twould dirainiíh his Authority (7). Even Ceremonies which were (7) Citerum anxiut inv:dia,& muliebrefajiigiuTn in dirr.inuiiwtm fui aecipiem, neliflQTtm yuidm ei dttemi faffiísejí. Tac. I. arm. introduced 64 AVrince fhould ¿ivetohitMintfters^&c Vbl.If. introduced either by Chance or Flattery, and are now pe- culiar to the prince, he ought not to make common to o- thers. For though they are vain and empty, they mark out the Borders of Majefty to Refpect and Veneration. 77- berim was difgufted, that the fame publick Prayers were made for Nero and Drufus which were made for him, tho' they were his Sons ami Succeflburs in the Empire (8) í the Honour of Princes vaniihes, when made common by promifcuóus Flattery (9) ; lometimes though, as when Mi- nifters do perfonate the Prince in his abfence, the íárae Ho- nours and Ceremonies are to be paid them, as are due to the Prince if prefent ; as we fee in Vice Roys and Courts of Supream Authority, which like Stars fliine in the Suns ab- fence ; but not in his Pretence, for then thoíé marks of Honour are paid to the Royal Dignity reprefénted in the Minifters, who are as it were the Pictures of Majefty, and the reflection of Supream Authority. ¿mpati (8) Turn vere ¿equari adokfeentes fenecía fate, u t¡ hoenúr indoluit. Tac. 4. ann. (9) Vanefcit Augtifli honor, fifnrnifc noribtu vulgo* tur. Tac 4. ann. £ Af- tai. ir. 6$ BUB LÉ>M -LTX. jTr Ü R F 3 the provident Díípoíer of all things, has divided Countries from one another , and hedg'd 'erh in fometimes with Mountains like iaft Walls, fometimes entrenched 'em about with deep Rivers, and fometimes with the Ocean it felf, that (he might put a ftop to the Deflgns of humane Ambition; for* the fame Reafon (he has conftituted different Climates, Na- tures, Languages, and Cuftoms, that in this great Diverfity af Nations, each might live amicably, and in Unity aiüottg themfelves, not eafily giving way to the Power and Tyran- ny of Invaders. Yet are not all thefe bars and fences of Nature, able to check this infatiáble Defife of Rule j for Ambition is fo great and fo deeply rooted in Man's heart, ;hat it thinks the five 2ones too narrow for it. Alexander ¡ they ftv wept* that he had no more Worlds to Conquer- f Alt 6o Counfel and Strength both necejjary for Vol .11. All theBleflings of Life, nay Life it felf, for all our natu- ral Inclinations to prefcrve it, are all (lighted for a mo- ments Reign. Humaya going to invade the Kingdom of Cordova, feme of his Friends difl'u aded him from it, urging th$ dnngerof the Attempt: " Call me King to day, fays " he, and to morrow kill me ; there is noPaífíon in Man more blind anddangerous thairthis. This has coft many their Lives, as .well as Efiate*, whjch they would have there- by enlarged. A certain prince of Tartary ufually drank out of a Cup on which Was engraven the Head of a Prince of Mufcovy, who jii irsVacfing tiis -Kingdom loft his own, with his Life ; ¿boyt the edge of which was this Infcription : This Vrimely coveting mine; loft fas own. Almoft '¿.the fame thing befell King Sdncbo, who would have rob'd; yet this is only then, when. reafon and prudence advife it, and when Power has no other Tribunal than that of Arms ; for whoever unjuftly robs another of his Kingdom, gives others opportunity and right to do the fame to him ; lirft let a Prince conftderthe Danger of his own, before he thinks of invading another'sKingdom (\) : for which Rea- fon the Eípperour Rodolphns\. us'd ro fay> ** 'Twas better " to govern weil than to enlarge a Kingdom ; if King At- phonjo the Wile had took this Advice, he had never purfa'd- his Pretentions to the Empire, to the fo evident peril of his own Kingdom ; fo that the comparifon of Alpbonfo King of Naples was very applicable to him : That fuch ambitM (i) Tcfludimm, uhi eolleUa in Juum tegmen eft, tut am ad omncs if! -it ejfe, uls-i cxerit partes aliejuas, quodcuncjue nudavit ol/n)xinm ataue rnfir- inum hab:re Cic (*) Et fuá retiñere private damns, altenis certarg^ Regiain Undem ejfe. Tac. i^.ann. {\) Suam quijote fortunan* in con- filto habca: ,cí.m de alieno deliberate Curtius. OUS Vol. IT. the Prejcrvttion of a State. '6j ous Princes were like Gamefters, who cheated by a vain hope of winning, lofe even what they had. To defend his State is a Prince's Duty, but to invade another's is merely Arbitrary. Ambition hurries Men to new and dan- gerous Attempts (4) ; and the more it has the more it co- vets. It encreafes with Empire (?j. Opportunities, and the eaflnefs of the means charm Princes Eyes and Hearts, and hinder them from underftanding, that they ought noc to covet all that they can obtain ; a generous mind mould be regulated by Reafon and Prudence; he is not fafeft who poiTeffes moft, but he who paííeftes molí lawfully. Too great an extent of Power, creates Emulation and Envy, and increafes Danger. For they arm and unite againft the ftrongeit, as the Kings of Spain did againft Alphonfo III.. whofe Greatnefs and Profperity they fufpeeted. for which* Reafon 'tis more defirable to have Povtfer well grounded and éftabliuYd, than to exercife it ; for there is as much Danger in maintaining as in procuring it. Were there no foreign Enemies, affluence of Plenty would fufficiently enervate it ; : ¿s the Grandeur of old Rome found (6), which Augufhi forefeeing, propofed to Remedy it by prefcribing Bounds to it C7J1 which the Emperour Adrian afterwards erTefted. Let a Prince brídíé his Felicity and he will Reign well (8 X 5 Tis no difficult matter for In tuft ice and Tyranny, if arm'd with Power, to raife and extend Kingdoms; the Difficulty ís iii the prefervation thereof, it being a harder matter to Govern well than to Conquer (9). For in Armsufqally Fortune takes place, but Govern- ment depends on Prudence (10). Su'cceis enters, the gate Without being called, by Merit or lnduftry, but 'tis Pru- dence only that Keeps her there. Alphonfo the Wife gave (4) Quibut nova & ancipitia prudlere avida, & pterumque fitSdii ambit io eft. Tac 14. ann. (<) Vet%\,¿t jampridem injttd Aiorsalibus potentit cupido, cum imperii Magnitudive adolevit grupitque. Tac. 2* Hift. (6) Et qua: ab exiguis profit? d initiis eo cre^Jerit, ut jam Magni- tjtdim laboraret Jua. Liv. Jib. I. (7) Addiderdtqte conftliujn coercendi in- fra términos imperii. 'Vac 1 ann. (S) Impune jelicitati tut frana,fact- Hus reges Currin*. (9) Fatilius eft quídam vincere quatn tentre. CurCV (ic) Fortunan! mtgnafñ citiui mvenies quant rttine as , Publ- 68 Counfel and Strength Loth necejfary for Vol. II. thisReafon, why 'twas lefs difficult to get, than to main- tain when got ; H Becaufe the prefervation depends upon u Judgment ; but the Acquifition upon Chance. Hold Fortune with both hands, or (he'll flip from you (n). A Hedge hog [from whence I took this Emblem} is found with eafe, but to hold it requires Prudence ; that is, you muft apply your hand Co as gradually to fmooth down her thorny Briftles, which when ere&ed refemble a Squadron of Pikes. Claud. Amid with her [elf fl:e does fecurely go, Her felf t the Quiver t Arrow , and the Bow. Scarce were the Arms of Spain retir'd from the Netherlands, in the time of Don John of Auftria, when thofe of the Re- bels enter'd. 'Twas an eafie matter for the King of France againft the Laws of God and Man to feizeupon thcDutchy of Lorrain, but to miintain it now, he finds it expenfive and dangerous ; fo he is oblig'd always to keep an arm'd hand upon it, and the Cauies which occur in the Acquifition don'c always in the Prefervation. But if 'tis once fetled,time will help to fix it ; whence it happens, that fometimes one perfon may eafily maintain a Government which was not rais'd, but by the great Toils and Perils of many. Wherefore fince 'tis a Prince's chief Duty to preferve his Stares, I will here fubjoyn the means which it may be done by, whether they defcend by Succéífion, or are acquir'd by Conqneft or E'eclion. I firft premife the general Caufcs, which ufually concur in attaining and maintaining them, and thofe are God ; that is, when he aflifts us with Religion and Jufticej Opportunity, when a concurrence of Caufeso- pen the way to Grandeur ; and Prudence, either in making thefe Opportunities, or in ufing them when offer'd. There are other Fnftruments common to the Art of Government, as Valour, the Prince's Afiiduity and Prudence, the Peoples Efieem, Refpeót and Love for him ; the Reputation of the {ii) forttfuain tuani ¡>rejfts manibw teñe, luirle*. Curtius; Crown, Vol. II. the Prefervation of a State* 69 Grown, the force of Arms, Unity in Religion, a due Ad- miniftration of Juftice, the Authority of the Laws, the Di- ftribution of Rewards ; the Severity of Puniihments ; the Integrity of the Magiftracy ; the good Election of Mini- fters ; the Prefervation of Privileges and Cuftoms; the Edu- cation of Youth; the Modefty of the Nobility; the Purity of the Coin ; the Encreafe of Trade and Arts ; the Peoples Obedience; Concord, Plenty, and publick Riches. By thefe means all States arc maintain'd, and though the Government of each requires great Care and Attention, yet dothofe which defcend lineally from Father to Son require leaft ; for Sovereign Power and Obedience being become habitual, and as it were natural to the Subjects, they forget that it was of their own Inftitution, not an original Pro, priety. No one dares deny him Refpect and Veneration, whom he has own'd for his Lord from his Birth ; aliare aw'd by fear of Puniihment from the SucceiTour, for Crimes which they (hall commit in the prefent Reign : The Sub- jects eafily bear and wink at his Failures The very Tide of Affairs, which long Cuilom and Experience has con- fined to a Channel, fecures him, though he be incapacitated for Government, provided he be of an eafie docile Nature, and one that will Act for the beft in all things, and can make Choice of good Minifters, or iliould happen on them by Chance. But thoie States which defcend by an indirect Line, or by Marriage j a Prince ought to manage with particular Care and Circumfpection, efpecially at the beginning of his Reign ; in this thofe Princes run great Rifques,who thro' too much Zeal, or too fond a Defire of Glory, reverie the Actions and Inítitutions of their PredeceiTours, introducing Novekies of their own, without that due Moderation and Prudence which is neceflary even in changing : em into bet- ter ; for Plato's Opinion that all change is dangerous except from bad, muii not beunderftood of Governments, which run great Rifquesunlefs remedied by degrees, according to the Order ot Nature, which does not leap from one ex- tream to the other ; but interpofes the Temperature of the Spring and Autumn, between the Extremities of the Win- F 5 • cers 7o Counfel and Strength loth necejfary for Vol.11. ters cold, and Summers heat : M A fudden and violent change 41 is troublefome and doubtful ; that which is flow and gra- tl dual is always more eafie (12). 'Tis dangerous in failing to fhift the Sails upon a Contrary mind, becaufe they muft on a fudden be changed from one fide of the Ship to the other. V/hcrefore'tisrcquilite for a Prince at the begin- ning of his Reign, to obferve the methods of the laft, ta- king Care to reform it by Degrees with that eafinefs and moderation, that the People (hall find themfelves on t'other 'fide without knowing how they got over. Tiber m durft not at the beginning of his Reign aboliíh the publick Sports introduced by Auguflns (i;). Galba reigned but a few Months, becaufe immediately upon coming to the Throne, he began to punilli part Crimes, to moderate extravagant Ponatives, and to curb the Licentioufnefs and Iniolence, which the People had been Co us'd to in Nero's time (14), that they as much loved their Princes Vices, as formerly they efteeirfd their Vertues. The fame befel the Emperour Tertinax, for defigning to reform the Militia, enervated under the Luxurious Reign of Commode. Lewis XI King of Frame fell into the fame Errour, for that he began his Reign with the ievere Puniihment of fome of his principal Nobility. The Excellence of a new Government ought to be Benignity ; lince too much Rigour and Severity is the Vice of an old one. What dare not old Kings do ? 7 be [oft eft Chain , Of Kingdoms is in a new Princes Reign, To fettJe a Government is a work of time, for 'tis as troublefome to reform, as to new model one (1 5 J ; for this (iz) /Ir.ccps & operofa nimis efe mutatio, qtia fubito, Ó" cum quhdam fuiolentiafufcipitur ;facilior autem- quz fevjlm &" paula! it» de livando ft. Arift. 6. Pol. (13) Sed populuta per tot annos molliter babitum, tior.dum Miidibat ad duriora 'verteré. Tac. i. ann. (14) Augebat veterem difciplinam, atq-u ita q't;jtrtord;c:>n annis a Nerone ajfuefa- fli, ut hand min'u vitia Prinapif amarmt, qnam olim •vtrtutes vene~ rabantur. Tac.*Hift\ l. (15) Non minus nrgotii efe Rcwp. emendar^ qua?» ab tiiitis tonfeiiuere. Anil. 4. Pol. cap. 1. reafon Vol.11. the Prefervation of a State, 7$ reafon David excus'd himíélf from puniiliing Joab for the Murther of Abner, as being weak and newly anointed King (16J ; that is, he fear'd by too much Severity, he lhould make his new gotten Government odious. Rehoboam had never ruined himfelf had he confidered this, when by theCounfelof the young Men, he anfwer'd the People of Ifrael, who defir'd he would treat 'em with lefs Severity than his Father had done ; " My Father made your Yoke " he3vy,and I will add to your Yoke ; my Father alfo cha~ V ftifed you with Whips, but I will chafiifeyou with Scor- " pions (17). There is nothing more ferviceable to a Prince at his entrance upon the Government, than to fignalize him- felf by fome glorious Exploits, for Reputation once got is not immediately loft ; for which Reafon Domitius Corbulo, when he was fent into Armenia took particular Care to raife his Reputation (18). The fame Agrícola did in his Government of Britain, knowing that the Reputation of his firft Aclions would byafs all the reíí (19.) The comparifon which the People make between the pad and prefent Ad mi nift ration is always of ill confequence, when they don't find in this the fame Felicity they did in t'other, or don't perceive the fame Parts and Qualifications in the prefent Prince, as in his Predeceflbur ; let him there- fore take Care as much can be, that there be no difference ; but that the fame hand may feem to hold the Reins. But if the Prince, either cannot, or knows not how to adjuft his Actions to the Peoples humour as his Predeceifour did, let him more particularly avoid occafion, which may breed Comparifons. Which was the reafon that Tiberim was ne- ver prefent at publick Shews, fearing that his rough melan- choly Temper, compar'd to thecomplaifant Gaiety of Augu* ftm J would be offen five to the People (20'. Wherefore as (16) 2 Sam. 3. 59. {n) 1 Kings 12.14. 8 ) ^' 0l f* m & inferviret, «¡:iig in novis cwptis validiffima eft. Tac. i}, ann. (19; A T 93 iguaria inflandum fama^Ó* prout prima cejjijfen*^ fare univerfa. Tac. in vir. Agr. (ia) Cur abftinuerit Speilaculo ipje, 'Varie trahebant'j, alii tadio catitf, cyúdam triftit/a ¡ngenii, (3 meta campar at ionis,-, q' Hifh the 74 Counfel and Strength hoth necejjary for Vol. II. the Confidence which he puts in them, fliould be arm'd and fenced from all Accidents, ufing the fame means which we prefcrib'd for the prefervation of a Conquer'd Kingdom t Elective Kingdoms which areobtain'd by Favour are alfo maintain'd by the fame, though this very rarely continues long. And though all new Empires begin with Apphufe, yet in this 'tis but ihort and foonover; amidft the very Acclamations, when Saul was anointed King, the People began to diftruft and flight him, though he was chofen by God himfelf (26;. But there are Ways by which the per- fon Elected, may preferve the Peoples good Opinion of him, that is to fay, by maintaining thofe Vertues and Qua- lifications, which made him at firft thought worthy of the Crown ; for Men ufually change their Manners with their Fortunes. Tiberm had a very good Gharacter'and Reputa- tion, while he was a private Perfon and iiv'd under Augu- fim C27) ; as alfo had Galba ; let him be Courteous and obliging to all (28). Grateful and Liberal to thofe who E- kcled him ; civil to thofe who gave their Votes againft him ; let him be a zealous Lover of his Countrey. And a vigorous AiTertor of its Laws and Privileges;' let his Council be compos'd of the Natives of the Countrey, imploying them alone in Offices and places of Truft, not admitting Foreigners and Relations ; let him maintain his Family with modefty ; let him temper Majeity with Confi- deration, and Juflice with Clemency 5 let him fo govern as if his Kingdom came by Defcent, which he fliould tranfmic to his Poflerity, not as if it were Elective, fleecing it of what he can during his Reign ; according to the Poet. Afiort Reign never [pares the People (29J;. For 'tis very difficult to be moderate in Grandeur which muftdie with us (30). (26) 1 Sam. 10 27. (17) Egrcgium vita, f tmaque quoad private , VHl in mfemsfnbAvgufiofnit. Tao 6. mn. (28) Majcr privates i fa, tíMtn privatw fait .Tac. 1. Hift. (,9) Non parcit populú Kegnurn breve. "Statius. ho) Difieilim ifi xmfvrm feUcitati, qu* u ntnMudi* «jvrum. Tac. 2.ann. f The Vol. IT. the Trefervation of a State. y$ The Prince ought moreover to be peaceable, not an In- vader of others : for Elective Kingdoms fear fuch a Matter, whofe mind is bent upon Conquering others ; but they love him who is only careful in preferving his own,as we fee inPo- land for 'tis evident that all Kingdoms were at firil Elective, and that 'twas only Ambition of enlarging them by inva- ding their Neighbours, by which (o many have loft that Li- berty, which they would have taken from others. Nor is it poilible, thatamcng fo many Cafualties and Dangers of Election, this Enlargement of States mould be lafting, for thoíé very Arms which make thofe additional Conquefts, will reduce them to Hereditary Kingdoms ; which was (; i) Galbas excufe for not converting the Empire into a Com- monwealth. Elective Monarchies love Liberty, and Co ought not to be governed without it, and fince Election is the Scale in which they weight it, the Prince fliould always ftand on that fide, for if he gives the leaft Sufpicion that he intends to make the Crown Hereditary, he will certainly lofe it. In States acquir'd by Conqueft, there is more difficulty in attaining than preferving them, for they are like wild Colts,in which the main Trouble is backing them,for after- wards they wüüngly take the Bier, and fubmit to the bur- then. Fear and Flattery open the way to Dominion ; the firit Afcmt of which is fteepand difficult (;*,', but once fetled you want neither Partizans nor Minifters ; yet fince thefe Services are generally forced and counterfeit, they ea- illy revolt when they have opportunity, and are therefore to be