F'OR HEW YORK BAY AND EiARBOR TO YONKERS AND GREAT CAPTAIN ISLAND By CAPT. R. M. PUQSLEY DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FRIENDS OF DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF m Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from Duke University Libraries - , https://archive.org/details/pugsleysnewyorkp01pugs PUGSLEY’S 'I AND GUIDE TO THE United States Local Inspectors Examination OF MASTERS AND PILOTS FOR NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR TO YONKERS AND GREAT CAPTAIN ISLAND AND A COMPLETE NEW YORK PILOT CONTAINING ALL USEFUL INFORMATION BY CAPT. R. M. PUGSLEY Author of “The Pilot,” “How to Do the Work,” “The Navigator,” “Mariner’s Guide,” “Current-Course Projector,” “Course Pro- tractor,” “Learner’s Compass Card,” '•Course Corrector,” “Guide to U. S. Local Inspectors Examination of Masters and Mates of Ocean-Going Steam and Sail Vessels,” etc. EXPERT INSTRUCTOR IN NAVIGATION jPRICE, S2.00 Published by R. M. RUGSLRY NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 1916 Copj^right, 1916, by R. M. Pugsley TABLE FOR CONVERTING POINTS INTO DEGREES AND THE CONTRARY ..... N-rsijxT . . . . C/3«3COa}tBM[/5CCa2XU372C/2CCa3XCO'7:cOXX-XX: Hwa .aaa,„- . . . >... in in-/} a a .aaa ;^^aaaa ^ ^ i*.. 'J^ ‘J^ i/3c/3cflM73 72ccaiaiMc/3tcMy3c/3t/3a3c/jxa3Mait/;aaaaaaaaa ; X o ir: « • 5t5S? S^’S? S^sSS T-tr-it-■>> t ^ ^ ^ S>- > >• Z 2 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ^^?^^?^^^ aaa •aaa .. -..H.^aaaa z^^'“'^’°'“zzzzaaaaaaaaaaaazzzz'^^^^" zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzaaaaaaaaa CX3.?‘iASj ? ? 7i/^ PREFACE The chief object of this work is to produce in one volume a standard Examination Guide and complete New York Pilot con- taining the most important information of the port not generally published in a form conveniently available. Any applicant for a license as master or pilot who writes the answers to the questions given him so as to contain the substance of those given in these pages will obtain the license for which he is eligible, and every applicant should understand the Pilot Rules thoroughly, as the examination in that branch is a rigid one. A few days’ practice with models placed in every possible position before entering the examination should not be neglected. All that is required for an applicant to prepare himself is contained herein, and the time and expense of attending school may be saved. An applicant for a license of any kind should not attend any school which does not guarantee in writing that he will not fail at the examination, and agrees also in writing to return his money to him in case of failure. In addition to the requirements of the examination, consid- eration has been given the general arrangement of the subject, that it may fully satisfy the demand for a complete New York Pilot and also a work of reference for the practical navigator, yachtsman and others. R. M. PUGSLEY. Books and Instruments by CAPT. R. M. PUQSLEY FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS CAPT. PUQSLEY’S GUIDE to the U. S. Local In- spectors Examination of Masters and Mates of Ocean-Going Steam and Sailing Ships, with com- plete instructions and information for those who wish to learn navigation and save the expense of attending school by preparing themselves for the examination. Price, $2.00. CAPT. PUQSLEY’S NEW YORK PILOT AND GUIDE to the U. S. Local Inspectors Examination of Masters and Pilots for New York Bay and Harbor. Covers inland pilot examinations generally except the sailing directions. Price, $2.00. CAPT. PUQSLEY’S TIDES. A special work on com- putation of tides for use of applicants for U. S. Local Inspectors licenses. Contains 18 problems worked by two methods, covering everj^ condition with detailed explanation for each one. Price $2.00. CAPT. PUQSLEY’S LEARNER’S COMPASS CARD. — For those who wish to learn the compass. Price, 50 Cents. Any of the abo7'e bcoAs sent to any address 071 receipt of price by CAPT. R. n. PUQSLEY 17 South Street, New York City HOW TO OBTAIN A LICENSE First, go to the United States local inspectors of steam vessels, obtain a blank application and an order to the Marine Hospital Surgeon, who will examine the eyes. Then fill in the application with the experience, stating the name and gross tonnage of each vessel, the capacity served in and period of service. The application must be signed by persons holding a certificate of a grade not lower than that for which the application calls. Or it may be signed by owners or agents of vessels in which the applicant has served. The signers must be of good reputa- tion and have a personal knowledge of the correctness of the statements set forth in the application. Three signers are required. The statements set forth in the application must be supported by letters or discharges from the masters, owners or agents of the vessels in which the applicant has served. NOTICE An Act To amend section forty-four hundred and forty-five, of title fifty-two, of the Eevised Statutes of the United States relating to the licensing of officers of steam vessels. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section forty-four hundred and forty-five, of title fifty-two, of the Revised Statutes, be, and is hereby, amended by adding thereto the following paragraphs : “Every applicant for license as either master, mate, pilot, or 6 engineer under tlie provisions of this title shall make and sub- scribe to an oatli or aliinnation, before one of the inspectors referred to in this title, to the truth of all the statements set forth in his application for such license. “Any person who shall make or subscribe to any oath or affirma- tion authorized in this title and knowing the same to be false shall be deemed guilty of perjury. “Every licensed master, mate, pilot, or engineer who shall change, by addition, interpolation, or erasure of any kind, any certificate or license issued by any inspector or inspectors referred to in this title shall, for every such offense, upon con- viction, be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment at hard labor for a term not exceeding three years.” Sec. 2. That this Act shall take effect immediately. Approved, March 23, 1900. LETTERS OF SERVICE The law requires that the U. S. Local Inspectors shall have proper written evidence supporting the statements set forth in an application for a license. Most letters of recommendation are given with good intention and a desire that they may be of value to the person to whom they are given. Strange as it may seem, many letters which are very strong recommendations prove to be absolutely worthless when put before the LT. S. Local Inspectors as evidence to support some statement made in an application. As such letters so frequently inconvenience the applicant and annoy the U. S. Local Inspectors, the following form is suggested: 1 A PROPEE LETTER New Yokk, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1917. To whom it may concern : — This is to certify that Jolin Jones served as seaman in the Str. Pole Star from July 6. 1916, to December 9, 1916. engaged in general towing between Sandj' Hook and Y'onkers and Long- Island Sound to New Haven. During that time he proved to be sober, honest, capable and reliable. John Brown, Master, Str. Pole Star. A WORTHLESS LETTER New York, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1917. To whom it may concern : — This is to certify that John Jones has been seaman with me for six months and I have always found him to be sober, honest and reliable in all his dealings. .John Brown, Master, Str. Pole Star. The above style of letter reads very well, but is worthless when presented to the U. S. local inspectors, because the time of service, name of the ship, waters navigated and qualifications as a seaman are not mentioned. 8 9 (JUE8T10XS. Q. 1. Give the courses, distances, buoys and least depth at mean low water on each course for the waters for which you ask to be licensed. Q. 2. Describe the lights, their location and fog signals. Q. 3. Give the name and location of the rocks and shoals, least depth on them at mean low water and how they are marked on the waters for which you ask to be licensed. Q. 4. Give the bearings and distances between the headlands, other prominent points and lights. Q. 5. \ou are bound in through the Swash Channel on the ebb tide. A steamer is bound out and blows one whistle. Both vessels will reacli the Swash Channel red bell buoy C about the same time. Explain what j'ou would do and why ? Q. 6. You are entering the harbor through the Swash Channel towing a large, light vessel with a strong E. X. E. wind and ebb tide. A tow of deep-loaded scows is bound out. Wbat would you do and why? Q. 7. You are entering the harbor through the Gedney Channel with flood tide and you see a long tow in the Swash Channel bound out. tYhat precaution would you take and why? Q. 8. What does the term “abeam" mean? Q. 9. What does the term “abreast” mean? Q. 10. What precautions would you take when passing near a dredge or digger moored in a channel ? Q. 11. What is the meaning of the terms “right” and “left” handed as applied to propellers and what is their action ? Q. 12. Explain the system of buoyage? Q. 13. What is the meaning of the terms “short blast” and “prolonged blast” of the whistle? Q. 14. What does one “short blast” of the whistle signify? Q. 15. What does two “short blasts” of the whistle signify? Q. 16. What does three “short blasts” of the whistle signify? 10 Q. 17. What is the danger signal? Q. 1 miles to Amboy Cut entrance buoy, leaving Chapel Hill Cut black buoy 1 on the starboard hand and black wreck buoy 1 and Point Comfort black Imoy 1 on the port hand. If necessary to anchor, do so about hi niile S. E. of Amboy Cut entrance (nun, black and white perpendicular stripes) buoy. Least depth 22 feet. Hudson River to Yonkers. From a position in about the middle of the river between the Battery and Communipaw Docks run X. by E. % E. for 3h4 miles to abreast 32nd Street. Least depth about 614 fathoms. From this point run X. E. hi X. for 5hi miles to abreast 1.52nd Street. Least depth about 6 fathoms. At this point change the course to X. X. E. and run 1 mile and Jeffreys Hook lights will be abeam. Least depth about 8 fathoms. From Jeffreys Hook lights abeam run X. E. % X. for 214 miles to abreast Spuyten Duyvil. Least depth about C fathoms. 21 From this point run X. X. E. 14 E. for 3y^ miles to abreast Yonkers. Least depth about 6 fathoms. East River to Suaken Meadow. Bring the Day l\Iark on Pier 10 (Brooklyn) in range with the northwest tower of Hotel ^lar- garet, hearing E. % X., and keeping this range on run E. i/g N. about 1 mile until in line with Pier 8 (Xew York) and clear of Dimond and Coenties Reefs. Least depth about 5 fathoms. From this position run X. E. % E. for % of a mile, passing under the center of Brooklyn Bridge, and then change the course to E. 14 heading for the center of Manhattan Bridge, and run about 14 of a mile. Least depth about 6 fathoms. From this point run E. % S. for nearly % of a mile to abreast Ordnance Dock (Xavy Yard). Least depth about 7 fathoms. From this point run X. E. by X. 14 X. about % of a mile, passing under the center of Williamsburg Bridge, and then change the course to X. E. % X. and run about 14 of a mile to abreast 10th St. Ferry Slip (Xew York), and Shell Reef red buoy 6 will be abeam on the port side. Least depth about 8 fathoms. From tliis point run X. 14 E. for 1% miles to abreast 4Qth St., leaving Xea Rock obstruction buoy on the port hand and Black- wells Island Reef bell buoy on the starboard hand, and Black- wells Island Reef light will be abeam. Least depth 514 fathoms. From this position run X. E. about 2 miles, keeping the middle or starboard side of the channel, and Blackwells Island light will be abeam on the starboard side. Least depth about 7 fathoms. From this point run X. E. by E. 14 E. for nearly 14 of a mile, • and Hallets Point light will be abeam on the port side, distant 200 to 500 feet. Least depth about 7 fathoms. From this position run E. % S. for % of a mile, and Xegro Point light will bear X. 14 W., distant % of a mile. Least depth about 514 fathoms. From this point run X. E. by E. about 14 of a mile, and Xegro Point Bluff will be abeam on the port hand. Least depth about 12 fathoms. 22 From this position run N. E. X. about % of a mile, and Sunken Meadow light will he abeam on tlie port side. Execution Rocks to Sunken !Meauow. Bring Execution Rocks light to bear about N. W. % X., distant atjout 14 of a mile, and run S. W. I4 for 3% miles, leaving Hart Island red bell buoy 32 on tlie starboard hand and keeping E.xecution Rocks light white and Sands Point Reef black buoy 21, Gangway Rock black bell buoy 23 and Hewlett Point black buoy 2.5 on the port hand, and Stepping Stones light will be abeam on the port side. Least depth 9 fathoms. From this position run S. S. W. for 1% miles, leaving Throgs Keck red buoy on the starboard hand, and Tlirogs Keck light will bear K. K. W. 14 distant % of a mile. Least depth about 7 fathoms. From this position run W. K. W. for 1% miles, and Whitestone Point will bear S., distant 14 of a mile. Least depth about 614 fathoms. From this position run W. 14 S. for 214 miles nearly, leaving College Point bell buoy 1 on the port hand, and Hunts Point red buoy 2' will be abeam on the starboard side. Least depth about 0 fathoms. From this j)osition run K. W. 14 W. about I4 of a mile, when Rikers Island light will bear W. S. W. Least depth about 514 fathoms. From this point run W. K. W. 14 K. about % of a mile, leaving Oak Bluff Rock red buoy 214 on the starboard hand and Korth Brother Island black buoy 3A on the port hand, and Oak Bluff lights will bear K. E. 14 E., distant about 14 of a mile. Least depth about Oy, fathoms. From this position run S. W. 1/0 W. for 1 mile, leaving Sunken Meadow Middle Ground black buoy 9 on the port hand, and Sunken Meadow light will be abeam. Least depth about 7 fathoms. South Amboy. If bound to South Amboy, stand in W. % S. with the Bayside Range on, and when the Sandy Hook Range comes on bearing S. E. by E. 14 E., change the course to X. W. by W. % W. and run 6 miles to Amboy Cut entrance buoy, leaving Chapel Hill Cut black buoy 1 on the starboard hand, black wreck buoy 1 and Point Comfort black buoy 1 on the port hand. If necessary to anchor, do so about 14 of a mile S. E. of Amboy Cut entrance (nun black and white perpendicular stripes) buoy. Least depth 22 feet. Leave Amboy Cut entrance buoy on either side and run X. W. by W. 14 W. for 1% miles, leaving red buoy 4y, on the starboard hand and black buoys 114 and 3 on the port hand. Least depth 19 feet. From black buoy 3 run W. Vs N. for % of a mile, heading for Princess Bay light, leaving black buoy 5 on the port hand. Least depth 22 feet. From this ijoint run S. W. % W. for % of a mile. Least depth 21 feet. At this point change the course to S. W. by W. Vs and run for % of a mile, leaving red buoy 0 on the starboard hand. Least depth 19 feet. From this point run S. W. Vs S. for % of a mile, leaving red buoy 8 on the starboard hand. Then make the turn to starboard and run X. W. by W. 14 IV. for % of a mile, leaving black buoy 7 on the port hand. Least depth 19 feet. From this point run W. Vs N. for % of a mile, leaving Great Beds light on the starboard hand, and then change the course to X. W. and run for % of a mile to abreast South Amboy, leaving black buoy 9 on the port hand. Least depth 19 feet. Perth Ajiboy. If bound to Perth Amboy, when a little past black buoy 7, Great Beds light will bear W. X. W. Then change the course to X. by W. and run % of a mile to the obstruction buoy off Wards Point, which is left on the port hand. Least depth 20 feet. From this point run X. by W. Vs ^V. for about 1 mile to abreast Perth Amboy, leaving the obstruction buoy off Perth Amboy on the port hand. Least deptli 20 feet. Sandy Hook Bay Anchorage. If hound into Sandy Hook Bay, stand in W. % S. with the Bayside Range on, and when the 24 Sandy Hook Range conies on bearing S. E. by E. i/g E. change the course to S. iiy W. and run about % of a mile and anchor in about 51/2 fathoms. The anchorage is good and clear of the • ranges. Perth A.mroy to Elizabetiiport. From abreast Perth Amboy, run N. E. 44 N. for 1 mile, leaving red buoy 2 off Tottenville on the starboard hand, and Ploughshare Point will be abeam on the port side. Least depth 30 feet. From Ploughshare Point abeam, run X. % W. for H/g miles, and the entrance to Woodbridge Creek will be on the port beam. Least depth 24 feet. From Woodbridge Creek entrance abeam, run X. by E. 44 E. for % of a mile, and Storys Flats red buoy 4 will be abeam on the starboard side. Least depth 24 feet. At this point change the course to X. by E. 4^2 E. and run % of a mile, heading for the end of the Philadelphia & Reading R. R. long pier, leaving Story Flats red buoy 4 on the starboard hand. Least depth 23 feet. From this position run E. 44 N. for 44 of a mile to abreast the Pliiladelphia & Reading R. R. piers, and Smoking Point will be abeam on the starboard side. Least depth 21 feet. From Smoking Point abeam, run E. by S. 44 S. for 44 of a mile to abreast Rossville on the starboard side, and Tufts Point will be a little abaft the beam on the port side. Least depth 27 feet. Change the course at this point to E. X. E. and run nearly 44 of a mile, and Tufts Point will bear W. 44 Least depth 23 feet. From Tufts Point bearing W. 44 1^-, ron X. X. E. 44 for 1% miles, and Carteret will be abeam on the port side. Least depth 22 feet. 'Note . — Stars Landing. Chrome and Island View are on the Jersey Shore between Tufts Point and Carteret. From Carteret abeam, run X. E. by X. for nearly % of a mile, and Fifteen-and-one-Half Foot Rock red buoy C will be abeam on the starboard side. Least depth 20 feet. 25 Leave Fifteen-and-one-Half-Foot red buoy 0 on the starboard hand and run N. N. ]']. for nearly % of a mile, and Treniley Point will be abeam on the port side. Least depth 23 feet. From Tremley Point, run N. W. by N. % X. for about % of a mile into Northwest Keach to abreast the middle or most westerly point of Pralls Island. Least depth 21 feet. From this point run N. by E. 14 E. for IV 2 miles, and then change the course to N. E. % E. for % of a mile to Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Bridge. Least depth 21 feet. For the remainder see the directions from Robbins Reef to Elizabethport. Robbins Reef to Elizabethport. With Robbins Reef light and Robbins Reef bell buoy in range bearing N. by W. % W., run W. by N. Vs N. for 1^4 miles, heading for the chimney on Con- stable Hook. Least depth 28 feet. From this point run S. W. by W. % W. for % of a mile. Least depth about 40 feet. Then run W. by N. i4 N. for % of a mile until nearly abreast Port Johnson. Least depth about 38 feet. At this point change the course to W. by S. % S. and run for % of a mile to Mid-Channel Rock red buoy 2A. Least depth about 30 feet. Leave Mid-Channel Rock red buoy 2A and run W. % N. for % of a mile to Bergen Point Reef red buoy 2. Least depth about 36 feet. Leave Bergen Point Reef red buoy 2 on the starboard hand and run W. 1/3 S. for of a mile, and Bergen Point light will be abeam on the starboard side. Least depth about 35 feet. From this position run W. % N. for 14 of a mile to abreast Shooters Island. Least depth about 22 feet. From this position run N. W. for about % of a mile to Corner Stake Junction buoy (red and black horizontal stripes). Least depth about 21 feet. Leave Corner Stake Junction buoy (red and black horizontal stripes) on the starboard hand and run N. W. by W. for 14 of a mile to Elizabethport Junction buoy (red and black horizontal 2G stripes), leaving Elizabetliport South Channel black buoy 1 on the port hand. Least depth about 20 feet. Leave Elizabetliport Junction buoy (red and black horizontal stripes) on the starlioard hand and run W. by N. for % of a mile to abreast Central R. R. Pier at Elizabeth. Least depth about 23 feet. From this point run S. W. by W. for 1% miles to the B. & O. R. R. Bridge. Least depth about 20 feet. Bay Ridge, Red Hook and Buttermilk Channels. From a position about mid-way between Bay Ridge Channel buoy (red and black horizontal stripes) and the Brooklyn shore, run N. E. by H. 14 for nearly of a mile to abreast 65th Street, leaving black buoy 1 on the port hand. Least depth about 40 feet. From this point run H. E. 14 E- for 1% miles to abreast 39th Street Ferry Slip, leaving Idack buoy 3 on the port hand. Least depth about 40 feet. From this position run N. ^4 E. for 1% miles to abreast Red Hook. Least depth about 33 feet. From this position run E. N. E. 14 for % of a mile to abreast Hamilton Avenue Ferry Slip, leaving black buoy 1 on the port hand. Least depth about 30 feet. From this position run H. E. % Is. for R 4 miles, heading for the middle of Brooklyn Bridge. Least depth about 28 feet. From this point follow directions for the East River. Fort Wadsworth to Amboy Cut over Old Orchard Shoals. Bring Fort Wadsworth light to bear about X. X. W. and Old Orchard Shoal light in range with Waackaack Beacon, and then run S. W. by S. 4 for dy, miles, leaving Fort Wadsworth black bell buoy 13A on the port hand, Midland Beach pier channel bell buo.v on either hand, keeping on the edge of the red sector in Old Orchard Shoal light, and Great Kills and Princess Bay lights will be in range bearing W. 4 S- Least depth 12 feet. At this point change the course to W. S. W. 4 S. and run 1% miles, leaving Old Orchard Shoal buoy 2 on the starboard hand, and Old Orchard Shoal light will be in range with Romer Shoal light and bear E. % S. Least depth 14 feet. 27 From this position run W. % N. for 3yg miles, leaving red Imoy 4 on tlie starboard hand, heading for Princess Bay light, and black Inioy 3 will be close aboard on the port hand. Least depth 14 feet. From this point follow directions for Amboy. 28 Q. 2. Describe the lights, their location and fog signals. Ans. Navesink (Highlands) flashing wliite (electric) at intervals of 5 seconds and visible 22 miles. On tlie Higlilands about 3 miles southward of Sandy Hook Main light. Saxdy Hook Main Light. Fi.xed wliite and visible 15 miles. About % of a mile south of the north end of Sandy Hook. Sandy Hook South Beacon. Fixed white and visible 11 miles. On Sandy Hook about 14 of a mile N. W. by W. Vs from Sandy Hook Main light. Sandy Hook North Beacon. Fixed white and visible 12 miles. With a dark sector between N. 14 W. and N. N. W. on the north end of Sandy Hook, and with Sandy Hook Main light forms the range for the upper part of the Ambrose Channel. Fog signal is a siren giving blasts of 3 seconds at intervals of 27 seconds. Sandy Hook Fog Bell Station. On the northwesterly point of Sandy Hook about 1/2 of a mile W. % N. from North Hook Beacon is a bell giving 3 blows at intervals of 10 seconds. Ambrose Channel Lightship. 1 occulting white 12 seconds, eclipse 3 seconds. Hull painted straw color. Fog signal, steam whistle, giving 1 blast, 13 seconds, at intervals of 12 seconds. Submarine bell 2 — 2 at intervals of 12 seconds. Depth of water, 13 fathoms. Marks the entrance to the Ambrose and Main Chan- nels. Navesink (Highlands) bears W. S. W., distant 8% miles. Sandy Hook Main light bears W. % N., distant 7% miles. ScoTL.YND Lightship. Flashing white on the foremast, visible 11 miles. Fixed red on the mainmast, visible 11 miles. First flash, 3 seconds. Eclipse, 3 seconds. Second flash, 3 seconds. Eclipse, 9 seconds. Hull painted lead color. Fog signal bell, giving 3 blows at intervals of 45 seconds. Depth of water 1014 fathoms. Marks the entrance to the South and Swash Channels. Ambrose Channel Lightship hears E. % N., distant 4i/g miles. Navesink (Highlands) bears S. W. by W., distant 4yg miles. Handy Hook Main light bears W. N. W. 14 N., distant 4 miles. Romer Shoal Light. On Romer Shoal on the northeast side of Swash Channel. Flashing white and visible 13 miles. First flash, y> second. Eclipse, 214 seconds. Second flash, % second. Eclipse, 29 21/2 seconds. Tliird flash, Vg second. Eclipse, 11 1/2 seconds. Fog signal bell, giving 1 blow at intervals of 30 seconds. Old Orchard Shoal light bears W. % N., distant nearly 4 miles, and forms the range for vessels of 15 feet draft entering the Ambrose Chan- nel from the eastward. Ambrose Channel red buoy 6 (fixed redl bears E. % S., distant nearly 2 miles, and in range with Romer Shoal and Old Orchard Shoal lights. West Bank Light. Off the southerly end of West Bank on the port side of the Channel about % of a mile to the northward of the intersection of the Main and Swash Channels. Occulting white light, visible 14 miles. Light, 4^/^ seconds, and eclipse, V2 second, with red sector, visible 12 miles, covering West Knolls on the south and West Bank and Craven Shoal on the north. Fog signal horn, giving 2 blasts every 20 seconds. First blast, 3 seconds. Silent, 2 seconds. Second blast, 3 seconds. Silent, 12 seconds. With Staten Island light at Richmond forms the first range for entering the Ambrose Channel. Old Orchard Shoal light bears W. S. W., distant 3 miles. Staten Island Light. On Staten Island at Richmond. Fixed white, visible 21 miles, and with West Bank light forms the first range for entering the Ambrose Channel. Point Comfort (front) and Waackaack (rear) Beacons (Bayside Range). Near Point Comfort and about 31/2 miles northward and westward of the Chapel Hill Cut Range lights. Point Comfort. A fixed white light, visible 12 miles. Waackaack. Two fi.xed white range lens lights. LTpper light visible 16 miles in range with Point Comfort Beacon (front) forms the Main Channel range from the inner end of Gedney Channel to Soutlnvest Spit. Tlie low^er light visible ISVa miles and in range uith Old Orchard Shoal light and visible over an arc on each side of the range line, and marks the best water between Staten Island and West Bank and also marks the easterly sector of Old Orchard Shoal light. Conover (front) and Chapel Hill (rear) Beacons. On the southerly side of Sandy Hook Bay, near Atlantic Highlands, about 4 miles southward and westward of Sandy Hook light. 30 Fixed white light. Conover Beacon visible 13 miles, and Chapel Hill Beacon visible 22 miles. These two lights form the range for Chapel Hill Cut. Elm Tree (front) and New Dorp (rear) Beacons. On the southeasterly side of Staten Island. Fixed white light. Elm Tree Beacon is visible 13 miles and New Dorp Beacon is visible 20 miles. These tw'O lights form the range for the South and Swash Channels. Old Orchard Shoal Light. On the southeasterly edge of Old Orchard Slioal on the line of best water through Gedney Channel. Fixed white, 12 seconds, with eclipse of 3 seconds, with a red sector, one edge of which cuts Princess Bay light and red buoy 4, marking the light draft channel to black buoy 3 at the westerly end of Amboy Cut and the other edge, and the light in range with Waaekaack Beacon lower light marks the best water over Old Orchard Shoal and between Staten Island and West Bank. Fog signal is a siren giving one blast of 71/2 seconds at intervals of 7% seconds. Depth of water, 2% fathoms. West Bank light bears E. N. E., distant 3 miles. Waaekaack Beacon bears S. S. W. % distant 4% miles. Princess Bay light bears W. % N., distant 5% miles. Coney Island Light. On Nortons Point. Flashing red 1% seconds with eclipse 3% seconds, and flashing red 5 seconds with eclipse 5 seconds, visible 14 miles. Homer Shoal light bears S. W., distant 3% miles. Fog signal is a bell giving one blow at intervals of 15 seconds. Fort Wadsworth Light. On Fort Wadsworth on the westerlv side of the Narrows. Bod and white flashes of 2% seconds at intervals of 7% seconds. White flash is visible 14 miles and red flash 12 miles. Fort Lafayette Fog Signal Station bears E. % N.. distant % of a mile. Robbins Reef light bears N.. distant 3% miles. Coney Island light bears S. E. % S., distant 2% miles. Fort Lafayette Fog Signal Station. On the easterly side of the Narrows. Is a bell giving one and two blows alternately at intervals of 20 seconds. Robbins Reef Light. On the southeasterly edge of -Jersey 31 Flats, about one mile off Constable Point. Flashing white I1/2 seconds at intervals of 41/2 seconds, visible 13 miles. Fog signal is a siren, giving one blast of 3 seconds at intervals of 3 seconds. Governor’s Island Extension Light. On the southwesterly end of Governor’s Island. Fixed red. Fog signal is a bell, giving one blow at intervals of 10 seconds. Governor's Island Light. On the northwesterly side of Governor’s Island. Two fixed red. Fog signal is a siren, giving one blast of 3 seconds at intervals of 12 seconds, and a bell, giving 2 blows at intervals of 10 seconds, if siren is disabled. Blackwell’s Island Resf Lights. On Blackwell's Island Reef off the southwesterly end of Blackwell’s Island. Two fixed red lights. Blackwell’s Island Light. On the northeasterly end of Black- well’s Island. Fixed red light. Jeffreys Hook Lights. On Fort Washington. Tv\'o fixed red lights. Great Kills Light. On Old Orchard Shoal off Great Kills Harbor ( Staten Island ) . Occulting white light and is lighted from March 15 to December 15. Old Orchard Shoal light bears S. E. by E. 14 E., distant 1% miles. Princess Bay Light. On the southerly shore of Staten Island at Red Bank and in line of the best water from the westerly end of Amboy Cut to black buoy 5. Flashing white light 2 seconds at intervals of 3 seconds, visible 14 miles. Old Orchard Shoal light bears E. % S., distant 514 miles. Boundary Beacon. Not lighted. Perch and ball on a stone pier. Princess Bay light bears N. N. E. 14 E., distant 2 miles. Old Orchard Shoal light bears E. by N., distant 614 miles. Great Beds Light. On the southeasterly end of Great Beds in Raritan Bay. Fixed red light and visible 9 miles. Old Orchard Shoal light bears E. 14 N., distant 714 miles. Romer Shoal light bears E. 14 S., distant 1114 miles. Western Jetty Lower End Light No. 1 (Raritan River). On the lower end of Western Jetty between Crows Dock and Edgars Dock. Fi.xed red light. 