entertain'd and cheriih'd with great Care, efpecially at firit, fince from the firft Actions we eafily Judge of the future Government; as ViteUim experienced, who grew hateful and odious to all, for the Death of Dolabelia (%%). And though Pifo faid, that a Kingdom acquir'd by illPra- (31) Si immenfum Imperii corpus ft are, ac libran fine reblare pojfit, dignus cram d quo Refpub. incipirot.Tzc.l. Hi ft. (f>.) Prima domi- iiandi [pes in arduo ; ubi ¡is ingrejfus, ad[unt (ludia & Miniftri. Tac. 4 . arm. (}}) Magna cum ixvidJanQviPrimip.itu;, cujiu hoc primum fpe~ (¿men nojeebatur. Tac. 2. Hift. ftices ?6 Counfel and Strength loth necejfary for Vol. IF. ¿tice» could never be maintain'd by good ones f 34), yet King Sambo did this way eftablifh his doubtful Title to the Kingdom, which he got by Conqueft. Princes are foon ruin'd by driving to preferve that by Force which they got fo. This pernicious piece of Policy has been the ruin all Tyrants, and if any one has preserved himfelf ; 'tis be caufe he chang'd his Tyranny into Benevolence, and his Cruelty into Clemency: Vice cannot fubfift long unlefs Vertue be its fubftitute ; Ambition unjuil in acquiring at firft, muft change into Zeal for the publick Good to main- tain it ielf. Subjects love their Prince for the publick, and their private Interefts, and when they fucceed in both, their Fear foon changes into Reverence, and their Hatred into Refpect : but Care mud be taken that this Reformation of Vices, which are now publickly known, be not fo fudden nor affected, as to proceed from Defign not Nature, whofe Operations are flow and methodical, fo Otbo thought } that a fudden Mo My, or affe&ed Gravity could not preferve the Empire which he had attain'd by Villany (;s). The People are more appreheniive of fuch Changes than of Vices them- felves ; for they fufpeft greater mifchief at the Bottom. Feign'd Vertue is worfe than Vice j for this is executed un- der the (hape of the other. Auguftus was an admirable Pattern of Prudence and Va- lour, in railing and fupporting his Empire, which all Prin- ces ought to Copy. At pineteen years of Age he flieiv'd himfelf worthy of the Empire, by fuftaining the Civil (36) Wars. From which time he began to raife his Fortunes. Empires are not obtain'dby deferving,but by having merited them. One Victory proclaim^ him Emperour ^37), he- caufe he knew how to make ufe of Opportunity and Pru- dence ; of Opportunity in triumphing over Anthony and Lepidus (58 ! , of Prudence in not entering by open Force, (34.) Nemo enim unquam imperium fiagitio . He fix'd the Bounds of the Empire, keep- ing a Book of his Revenues and Expences (57) He ereft- ed aMilirary Treafury, and fo difpos'd his Forces, thathiá Armies , Fleets and Provinces might as it were tak hands (58} : Thefe good Qualities made the Romans chofe the prefent Government which was fecure and fafe, rather than run the Rilque and uncertainty of the Paft ¡"59); Hence they firft became fond with Tyranny. I don't re late all thefe Arts with a Defign to inftruft Tyranny, but that Tyrants may by thefe ways reform, by joyning thefe to the Fear, which Force and Oppreiljon have created. For that which is gained by the Sword muft be preferved by it For which Reafon in fuch States, 'tis requifite to erecl en- files and Forts, but fo contrived as they mayn't feem a curb to the Peoples Liberty, but a Protection againft foreign ln- vafions, Garrifons appointed for their Safety not to keep 'em in awe, for this always makes 'em defperate. The Spaniards were fo offended, that the Emperour Conftans ihould commit the Guard of the Vyrenaan Hills to Fo- reigners, that they invited (though to their great Detri- ment) the Van hi s> Alans, Swedes, and other Nations in- to Spain. Confidence makes Submits Loyal, which made the Scipius give the Celtiberians leave to march under the fame Colours, and lodge in the fame Tents with the Ro- mans. Alio Jiigitftus's Lile Guard were Spaniards of the' Calaguritvt Legion. Let a Prince endeavour gradually to (<»3) In teclas a Divo Augitflo liber alit ate dates fejlertiur» ductre uxorem, ve clarijf.ma familia extÍT,gueretur. (54 ) Primus Augujlus cognitionem, de famojis libellis. fpecie legis ejus tratlavit, &c. Tac. \ . ann. ( <; n) sed ipfe Divas 'Julius, ipfe Divus Auguflus & tulére ea, & reliqaere Tac. 4. ann. IC56) Vrbem ipfatn magnifico ornatu. Tac. 1 ann. (17) M.tri, océano, aut amnibus lor,gi?}!¡uis feptum iwpcrium Tac 1. ann. (sS) Regiones, Pro- vincias, Clajfes, cúnela inter fe emmexa. Ibid. (19) gov'ts ex rebus aucli tufa & frUjtnti* yuan velera & ftriiulof* malUnt. Ibid. rranfpldnt Vol.l Í. the Trefervátion of a State. 79 tranfplant into his conquer'd Provinces, the Cuítoms, Ge- mus and Language of the conquering Nation, as they did in Spain, in thofe Colonies which were founded in the time of Auguftus, this they are eafily broughcto, being inclin'd to imitate their Conquerours, flattering them by accommo- dating themfelves, to their Manners and Genius, and efteem- ing their Privileges, and Honours more than their own* For which Reafon the Romans gave their Friends and Con- federates the Title of Citizens, thereby to preferve theif Fidelity. The Emperour Vefpafian to oblige the Spaniards granted them all the Privileges of Italy. Acquir'd Provinces if they arc ufed like Strangers,never forget theirEnmity ; this was the Reafon, why the Emperour Claudius gave the Dig- nity of Roman Citizens to Gallia Comata, faying, that the Lacedaemonians and Athenians were ruin'd by nothing, but by ufing their conquered Nations as Foreigners, but thaC their Founder Romulus acled with more Prudence, who, in the fame day faw his Enemies, his Fellow-Citizens (60). By thefe and fuch like means, foreign Government becomes natural, after continuance of time has fix'd and fetled it, and blotted out the Memory of former Liberty. Spain in its Reftauration flighted this Policy, Efteeming more the Prefervation of its Nobility, than to debafe it with the Blood of Afrnky and fo would not (hare any of its Privi- leges, and Honours with this conquer'd People, whence though united in one Body, they kept their own Cuftoms, and' Language, together with fuch an indelible Hatred, and Treachery that they were forced, that they might free themfelves from them, to drive 'em quite out,and to deprive themfelves of fo many Subjects, fo ufeful in Agriculture ; which made all the world wonder at their Policy, in pre- ferring the Splendour of their Nobility, to their advan-i tage and intereft , and their Religion to humjne Pru- dence. (60) Quid aliud exitio Lacedxmonii: Ó* Athenienfibus ftiit , qtaimquam urntis polUrent^ r.ifiquod vicios pro alienigevis arcebant ? Et canditor no* fier Rtmuius tantum fapicntia valuir, tit plerofy;p9pu!i! ) etdem die hofics, demde rivet bttbuit. Tac 2- arm. la 8o Counfel ane! Strength loth necejfary for Vbl.If, in changing one form of Government into another, fuch Skill fliould be us'd that the People mayn't, perceive the change, and regret the lofs of the former. It was at the Expulfion of Kifigs at Rome, where all things, as well Sa- cred and Profane were manag'd with that Prudence, that the People did not perceive the want of thoíé Kings, who had before the Care and management of both, and afterwards when the Commonwealth was turn'd into an Empire, the Magiftrates retained the fame Titles (61 ), and the fame order of the Senate remained, with a ¡hew of their ancient Liberty (62 ), and 'twas this eítabliíhed the Empire. The Dukes of Tufcany did the fame in the Dukedom of Florence. The Emperour Jugu/ius was a great Matter of this Policy : Difpofing things by Degrees, executing fome out of hand, 2nd remitting others to another opportunity, fearing he fliould not fncceed in endeavouring to do all together (6 3). But Samuel was more worthy of admiration, in changing as he did the Government and Policy of the people of God, without giving any one occafion of Complaint (64). The very ihadows of Liberty fliould be ío diflipated, that they fliould infenfibly difappear as Dominion takes Root; this Agrícola judg'd the heft way to manage Britain (6f ). There is no Force more mild and effectual in maintaining and preferving acquir'd Provinces than Liberality. Men have woríhipped and attributed Divinity, even to things Inani- mate, which they have received any benefit from ; they are eaiily gain'd by Incereft ; nor do they much care what hand holds the Scepter, whether Foreign or Natural, pro-, vided it be Liberal ; they who furTer themfelves to be oblig'd by Benefits received, and afterwards prove falfe, can never do the Prince any great damage by their Defigiis againft him, for no Body will take the part of an ungrateful Per- 61) Eadem Magiftratuum vocabula. Tac. I. arm. (62) Sed Tibsrtut vim Prmcipatus, jibi firmans, imaginem anticfuitntis fenatui prabebat. Tac. 3. ann. (63) Ñon omnia ftatim, uti dccretum erat, execuius eft, •viritus, ne parum Juccederet (i Jimul homines transferre & tnvertere véüet,' fed of u 'dam extempore di}pt¿u\t,du 'Twould be impious to believe it, and to attribute the Juccefs of things to our own Counfels, the higheft Arro- gance. By him Kings Reign, and with his own Hands he lifpofes of Scepters, and though in their Prefervation he J ,ive their free Courfe to thofe natural Inclinations, which vere either born with us, or imprinted in us by fome other ( ij Oí*' caufam ejfe tradtt, quod nihil perpetuo maneat, fed omnia tnotu modam orbicular i mutentur. Arift. 5. Pol. (3) Naturales tjf> «m.ri< tut Rerumpub. Cic. Jib 2. de nar. Deor. (4) Regata maje(i at em d ilius a fumino j afligió ad medium detrabi. quam a media ad .-, . - if ¡tari. Livius. f 5) Fat i maligna, perpetuaq; in omr.ibu: rtfai * ad fummum perducla, rurfus ad infimum velocius quidtit» qua* krunt ,rel aban tur. Seneca. G ? 86 If Kingdoms do not ¡ncreafe in Wealth Vol. II influence, without giving any check or reftraint to Free- will ; yet does God himfelf order and difpofe them that no Government was ever ruin'd, without the intervc riing of fome humane Folly and Bindnefs (6). I cannot fot bear thinking that Empires would be pepemal, if Prince would accommodate their Will to their Power, their Powei to their Reafon, and their Reafon to Accidents. Since then Prudence and humane Counfel have their pari in the falls of Empires, we may eafily find the Caufes then of ; which are either general or particular ; general whid comprehend all Kingdoms, whether acquir'd by Succeifion, Election or Conqueft, and are many, but may be reduced to four Principal ones, from whence proceed the reft ; as in the Horizon of the World , from the four Cardinal Winds proceed many collateral ones. Thefe Caufes are Re- ligion, Honour, Life and Eftate ; for the Confervation of which Civil Society was firil inftituted, and the People be» came fubjecT: to the Government of one, a few, or many : and whenever they find themfelves opprefs'd in any one ot thefe four, they rebel and change the Form of the Govern- ment. We will therefore touch upon thefe, with as much brevity as the Subject will admit. Though Religion, as we faid before, be the flrongefl Bond of Governments, yet is it that which djfunitesthem moit, and reduces them into many Forms, when it is not univerfal, for thofe who are of different Opinions abouj God, never live in Unity among themfelves. If they dif* gree and quarrel about trivial Cuftoms and Manners, hovf much more will they about their Affection and Loyalty, due to the Creator of all things, and furious Zeal of un« derilanding things of fuch importance. Liberty of Con: icience is the ruin of any State. Thofe who difagree it matters of Religion, are to one another (as the Holy Spi- rit fays) Pricks in their Eyes, and Thorns in their Sides (7) (6) Ego'ita cumperi omnia RegnaCivitatet^Njtisnefq; ufque to profperu» imperiutn hnbu,jfe,dum apud eos vera conjllia valueruni ; ubicnr.q\ Gratia Timor. Vulupas ta corrupere, poji paulo immtnuéé opes, dónde adtmfítu Ünf:rium, fojlrembfervitus impofita (/?. Salluft. (-) Numb. 33. f.1 th« Vol.11, and Grandeur, they mil dimimfb. By The Duty of Subjects, and the greater Ties of Friendfhip, and Relation are loos'd, and broken upon account of Re- ligion. King Witerk was put, to Death by his own Sub- jects, for endeavouring to introduce Arianifm, the fame be- fel Witlza for altering the Rices and Ceremonies of Divine Woríhip. Galicia rebelled againft King Froths, for the a- bufe of the Marriage of the Clergy : As loon as Dive iity of Religions was introduced among the Dutch, they re- bell'd againft their lawful King and Mailer. So Honour, as it is the Defence and Prefervation of States, and the chief Spur to Loyalty, fo it alio difturbs them to clear it felf from Affronts, Contempt and Injuries, the People preferring Honour before Life and Fortune (8). Count Julian invited the Moors into Spain, becaufe he fuf- pected that King Roderick had violated the Honour of his Daughter Cava; the Nobles of Cafiile took up Arms againft Jlpbonfus III. for that he would infringe their Privileges, and oblige 'em to pay Taxes ; as did the Subjects of Ra- mires III. King of Leon, for his ievereand fervile ufage of them. For Affronts received by the People always pro- voke to Revenge upon the Prince (9 ) ; and Contempt creates Seditions (10). And this either, when the Prince contemns the People, or the People the Prince, which is when they don't find him fitly qualified, thinking it bafe to' obey one who knows not to Command, and mike himfelf refpefted, and takes no Care of the Government. So the People of Arragon ferved their King John I. the fame thing btfchjohn I J. of (.aft He for his Inefficiency, Henry IV. for his Vices, and Alphonfo V. of Portugal, for fuffering him- felf to be govem'd by others Ncr antiuvt mutatione, tpji fubditi fe &• aféelas mutent. Polyb. (27) Qui occuparunt imperia, eorum pleriq;eadem retinue- runt, qui vero tradita ab ahij accepere, hi ftatim fere omnes amiferunt. Arift. 5. Pol. 9. (28) Ecclef. r. 8. (29) Confervantur etiam Refpub.non folmc,quia procnl funt ab iis, qua internum ajftrunt, fed etiam } qui* prop s pint, nam Timor intent ¡ore euro- Reipnb, tonfukrs cogit. Arift. ;. poK cap. a, (30) Ibid, E M- 94 Vol. II EMBLEM LXÍ. AN Harp £orms a corapleat Ariftocracy, compos'c of Monarchy and Democracy ; underftanding Pre- fides, feveral Fingers govern, and many Strings bey, not with a particular, but general and common Har- mony, fo that the Difproportion between the great and lit- tie ones don't fpoil the Tune. One may juftly compare to ¡ a Harp £every Republick, in which long Practice and Ei perience,have appointed who (hall command,and who obey in which they have eftabliih'd Laws, elected Magiftrates dift inguiihed Offices, prefcribed fet Rules and Methods o Government, and inftituted in each part of the Republick fuch Cuftoms and Laws as are moft conformable and con- fentaneous to its Nature. This makes the firft Inftitutions durable, and not eafie to be chang'd. This Harp of King- doms and Commonwealths being thus fitted up, and all the* String Vol.11. Let a Trince take Care that there be an Ex 'act \ &c. 95 Strings tun'd and difpps'd in Order, though any one (hould fanfie he could better tune any one of them, he ought to have a better opinion of the Prudence and Judgment of his Anceftors, whom long Praftice, and dear bought Experi- ence had inftructed : for fome Ways and Methods of Go- vernment, thougli they have fome Inconveniences are yet better born with than alter'd. A prudent Prince tunes the firings in the fame Order they ftand in, not changing them without time or other accidents have fo difcompos'd them, that they can't perform the Office they were firft de- iign'd for, wherefore a Prince fliould perfectly underiland this Harp of his Empire, and the Grace and Majefty that attends it, and be throughly vers'd in the Nature, Qualities, and Genius's ef the Nobility and Commons, which are its main Strings. For as KxngAJphonfo fays in one of his Laws : '* A King's greateft Care fliould be to know Men, for fince I 'tis them he has to do with, an exaftKnowledge of them is " abfolutely neceffary *. In this confifts the principal Art of Government. To know his Subjects is a King's befi Art f. Thofe who have mod apply'd themfelves to this Study have govern'd with mod Succels. Many take this Harp in their hand,but few can finger it with Judgment, few under- ftand its Nature,and can touch it agreeably. Let therefore a Prince know, that a Kingdom is nothing but an Union of many Cities and People \ and a joynt Confent to the Com- mand of fome one, and the Obedience of the reft, which Confent, Ambition and Force introdue'd. Concord atfirft rais'd, and Concord preferves it. Juftice and Clemency keep it alive ; 'tis the Care of others Safety ; its Spirit confifts in Unity of Religion ¡ its Increafe, Prefervation or Ruin depends upon the Parts of which it is compos'd. Ic admits of no Companion ; is expos'd to all Dangers. In it more than any thing.Fortune fliews her Inconftancy. 'Tis liable to Envy and Emulation ; 'tis in more danger in Pro- * L« 13, tit. 5. p. a. fMart. fperity s 96 Iff tf Práfí take Care there be an ExaU Vol. I íperity than Adverfity ; for then it lives in Security, whicl creates Pride, from whence proceeds its Ruin j when young 'tis weak, and when old decrepid ; 'tis as much in danger in continual Peace as in War. It falls of its felf, when not exercis'd by foreign Arms, and when ic once begins to fall it cannot ftop it felf ; there is no Interval between its high- eft Elevation, and its Ruin. Emulation fometimes raifes it, and fometimes opprefles it. If it be fmall it can't de- fend it felf, if great it can't govern it felf, it is better go- vern'd by Art than Force ; 'tis fond of Novelties though they are its bane, Vertue is its Health, and Vice its Sicknefs. Labour raifes it, and Idlenefs is its Ruin; 'tis fortified by Forts and Alliances, and eftabliih'd by Laws, theMagiftracy is its Heart, Counfel its Eyes, Arms its Hands, and Riches its Feet. This Harp is attended with a certain Majefty, which is a Harmony fpringing from the ftrings of the People, and approv'd by Heaven (1). An Emblem of Power, and Splendour of fupream Jurifdi&ion ; a certain Force which draws Authority and Obedience to it ; the Safeguard and Prefervation of the Government. Opinion and Fame give it Life ; Love, Security ; Fear, Authority ; Oftentation , Greatnefs $ Ceremony, Reverence; Severity,RefpecT;; Pomp, Efteem ; in Retirement the more venerable j 'tis in danger of Contempt and Hate. It neither bears Equality norDi- vifion, for it confifts in Admiration and Unity; 'tis conftant in either Fortune; Refpeft ftrengthensit ; Arms and the Laws maintain it; it lafts not in Pride, nor falls in Humi- lity It lives by Prudence and Beneficence, and dies by Foree and Vice. The ftrings of a Harp are the People, which are natu- rally monftrous, different from themfelves, inconftant and various ; govern'd by outward appearances, without iearch- ing to the bottom of things ; they take Counfel of Report, ib void of means and reafon, that they cannot diftinguiih Truth from Falíhood, always prone to mifchief. The fame minute of two contrary Affections, by which they are al- (1) j Kings a. 24. ways Vol. II. Cone/pond, between Super, and Infer. Magiftrates. 97 ways guided not by Reafon j by Violence not Prudence, by the ihadow not the reality. Only to be tam'd by Punifli- menr. Their Flatteries are an aukward medly of Truth and Falfity ; they know no Medium ; they love or hate to Excefs; are extrearaly Complaifant, orextreamly Infolent | either fear or frighten ; and when they fear, are moft con- temptible. Small Dangers at hand terrifie them íirangely¿ but great ones at adiftance, they are unconcern'd at. If a Servant flaviih, if a Mafter haughty ; know not what Liber- ty is themfelves, and will not fuffer it in others. Bold and courageous inWords,but cowardly and bafe in A¿tion¿ They rife upon the leaft occafion,and are foon composed. Do not lead, but follow ; bear themfelves the fame to all ; are fooner forc'd than perfwaded. InSuccefs arrogant and impious, in Adverfity timorous and fuperftitioüs ; as prone to Cruelty as Mercy. Equally blind in their Favours as their Perfe- ctions ; they abufe Clemency by Licencioufnefs, and rebel againft ftrift Difcipline ; if they once (hall attack the Rich, neither Reafon nor Shame will reclaim then. They raife and are fond of Stories, and by their own Credulity enlarge! them ; they follow the Advice of the many ¿not the wife few j they attribute ill Succeis to the Malice of the Magi(tracy¿ and common Calamities to the Prince's fault. Nothing pakes them more fupple and obedient than Plenty of Provi- fions, for upon that their Care and Thoughts are fixt. Iri- :ereft and Diflionour ioon put them in Commotion. Loaden :hey fall, lighcen'd they kick back; they love hot and raítt 5pirits, and an ambitious and turbulent way of Govern^ inent ; they are never content with the prefent State of Af-; fairs, but are always greedy of Change. A fervile Imita- tor of the Vertues and Vices of thofe in Authority. They Envy the Rich and Wealthy, and plot againft them ; are "nighty fond of Plays arid Shews, nor is there any other yay, than that to gain their Favour. Superftitfctas in Re- igion, paying more refpeft to the f>rielis than their Princi- ples. Thefe are the chief Qualities and Affections of the Mob. But a Prince may be fatisfied that thefe is no Com- nunity, or Councel, though never fo great and grave, and )f Sekft £erions,in which there is not fomething of the vul- H gar^ 9» Let a Prime take Care that there be an Exact Vol. gar, and which docs not in many tilings retemblé thePopj larity r* The Court makes a'nr ther part of the firings of Ü Harp ; which it a Prince can't touch with great Prudenji and Dexterity, the whole Harmony of Government j fpoil'd; wherefore th¿t he many know to tune them wel 'tis neceffary he mould know their Nature. The Court is prefumptuous and inconftant, changing it Colour, Camelion like, each moment according astheWin( of Profperity or Adverfity blows ; though it all fpeaks or Language, yet all don't alike underftand.it; it Worfhij and Adores the rifing Prince, but flights him wheq decline jng towards his Well; it cenfures and carps at his Aft'idtm and vet imitates them ; it hawks after iys Favour, with, the Nets of Flattery \ ever berit upon Ambition and Selfl intereft; it lives by. L^es and hates Truth. Eafilv fwallovij Vice, but Vertue not without Difficulty ; loves Change Novelty, fears every thing, and diftrufts ill. Haughty arrogant in Authority, fervile and cringing inObedk Envys even it fdf as well as others; wonderful cunning and diiiembling, in concealing its Defigns; it veils its tred with Smile and Ceremony. Praifes, and commends il publick, and defames privately. Is its own Enemy , Um taftical in its Appearance, and unperforming in its]*rd| mi fes. and thl ought '5 This Inffrnment of Government being kn.-wn, Qualities and Sound cf each íuing, i cfi ¿t touch 'em with that Dexterity, that they may all ioun Harmonioufly without jarring ; in which he ought t< I time and meafure, and not favour one String more thai another, in thofe which are to make the Confort, and whofi ly forget others ; for in this-Initiument of the Government all have their proper Fundtions, tho' they are unequal an^ eaiily jarr, which Difcord is very dangerous, when he ilia] grant too great Authority to the Magiftracy ; or too mucl Favour the Commons,. and flight the Nobility; or Admi nifter to ibme, and not to others ; or confc und Officer \fl tttary with Civil, or does not well know tolullain his M jcfly by Authority; his Kingdom by Love; the Court! ' Graviry ; the Nobility by Honour, the People by Pléñ Juftidi I Vol. II. Correspond, between Super, and Infer. Magiji rates. <)■: dtntt. Tac. 3. arm. (30) Pertujfmt Hoprovif* interrogative faubihu úcuit. Tac. 1. arm. (yi) Etenim V:illx ofenjtmem eOKJetlavermt. (32) Non temper ante Tiberio quin premeret Be what you will, fo you be ¡till the fame. * Ld. Rofcom. Hor, Art Poet. There Io8 Care ¡Imli be taken that the Beginning Vol. I! There is nothing more pernicious than this, inequality o Attions and Government, when the Beginnings don't an. fwer the Ends. He makes himfelf ridiculous to all who btgins his Reígrt with Care and Diligence, and afte wards grows negligent and carelefs. It had been better a waysrto have kept the fame Pace though dull and flow, the Commendation which the beginning of his Reign meriteii accufes the end.G alba loft hisReputation/or that,at thebegi ning of his Empire he promis'd to reform the Militia, an afterwards admitted Perfons wholly defertlefs (i). Man Princes feem very good, and are very bad. Many Talk and: Difcourfe prudently, and Aft without Difcretion. Others: promife much, and perform little ; fome are very valiant in Peace, and mere Cowards in War ; others undertake e- very thing and do nothing. This Etííágreement is much below the Majefty of a Prince, in whom a firm Conftancy íhould appear in all his Words and Actions. The People can never be firm in their Obedience to a Prince, who flag* gers thus himfelf. Wherefore he íhould attentively confi- der, before he concludes any thing, whether in the Exe- cutions of his Couniels, the middle will be anfwerable to the Beginning and End j as Godfrey advifes. Let him who dots at great Beginnings aim, * Make the thread even \ and both Ends the Jame. The Web of Government, tho* never fo finely wrought,] cannot be good and firong unlck it be even. Nor is it fuf- ficient to know, how to enter upon an Affair, but 'tis ex-: pedient too,to know how to end it. By tho Head and Stern I of a Ship , the Ancients repreiented perfeft Counfel, duly weigh'd from the beginning to the end (2). Whence I took the Figure of this prefent Emblem , reprefenting prudent (1) Nee enira ad banc fortnam extern erani. Tac. I. ann. * TafH Canr. I. (i) Ml hi prora & puppis, ut Gricorum froverbium eft, fuit d me tut dimittendi ut rationes mear explicares ; Prora ¡taque & P.eppt (nmunam cwftlii noftri (ignifieamus ; propter ea quod d prora ¿T puppi, t.ui- mam ji eapite, & calce pendeat tita navis. Cicero. Ccunid, r oi II. and End of Refihttions anfwer to each other. 109 }ounfe1, careful of its Beginning and End, by a Ship doored between two Anchors, one a Head, and the other Stern, to preferve it from the violence of Tempefts ; only ne at the Bow would be of fmall effect, if the Wind blow- rig hard a Stern, ihould drive her upon the Rocks. There are three things requinte in Refolutions, Pru- lence to deliberate, Diligence to difpofc, and Conftancy to iroceed. All the heat and toil .about the beginning of Lñairs would be infignificant, if (as it ufually is) we are arelefs about the end (%) ; 'tis at each end that Prudence iught to caft Anchor. But fince Prudence only regards hings prefent and pan, not future, upon which all Affairs lepend ; 'tis neceffary by Difcourie and Reafon, to conje- ture and forefee what fuch and fuch means ihould produce; make ufe of Deliberation and Counfel ; which are as the Vife Alphonfo 'fays , " The beft Forefight a Man can have 1 in dubious Matters. And in thofe there's three things to >c confider'd , the Probability, Juftice, and Profit of the :hing propose ; and alfo the Capacity and Experience óf Ae Minifter, who gives the Counfels ; whether he be mov* id by Intereft or private Ends ; whether he offers himfelf to the Danger, what are the Difficulties of the Enterprise, ind upon whom the Blame and Honour of the event will fall (4). Thefe Cautions premised, and the Matter ftated, fuch means ought to be apply'd, as are conformable to the bbove^ mentioned Qualities ; for nothing will be juft and beneficial, which (hall be attain'd by indirect or extravagant means : In this alfo ihould be confiderd, four Diftinctions of time, which occur in all Affairs, but efpecially in Dif- safts of States, as well as thofe of humane Bodies, and thefe are the Beginning, the Growth, or Progrefs, the Confidence, and Declenfion ; by which, and a timely Application of proper means, the defir'd End is eafily obtain d ; as on the (3) Acribus ut ferme tali 'a initiis , incur iofo fine .Tac. I. arm (4) O/w- nts qui Magnarum rerum confilia fufciptunt, aftimare debent, an quod inchoatur Re ¿p. utile, ipfis gtortofum. aut promptum effeífu, ant certé non arduum fit ,/imul ipfe tfii juadet conjlderandus eft adjiciatne cwfilio peri- tulutn fuufB : ¿¡t fi fortuna (testis fuer it cut fummum dews acquiratur. Tac. 2. Hift. contrary. I lo Care Jbould be taken that the Beginning Vol.: contrary, by tranfpoling thefe Methods , 'tis retarded ; the Courfe of a Ship would be, if theRudder were change to the Head ¡ the Art confiits in felecting means proper the Ends defign*d,ufing fometimes thefe,and fometimes thoi thofe being not lefs ufeful and affiftant which are omitted than thofe which are- apply J d ; as in a Confort of Voices where fome ccafe while others Sing, and yet all equall! make the Harmony. Affairs will not move of themíélves tho their good Difpofition, and Juftice , or common lit tereli feem to drive 'em,and if not guided by Judgment, the] certainly mifcarry \s)\ few*Princes would Err, if they go. vern'd with Aifiduity and Circumfpetfion ; but either th<| tire, or elfe delpife thefe Arts, and will obftinately accon» plifli their Defigns by their own methods. This is tty way of ftubborn Ignorance, but Prudence ufes other meant What Force can't fubdue, is ealily obtained by D^xteritl adapted to time and circumftance. So Cacinwi t when ht could neither by Prayers, nor by Threats flop the Flight «I the German Legions poflefs'd by a vain Fear, he at laft thi9 himfelt in the Gate- way, and bv*the Horror, they conceived of trampling over their Generals Body, llopt them (64 The fame thing Tompey did in another Cafe ; one Jingle word . fpoken to Purpofe has gained the Victory. Fen diñando Gonzalez Count of Caftile, having drawn up bis Ai my againft the Mws y a certain Perfon putting Spurs t(J his.Horfe, rode, out of his Rank towards the Enemy, and immediately the Earth open'dand Av.¡llovv 3 d him, the wholl Army was in a Coniternation at ir, but the Count turning to 'em : " Courage Gentlemen, fays he, If the Earth ean| " bear us, much leis will our Enemies, and inftantly joynii Battle he gain'd the Viclory. That which happened at tt Battle of Cirniola is not lels remarkable ; an Italian thini ing the Spaniards were routed, fct Fire to two Waggons Powder, the great Captain Gonfalvo readily and cheerfull animated them with thefe words: "Courage my Friends, L ,_, , - , ■ • : '. -i ' ( 5) Nawftpe btnefias rerutn caufas, r.i judicium adhibeas, pe txiturcenfequuntHr. Tac. j. Hift (6) Prpjeftusln Hmi-nf ptrté.nufhm tiane demurn, quia per car p:t; Ltgatl eund-jm erat. rfaufit ■y.'iJW.fTac.i.aB ol II. and End of Re joint ions to anjwer each other. 111 ' thefe are theBone-Fires for our Victory ; which the Event >rov'd * ; Co much it imports a Minilíer to have a quick eady Wit, and addrefs to make,ufe of Opportunities, and >y proper means to turn Misfortunes to his Advantage. If after the Election of good Miniikrs, and the Appli- cation of proper means, Events don't anfwer the Prince's ~)e(ire, lee him not be diicouraged, but rather flievv his ^onftancy ; for Refolutions ihould not .be meafur'd by Chance, but Prudence. Cafualties which can't be fore- men, or prevented, accufe not the Action ; and to blame i Man for dotfig his endeavour is Impudence. This ufual- y befalls Prinfes, who either want Judgment or Courage; /vho being opíreís'd by illSuccels,andas it were befide therri- felves, give thtmidves up to Melancholy, and lofe that time' in vain Refle£||om.upon what ."has happened, which ihould be imploy'd in' remedying it, quarrelling with themfelves, that they did not take another method^ j; and laying all the fault upon him who was the Author of this, nor coniidering Whether 'twas grounded upon Reafonor no. Whence 'tis that Miniftcrs are afraid of declaring their Opinions, ana let flip many Opportunities, without advertifmg the Prince thereof, for fear of expofing their Favour and Reputation to 'the uncertainty of Gafualties. Thefe Inconvenient' es a Prince ought moil induftrioufly to avoid, by perfifting conflant in Adverfity, and excufing their Minilters, when they are not notorioüfly to blame, that they may more readily and couragiouíly affift him in overcoming them. And tho' there are palpable Errourá in fome Rcfolves and Executi- ons, yet he ought to bear it calmly j for what .is once done, as we fay, can't be undone ; We ought to reflect upon pail Actions, for Inftruction not Affliction -, it requires as much Courage, to.pafs by Faults, as to encounter Dangers i there is no Empire free from 'em. He who is too timorous can- not refolve, and oftentimes Involution is vvorfe than Er- rour it felf. Bufinefs requires a quick and ready Genius; if each particular ihould take up his whole time, many muffc of necefluy be neglected, to the'utmoft Detriment of the Parties cor.ctrn'd, and of the Government in general. * Mar. Hift.Hifp. (7) Ecclef. 21. 24. E M- Ill Vol. EMBLEM LXIV. 64- TH E Ancients in War made ufe of certain Cl(a riots arm'd with Scythes, which mov'd and exe- cuted at the fame time ; the Wheels and Scythe s being both govern d by the fame Motion ; thofe were no (boner whirl'd about, but thefc did Execution, with equal Speed and EffeeT:, and are therefore in the prefent Figure, the Emblem of fpeedy Execution ; as thofe fiery Wheels in the Throne of God, fignified the Activity of his Power, and the Quicknefs of his Operation (i). Let Prudence (as wefaid before) "chufe a fit time for Confutation, but let itsRe- folves,and Executions have fuch a mutual Correfpondence,as they may both feem to move together,without any intcrpos'd (r) Dan. 7'9- Delay. ifol.II. quick in Executing. íií Delay. For Confultation and Execution ihould joyn hands,; hat they may affift each other in the Production of the lefir'd Effects (2). The Emperour Charles V. usM to fay* rhat delay was the Soul of Counfel, and fpeed that of execution, and that both ioyn'd together were the Quin- eflénce of a Princes Prudence. King Ferdinand the Ca- holick had not been fo fuccefsful in his undertakings, had íe not maturely weigh'd, and fpeedily executed his Refo- utions. Were a Prince indued with both thefe Vertues,he vould never want Succefs, which is ever the Daughter of >pportunity, which once part is not to be recall'd. One ninute brings us great Advantage, or great Detriment^ vherefore Demofthenes blam'd the Athenians, for fpending oo much time in Preparations, faying that Opportunities vould not wait their Delays. If the Counfel be advanta- #ous, that time which is fpent in Delay deducts from its advantage. There is no room for Delay in Counfels which tre not valuable, but in their Effects (;). Counfel is an embryo, and unlefs Execution which is the Soul thereof u'ves it Life, it dies. 'lis the Product of the Underftand» ng, and an Act of practick Prudence, which if it exerc lot it felf but remains in Contemplation, 'tis nothing but i vain Imagination and Fancy. Refolution, fays Ariflotki hould be executed with naife, but deliberated with leifure. James I. King of England, advifed his Son to be prudenc ind cautious in his Deliberations, firm and conftant, in hie Hefolutions, and prompt and refolute in his Executions ;■ [or that, for this laft Nature had fupplyed the Hands and Feet with fo many Joynts and fuch ready Motion. Delay is Dafe and mean but fpeed great and Royal. (4'. This Vice pf Dtlay is very frequent in great Kingdoms, and proceeds 'rom their too great Confidence of their Power, as was (2) Priufyuam ¿nci'pias, confnlito, & ubi confultteris mature fa8$ opus ft : it* utrumqne per fe indigent alter alteriut auxilio viget. Salluft. 3) tíuUut cunítatitni Iocuí eft :n eo_ conjilio, quod non potejl laudar i , iifiperjtlum>TaiC. r. I lift (4) Barbaris cunclatio fervi/it; fiatini exe~ mi regium vidftuf. T-ic. 6 ¿¡\n. viííbíW 114 A Prince tmtft be Jlovo in Confuting, Vol. IB vifible in the Emperour Otbo (5). As alfo from the un- weildineisof the Wheels, upon which its Grandeur is car- ry'd, and lean the Prince fliould run the Rifqueof lofing what he already has, he lives content within the Bounds of his own Empire. That which is really Lazinefs and Sloth is caird Wifdom , as wai that of the Emperour Galba (6). Empires in their Infancy acquire Strength and Vigour by difpatch, whilft the Blood boyls, and the Spirits of Glory and Ambition are active. The Roman State throve by Aftion and Bravery, not by thofe Dilatory Counfels which Cowards call Cautions (7 J. But after they are at their full growth, their very Majefty and Authority fup- ports ? em long, though that Vigour and heat of Glory, and Ambition be extinguifh'd, as the Sea keeps its Moti- on for a confiderable time after the Wind ceafes. When therefore Empires are in this Vigour, I don't fomuchdifc approve of thefe tedious Deliberations. For fo they gain more time to enjoy quietly what they have gotten : too fpeedy Refolutions being often attended with Danger. In this Sence that of Tacitus is to be underftood, that Power is better preferv'd by cautious than raih Counfels (8), But when this Age decays, and the Efteem and Authori- ty of the Empire begins to Flag, other methods ought to be us'd, Counfels fliould be fpeedy, and other means ap- plyM to recover its former Vigour, before decrepid old Age comes on, and renders it irrecoverable ; this difference c Ages is not confiderable in fmall States, but they (hould a ways be ready to fpread their Sails to every favourable WirA which fits fometimesthis way, ibmetimes that. As in the Circumference of the Horizon, the Winds rule alternative. ly upon the Earth ; the Goths and other Nothern Nations, had formerly very favourable Winds, of which they made to good ufe, looting all their Sails,that they penetrated even (?) UiL° tl us 'viTium ac reioris, e /¡due i a tarditas inerat, Tac. a Hilt (6 ) Et motus tewporum obtinuit, ut quedjegnities erst, fapicntit vocai etur. Tac. I. Hift (7) agendo, audendoque res Romana srevir, tun bis {igniiur cenfrfii?, «¡u,t timidi taut a vacant. Tit. Liv. (8^ Potential* cautis, ud bonos ex deliBis aliorttm g'gvi. Tac 1 5. ann. Vol. 11. before they grow too numerous. 