32 Western Jetty Upper End Light No. 2 (Raritan River). Be- tween Acken Dock and Bloomfield’s Dock and abreast Red Root Creek on the upper end of Western Jetty. Fixed red light. Western Jetty Lower End light bears N. E. % E., distant % of a mile. South Jetty Light No. 3 (Raritan River). Between White- head Dock and Crab Island on the easterly end of South .Jetty. Fixed white light. Bergen Point Light. On Bergen Point Reef % of a mile W. S. W. of Bergen Point. Occulting white light with eclipse of 5 seconds and visible 12 miles. Fog signal is a bell, giving 1 blow at intervals of 15 seconds. Centerville Light (Newark Bay) . On the westerly side of the channel and % of a mile to the northward of the Central R. R. of New Jersey Bridge. Occulting white light at intervals of 1 second. Pamrapo Light (Newark Bay). On the westerly side of the channel. Occulting white light at intervals of 1 second. Center- ville light bears S. W. by S. 14 S., distant of a mile. Saltersville Light (Newark Bay). On the westerly side of the channel about % of a mile to the southward of the Lehigh Valley E. R. Bridge. Occulting white light at intervals of 1 second. .Junction Light (Newark Bay). At the junction of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers on the easterly side of the Passaic River channel and about V 2 of a mile northward of the Lehigh Valley R. R. Bridge. Occulting white light at intervals of 1 second. Great Captain Island Light. On Great Captain Island, near Greenwich Point. Fixed white light and visible 14 miles. Fog signal is a siren, giving 1 blast of 3 seconds at intervals of 27 seconds. Execution Rocks Light. On Execution Rocks. Flashing white light of IV 2 sc^conds witli eclipse of SV 2 .seconds, with a red sector covering the southern point of Hart Island, visible 13 miles. Fog signal is a siren, giving 1 blast of 3 seconds at intervals of 17 seconds. Sands Point light bears S. by E. Jo E., distant nearly % of a mile, 33 Harbor Rock Light. On Harbor Rock on the westerly end of Davenport Neck. Fixed red light from Hay 1 to November 1 (not official ) . CoRXiXG Rock Light. Off the northwest side of Davids Island. Fixed white light from May 1 to November 1 (not official). Baileys Rock Gas Buoy. On the west side of the entrance to Echo Bay. Occulting white light of 2 seconds at intervals of 6 seconds and visible 7 miles. Auxt Phebe Rock Light. On tlie northwest side of Davids Island about Yg of a mile off shore. Fixed red light. Fog signal is a bell, giving 1 blow at intervals of 5 seconds. Sakds Poixt Light. On Sands Point. Fixed white light, visible 12 miles. Execution Rocks light hears N. by W. % W., distant nearly Yg of a mile. Stepping Stones Light. On the western edge of Stepping Stones Reef. Fixed red light, visible 8 miles. Fog signal is a bell, giving 2 (juick blows at intervals of 20 seconds. Throggs Neck Light. Oh Fort Schuyler. Fixed white light and visible 12 miles. Fog signal is a bell, giving 1 blow at intervals of 15 seconds. Whitestone Point light bears W. Vs S., distant D4 miles. Fort Totten Lights. On the northerly wharf. Two fixed lights, upper one white and lower one red. Whitestone Point Light. On Whitestone Point. Fixed white light. Old Ferry Point bears N. W. % distant nearly % of a mile. Flushing Bay Light. On the north end of the dike, on the westerly side of the dredged channel to Flushing. Fixed red light. Flushing Bay Inner Light. On the dike, on the westerly side of the dredged channel to Flushing, nearly % of a mile S. by E. i/i E. from Flushing Bay light. Fixed red light. Rikers Island Light. On the northerly end of Rikers Island. Fixed red light. Oak Bluff Lights. On Oak Bluff. 1 fixed red light above 1 fixed white light. North Brother Island Light. On the southerly end of the 34 island. Occulting white light of 5 seconds with eclipse of 5 seconds. South Brother Isla>'d Ledge Light. On South Brother Island Ledge in the middle of the South Channel about of a mile south of South Brother Island. Fixed red light. Lawrence Point Ledge Light. On Lawrence Point Ledge about midway between South Brother Island and Lawrence Point. Fixed white light. North Brother Island light bears N. E. y^ N., distant % of a mile. Sunken Meadow light bears W. 14 distant about 14 of a mile. Sunken Meadow Light. On the easterly side of Sunken Meadow. Fixed red light. Negro Point Light. On Negro Point, south end of Wards Island. Occulting white light of 1 second, with eclipse of 1 second. Fog signal is a bell, giving 2 blows at intervals of 5 seconds. Hell Gate Light. On Hallets Point. Alternately white and red liglit, white light 3 seconds and red light 3 seconds. Fog signal is a bell, giving 1 blow at intervals of 5 seconds. Mill Bock North Light (Hell Gate). On the northerly end of Great Mill Bock. Fixed red light. Mill Bock South Light (Hell Gate). On the southerly end of Little Mill Bock. Occulting red light of 1 second at intervals of 1 second. Q. 3. Give the name and location of the rocks and shoals, least depth on them at mean low water and how they are marked on the waters for which you ask to be licensed. Ans. Shrewsbury Bocks lie about 3)4 miles southward of Navesink (Highlands) light and extend about 114 miles off shore. Least depth about 14 feet, and is marked by Shrewsbury Bocks black bell buoy 1 on the eastward side. Outer Middle Ground lies about 3 miles to the southward of ■ Sandy Hook and about 1 mile off shore. Least depth about 16 feet, and is marked by red buoy 2. Oil Spot lies about 2 miles to the southward of Sandy Hook and about 1 mile off shore. Least depth about 9 feet, and is marked by red buoy 4 and black buoy 3. GR0V£R^|;. BERcdoll False Hook Shoal extends about N. W. and S. E. about 1/2 mile and lies about % mile off shore, between the North and South Sandy Hook lights. Least depth about 15 feet, and is marked by an obstruction buoy on the northwest end. A lump lies about 14 mile S. S. W. from Ambrose Channel Lightship. Least depth about 514 fathoms. Pitch of the Hook extends about % mile N. E. from Sandy Hook. It has all depths under 18 feet and is dangerous for any draught, and is marked by black bell buoy 5. Rockaway Shoals extend off Roekaway Beach to the southward and westward from % of a mile to 114 miles, and lie to the northward of the range formed by Romer Shoal and Old Orchard Shoal lights. It has all depths under 18 feet and is dangerous for vessels of any draft, and is marked by Rockaway Shoals red buoy 2 and Rockaway bell buoy. A lump lies about 14 mile N. E. from South Channel between the two channel buoys. Least depth about 20 feet, and is marked by lump obstruction buoy. Palestine Shoal is a lump about 14 mile northward of the Main Channel and about % mile to the westward of the Swash Channel. Least depth about 3 fathoms, and is marked on the cast end by Palestine Shoal East End obstruction buoy and on the west end by Palestine Shoal West End red buoy 4. Flynn Knoll is an irregular shoal lying about 114 miles N. W. from Sandy Hook. Least depth about 10 feet, and is marked by the Main Cliannel red buoys and the ranges. Southwest Spit is on the southwest side of Flynn Knoll and is a part of that shoal. East Knolls lies between the Main and Swash Channels north- ward of Flynn Knoll, and about 114 miles long N. N. W. and S. S. E. and about 1 mile wide. Least depth about 10 feet. It is marked by the ranges and channel buoys. West Knolls lie between Old Orchard Shoal light and abreast black buoys 5 and 7 about % mile westward of the Main Channel, extending N. N. E. and S. S. W. nearly 1 mile. Least depth about 36 14 feet. It is marked by an obstrriction buoy on the southern end and is covered by the red sector in West Bank light. A shoal lies about % mile S. S. W. from West Bank light a little to the westward of the Main and Swash Channel ranges. It extends north and south about 14 mile. Least depth about 15 feet. It is marked by the ranges and covered by the red sector in West Bank light. Round Shoal lies to the southward of Seguine Point and is about 1% miles wide. Least depth about 6 feet. It is not marked. Romer Shoal is about % mile wide and extends about 3% miles northwest and southeast between the Ambrose and Swash Chan- nels. It is marked by the channel buoys on all sides and by Romer Shoal light. Least depth northward of the light is about 11 feet. Depth to the southward of the light is from 18 feet to dry. East Bank extends southward from Coney Island about 3 miles to Ambrose Channel and is al)out 2M> miles wide. Soundings are very irregular, the least depth being about 3 feet. It is marked by^ the range formed by Romer Shoal and Old Orchard Shoal lights, Ambrose Channel buoy's and East Bank Xorthwest End red buoy' 12. This buoy' lies % of a mile about S. by W. from Coney' Island light. Old Orchard Shoal and West Bank (Staten Island Flats) is a shelving shoal extending from Seguine Point to Fort Wadsworth and about 3 miles southeast from Staten Island. The soundings are more or less irregular ; the least depth is 1 or 2 feet between West Bank and Fort Wadsworth lights. It is marked by Old Orchard Slioal light and its red sector marks the best water over the slioal. It is also marked by’ the channel buoys and by West Bank light and covered by the red sector in that light. Craven Shcal is a small bold spot about 1V4 miles S. by E. E. from Fort Wadsworth light. Least depth 18 feet. It is marked by Craven Shoal obstruction spar and bell buoys and is covered by the red sector in West Bank light. In Gravesend Bay shelving a shoal extends from .Coney Island 37 to Fort Lafayette and about 1 mile off shore. Soundings are irregular and show all depths under 18 feet. Robbins Reef and Jersey Flats extend from Communipaw to about % of a mile soiitliwest of Robbins Reef light. Soundings are irregular and show all depths under 18 feet. It is marked by Robbins Reef light, Robbins Reef black bell buoy, occulting red lighted bell buoy 2, marking the dredged channel to the Penn- sylvania R. R. Terminal, black buoy 15, occulting wliite lighted buoy 2 and black buoy. 1, marking the dredged channel to Black Tom, Bedloe Island, and black buoy 1 and red buoy 2, marking the dredged channel to Ellis Island. Red Hook and Gowanus Flats are about 2i/t miles long and % of a mile wide, extending from Owl’s Head to Red Hook. Least depth about 6 feet. It is marked by an obstruction buoy, marking the junction of the Bay Ridge and Main Channels west of the Flats, occulting white lighted red bell buoy 12 and red buoy 14 on the westward side. Bay Ridge Channel black buoys 1, 3 and the anchorage buoys on the eastward side. Mid-Channel Rock lies abreast West New Brighton, and is marked by red buoy 2A. Least depth 17 feet. To the northward of this there are two other rocks, one having a least depth of 18 feet, and the other one 14 feet. Bergen Point Reef extends about % of a mile off Bergen Point, and is marked by red buoy 2 and Bergen Point light. Middle Ground is about H of a mile long and % of a mile wide, extending about N. by E. and S. by W. at the entrance to Newark Bay between Bergen Point and Shooters Island, and is marked by an obstruction buoy on each end. Least depth 11 feet. Fifteen-and-one-half-Foot Rock lies off the mouth of the Rah- w^ay River on the starboard side of the channel. It is not marked. Least depth is 15 feet. A shoal, including Storys Flats from Smoking Point to Totten- ville, extending from bold to at Smoking Point to about % of a mile at the lower end of Storys Flats, which is marked by red buoy 4. Governor’s Island West End Shoal extends off the southwest 38 end of Governor’s Island about 300 feet. Least depth 1.5 feet, and is marked by black bell buoy 1. Governor’s Island South Shoal extends off the southeast side of tlie island abreast the Atlantic Docks. Least depth about 4 feet. It is marked by black buoy 1. Dimond Reef lies off the north side of Governor's Island. Least depth 26 feet. A narrow shoal about % mile long, extending about X. X. E. and S. S. W., lies between Dimond Reef and Atlantic Avenue (Brooklyn). Least depth 21 feet. Coenties Reef lies off Pier 8 (Xew York). Least depth 26 feet. A shoal extends off Jackson Slip at Corfears Hook Park about 150 yards with a least depth of about 12 feet outside of the pier line. A shoal lies on the Xew York side of the river and extends from Grand Street to Houston Street. Least depth about 8 feet. Third Street Reef lies about 500 feet off Third Street pier. Least depth about 17 feet. Between this and Seventh Street there are depths from 18 to 22 feet. Shell Reef lies on the Xew York side, extending from Seventh Street to Fourteenth Street, and is marki-d by red buoy 6. Least depth about 14 feet. Xes Rock lies about 500 feet off Xineteentb Street pier and is marked by an obstruction buoy. Least depth about 14 feet. Between this and Seventeenth Street there are some spots having a least depth of about 16 feet. Pilgrim Rock lies off Twentieth Street pier, about 500 feet from Xes Rock. Least depth 24 feet. Twenty-sixth Street Reef lies about 400 feet off Twenty-sixth Street. Least dejffh about 20 feet. A spot having a depth of 23 feet lies off Twenty-second Street, between this and Xes Rock. Ferry Reef lies Vs of a mile off Thirty-fourth Street (Xew York ) . Least depth 24 feet. Charlotte Rock lies about mile off Hunter's Point. Least de])tb about 26 feet. Eighteen Foot Spot off Fifth Street (Long Island City), % of a mile S. E. by S. % S. from Blackwell's Island Reef lights. 39 Eighteen Foot Spot lies about 100 yards off Seventh Street (Long Island City), and is marked by an obstruction buoy. Blackwell’s Island Reef extends about Vs mile off the southerly end of Blackwell’s Island and is marked by an obstruction buoy and two red lights. It is dangerous for any draught. Ten Foot Spot lies between East Eighty-first Street and East Eighty-second Street, New York, and extends off about 75 yards. Least depth 10 feet. Sands Point Reef and Prospect Point Shoal make off about % mile and are marked by black bell buoy 19 and black buoy 21 and are dangerous for any draught. Execution Rocks lie about % of a mile N. N. W. from Sands Point light. It extends about of a mile N. E. and S. W. and is marked by Execution Rocks light, an obstruction buoy on the northeast end and an obstruction buoy on the southwest end, and red buoy 30 on the southeast side. It is dangerous for any draught. Old Hen Rock lies about Yg of a mile N. E. of Prospect Point. It is dangerous for any draught. Baileys Rock on the west side of the entrance to Echo Bay about 150 yards off shore. It is marked by a spindle and a flashing white lighted black buoy. It is dangerous for any draught. Hicks Ledge about % of a mile east of Baileys Rock. It is marked by an obstruction buoy. Least depth 8 feet. Emerald Rock lies between Middle Shoal and Davenport Neck. It is marked by an obstruction buoy. Least depth 9 feet. Middle Shoal lies about % of a mile off Davenport Neck. It is nearly round and about 14 of a mile in diameter. It is marked by Middle Shoal black buoy 1 on the north side and Emerald Rock obstruction buoy on the west side. It is dangerous for any draught. Two rocks lie between Huckleberry Island and Middle Shoal and are marked by Huckleberry Island red buoy 2. Least depth 7 feet. Spindle Rock lies between Davids Island and Davenport Neck. 40 It is marked hy Spindle Rock red buoy 2. It is dangerous for any drauglit. Aunt Phebe Rock lies between Davids Island and Glen Island. It is marked by Aunt Phebe fixed red light and a fog bell, giving 1 blow every 5 seconds. It is dangerous for any draught. Corning Rock lies between Aunt Phebe Rock and Glen Island. It is marked l)y Corning Rock black buoy 1 and from May 1 to November 1 by a fixed white light (not official). It is dangerous for any drauglit. R. R. Stevens Rock lies between Davids Island and Glen Island and is marked by an obstruction buoy. It is dangerous for any draught. Harbor Rock is off the southwest end of Davenport Neck. It is marked by Harlior Rock red buoy 6 and by a fixed red light from May 1 to November 1 (not official). It is dangerous for any draught. Gangway Rock is on the point of a shoal extending about % of a mile about N. N. W. from Barker Point and about 1 mile W. S. W. of Sands Point light. It is marked by Gangway Rock bell buoy 23. It is dangerous for any draught. Success Rock is on the shoal extending off Barker's Point about Vi of a mile S. E. of Gangway Rock. It is marked by a spindle and is dangerous for any draught. A rock having a least depth of 6 feet lies between Gangway and Success Rocks. Machaux Rock lies about % of a mile east of Hunter's Island and about y, of a mile southwest of Davids Island. It is marked by Machaux Rock red buoy 2. Middle Reef lies between the northerly end of Hart Island and Davids Island. It is about % of a mile in diameter with a least depth of 12 feet on the northerly edge of the red sector in Execution Rocks light. To the northward of that line it is dangerous for any draught. South and East Nonations lie from 14 to % of a mile north- east from The Blauzes. The southwest end is marked by red buoy 2. They are dangerous for any draught. 41 Cliimney Sweeps are two bare rocks on a shoal about % of a mile in diametei-, which lie about Vs of a mile northeastward of High Island and are dangerous for any draught. A group of rocks lie about midway between the reef on the northerly end of Hart Island and the Chimney Sweeps, which have a least depth of 5 feet and are marked bj" Chimney Sweeps black buoy y^. The Blauzes are on the reef which extends about hi ^ mile N. N. W. from the northerly end of Hart Island. Least depth northerly from The Blauzes is 9 feet, and between The Blauzes and Hart Island it is dangerous for any draught. Rat Island is a bare rock lying about hi of mile oil the easterly side of City Island and on the easterly side of Green Flats, which are dangerous for any draught. Cuban Ledge lies about y. Least depth 16 feet. A shoal extends about Vs mile S. E. by E. from the north end of North Brother Island, and is marked on the northerly side liy Idack buoy 3A and is dangerous for any draught. Middle Ground lies between Lawrence Point and Sunken Meadow. It is marked by black buoy 9 and red buoy 4. Least deptli 10 feet. Pot Rock lies about Vi mile E. by N. from Hallets Point liglit. It has a depth of 22 feet and is not marked. Holmes Rock, Hog Back and Frying Pan lie off the southerly end of Ward's Island. Frying Pan is the outer one and has a depth of 18 feet. The others are bare. Mill Rocks lie off Ninetj’-sixth Street and are marked by a red light off each end and are dangerous for any draught. Flood Rock lies about Vs mile S. S. E. from the southerly liglit on Mill Rock. It has a depth of 18 feet. Between this and Frying Pan Rock there are several spots having a depth of 18 or 19 feet. Heel Tap Rock lies about 150 feet N. E. from Mill Rock North light. Least depth 20 feet. A spot lies about Vs of a mile N. E. % E. from Hallets Point light. Least depth 23 feet. A rock lies about 150 feet off the New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R. piers between Oak Bluff light and Oak Bluff Rock. Least depth 17 feet. Rhinelander Reef e.xtends off about 600 feet from East Ninety- first Street to East Ninety-third Street, New York. Least depth 0 feet. A shoal makes off about 200 feet N. E. from Blackwell's Island light and is dangerous for any draught. 43 Q. 4. Give the bearings and distances between the headlands, other prominent points and lights. Ans. Ambrose Channel Light- ship bear E. % N. distant 4% miles from Scotland Lightship. From Ambrose Channel Lightship Navesink (Highlands) light bears W. S. W. 8% miles. Sandy Hook )Main light liears W. % N. distant 7% miles. From Scotland Lightship Navesink (Highlands) light bears S. W. by W. distant 4(4 miles. Sandy Hook Main light bears W. N. W. (4 distant 4 miles. From Coney Island Point Sandy Hook Main light bears S. y., W. distant 0% miles. West Bank light bears S. W. % S. distant 2% miles. Eomer Shoal light bears S. % W. distant 3% miles. Fort Wadsworth light bears N. W. % N. distant 2% miles. Craven Shoal bell buoy bears N. W. by W. (4 distant 1(4 miles. From Old Orchard Shoal light Sandy Hook Main light bears S. E. (4 E. distant 5% miles. West Bank light bears E. N. E. distant nearly 3 miles. Romer Shoal light bears E. % S. distant 3yg miles. Waackaaek Beacon bears S. S. W. % W. distant 4% miles. From Fort Wadsworth light Fort Lafayette l)ears E. (4 distant nearly % mile. Robbins Reef light bears nearly N. distant 3(4 miles. From Robbins Reef light Romer Shoal light bears S. (4 E. distant 8% miles, and Governor’s Island lights on Fort (Yilliam bear N. E. % E. distant nearly 3 miles. Distance across the North River between the pier heads is about % of a mile. Q. 5. You are bound in through the Swash Channel on the ebb tide. A steamer is bound out and blows one whistle. Both vessels will reach the Swash Channel red bell buoy 6 about the same time. Explain what you would do and why? Aws. I would answer with one whistle and slow down or stop if necessary. 44 because it would be more or less dangerous for vessels to pass when making a sharp turn. It would not be reasonable to expect the other steamer to stop, as the vessel head to the tide can do so without any risk of losing lier position. Q. 6. You are entering the harbor through the Swash Channel towing a large, light vessel with a strong E. N. E. wind and ebb tide. A tow of deep-loaded scows is bound out. What would you do and why ? Ans. I would IjIow 2 whistles and pass to the leeward of the tow, because the wind would drift my tow so far to leeward that I would be unable to pass to windward of the other tow. Q. 7. You are entering the harbor through the Gedney Channel with flood tide and you see a long tow in the Swash Channel bound out. What precaution would yoii take and why? Ans. As soon as possible I would take a bearing of the last vessel in the tow. If the bearing did not appreciably change, I would slow down in time to prevent stopping and thereby being in danger of drifting asliore. If the bearing should close or open considerably I could proceed. Q. 8. What does the term “abeam” mean? Ans. An object is abeam when its bearing is 8 points different from the course or ship’s head. Q. 9. What does the term “abreast” mean? Ans. Opposite a place or even with another vessel and not necessarily abeam. Q. 10. What precautions would you take when passing near a dredge or digger moored in a channel? Ans. Have way enough to pass with engines stopped to avoid picking up the moorings and injury to the propeller, and see that all is clear before starting the engine again. 45 Q. 11. What is the meaning of the terms “right” and “left” handed as applied to propellers and what is their action ? Ans. Looking forward, a right-handed propeller working ahead turns with the sun and throws the stern to starboard, and working astern, throws the stern to port. Tlie action of a left- handed propeller is opposite to a right-handed one. Most pro- pellers are right-handed. Q. 12. Explain the system of buoyage? Ans. The examiners sometimes ask questions of the applicant regarding this subject. However, it is matter that should fall within every officer’s knowledge. The following order is observed in coloring and numbering the buoys in Lhiited States waters, viz. : 1. In approaching the channel, etc., from seaward, ued buoys, with EVEN NUMBERS, will be found on the starboaei) side of the channel, and must be left on the starboard hand in passing in. 2. In approaching the channel, etc., from seaward, black buoys, with ODD NUMBERS, will be found on the port side of the channel, and must be left on the port hand in passing in. 3. Buoys painted with red and black horizontal stripes will be found on obstructions, with channel ways on either side of them, and may be left on either hand in passing in. 4. Buoys painted with white and black perpendicui.ar STRIPES will be found in mid-channel and must be passed close-to to avoid danger. All other distinguishing marks to buoys will be in addition to the foregoing, and may be emjiloyed to mark particular sjiots. a description of which is given in the printed list of buoys. Perches, with balls, cages, etc., will, when placed on buoys, be at turning points, the color and number indicating on what side they shall be passed. Nun buoys, properly colored and numbered, are usually placed on the starboard side, and can buoys on the port side of channels. 46 Day beacons, stakes, and spindles (except such as are on the sides of channels, which will be colored like buoys) are con- structed and distinguished with special reference to each locality, and particularly in regard to the background upon which they are projected. Wherever practicable, the tow'ers, beacons, buoys, spindles, and all other aids to navigation, are arranged in the buoy list in regular order as they are passed by vessels entering from sea. The positions of the buoys enumerated in the buoy list are shown on the charts of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, which are kept corrected from information furnished by the Inspectors of the Lighthouse Districts, for the changes in the aids to navigation rendered necessary from time to time to indicate the best' channels. In winter when whistling buoys, bell buoys, lighted buoys, can ljuoys, and nun buoys are in danger of being carried away by ice, they are taken up and replaced by spar or spar-shaped buoys. White buoys are used to mark anchorages, dumping grounds, etc., and when so used are described in the Coast Pilot and buoy list for the district. The use of a yellow buoy to mark a quarantine station is not uncommon. Q. 1.3. What is the meaning of the terms “short blast’" and “prolonged blast” of the whistle? Ans. A short blast of the whistle shall mean a blast of about one second’s duration. A prolonged blast of tlie whistle shall mean a blast of from four to six seconds’ duration. Q. 14. What does one “short blast’’ of the whistle signify? -4)is. Cne short blast of the whistle signifies intention of or assent to steamer first giving tlie signal to direct course to own starboard, except when two steamers are approaching each other at right angles or obliquely, when it signifies intention of steamer which is to starboard of the other to hold course and speed. 47 Q. 15. What does two “short blasts” of the whistle signify? Ans. Tivo short blasts of the whistle signify intention of or assent to steamer first giving the signal to direct course to own port, except when two steamers are approaching each other at right angles or obliquely, wlien the signal signifies desire of or assent to steamer which is to port of the other to cross the bow of steamer to starboard. Q. 16. What does three “short blasts” of the whistle signify? A71S. Three short blasts of the whistle shall mean, “My engines are going at full speed astern.” Q. 17. Wliat is the danger signal? A?),s. Several short and rapid blasts, not less than four. Q. 18. What is meant by the term “cross signals”? Ans. An- swering one whistle with two and answering two whistles with one. Q. 19. What wliistle signals are prohibited by law? Ans. Cross signals and any unnecessary blowing of the whistle. Q. 20. When are the whistle signals you have described to be used? Ans. Only when the vessels are in sight of each other. Q. 21. What is the rule for steam vessels wlien cither fails to understand the signal, course or intention of the other? Ans. Rule I. If. when steam vessels are approaching each other, either vessel fails to understand the course or intention of the other, from any cause, tlie vessel so in doubt sliall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts, not less than four, of the steam whistle, the dangek .signal. Whenever the danger signal is given the engines of both steamers shall be stopped and backed until the headway of the 48 steamers has l)een fully cheeked; nor shall the engines of either steamer be again started ahead until the steamers can safely pass each other, and the proper signals for j^assing have been given, answered, and understood. Q. 22. What is the rule regarding cross signals? Ans. Rule II. Steam vessels are forbidden to use what has become tech- nically known among pilots as “cross signals,’' that is, answering one whistle with two, and answering two whistles with one. In all cases, and under all circumstances, a pilot receiving either of the whistle signals provided in the rules, which for any reason he deems injudicious to comply with, instead of answering it with a cross signal, shall at once sound the danger signal and observe the rule applying thereto (Rule I). Q. 2.3. Wliat are signals for steam vessels passing? Ans. Rule III. The signals for passing, by the blowing of the whistle, shall be given and answered by pilots, in compliance with these rules, not only when meeting "head and head,'’ or nearly so, but at all times, when the steam vessels are in sight of eaeli other, when passing or meeting at a distance within half a mile of each other, and whether passing to the starboard or port. The whistle signals provided in the rules for steam vessels meeting, passing, or overtaking, are never to be used except when steamers are in sight of each other, and the course and position of each can be determined in the daytime by a sight of the vessel itself, or by night by seeing its signal lights. In fog. mist, falling snow or heavy rain storms, when vessels cannot so see each other, fog signals only must be given. Q. 24. What is the rule and signal for steam vessels approach- ing each head and head, or nearly so? .4ns. Rule IV. When steam vessels are approaching each other head and iie.vd. that is. end on, or ne.arly so, it shall be the duty of each to 49 pass on the port side of the other; and either vessel shall give, as a signal of her intention, one short and distinct blast of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by a similar blast of her whistle, and thereupon such vessels shall pass on the port side of each other. But if the courses of such vessels are so far on the starboard of each other as not to be considered as meeting head and head, either vessel shall immedi- ately give two short and distinct blasts of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by two similar blasts of her whistle, and they shall pass on the starboard side of each other. The foregoing only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own, and by night to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side lights of the other. It does not apply by day to cases in which a vessel sees another ahead crossing her own course, or by night to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one vessel is oppo^d to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead. Q. 25. What is the rule for a steam vessel nearing a short bend or curve in the channel ? Ans. Rule V. Whenever a steam vessel is NEARING A SHORT BEND OR CURVE IN THE CHANNEL, where, from the height of the banks or other cause, a steam vessel approach- ing from the opposite direction cannot be seen for a distance of half a mile, such steam vessel, when she shall have arrived within half a mile of such curve or bend, shall give a signal by one long blast of the steam whistle., which signal shall be answered by a similar blast, given by any approaching steam vessel that may be within hearing. Should such signal be so 50 answered by a steam vessel upon the farther side of sucli bend, then the usual signals for meeting and passing shall immediately be given and answered ; l)Ut, if the first alarm signal of such vessel be not answered, she is to consider the channel clear and govern herself accordingly. Q. 26. What is the rule for steam vessels moving from their docks or berths? Ans. Rule V. When steam vessels are MOVED FROM THEIR DOCKS OR BERTHS, and other boats are liable to pass from any direction toward them, they shall give the same signal as in the case , of vessels meeting at a bend, but immediately after clearing the berths so as to be fully in sight they shall be governed by the steering and sailing rules. Q. 27. Wliat is the rule for steam vessels running in the same direction ? Ans. Rule VI. When steam vessels .vre ruxa'ixg IN THE SAME DIRECTION, and the vessel which is astern shall desire to pass on the right or starboard hand of the vessel ahead, she shall give one short blast of the steam whistle, as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with one blast, she sliall put her helm to port; or if she shall desire to pass on the left or port side of the vessel ahead, she shall give two short blasts of the steam whistle as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers witli two blasts, shall put her helm to starboard; or if the vessel ahead does not think it safe for the vessel astern to attempt to pass at that point, she shall imme- diately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts of the steam wliistle, not less than four, and under no circum- stances shall the vessel astern attempt to pass the vessel ahead until such time as tliey have reached a point where it can be safely done, when said vessel ahead shall signify her willingness by blowing the proper signals. The vessel aliead shall in no case attempt to cross the bow or crowd upon the course of the passing vessel. Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction GROVER C. BERGDOLL 51 more than two points abaft her beam, that is, in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking, that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel’s side lights, shall be deemed to he an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear. As by day the overtaking vessel cannot always know with certainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel, she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an overtaking vessel and keep out of the way. Q. 28. What is the rule for steam vessels approaching each other at riglit angles or obliquely wlien one is not overtaking the other? Ans. Rule VII. When two steam vessels are APPROACHING EACH OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES OR OBLIQUELY SO AS TO INVOLVE RISK OF COLLISION, other than when one steam vessel is overtaking another, the steam vessel which has the other on her own port side shall hold her course and speed; and the steam vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other by directing her course to starboard so as to cross the stern of the other steam vessel, or, if necessary to do so, slacken her speed or stop or reverse. If from any cause the conditions covered by this situation are such as to prevent immediate compliance with each other’s signals, the misunderstanding or objection shall be at once made apparent by blowing the danger signal, and both steam vessels sliall be stopped and backed if necessary, until signals for passing with safety are made and understood. Q. 29. What is the rule for steam vessels regarding sailing vessels? Ans. Rule VIII. When a steam vessel and a sailing VESSEL are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam vessel shall keep out of the way of the sailing vessel. 52 Q. 30. What is the rule regarding one steamer crossing ahead of another ? Ans. Rule IX. Every steam vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other. Q. 31. What is the rule for steam vessels in narrow channels? Ans. Rule X. In naurow channels every steam vessel shall, when it is safe and j)racticable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel. Q. 32. When is a departure from these rules permitted? Ans. Rule XI. In obeying and construing these rules due regard shall be had to all danger, s of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. Q. 33. What are the fog signals for an inland steamer under way? Ans. A steam vessel under way, except when towing other vessels or being towed, sliall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, on the whistle or siren, tliree blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. All rafts or other water craft, not lierein provided for, navigation by hand power, horse power, or by the current of the river, shall sound a blast of the fog-horn, or equivalent signal, at intervals of not more than one minute. Q. 34. What are the fog signals for an inland steamer with a tow? Ans. A steam vessel when towing other vessels shall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, on the whistle or siren, tliree blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. Q. 35. What are the fog signals for a vessel being towed in 53 inland waters? A ns. A vessel towed may give, at intervals of not more than one minute, on the fog-liorn, a signal of three lilasts ill suceession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts, and she shall not give any other. Q. 3fj. What are the fog signals for an ocean steamer under way? A ns. A steam vessel having way upon her shall sound, at intervals of not more than two minutes, a prolonged blast. Q. 37. What are the fog signals for an ocean steamer under way, but stopped, and having no way upon her ? Ans. A steam vessel under way, but stopped and having no way upon her, shall sound, at intervals of not more than two minutes, two prolonged blasts, with an interval of about one second between. Q. 38. What are the fog signals for an ocean steamer with a tow? Ans. A steam vessel with a tow shall sound, at intervals of not more than two minutes, three blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged b'ast followed by two short blasts, and the vessel towed may give this signal, and she shall not give any other. Q. 39. What are the fog signals for vessels at anchor? Ans. A vessel when at anchor shall, at intervals of not more than one minute, ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds. Q. 40. What is the rule for steam vessels regarding speed when navigating in a fog? A«s. Rule XIII. Every steam vessel shall, in a fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain storms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circum- stances and conditions. A steam vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained, shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision 18 over. 54 0- 41. lYhen are the lights to be exhibited? Ans. Article 1. Tlie rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited. Q. 42. What is the lawful size of the glass globes? Ans. The minimum size of glass globes shall not be less than 0 inches in diameter and 5 inches high in the clear. Q. 43. What are the lights for an inland steamer under way, and how far are they visilde? Ans. Art. 2. A steam vessel when under way shall carry — (a) On or in front of the foremast, or, if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, a bright white light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an are of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least five miles. ( h ) On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (c) On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft tlie beam on the port side, and of such a char- acter as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. {d) The said green and red side-lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow. 55 (e) A sea-going steam vessel when under way may carry an additional white light similar in construction to the light men- tioned in subdivision (a). These two lights shall be so placed in line with the keel that one shall be at least fifteen feet higher than the other, and in sucli a position with reference to each other that tlie lower light shall be forward of the upper one. The vertical distance between these lights shall be less than the horizontal distance. (/) All steam vessels (except sea-going vessels and ferry- boats) shall carry in addition to green and red lights required by Article 2 (6), (c), and screens as required by Article 2 (d), a central range of two white lights; the after-light being carried at an elevation at least fifteen feet above the light at the head of the vessel. Tire head-light shall be so constructed as to show an unbroken light through twenty points of the compass, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, and the after-light so as to show all around the liorizon. Q. 44. What are the lights for an inland steamer under way with a tow and how far are they visible? Ans. A steam vessel, when towing another vessel, shall carry in addition to her side lights, on or in front of the foremast, two bright white lights in a vertical line, one over the other, not less than three feet apart, and when towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light three feet above or below such lights, if the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the last vessel towed exceeds six hundred feet, each of these lights shall be so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side and of such character as to be visible at a distance of at least five miles, or they shall be carried in the same position as the after-light, which must not be less than of) fifteen feet above the forward light and show all around the horizon. Such steam vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel or aftermast for the vessel towed to steer by, but such light shall not be visible forward of the beam. Q. 45. What are the lights for an ocean steamer under way with and without a tow? Ans. International Rules, Art. 2. A st(*am vessel when under way shall carry — (a) On or in front of the foremast, or if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, at a height above the hull of not less than twenty feet, and if the breadth of the vessel exceeds twenty feet, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so, however, that the light need not be carried at a greater height above the hull than forty feet, a bright white light, so con- structed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft tlie beam on either side, and of such a char- acter as to be visible at a distance of at least five miles. ( h ) On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a cliaracter as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (c) On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to he visible at a distance of at least two miles. (d) The said green and red side-lights shall he fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow. (e) A steam vessel when under way may carry an additional white light similar in construction to the light mentioned in sub- 57 division (a). These two lights shall he so placed in line with the keel that one shall he at least fifteen feet higlier than the other, and in such a position witli reference to each other that the lower light shall he forward of the upper one. The vertical distance between tliese lights shall he less than the. horizontal distance. Art. 3. A steam vessel when towing another vessel shall, in addition to her side-lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, and when towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light six feet above or below such lights, if the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the last vessel towed exceeds si.x hundred feet. Each of these lights shall be of the same construction and char- acter, and shall l)e carried in the same, position as the white light mentioned in Article 2 (a), e.xcepting the additional light, which may be carried at a height of not less than fourteen feet above the hull. Such steam vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel or aftermast for the vessel towed to steer by, but such light shall not he visible forward of the beam. Q. 46. What are the lights for a sailing vessel under way or being towed? Ans. Art. 5. A sailing vessel under way or being towed shall carry the same lights as are prescribed by Article 2 for a steam vessel under way, with the exception of the vdiite lights mentioned therein, which they shall never carry. Q. 47. What are the lights for ferryboats and how far are they visible? Ans. Ferryboats propelled by machinery and navigating the harbors, rivers, and other inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, shall carry the range lights and the colored side-lights required by law to be carried on steam vessels navigating those waters. except that douhle-end ferryhoats shall carry a central range of clear, bright, white lights, showing all around the horizon, placed at equal altitudes forward and aft, also on the starboard side a green light, and on the port side a red light, ol such a char- acter as to he visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 2 miles, and so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, and so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on their respective sides. The green and red lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least 3 feet forward from the light, so as to pre- vent them from being seen across the bow. Local inspectors in districts having ferryboats shall, whenever the safety of navigation may reejuire, designate for each line of such boats a certain light, white or colored, which shall show all around the horizon, to designate and distinguish such lines from each other, which light shall be carried on a flagstaff amidships, 15 feet above the white range lights. Q. 48. What are the lights for canal boats and barges? Ans. All nondescript vessels known as scows, car floats, lighters, and vessels of similar type, navigating the waters referred to in the following rules, shall carry the lights required to be carried liy barges and canal boats in tow of steam vessels, as prescribed in such rules. Barges and canal boats, when being towed by steam vessels on the waters of the Hudson River and its tributaries from Troy to the boundary lines of Xew York Harbor off Sandy Hook, as defined pursuant to section 2 of the act of Congress of February in, 1895, the East River, and Long Island Sound (and the waters entering thereon, and to the Atlantic Ocean), to and including Narragansett Bay, R. I., and tributaries, and Lake Champlain, shall carry lights as follows: Barges and canal boats being towed astern of steam vessels, when towed singly or what is known as tandem towing, shall each carry a white light on the bow' and a white light on the stern. 50 except that the last vessel of such tow shall carry two white lights on her stern, athwartship, horizontal to each other, not less than 5 feet apart, and not less than 4 feet above the deck house, and so placed as to show all around the horizon: Provided, Tliat sea-going barges shall not he required to make any change in their sea-going lights (red and green) on waters coming within the scope of these rules, except that the last vessel of the tow shall carry two white lights on her stern, athwartship, horizontal to each other, not less than 5 feet apart, and not less than 4 feet above the deck house, and so placed as to show all around the horizon. Barges and canal boats, when towed at a hawser two or more abreast, when in one tier, shall carry a white light on the bow and a white light on the stern of each of the outside boats; when in more than one tier, each of the outside boats shall carry a white light on its bow; and the outside boats in the last tier shall each carry, in addition, a white light on the outer afterpart of the stern. Barges or canal boats towed alongside a steam vessel, if on the starboard side of said steam vessel, shall display a white light on her own starboard bow ; and if on the port side of said steam vessel shall display a white light on her own port bow ; and if there is more than one barge or canal boat alongside, the white lights shall be displayed from the outboard side of the outside barge or canal boat: Provided, That barges known as car floats when towed alongside shall have a white light at each outboard corner of said barge. When barges or canal boats are massed in tiers and towed at a hawser, as is usual on the Hudson River, there shall be carried on the forward port side of the port boat of each tier a white light, and on the forvvard starboard side of the starboard boat in each tier a white light, and on the after port side of the port boat in the stern tier a white light, and on the after starboard side of the starboard boat in the stern tier a white light. The white how lights for barges and canal boats referred to in the preceding rules shall be carried at least 10 feet and not more 60 than 30 feet abaft the stem or extreme forward end of the vessel. On barges and canal boats required to carry a white how light, the white light on bow and the white light on stern shall each be so placed above the hull or deck house as to show an unbroken light all around the horizon, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 5 miles. Provided, That nothing in these rules shall be construed as com- pelling barges or canal boats in tow of steam vessels, passing through any waters coining within the scope of these rules where lights for barges or canal boats are different from those of the waters whereon such vessels are usually employed, to change their lights from those required on the waters from which their trip begins or terminates; but should such vessels engage in local employment on waters requiring different lights from those where they are customarily employed, they shall comply with the local rules where employed. Q. 49. What are the lights for scows being towed? Ans. Scows when being towed by steam vessels on the waters covered by the first paragraph of these rules shall carry a white light at each end of each scow, except that when such scows are massed in tiers, two or more abreast, each of the outside scows shall carry a white light on its outer bow, and the outside scows in the last tier shall each carry, in addition, a white light on the outer part of the stern. The white light shall he carried not less than 8 feet above the surface of the water, and shall be so placed as to show an unbroken light all around the horizon, and shall be of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 5 miles. Q. 50. When and by what class of vessels can portable side lights be used? ffws. Art. 6. Whenever, as in the case of vessels of less than ten gross tons under way during bad weather, the green and red side-lights cannot be fi.xed, these lights shall be kept at hand, lighted and ready for use; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exliibited on their respective Cl sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side, nor, if practicable, more than two points abaft the beam on their respective sides. To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy, the lanterns containing them shall each he painted outside with the color of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with proper screens. A pilot-vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of a vessel to put a pilot on board may, instead of the colored lights above mentioned, have at hand, ready for use, a lantern with a green glass on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above. Q. 51. What is the light for a rowing boat? Ans. Art. 7. Rowing boats, whether under oars or sail, shall have ready at hand a lantern showing a white light, which shall be temporarily exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision. Q. 52. What are lights for a pilot boat? Ans. Art. 8. Pilot vessels when engaged on their station on pilotage duty shall not show the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all around the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed fifteen minutes. On the near approach of or to other vessels they shall have their side-lights lighted, ready for use, and shall flasli or show them at short intervals, to indicate the direction in which they are heading, but the green light shall not be shown on the port side nor the rod light on the starboard side. A pilot vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of a vessel to put a pilot on board may show the white light instead of carrying it at the masthead, and may, instead of the colored lights above mentioned, have at hand, ready for use, a lantern with a green glass on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above. 62 Pilot vessels, when not engaged on their station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other vessels of their tonnage. A steam pilot vessel, when engaged on her station on pilotage duty and in waters of the United States, and not at anchor, shall, in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats, carry at a distance of eight feet below her white masthead light a red light, visible all around the horizon and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least two miles, and also the colored side-lights required to be carried by vessels when under way. When engaged on her station on pilotage duty and in waters of the United States, and at anchor, she shall carry in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats the red light above mentioned, but not the colored side-lights. When not engaged on her station on pilotage duty, she shall carry the same lights as other steam vessels. Q. 53. What are the lights for vessels fishing, trawling or dredging? Ans. Art. 0. (a) Fishing-vessels of less than ten gross tons, when under way and when not having their nets, trawls, dredges, or lines in the water, shall not be obliged to carry tlie colored side-lights ; but every such vessel shall, in lieu thereof, liave ready at hand a lan.tern witli a green glass on one side and a red glass on the other side, and on approaching to or being approached by another vessel sucli lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on tlie port side nor the red light on the starboard side. (b) All fishing-vessels and fishing-boats of ten gross tons or upward, when under way and when not having their nets, trawls, dredges, or lines in the water, shall carry and show the same lights as other vessels under way. (c) All vessels, when trawling, dredging, or fishing with any kind of drag-nets or lines, shall exhit)it. from some part of the vessel where they can be best seen, two lights. One of these lights 63 shall be red and the other shall be white. The red light shall be above the white light, and shall be at a vertical distance from it of not less than six feet and not more than twelve feet ; and the horizontal distance between them, if any. shall not be more than ten feet. Tliese two lights shall be of sucb a character and con- tained in lanterns of such construction as to be visible all around the horizon, the white light a distance of not less than three miles and the red light of not less than two miles. Q. 54. What additional light shall an overtaken vessel show? Ans. Art. 10. A vessel which is being overtaken by another, except a steam vessel with an after range-light showing all around the horizon, shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned vessel a white light or a flare-up light. Q. 55. What are the lights for vessels at anchor? Ans. Art. 11. A vessel under one hundred and fifty feet in length when at anchor shall carry forward, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light, in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile. A vessel of one hundred and fifty feet or upwards in length when at anchor shall carry in the forw'ard part of the vessel, at a height of not less than twenty and not exceeding forty feet above the hull, one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than fifteen feet lower than the forward light, another such light. Tlie length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appear- ing in her certificate of registry. Q. 56. What signals may a vessel use in addition to her lights when necessary? A«s. Art. 12. Every vessel may, if necessary, in order to attract attention, in addition to the lights which she is by these rules required to carry, show a flare-up light or use 64 any detonating signal that cannot be mistaken for a distress signal. Q. 57. What are the signals for a vessel not under command? Ans. A vessel which from any accident is not under command shall carry at the same height as a white light mentioned in Article 2 (a), where they can best be seen, and if a steam vessel in lieu of that light two red lights, in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, and of such a character as to be visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least two miles ; and shall by day carry in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, where they can best be seen, two black halls or shapes, each two feet in diameter. Fog signal, one prolonged blast followed by tw'o short blasts at intervals of two minutes. Q. 58. Wliat is the rule for signals to be displayed by a towing vessel when towing a submerged or partly submerged object upon a hawser, when no signals are displayed upon the object which is towed? A»s. The vessel having the submerged object in tow shall display by day, where they can best be seen, two shapes, one above the other, not less than 6 feet apart, the lower shape to be carried not less than 10 feet above the deck houses. Tire shapes shall be in the form of a double frustum of a cone, base to l.ase. not less than 2 feet in diameter at the center nor less than 8 inches at the ends of the cones, and to be not less than 4 feet lengthwise from end to end, the upper shape to be painted in alternate horizontal stripes of black and white, 8 inches in width, and the lower shape to he painted a solid bright red. By night the towing vessel shall display the regular side-lights, but in lieu of the regular white towing lights shall display four lights in a vertical position not less than .3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, the upper and lower of such lights to be white, and the two middle lights to be red. all of such lights to be of the same character as is now prescribed for the regular towing lights. 65 Q. 59. What is the rule for steamers, derrick boats, lighters, or other types of vessels made fast alongside a wreck, or moored over a wreck which is on the bottom or partly submerged, or which may be drifting? Ans. Steamers, derrick boats, lighters, or other types of vessels made fast alongside a wreck, or moored over a wreck which is on the bottom or partly submerged, or which may be drifting, shall display by day two shapes of the same cliaracter and dimensions and displayed in the same manner as required by the foregoing rule, except that both the shapes shall be painted a solid bright red, but where more than one vessel is working under the above conditions, the shapes need be displayed only from one vessel on each side of the wreck from which it can best be seen from all directions. By night this situation shall be indicated by the display of a white light from the bow and stern of each outside vessel or lighter not less than 6 feet above the deck, and in addition thereto there sliall be displayed in a position where they may l)est be seen from all directions two red lights carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, and not less than 15 feet above tlie deck. Q. 60. What is the rule for dredges which are held in stationary position by moorings or spuds? Ans. Dredges which are held in stationary position by moorings or spuds shall display by day two red balls not less than 2 feet in diameter and carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, and at least 15 feet above the deck house and in such a position where they can best be seen from all directions. By night they shall display a white light at each corner, not less than 6 feet above the deck, and in addition thereto there shall be displayed in a position where they may best be seen from all directions two red lights carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, and not less than 15 feet above the deck. When scows are moored alongside a dredge in the foregoing situation they shall display a white light on each outboard corner, not less than 6 feet above the deck. 66 Q. 61. What is the nile for self-propelling suction dredges under way with their suctions on the bottom? Ans. Self- propelling suction dredges under way with their suction on the bottom shall display by day the same signals as are used to designate any steamer not under control; that is to say, two black balls not less than 2 feet in diameter and carried not less than 1.5 feet above the deck house, and where they may best be seen from all directions. By night they shall carry, in addition to the regular running lights, two red lights of tlie same character as the masthead light, in tlie same vertical plane and underneath the masthead light, the red lights to be not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart and the upper red light to be not less than 4 feet and not more than 6 feet below the white masthead light, and on or near the stern two red lights in the same vertical jjlane not less than 4 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, to show through 4 points of the compass; that is, from right astern to 2 points on each quarter. Q. 62. What is the rule for vessels which are moored or anchored and engaged in laying pipe or operating on submarine construction or excavation? Ans. Vessels which are moored or anchored, and engaged in laying pipe or operating on submarine construction or excavation shall display by day. not less than 15 feet above the deck, where they can best be seen from all direc- tions, two balls not less than 2 feet in diameter, in a vertical line not less than 3 feet and not more than 6 feet apart, the upper ball to be painted in alternate black and white vertical stripes 6 inches wide, and the lower ball to be painted a solid bright red. By night they shall display three red lights, carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart and not less than 15 feet above the deck, and in such position as may best be seen from all directions. All the lights req^iired by tliese special rules for dredges, wreck- ing boats, lighters, etc., shall be of such size and character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere for a distance of at least 2 miles. 67 Q. 63. What are the rules for lights for rafts and other water craft navigating by hand power, horsepower, or by the current of the river? Ans. Any vessel, except rafts and rowing boats under oars, navigating by hand poice}-, horsepoicer, or hy the current of the river, shall carry one white light forward, not less than 8 feet above the surface of the water. Rafts propelled by hand power or by the current of the river, or which shall be ancliored or moored in or near a channel or fair- way, shall carry white lights, as follows: Eafts of one crib and not more than two in length shall carry one wliite light. Eafts of three or more cribs in length and one crib in width shall carry one white light at each end of the raft. Eafts of more tlian one crib abreast shall carry one white light on each outside corner of the raft, making four lights in all. The U'hite light required by these rules for rafts and other water craft shall be carried, from sunset to sunrise, in a lantern so fixed and constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and un- broken light, visible all around the horizon, and of such intensity as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 1 mile. Tlie lights for rafts shall be suspended from poles of such height that the lights shall not be less than 8 feet above the surface of the water. Q. 64. What are the fog signals for a sailing vessel under way ? Ans. A sailing vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, when on the starboard tack, one blast ; when on the port tack, two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam, three blasts in succession. Q. 65. How would you know if a sailing vessel ns on the star- board or port tack? Ans. Wind on the starboard side, vessel is on the starboard tack. Wind on the port side, vessel is on the port tack. Q. 66. What are the rules for sailing vessels under way? Ans. Art. 17. When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, 68 so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, namely: (а) A vessel wliich is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel wliich is close-hauled. (б) A vessel which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the Way of a vessel wliich is close-hauled on the star- board tack. (c) When both are running free, with the wind on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. (d) When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to the windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to the leeward. (e) A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel. Q. 67. What are the distress signals? Ams. Art. 31. When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, namely: IN THE DAYTIME A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus, or firing a gun. AT NIGHT First. Flames on the vessel as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, and so forth. Second. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus, or firing a gun. 60 Q. 68. Name the points of the compass. A«s. N. to E. N. to W. s. to E. S. to W. N. N. s. S. N. E. N. by W. s. by E. s. by W. N". N. E. N. N. W. s. s. E. s. s. W. N. E. ijy N. N. W. by N. s. E. by S. s. w. by S. N. E. N. w. s. E. s. w. y. E. hy E. N. w. by W. s. E. by E. s. w. by W. E. N. E. W. N.' ■ W. E. S. E. w. s. E. N. W. by N. E. by S. w. by s. E. w. E. w. Q. 69. What are tlie chief essentials that make an efficient compass? Ans. It should have one or more light needles of strong directive force, the magnetic axis of which must be parallel to the north and south points of the card. The pivot should be hard and sharp. The cap is fitted with a finely finished agate or ruby that the card will be subjected to the least possible friction. The bowl is made of some non-magnetic substance. The complete compass is swung in gimbals. The edge of the card is divided into 4 quad- rants, each of which are divided into 8 points, making a total of 32 points, whicli are subdivided to Vi and % points. Tlie edge of the card is also divided into 360°, which are counted from 0° at north and south to 90° toward east and west. On some compasses the degrees are counted from 0° at nortli by way of east, south and west to 360° at north. This style is now used on the latest charts. On the inside of the bowl one or more lubber's points are painted, usually four. Q. 70. State the chief points to be considered when select- ing a place for your compass on board ship and what must be particularly guarded against? Ans. It should be placed in the middle line of the vessel at a height suitable for observations and of easy access, and as far as possible from any considerable mass of iron or steel. Vertical and movable iron or steel must be par- ticularly guarded against. 70 Q. 71. Describe how you would stow a compass when out of use and why? Ans. A compass should he stowed awaj' bottom up to prevent wear of the pivot and agate. Q. 72. What is leeway? Ans. Leeway is the angle between the compass course and the direction the ship makes through the water. Q. 73. What is compass error ? Ans. The difference between the ship’s compass and the true compass. It includes the deviation. Q. 74. What is variation of the compass and how do you find it? Ans. The difference between the true and magnetic compasses. It is found on the chart. Q. 75. What is deviation of the compass? Ans. Tlie difference between the ship’s compass and the magnetic compass or the difference between the compass error and variation. Q. 76. Wliat is lieeling error of the compass? Ans. It is the difference between the deviation when the ship is upright and when she is heeled. Q. 77. What is a time bearing? A«s. A bearing free of varia- tion and deviation. Q. 78. What is a compass bearing? Ans. A bearing by compass. It includes the variation and deviation and heeling error if any. Q. 79. What is a magnetic bearing? Ans. A bearing including the variation. Q. 80. What is a compass course? Ans. The course steered by compass. It includes the variation and deviation, heeling error, current and leeway if any. 71 Q. 81. What is a true course? Arts. A course corrected for \-ariation, deviation, heeling error, leeway and current if any. Q. 82. How can you find the deviation of the compass by use of the azimuth tables? .4ns. Observe the compass bearing of the body and take the true bearing from azimuth tables corre- sponding to the local apparent time and declination, noting if the latitude and declination are of same or different name. The remainder of the work is the same as by altitude azimuths. Q. 83. How can you find the deviation of tlie compass by reciprocal bearings? Ans. One observer is ashore with a second compass where it is not influenced by iron, etc., and can be seen from the ship. The ship is then swung to each point of the com- pass and bearings by both compasses taken at the same instant by signal; The difference between the bearings by the shore com- pass reversed and the ship’s compass will be the deviations for the points on which the ship’s head was at the time of the bear- ings. Instead of taking a compass ashore a pelorus may be used by having the time and azimuth tables and by their use the pelorus may be set to correspond with the magnetic compass. Tliis is the better method, as the danger of the shore compass having deviation is eliminated. y. 84. How can you find the deviation of the compass while sailing along a coast? Ans. Take the compass bearing of any two known objects when in range. The difference between the magnetic bearing as found by the chart and the compass bearing will be the deviation. y. 85. Name some of the objects by which you could obtain the deviation of the compass while sailing along a coast on which you are acquainted? Ans. Any of the many ranges for entering harbors. Q. 86. To construct a deviation table is it necessary to bring the ship’s head to more than one point and if so, state the reason? 72 Ans. It Is, because tlie deviation is diflferent for every point of the coni])ass. 87. When swinging sliip to construct a deviation table, wliat is the least number of points to which the sliip's head should be brought? Ans, Eight equidistant points. Q. 88. How often would you test the deviation table? Ans. As often as may be convenient or at least twice each watch and every time the course is changed if possible and when on any known bearings or ranges. Also swing the ship before entering a port and after leaving on at least the course intended to be used. Q. 89. Having found the deviation of the compass, how would you know if it is east or west? Ans. If the magnetic bear- ing is to the right of the compass bearing, the deviation is east. To tlie left it is west. If the true bearing is to the right of the compass liearing the compass error is east. To tlie left it is west. The deviation them is the distance from the variation to the com- pass error and is named after the direction from the variation to the compass error. Q. 90. Under what conditions would you expect the devia- tions of the compass to change? Ans. In a new iron ship, a great change of latitude, the ship being heeled, heavy shock as in seaway, being on one course for several days, at every change of course, alteration in the construction of the vessel, the ship being heated by a hot sun and particularly if painted black and one side is exposed to the sun all day and if the smokestack is near the comjiass the deviation will change with the heat of it. Q. 91. What effect do like and unlike poles of magnets have on each other ? Ans. The north and south poles will attract each other. Two north or two soutli poles will repel each other. GROVER C BERGDOLL I «J Q. 02. Wliat are the causes of local deviation of the compass ? Ann. li’on and steel, of which the ship may he wholly or partly constructed, and like material in tlie cargo. (J. 03. How can you ascertain their extent? A«s. By observing tlie bearing by compass of two known objects wlieii in range. Tiie dilference lietweim the observed and magnetic Iiearings will he deviation. Q. 04. How can you correct them? Avs. By use of magnets. Q. 05. Sandy Hook IMain liglit and South Hook Beacon were in range and bore by compass N. W. ^2 W. Find the deviation of the compass. Ans. See the following example: Magnetic bearing N. W. % W. = 4.5 points Compass bearing N. W. by W. V 4 , W. = 5.25 points Deviation % point E. = .75 E. Q. 00. Romer Shoal and Old Orchard lights were in range and bore liy compass W. y.^ N. Find the deviation of the compass. An.9. See the following example: Magnetic bearing W. % N. = 7 . 25 points Compass bearing W. ’4 N. =7.75 points Deviation y, point E. = . 50 E. Q. 07. Give the course to steer by compass entering the harbor through the Swash Ciiannel, the deviation for the ship’s head being % point E. Ans. See the following example: Magnetic course N. W. % X. =3% points Deviation + % point E. Compass course N. W. % W. 4% points 74 Q. 98. Give the course to steer by compass leaving the harbor through the Geduey Channel, the deviation for the ship's head Iteing Vs point W. Aus. See the following example: Q. 99. Ambrose Channel Lightship bears X. E. and Scotland Lightship bears X. W. i/o W. by compass. Deviation 6“ W. Locate the vessel on the chart and give the magnetic bearing to Xavesink (Higlilands) light. An ansicer to this question cannot he given here, as it can only he u'orked out on the chart. Q. 100. You are heading S. by W. % W. and have an object abeam on the starboard side. How does it bear? Ans. W. by N. % X. Q. 101. You are heading E. % X. and have an object 2 points aliaft the Ijeam on the port side. How does it bear? Ans. X. \Y. by X. % X. Q. 102. What is latitude? Aj?s. The distance any placed is north ( r soutli of th(' equator, and is expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds. G. 103. What is longitude? Ans. It is the are of the equator intercepted bidween the prime meridian and the meridian of any ])lace. y. 104. \t'hat is a meridian? A«s. A semi-great circle passing from pole to pole, its plane cutting that of the equator at right angles. C. 105. Wliat is a chart? Ans. A projection, usually Mercator, on a map of a seacoast and a portion of the sea on which are sliown tlie lieight of tlie land, depth of water, nature of the Magnetic course E, S, E, 14 E. Deviation 0'4 points Vu point W, Compass course E, S, E. 14 S, 5-% points 75 bottom, shoals, rocks or other dangers, aids to navigation, currents, data regarding tides, variation of the compass, anchor- ages, harbors, etc. It is made for the use of navigators. y. 106. Describe a Mercator chart. Ans. This eliart is a cylindrical projection, and constructed on the theory that the earth is a cylinder. The meridians are parallel to each other. The distances between the parallels of latitude are increased toward the poles in the same ju'oportion that the meridians are ex- panded. All places are in their proper geographical positions and all courses and Ijearings ai-e straight lines except the great circle track when between two ports not on the same meridian. Q. 107. Where do you measure latitude on a Mercator chart? A?is. On the graduated meridian at either side of the chart. Q. 108. Where do you measure longitude on a Mercator chart? Ans. On the graduated j)arallel of latitude at the top or bottom of the chart. Q. 109. Where do you measure distance on a Mercator chart? Ans. On the graduated meridian at either side of the chart in the middle latitude. I Q. 110. AYhat do the figures on the white surface indicate? Ans. Soundings in fathoms. Q. 111. What do tlie figures on the dark surface indicate? Ans. Soundings in feet. Q. 112. What do the figures on the land portion indicate? Ans. Height of the land in feet. Q. 113. How would you know if the compasses on the chart are true or magnetic? A«s. The north and south line of a true 76 compass is parallel to the meridians. The north and south line of a magnetic conijiass is not. Q. 114. How can you find a course and distance iiy chart? Ans. The course is found lyv placing the edge of the parallel rules over the places between which the course is wanted.. Then move them to the center of the nearest compass rose and read either the true or magnetic course. The inside compass is magnetic and outside one is true. After the course is found the rules should be moved back to prove it. It should be noticed if there are any obstructions on the course ; also the depth of water. The tide wind and currents should be considered. Tlie distance is found by measuring with the dividers taking the miles from the grad- uated meridian at the side of the chart in the middle latitude of the places or on some charts (usually harbor charts) from a scale of miles. If the magnetic compass on the chart is used the deviation if any must be applied to produce the compass course. If the true compass is used the variation must also be used. A course protractor is more convenient for this purpose than the parallel rules, as it can be used where the chart cannot be opened as required to use parallel rules. Q. 115. How can you find a vessel's position on a chart by cross bearings of two or more fixed objects which are shown on the chart ? A)is. Lay off the bearings on the proper side of the objects and the ship’s position will be at the point where they cross. Q. 116. Where would you stow heavy cargo in a river steamer? Ans. In the hold near a hatch amidship or on deck amidship not near any deck opening and well chocked off with other cargo not easily injured, such as bales. Heavy cargo should be carried on deck only in places well supported by stanchions. Q. 117. How would you stow barrels or casks? Ans. Begin amidship along the keelson and work fore and aft. StoW 77 the casks bilge and cantline, bung up and bilge fi'ee with good beds at the quarters and quoins at the sides and eliime to chime. Another way is to stow them bilge to bilge. Q. 118. How would you stow the second tier of casks? Ans. In the cantlines of the first tier and use some dunnage for the quoins on each side under the quarters to take on, to lessen the strain on the lower tier. Q. 119. How can you find the Inmg side of a cask in the dark? Ans. By the rivets in the hoops which are in line with the bung. Q. 120. Why should casks be stowed bung up? Ans. To prevent leakage and because the head pieces are vertical and therefore the cask is strongest in that position. Q. 121. Where would you stow carboys of acids? Ans. Well secured on deck, where they could be quickly thrown overboard in case of leakage. Q. 122. Where would you stow tar, oil, rosin and other cargo of that nature in a general cargo? Ans. Under and away from cargo that it might damage by leakage or odor. Also where it cannot leak into the limbers and pumpwells. If a large quantity is shipped the skin should be caulked. Q. 123. Where would you stow wines, liquors, etc.? Ans. Under other cargo that it may not be accessible during the voyage. Q. 124. When, where and what kind of petroleum is allowed as cargo in passenger steamers? Ans. Refined petroleum which will not ignite at a temperature of less than 110° F. may, upon routes where tliere is no other practicable mode of transporting it, be carried on passenger steamers; but it shall not be lawful to receive on board or transport any petroleum unless the owner or master of the steamer shall have first received from the inspectors 78 a permit designating the place or places on such steamer in which the same may be carried or stowed, with the further condition that the permit sliall he conspicuously posted on the steamer. Refined petroleum shall not in any case be received on hoard or carried unless it is put up in good iron-bound casks or barrels or in good metallic cans or vessels, carefully packed in boxes, and the casks, barrels, or boxes plainly marked on tlie heads thereof with the shipi)er’s name, the name of the article, and the degree of temperature (Fahrenheit) at which the petroleum will ignite. Vessels carrying passengers or freight for hire permitted under the authority of the act of Congress approved October 22. 1914, amending section 4472, Revised Statutes of the United States, to transport and use gasoline or any of the products of petroleum for the operation of engines to supply an auxiliary lighting and wire- less system independent of the vessel’s main power plant, shall he allowed to carry not to exceed 40 gallons of gasoline or any of the products of petroleum for such purposes when contained in a seamless steel tank, cylindrical in form, not less than one-fourth (.25) of an inch thick, and of a capacity of at least 10 per cent more than the volume of the contents. Tlic tank shall he tinned on the inside and tested to 300 pounds pressure to insure tight- ness, and fitted with a vent pipe of ample capacity, with no angles in pipe greater than 45°, opening to the atmosphere at a point not less than 10 feet above the highest house, the vent pipe to end with a U bend with the opening protected by wire gauze. The filling pipe or cap shall be entirely independent of other con- ditions. The tank shall be carried on the highest deck of the steamer and so located that there may be a free circulation of air all around it. Steamers engaged in transoceanic .service or on voyages of more than 10 days’ duration in either direetion may carry such quan- tities of gasoline or any of the jiroducts of petroleum as may be necessary to supply an auxiliary service already installed, the tanks already installed and the location of same being allowed for this purpose. On steamers where the auxiliaries are main- tained by engines using the heavy oils, the oil may be carried in 79 quantities not to exceed 15 tons, when contained in iron or steel tanks of sufficient strength to withstand the action of sea or temperature, and so located as to be properly insulated or venti- lated if eitlier is necessary. All tanks shall be firmly and properly secured to prevent being torn away from beds or saddles by heavy weather or excessive list of the ship, and shall be the object of daily inspection by the officers of the ship intrusted with their care. There shall be placed within 5 feet of every tank containing gasoline, benzine, or naphtha not less than twm fire extinguishers of approved type which have demonstrated a capacity for ex- tinguishing burning gasoline, which fire extinguishers shall be in addition to the fire extinguishers already required. The fuel-oil tanks on all inland st(‘auiers subject to the rules and regulations of the Steamboat-Inspection Service shall be con- structed of material of such thickness and workmanship as, in the judgment of the inspector in whose district the installation is made, is safe. Q. 125. What cargoes are most liable to spontaneous com- bustion ? Ans. Cotton, jute, coal, rags, hemp, etc. Q. 126. What precautions would you take when loading a ship in shallow water ? Ans. Keep her on an even keel and afloat. Q. 127. What cargo is prohibited in passenger steamers ? Ans. No loose hay, loose cotton, or loose hemp, camphene, nitro- glycerin, naphtha, benzine, benzole, coal oil, crude or refined petroleum, or other like explosive burning fluids, or like dangerous articles, shall be carried as freight or used as stores on any steamer carrying passengers ; nor shall baled cotton or hemp be carried on such steamers unless the bales are compactly pressed and thoroughly covered and secured in such manner as shall be prescribed by the regulations established by the board of super- vising inspectors with the approval of the Secretary of Com- 80 merce; nor shall gunpowder be carried on an}^ such vessel except under special license; nor shall oil of vitriol, nitric or other chemical acids be carried on such steamers except on the decks or guards thereof or in such other safe part of the vessel as shall be prescribed by the inspectors. Refined petroleum, which will not ignite at a temperature less than one hundred and ten degrees of Fahrenheit thermometer, may be carried on board such steamers upon routes where there is no other practicable mode of transporting it, and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the board of supervising inspectors with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce; and oil or spirits of turpentine may be carried on such steamers when put up in good metallic vessels or casks or barrels well and securely bound with iron and stowed in a secure part of the vessel ; and friction .matches may be carried on such steamers when securely packed in strong, tight chests or boxes, the covers of which shall be well secured by locks, screws, or other reliable fastenings, and stowed in a safe part of the vessel at a secure distance from any fire or heat. All such other provisions shall be made on every steamer carrying passengers or freight, to guard against and extinguish fire, as shall be pre- scribed by the lioard of supervising inspectors and approved by the Secretary of Commerce. Nothing in the foregoing or follow- ing sections of this Act shall prohibit the transportation by steam vessels of gasoline or any of the products of petroleum when carried by motor vehicles (commonly known as automobiles) using the same as a source of motive power: Provided, however. That all fire, if any, in such vehicles or automobiles be extin- guished immediately after entering the said vessel, and that the same be not relighted until immediately before said vehicle shall leave the vessel: Provided further. Tliat any owner, master, agent, or other person having charge of passenger steam vessels shall have the right to refuse to transport automobile vehicles the tanks of which contain gasoline, naphtha, or other dangerous burning fluids. Provided, however. That nothing in the provisions of this Title shall prohibit the transportation by vessels not carrying pas- 81 sengers for hire, of gasoline or any of the products of petroleum for use as a source of motive power for the motor boats or launches of such vessels : Provided further, That nothing in the foregoing or following sections of this Act shall prohibit tlie use, by steam vessels carrying passengers for hire, of lifeboats equipped with gasoline motors, and tanks containing gasoline for the operation of said motor-driven lifeboats: Provided, hotcever. That no gasoline sliall be carried other than that in the tanks of the lifeboats: Provided further, Tliat the use of such lifeboats equipped with gasoline motors shall be under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the board of supervising inspectors with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce: Provided, however. That nothing in the foregoing or following sections of tliis Act shall prohibit the transportation and use by vessels carrying passengers or freight for hire of gasoline or any of the products of petroleum for the operation of engines to supply an auxiliary lighting and wireless system independent of the vessel's main power plant: Provided further, Tliat the transportation or use of such gasoline or any of the products of petroleum shall be under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the board of supervising inspectors, with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce. Sec. 4473. Every bale of cotton or hemp tliat shall be shipped or carried on any passenger steamer, without conforming to the pro- visions of the preceding section, shall be subject to a penalty of five dollars, and shall be liable to seizure and sale to secure the payment of such penalty. Tlie Secretary of Commerce may grant permission to the owner of any steam vessel, to use any invention or process for the utilization of petroleum or other mineral oils or substances in the production of motive power, and may make and enforce regula- tions concerning the application and use of the same for such purpose. But no such permission shall be granted, unless upon the certificate of the supervising inspector of steamboats for the district wherein such vessel is registered, and other satisfactory proof that the use of the same is safe and efficient ; and upon such 82 proof, and the approval of such certificate by the Secretary of Commerce, a special license for the use of such process or inven- tion shall issue under the seal of the Department of Commerce. Provided, however, That tlie Secretary of Commerce may permit the use of petroleum as fuel on steamers not carrying passengers, without the certificate of the Supervising Insjjector of the district where the vessel is to be used, subject to such conditions and safe- guards as the Secretary of Commerce in his judgment shall provide. For a violation of any of the conditions imposed by the Secretary of Commerce a penalty of five hundred dollars shall be imposed, which penalty shall be a lien upon the vessel, but a iDond may, as jjrovided in other cases, be given to secure the satis- faction of the judgment. Provided further, Tliat when crude petroleum of a flash point not less than one hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit, is carried in the double-bottom fuel tanks of steamers using the same for fuel, tlie crude petroleum carried in such tanks in excess of the necessities of the voyage may be discharged at terminal ports when no passengers are on board the ship. Crude petroleum carried and discharged under these conditions will not be con- sidered stores or cargo within the contemplation of section forty- four hundred and seventy-two. Revised Statutes of the United States. All gunpowder, nitro-glyeerine, camphene, naphtha, benzine, benzole, coal-oil, crude or refined jjetroleum, oil of vitriol, nitric or other chemical acids, oil or spirits of turpentine, friction- matches, and all other articles of like character, when packed or put up for shipment, shall be securely packed and put up separately from each other and from all other articles; and the package, box, cask, or other vessel containing the same shall be distinctly marked on the outside, witli the name or description of the article contained tlierein. Every person who packs or puts rq), or causes to bo packed or put up for sliipment. any gunpowder, nitro-glyeerine, camphene, naphtha, benzine, benzole, coal-oil, crude or refined petroleum, oil of vitriol, nitric or other chemical acids, oil or spirits of 83 turpentine, friction-matches, or other articles of like character otherwise than as directed by the preceding section, or who knowingly ships or attempts to ship the same, or delivers the same to any such vessel as stores, unless duly packed and marked, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceed- ing eigliteen months, or both ; one-half of the fine to go to the informer, and the articles to be liable to seizure and forfeiture. Q. 128. Where would you stow acids or matches ? Ams. Mate-lies may be carried on steamers when securely packed in strong, tight chests or boxes, the covers of which shall be well secured by locks, screws, or other reliable fastenings, and stowed on deck in a safe part of the vessel at a secure distance from any fire or lieat. Acids should also be carried on deck, and both where they could be quickly thrown overboard in case of danger. Q. 129. How would you stow hay, straw, etc.? Ans. In bales on deck a safe distance from any fire or heat, covered with a tarpaulin, and where it could be quickly thrown overboard in case of danger. Q. 130. What would you do in case of fire? Aks, Call all liands to their stations and stretch the hose and get water on the fire as soon as possible after the fire is located, and then lay the vessel so that the fire will be to leeward. If the fire is in the liold, batten down tlie hatches as tight as possible and turn on the steam. If necessary also use water, but pump it out if it can be done and is not needed in the bottom of the ship. Have boats and all other life-saving equipment ready for use at any moment, and get outside assistance if it can be obtained, and take advantage of the first opportunity to land the passengers if any. If tlie vessel can be beached or scuttled, do so where life can be saved and the vessel raised or hauled oil’ at the least expense, but in enough water to put the fire out. Enter same in 84 the log-book in full detail with time and date, and report it to the United States local inspectors. Q. 131. When your vessel is to be hauled out, what report do you make and to whom? Ans. Report to the United States local inspectors the place, time and date and the purpose for which the vessel is to be hauled out and the repairs intended. Q. 132. Describe the size and construction of a fog bell? .4ns. The efficient fog bell required upon vessels by law shall be held to mean a bell not less than 8 inches in diameter from outside to outside, and constructed of bronze or brass or other material equal thereto in tone and volume of sound. Q. 133. What equipment does a lifeboat require by law? Ans. Lifeboats required on lake, bay, and sound steamers shall be equipped with a properly secured life line the entire length on each side, such life line to be festooned in liights not longer than 3 feet, with a seine float in each bight; at least 2 life preservers, or 2 wooden flats where the same are allowed by law; 1 painter of not less than 2%-inch manila rope (about .0 inch diameter), properly attached and of suitable length ; a full complement of oars and 2 spare oars of suitable length; a full complement of rowlocks and 2 spare rowlocks, each rowlock to be attached to the boat with a separate chain; 1 steering oar with rowlock or becket, or 1 rudder with yoke and suitable yoke ropes; 1 boat hook attached to staff of suitable length, 1 a.x, 1 bucket with lanyard attached. Wooden boats shall have, in addition to the above, 2 jilugs for each drain hole, attached to the boat with chains. Q. 134. How must lifeboats be carried and overhauled? Ans. All lifeboats on vessels carrying passengers shall, if practicable, be carried under substantial davits or cranes; but if it is not practicable so to carry all the lifeboats required, the remainder shall be stowed near at hand, so as to be easily and readily 85 launched. Sucli davits, cranes, and necessary gear shall he such as will enable the lifeboats to he lowered to the water in less than two minutes from tlie time the. clearing away of the boats is begun. Each lifeboat carried under davits shall be provided with two separate davits. Wlieu a single crane is properly adapted to lower a lifeboat, it may be allowed to take the place of the two davits. Such davits or cranes, and the blocks and the falls thereof, on all passenger vessels except ferryboats, shall be of sufficient strength to carry the boat with its full load. It shall be the duty of the master or officer in charge of all vessels to see that the boat davit falls shall at all times be in readiness for immediate use. and protected from ice, and not painted, and such boat davit falls on all boats not swung out at boat drills shall be cut adrift and overhauled; and it shall he unlawful to stow in any lifeboat articles other than those required by law and regulations. On all steamers over 1.000 gross tons, covered tubs, boxes or reels shall be provided in which to stow away the boat davit falls. Lifeboats shall be stripped, cleaned, painted, and thoroughly overhauled at least once in every year. All lifeboats shall have the number of boat plainly marked or painted on each how, in figures not less than .3 inches high. Where lifeboats are carried on both sides of a vessel, lifeboat No. 1 shall be forward on starboard side of vessel, lifeboat No. 2 forward on port side, lifeboat No. 3 next abaft lifeboat No. 1 on starboard side, lifeboat No. 4 next abaft lifeboat No. 2 on port side, and so forth, the odd-numbered boats being on the starboard side and the even-numbered boats being on the port side of vessel. All lifeboats shall have their cubical contents and the number of persons such lifeboat is allowed to carry plainly marked or painted on each bow, in letters and figures not less than three- fourths of an inch high. All lifeboats shall also have the number of persons allowed to be carried plainly marked or painted on top of at least two of the thwarts, in letters and figures not less than 3 inches high. When the letters and figures above required 86 are painted on lifeboats, such letters and figures shall be dark on a light ground or light on a dark ground. Tile deck.s on wliich lifel)oats of any class or life rafts are carried sliall Ije kept clear of freight or any other obstruction that would interfere with the immediate launching of the lifeboats or life rafts. Q. 135. What equipment does a liferaft require by law? Ans. All liferafts must be equipped with 2 life lines, securely fas- tened to the gunwales; 1 painter of 2%-inch manila rope of a suitable length; not less than 4 oars of suitable size; 2 paddles, each of not less than 5 feet in length, the blade of each to be of not less area than one-half that of the blade of one of the oars of such raft; 4 rowlocks; 1 steering oar, with rowlock or hecket, and 1 boat hook. Liferafts must be stripped, cleaned, painted, and thoroughly overhauled at least once in every year. Q. 136. Where are life-preservers to he located? Ans. In the cabins, staterooms, berths and other places convenient for passengers, and when carried over head at a height greater than seven feet from the deck below efficient nu'ans must be provided for such immediate release and distribution, to be operated by persons standing on the deck below. Q. 137. How many life-preservers are required? Ans. One for each and every person allowed to he carried by the certificate of insjjection. Q. 138. Where does the law require the steam whistle to be located? Ans. Xot less than six feet above the top of the pilot house; but not higher than the top of the smokestack. Q. 139. What is a station hill? Ans. A list of the crew with their stations and duty in case of fire, collision or other accident. Station bills are to be posted in all parts of the vessel occupied or frequented by the crew. GROVER C. BERGDOLL 87 Q. 140. How can yon test fire hose and how would you keep it ready for use? Ans. By applying a cold water pressure of 100 pounds and at all times keep at least one length of hose attached to each outlet of the fire main and provided with a suitable nozzle. Q. 141. What is the fire alarm? Avs. A continuous ringing of the ship’s bell for a period of not less than 20 seconds, and this signal shall not be used for any other purpose whatsoever. Q. 142. How often arc fire and boat drills required by law? Ans. At least once each week, weather permitting. Enter it in the log-book with the time and date and report it once a month to the United States local inspectors rvith a statement of the general condition of the equipment and the vessel, using the form provided for that purpose, the drill to consist of calling all hands to quarters and exercising them in the clearing away and swing- ing out the boats and in the use of all other apparatus for the .safety of life, with special regard for the drill of the crew in the method of adusting life-preservers and educating passengers and others in this procedure and see that all the equipments required by law are in complete working order for immediate use. Q. 143. How does the law require woodwork around stoves, stovepipes, in lamp lockers, etc., to be protected? Ans. Stoves must be well secured so as to prevent them from being moved or overthrown, and all woodwork about them and the stove- pipes must be protected with metal, leaving an air space of one inch. Lamp lockers and other such places to be protected in the same manner. Q. 144. How often are you required to drill the crew in the use of the line-carrying gun? Ans. Tlie master of every vessel equipped with a line-carrying gun shall drill his crew in the use thereof, and fire said gun at least once in every three months. 