119 moft prudent State committed many mifcarriages, before it arriv'd to Perfection. God alone could compleat the Fa- brick of this World without Errour, and yet even he did afterwards in a manner repent him , that he had made Man (5 J. We are fometimes more indebted to our mif- carriages, than to our Succefs ; for thofe inftruft us, but thefe are only the Seeds of Pride and Vanity. The Pa- triarchs Inflruft not on'y the Wife, but the Sinful (6) t 'tis the Shades give light to a Picture, to them we owe the Excellency of that Art. Errour does not always proceed from Imprudence, tiras and other accidents are often the occafion of it. For that which was at firft convenient, is afterwards prejudicial. The greateft Prudence can't give Counfel, which will be proper at all times ; which makes it neceifary to alter Refolutions, and repeal Laws and Statutes, efpecially when there is an apparent Advantage (7) ; or Danger, or when the Prince finds himfelf mif-informM of Matters, upon which fuch Refolutions were grounded. This was the Reafon King Abafierus gave for recalling the Sentence, which he had pronounced againft the People of God, upon the unjuft Accufation of Haman (8). In thefe and the like Cafes, 'tis not levity of Mind, but Pru- dence to alter Counfels and Refolutions, nor can it be call- ed Inconftancy, but a firm Zeal to be guided by Reafon in all things, as the Weather-Cock is by the Wind ; and the Needle by the North Pole. The Phyfician vanes his Me- dicines according to the Accidents, having Refpeft to no- thing, but the recovery of his Patient. The different Dii-- eafes which States labour under, require different methods of Cure. Let a Prince then think it a Credit to review, and correft his Decrees, and his Errours too, without be- ing aihanvd of 'em, to commit 'em might be Inadvertency ; but to amend is Prudence : Obftinacy is ever a certain Siga U) Gen. 6. 6. (6) Infirmnt Patriarchs, no» folum docentes, fed etu sm erraos. Amb lib. i. de Ahr. C. 6. (l) M» debet repebenfiMt Via ¡can, ft fecunda varietal tmtfwvm, Statute autndocjue varietur humana, pr.jerttm am urgens Uee» Qtt»s> vel evident utilltai ui export. Cap. non debet iíConí & Arfi. (8) Heft. 16. 9, I 4 °* 1 2p Erronrs ought to he amended, &cv Vol. II. of Folly. Yet 'twill be Prudence to make this Alterati. on with fuch Addrefs and Dexterity, that the People may not perceive it : for they ignorant and foolifh as they are, call Miftake want of Prudence, and Amendment, Levity. But tho' I advife a Prince ro correct his Errours,) et I would not be underftood of all in general ; for fome are fo fmall and infignificant, that the Danger of being cenfur'd for Levity in the amendment of them, is more than the Da- mage they can do by continuing. So that where they will by Degrees ceafe of them fel ves, without drawing on greater, 'twill be better to let 'em remain. There are fome of that Nature, that 'tis better to follow 'em, nay, and vigoroufly to perfift in them, there being perhaps more danger in retra- cting ; and thefe frequently happen in War; there are fome ' Affairs, in which that you may fucceed, 'tis requiiite to ufe indirect means, tho* you incur fome fmall Inconveniencies, as the way to ftraiten a crooked Stick is to bend it the contrary way ; in thefe Cafes fmall Errours are not to be valu'd, nor their Caufes, nor Means, provided they be not wholly oppofite to Honour and Juftice, and when the Ad- vantage to be reap'd from 'em is confiderable : For fo they are allowable, and ought rather to be call'd Difpofitions tc Succefs than Errours. Others are fo interwoven in great Attempts, that like Rofes there is no approaching them without pricking ones hand. And this in thofe Counfels which concern the general Good of a Nation, which are al- ways prejudicial to fome private Perfons. The Bodies ol States are compos'd of different and oppoíite Parteas to theii Qualities and Humours, and a Remedy which is apply'd to the whole Body , is ufually difagreeable to fome Part : / Prince therefore has need of great Prudence, to weigh an< compare Advantages with Damages, and of a great Cou- rage to execute without hazarding the loft of thofe for fear of thefe. £ M z Tol II. Ill EMBLEM LXVI. RE N OV AT I ON perpetuates the moil fading things in Nature ; each individual Eternizes it felf in another, and by that means preferves its pecies. Tis for this the Husbandman carefully preíérves oung Plants to fubftitute in the room of thofe Trees /hich die. He does not leave this to Chance, becauíé per- aps they will either not fpring at all, or not fuch as he efires, or elie not in proper places, nor will they of them* •Ives grow firait and handfome, without his Care in íét- ng them while they are young ; for when once grown up o Force can ftraiten them. The fame Care ought to be iken in the Education of Youth, efpecially in thofe Coun- *eys, where the Conftitution of the Climate is apt to roduce great and noble Spirits, which are like fertile ields foon over-run with Wood and Brambles, unlefc their ill Let a Prince be mindful of Peopling his Country, Vol J their Fertility be corrected by the Art and Induftry of rt Husbandman. The greater the Spirit is, the more dai gerous it is to the State, unleis timely moderated by Edi cation. A high afpiring Spirit cannot contain it felf ; (hakes off the Curb of the Laws, and is eager for Liber* and ihould therefore be reftrain'd by Art and Inftri ction, and afterwards by being bufied in fome honourab Exercife, but when a little more adfync'd in years, d Cure for its Levity is, to employ it in Affairs of State ; take this to be the Reafon,why fome States admitted youi Perfons into their Senates. But the beft way is , tb which Gardiners ufe, to tranfplant their young Trees i to another Ground, that the fuperfluous Roots may I prun'd, and the Tree grow ftrait and tall. Youth feldd thrives well in its own Q>untrey. For their Friends at Relations by too much Indulgence make them Extra* gant. In other Countries 'us otherwise, for their Necc iity obliges them 1 to .regulate their Actions, and to ende! vour to gain People's Efteem. At home we generally e|¡ peel a little more Liberty, and are apt to promife 01 felves Pardon ; but abroad when we are not known, v are afraid of the Rigour of the Laws, befides Travel p lifhes our Behaviour, and corrects the Roughnefs of o\ 1 Nature, and that fooliih Vanity, which attends our horo bred Gentlemen. There Languages, and Men are learn 1 and their Manners and Cuftoms obferved, the Knowle^j of which qualifies a Man for Affairs, as well of Peace J War. 'Twas Travel made Plato, Lycurgus, Solon, and / tbagoras, fuch prudent Lawgivers and Philofophers. jj 1 home Men are born and die with the fame Fortune, bi abroad they raife it. No Planet is exalted in its on 1 Houfe, but in anothers, though not without Detrimc and Inconveniency to it felf. Travel is the great Miftrefs of Prudence, if made Information, as well as Direction. In this the North People are very much to be commended, who with g Curioiity and Attention travel the World over to leal Languages, Arts and Sciences. T\\zSpiniarJs who h* greater Conveniency for travelling than any other ' becai ef ■ho ire r l . II. and fitting of fome for the Magiftracy. 113 ccaufe of the great Extent of their Kingdom, have the jaft Inclination to it, lazily fpending all their time at home, mlefs fometimes they 'are call'd out by War; when ne- rertheleís 'tis abfolutely neceflary for Princes , who have >ften occaiion to bring their Armies into feveral Coun- ries, to have a perfect Knowledge of them. The two hief Reafons which detain our Spanijh Nobility at home, re firlt, becaufe Spain being almoft wholly furrounded by he Sea, 'tis more inconvenient Sailing, than Travelling >y Land ; the other is a vain Conceit, that they can't ap- >ear abroad without great Pomp, and expenfive Equipage, n which Strangers, though Perfons of the beft Quality are nore modeft. Nor is it fufficient only to tranfplant Youth, but Nur- éries íhould be alfo raised, of which vacant Offices may >e fupply'd, to avoid the neceflity of employing freih Per- bns, who muft buy their Experience at the hazard of the State. This is reprefented in the prelent Device by a bundle of Rods, the Emblem of Magiftracy ; for thefe being planted produce more of the fame ; and becaufe in each of the three Forms, that's to fay Monarchy, Arillo- cracy, and Democracy, the methods of Government are different, fo íhould alfo the methods of Education of Youth, according to the different Inftitutions and Cuftoms of each State. j and according to thofe things, in which they have rnoft occafion for able Men. The Per pans, Egyptians, Cbald*ans t and Romans were particularly careful about this ; but principally about the Education of Youth for the Magiftracy, the Welfare. or Ruine of States, depending upon the Capacity , or inefficiency of the Magiftraces, who are as it were their Soul, and according to the Affe- ctions of it the whole Body is governed. There were feve- ral Colleges erected in Spain for this Purpoíe , which were fo many Seminaries of able Men for the Admini- ftration of the Government ; theie though their inftitutions might feem vain and frivolous , yet were they of great" Ufe upon this account, that they firft taught thofe to obey, who were afterwards to command. I 124 Let a ? r i nce & e mindful of Peopling bis Country, Vol. I, I have elfewbere faid, that the Knowledge of Sciena was a neceflary Qualification for a Prince, and will nov examine whether it be proper for Subjects, or whetto the young Commonalty fliould be inftru&ed thereir Nature has plac'd in the Head, as having the Comraan' over the whole Body, the Underiranding to apprehen. Sciences, and the Memory to retain them. But to th Hands and other parts (he has given only aDifpofition t Obedience. Men at firft enter'd into Society , for th mutual Alfiftance of each other, not for Contemplation more for the conveniency of Action, than the Subtilty ó nice Speculation : The Happinefs of Governments pre ceeds not from the Vivacity of the Wit, but the Attivfc of the Hands. The leifure of Studies is imploy'd in Vr ces, and Eternizes all thofe upon Paper, which the wicked 1 nefs of the Times (hall invent ; plotting againft the Go vernment, and raifing Seditions among the People. Thi! Spartans thought it fufficient to learn Obedience, Patience and Conqueft (i). Too fubtil and learn'd Subjects are al- ways fond of Novelty, continually reflecting upon the Go ! vernment, and difputing the Princes Orders, and railing Commotions among the People ; Obedience ihould bi ! prompt not ingenious, fincere not cunning (*). Ignoranct is the principal Foundation of the Turkijh Empire. And the'readieft way to Ruin it is to fow Literature among the People. The Happinefs and Tranquility of the Swijfe pro- ceeds from the fame Cauíé, for frivolous Sophiftry is for.] bid among them, yet are they govern'd with as much Policy and Prudence, as any Nation whatever. Study' enervates the Body, and debaies the Mind, giving it too 1 quick an appreheniion of Danger. Moft Men are charrrfd by the Pleafure, Honour, or Profit of Learning, fo that 1 few would apply themfelves to Arms, or Military Exer- cife for the defence of the State, whofe Intereft is in ha- ring its People Valiant, rather rather than Learned. The (í) Literas ad ufumfaltem difcebant, reliqua omnis difciplina erat, ut ptdchre parerent, tit labores perferrenr, ut in pugna vincercnt. PJutar. (a^ Paires valere dícet confilio, poputo f'tpervacanta c»lli ditas eft. Salluft. Genteel foil!. and fitting of frnie for the Magijlmy. i*j kenteel Politenefs of Learning, makes the Mind wholly yerfe to all laborious Exercifes. Study makes Men me- incholy, and Lovers of a retired and fingle Life ; which i wholly oppofite to the Defign of Government, which i to multiply, and raife Men fit and capable of publick mployments, and fuch as are able to Aft offenfively, or efenfively with an Enemy. The Netherlands íhew us, hat it is not Learning and Ingenuity, but Arts, Induftry nd Trade, that makes a Nation flouriih. The Germans nd other Nations confider'd thefe Inconveniencies, and lerefore founded their Nobility upon Arms, not regarding be Honour and Reputation of Learning ; whence almoft all he Nobility apply'd themfelves to War, and Arts Military. 'hough Literature conduces much to the Knowledge of le true Religión , yet 'tis evident , that from thence rife different Opinions, which create as many Seels, 'hence proceed the Confufion and Ruin of Empires, fo lat the true Religion being now found , a fincere and cre- ulous Ignorance would be much fafer, thai a prefum- tuous and conceited Knowledge, which is expos'd to fo lany Errours. Thefe and fome other Reaibns which light be alledg'd, feem to advife an utter Extirpation of .earning, according to the Rules of Policy, which regard lore the Authority of the Prince, than the advantage of le Subject ; but thefe are Maxims of a Tyrant, not a ood and juft Prince, who ihould have no other Objecl: ían the Honour and Welfare of his- People ; to whom -earning is abfolutely neceflary to confute the Errours of ectaries,which always flouriih where Ignorance Reigns, and Ifo to adminifter Juftice, and to preferv#and improve Arts /iilitary, as well as Civil. For Scholars are as ufeful i defending Cities as Souldiersj as Syracufe formerly 3und in the Perfon of Archimedes : And Dole in its learn'd enate, by whofe prudent Counfel, ingenious Machines, nd vigorous and refolute Defence, it refined the whole ower of France ; changing their Libraries inio Magazines, heir Gowns into Coats of Mail , and their Pens into words, which dip'd in French Blood , recorded their iames and Anions to Eternity. 'Tis only too great a number lié Let a Prince le mindful of Peopling his Country, Vol.1 number of Univerftties and Students, which is prejudice to the Publick, as Spain found, whence 'tis highly need fary, that the greateft number fliould apply themfelves Arts of Navigation and War, not to Law or Speculate Sciences : For which Reafon there fliould be greater Ic couragement given to thofe than the other, that Men ma be the more inclined to follow them ; for want of fuch Ie couragement in Spain, there are fo many apply themfelvc to Learning, that there wants Souldiers to defend th Kingdom. This ought to be remedied by the Care an Prudence of the Prince, who mould fo judicioufly difpol the Education of Youth , that the number of Scholar! Souldiers andTradefmen might be proportioned to hi State. The fame Proportion fliould be obferv'd in thofe wh ! would lead a religious Monaftick Life, of whom too grea' a number is very prejudicial , both to the Prince an State. Though Religion and Piety ought not to be mea fur'd by the Rule of Policy, and in the Church Militant Spiritual Aftns are of more ufe than Temporal, he who wi the firft Founder of that State, will maintain and preferve i without Deteimentto the Publick ; neverthelefs fin ce huma Prudence ought to believe, not expert Miracles, I leav it to him whofe Duty 'tis, to confider, whether if th number of Ecclefiaiticks, and religious Orders fliould el ceed the Laity which ihould fupport 'em, it would notb of great Detriment even to the Church it felf. Th Council of Later an in fthe time of Innocent 111. proviY ed a Remedy for this Inconveniency, by prohibiting tl Introduction of new Religions (%). The Ro)al Couni of Caftile, alfo perfwaded his Majefty to requeft of til Pope, that there might be none admitted into any Con vent under the Age of fixteen years, and not be ordaii under twenty ; but pretended Piety and nice Scruples Confcience, eafily pafs over thefe Inconveniencies. (l) Ne nimi* Religionum diverftas gravtm in Recle fi a Dei confu^ nem indue at fimiiter probibemus, neqttis de catert novam Religionem i ventar, &c. Cone. Later. m oí. II. and fitting of fome for the Magifiracy. 127 But this Proportion in thofe who are defign'd for Bufi- íís or Speculation, will be of fmall ufe, unlefs the Prince io take Care of the Nurferies of the Commonalty, which lould produce a fufficient number of weil qualified Citi- ens to fucceed in the room of thofe whom Death daily ikes cfF. The Ancients were always very careful of Pro- bation, that each Individual might be iucceeded by ano- fier. Of the neceility of this, the Romans in particular fere lb well fatisfied, that they not only propofed Re- gards for Procreation, but alfo looked upon a fingle Life s infamous» Germankus the better to oblige the People revenge his Death among the reft of the Services, he had one the Government, heurg'd, that he had fix Children by lit Wife (4). Tiberius alfo told it, as a good Omen to the enate that Drufus's Wife, was brought to Bed of Twinsf %)* rhe Strength of Kingdoms confifts in the number of Sub-* ects ; and he is the greateft Prince whole State is moil ropulous, not he whole Territories are largeft : For they >f themfelves can neither defend nor offend ; but by means of their Inhabitants , on whom all their Glory depends. rhe Emperour Adrian us'd to fay, That be had rather his Empire jhould abound with Men than Riches ; and with a 'reat deal of Reafon, for Riches without Subjefts do only invite Wars, without being able to defend themfelves, as Dn the contrary, Subjects without Riches, want neither Power to acquire, or maintain them (6) y in the multitude pf People is the King's Honour : but in the want of Peo- Pie, is the Deitruition of the Prince (7 J. The Wife AU fbonfo would have a Prince take particular care to People his £tate, and that not only with Commonalty, but alfo with fNobility ; in which he judg'd with great Prudence, for jone without the other is like a Body without a Soul, the ¡Commonalty being infignificant without the Nobility , ("0 Oftendtte populo Romano Dinji jiugujli neptem,eandemque eonjugcm tntam, numerate J "ex liber os. Tac. 2. arm. {<>) NuHi ante Rom anorum ejufdem faftigü viro geminam ftirpem edit am.. Tac 2. arm. (6) Curt amplían imptrlum haminurn addictions potius, quam pecuniarum copU malm: (■}) I'rov. 14. 28. whicn 1 28 Le t a Prince be mindful of Peopling bis Country ; which are their Life, and by whofe Example they learn covet Glory, and defpife Danger. It ought therefore be a Prince's chief Gare, to preferve and maintain the As Auguftm did, who not only caus'd Hortalus to mai but alfo allowed wherewithall to his Quality, that that ble Family might not be extinct (8¿ The Germans an very circumfpeét in this Point, for which Reafon they an ciently gave no Portion with their Women (9), and evei now give very fmall ones, that their Vertue and Nobilit] might be their only Dowry, and that their Lovers migti refpedt the Endowments of their Minds and Bodies, mor than their Fortunes, that Marriages might be fooner coa eluded, without lofing fo much time in Fortune-Hunt- ing ; for which Reafon Lycwrgm wholly prohibited the gi ving Dowries to Women ; and the Emperour Charles V regulated them ; 'tis (aid alfo, that Arijlotle reprehender the Lacedamonians, for giving fuch large Fortunes to the! Daughters (10). King Alphonfo alfo advifes, that a Prino unlefs upon extraordinary occafions iliould not People hi: 1 State with Foreigners, and truly with a great deal of Rea. fon, for different Manners and Religions are the worft Do meftick Enemies. This made the Spaniards drive th< Jews and Moors out of Spain. Foreigners introduce witi them their Vices, and Errours, and are ready upon ever) occaiion to rife againft the Natives (11). But this Incon- veniency would not be much to be fear'd, if only Labou- rers and Husbandmen were admitted, nay , this is ftme¿ times of great Advantage. So the Grand Signior Se/im fent a vaft number of Labourers from Cairo to Conftantinm pie. The Voles having Elected Henry Duke of Anjm King, among other Articles 'twas agreed. That he iliould bring with him feveral Families of Artificers. Nebuchad- nezzar upon the taking of Jerujalem^ carried away all the (%) Ni clariflima familia extingueretttr. Tac. 2. ann. (9) Dot era 1 uxor marito, fed uxori mar it us affert. Tac. de Mor. Germ. (i°) £/#• fait virginet fine dote nubere : jujjtt uxores eligerentur, non ptcuni*. Trog. lib. 3. (1 1) iluare qui iwjuilinos Ó" advenas antehac in Civi* tat em receperunt, hi magna ex parte feditionibus jail at i Junt. Arift. J. 5. pol. 03. Mea "oí. II. and fitting of fime fir the MagtjtraQi tl9 Men of might even (even thoufand, and Crafts Men, and Smiths a thoufand, and all that were ftrong, and kept for War, even them the King of Babylon brought? Captive to Babylon (12 ). But becaufe this method may [ too troubleforoe and chargeable, and alfo becaufe fuch a ijpply may be inefficient, I will here fet down the ufual aufes of want of People in Nations. And theíé are ei- er internal or external ; External are Wats and Planta* ins ; War is a fort of Monfter which feeds on humane; ood ; and fince 'tis thelntereft of each State to maintain abroad as the Romans did, it rauft neceflarily be done at |e Expenceof the Lives and Eftates of the Subjects (11)* either can Plantations be long maintain'd, without great lppliesof Men, as we have found in Spain ; for which eafon the Romans during the War with Hannibal, and 1 fome years after, took little Care of planting new Co- nies (14); they having more reafon to recruit than eaken their Forces. Velleius Paterculus efteem'd the plan- ig Colonies out of Italy as very pernicious, becaufe be- g fo far diftant from the Heart of the Empire, they could . >t affift it upon occafion (is). The other Cauies are In- rnal. The principal of which are Taxes, want of Hus- ndry and Trade, and too great a number of Holy Days, e Inconveniencies, and Remedies of which I have let >wn elfewhere. The Court is alfe a great Caufe of the want of People^ r as a hot Liver draws all the natural Heat to it felf, aving other parts of the Body fpiritleis and faint, fo the omp, Eafe, Delight, Profit, and hopes of Reward at lourt, allure the Minds of moft, efpecially of the Artifi- rrs and Tradefmen, who think it a more pleafant and eaiie — , (tt) 2 Kings 24. \6. (13) Fuit proprium Pop. Rot», longe d doma litre, & propugnacrdim mper/i faicrttm fortunar , non fuá tecla def en- re. Cic. pro leg. Man. ( 14) Deitdt ñeque dum ¿nnibal in Italia mm w.tuTy ntc proxirris pojt txcejfum tytl annit i/atavit Romams Colonia t vdíte, ctíoi tjfet ¡n hilo eonquirtndui pctiut miles, & poji helium viret fovfvdje, •potiHsQaam fpirgmda, Vel), Mb 1. ( 1 5) In legibut Graethi iter ptrnlciofijpma mmeravertm . quod entra Italians Colonial fofuit, cIL Jib. 3- K. Life J i ;p Let a Prince be mindful of Peopling bis Country , Vol Life to ferve fomePeribnof Quality, than to toil at t own Trade; the Nobility alfo, invited by the Prince's fence, or the Charms of the Court, leave their Eftat the Countrey for a Court Life; whence not being abl look after them, but fpending their Revenus upon ex vagant and unnecefTary Expences, r heir Ettates become po and uninhabited, whereas they would have been rich ai populous, had their Lord rcfided there. The Emper Jufiinian prudently reflerted upon thefe Inconvenience ind appointed an Officer on purpofe to prevent them f ] King John II. alfo order'd, that all the Nobility at Court fliculd at certain times, vifit their own Eftates, as the Emperor Trajan did before him. Birth-right alfo, efpecially in Spain, is very prejudicial Propagation; for the eldeft Brother Claims the whole Efla (which t King Tbeodorick thought very unjuft) (17), foth the youngeitnot having wherewithal to maintain a Fami inftead of marrying, either (hut themfelves into Conven or turn Soldiers. For this Reafon Plato call'd Riches ai Poverty, the ancient Plagues of Commonwealths, knowt that almoli all their misfortunes proceeded from an ut qual Diitribution of Riches. If the Citizens had all an eqt Dividend, States would undoubtedly flouriih more. \. though the advantage redounding from hence wou'd great, the Prefervation of the Nobility by means of Fi< would not be lefs, for by that means they would be in Capacity to fcrve the Prince and State ; fo that thofe rfj be allowed to the ancient Nobility, not to the modern, making a Law, that all Relations to the fourth Degr lliould be jovnt Heirs, if not of the whole, yet of the great part of the EftatefiS,); thus the Inconveniencies of Le§ (16) Invent mrp enixp qnia population Provino* futs habit atoribut \ hantur : Magna veto hac no (ira civitas populo fa eft, turbis diver for ¿ominuns, & maxima ji*ri(tlarunt fuas civi{aies & culturas rtlinj» Hum, Aurh (k Quaeft. ( 1 7) Iniquum eft em'm ut efe una JrdJIantt'a, f bus compciit aqua jucctfjio. alii abundant er affluaitt, alii pauper tat it (Ommsda ivgemijcxr.t; CaflCJib. J. Epiflv?. (18) Ctmmodum eft etiam, ..iuftéiídttí at?» donaticjie Jed jure cogniticnis tradaytur, Arift J. 5. poJ. i , r ol. IT. and fitting of fowe fot the Mágijtracjf. 1 3 1 ies and Gifts would be prevented, wbfah are more the •ffccls of Vanity, than a defign to ferve the itablick, as al- 3 of that religious Prodigality, which oblerving neither lounds, nor Proximity of Blood, gives all to the Churchy ot leaving fo much as Subfiftence to Brethren, or any ther Relations, whence Families become Extindt, the Royal Levenues are exbaurled, the People impoveriuVd,' and ün= ble to pay Taxes, the Power of thofe who are exempted i increafed, and the Authority, of the-Princé diminifliedi "his Mofes eoníidering (19) forbid by Edlft, any one from iFering any more towards the Work of théSanctüary (ío\ íough God himfelf was the Author of thofe Offerings,- id tiny were offer'd through pure Devoj|on (21) ; the Lepublick of Venia have made very priide|t P'rovifions a- ainft this. 'Tis neceiTary alio, that a fit time ihould|be obferved iri Carriages : for if too late the Succefllog is endangered,- nd the Government would be too mucjj ^ exposed Co the ncontinency of Youth ; And if foon the Children being Irhoft of the fame Age with their Fathers, would fotín for> et their Duty, and grudge 'em the time they live. _j i_ , : — __ _i_ (\$t) Exdd.36. 5. (ii) Exod.- 36. tf. (ir) Éxtfd. 35.' i£. «¿it., :■ — - , :: , r, , : .. . > » ' t . ~ „ ,. ' . ^ ñ i rn i ' . T i V ' m " i 'r'Ti *^ K i É M* m 8MB LB H LXVII. ■ THE Policy of our Times prefuppofes Malice Fraud in all things,'and therefore arms it felf wil greater, without any Tegard to Religion, Jufft or Honour. It thinks nothing difallowable that is advai tageous ; but as thefe Practices are now common, th< muft need juftje and confound one another, to the Deti ment of the publick Tranquility, and without obtainir their proposed Ends. But let a Prince cautioufly avoid fuc Do&rioe, and learn rather of Nature the Miftrefs of tn policy, without Malice, Fraud, or any ill Practice, the being noce fo certain, firm and iblid, as (hat which fl qbfcrf Vol. II. the Vrince ought to take Care, &c. 133 obferves in the Government, of Vegetables and Ani- mals, more efpecially that which (lie diftates to every Man by his Reafon. Particularly to Shepherds and Husbandmen, for the Prefervation of their Flocks, and improvement of their Ground .- Hence may be 'tis, that thofe Kings who have been chofen from the Crook or the Plow, have made the beft Governours. Though the Shepherd (whofe Office is almoft the fame of a Prince's) (1 ) enjoys the Bent-fit of the Wool and the Milk of his Flock,yet 'tis with fuch moderation,that he neither draws Blood from their Duggs, nor (hears their Skin fo clofe as to leave 'em wholly expos'd to the In- conveniences of cold and heat. So a Prince, fays King Jlphonfo)" ought more to value the common Good of his • " People, than his own particular Intereft, for the corri- Ci mon Good and Riches of his Subjects, are as it were " his own *. The Husbandman curs not down the Bo- dy of the Tree, for his Domeftick occafions, but only Lops the Branches, and not all of them neither, but leaves enough to fprout out and ferve his Occafi- ons the next Year ; but the Farmer is not fo careful, who is for making the beft of hisFarm while his Leafe continues, not caring' how much he impoveriíhes his Ground for his Landlord (2). This is the diffe- rence between a lawful Prince and a Tyrant, in refpeét of Taxes and Impofitions. This having an 'unjuft Ti- tle, and fearing foon to be dethron'd, makes the beft ufe of his time, flocking up all by the Roots, fleaing in- fiead of (hearing his Flock, inftead of feeding them he gluts himfelf, (%) and inftead of defending them, leaves them a naked Prey to every Wolf (4). But a juft and lawful Prince in impofing Taxes, considers the Juftice of the Caufe, the Quantity, Quality, andOcca- fion, and alio Proportions them to his Subjects Eftates and Perfons, treating his Kingdom not as a Body which (i) Jerem. 23. * L. 19. tir.a. p. 3. (2) Aliter utimur propriis, jlitér ) 2 Sam. 8. j . Vide. K 4 great 1 1 6 The Trince ought to take Care h'ts Subjects, Vol. TI great Taxes, nor made them remifs and negligent by too little *. The Command which Princes have over the Lives of their Subjects, is executed without Danger, it be ing done by Law, which punidles fome as Examples to the reft; but not fo that Command which they have over their Goods and Eftates, for that comprehends all in general, and People are more fenilble in what concerns their Eftates than their Bodies ; efpecially when they are got by Sweat and Blood, and are to be im ployed to fupply the Prince's Luxury. In which that remarkableAciion ofK.£W¿ ought to be confider'd, when he refus'd to drink the water which his three Soldiers brought him from amidft theEnemiesCamp,leaft he fhould ieem to drink the Blood of thofe Men (10,). 'Tis no good Policy to impoveiiih the People by Taxes the better to keep them in Obedience, for though Po- verty, whether Original or Accidental, debafes our Spi- rits, which always rife and fall with our Condition ; yet does Oppreifion provoke our Minds, and urge us to Rebellion (u). All the Jfraelites that were in Di» fireis, and every one that was in Debt, and every one that was difcontented joyn'd David againft o¿w/(nJ A The People are always moil obedient when they are richer}. The plenty of Egypt made the People of God, though very ftverely us'd, forget their Liberty ; but afterwards when they came to want in the Wildemeis, they complained heavily of their Slavery and Bondage. When a Kingdom is given upon Condition, that no Taxes (hall be levy'd without its Confent, or if this be afterwards provided by fome general Decree, as was in the Parliament of Madrid, in the time of King Jlpbonfo Xlth. or when it has acquired this Privilege - — — - ■ ' ' - .. ■ .i, i. i ■ — x • * Ut nee incauta exaftio foPulos gravct, n:c ttidijcreta rmiflto fld- lum gentis faciat -deferiré, Concil. Tol xiii. (>o) z Sim. ;}. 17. (11) FirociJJimo f/uCjue adfuwpto , aut quibut cb fgej}atem t tc metum ex Flag' ti is Maxima ftttandi necfjjitudo, TaC. 3. ailrt. (12) 1 Sam. 22 2. by Voí. II. he not over-burderfd with Taxes, r $ 7 by long Preferí ptlon, as in Spain, and France ; in fuch Cafes the Prince muft wait the Confent of the Parlia* menr, le3ft he ihould expofe himfelf to the fame Dan- ger, as Charles Vilth. of France did formerly, when he went to raife a certain Tax without communica- ting it to his Council. Tis alfo of great advantage to aP.ince to be fo well eiieem'1 of his People, thac from their Opinion of his Zeal for their Good, they may think whatever Taxes he impofes upon them are juit and reafonable, and blindly agree to whatever he propofes, committing themfelves wholly to his Pru- dence and Management, as the Egyptians did to Jo- fepb's, when he exafted the fifth pare of their Eftates (13). When the people have once this Confidence in. the Prince, he ought diligently to take Care, not to burthen them without fufficient Caufe, and mature Deliberation. But if neceffity does require it , lee him at leaft take Care that the Taxes be well expend- cd ; for the People take nothing more hainouily, than to fee no advantage from their Opprefljons, and to fee their Eftates fquander'd away to no purpofe. They are alfo very uneafie to fee Taxes continued, when the Occafion for which they were rais'd is over. As 'twas in Vefpafians time, when the Taxes raib J d for the ne^ ceffity of War were conrinued in time of Peace ^14). For afterwards Subjects dread them, and grudge to pay them though never fo fmail, thinking that they will be perpetual. Queen Mary gain'd the Hearts of her Subjects, and prefcrv'd their Loyalty in the mod difficult times, by remitting the Exgife which her Husband King Sancho IVth. had laid upon Provi- fions. ? Tis difficult to perfwade People to part with their Money to maintain a foreign War, nor can they eaffly 1 , . 1 ' - - > ' ... .. .. ■ (13) Gen. 47. 2?. (u) 1-lec.fJJitatt amorum (xctifala, ttiñtn ja face manfere, T>£ 3 - ann> £ $ appr&b,er4 I }8 The Tr'wce ought to take Care his Subjcfts, Vol. IX apprehend how much it conduces to their Intereft, to keep War from their own Doors, and maintain it if» foreign States, and how- much fafer is the Defence of a Shield than that of a Helmet, that heing farther di-i ftant from the Head. The Purblind Mobb can fel- dom fee fo far. They weigh rather the prefent Bur- then, than the future Benefit, not thinking all the Rf. ches of the Kingdom will be afterwards too little to makt good the Damage they have luffer'd by their obftinatt Negligence ( i s). It requires therefore, all the Pro dence and Dexterity of a Prince to make them kno* their Intereft. In railing Taxes, Care ought always to be takei r.ot to opprefs the Nobility : for Exemption from Taxct being the chief Diftinclion between them. and th< Commons, they can't brook to fee themfelves de graded, and their Privileges violated, which were ac quir'd by the Valour and Vertue of their Anceftors ' This was the Reafon why the Nobility of Coftile tool up Arms againft Henry III. who tax'd 'em at fiv Marvedees of Gold apiece, towards the Charge of zf War. Neither fliould Taxes be laid upon fuch things a are abfolutely neeeífary for Life? but rather upoi Toys, Curiofities, Pride and Vanity : for fo befide correcting Luxury, they would fall in the greater meafure upon the Rich, and would be Encouragemen to Husbandmen and Tradefmen, which part of th Government ought mod to be cherithed and fupport td ; fo the Romans laid great Taxes upon the Spicei Pearls and Jewels, which were imported from Arabia as Alexander Sever m did upon thofe Offices whic tended more to Debauchery, than Ufe and Neceifit; (15J Pier unique accidtt, ut qua provincia pectmta parcendt, t nota perieula contttnnunt imun.bentibus demum malis^ defptratoj, pe rtmedio ¿raviora fmtiunt detrmm», Paul. Jov. \ ol. íl. bt nüt over.burderid with Taxes, 1 5-9 is the readied way to Reformation, to inhance the táce of Vanity. There are no Taxes paid more afily than thofe which are laid upon Commodities im- lorted ; for the greateft part of them is paid by Fo- eigners ; wherefore in England the Royal Revenue is rery prudently raifed from thefe kind of Taxes, the Singdtm it felt being Exempt. The greateft Inconveniency in railing Taxes and Ex- *ife is, in the Collectors and Receivers, who are often nore burthenfome than the Taxes themfelves ; for :here is nothing that the Subjects take more grievoufly, :han the violence and importunity of thefe fort of Men in collecting their Money. 'Tis an Obfervation that only Sicily endur'd them with Patience : God himfelf complains of them by the Prophet Ifaiab, that they opprefs'd his People (16). In ferióme Prophet was always Prefident of the Cuftoms, for they thought it not fafe to truft 5 em to any but God's immediate Servant ; but now they are committed to Pedlars and Broakers, who wreck a Ship in Port, which had efcap- ed the Fury of the Wind and Sea (ti), like Robbers? plundering Travellers of their Goods and Money .Wriat wonder therefore that Trade decays, and that Riches and Merchandice are not imported, if they are cxpos'd to fuch as thefe, who plunder 'em by Authority, what Wonder, I fay, That the Peopje cornplain of Taxes, if for one Shilling that comes to the King, ten goes to the Collectors and Receivers, for this Jiteafon, when in, the Parliament of Guadalajara, the Kingdom of Caftile offer'd to raife 1 5 0000 Ducats, it was upon Condition, that they themfelves ihould keep Books of the Receipts and Disburfements of it, that they might know what wa* imployed to thepublick Intereft, and (id) Ifa. 3. 