88 using one-half the usual charge of powder and any ordinary line of proper length and see that these drills are entered on the log of the vessel. Q. 145. How can you test a life-preserver? Ans. Every life- preserver adjustable to the body of a person shall be made of good cork blocks or other suitable material approved by the Board of Supervising Inspectors, with belts and shoulder straps properly attached, and shall be so constructed as to place the device underneath the shoulders and around the body of the person wearing it. All such life-preservers shall be not less than 52 inches in length when measured laid flat, and every cork life- preserver shall contain an aggregate weight of at least oVa pounds of good cork, and every life-preserver shall be capable of sustain- ing for a continuous period of 24 hours an attached weight so arranged that whether the said weight be submerged or not there shall be a direct downward gravitation pull upon said life- preserver of at least 20 pounds. All life-preservers shall be covered with material of sufficient weight and strength to fully protect the contents, such material to be of a strength equivalent to unbleached cotton twill not less than 6 ounces in weight to a section of 30 by 36 inches. Such covering on each life-preserver shall be of one piece only, and the outside longitudinal edges of the covering at the seam shall be turned to a roll and closely rope stitched. Each life-preserver shall have two shoulder straps of heavy double-woven cotton tape 11/4 inches in width. Each strap shall be made of one piece only, and such strap shall be not less than 23 inches net in length, and shall be securely attached to the covering of the life-preserver by not less than four rows of stitching and at not less than two places for each strap, the rear ends of the straps to be sewed on not less than 3 or more than 5 inches from the center of the upper edge of the jacket, measured to the center of the straps. Tlie said shoulder straps shall be securely attached to each other by not less than four rows of stitching at the point where they cross each other on the back, the forward ends to be sewed on the 80 jacket in such a position as to allow it to be opened out to its full length without straining the cross seizing. There shall also he on each life-preserver a breast or button strap of heavy double- woven cotton tape 1 inch wide and 12 inches long, one end of which shall be securely fastened to one shoulder strap hy four rows of stitching at a point 4 inches above the jacket, and the other end of such breast strap shall be doubled back 2 inches and a buttonhole worked through both parts. A button of non- corrosive material shall be securely sewed on the other shoulder strap 4 inches above the jacket. There shall also be on each life- preserver a belt of heavy double-woven cotton tape inches wide, extending along the middle line on the outside of the jacket, securely sewed to the covering of the life-preserver at not less than si.x places, the end blocks being left free, and the ends of the belt to extend 12 inches beyond the ends of the jacket. All thread used in the construction of life-preservers shall be linen of a size and strength not less than Barbour’s three-cord. No. 25, machine thread. All seams and other machine sewing on life-preservers shall be with a short lock stitch, not less than eight Stitches to the inch. Blocks of compressed cork when used in life-preservers shall weigh in the aggregate not less than 6 pounds to each life- preserver and shall be so constructed that said blocks will sustain, without disintegration or substantial expansion, a submersion test satisfactory to the inspector examining the same, and that at the expiration of such test shall have the buoyancy above required. Where the blocks of life-preservers are made up of separate pieces of cork, said pieces shall be fastened with noncorrosive materials. After the approval of this rule no life-preserver shall be passed at the factory inspection which does not fulfill the foregoing requirements, but life-preservers now in use or already passed at factory inspection may be used on board vessels, provided they are constructed in accordance with the laws and regulations in force up to the date of approval of this section, and are in good and serviceable condition: Provided, That all block-cork life- preservers now in use that have been approved by this board shah 90 l)e passed by the local inspectors when they are not less than 48 inches in lengtli and have the other necessary requirements. In- spectors are furtlier required to direct such life-preservers to be distributed throughout the cabins, staterooms, Ijerths, and other places convenient for passengers on sucli steamers, and there shall be a printed notice posted in every cabin and stateroom and in conspicuous places about the deck, informing passengers of the location of life-preservers and other life-saving appliances, and of the mode of applying or adjusting the same. Life-preservers on passenger, excursion, and ferry steamers when stowed overhead shall be so supported that they can be quickly released and dis- tributed among the passengers, and the inspector shall satisfy himself as to the efficiency of the means used for such purpose by actual experiment. And when such life-preservers are stowed overhead at a height greater than 7 feet from the deck below, efficient means shall be provided for such immediate release and distribution to be operated by persons standing on the deck below. The supervising inspector of the district shall detail a local or assistant inspector to any place where life-preservers are manu- factured, whose duty it shall be to test and examine all life- preservers manufactured at that place and satisfy himself that such life-preservers are in accordance with the requirements of the Board of Supervising Inspectors, ^^'hen found to be in accord- ance with the requirements, the inspector shall stamp them with a stamp bearing the initials of his name and the date of examina- tion, and certifying that they have been examined and passed. When life-preservers are so stamped it shall be prima facie evi- dence that they comply with the requirements of law and regula- tions as to their original construction, and they may thereafter be accepted by inspectors, in their discretion, as being in accord- ance with the rules and regulations of the Board of Supervising Inspectors. Q. 146. What is the penalty for flashing a searchlight into the pilot house of a passing vessel ? .4 ns. The officer's license may be suspended or revoked. 01 Q. 147. What is tlie penalty when an officer of a steamer fails to kec]) tlie eqnipment in jiroper order? Ans. His license may fie suspended or revoked. Q. 148. What montlily report are you required by law to make to tlie United States local inspectors ? Ans. The number of pas- sengers carried, dates and particulars of fire and boat drills and that the general condition of the vessel and equipment are as required by law. This report is not required for months during which the steamer is not navigated. Q. 14!). How do you mark a lead-line? Ans. 2 fathoms, 2 strips of leather; 3 fathoms. 3 strips of leather; 5 fathoms, white rag; 7 fathoms, red rag; 10 fathoms, piece of leather with hole in it; 13 fathoms, blue rag; 1.5 fathoms, white rag; 17 fathoms, red rag; 20 fathoms, piece of leather with 2 holes in it, or piece of cod line with 2 knots. After that every 10 fathoms marked with one additional knot, and such as 25, 35 and 45 fathoms are marked with one knot. Q. 150. What signal do you make for a pilot? Ans. Code flag S or jack on the fore, or use the code signal. During the night, flash a white light at short intervals, burn white — red — white Coston signal, or a blue light every 15 minutes, Q. 151. What publications are required liy law to be on board steamers and which are you compelled to allow passengers to use if called for? Ans. Pilot rules, notice excluding passengers from the pilot house or bridge, and at least two copies form 800, Laws flovorning the Steamboat-Inspection Service. The last are to be used by passengers if called for. Also three copies of section 50, Rule 5 of General Rules and Regulations. Q. 152. What are the duties of watchmen in passenger steamers and how many are required? Ans. Their duties are to prevent any unlawful act by any member of the crew or any 92 passenger, and in case of accident to alarm the passengers and assist tliem in tlie use of the life-saving appliances. One watch- man is required in each cabin and steerage and report to tin- officer of the watch every half hour. Also a man on the lookout forward whose duty is to report all lights, vessels, etc., as they come in sight and also report tlie condition of the vessels running lights at regular intervals and perform no other duty while on the lookout. Q. 15,3. What notices regarding life-preservers are required and how many ? Arts. Tliere shall he a printed notice posted in every cabin and stateroom and in conspicuous places about the decks, informing passengers of the location of life-preservers and otlier life-saving appliances, and of the mode of applying or adjusting tlie same. Q. 154. What would you do in case of collision? Ans. Call all hands to quarters and get the life-saving equipment cleared away. At the same time sound the bilges, and if the vessel is making water and if possible pump it out and learn the e.xtent of the damage. If the vessel is dangerously injured, beach her if possible where she can he hauled off or raised at the least e.xpense. If that is not possible take to the boats and see that women, children and other passengers are first to leave the ship, the officers being last. Also take any other action to save life and property that the circumstances may permit. Enter a full account of the accident in the log-book with the time and date and report it to the nearest United States local inspectors on arrival in port. In every ease of collision between two vessels it shall be the duty of the master or person in charge of each vessel, if and so far as he can do so without serious danger to his own vessel, crew, and passengers (if any), to stay by the other vessel until he has ascertained that she has no need of further assistance, and to ren- der to the other vessel, her master, crew, and passengers (if any), such assistance as may be practicable and as may he necessary in order to save them from any danger caused by the collision and 93 also to give to tlie master or person in charge of the other vessel the name of his own vessel and her pm't of registi'v, or the port or place to which she belongs, and also the names of the ports and places from which and to which she is bound. Every master or person in charge of a United States vessel who fails, without reasonable cause, to render such assistance or give such informa- tion as aforesaid shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars, or imprison- ment for a term not exceeding two years. Q. 155. If your vessel was anchored near a shoal on either side, which way would you sheer the ship and why? J.hs. Toward the shoal because if she broke her sheer she would go from the shoal. Q. 15G. IMiat is the penalty for blowing unnecessary whistles? Tile officer may be fined or his license may be suspended. Q. 157. What is the penalty for navigating a steamer beyond the waters called for in her certificate or the officer’s license? -las. His license may be suspended or revoked. Q. 158. l\’hat are the bell signals from the pilot house to the engine room? Ans. When engines are stopped, one bell — • ahead slow. When engines are working ahead slow, jingle bell — full speed ahead. When engines are working full speed ahead, one bell — slow down. l\'hen engines are working ahead slow, one bell — stop. Mdien engines are stopped, two bells — astern slow. When engines are working astern slow, jingle bell — full speed astern. When engines are working astern either slow or full speed, one bell — stop. l\dien engines are working full speed ahead, four bells — astern. With jingle bell, full speed astern. V- 159. What precautions would you take when making the land during thick or any bad weather? Ans. During thick or bad weather soimd the whistle as required by law, and when making 94 the land have the anchors ready, look up the tides and currents and sound frequently and keep a good lookout. Run at moderate speed and if in a sailing vessel, have her under manageable sail. Listen for horns, bells, etc., and stop, anchor, or stand off shore if the jiosition of the ship becomes too uncertain to run to pick up the light or other object intended to make. Also be sure the deviation of the compass is known and properly applied. Q. 160. How can you convert statute miles into nautical miles? Ans. By multiplying' the number of statute miles by 1.152. y. 161. What are j'our duties on joining a vessel as master? Ans. Have my name indorsed on the papers at the Custom House. lnsf)ect the vessel and her equipment, and if any defects are found have such repairs and alterations made as may be necessary, and if that cannot be done or if some considerable change is made, a report to the LTnited States local inspectors would be necessary. Also take an inventory of the stores and see that the vessel is in proper condition, equipped, has the full complement of officers and crew and stored. If possible obtain from the former master such vouchers and accounts as he may have. Q. 162. What would be your duty when relieving the officer in charge of the watch and while you are in charge of the watch? Aws. Inquire if any orders had been left and what they were, the course, and if on a coast the time the ship passed the last light or prominent point, see that the running lights are show- ing properly and before he leaves the bridge look over the log- and order-book. While in charge of the watch see that the proper course is being made, lookout on duty, watchmen in cabins and steerage during the night, that lights are showing properly, keep a good lookout and call the captain if the weather becomes tliick. if a light is made unexpectedly, if soundings are not about what they are supposed to be or if in doubt about the safety of the ship in any way; but in any case call him in time. 95 Q. 163. You being the officer in charge of a steamer or the of- ficer detailed to accompany the United States Steamboat Inspec- tor during the inspection of the vessel, what would be your duty ? -•ins. All licensed officers shall assist the inspectors in their exam- ination of any vessel to which such licensed officers belong, and shall point out all defects and imperfections known to them in the hull, equipments, boilers, or machinery of such vessel. Q. 164. How can you test the stability of a vessel? Ans. Place a known weight on one side of the vessel and note the angle of heel. Place an equal weight the same distance from amidships on the same side and again note the angle of heel. If the second weight heeled the ship a less number of degrees than the first, the stability is good. If the same or more, it is bad. Q. 165. Y’hat would be your duty when anchored in a fairway by necessity? Ans. Keep a good lookout and tend the helm and use power if necessary to keep as much as possible on the star- board side of the channel while steamers are passing. When sail vessels are passing, keep the windward side of the channel. Q. 166. When two steam vessels meet in a narrow channel in a tideway where one or both must slow down or stop their engines to pass in safety, which one has the right of way? A«s. The steamer having a fair tide. 96 LAWS RELATING TO THE NAVIGATION OF VESSELS ON ALL HARBORS, RIVERS, AND INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, EXCEPT THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CONNECTING AND TRIBUTARY WATERS AS FAR EAST AS MONTREAL AND THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AND RIVERS EMPTYING INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. AN ACT To adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon certain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States. Whereas the provisions of chapter eight hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, and the amendments thereto, adopting regulations for preventing collisions at sea, apply to all waters of the United States connected with the high seas navigable by seagoing vessels, except so far as the naviga- tion of any harbor, river, or inland waters is regulated by special rules duly made by local authority ; and Whereas it is desirable that the regulations relating to the naviga" tioii of all harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and trib- utary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, shall be stated in one Act; Therefore, Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the follow- ing regulations for preventing collisions shall be followed by all vessels navigating all harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the 97 United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Eed River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, and are hereby declared special rules duly made by local authority: PRELIMINARY. In the following rules every steam-vessel which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing-vessel, and every vessel under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a steam-vessel. The word “steam-vessel” shall include any vessel propelled by machinery. A vessel is “under way,” within the meaning of these rules, when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground. RULES CONCERNING LIGHTS, AND SO FORTH. The word “visible” in these rules, when applied to lights, shall mean visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere. Article 1 . The rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited. Art. 2.^ A steam-vessel when under way shall carry — (a) On or in front of the foremast, or, if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, a bright white liglit so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least five miles. ’Article 2 is amended by act of Congress approved June g, 1910, effective on and after July g, iqio, in rules for lights required to be carried by every vessel propelled by machinery and not more than 65 feet in length, except tugboats and towboats propelled by steam 98 (b) On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (c) On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (d) The said green and red side-lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow. (e) A sea-going steam-vessel when under way may carry an additional white light similar in construction to the light men- tioned in subdivision (a). These two lights shall be so placed in line with the keel that one shall be at least fifteen feet higher than the other, and in such a position with refeience to each other that tlie lower light shall be forward of the upper one. The vertical distance between these lights shall be less than the horizontal distance. (f) All steam- vessels (except sea-going vessels and ferry-boats), shall carry in addition to green and red lights required by article two (b), (e), and screens as required by article two (d), a central range of two white lights ; the after-light being carried at an eleva- tion at least fifteen feet above the light at the head of the vessel. The head-light shall be so constructed as to show an unbroken light through twenty points of the compass, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, and the after-light so as to show all around the horizon. Art. 3. A steam-vessel when towing another vessel shall, in addition to her side-lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart. 99 and when towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light three feet above or below such lights, if the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the last vessel towed exceeds six hundred feet. Each of these lights shall be of the same construction and char- acter, and shall be carried in the same position as the white light mentioned in article two (a) or the after range light mentioned in article two ( f ) . Such steam-vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel or aftermast for the vessel towed to steer by, but such light shall not be visible forward of the beam. Art. o. a sailing-vessel under way or being towed shall carry the same lights as are prescribed by article two for a steam-vessel under way, with the exception of the white lights mentioned therein, which they shall never carry. Art. 6. Whenever, as in the case of vessels of less than ten gross tons under way during bad weather, the green and red side- lights can not be fixed, these lights shall be kept at hand, lighted and ready for use; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side, nor, if practicable, more than two points abaft the beam on their respective sides. To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy the lanterns containing them shall each be painted outside with the color of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with proper screens. Art. 7. Rowing boats, whether under oars or sail, shall have ready at hand a lantern showing a white light which shall be temporarily exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision. 100 Art. 8.^ Pilot-vessels when engaged on their station on pilotage duty shall not show the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all around the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed fifteen minutes. On the near approach of or to other vessels they shall have their side-lights lighted, ready for use, and shall flash or show them at short intervals, to indicate the direction in which they are heading, but the green light shall not be shown on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side. A pilot-vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of a vessel to put a pilot on board may show the white light instead of carrying it at the masthead, and may, instead of the colored lights above mentioned, have at hand, ready for use, a lantern with a green glass on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above. Pilot-vessels, when not engaged on their station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other vessels of their tonnage. ^AN ACT Relating to lights on steam pilot vessels. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That a_ steam pilot vessel, when engaged on her station on pilotage duty and in waters of the United States, and not at anchor, shall, in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats, carry at a distance of eight feet below her white masthead light a red light, visible all around the horizon and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least two miles, and also the colored side lights required to be carried by ves- sels when under way. When engaged on her station on pilotage duty and in waters of the United States, and at anchor, she shall carry in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats the red light above mentioned, but not the colored side lights. When not engaged on her station on pilotage duty, she shall carry the same lights as other steam vessels. Sec. 2. That this act shall be construed as supplementars' to article eight of the Act approved June seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, entitled “An act to adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon cer- tain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States,” and to article eight of an Act approved August nineteenth, eighteen hundred and ninety, entitled “An act to adopt regulations for preventing collisions at sea.” Sec. 3. That this act shall take effect on June thirtieth, nineteen hundred. Approved, February ig, 1900. 101 Art. 9. (a) Fishing-vessels of less than ten gross tons, when under way and when not having their nets, trawls, dredges, or lines in the water, shall not be obliged to carry the colored side- lights; but every such vessel shall, in lieu thereof, have ready at hand a lantern with a green glass on one side and a red glass on the other side, and on approaching to or being approached by another vessel such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side. (b) All fishing- vessels and fishing-boats of ten gross tons or upward, when under way and when not having their nets, trawls, dredges, or lines in the water, shall carry and show the same lights as other vessels under way. (e) All vessels, when trawling, dredging, or fishing with any kind of drag-nets or lines, shall exhibit, from some part of the vessel where they can be best seen, two lights. One of these lights shall be red and the other shall be white. The red light shall be above the white light, and shall be at a vertical distance from it of not less than six feet and not more than twelve feet ; and the horizontal distance between them, if any, shall not be more than ten feet. These two lights shall be of such a character and con- tained in lanterns of such construction as to be visible all round the horizon, the white light a distance of not less than three miles and the red light of not less than two miles. (d) Rafts, or other water craft not herein provided for, navi- gating by hand power, horse power, or by the current of the river, shall carry one or more good white lights, which shall be placed in such manner as shall be prescribed by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of Steam Vessels. ART. 10. A vessel which is being overtaken by another, except a steam-vessel with an after range-light showing all around the horizon, shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned vessel a white light or a flare-up light. Art. 11. A vessel under one hundred and fifty feet in length when at anchor shall carry forward, where it can best be seen. 102 but at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light, in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile. A vessel of one hundred and fifty feet or upwards in length when at anchor shall carry in the forward part of the vessel, at a height of not less than twenty and not exceeding forty feet above the hull, one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than fifteen feet lower than the forward light, another such light. Tlie length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appearing in her certificate of registry. Akt. 12. Every vessel may, if necessary, in order to attract attention, in addition to the lights which she is by these rules required to carry, show a flare-up light or use any detonating signal that can not be mistaken for a distress signal. Art. 13. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the opera- tion of any special rules made by the Government of any nation with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more ships of war or for vessels sailing under convoy, or with the exhibition of recognition sig^ials adopted by shipowners, which have been authorized by their respective Governments, and duly registered and pulilished. Art. 14. a steam-vessel proceeding under sail only, but having her funnel up, may carry in daytime, forward, where it can best be seen, one black ball or shape two feet in diameter. SOUND SIGNALS FOR FOG, AND SO FORTH. Art. 15. All signals prescribed by this article for vessels under way shall be given : 1. By “steam-vessels” on the whistle or siren. 2. By “sailing-vessels” and “vessels towed” on the fog horn. The words “prolonged blast” used in this article shall mean a blast of from four to six seconds duration. 103 A steam-vessel shall be provided with an efficient whistle or siren, sounded by steam or by some substitute for steam, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstruction, and with an efficient fog horn ; also with an efficient bell. A sailing- vessel of twenty tons gross tonnage or upward shall be provided with a similar fog horn and bell. In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorms, whether by day or night, the signals described in this article shall be used as follows, namely: (a) A steam-vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, a prolonged blast. (c) A sailing-vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, when on the starboard tack, one blast; when on the port tack, two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam, three blasts in succession. (d) A vessel when at anchor shall, at intervals of not more than one minute, ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds. (e) A steam-vessel when towing, shall, instead of the signals prescribed in subdivision (a) of this article, at intervals of not more than one minute, sound three blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. A vessel towed may give this signal and she shall not give any other. (f) All rafts or other water craft, not herein provided for, navigating by hand power, horse power, or by the current of the river, shall sound a blast of the fog-horn, or equivalent signal, at intervals of not more than one minute. SPEED OF SHIPS TO BE MODERATE IN FOG, AND SO FORTH. Art. If). Every vessel shall, in a fog. mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions. A steam-vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog-signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision is over. 104 STEERING AND SAILING RLTLES. PRELIMINAKY — RISK OF COLLISION. Risk of collision can, when circumstances permit, be ascertained by carefully watching the compass bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist. Art. 17. When two sailing-vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, namely: (a) A vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled. (b) A vessel which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled on the starboard tack. (c) When both are running free, with the wind on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. (d) When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to the windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to the leeward. (e) A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel. Art. 18. Rule I. When steam-vessels are approaching each other head and head, that is, end on, or nearly so, it shall be the duty of each to pass on the port side of the other ; and either vessel shall give, as a signal of her intention, one short and distinct blast of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by a similar blast of her whistle, and thereupon such vessels shall pass on the port side of each other. But if the courses of such vessels are so far on the starboard of each other as not to be considered as meeting head and head, either vessel shall immediately give two short and distinct blasts of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by two 105 similar blasts of her whistle, and they shall pass on the starboard side of each other. The foregoing only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on or nearly end on. in such a manner as to involve risk of collision ; in other words, to cases in which, by day. each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own, and by night to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side-lights of the other. It does not apply by day to cases in which a vessel sees another ahead crossing her own course, or by night to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead. Eule 111. If, when steam-vessels are approaching each other, either vessel fails to understand the course or intention of the other, from any cause, the vessel so in doubt shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts, not less than four, of the steam-whistle. Rule V. lYhenever a steam-vessel is nearing a short bend or curve in the channel, where, from the height of the banks or other cause, a steam-vessel approaching from the opposite direction can not be seen for a distance of half a mile, such steam-vessel, when she shall have arrived within half a mile of such curve or bend, shall give a signal by one long blast of the steam whistle, which signal shall be answered by a similar blast, given by any approaching steam-vessel that may be within hearing. Should such signal be so answered by a steam-vessel upon the farther side of such bend, then the usual signals for meeting and passing shall immediately be given and answered; but, if the first alarm signal of such vessel be not answered, she is to consider the channel clear and govern herself accordingly. When steam-vessels are moved from their docks or berths, and other boats are liable to pass frojn any direction toward them, IOC they shall give the same signal as in the ease of vessels meeting at a bend, hut immediately after clearing the berths so as to be fully in sight they shall be governed by the steering and sailing rules. Rule VIII. When steam-vessels are running in the same direc- tion, and the vessel which is astern shall desire to pass on the right or starboard hand of the vessel ahead, she shall give one short blast of the steam-whistle, as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with one blast, she shall put her helm to port; or if she shall desire to pass on the left or port side of the vessel ahead, she shall give two short blasts of the steam- whistle as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with two Idasts, sliall put her helm to starboard; or if the vessel aiiead does not think it safe for the vessel astern to attempt to pass at that point, she shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts of the steam-wliistle, not less than four, and under no circumstances shall the vessel astern attempt to pass the vessel aliead until such time as they liave reached a point, where it can be safely done, when said vessel ahead shall signify her willingness by blowing the proper signals. The vessel ahead shall in no case attempt to cross the bow or crowd upon the course of the passing vessel. Rule IX. The whistle signals provided in the rules under this article, for steam-vessels meeting, passing, or overtaking, are never to be used except when steamers are in sight of each other, and the course and position of each can be determined in the daytime by a sight of the vessel itself, or by night by seeing its signal lights. In fog, mist, falling snow or heavy rainstorms, wlien vessels can not so see each other, fog-signals only must be given. Art. 10. When two steam-vessels are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own star- board side shall keep out of the way of the other. Art. ‘20. When a steam-vessel and a sailing-vessel are proceed- 107 ing in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam- vessel sliall keep out of tlie way of the sailing-vessel. Akt. 21. Where, by any of these rules, one of the two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed. Aut. 22. Every vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other. Art. 2.3. Every steam-vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, on approaching her, if necessary, slacken her speed or stop or reverse. Art. 24. Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules every vessel, overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken vessel. Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction more than two points abaft her beam, that is, in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel’s side-lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel ; and no subsequent altera- tion of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the over- taking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is Anally past and clear. As by day the overtaking vessel can not always know with cer- tainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an over- taking vessel and keep out of the way. Art. 25. In narrow channels every steam-vessel shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fair-way or mid- channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel. Art. 26. Sailing-vessels under way shall keep out of the way of sailing-vessels or boats fishing with nets, or lines, or trawls. This rule shall not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing a fair-way used by vessels other than fishing- vessels or boats. 108 Art. 27. In obeying and construing those rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. SOUND SIGNALS FOR VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER. Art. 28. When vessels are in sight of one another a steam- vessel under way whose engines are going at full speed astern sliall indicate that fact by three short blasts on the whistle. NO VESSEL UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO NEGLECT PROPER PRECAUTIONS. Art. 20. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner or master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case. Art. 30. The exhibition of any light on board of a vessel of war of the United States or a revenue cutter may be suspended when- ever, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy, the commander in chief of a squadron, or the commander of a vessel acting singly, the special character of the service may require it. DISTRE.SS SIGNALS. Art. 31. When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, namely: IN THE DAYTUIE. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus, or firing a gun. 109 AT NIGHT. First. Flames on tlie vessel as from a burning tar barrel, oil l)arrel, and so forth. Second. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal ap 2 Jaratus, or firing a gun. Sec. 2.^ Tliat the supervising inspectors of steam-vessels and the Supervising Inspector General shall establish such rules to be observed by steam-vessels in passing each other and as to the lights to be carried by ferry-boats and by barges and canal boats when in tow of steam-vessels, and as to the lights and day signals to be carried by vessels, dredges of all types, and vessels working on wrecks by other obstruction to navigation or moored for sub- marine oiierations, or made fast to a sunken object wliich may drift with the tide or be towed, not inconsistent with the j)i’o- visions of this Act, as they from time to time may deem necessary for safety, which rules when approved by the Secretary of Com- merce are hereby declared special rules duly made by local author- ity, as jirovided for in article thirty of chajiter eight hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety. Two printed copies of such rules shall he furnished to such ferry-boats, barges, dredges, canal boats, vessels working on wrecks, and steam-vessels, which rules shall he kept posted up in consjiicuous j)laces in such vessels, barges, dredges, and boats. Sec. 3. Tliat every pilot, engineer, mate, or master of any steam- vessel, and every master or mate of any barge or canal-boat, who neglects or refuses to observe the provisions of this Act, or the regulations established in jnirsuance of the {ireceding section, shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars, and for all damages sustained by any passenger in his jierson or baggage by such neglect or refusal: Provided, That nothing herein shall relieve any vessel, owner or corporation from any liability incurred by reason of such neglect or refusal. *As amended by act of Congress approved May as, 1914 . 110 Sec. 4. That every vessel that shall be navigated without com- plying with the provisions of this Act shall be liable to a penalty of two hundred dollars, one-half to go to the informer, for which sum tlie vessel so navigated shall be liable and may be seized and proceeded against by action in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offense. Sec. 5. That sections forty-two hundred and thirty-three and forty-four hundred and twelve (with the regulations made in pursuance thereof, except the rules and regulations for the govern- ment of 2 ^ilots of steamers navigating the Red River of the Xorth and rivers emptying into tlie Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, and except the rules for the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as INIontreal), and forty-four hundred and thirteen of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and eliaj^ter two hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and sections one and three of chapter one hundred and two of tlie laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-five, and sections five, twelve, and thirteen of the Act approved March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, entitled “An Act to amend the laws relating to navigation,” and all amendments thereto, are hereby repealed so far as the harbors, rivers, and inland waters aforesaid ( exeept the Great Lakes and their con- necting and triljutarv waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the Xorth and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, and their tributaries) are concerned. Sec. (i. That this Act shall take effect four months from the date of its approval. Aiiproved. June 7, 1897. Ill BOUNDARY LINES OF THE HIGH SEAS. The following lines dividing the high seas from rivers, harbors, and inland waters are hereby designated and defined pursuant to section 2 of the act of Congress of February 19, 1895. Waters in- shore of the lines here laid down are “inland waters,” and ujjon them the inland rules and pilot rules made in pursuance thereof apply. LTpon the high seas, viz., waters outside of the lines here laid down, the international rules apply. Tlie following lines shall be effective on and after March 1, 1913: Inland icatcrs on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts of the United States tvhere the Inland Rules of the Road are to he followed; and inland icaters of the United States hordering on the Gulf of Mexico ichere the inland Rules of the Road or Pilot Rules for Western Rivers are to he followed. [All bearings are in degrees true and points magnetic, and are given approximately; distances in nautical miles.] CuTLEU (Little River) Harbor, Me. — A line drawn from Long Point 220° (SW. by W. % W. ) to Little River Head. Little Machias Bay, Machias Bay, Englishman Bay, Chandler Bay, IMoosabec Reach, Pleasant Bay'. Narraguagus Bay, and Pigeon Hill Bay, Me. — A line drawn from Little River Head 232° (WSW. 14 W.) to the outer side of Old Man: thence 234° (WSW. % W.) to the outer side of Doul)le Shot Islands; thence 245° (W. % S.) to Libby Islands Lightliouse; thence 231%° (WSW. % W.) to Moose Peak Lighthouse; thence 233° (WSW. 14 W. ) to Little Pond Head; from Pond Point, Great Wass Island, 239° (WSW. % W.) to outer side of Crumple Island; thence 248° (W. % S.) to Petit Manan Lighthouse. 112 AtL Harbors on the Coast of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts Between Petit Manan Lighthouse, Me., and Cape Ann Lighthouses, Mass. — A line drawn from Petit Manan Lighthouse 205%° ( SW. % S. ), 261/2 miles, to Mount Desert Lighthouse; thence 2501/2° (W. % S. ) , about 3.3 miles, to Matini- cus Rock Lighthouses; thence 267%° (WNW. Yg W.), 231/2 miles, to Monhegan Island Lighthouse; thence 260° (W. % N.), 19% miles, to Seguin Lighthouse; thence 233° (WSW.), 18% miles, to Cape Elizabeth Lightvessel, No. 74; thence 214%° (SW. % M’.), 29% miles, to Boon Island Lighthouse; thence 2101 / 2 ° (SW.), 11 miles, to Anderson Ledge Spindle, off Isles of Shoals Lighthouse; thence 176%° (S. % W.), lO/g miles, to Cape Ann Lighthouses, Mass. Boston Harbor. — From Eastern Point Lighthouse 215° (SW. % W. ), 15% miles, to The Graves Lighthouse; thence 139%° (SSE. % E.), 7% miles, to Minots Ledge Lighthouse. All Harbors in Cape Cod Bay, Mass. — A line drawn from Plymouth (Gurnet) Lighthouses 77%° (E. % S.), 16% miles, to Race Point Lighthouse. Nantucket Sound, Vineyard Sound, Buzzards Bay, Narra- gansett Bay, Block Island Sound, and Easterly Entrance to Long Island Sound. — A line drawn from Chatham Lighthouses, Mass., 146° (S. by E. Vg E.), 4% miles, to Pollock Rip Shoals Lightvessel, No. 73; thence 142° (SSE. % E.), 12% miles, to Great Round Shoal Entrance Gas, Whistling, and Submarine Bell Buoy (PS) ; thence 229° (SW. by W. % W.), 14Y2 miles, to Sankaty Head Lighthouse ; from Smith Point, Nantucket Island. 265° (W. % N.), 25% miles, to southeasterly point No Mans Land; from westerly point No IMans Land, 359° (N. by E.), 5% miles, to Gay Head Lighthouse; thence 250%° (W. % S.). 34% miles, to Block Island Southeast Lighthouse; thence 250%° (W. % S. ), 14% miles, to Montauk Point Lighthouse, on the easterly end of Long Island. N. Y. New York Harbor. — A line drawn from Rockaway Point Life- 113 Saving Station 16714° (S. 14 E.), 614 miles, to Ambrose Channel Lightvessel, ISTo. 87; thence 23814° (WSW.), 814 miles to Nave- sink (southerly) Lighthouse. Philadelphia Hap.bor and Delaware Bay.— A line drawn from Cape May Lighthouse 200° (SSW. % IT.), 8% miles, to Overfalls Lightvessel, No. 60; thence 24614° (WSW. 14 W. ), 3% miles, to Cape Henlopen Lighthouse. Baltimore Harbor and Chesapeake Bat. — A line drawn from Cape Charles Lighthouse 18814° (S. by W. % W. ), 10 miles, to Outer Entrance Whistling Buoy, 2; thence 241%° (SW. by W. % W. ) , 4 miles, to Cape Henry Lighthouse. Charleston Harbor.- — A line drawn from Ferris Wheel, on Isle of Palms, 154° (SSE. % E.), 7 miles, to Charleston Lightvessel, No. 34; thence 259° (W. % S.), through Charleston Whistling Buoy 6C, 7% miles, until Charleston Lighthouse bears 350° (N. ■% W. ) ; thence 270° (W.), 2% miles, to the beach of Folly Island. Savannah Harbor and Calibogue Sound. — A line drawn from Braddock Point, Hilton Head Island, 149° (SSE. % E.), 9% miles, to Tybee Gas and Whistling Buoy, T (PS) ; thence 270° (W.) to the beach of TVbee Island. St. Simon Sound (Brunswick Harbor) and St. Andrew Sound. — From hotel on beach of St. Simon Island mile 60° (NE. by E. % E.) from St. Simon Lighthouse, 130%° (SE. % E.), 6% miles, to St. Simon Whistling Buoy; thence 192° (S. by W.), 8% miles, to St. Andrew Sound Bar Buoy (PS); thence 270° (W. % S.), 4% miles, to the shore of Little Cumber- land Island. St. Johns River, Fla. — A straight line from the outer end of the northerly jetty to the outer end of the southerly jetty. Florida Reefs and Keys. — A line drawn from the easterly end of the northerly jetty, at the entrance to the dredged channel % mile northerly of Norris Cut, 114%° (ESE.), 1% miles, to Florida 114 Reefs North End Beacon, W.; thence 178%“ (S. % E.). 7% miles, to Biscayne Bay Sea Bell Buoy, 1 ; thence 181%° (S. ), 2% miles, to Fowey Rocks Lighthouse; thence 188° (S. i/j W.), 0% miles, to Triumph Reef Beacon. O; thence 193° (S. 'by W.), 4%. miles, to Ajax Reef Beacon. M; thence 1941/2° ( S. by W. % W.), 2 miles, to Pacific Reef Beacon, L; thence 196V2° (S. by lY. % W.), o miles, to Turtle Harbor Sea Buoy, 2; thence 210° ( SSW. Vz W.), 4yg miles, to Carysfort Reef Lighthouse; thence 2091/2° (SSW. % W. ), 5% miles, to Elbow Reef Beacon, J; thence 218° (SW. % S. ), 7% miles, to French Reef Beacon, G; thence 2201/2° (SW. 1/2 S. ), 2 miles, to Molasses Reef Beacon, T; thence 234%° (SW. % W. ), 6 miles, to Conch Reef Beacon. E; thence 23.5° (SW. % W. ) through Crocker Reef Beacon, D, 10% miles, to Alligator Reef Lighthouse; thence 238° (SW. by W.), 9 miles, to Tennessee Reef Beacon, 7; thence 222%° (SW. 14 S.), 2 miles, to Tennessee Reef Buoy, 4; thence 251° (WSW. i/g W.), lOVi miles, to Coffins Patches Beacon, C; thence 247° ( SW. by W. % W. ) , 8% miles, to Sombrero Key Lighthouse; thence 250° (WSW.), 2% miles, to Sombrero Key Turn Buoy (PS) ; tlience 253° (WSW. % W.). fi% miles, to Bahia Honda Sea Buoy (PS); thence 2551/2° (WSW. V 2 W.), 7% miles, to Looe Key Beacon, 6; thence 257i->° (WSW. % W.), 0% miles, to American Shoal Lighthouse; thence 253%° (WSW. % W. ) , 2% miles, to Maryland Shoal Beacon, S: thence 259° (WSW’. % W.), 5% miles, to Eastern Sambo Beacon, A; thence 250%° (WSW. % W.), 2% miles, to Western Sambo Beacon, R; thence 252%° (WSW. % W.), 1% miles, to Western Sambo Buoy, 2; thence 201%° (W. by S.), through Ship Channel Shoal Beacon, 5, 3% miles, to iMain Ship Channel Entrance Bar Buoy (PS) ; thence 259yo° (WSW. ■% W. ). 2% miles, to Eastern Dry Rocks Beacon. 4: thence 250%° (WSW. % W.). 1% miles, to Sand Key Lighthouse: thence 201° (W. by S.). 2% miles, to Western Dry Rocks Beacon. 2: thence 208%° (W. % S.). 3% miles, through Satan Shoal Buoy (HS) to Vestal Shoal Buoy, 1; thence 273%° (W. % N. ), 5% miles, to Coal Bin Rock Buoy (HS); thence 324%° (XW. % X.), 7% miles, to Conch Key; from northwesterly point Marquesas Keys 01%° (XE. by E. 115 ’4 E•)^ 4i/g miles, to North Entrance Buoy (PS), Boca Grande Channel; thence 84° (E. % N. ), 0% miles, to Northwest Channel Entrance Bell Buoy (PS), Northwest Channel into Key West; thence 6844° (NE. by E. Yg E.), 231/2 miles, to northerly side of Content Keys; thence 48%° (NE. % E.), 29% miles, to East Cape, Cape Sable. Charlotte Harbor and Punta Gorda, Fla. — Eastward of En- trance Bell Buoy (PS), off Boca Grande, and in Charlotte Har- bor, in Pine Island Sound and Matlacha Pass. Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply in Peace and Myacca Rivers north of a 250° and 70° (WSW. and ENE.) line through Mangrove Point Light; and in Caloosahatchee River northward of the steamboat wharf at Puntarasa. TAjrPA Bay and Tributaries, Fla. — From the southerly end of Long Key 24544° (SW. by W. % W.), 3 miles, to Entrance Gas and Whistling Buoy (PS) ; thence 128%° (SE. % E. ), 6% miles, to Bar Bell Buoy (PS) at the entrance to Southwest Channel; thence 1021/2° (E. Yg S.), 2% miles, to the house on the north end of Anna Maria Key. Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply in Manatee River inside Entrance Buoy (PS) ; in Hillsboro River inside Barrel Stake Beacon. St. George Sound, Apalachicola Bay, Carrabelle, and Apa- lachicola Rivers, and St. Vincent Sound, Fla. — North of a line from Lighthouse Point 246° (SW. by W. % W.), I344 miles, to southeasterly end of Dog Island; to northward of East Pass Bell Buoy (PS) at the entrance to East Pass, and inside West Pass Bell Buoy (PS) at the seaward entrance to West Pass. Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply in Carrabelle River and when on the range and crossing the bar at the entrance; in Apalachicola River and northward of Five-Foot Lump Buoy, 5, when crossing till' bar. Pensacola Harbor. — From Caucus Cut Entrance Whistling Buoy (PS) 8° (N. % E.) tangent to easterly side of Fort Pickens’ to the shore of Santa Rosa Island, and from the Whistling Buoy northward in the buoyed channel through Caucus Shoal. 116 Mobile Harbor and Bay. — From Outer Whistling Buoy (PS) 40° (NE. by N. ) to shore of Mobile Point, and from the Whistling Buoy 320° (NW.) to the shore of Dauphin Island. Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply in Mobile River above Battery Gladden Light. Sounds, Lakes, and Harbors on the Coasts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, Between Mobile Bay Entrance AND THE Delta of the Mississippi River. — From Sand Island Lighthouse 250° (WSW. % W.), 43i/^ miles, to Chandeleur Light- house; westward of Chandeleur and Errol Islands, and west of a line drawn from the southwesterly point of Errol Island 182° (S. 14 E.), 2314 miles, to Pass a Loutre Lighthouse. Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply in Pascagoula River, and in the dredged cut at the entrance to the river, above Pascagoula River Entrance Light, A, marking the entrance to the dredged cut. New Orleans Harbor and the Delta of the Mississippi River. — Inshore of a line drawn from the outermost mud lump showing above low water at the entrance to Pass a Loutre to a similar lump off the entrance to Northeast Pass ; thence to a sim- ilar lump off the entrance to Southeast Pass; thence to the outer- most aid to navigation off the entrance to South Pass ; thence to the outermost aid to navigation off the entrance to Southwest Pass; thence northerly, about 18% miles, to the westerly point of the entrance to Jaque Bay. Sabine Pass, Tex. — Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply to Sabine Pass northward of Sabine Pass Whistling Buoy (PS), and in Sabine Lake and its tributaries. Outside of this buoy the International Rules apply. Galveston Harbor. — A line drawn from Galveston North Jetty Light 164° (SSE. i/g E.), 2% miles, to Galveston Bar Gas Buoy (PS) ; tlience 312yo° (NW. % W.), !■% miles, to Galveston (S.) Jetty Light. Brazos River, Tex. — Pilot Rules for Western Rivers apply in the Brazos River above the outer ends of the jetties. Inter- national Rules apply outside the ends of the jetties. 117 San Diego Harbor. — A line drawn from southerly tower Coro- nado Hotel 22114° (SSW. % W. ), 4% miles, to Outside Bar Whistling' Buoy, SD, (PS); thence 356%° (N. by W. % W.), 2% miles, to Point Loma Lighthouse. San Francisco Harbor. — A line drawn through Mile Rocks Lighthouse 326° ((NTW. % W.) to Bonita Point Lighthouse. Columbia River Entrance. — A line drawn from knuckle of Columbia River south jetty 351° (NNW. % W.) to Cape Dis- appointment Lighthouse. Juan de Fuca Strait, Washington and Puget Sounds. — A line drawn from New Dungeness Lighthouse 1914° (N. % W. ), 1714 miles, to Cattle Point Light, on southeasterly point of San Juan Island (Mount Constitution, on Oreas Island, is in range with Cattle Point Light on this line) ; from Bellevue Point, San Juan Island, 335%° (NW. % W. ) , to Kellett Bluff, Henry Island; thence 346° (NW. % N. ) to Turn Point Light; thence 7014° (NE. 14 E.), 8% miles, to westerly point of Skipjack Island; thence 37%° (N. by E. % E.), 4% miles, to Patos Islands Light; thence 337%° (NW. 14 W.) , 12 miles, to Point Roberts Light. General Rule. — At all buoyed entrances from seaward to bays, sounds, rivers, or other estuaries, for which specific lines have not been described, inland rules shall apply inshore of a line, approxi- mately parallel with the general trend of the shore, drawn through the outermost buoy or other aid to navigation of any system of aids. 118 PILOT RULES FOR ALL HARBORS, RIVERS, AXD INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. EXCEPT THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CONNECTING AND TRIBUTARY wati:rs as far east as :uontreal and the red RIVER OF THE NORTH AND RIVERS EMPTYING INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. Rules and regulations for the government of pilots of vessels propelled by steam, gas, fluid, naphtha, or electric motors, and of other vessels propelled by machinery, navigating the harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal, the Red River of the North, and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, as amended by the Board of United States Supervising Inspectors, Steamboat- Inspection Service, on February 27, 1!U2, and approved by the Secretary of Commerce, under the authority of an act of Con- gress approved June 7, 1807, and the acts of Congress approved February 14. 1003, and March 4, 1013, establishing the Depart- ment of Commerce. These Rules shall he effective on and after May 1. 1912. PRELIMINARY. In the following rules the words steam vessel shall include any vessel propelled by machinery. A vessel is under way, within the meaning of these rules, when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground. Risk of collision can, when circumstances permit, be ascertained by carefully watching the compass bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist. 119 SIGNALS. The whistle signals provided in these rules shall be sounded on an efficient whistle or siren sounded by steam or by some sub- stitute for steam. A short Hast of tbe whistle shall mean a blast of about one second’s duration. A prolonged blast of the whistle shall mean a blast of from four to six seconds’ duration.^ One short blast of the whistle signifies intention to direct course to own starboard, except when two steam vessels are a]jproaehing each other at right angles or obliquely, when it sig- nifies intention of steam vessel which is to starboard of the other to hold course and speed. Tido short blasts of the whistle signify intention to direct course to own port. Three short blasts of the whistle shall mean, “My engines are going at full speed astern.” When vessels are in sight of one another a steam vessel under way whose engines are going at full speed astern shall indicate that fact by three short blasts on the whistle. Rule I. If, when steam vessels are approaching each other, either vessel fails to understand the course or intention of the other, from any cause, the vessel so in doubt shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts, not less than four, of the steam whistle, the danger signal. Rule II. Steam vessels are forbidden to use what has become technically known among pilots as “cross signals,” that is, an- swering one whistle with two, and answering two whistles with one. Rule III. Tlie signals for passing, by the blowing of the 'Under the provisions of par. (a), sec. 4, of act of Congress approved June 9. 1910, “a blast of at least two seconds shall be deemed a pro- longed blast within the meaning of the law,” when given by vessels pro- pelled by machinery and not more than 65 feet in length, except tugboats and towboats propelled by steam. 