1 2. Vid. C'7) Partus nojlro s navi s -veniens non fa- wefcat, ut cert um nautis pojftc ejfe natifrayium, (i rnanus non incur- rerent exigent i urn ; quos frtcjuentcr p!ur affltgunt (t»mn#,qitfimfoIent nnafragia f QifíÍQÍ.]ib,^. Úp 19. how 144 7*fo Trince ought to take Care, &c. how it was expended,witbout trufting it to the Mans ment of thofc who had the Government of the dom during the Kings Minority. For the fame Real the People of France propos'd to King Henry I 1, if he would difcharge his Collectors, they would th< íélves pay in their AlTeíTments, where-ever he fliou Order ; which the King had agreed to, had not fon of his Minifters diflwaded him. The Kingdoms Cafiile have often offered the fame thing, nay, and al to pay off the Crown Debts; but 'twas judg'd that would be a Diminution to the Royal Authority, to I infirutted and tutor'd by the Kingdom, and befide that fuch a Power could not be without Danger. Bi I believe the true Reafon was, that the Court was ui willing to lofc fo many beneficial Offices, and fuch r« tty means of getting Money. A Prince's Credit coi fifts not in the Adminiftration, but in the Poífeflion c Riches. The Roman State was not leis careful of thei Authority than any other, yet by Reafon of the Troi ble and Charge of Collecting, it ordered each Provine to Collect and pay in their own Taxes ; taking Caret fceep the Officers in their Duty, that they might no opprefs the People through Avarice and Extortion in this Tiberius took particular Care (i%). Modefly ii the Collecting of one Tax, obliges the People mor readily to grant others. ^ . (l8) Nt Provincia nibis tneribut twíawitur, utyve "jftera fit arjaritia, an: crudtlitate Magi fir at Hum toleraren: , Tac. Jib. 4. ar EH- r ol. ir. Navigation and Commerce, &c\ EMBLEM LXVili. *4S rHE Ingenious Creeh included in certain pretty Fables, as the .*/Egypt t^hs in Hieroglyphicks, not only all Natural Philofophy, but alfo Moral and olitick^ either to hide them from the Vulgar, or elfethat iey might be the better imprinted in their Minds, by hefepleafant and delightful Fictions. So, toreprefent the ower of Navigation, and the Riches thereby acquir'd, hey feign d, that the Ship Argo ( which was the fivft hat durlt venture upon the main Ocean) obtained the amous Fleece, which inftead of Wool, yielded Gold j or which glorious Exploit it was confecrated to PalUs y he Goddefs of War, and placed amongft the Conftella- ions, as a Reward of fuch dangerous Voyages : ihewing L the 146 Navigation and Commerce Vol. the World, that by the Help of Oars and Sails, tl might make Way through Mountains of Waves ; by the Aífíftance of the Wind, carry Arms and M< chandife all the World over. This Morality, and Preferment of that Ship to the Skies, occafion'd me tt draw two in this prefent Emblem \ as the Poles of th< Globe Terreftrial, to íhew that Navigation is the Sup- port of the World, by Commerce and Arms: Theii Poles are Movable, but in their Motion confiih th< Stability of Empires : There's fcarce any Monarch], which has not receiv'd its Rife and Prefervation fron thence. If the Grandeur of Spain were not fupportec by both thofe Poles, the Mediterranean and Occan^ \ would foon fall : For 'tis evident, that Provinces Í diitant from one another, would be in imminent Danger were it not, as 'twere, united by Oars and Sails, ant timely fnpplied with Recruits for its Support and De fence : So that Ships and Gallies feem to be nothing bo a kind of Sea-Bridge. For this Reafon, the Empero, Charles V. and Ferdinand Duke d^Alva^ advis'd Kinf Philip II. to maintain a great Fleet at Sea. King Sifebm, well knew the Advantage of it, being the firit that kep' a Fleet upon the Spanifr Seas. Themifiocles gave the faro Advice to his State \ and the Romans made ufe of i afterwards to conquer the World. This Element begirt! and conquers the Earth : In it Strength and Speed ar united :, and whoever can make ufe of them with Valour has the World at command. Arms at Land attack ant terrifie only one Nation, but at Sea they Alarm th whole World. There is no Circumfpection, or Powe fufficient by Land, to defend the Sea Coafts. 'Tis tb Sea which has civiliz'd all Nations, which had bee, rude and barbarous, without the Ufe of Navigation an» Commerce, which has taught 'em to know one another' Languages and Cuftoms : This Antiquity meant, whe they Mgn'd that the Rudder of the Ship Argo fpoke intim¿ 3 ng, that by the Help of that, foreign Language were l arn'd. 'Tis Navigation that fupplies each Natío. with the Goods and Riches of others, all Nations ma tuall 761. IT. the Strength and Support of the State. 147 ually-furnifhing each other with what they want -, which advantage promotes that mutual Love and Correfpon- lence between Men, which is neceiTary for their reci- >rocal Aífiítance. This Marine Power is more neceiTary for fome King- loms than others, according to their feveral Situation tnd Difpofition. The Afiatic\ Monarchies have more )ccaiion for a Land than Sea Force. Venice and Genoa, )f which one lies upon the Sea, the other near it, being itterly unapt for Husbandry and Agriculture, apply hemfelves wholly to Navigation : And as long as they naintain'd their Power at Sea, they were the Terr our ind Glory of the World. So Spain, which is in a man- íer furrounded with the Ocean, muít eftabliih its Power it Sea, if it would afpire to Univerfal Monarchy. The iituation of its Ports is very commodious, not only for he Support of fuch Force, but alfo for hindring the navigation of other Nations, who, by our Trade, get Riches and Strength to make War upon us afterwards. : or which Reaibn, 'twill be convenient to provide fuffi- :ient Security for Commerce and Traffick, they being he principal Caufes \ 'tis they turn all the Ports into Magazines and Stores, furnifhing the Kingdom with all hings neceiTary, making it flouriih, and grow Populous. Fhefe and other Conveniences the Prophet Ez.ehel inti- natedv, in the Allegory of the Ships which belong'd to Vidon (a City fit uate at the "Entry of the (1) Sea^) which vas full of Merchants and Mariners (2). They of Ver fia, tnd of Lud, and of Phut, were in its Armies, Men of War : \hey hang'd the Shield and Helmet in it, they fet forth its omelinefs (3). Tarjhijh was its Merchant, by reafon of he multitude of all hind of Riches ', with Silver, Iron, Tin, md Lead, they traded in its Fairs (4). In a word, There yas nothing in any Nation, which was not fold in its : airs ; fo that it might be truly called ¿loriom in the mid ft f the Seas (5). We find alfo its Prince exalted, and O) E *?h V' 3. CO Ibid » (3) Ibid. ver. 10. (4) Ibid. ver. 12. $) Ibid. ver. 25. L 2 "• lifted ion, 148 Navigation and Commerce Vol. lifted up by itsTrafjicli (6). The Republicks of >Sidt Nineveh, Babylon, Rome, and Carthage, flouriuYd both in War and Peace, as long as they maintained their Trade and Commerce. When Venice and Genoa fail'd in Traffick and Navigation, their Grandeur and Glory foon faded. Holland, fituate upon a barren Sand, not capable of being manur'd by either Spade or Plow, fupports very numerous Armies by their Trade and , Commerce •, and maintains fuch populous Cities, as the moil fertile Plains would not be able to fupply. Franc* has neither Mines of Silver nor Gold, yet does it enrich it felf by its Trade in feveral kind of Toys and Gugaws in Iron, Lead and Tin: Whereas we, through Lazi- nefs, neglect thefe Riches, which the Conveniency oi the Sea offers us. We, with great Toil and Danger, bring Home the Treafures of both the Indies,^ Diamonds, Pearls,Spice,c^f. without proceeding any further-, where- as other Nations reap the Benefit of this our Labour, by tranfporting them into all the Countries oí Europe, Afia r and Africa. We fupport the Genouefe with Gold and 1 Silver to trade with, and afterwards pay 'em extravagam Prices for their Commodities, fo paying Intereft for oui own Money. We furniíh other Nations with Silk. Wool, Steel, Iron, and many other Commodities: which, after they are wrought, are brought to us again, and we buy them at a prodigious Rate, by reafon of the Carriage and Workmanihip : So that we pay very deal for the Ingenuity and Induftry of other Nations. Th \ bring us trifling, infignificant Ware, and carry henci our fubftantial Gold and Silver. Whence it is, -6 King Henry II. faid ) That Foreigners, nay, fotnetimesim -very Enemies, grow Rich and Powerful, while our own Pedm are Jmpfiverijlfd and Beggared. This the Emperor Tiberi* formerly complain'd of, when he faw the Extravagance of the Roman Ladies in Pearls and Jewels (7) . , Ycjf R. H. would gain Immortal Honour, in Encouraginf < n . " i n ' i ■ » ' ' .i n (6) Evk. 2?. 5- (7) guid? lapidum cc. 3. Annul, ml Vol. II. the Strength and Support of the State. 140 and Promoting Trade and Navigation, both in the Citizens and Nobility } for the Produ&s of the Earth are not more Natural than thofe of Traffick and Com* merce. The Kings of Tyre did not difdain to Trade ; and the Fleets which Solomon fent to Tarflñjh, carry'd ¡pot only Neceffáries, but alfo Merchandize and EfFe&s no Irade with, that he might exceed all the Rings of pie Earth for Wifdom and Riches (8). We read, ¡that Pompey put out his Money to Ufe. The Nobility (alio of Rome and Carthage thought it not beneath 'em (to Traffick. Rome Inftituted a College of Merchants ; whence, I believe, the Butch took the Inftitution of their Companies. How much more commodioufly might Spain Eflabliih them, by fecuring them with Men of War ^ which would make it not only Rich, but For- midable. Thefe Conveniencies the Kings of Portugal coniidering, fetled their Commerce in the Ealt, by Force of Arms , maintaining their Arms by their Trade - 7 and by the help of both, founded a new and large Em- pire (9)} Eftabliíhing Religion, before unknown to thofe remote Countries : As it was alfo to the Weitern Part of the World, till introduc'd by the Valour and Prowefs of the Cafiilians^ who inftru&ed that Heathen Country in what before they never fo much as heard of (10) •, fo that receiving from them the True Reli- gion, of the Gofpel, and the Myfterious Bread of the Eucharift, brought them fo far (i 1), that they cried out for Joy, with the Prophet Jfaiah, Who hath begotten me thefe ^ feeing I have lofi my Children, and am defolate, a Captive, and removing to and fro ? and who hath brought up thefe .«• Behold, J was left alone, thefe, where had they been (12) . ? 'Twould be alfo conducive, that if^ as the Romans Formerly eílablifli'd Garrifons at Qonflantinople, Rhodes, ipon the Rhine, and at Cadiz,, as in the four principal angles of the Empire ; fo now the Spaniards ihould (8) iKing. 10. 22. (9) Pftlm 71. 8. (io^) If«i. 49. 12 11) Prov. 31. 14. (12) Jfau 49. 21. L 3 erect ifO Navigation and Commerce y &c. Vol. II. erect Military Orders in feveral Places in the Mediter- ranean and Ocean, who might Cruife about the Seas, and clear them of Pyrates, and fecure our Trade with other Nations. Thefe Badges of Honour and Nobility, arc fufficient Rewards for Vertue and Valour ; and the Pre- lidency of thefe Orders are rich enough to give a Begin- ning to fo Glorious and Royal an Undertaking. But if their Revenues ihould not fujEce, nor the Crown be willing to be deprive of fo many Noble Poíts, the Ad- miniilration of which is inverted in it by the Apoftolick See, fome Ecclefiaftical Rents might be apply'd to that ufe. This was the Advice of King Ferdinand the Ca- tholkk, who would have Conilituted the Knights of St. James at Oran -, and the Orders of Alcantara, and Calatrava, at Bngia and Tripoli ; having obtained leave of the Pope, to convert the Revenues of the Convents del Villar de Venas, St. Martin, in the Diocefe of Saint "james, and that of Oviedo, to that ufe. But by reafon of the War, which foon after broke out in Italy, this Defign was not accompliih'd, or perhaps becanfe God referv'd the Glory of this Initiation for fome other King. Nor is the State-Obje&ion, againil Intrufting fuch Potent Offices to the Nobility, of force. Military Orders were, 'tis true, the Occafion of fo many Rebel- lions in Caftite : yet now, when the Power of our King is enlarg'd by the addition of fo many Crowns, that lnconveniency is not to be fear'd -, efpecially if thefe Orders were fetled out of Spain, and the Prefidency of them Ingrafted, as it were, in the Crown. E MB LE IVol.II. Arms and Wealth, &c. EMBLEM LXIX. *5\ Divine Providence would not fuffér this Monarchy of the World to be one moment without Gold and Iron j one topreferve,andthe other to defend it : For if it did not create them at the fame time with the World •, yet did the Sun,the Second Governor of all things, immediately after its Creation, operate in Purifying and Refining the Mineral Matter, and locking it up in Moun- tains, as in publick Treafuries ; where alio Mars, after the Matter was harden'd and refin'd into Iron and Steel, ere&ed his Armory. Arras are the Hands of Govern- ments ; and Riches their Blood and Spirit : And if thefe don't fupply the Hands with Strength, and they again preferve and defend them, the whole Body will JL 4 foon 1 5*¿ Arms and Wealth, foon fall, and be expos'd to Ruine and Violence. P//*j tells of a fort of Ants, in India, which inilead ol Grains of Corn, heap up Grains of Gold. Nature has not granted thofe laborious Animals the Ufe of this Metal j yet it would have them, like Mailers, inform every Government of the Importance of laying up Treafure. And though it be the Opinion of fomc Statefmen, That hoarding up Riches, ferves for nothing but to invite Enemies, as Hezskiah found, when he had fhewn his Treafure to the EmbafiTadors of 4$ n X0 ? and as the Egyptians knew, who, for this Reafon, employ'd all their Royal Revenues in Building •,, yet are their Reafons invalid, and thefe two Examples of no force : For 'twas not Hezekiatfs Ihewing his Riches, that brought the War upon him •, but his Vanity and Pride, in put- ting his Truit in them, more than in God : 'Twas this that made Ifaiah propheiie, That he ihould lofe all that he had (2). Nor did the Egyptians employ their Trea- fure in Building, through fear of lofing it, but through Vain-glory, and a defign to amufe the Peoples Minds, as we ihall obferve in its proper place. If a Prince amafies Treafure, through Avarice, not making ufe of it, when Occafion requires, to defend his Country, and ' ofíénd his Enemy, and, to fave Charges, leaves his State unprovided of Arms and Men, he will foon invite his Enemies to forge Keys to open bis Cheils, and plunder him of his Riches. But if he applies thofe Treafures to ; the Ufe and Service of his State, he will at once Itrike an Awe and Refped: into his Enemies. For Riches are the Nerves of War (3): 'Tis they procure Friends and Allies. In a word, A Full Exchequer docs more Execu- tion than Artillery, Fleets, or Armies. When thus apply 'd, hoarding Riches, and Moderation of Expences, are not Avarice, but Prudence •, as was that of King Ferdinand the Cathoink , who, while living, was call'd (ij 2 King. 20. 13. (2) Ibid. ver. 17. (3) Sed nihil ¿iul fMigabat, qiMtn pecun'wum con^uifitio j cos rtfe MU ávilüyarvos dilii' tans, Tac. 2. Hiíi. Miferable Vol.11. their Ufe and Ahufe. 155 Miferable and Covetous \ but after his Death, was clear'd of that Afperflon, he leaving behind him but a very inconfiderable Summ , whatever he hoarded, he ufed to expend upon the Fabrick of the Kingdom, placing his Glory not in fpending, but in having what to fpend. It muít be obfery'd, That Treafures are fometimes col- lected with a true and Heroick Deiign, to execute fome ¡Great and Glorious Action : yet does this, by degrees, [dwindle into Avarice, and the Ruine of States happens before theTreafury is open'd for their Relief. Man's Mind is eafily taken with the Love of Riches, and is wholly poiTefs'd with a defire of obtaining them. Nor is it fufficient, that thefe Treafures be divided among the whole Body of the State, as Chlorus in Eatropm deiired (4) : For Riches fecure the Prince, but endanger the People. Cerealis told the People of Treves, That their Riches were the chief Caufe of their Wars (5). When the Publick is Poor, and private Perfons Rich, Misfortunes arrive, before they can be prevented. Counfels are prejudiced , for the People avoid thofe Refolutions, which feek toredrefs the Publick Grievances, at the Expence of particular Perfons, fo that they can very difficultly be induced to make War. Ariftotle, for this Reafon, blam'd the Conftitution of the Common- n ealth of Sparta, it having no Publick Treafury (6). And if the People are more intent upon their own pri- vate, than the Publick Intereft, with how much Regret will they be induced to remedy the Grievances of the Publick, at their own particular Expence (7) ? The Republick oí Genoa feels this Inconveaiency. And Plat» ifcribes the Ruine of that of Fome to no other Caufe, in in Oration which Salhtft fays he made in the Senate, (4) Melius -publicas ojies a privaiis bdberi, quam intra unum claujlrum t$ervari. Eucsop. (5) Penes quos Aurum^ & opes pracipu* bellorum :tuf£. Tack. 6. Hiíl. Q6) Male etiam circa pecunias publicas candi- utugi eftapud illii% quianeque in publico habent quicquam, & magna bell* lererc caatli, pecunias agre confermt. Arift. 1. 2. c, 6. Pol. (7) Privan 'fui bonm publicum foftfonitur. Tac. 6, Anual. againífc i £4 Arms and Wealth, Vol. I againftthe Accomplices of Catdinis Confpiracy •, havin¡ ( as'St. Anguftme explains it * ) ftray'd from their firl Inftitution, in which private Perfons were Poor, but th Publick Rich. Of which Horace complains -\ : Non ita Romull Tr&fcripHtn, & intonfi CatonU Aufpciis, &C. Great Princes, relying too much upon their owj Power, lay aiide all Care of laying up Treafure, or o preferving what they already have \ not confidering, thai if the Neceffity of their Affairs íhould require Money they muíl be oblig'd tooppreís their Sub je&s with Taxes to the great hazard of their Fidelity •, and the greatc; the Kingdom is, there will be need of greater Expenc and Charge. Princes are Br i are ui s , who, what the] receive with fifty Hands, fpend with a hundred ? nor i any Kingdom rich enough to fupply the Extravagano: of one. Clouds, in one Hour, fpend all the Vapour which they have been many Days in colle&ing. Thoi: Riches which Nature had for many Ages hoarded up h the clofe Treafury of the Earth, were not fufficient for tho extravagant Prodigality of fome of the Roman Emperors' And this Extravagance is ufual to SucceiTors who fine the Treafury filled to their Hands : For they fpend tha* carelefly and laviihly, which they never knew th< trouble of acquiring ; they foon pull down the Banks o the Treafury, and drown their State in Pleafure anc Luxury. In lefs than three Years time, Caligula fquan- der'd away Sixty Six Millions of Gold, though then Oat Crown was as much as Two now. Power is felf-will'd and fooliih, and íhould therefore be corrected by Pru- dence •, for without that, Empires would foon fall tc Ruine : that of Rome feem'd to decline, from the Time that the Emperors began to fquander away its TreafuresJ The World is wholly ruled by Arms and Riches. Which is reprefented in the prefent Emblem, by a 'Sivord audi * St, Auguft. lib. 5. deCiv. Dei, cap. 12, f Lib. 2.0de 15. a Golden oL II. their Ufe and Atufe. 155 olden Bough, which a Hand holds over a Globe -, to inti- mate, that by both thefe the World is govern'd : alluding ► PtrgtTs Story of zúñeos, who, by the help of both iefe,"conquer'd even Hell it felf, and fubdued its Mon- ers and Furies. The Sword wounds moil, whofe edge Gold ; and Valour without Conduct, and Magazines ithout Treafuries, are infignificant. A Prince ought íerefore to confider,- before he declares War, whether z is fufficiently furniih'd with thefe Means to profecute : For which Reafon, 'twill be convenient, that the refident of the Treafury ihould be one of the Council, lat he may give an Account of the State of the Revenue, id what Grounds they have to proceed upon. Power light to be cautious and circumfpect, and diligently >nfider of what it undertakes. Prudence does the ime in the Mind, as the Eyes do in the Head ; with- atthat, Kingdoms and States would be blind : And olyphenms, who having once loft his Eye by the Cunning f Vlyffes, in vain threw Stones about, and ftorm'd for .evenge : fo will they vainly fquander and throw away íeir Treafure and Riches. What prodigious Summs ave we feen fpent in our Times, upon fome vain Fear, in ountermining Enemies Defigns, in raifing Armies, and laking War, which might have been avoided by a riendly Compofition, or by Diffimulation ? How much 1 Subfidies and Taxes ill apply'd, and in other Ne- efláry Expences, by which Princes, thinking to make aemfelves Powerful, have found the contrary : The )ftentations and Menaces of Gold extravagantly and nfeafonably fquander'd away, render them fel ves in- fie&ual, and the fecond are lefs than the firit, for one weakens the other. Strength loft, is foon recruited \ nt Riches once fpent, are hard to be recover'd. They •ught not to be us'd but upon abfolute Neceffity. iALnea¡ lid not firft ihew the Golden Bough, but oflfer'd to force lis Paflage with his Sword. The £hief fwjheath'd his jhining Steel, prepared, Though Jeitfd withfitddm Fear, to force the Guard. But x$6 Arms and Wealth., Vol But when he found that neither Force nor Fair M< could oblige Charon to waft him over, the Golden Bo was produc'd, which had been hitherto conceal'd (I At the fight of which, the angry God was pacified. *■ If neither Piety , nor Heaven's Command, Can gain his Paffage to the Stygian Strand, This fatal Prefent ¡hall prevail, at leaft, (Thenjliew , dtheGo\ácü'Boügh,conceaPdwithin her Vefi . No more was needful ; for the Gloomy God Stood mate with Awe^ to fee the Golden Rod, &c. Let Princes therefore take Care to keep thofe Eyest Prudence upon their Scepters, clear, and quick-fightec not difdaining Oeconomy, Which is the Safety and Pre fervation thereof^ Princes being, as 'twere, theFatheii of their People. The Great Augufim condefcended, 2 we have faid before, for the Good of the Publick, t take the Accompts of the Empire with his own Hand Spain had had long fince the Univerfal Empire of th World, if it had been lefs Extravagant in War, am more Regular and Methodical in Peace •, but through certain Negligence, the ufuai EftecT: of Grandeur, it ha; fuffér'd thofe Riches which ihould have render'd it Invin cible, to be made ufe of by other Nations. We pur chafe them of the fimple Indians, for Toys and Baubles i and afterwards, we our felves, as filly as they, -pecmi other Nations to Export them, leaving us Brals, Leadi or fome fuch worthlefs Commodities, in their Head 'Twas the Kingdom of Caftile, which, by its Valour anc Frowefs, ere&ed our Monarchy ; yet others triumph and that fufters, not knowing how to make good Ufe 0;: the vaft Treafures which are brought to them. So Di- vine Providence, in a manner, levels and equals States giving to the Great Ones Strength, without Induítry j and to the Little, Induflry to acquire Strength. But left I fhould feem only to difcover, Wounds, and not heal «1 . ■ « „ ■ , p^^^«— »— ^^— — »— ^™» (S) Prpv. ax. 1.4. * DrydiniVbtf!. them, bl.IT. their Ufe and Atufe. 15:7 em, I will prefcribe fome Remedies ; not drawn from e Quinteflence and Nicety of^peculation, which are rov'd at firft, when new, bpRfterwards reje&ed by xperience \ but fuch as Natural Reafon íhall fuggeít, lid fuch as Ignorance flights as vulgar. The chief Wealth and Riches of Nations, are the its of the Earth ^ no Mines in the World being richer 'nan Agriculture. This the ns£gyptiaw knew, who made e lower End of their Scepters like a Plow-fhare •, to htimate, that its Power and Grandeur was founded upon hat : The fertile Sides of Vefuvius, are richer than 'otofus with all its Gold. 'Tis not by Chance, that Na- ure has fo liberally imparted the Fruits of the Earth to Ml, and hid Gold and Silver in the very Bowels of the iarth : It made thofe common, and expos'd them upon he Superficies of the Earth, on purpofe for Man's Nou- ifliment (9) , and hid thefe in the Bowels thereof, that hey might not eailly be dug out, and refined, knowing hey would prove the Bane and Ruine of Mankind. fain was, in former times, fo rich, almoft only from he Fruits of the Earth, that Lewis King of France, com- ng to Toledo , in the time of King Alpbonfo the Em- peror, was furpriz'd at the Splendour and Magnificence Hi that Court, affirming, That he had not feen the like n all that Part oiAfia or Eur oye, which he had travelled hrough, in his Voyage to the Holy Land. Such was then he Grandeur of one King of Cafiile, though diftra&ed Jwith Civil Wars, and the greateft part of his Kingdom (poifefs'd by the Moors. There are fome Authors affirm, That there was in this Kingdom, in the time of the \Holy War againil the Heathens, a Rendezvous of a Hundred Thoufand Foot, Ten Thoufand Horfe, and ¡Sixty Thoufand Waggons •, and that King Atyhonfo III. daily paid both the Soldiers, Captains^ and Generals, according to their Office and Quality. Thefe vait Ex- , *. \$) Maxima fan hominum e teija vivh 4$ frutfibus. Ariftor. Polk. lib. i. c. 5. pences 1^8 Arms and Wealth, Vol.1 pences and Proviflons, which at prefent feem incredibl the Angle Kingdom of Cafiile could afford •, nay, andi the lame time maintain'd a greater Number of Enemie] without the Afliftance of Foreign Riches ; until a certai] Bifcayner, roving upon the Sea, by fortune, got a figH of this New World, either unknown to, or forgottc by the Ancients, and preferv'd for the Honour tj Columbus, who, after the Death of this Spaniard, dili gently confidering the Obfervations that he, the firil Difcoverer had made, undertook to demonftrate th Difcovery of the Provinces which Nature feemM de' iignedly to feparate from us by Mountainous Wave 1 He communicated this his Project to feveral Princes hoping, by their Afliftance, to facilitate his great aa difficult Enterprize : But all flighted it, as vain and no tionary. Which if they had done through Prudena and Caution, and not Diftruft and Misbelief, they hac merited the fame Praife which Cartba/e 2,ain'd of old which, when fome Sailors were boafling m the Senate 1 of the Difcovery of a wonderful Rich and Deliciou! Ifland, (fuppofed to be HifpanioW) caus'd 'em imme- diately to be put to Death, thinking the Difcovery of fuclr an Ifland would be of more Detriment than Advantage to the Commonwealth. Colttmbw, at laft, applies hint' felf to Their Catholick Ma jellies, Ferdinand and l[abdU\ whofe Generous Spirits, capable of many Worlds, could not be content with one alone. So that having received neceilary Afliftance, he put to Sea -, and after a tedious and hazardous Voyage, in which he encounter'd as great Dan- ger from the Diffidence of his Companions, as from the Sea it felf, he at laft returned to Spain, laden with Gold and Silver. The People flock'd to the Shore of Guadalquivir^ to admire thefe precious Produces of the Earth, brought to light by the Indians, and thither by the Valour and ln- duftry of their Countrymen. But this great Plenty of them foon perverted all Things ; the Husbandman foon leaves Plough, gets into his Embroider'd Silks, and be- gins to be more curious of his Tawny, Sun-burnt Hands j the Merchant Iteps from his Counter into his Sedan. ajid f ol. II. their Ufe and Alufe. 1^9 id lolls it lazily about the Streets , Workmen difdain ieir Tools, and all, forfooth, mult now turn Gentle- len. No Money is current now but Silver and Gold ^ and ur Coin being wholly unmix'd and pure, is coveted and elired by all Nations. Gold and Silver now growing omttion, all Things raife their Price. In fine, It befel ur Kings, as it did the Emperor Nero, whom a certain African put a Trick upon, telling him, in his Grounds ic had found a vaft Treafure, which he believ'd Queen Dido had buried there, either left too much Riches hould enervate the Minds of her Subjects, or left they honld invite others to Invade her Kingdom. Which he Emperor giving credit to, and thinking himfelf al- eady fure of the Treafure,- fquander'd away the Old itock, upon the Hope of thefe New-found Riches : The Lxpeáation of Riches being the caufe of the Publick' iVant (10). Cheated by the fame Hopes, we were jerfuaded that we had no more need of fix'd and itand- ng Treafuries, but think our Ships fufficient, not con- idering that all our Power depends upon the Uncertainty )f the Winds and Seas } as Tiberius faid the Lives of the Romans did, becaufe their Provifions were all brought :hem from Foreign Provinces (11). Which Hazard Aleto confider'd, when diíTuading Godfredo from going :o the Holy Wars, he faid, * Shall then your Life upn the Winds defend ? And as Mens Hopes are generally above their Eftates (12), State and Pomp encreafes , the Salaries, Wages, and other Charges of the Crown are enlarged, out of Confidence and Expectations of thefe Foreign (10) Et dhhwum expeZlatia inter caufas paupertatis public* erat. Tac. 16, Annal. (1 1) At bercule nemo refert, quod Italia externa opk indiget j quod vita populi Romani per incerta maris ¿r tempejlatum quotidie vhitur. Tac 3. Annal. * Taffo. ("12} Sapeentm de facultatibus fuis amplius quam in bis eft, fperant homines, Juftin. Inftic. quibus ex caufe man. §. in fraudan. Riches *, 1 6o Arms and Wealth, Vol.1 Riches •, which being afterwards ill and negligently nía naged, were not fufficient to defray fuch Expences : an< this made way for Debts, and thofe for Ufury and Interefl Neceffity daily encreas'd, and occafion'd new Expences ■ But nothing was fo prejudicial to the Publick, as the AÍ teration of the Coin } which, though not confider'd mould be preferv'd in as much Purity as Religion it felf the Kings, Alphonfo the Wife, Alphonfo XI. and HenryW xvho did offer to alter it, endanger'd both themfelve and Kingdoms •, and their Misfortunes ought to havebeei a Warning to us. But when Ills arc fatal, neither Ex perience, nor Example, can move us. King Phi Up II deaf to all th efe Cautions, doubled the Value of Coppei, Coin, which was before convenient for common Ufe and anfwerable to bigger Money. Foreigners coming t( underftand the Value that the Royal Stamp gave to th¿¡ paultry Metal, began to Trahick with nothing elle! bringing us in vail quantities of Copper ready Coin'dJ in Exchange for our Gold, Silver, and other Merchan- dife : Which did us more Damage, than if all the Mon- gers and venomous Serpents oí Africa had been brought among us : And the Spaniards, who us'd to ridicule thc¡ Rhodians for their Copper Money, became themfelves, the Jeil and Laughing-ftock of the whole World. Track, was ruin'd by this troublefome, fcoundrel Metal , all, things grew dearer, and, by degrees, fcarcer, as in the, time of Alphonfo the Wife Buying and Selling ceas'd, and at the fame time the Revenues of the Crown were! diminiftfd, fo that new Impofitions and Taxes were unavoidable ; whence, for want of Commerce, the Wealth of Caftile was fpent, and the lame Inconveniencies, renew'd, proceeding one from another in a pernicious Circle •, which will at lail prove our Ruine, unlefs a Remedy be timely apply'd, by reducing that kind of! Money to its former and intririfick Value. Who wouldj not think that this World mult be fubdu'd by the Riches, and Wealth of the other ? And yet we fee there were greater Exploits perform'd formerly by pure Valour, than fince, by all thefe Riches } as Tacitus obíérv'd, ia ' the bl. II. their Ufe and Alufe. 16 1 e time of Fitettius (1 3) . Foreign Nations did foon ter find the fame Damage, from the Difcovery of the dies, from their too great Dependance upon their iches y all things grew dearer with them -, as with us, eir Expences furmounted their Revenues : In a word, ey fufFer'd all the fame Inconveniencies with us , which ere fo much greater to them, as being farther Diitance om thofe Provinces ; and the Remedy of Gold and lver which is brought us from the Indies, and which ey muit receive from us, being more uncertain. Thefe are the inconveniencies which the Difcovery of e Indies caufed : In knowing the Caufes of which, we low alfo their Remedies. The Firft, is, Not to negleét griculture, upon Hopes of thofe Riches : Thofe which e receive from the Earth, being more natural, fure, id common to all : Wherefore Husbandmen fhould be icourag'd and exempted from the Oppreifions of War, id all other Incumbrances. The Second, is, That lince all things are reftored j the contrary Means to which they were ruin'd, and le Expences are greater than the Hopes and Expec"ta- on of thofe Metals •, the Prince mould, like a prudent (overnor, provide, as the Senators of Rome advis'd Tero (14), That the Publick Pvevenues ihould rather xceed, than fall íhort of the Expences ; That he fljould íoderate thofe that were fuperfluous and unneceiTary : nitating the Emperors Antoninus Tim, and Alexander Se- erus, the lait of which us'd to fay, That 'twas the Part e a Tyrant, to fupport them with the Intrails of his State. uch a Reform would only Difguit fome few, not the /hole Nation. And if Abufe or Imprudence has rais'd he Salaries of Offices, and Charges in Peace and War •, nd if they are only introduc'd by Vanity, under the itle of Grandeur ; Why ihould they not be corrected and eform'd by Prudence ? And as the greater the King- (_i?) Vires Iuxh corrumpebantur f contra vettrem difciplinam, fainfti- uta m&)ornm 9 apud quot virtute, q' venue to a lefs, yet fufficient number. The Third Remedy, is, That fince Princes are, b Importunity, often forced to grant thofe Things whie are not in their Power •, all fuch Grants, Privilege Immunities and Rewards, as are prejudicial to the Crowi Ihould be revok'd ; efpecially when the fame Cauf< concurr, .as mov'd Their Catholick Majefties to rep» thofe of King Henry IV. For, faid they, in another Lav' A Princes Liberality Jljould not be f o great as to mine him and the Immunities granted to Subjects, fiould b< fuch asm* not prejudice the Crown. But if aJPrince, through Negl gence or Neceifity, has not confider'd this \ it muft b rc'medy'd afterwards. As was after the Abdication < Ramirez. King of -Arragon 3 at which time, all Grants th; ha 'ól. II. their Ufe and Ahufe» 163 id weakned the Crown* were made void. King Henry e Liberal, and Queen Ifabella, did the fame thing : And ing 'John II. repeal'd the Privileges and Immunities Inch himfelf and his PredeceiTors had granted. 'Tis ith Princes, as 'twas with the Idols of Babylon ; from hofe Crowns, according to Jeremiah, the People took eGold and Silver, and apply 'd it to their own life (15). ing Henry III. perceiving the fame Abufe, Imprifon'd veralof his Nobility, and made 'em refund what they id purloin'd from the Crown 5 by which, and a juffc dminiftration of his Revenues, he amafs'd á prodigious reafure in the Cattle of Madrid. The Laft Remedy, (which ihould have been the Firil) , That a Prince Ihould firil regulate the Expences of s own Family, if he would reform thofe of his People : >r their Reformation, as King Tbeodatm. faid (itf), uit be begun by the Prince, that it may be effe&ual. . Levoisy. King of France, advifed his Son Philip to take re that his Expences were moderate and reafonable (17). Is a Misfortune, that Princes think it becomes their randeur to be Carelefs, and keep no Aceompts •, and ke Extravagance to be Liberality, not eonfideringhow >ntemptible they are when poor,; and that true Great- ifs does not confill in Shews, and gaudy Oitentation, it in Gaftles, ftrong Garrifons, and Armies. The Em- :ror Charles V. in the Parliament of Valladolid, mode- ted the Expences of his Hpuihold. The true Great- :fs of Princes, confiiis in being liberal to others, and oderate and (paring to themfelves. Fot which Reafon, fenand, King of Spain and France, ( fo ftiled by the )urth Council of Toledo) us'd to íáy, That Kings ihould ; Aiais Efcafos que Gafiadores ;, that is, Rather Rich lan Laviirh I well know the Difficulty of thefe Reme* ies •, but, as Petrarch faid, in the like cafe, / do my Duty ,- k nd though all that is requifite* cannot be executed ; it (i§) Baruch 6.g. (16) A domefiicis volumus inckoare difciplinam 9 reliquos pudeat errare, quando nojiris cogncfcimur excedendi licemiam mjtrtbere. Caí*, lib. ic. ep. 5. (1*7) Da operam ut itnperfe tn* mo- ratajihtj & miom confemane*. Bell, in Vic, S. Lud. M 2 .ought 1 64 Arms and Wealth, &c Vol. Ought to be reprefented, to accomplish the Defign this Book (18). I dare hardly fay any thing about the Remedies Money, it being the Apple of the Eye of the State, w you cannot touch, without hurting \ fo that 'tis better t let it alone, than to alter the ancient Method : Th acuteft Judgment cannot forefee all the Inconvenience which attend every Alteration thereof, until they ar difcover'd by Experience : For it being, as it were, th Rule and Meafure of Contracts, every one feels the leaJ Variation of it \ Commerce is difturb'd, and the who! State diforder'd. Wherefore, after King Peter II. ha Abdicated the Throne, it was prudently Enacted by tr Kingdom of Arragon^That all their Kings thenceforwan ihould take an Oath, not to alter any thing about t\ Coin. This is the Duty of a Prince, as Pope hmoctm II wrote to the fame King Peter, when his Subjects bega to rebell againft him. Of which this feems to be tl Reafon ^That the Prince is fubject to the Law of Nation and as Publick Truftee, ought to take care that there t no Alteration in the Nature of the Coin, which coniif in Matter, Form, and Quantity -, nor can any Kingdoi be conftituted, where that is not pure. But not to I wholly filent in a Matter fo Important to Governmen I'll mention Two things. Firft, That Money is the Juft and Convenient, when the Coin or Stamp adds m thing to the Intriniick Value of it, and when the Go!, and Silver have the common Alloy of other Nation 1 ! for this will prevent its being Exported. The other, 1 That it íhould be of the fame Weight and Value wi 1 that of other Nations, permitting alfo the Currency Foreign Coin : Nor will it at aH derogate from the Princt Authority, lince the Coin ferves only to (hew the Weigí and Value of it. And this feems molt commodious,' i thofe Kingdoms which hold Correfpondence and Tra^^W ( 1 8} Multa feribo non tarn ut feculo meo profim, a jut jam defpi miferia eft, quam ut tntiffam cffocqt'u es^erem, f the fame Body, íhould pull this Tree two different vays, they would rend, buril, and ruine the Crown. For Humane Ambition fometimes forgets' the Bonds of nature. When States are divided among Brothers, the* £rown can never remain entire, and in Union \ for ivery one is for himfelf, and grafps at the whole Sceptre js his Father held it. So it befell King Sancho the Elder. Divine Providence united all the Kingdoms of Spain to liis Empire, that by their Joint-Force they might expelí :he Moors^ and free themfelves from their Tyrannick slavery : But he, through Fatherly Affc&ion, rather :han prudent' Policy, divided his Kingdoms among his Children, thinking that fo they would be itronger, and nore ready to unite againfl. the Common Enemy *. 