120 whistle, shall be given and answered by pilots, in compliance with these rules, not only when meeting "head and head,” or nearly so, but at all times, when the steam vessels are in sight of each other, wlien passing or meeting at a distance within half a mile of each other, and whether passing to the starboard or port. Tlie whistle signals provided in the rules for steam vessels meeting, passing, or overtaking, are never to be used except when steam vessels are in sight of each other, and the course and position of each can be determined in the daytime by a sight of the vessel itself, or by night by seeing its signal lights. In fog, mist, falling snow or heavy rainstorms, when vessels can not so see each other, fog signals only must be given. SITUATIONS. Rule IV. When steam vessels are approaching each other HEAD AND HEAD, THAT IS, END ON, OR NEARLY SO, it shall be the duty of each to pass on the port side of the other ; and either vessel shall give, as a signal of her intention, one short and distinct blast of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by a similar blast of her whistle, and thereupon such vessels shall pass on the port side of each other. But if the courses of such vessels are so far on the starboard of each other as not to be considered as meeting head and head, either vessel shall immediately give two short and distinct blasts of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by two similar blasts of her whistle, and they shall pass on the starboard side of each other. The foregoing only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision; in other words, to eases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own, and by night to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side-lights of the other. It does not apply by day to cases in which a vessel sees an- other ahead crossing her own course, or by night to cases where GROVER C. BERGDOLL 121 the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead. Rule V. Whenever a steam vessel is jSteaeing a short be:xd or CURVE IX THE CHAXXEL, where, from the height of the hanks or other cause, a steam vessel approaching from the opposite direc- tion can not be seen for a distance of half a mile, such steam vessel, when she shall have arrived within half a mile of such curve or bend, shall give a signal by one long blast of the steam whistle, which signal shall be answered by a similar blast, given by any approaching steam vessel that may be within hearing. Should such signal be so answered by a steam vessel upon the farther side of such bend, then the usual signals for meeting and passing shall immediately be given and answered ; but, if the first alarm signal of such vessel be not answered, she is to consider the channel clear and govern herself accordingly. When steam vessels are moved from their docks or berths, and other boats are liable to pass from any direction toward them, they shall give the same signal as in the case of vessels meeting at a bend, but immediately after clearing the berths so as to be fully in sight they shall be governed by the steering and sailing rules. Rule VI. When steam vessels are running in the same DIRECTION, and the vessel which is astern shall desire to pass on the right or starboard hand of the vessel ahead, she shall give one short blast of the steam whistle, as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with one blast, she shall put her helm to port; or if she shall desire to pass on the left or port side of the vessel ahead, she shall give two short blasts of the steam whistle as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with two blasts, shall put her helm to starboard; or if the vessel 122 ahead does not think it safe for the vessel astern to attempt to pass at that point, she shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts of the steam whistle, not less tlian four, and under no circumstances shall the vessel astern attempt to j)ass the vessel aliead until such time as they have reached a point where it can be safely done, when said vessel ahead shall signify her willingness by blowing the proper signals. The vessel ahead shall in no case attempt to cross the bow or crowd upon the course of the passing vessel. Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction more than two points abaft her beam, that is, in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking that at night she would be unaijle to see either of that vessel’s side-lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent altera- tion of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the over- taking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear. As by day the overtaking vessel can not always know with cer- tainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an over- taking vessel and keep out of the way. Rule VII. When two steam vessels are approaching each OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES OR OBLIQUELY SO AS TO INVOLVE RISK OF COLLISION, other than when one steam vessel is overtaking another, the steam vessel which has the other on her own port side shall liold her course and speed ; and the steam vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other by directing her course to starboard so as to cross the stern of the other steam vessel, or, if necessary to do so, slacken her S])eed or stop or reverse. If from any cause the conditions covered by this situation are such as to prevent immediate compliance with each other's sigmals. the misunderstanding or objection shall be at once made apparent by blowing the danger signal, and both steam vessels shall bo 123 stopped and backed if necessary, until signals for passing witli safety are made and understood. Eule VIII. When a .STEA.\r ves.sel and a sailing vessel arc ])roceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam vessel shall keep out of the way of the sailing vessel. Rule IX. Every steam vessel which is directed hy these rules to KEEP OUT OF THE WAY of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the ease admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other. Rule X. In narrow channels every steam vessel shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid- channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel. Rule XI. In obeying and construing these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. SOUND signals FOR FOG, AND SO FORTH. Rule XII. In fog. mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorms, whether by day or night, signals shall be given as follows: A steam vessel under u'ay, except iclien towing other vessels or being towed, shall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, on the whistle or siren, a prolonged blast. A steam vessel when towing other vessels shall sound, at inter- vals of not more than one minute, on the whistle or siren, three blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. A vessel towed may give, at intervals of not more than one minute, on the fog horn, a signal of three blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts, and she shall not give any other. A vessel when at anchor shall, at intervals of not more than one minute, ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds. 124 SPEED TO BE MODERATE IN FOG, AND SO FOETH. Rttle XIII. Every steam vessel shall, in a fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions. A steam vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision is over. POSTING OF PILOT RULES. On steam and other motor vessels of over 100 gross tons, two copies of the placard form of these rules (Form 803) shall be kept posted up in conspicuous places in the vessel, one copy of which shall be kept posted up in the pilot house. On steam and other motor vessels of over 25 gross tons and not over 100 gross tons, two copies of the placard form of the pilot rules shall be kept on board, one copy of wliich shall be kept posted up in the pilot house. On steam and other motor vessels of 25 gross tons and under, and of more than 10 gross tons, two copies of the placard form of the pilot rules shall be kept on board, and, where practicable, one copy thereof shall be kept conspicuously posted up in the vessel. On steam and other motor vessels of not more than 10 gross tons, two copies of the pamphlet form of the pilot rules shall be kept on board, and, where practicable, one copy thereof shall be kept conspicuously posted up in the vessel. (Authority: Sec. 2, act of Congress approved June 7, 1897.) DIAGRAMS. Tlie following diagrams are intended to illustrate the working of the system of colored lights and pilot rules: 125 FIRST SITUATION. Here the two colored lights visible to each will indicate their direct approach “head and head” toward each other. In this situation it is a standing rule that both shall put their helms to port and pass on the port side of each other, each having previously given one blast of the whistle. SECONn SITUATION. In this situation the red light only will be visible to each, the screens preventing the green lights from being seen. Both vessels are evidently passing to port of each other, which is rulable in this situation, each pilot having previously signified his intention by one blast of the whistle. 126 THIRD S1TUAT10^^ In this situation the green light only will be visible to each, the screens preventing the red light from being seen. They are there- fore passing to starboard of each other, which is rulable in this situation, each pilot having previously signified his intention by two blasts of the whistle. FOURTH SITUATION. In this situation one steam vessel is overtaking another steam vessel from some point within the angle of two points abaft the beams of the overtaken steam vessel. The overtaking steam vessel may pass on the starboard or port side of the steam vessel ahead after the necessary signals for passing have been given, with assent of the overtaken steam vessel, as prescribed in Eule VI. FIFTH SITUATION. In this situation two steam vessels are approaching each other at right angles or obliquely in such manner as to involve risk of collision, other than where one steam vessel is overtaking another. The steam vessel which has the other on her own port side shall hold course and speed, and the other shall keep clear by crossing astern of the steam vessel that is holding course and speed, or, if necessary to do so, shall slacken her speed or stop or reverse. 128 RULES FOR LIGHTS FOR CERTAIN CLASSES OF VESSELS NAVIGATING THE HARBORS, RIVERS, AND INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, EXCEPT THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CONNECTING AND TRIBUTARY WATERS AS FAR EAST AS MONTREAL AND THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AND RIVERS EMPTYING INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. The following rules for lights to be carried by ferryboats, rules for lights for barges and canal boats in tow of steam vessels, rules for lights for rafts and other water craft navigating by hand power, horsepower, or by the current of the river, rule relating to use of searchlights, rule prohibiting unnecessary sounding of the steam whistle, rule prohibiting the carrying of unauthorized lights on steam vessels, and rule relating to drawbridges over navigable waters of the United States were adopted by the Board of Supervising Inspectors, Steamboat-Inspection Service, and approved by the Secretary of Commerce. These rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise. RULES FOR LIGHTS TO BE CARRIED BY FERRYBOATS XAVIGATING THE HARBORS, RIVERS, AXD INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. EXCEPT THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CONNECTING AND TRIBUTARY WATERS AS FAR EAST AS MONTRE.iL AND THE RED Rli ER OF THE NORTH AND RIVERS EJtPTYING INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES.' [Authority: Sec. 2, act of Congress approved June 7, 1897.] 'See act of Congress approved June g, igio, effective on and after July 9, igio, prescribing lights that shall be carried by certain classes of vessels of not more than 65 feet in length, amendatory of these rules, p. 30. 12!J Ferryboats propelled by machinery and navigating the harbors, rivers, and other inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, shall carry the range lights and the colored side lights required by law to be carried on steam vessels navigating those waters, except that douhle-end ferryboats shall carry a central range of clear, bright, white lights, showing all around the horizon, placed at equal altitudes forward and aft, also on the starboard side a green light, and on the port side a red light, of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 2 miles, and so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, and so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on their respective sides. The green and red lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least 3 feet forward from tlie lights, so as to prevent them from being seen across the bow. Local inspectors in districts having ferryboats shall, whenever the safety of navigation may require, designate for each line of such boats a certain light, white or colored, which shall show all around the horizon, to designate and distinguish such lines from each other, which light shall be carried on a flagstaff amidships, 15 feet above the white range lights. RULES FOR LIGHTS FOR BARGES AND CANAL BOATS IN TOW OF STEAM VESSELS AND FOR LIGHTS AND DAY SIGNALS FOR DREDGES, VESSELS WORKING ON WRECKS, ETC., NAVIGATING THE HARBORS, RIVERS, AND OTHER INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, EXCEPT THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CONNECTING AND TRIBUTARY WATERS AS FAR EAST AS MONTREAL AND THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AND RIVERS EMPTYING INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. 130 [Authority: Sec. 2, act of Congress approved June 7, 1897.] These rules concerning lights shall he complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise and shall be effective on and after September 1, 1914. LIGHTS FOB BARGES AND CANAL BOATS IN TOAV OF STEAM I'ESSELS ON CERTAIN INLAND WATERS ON THE SEABOARD, EXCEPT THE HLTDSON RIVER AND ADJACENT WATERS AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. On the harbors, rivers, and other inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the Xorth and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, and except on the waters of the Hudson River and its tributaries from Troy to the boundary lines of Xeiv York Harbor off Sandy Hook, as defined pursuant to section 2 of the act of Congress of Feliruary 19. 1S9.5, the East River, and Long Island Sound (and the waters entering thereon, and to the Atlantic Ocean), to and including Narragansett Bay, R. I., and tributaries, and Lake Champlain, barges (exce])t scows) and canal boats in tow of steam vessels shall carry lights as follows: Barges and canal boats towing astern of steam vessels, when towing singly, or what is known as tandem towing, shall each carry a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side, and a white light on the stern, except that the last vessel of such tow shall carry two white lights on her stern, athwartsliip, horizontal to each other, not less than 5 feet apart, and not less than 4 feet above the deck house, and so placed as to show all around the horizon. When two or more boats are abreast, the colored lights shall be carried at the outer sides of the bows of the outside boats. Each of the outside boats in last tier of a hawser tow shall carry a white light on her stern. The white light required to be carried on stern of a barge or canal boat carrying red and green side lights shall be carried in 131 a lantern so constructed that it sliall show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 12 points of the compass, namely, for 6 points from right aft on each side of the vessel, and shall be of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 2 miles. Barges or canal boats towing alongside a steam vessel sliall, if the deck, deck houses, or cargo of the barge or canal boat be so liigh above water as to obscure the side lights of the towing steamer when being towed on tlie starboard side of the steamer, carry a green light upon tlie starboard side ; and wlien towed on the port side of the steamer, a red light on the port side of the barge or canal boat; and if there is more than one barge or canal boat abreast, the colored lights shall be displayed from the outer side of the outside barges or canal boats. The colored side ligiits referred to in these rules for barges and canal boats in tow shall be fitted with inboard screens, so as to prevent them from being seen across the bow, and of such a cliaracter as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmos- phere, at a distance of at least 2 miles, and so constructed as to show a uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, and so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on either side. Tlie minimum size of glass globes shall not be less than 6 inches in diameter and 5 inches high in the clear. Hcows when being towed by steam vessels on the waters covered by the first paragraph of these rules shall carry a wliite light at each end of the scow, except that when such scows are massed in tiers, two or more abreast, each of the outside scows shall carry a wliite light on its outer bow, and the outside scows in the last tier shall each carry, in addition, a white light on the outer part of the stern. The white light shall be carried not less than 8 feet above the surface of the water, and shall be so placed as to show an unbroken light all around the horizon, and shall be of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 5 miles. 132 LIGHTS FOR BARGES AND CANAL BOATS IN TOW OF STEAM VESSELS ON THE HUDSON RIVER AND ADJACENT WATERS AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN. All nondescript vessels known as scows, car floats, lighters, and vessels of similar type, navigating the waters referred to in the following rules, shall carry the lights required to be carried by barges and canal boats in tow of steam vessels, as prescribed in such rules. Barges and canal boats, when being towed by steam vessels on the waters of the Hudson River and its tributaries from Troy to the boundary lines of New York Harbor off Sandy Hook; as defined pursuant to section 2 of the act of Congress of February 19, 1895, the East River, and Long Island Sound (and the waters entering thereon, and to the Atlantic Ocean), to and including Narragansett Bay, R. L, and tributaries, and Lake Champlain, shall carry lights as follows: Barges and canal boats being towed astern of steam vessels, when towing singly or what is known as tandem towing, shall each carry a white light on the bow and a white light on the stern, except that the last vessel of such tow shall carry two white lights on her stern, athwartship, horizontal to each other, not less than 5 feet apart, and not less than 4 feet above the deck house, and so placed as to show all around the horizon : Provided. That seagoing barges shall not be required to make any change in their seagoing lights (red and green) on waters coming within the scope of these rules, except that the last vessel of the tow shall carry two white lights on her stern, atliwartship. horizontal to each other, not less than 5 feet apart, and not less than 4 feet above the deck house, and so placed as to show all around the horizon. Barges and canal boats, when towed at a hawser two or more abreast, when in one tier, shall carry a white light on the bow and a white light on the stern of each of the outside boats: when in more than one tier, each of the outside boats shall carry a white light on its bow ; and the outside boats in the last tier shall 133 each carry, in addition, a white light on the outer afterpart of the stern. Barges or canal boats towed alongside a steam vessel, if on the starboard side of said steam vessel, shall display a white light on her own starboard l)ow ; and if on the port side of said steam vessel shall display a white light on her own port bow ; and if there is more than one barge or canal boat alongside, the white lights shall be displayed from the outboard side of the outside barge or canal boat: Provided, That barges known as ear floats when towed alongside shall have a white light at each outboard corner of said barge. When barges or canal boats are massed in tiers and towed at a hawser, as is usual on the Hudson River, there shall be carried on the forward port side of the port boat of each tier a white light, and on the forward starboard side of the starboard boat in each tier a white light, and on the after port side of the port boat in the stern tier a wliite light, and on the after starboard side of the starboard boat in the stern tier a white light. The white bow lights for barges and canal boats referred to in the preceding rules shall be carried at least 10 feet and not more than 30 feet abaft the stem or extreme forward end of tlie vessel. On barges and canal boats required to carry a white bow light, the white light on bow and the white light on stern shall each be so placed above the hull or deck house as to show an unbroken light all around the horizon, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least ^5 miles. Provided, That nothing in these rules shall be construed as com- pelling barges or canal boats in tow of steam vessels, passing through any waters coming within the scope of these rules where lights for barges or canal boats are different from those of the waters whereon such vessels are usually employed, to change their lights from those required on the waters from which their trip begins or terminates; but should such vessels engage in local employment on waters requiring different lights from those where 134 tliey are customarily employed, they shall comply with the local rules where employed. RULEH EUR LIGHTS ANH DAY SIGNALS TO BE CARRIED BY VESSELS, DREDGES OF ALL TYPES, AND VESSELS WORKING ON WRECKS OR OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION, OR MOORED FOR SUBIMARINE OPERA- TIONS OR MADE FAST TO A SUNKEN OBJECT WHICH MAY DRIFT WITH THE TIDE OR BE TOWED.* [Authority: Section 2. act of Congress aj)proved June 7, 1897, as amended hy act of Congress approved May 25, 1914.] liUI.E 1. RULE FOR SIGNALS TO BE DISPLAYED BY A TOWING VESSEL 'WHEN TOWING A SUBMERGED OR PARTLY SUBilERGED OBJECT UPON A HAWSER WHEN NO SIGNALS ARE DISPLAYED UPON THE OBJECT WHICH IS TO\VED. The vessel having the submerged object in tow shall display by day, where they can best be seen, two shapes, one above the other, not less than 0 feet part, the lower shape to be carried not less than 10 feet above the deck houses. The shapes shall be in the form of a double frustum of a cone, base to base, not less than 2 feet in diameter at the center nor less than 8 inches at the ends of the cones, and to be not less than 4 feet lengthwise from end to end, the upper shape to be painted in alternate horizontal stripes of black and white, 8 inches in width, and the lower shape to be painted a solid bright red. By night the towing vessel shall display the regular side lights, but in lieu of the regular white towing lights shall display four lights in a vertical position not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, the upper and lower of such lights to be white, and 'Adopted by executive committee of Board of Supervising Inspectors on July 22, 1914, and approved by Secretary of Commerce on July 28, 1914. Adopted by Board of Supervising Inspectors on January 20, 1915, and approved by the Secretary of Commerce on April 12, I9>5- 135 the two middle lights to be red, all of such lights to he of the same character as is now prescribed for the regular towing lights. RULE 2. rule for STEAMERS, DERRICK BOATS, LIGHTERS, OR OTHER TYPES OF VESSELS MADE FAST ALONGSIDE A WRECK, OR MOORED OVER A WRECK WHICH IS ON THE BOTTOM OR PARTLY SUBMERGED, OR WHICH MAY BE DRIFTING. Steamers, derrick boats, lighters, or other types of vessels made fast alongside a wreck, or moored over a wreck which is on the bottom or partly submerged, or which may be drifting, shall dis- play by day two shapes of the same character and dimensions and displayed in the same manner as required by the foregoing rule, except that both the shapes shall he painted a solid bright red, but where more than one vessel is working under the above con- ditions, the shapes need l>e displayed only from one vessel on each side of the wreck from which it can best he seen from all direc- tions. By night this situation shall he indicated by the display of a white light from the bow and stern of each outside vessel or lighter not less than 6 feet above the deck, and in addition thereto there shall be displayed in a position where they may best be seen from all directions two red lights carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, and not less than 15 feet above the deck. RULE 3. RULE FOR DREDGES WHICH ARE HELD IN STATIONARY POSITION BY MOORINGS OR SPUDS. Dredges which are held in stationary position by moorings or spuds shall display by day two red balls not less than 2 feet in diameter and carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, and at least 15 feet above the deck house and in such a position where they can best be seen from all direc- tions. By night they shall display a white light at each corner, not less than 6 feet above the deck, and in addition thereto there 13G shall be displayed in a position where they may best be seen from all directions two red lights carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart, and not less than 15 feet above the deck. When scows are moored alongside a dredge in the foregooing situation they shall display a white light on each outboard corner, not less than 6 feet above the deck. RULE 4. RULE FOR SELF-PROPELLING SUCTION DREDGES UNDER WAY WITH THEIR SUCTIONS ON THE BOTTOM. Self-propelling suction dredges under way with their suction on the bottom shall display by day the same signals as are used to designate any steamer not under control ; that is to say, two black balls not less than 2 feet in diameter and carried not less than 15 feet above the deck house, and where they may best be seen from all directions. By night they shall carry, in addition to the regular running lights, two red lights of the same character as the masthead light, in the same vertical plane and underneath the masthead light, the red lights to be not less than 3 feet nor more than 6 feet apart and the upper red light to be not less than 4 feet and not more than 6 feet below the white masthead light, and on or near the stern two red lights in the same vertical plane not less than 4 feet nor more than C feet apart, to show through 4 points of the compass; that is, from right astern to 2 points on each quarter. RULE 5. RULE FOR VES.SELS WHICH ARE MOORED OK ANCHORED AND ENGAGED IN LAYING PIPE OR OPERATING ON SUBMARINE CONSTRUC- TION OR EXCAVATION. Vessels which are moored or anchored, and engaged in laying pipe or operating on submarine construction or excavation shall display by day, not less than 15 feet above the deck, where they can best be seen from all directions, two balls not less than 2 feet in diameter, in a vertical line not less than 3 feet and not more 137 than f) feet apart, the upper hall to be painted in alternate black and white vertical stripes (i inches wide, and the lower ball to be painted a solid In ight red. By night they shall display three red lights, carried in a vertical line not less than 3 feet nor more than () feet apart and not less than 15 feet above the deck, and in such position as may best be seen from all directions. All the lights required by these special rules for dredges, wreck- ing boats, lighters, etc., shall be of such size and character as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere for a distance of at least 2 miles. These rules shall be in full force and effect on and after Sep- tember 1, 1914. RULES FOR LIGHTS FOR RAFTS AND OTHER WATER CRAFT NAVIGATING BY HAND POWER. HORSEPOWER. OR BY THE CURRENT OF THE RIVER, ON THE HARBORS, RIVERS, AND OTHER INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, EXCEPT THE GREAT LAKES AND THEIR CON- NECTING AND TRIBUTARY WATERS AS FAR EAST AS MONTREAL AND THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH AND RIVERS E:\IPTYING into the gulf of MEXICO AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. [Authority: Art. 9 (cl), act of Congress approved June 7, 1897.] Any vessel, except rafts and rowing boats under oars, navigating by hand potcer, horsepower, or hy the current of the river, shall carry one white light forward, not less than 8 feet above the surface of the water. Rafts propelled by hand power or by the current of the river, or w'hich shall be anchored or moored in or near a channel or fair- way, shall carry white lights, as follows : Rafts of one crib and not more than two in length shall carry one white light. Rafts of three or more cribs in length and one crib in width shall carry one white light at each end of the raft. 138 Rafts of more than one crib abreast shall carry one white light on each outside corner of the raft, making four lights in all. Tlie white light required by these rules for rafts and other water craft shall be carried, from sunset to sunrise, in a lantern so fixed and constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and uii- liroken light, visil)le all around the horizon, and of such intensity as to be visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least 1 mile. Tlie lights for rafts sliall be suspended from p(des of such height tliat the lights shall not he less than 8 feet above the surface of the water. RULE RELATIXG TO THE USE OF SE.VRCHLIGHTS. The Board of Supervising Inspectors, at their annual meeting of January, 1905, adopted the following rule relating to the use of searchlights : Any master or pilot of any steam vessel who shall flash or cause to he flashed the rays of the searchlight into the pilot liouse of a I)assing vessel shall he deemed guilty of misconduct and shall he liable to have his license suspended or revoked. RULE PROHIBITING UNNECE.SSARY SOUNDING OF THE STE.AM WHISTLE. [Authority; Act of Congress approved February 8, 1907.] The Board of Supervising Inspectors, at their annual meeting of January, 1907, adopted the following rule: Unnecessary sounding of the steam whistle is prohibited within any harbor limits of the United States. Whenever any licensed officer in charge of any steamer authorizes or permits such un- necessary whistling, upon conviction thereof before any hoard of inspectors having jurisdiction, such officer shall be suspended from acting under his license as the inspectors trying the case may deem proper. 