3nt inftead of that, each of the Brothers fet up for King limfelf. So that the Crown being thus rent in pieces, oil its Strength and Splendour, And as DomelTick Feuds and Grudges are more inveterate than other, they bon grew to Civil Wars, each endeavouring to depofe lis Brother, to the utmoit Detriment" óf the Pnblick. Fhis Example might, one would have thought, have been 1 Warning to all Princes, for the future ; yet we find f Women to the Crown, in default of Heirs Male \ for >therwife the Crown would be fubjed to Diviilons, by Collateral Pretentions. And though the Salique Law y inder the Pretence of the Frailty and : Imbecility of that >ex, ( if It mayn't leather foe call'd the Envy and Ambition )f Men ) \does, contrary to the many glorious Examples )f the Valour and' Gondud of the Female Sex, urge many nconveniencies," which may feem to exclude them from he Admihiftration , yet is there -none fo weighty as to )alance the Advantage of preventing an Interregnum. >íay, there are itrong Reafons why they ought to bead- nitted, it preventing Pretenfions andCivil Wars about :he Succeffion : And delicies, matching the Heirefs to bme Great Prince, there acceeds a confiderable Addi- ion to the Crown \ as it happen'd to the Kingdom of laftile and the Houfe oiAnftria. If the above-mention'd nconveniencies are ever of weight, 'tis in fmall Princi- palities •, where the Heirefs marrying with other Princes, :he Family may become extind, and one State be con- Sounded with the other. ($) Minoridifcrjminefumiprincipemquimqwsri. Tac. i.Hift. EMBLEM jyo Ináuflry the Support^ ana Vol EMBLEM L*kXL WHAT does not Labour overcome ? It fubdi Iron, foftens Brafs, draws out Gold into tr fineit Wire, and cuts the hardeft Diamonds^ A foft Rope does, by continual Motion, wear the Marble Edge of the Well. By this Confideration, St. Ifidorc, when he apply'd himfelf to Study, overcame the Dulnefs of his Genius. What Fort was ever fo ilrong, as that Afliduity could not conquer it? The continued Force of that Engine, which the Ancients calFd a Ram, would make a Breach in the thickeft and ítróngeít Walls. And; we fee now a-days, that Caftles, though defended by Artillery Walls, Ramparts and Ditches, are at laft forced to yiek} to the Spade and Mattock. No Difficulty ' retards or checks a Conftant Spirit. The Temple of' Glory is not fituated in a delightful Valley, nor in a delicióos ÍTol. Tí. Idlenefs the Bane, of the State. tyi lelicious Plain, but upon a rugged Mountain's Top, not o be arriv'd at, but by rough, uncouth Paths, over-run vith Thorns and Brambles. The Temples of Minerva, Mars, and Hercules, (Deities glorious for their Vertue) «iere not built of Corinthian or CaiVd Work, finely mbelliih'd with curious Engravings, as were thofe of Flora and Venm ; but after the Dorick Faíhion, rough md unpoliih'd : Nor did the Cornices and Chapiters of * :he Pillars íhew any thing, but that they were built by- Labour and Induflry, not by Luxury and Eafe. 'Twas lot the Ship Argos\ lying at Anchor in Port, that pre- : err'd it to the Skies ; but its daring the Wind and Sea, ind refolutely expofmg it felf to all Dangers and Diffi- nilties. Never did any Prince Enlarge his Territories by Effeminacy, Luxury and Eafe. Labour, Traffick md Induftry are necellary to all, but to none more than to a Prince ; for others are born only for themfelves, but a Prince for All. A Kingdom is not an Office of Repofe and Reft. Certain Courtiers once were dif- courfing before Alph'onfo, King of Arragon and Naples, againit the neceflfity of a Prince taking Pains ; Do yon think then, fays he, that Nature gave Princes Hands to do nothing. That wife Prince had, doubtlefs, considered the admirable Compofure of them, their Joints, their Readi- nefs to open, and their Strength to hold, and alfo their mutual Aptnefs to do whatever the Mind propofes, be- ing, as it were, the Inftruments of all Arts : Whence he concluded, that this exquilite Structure was not acci- dental, or merely for no Ufe, but for Pains and Toil, Labour and Induftry.' The . Prince whofe Hands are carelefs and unclinched, will foon drop his Sceptre,- and give his Courtiers opportunity of catching at it. As it befell King John II. who fo wholly gave himfelf up to the Diverfions of Poetry and Mufick, that he could not endure the Weight of Affairs, and either careleily tranfa&ed them himfelf, or left 'em totally to the Management of his Minifters ; rather chufing this fottifli Eafe, than the glorious Labour of Government } not at all regarding the Examples of his Heroick Prede- i cefíbrs. lyi Induflry the Support, and Vol.! ceflbrs. So we often find, that the Vertne and dent Courage of Anceítors is wholly extinguiih'd ii| their Pofterity, by the Luxury and Voluptuoufhefs o: Empire, and fo the Race of great Princes becomes dege- nerate •, as we fee in Horfes, when they are remov'd fro*] a dry and lean Pafture, into one too fat and fertile] This Confidcration mov'd Frederick King oí Naples, upoi his Death-bed, to write to his Son the Duke of CalabrUA to inure his Body to Military Exercife, and notfuffei himfelf to be debauch'd by Pleafures, nor vanquiih'd bj Difficulties and Dangers *. Labour and Employment is, as it were, the Anchor of the Mind t without which, it would be tofs'd about with the Waves of PafTion, and daih'd to pieces upon the Rocks of Vice. God enjoyn'd Labour to Man, asa Puniíhment} yet fo, as it might bci at the' fame time the Means of his Quiet and Profpe- rity (i). Thofe Foundations and noble Superftruchnes of the Monarchies of the A4cdes y Ajfyrians, Greeks and Romans, were not founded by Sloth and La7Jnefs ? but by Toil and Labour. It was that which fo long fupported their Grandeur , 'tis this which ftill preferves Oeco- nomies in Kingdoms : For fince it partly depends upon the mutual Afliftance of Peoples Labours, when they flag, all' thofe Convenjencies at the fame time ceafe 5 which oblig'd Men to Society and Order of Govern* ment. Divine Wifdom propofes the Example of the Ant, to inftruci Men in their Duty ; for that, with great Care and Prudence, lays up a Store in the Summer, to iiipply its Neceifity in Winter (2). Let Princes learn from this little, prudent Animal, timely to provide their Cities, Forts and Garrifons with Neceífaries ^ and to make Preparations in the Winter, to meet the Enemy in the Spring. Nor is the Commonwealth of Bees lefs aífiduous than thefe ; you fliall never find them idle, but continually employed both within and without their little Cells ^ the Diligence of each, caufes the Profperity of aH. And if the Labour of thefe little Animals can — ■■ ■ . .,— 1» I ■■■■■■■ I ■ . ■ !■ ■>■ !■— ^— fc— ^^^ ■■■ ■■■ II ■■!!■■ ■» ■ ^— *» * Mar.Hift. Hifp. 1. 28. C 1.1. (1} Gen. 3. 19. (2) Frov.6.6, enrich rol. If. Idlenefs the Bane, of the State. 1 7 j ¡nrich the whole World with Honey and Wax *, What ?ould a Kingdom do, in which all the People ihould !e equally Induftrious ? For this Reafon, in China^ tho' [ be fo Populous, that it reckons Seventy Millions of uhabitants •, they all live in the greateft Affluence and 'lenty, there being none among them but exerciíésíbme írade. The Scarcity of things in Spain, proceeds from he want of this, not from the Infertility of the Soil ; or in the Countries of Murcia and Carthagena^ Wheat re- urns a hundred Corns for one, and might thereby fuitain . War for many Ages : But this Misfortune arrives from he negleft of Husbandry, Trades, Bufinefs, and Com- nerce , the People, even the meaneft of them, being fo ¡xceffive proud, that they can't be content with what ^ot Nature has given them, but afpire to fomething ;reater, loathing thofe Employments which are not igreeable to their affe&ed Grandeur. The Reafon of «vhich, feems to be, that the Bounds between the Nobi- ity and the Commonalty are not fo well diftinguiih'd fVith us, as in Germany. But as Noble and Well-employ'd Labour is Advan- :ageous, that which is Nice and Superfluous is Preju- iicial. For Mens Minds are not lefs effeminated by foft md eafie Employments, than by Idlenefs. Wherefore the Prince ought to take particular care to employ his Subjects in fuch Arts as tend to the De- fence and Prefervation of the State, not to Luxury and Debauchery. How many Hands are vainly wearied in adorning one Finger, and how few in the Neceffities of the Body ? How many are employed in making Con- veniences for Pleafure and Recreation, and how few in mailing neceffary Works for the Defence of Cities ? How many in Gardening, and forming curious- Figures in Box or Myrtle , and how few in Agriculture > Whence we fee Kingdoms abound fo muchinfuperfluous Trifles, and want thofe things which are moft neceifary. Since therefore Labour is fo conducive to the Preferva- tion of a State, the Prince ought to take care that it be continual, and not be hiudred by too great a number of Holv- 174 Indufiry the Support, and Vol.] Holy-Days, fuch as the People, through a kind of PiajÉ, Levity, dedicate to Divine Worfhip : For Experience Ihews us, that fuch are more employ'd in profane Gamej and Sports, than Religious Exercife. But if Labourers would fpend thofe Days, as we read St. lfidorc oí Madrid did, 'twere to be hop'd that the Time would not be loft, and that Angels would defcend and hold the Plough: But Experience has ¿aught us the contrary. One Holy- day in which all Arts and Trade ceafes, is more con- iiderable than any Tax ^ and, as St.Chryfofiom fays, Sairnt take no delight in being worjhipfd, at the Expence of the, Poor (3). So that Holy-Days and Working-Days Ihould be fo divided, as that thofe might not hinder the other (4J. And it was argued in the Council of Alentz^ in the time of Pope Leo III. whether 'twas not better either to reduce them to a lefs Number, or elfe to trans- ferr fome of them to the next Sundays. Though generally the End of all A&ions is Reft, yet 'tis otherwife in thofe which belong to Government! For 'tis not fufficient for Princes and States to labour, but their Labour muft alfo be continual. One Hour's Neg- ligence in aGarrifon, fruftrates the Care and Vigilance- of many Months. The Roman Empire, which had been fupported by the Labour and Valour of Six Ages, was, ruin'd by the Negligence of a few Months. Spain would fcarce repair the Lofs in Eight Year, which it fuftain'di in Eight Months. There ihould be no Interpoiition of Idlenefs between the Acquisition and Prcfervation of Empires. The Husbandman has no fooner got his Har- veft into the Barn, but he immediately goes to Plough again ; his Labours never end, but continually renew. If he Ihould rely upon his Grainery, and leave his Lands untill'd j he would foon find one empty, and the other over-run with Weeds and Bryers. But there is* this difference between the Husbandman and the Prince j (3) Non giváent Martyres % quando exillif pecunitt bonountw, inqnibu ptuperes plorant. St. Chryfoft. lup. Matth. (4) Oponere dhiii farrot & negotiofot diis 3 ajii'tm HwtA eohrennr, £? hmwti non impedircsu Tac. 13. jornal. That r ol. II.' IlUetiefs the Bane, of the State. 175- 'hat he has his Set-times of Sowing and Reaping, but íe Prince has not : For in Government, all Months are y t embers to Sow, and Angufts to Reap in. Let not a Prince believe that the Pains and Labours of is Anceftors excufe him, for this Motion muft be con- nual : And as declining things furely fall, unlefs fuppor- :d by fome new Force •, fo do Empires, unlefs fuftain'd y the Strength of the SucceíTor. This is the Caufefaswe ave obferv'dj of the Ruines of all Kingdoms. When ly Monarchy fliall be once inftituted and founded, it . tould ne'er be idle, but ihould imitate Heaven, whoíé >rbs continue their Motion from their firit Creation } ad if they ihould once flop., the Generation and Pro- u&ion of all Things would ceafe. The Exercife of tates ihould be always continual and vigorous, and not e corrupted by Idlenefs or Intermiflion - 7 as we fee the ea, if not agitated by the Winds, is kept in Motion by s Tides. Citizens who carelefly give themfelves up to leafure and Luxury, without ever moving their Hands ) Work or Labour, are their own greateit Enemies, uch Idlenefs plots againft the Laws and Government, ad is nourifli'd by Vice, from whence proceeds all the iternal and External Misfortunes of States. That Repofe nly is commendable and beneficial which is the Gift of eace, and which is employ'd in Trade, and Employ- lents and Exercifes Military and Civil, by which all njoy a ferene, peaceable and fecure Tranquility. EMB LEM iy6 Labour without Reft, Intolerable. Vo! EMBLEM LXXTL i TH E Steel would lofe its Spring, and the Strii its Force, if a Bow were always bent. Labowj is neceiTary and beneficial, but cannot continwl without fome intermiffion. The Yoke does not alway hang upon the Oxe's Neck. The Force and Vigour oj Things confiits in Viciifitude. From Motion comes Reft and from thence Motion again (i). Nothing, (fays th< wife Jltyhonfo} can continue long, which takes no Re>\ fate. Even Land mult be Fallowed, that it may af ] terwards bring better Crops. Vertue is refreíh'd and ftrengthned by Reft (2), like the Stream of a Fountaii (0 Koflram omsermitam, in remifftonem at que Jludium tjfe divifam Plat, de lib. Educat. (2) Otium enim turn ad vittutcs ¿eaertndas, tt$ tfd civiJia mwra obewida requirumur. drift, (toil, U 7. c. 9. (th( r ol. II. Lalour without Reft, Int oler alie, 177 he Figure of the prefent Emblem) when ftopp'd by the and. A feafonable Rett, Refrejhment gives • And weary Valour, after Eafe, revives. For this Reafon, Day and Might have divided the burs into Labour and Reft. While half the World akes, th'other fleeps. And the Ancients feign'd, that ren Jove himfelf fometimes eas'd himfelf, by laying the iirthen of the World upon the Shoulders oí Atlas. he moil Robuit Gonftitutions are not able continually > bear the Fatigues of Government. Continual Toil eakens the Body, and befots the Mind ; fo does alfo >o much Eafe (3). It ihould be therefore only as Watering to Plants, which refreihes, not drowns lem : or like Sleep, which, if moderate, corroborates 5 exceflive, rather enervates the Body. There are no •iverfions better than thofe which at the fame time re- "eate and initruct. the Mind, as does the Converfation : ingenious and learned Perfons. Such the Emperor \drian always entertain'd at his Table -, which, for lat reaibn, Philofiratus call'd, A Rendez/voHZ. of the earned. The fame, Pliny commends in Trajan -, and ampridivu in Alexander Severas (4). Alphonfo, King f Naples, always retir'd with them, after Dinner, into íother Apartment, that he might fas he us'd to fay) ed his Mind, as he had done his Body. Tiber im never avell'd from Rome without Nerva and Attkw, Men f excellent Learning, to diredt him (5 ). Francis, the irft King of France, learn'd fo much from his conitant id continual Converfation with fuch learned Men, that lough he had never apply'd himfelf to Literature, he (3) Nafcitur ex ajjiduitate labor um animorum hebetado qua Jam, tfy nguor. Senec. de Tranquil. Anim. (4) Cum inter fitos convivar etur, it Vlpiatmm, ant dtilos homines adhibebat, nt habere fábulas literatas^ tibusfe recrean dicebat fo pafci. Lamp, in Vic. Akx. Scv. (5) Coc- ins Nervt,cni legum peritia : eques Romanus,pater Sejanum,& Olnfiribus uxt'tus Anicus ', c£teri liberalibm artibus fraditi fermé Graci^ quorum rmonibtít hvaretut. Tac 4. Aonal. N would 178 Labour without Reft, Intolerable. Vol. 1 would dilcourfc very pertinently upon any Subject. Bi this commendable Cuftom is out of date ; and inftead ( it, Princes keep Buffoons, Jefters, and Ridiculous Fe! lows, for their Entertainment at Table. The Erroi and Shame of Nature are become now their Diverfion They love to hear themfelves prais'd, though und< fervedly : And though Reafon and Modefty would n ject thofe Praifes, as coming from fomc Fool •, yet Sel conceit eafily receives them j and the Ears being by cb grees us'd to them, foon give way to Flatterers an Pick-thanks. Their Jeits impofeupon the Will, beiu generally obfeene, fometimes vicious. And if fui Bufibonry can divert the Mind, how much more will Ú neat and witty Difcourfcs of the Learned, who not beiu too grave and rigid ("as they are fometimes j can t facetious and witty upon occafion ? If there be as Diverfion in looking upon fome miihapen, ridiculot Monfter • What Satisfaction will it be, to hear of Ú prodigious Works of Nature, and to difcourfe of h( Wonders and Secrets ? Athenaus mentions of Anacharftt that fome of thefe Buffoons being once brought to TaW to promote Mirth, he remain'd grave and ferious, bi laught heartily at the fight of an Ape, faying, That tk jinimal was naturally ridiculous, but Man only by Art, m bafe Affettation (6) This Compofure was great, an becoming the Dignity of a Prince. Thefe Fools are kind of Publick Spies in Courts, Corruptors of Manner and very often Plotters againft the Prince and State For which Reafon, the Emperors Augujirus, and AUxandx Severm, would never entertain them. If they are goo for any thing, 'tis for the Truth they tell the Gre; Ones by way of Jeit. Some Princes, through the Glory and Ambition < Affairs, think themfelves fufHciently eas'd, in reltk (6) Accitis in conviv'wn peritis adrifum cornmovendurtt hminibus, folk omnium non rififle, poft autemindufta. Jimia in rifum foJutum, dixif?, A' tira id Animal ridiculum, bominem atttm arte, & JhJh eo<{ue p*n honcjh. Athcn. 1. 4. froi ■Tol. II. Lahur without Reft, Intolerable. 179 jiom Matters of Importance, and employing themfelves In thofe of lefs moment } as the Hair of a Mad Dog iures his Bite. But becaufe then all Minds are notdi» lerted by this means , and that there is no Affair, though lever fo little, but requires Attention enough to tire the 4ind \ 'tis neceiTary to befometimes wholly unemploy'd, nd to quit, for a time, the Trouble and Toil of Govern» lient (7). Bufinefs ought to be fo mix'd with Diver» on and Paftime, as that the Mind may neither be op» irefs'd by the firit, nor enervated by the latter : It being