130 RULE PROHIBITING THE CARRYING OF UNAUTHORIZED LIGHTS ON STEAM VESSELS. [Adopted by the Board of Supervising Insjieetors on February l(i, 1010, and approved by the Secretary of Commerce on March 0, 1010. Authority: Section 4450, Revised Statutes.] Any master or pilot of any steam vessel who shall authorize or permit the carrying of any light, electric or otherwise, not required by law, on the outside structure of the cabin or hull of the vessel that in any way will interfere with distinguishing tlie signal lights shall, upon conviction thereof liefore any board of inspectors having jurisdiction, be deemed guilty of misconduct and shall be liable to have his license suspended or revoked. RULES GOVERNING THE OPERATION OF DRAWBRIDGES OVER NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. It is suggested that pilots of all steamers navigating waters which are spanned by drawbridges under the jurisdiction of the War Department should provide themselves with the War De- partment rules governing the operation of these drawbridges, and observe the rules. A^i ACT TO AMEND LAWS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS OF VESSELS AND TO REGULATE EQUIPMENT OF CER- TAIN MOTOR BOATS ON THE NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That the words “motor boat” where used in this act shall include every vessel pro- pelled by machinery and not more than sixty-five feet in length except tug boats and tow boats propelled by steam. The length shall be measured from end to end over the deck, excluding sheer: Provided, That the engine, boiler, or other operating machinery 140 shall be subject to inspection bv the local inspectors of steam vessels, and to their approval of the desif^n thereof, on all said motor boats, which are more than forty feet in length, and which are propelled by machinery driven by steam. iSec. 2. That motor boats subject to the provisions of this Act shall he divided into classes as follows: Class one. Less than twenty-six feet in length. Class two. Twenty-six feet or over and less than forty feet in length. Cdass tliree. Forty feet or over and not more than si.vty-five feet in length. Sec. 3. That every motor boat in all weathers from sunset to sunrise shall carry the following lights, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for those prescribed shall he exhibited. (a) Every motor boat of class one shall carry the following lights : First. A white light aft to show all around the horizon. Second. A combined lantern in the fore part of the vessel and lower than the white light aft showing green to starboard and red to port, so fi.xed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on their respective sides. (h) Every motor boat of classes two and three shall carry the following lights: First. A bright white light in the fore part of the vessel as near the stem as practicable, so constructed as to show an un- broken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side. The glass or lens shall he of not less than the following dimensions: Class two. Nineteen square inches. Class three. Thirty-one square inches. Second. A white light aft to show all around the horizon. Third. On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to GROVER C. BERGDOLL 141 show a,n unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side. On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an are of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right aliead to two points abaft the beam on the port side. The glasses or lenses in the said side lights shall be of not less than the following dimensions on motors of — Class two. Sixteen square inches. Class three. Twenty-five square inches. On and after July first, nineteen hundred and eleven, all glasses or lenses prescribed by paragraph (b) of section three shall be fresnel or fluted. The said lights shall be fitted with inboard screens of sufficient height and so set as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow and shall be of not less than the following dimensions on motor boats of — Class two. Eighteen inches long. Class three. Twenty-four inches long: Provided. That motor boats as defined in this Act, when propelled by sail and machinery or under sail alone, shall carry the colored lights suitably screened but not the white lights prescribed by this section. Sec. 4. (a) Every motor boat under the provisions of this Act shall he provided with a whistle or other sound-producing mechan- ical appliance capable of producing a blast of two seconds or more in duration, and in the case of such boats so provided a blast of at least two seconds shall be deemed a prolonged blast within the meaning of the law. (b) Every motor boat of class two or three shall carry an efficient fog horn. (c) Every motor boat of class two or three shall be provided with an efficient bell, which shall be not less than eight inches across the mouth on hoard of vessels of class three. Sec. 5. That every motor boat subject to any of the provisions of this Act. and also all vessels propelled by machinery other than by steam more than si.xty-five feet in length, shall carry either 142 life-preservers or life belts, or buoyant cushions, or ring buoys or otlier device, to be prescribed by tlie Secretary of Commerce, suffi- cient to sustain afloat every person on Ijoard and so placed as to l)e readily accessible. All motor boats carrying passengers for hire shall carry one life-preserver of the sort ])rescribed by the regulations of the board of supervising inspectors for every pas- senger carried, and no such boat while so carrying passengers for hire shall be operated or navigated except in charge of a person duly licensed for such service by the local board of inspectors. No examination shall be required as the condition of obtaining such a license, and any such license shall be revoked or suspended by the local board of inspectors for misconduct, gross negligence, recklessness in navigation, intemperance, or violation of law on the part of the holder, and if revoked the person holding such license shall be incapable of obtaining another such license for one year from the date of revocation : Provided, That motor boats shall not be required to carry licensed officers, except as required in this Act. 8ec. 6 . flliat every motor boat and also every vessel propelled by machinery other than by steam, more than sixty-five feet in length, shall carry ready for immediate use the means of promptly and efl'ectually extinguishing burning gasoline. Sec. 7 . That a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars may be imposed for any violation of this Act. The motor boat shall be liable for the said penalty and may be seized and proceeded against, by way of libel, in the district court of the United States for any distriet within which such vessel may be found. Sec. 8. That the Secretary of Commerce shall make such regula tions as may be necessary to secure the proper execution of this Act by collectors of customs and other officers of the Government. And the Secretary of the Department of Commerce may. upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any fine, penalty, or for- feiture relating to motor boats except for failure to observe the provisions of section six of this Act. 143 Sec. 0. That all laws and parts of laws only in so far as they are in conflict herewith are liereby repealed: Provided, That nothing in tliis Act shall be deemed to alter or amend Acts of Congress embodying or revising international rules for preventing collisions at sea. Sec. 10. That this Act shall take effect on and after thirty days after its approval. Approved, June 9, 1910. ACT OF SEPTEMBER 4, 1890, IN REGARD TO COLLISION AT SEA, THAT WENT INTO EFFECT DECEMBER 15, 1890. By the President of the United States of America. A proclamation. Whereas an act of Congress in regard to collisions at sea was aj)proved September 4, 1890, the said act being in the following words : "Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemhled, That in every case of collision between two vessels it shall be the duty of tlie master or person in charge of each vessel, if and so far as he can do so witliout serious danger to his own vessel, crew, and pas sengers (if any), to stay by the other vessel until he has ascer tained tliat slie has no need of furtlier assistance, and to render to the other vessel, her master, crew, and passengers (if any) such assistance as may be practicable and as may be necessary in order to save them from any danger caused by the collision, and also to give to the master or person in charge of the other vessel the name of his own vessel and lier port of registry, or the port or place to wliicli she belongs, and also the name of the ports and places from which and to which she is bound. If he fails 8o to do, and no reasonable cause for such failure is shown, tlie collision shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been caused by his wrongful act, neglect, or defaiilt. 144 “Sec. 2. Tliat every master or person in charge of a United States vessel who fails, without reasonable cause, to render such assistance or give such information as aforesaid shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; and for the above sum the vessel shall be liable and may be seized and proceeded against by process in any district court of the United States by any person; one-half of such sum to be payable to the informer and the other half to the United States. “Sec. 3. That this act shall take effect at a time to be fixed by the President by Proclamation issued for that purpose.” And whereas it is provided by section 3 of the said act that it shall take effect at a time to be fixed by the President by procla- mation issued for that purpose: Now, therefore, 1, Benjamin Harrison. President of the United States of America, do hereby, in virtue of the authority vested in me by section 3 of the said act, proclaim the fifteenth day of December, 1890, as the day on which the said act shall take effect. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the P^nited States of America to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington this eighteenth day of Novem- ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety and of the Independence of the United States the one hun- dred and fifteenth. [SEAL.] BEX.J. HaRKISOX. By the President : J.\]«Es G. Blaixe, Secretary of State. REGULATIONS FOR TOWS OF SEAGOI.XG BARGES WITHIN INLAND WATERS. The following regulations limit the length of hawsers between towing vessels and seagoing barges in tow and the length of such tows within inland waters of the Lhiited States, designated and defined from time to time pursuant to section 2 of the act approved February 19, 1895. These regulations have been pre- 145 pared and are approved by the Secretary of Commerce pursuant to section 14 of the act approved May 28, 1908, entitled “An act to amend the laws relating to navigation, and for other pur- poses.” These regulations shall take effect on and after February 1, 1909. REGULATIONS. 1. Tows of seagoing barges navigating the inland waters of the United States are limited in length to four vessels, including the towing vessel or vessels. 2. Hawsers are limited in length to 75 fathoms, measured from the stern of one vessel to the bow of the following v'essel ; and should in all cases be as much shorter as the weather or sea will permit. 3. In cases where the prescribed length of hawser is, in the opinion of the master of the towing vessel, dangerous on account of the state of weather or sea, hawsers need not be shortened to that length until reaching the localities named below : (a) Tows bound for Hampton Roads or beyond, before passing Thimble Light. (h) Tows bound up the Chesapeake, to the northward of Balti- more Light. (c) Tows l)ound up the Delaware, between Fourteen Foot Bank and Cross Ledge lighthouses. Hawsers may also be lengthened in the same places, under the same circumstances, when tows are bound out. 4. In case of necessity, on account of wind or weather, hawsers of vessels navigating between Race Rock and Gay Head may be lengthened out in the discretion of the master of the towing ves- sel; but this paragraph shall not apply to Xarragansett Bay north of Beavertail Light. 5. In all eases where tows can be bunched it should be done. (a) Tows navigating in the North and East Rivers of New 140 York must be bunclied above a line drawn betAveen the Statue of Liberty and the entrance to Erie Basin. Wlien tows are enterin'.' Long Island Sound from the Avestward, the lines may be length- ened out to the prescribed length after passing Fort Schuyler; and Avhen bound for NeAv York from Long Island Sound toAvs must be bunched before passing Whitestone Point. ( b ) Toavs must be bunched above the mouth of the Schuylkill River, Pa. 6. Section L5 of the act approved May 28, 1908, provides; That the master of the toAving vessel shall be liable to the suspension or revocation of his license for any Avillful violation of regulations issued pursuant to section 14 in the manner uoav pre- scribed for incompetency, misconduct, or unskillfulness. 7. Any violation of these regulations sliall be reported in Avriting as soon as practicable to the board of local inspectors of steam A’essels most convenient to the officer or other person Avho may Avitness the violation. 147 TIDES. Lunitidal intervals. Locality. Point Judith Montauk Point Stonington Gardiners Bay Little Peconic Bay Great Peconic Bay Mew London Connecticut River entrance Falkner Island Mew Haven Port Jefferson Bridgeport Morwalk Islands Huntington Bay Oyster Bay Captain Harbor Hempstead Harbor Mew Rochelle Manhasset Bay Willets Point Hell Gate Governor's Island Tire Marrows Sandy Hook Great Beds Light. Raritan Bay Bergen Point Light, Mewark Bay Hi gh Low Mean water. water. range. li. m. h. m. Feet. 7 45 1 10 3.1 8 20 2 03 2.0 8 59 2 52 2.7 9 50 3 35 2.7 11 25 5 16 2.3 12 11 C 10 2.4 9 26 3 30 2.5 10 29 4 11 3.6 10 57 4 40 5.4 11 08 4 54 6.0 11 41 5 46 6.6 11 09 5 04 7.2 11 06 5 00 7.2 11 06 4 59 7 . 6 11 07 ■ 5 06 7.3 11 07 5 02 7.3 11 09 5 06 7.2 11 1.3 5 10 7.6 11 09 5 14 7.2 11 09 5 22 7.2 10 10 3 46 5.1 8 04 2 05 4.4 7 43 1 40 4.6 7 35 1 27 4.7 7 41 1 39 5.3 8 15 2 22 4.6 148 FOR FOLLOWING POINTS ON HUDSON RIVER ADD TO GOVERNOR’S ISLAND TIDE: Weehawken 20m. Spuyten Duyvil 41m. Yonkers 57m. Sing Sing Ih. 49m. Ver Planks 2h. 19m. West Point Point 2h. 50m. Newburgh 3h. 15m. Poughkeepsie 3h. 54m. Rondout 4h. 39m. Tivoli 5h. 24m. Catskill «h. 2.‘>m. Stuyvesant 7h. 33m. Castleton 8h. 33m. Albany 9h. 33m. REMARKS ON THE TIDAL CURRENTS IN EAST RIVER. The currents at different points along the East River are greatly modified by local conditions. Off Old Ferry Point the slack before ebl) lasts about 20 minutes and tlie slack before flood about 18 minutes. The currents are quite irregular in this region. Between Lawrence Point and ^Middle Ground slack water usually lasts less than 10 minutes. The currents flows directly along the channel. Off Polhemus Dock slack water usually lasts from 5 to 10 minutes. Tlie currents follow the channel. Close to Polhemus Dock, within 200 feet, eddy currents are often found. Between Hallets Point and Hogs Back 8 miles have been measured on the flood ; but elsewhere between Lawrence Point and Blackwell’s Island 3 and 4 miles at strength of ebb and flood are characteristic. 149 Off Hallets Point both ebb and flood set directly toward the Frying Pan Shoal. The flood current (setting eastward) sweeps close around Hallets Point and makes less eddy in the cove east- ward of it than is found there on the ebb. Between Great Mill Rock and Wards Island the flood current has numerous though not violent eddies. The slack water is of only a few minutes’ duration. The main stream passes to the southward of Flood Rock. Between Hallets Point and Flood Rock the most rapid current on the ebb is very close to Flood Rock ; the currents are direct and strong, with comparatively few eddies. There are strong eddies off Blackwell's Island Lighthouse and off Hatters Dock (the northern point of entrance to Hallets Cove) . In Blackwell’s Island Western Channel slack water usually lasts less than 10 minutes. The currents follow the channel, and turn at nearly the same time throughout its length. In Blackwell’s Island Eastern Channel slack water usually lasts less than 5 minutes. Tire current generally begins to follow the channel within 30 minutes of its slack. It has at no time any considerable velocity crosswise the channel. On the Black- well’s Island side the current is about the same as in the channel, even to within a few feet of the sea wall. Both on the ebb and flood there is little cxirrent in the vicinity of the sea wall on the Long Island side. Tlie currents turn at nearly the same time throughout the length of this channel. Off East Twenty-third Street slack water lasts from 4 to 8 minutes. The strength of the ebb is nearly 3 miles. 150 ANCHORAGES, PORT OF NEW YORK. Department of Commerce and L.\bor, Office of the Secretary, Washington, June 15, 1911 The following-described anchorage grounds for vessels in the bay and harbor of NeM' York and in the Hudson and East Rivers, respectively, are hereby defined and established, and the following revised rules and regulations governing the same are published for the government of the owner, master, pilot, or other persons having charge of a steam vessel towing or otherwise conducting a vessel to an anchorage in the port of New York, pursuant to the act of Congress approved 3la_y 16. 18S8: (a) Vessels shall anchor only within the following specified limits, and a vessel anchoring within any of the below-described boundaries must anchor entirely within said boundaries, so that no portion of the hull shall extend beyond said boundary after veering chain or when riding to a tideway. (b) No vessel shall anchor in any of the channels except in cases of great emergency, and then as near the edge of the channel as possible, so as not to impede or interfere with the free naviga- tion of the same, and only until such time as they can procure assistance ; and no vessel shall anchor so as to obstruct the approach to any ])ier or impede the movement of any ferryboat. (c) All stake boats used for assembling barges, canal boats, and other vessels preparatory to being made up in tows, and ves- sels used for storing explosives and moored only in the anchorage for explosives, as described in paragraph 2. No. 27, may be moored under permits granted by the supervisor of anchorages and moored only in such places as he may designate. {d) A vessel upon being notified to move into the anchorage limits must at once get under way or make a signal for a tug. 151 (e) Permits may be granted by the supervisor of anchorages to wrecking plants to anclior in the channel for the purpose of recovering sunken property, subject to his supervision. Such wrecking plants must comply with all the navigation laws in regard to lights, fog signals, etc., and in granting such permit the Government assumes no responsibility. (g) All ash scows the property of the municipalities bordering on the waters of the port may be anchored in such places as the supervisor of anchorages may designate. (h) The creation of any obstruction, not affirmatively author- ized by law, to the navigable capacity of any waters in respect of which the United States has jurisdiction is hereby prohibited. (t) No vessel shall occupy permanent berths in the anchorages except as provided for in these anchorage rules and regulations. (i) The supervisor of anchorages shall assign berths in the respective anchorages to all vessels applying for them. (k) All officers of revenue vessels at the port of New York are charged with the enforcement of these rules and regulations, and are empowered to remove from her anchorage any vessel not anchoring within the prescribed limits. EAST KIVER ANCHORAGES. 1. To the northward of a line from the south point of Hart Island to Wrights Point. 2. To the westward of a line from Wrights Point to Throgs Neck. 3. To the southward of a line from buoy off Sands Point to buoy off Gangway Rock. 4. To the southward of a line from buoy off Gangway Rock to center of Stepping Stones lighthouse. 5. To the eastward of a line from the center of Stepping Stones lighthouse to Willets Point. 6. On Hammond Flats to the northward of a line from Old Ferry Point to the head of Engineers Wharf, Throgs Neck, the 152 said line running about magnetic east and west between said points. 7. To the southward of a line from Willets Point to Whitestone Point. 8. On the north side of the channel, north of a line between Old Ferry Point and Hunts Point. 9. On the south side of the channel, south of a line between Whitestone Point and buoy (No. 1) off College Point, and to the eastward of a line running from said buoy to College Point. 10. In Flushing Bay, to the southward of a line from College Point to the north end of Bikers Island. 11. To the southward of a line from the north end of Bikers Island to the north end of South Brother Island, thence to Law- rence Point. 12. To the westward of a line from Stony Point to northeast end of Wards Island; and between Wards Island and Bandalls Island, and between Bandalls Island and Port Morris. 13. To the westward of a line from the foot of One hundred and sixteenth Street, New York, to the north end of Avenue B, New York, but no vessels shall anchor on this anchorage within 150 feet of any wharf or pier, or so as to impede the movements of a ferry, or so as to prevent ready access to or from the piers. 14. To the eastward of a line from Hatters Dock to Gibbs Point (Hallets Cove, Astoria). 15. To the southward of Thirty-second Street Pier and the northward of 'Twenty-fourth Street Pier, and to the westward of a line passing through the horizontal striped buoy off Nine- teenth Street, running thence N. by E. % E. (cor. mag.). Vessels may anchor anywhere within these limits, provided they do not obstruct the approach to any pier or impede the movements of any ferryboat ; and the officer in charge of anchorage grounds may, whenever he deems it advisable, move or cause to move any vessel not, in his opinion, complying with this proviso. Bange for outer boundary of this anchorage: When steering on this range (bl. by E. i/g E., cor. mag.) you should look squarely 153 into the new Forty-second Street Ferry Slip, on the center of the axis of which is a prominent dark chimney. SOUTH ANCHORAGE, HUDSON RU’ER. 16. Vessels may anchor in the Hudson River to the westward of a line 100 yards west of the center line of said river ; that the northeast boundary of this anchorage shall be a line drawn from just below the tVeehawken terminal of the West Shore ferries S. % E. to the end of the Thirty-fourth Street Pier. Xew York ; tliat the southern limit of this anchorage be a line from tbe end of the Erie Railroad Co.’s coal pier, Hoboken, to tbe end of the Twenty-fifth Street Pier, Xew Yoik, about SE % E. MIDDLE ANCHORAGE, HUDSON RIVER. 17. ^'essels may anchor in the Hudson River within the limits of the port of New York to the westward of the center line of said river running about NE % N (cor. mag.) from Castle Point, Hoboken, through the white anchorage buoy off Sixtieth Street to the northward of a line running from the southeast corner of West Shore Pier No. 3, Weehawken. to the center of the Fifty- fourth Street Pier, New York, about SE y, E (cor. mag.) and to the southward of a line running from the outer end of the Guttenburg Pier to the outer end of the West Seventieth Street Pier, New York. In no case shall a vessel anchor within 200 yards of the shore in either of these Hudson River anchorages. UPPER ANCHORAGE, HUDSON RIVER. 18. To the northward of a line drawn from the pier on the Guttenburg side directly across the river to Eightieth Street. New York, to the westward of a line parallel to and 125 yards to the westward of the center line of the river. 134 Note. — Small vessels may anchor inside the pierhead lines as established by the Board of Engineers, United States Army, along the east bank of the Hudson River between Eighty-first Street and One hundred and twenty-first Street, and between One hundred and thirty-second Street and One hundred and fifty-eighth Street, in the discretion of the supervisor of ancliorages. but the officer in charge of anchorage grounds may, whenever he deems it advisable, move or cause to move any vessel not, in his opinion, complying with this proviso. NAVAL ANCHORAGE, HUDSON RIVER. 19. An anchorage is set aside for naval vessels to moor in a single line on the east side of Hudson River north of Seventy-ninth Street, and thence to Fort Washington Point, and above that point if necessary. Its southernmost limit shall be north of the northernmost cable crossing the river at Seventy -ninth Street, and extending northeastwardly on the east side of the river. Anchors shall be let go to the eastward of a line drawn 250 yards from the end of the pier at Seventy-ninth Street to 250 yards from the end of the pier at the foot of One Imndrcd and twenty-ninth Street ; tlience to a point 3.30 yards from the pier at the foot of One hundred and fifty-eighth Street; and thence northeasterly, following the general line of the 24-foot curve on the east side of the river and 250 yards distant from the salient point of this curve. No ships shall anchor within a limit of .300 yards of the prolongation of One hundred and thirtieth Street, in order to give free passage for the Fort Lee ferryboats. The destroyers and other light-draft naval vessels may anchor on the west side of the river west of the 18-foot curve as shown on Coast Survey chart No. 369*. W'ESTERN ANCHORAGE, UPPER BAT. 20. To the southward of a range passing through ^Montague Street, Brooklyn, and the white buoy to the north and east of Ellis Island; to the westward of a line running SW by S (nearly) from GROVER C. BERGDOLL 155 the said white buoy to a point one-third of a mile ESE % E from the red bell buoy at the entrance of Greenville Channel. In order to prevent vessels fouling the Ellis Island cable, the buoy marking tlie nortliern limit of the cluinnel to Ellis Island and the buoy marking the southern entrance to said eliannel have been moved so as to leave a space of 800 yards clear water between the anchorage grounds north of the Ellis Island Channel and the anchorage grounds south of said channel, but the ranges other- wise retain their same magnetic bearings. No vessel shall anchor between Ellis Island and the piers of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, or in the dredged channel ap- proaches to this space. No vessel shall anchor in the Black Tom or Greenville dredged channels nor near the entrances to said channels so as to obstruct the approaches or interfere in any way with the free navigation of the same. Note. — Vessels are especially cautioned not to anchor in Ellis Island Channel, thereby endangering the cable in said channel. In addition to the penalty for illegal anchorage, the owners of vessels which foul the above-mentioned cable will be liable for the damage resulting therefrom, including the cost of clearing, which should be done, in order to reduce the injury to a minimum, by signaling for the Western Union Co.’s tug. 20. To the northward of a line from Constables Point to Rob- bins Reef bell buoy ; to the westward of a line from Robbins Reef bell buoy to the bell buoy at entrance to Greenville Channel, and south of said channel. EASTERN ANCHORAGE, UPPER BAY. 21. To the southward of a line passing through the Statue of Liberty on Bedloes Island, the two white buoys marking the north limit of anchorage ground and the southern point of the north entrance to the Erie Basin ; to the eastward of a range passing through Produce Exchange tower and buoy No. 14 and bell buoy off Owls Head, and thence marked on the eastern and 150 southeastern limits by four white anchorage buoys along the western edge of the widened Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels. These buoys will eventually be replaced by proper channel buoys marking the edge of the dredged channel. On and after July 1, 1001, vessels will not be allowed to anchor to the eastward and southward of said line of buoys. Small vessels may, in the discretion of the supervisor of anchorages, anchor to the south- ward and eastward of the Bay Ridge Channel, provided they are inside of the pierhead lines as established by the Board of En- gineers, United States Army. Small vessels may, in the discre- tion of the supervisor of anchorages, anchor at the mouth of Gowanus Bay, to the eastward of a line tangent to the south- western edge of Erie Basin bulkhead, and running thence S by E (cor. mag.), but so as to leave a clear channel of 150 yards along the northern shore, Tlie supervisor of anchorages may, in liis discretion, remove any vessel not complying with the pro- visions hereof. EASTERN ANCHORAGE, I.OU'ER BAT. 22. To the eastward of a line drawn through Fort Lafayette in a S by E (mag.) direction, and to the northward of a line drawn from Coney Island lighthouse, on Norton Point, to Hoffman Island, approximately WNW % W (mag.). STATEN ISLAND ANCHOR.AGE. 23. To the southward of a line from St. George Ferry flagstaff to the white buoy off St. George Landing, and to the westward of a line running S % W (nearly) from the white buoy off St. George Landing, through the white buoy off Tompkinsville, and as far south as a point off Clifton, Staten Island. To the westward of a line running SSE 14 E (nearly) from Fort Tompkins to the buoy on Craven Shoal: thence to buoys Nos. 11, 9, and 7; thence to Conovers beacon. 157 The part of anchorafie 23 lying between the northern boundary and the white buoy 800 yards south of said boundary is reserved for ships of war of all nations and vessels of the United States Government. QUABA^"TI^•E ANCHORAGE. 24. To the southward of a line passing through Clifton. Staten Island, and a point off same, and to the westward of a line from the point off Clifton, Staten Island, to the bell at Fort Wads- worth. Vessels arriving at quarantine and awaiting inspection may anchor temporarily to the westward of a range passing through Craven Shoal buoy and Robbins Reef lighthouse, but as soon as cleared by the quarantine officer must vacate this temporary anchorage, and if detained in quarantine must at once move into the quarantine anchorage. SANDY HOOK ANCHORAGE. 25. To the southward of a line extending from Xorth Hook Beacon liglithouse to Point Comfort Beacon lighthouse. 26. Vessels may anchor on Dry Romer Shoal and Flynns Knoll. Care must be observed not to fonl the United States Signal Corps cable, which crosses Flynns Knoll. ANCHORAGE FOR EXPLOSiraS. 27. Vessels carrying gunpowder or other explosives may anchor only as follows : First. On the shoal ground to the eastward of Rikers Island, East River, from one-fourth to five-eighths of a mile from this island. Second. On tlie New Jersey Flats between a line drawn parallel to and 1,500 feet to the south of the Black Tom dredged channel and a line drawn parallel to and 1,500 feet north of the Green- 158 ville dredged channel, and to tlie westward of a line from Bedloes Island to Robbins Reef, providf'd that they do not anchor within 1,000 yards of Bedloes Island, or within 500 yards of any pier. Third. Vessels (carrying explosives) of too great draft to use the above anchorages may anchor only in Gravesend Bay, on a line drawn from Fort Hamilton to the western tip of Mortons Point, Coney Island, hut not within 1,000 yards of the shore. All vessels laden with explosives while within the port will dis- play at all times a red flag of at least 16 square feet surface at the masthead. Vessels so laden and without masts will dis- play the flag at least 10 feet above the uppermost deck. All such vessels must he at all times in charge of competent persons and must comply with the navigation laws in regard to lights and fog signals. SHEEPSHEAD BAY. 28. No vessel shall anchor or moor so that under any conditions of wind and tide it will he within 100 feet of the wliarves or floats along the north shore of Sheepshead Bay, or within 100 feet of the bulkhead or beach at low tide along the south shore of the hay. or within 200 feet east of the footbridge crossing the hay from the foot of Ocean Avenue to the Manhattan Beach property. Tliis shall not prevent small vessels from mooring, not more than two abreast, to the outside of floats and wharves along the north shore, or the mooring of such vessels as may have the consent of the property owners to the bulkhead on the south side of the bay. hut in no case shall vessels so moored extend more than 30 feet from said bulkhead, if moored thereto, or from the beach line at low tide if not moored to bulkhead. ANCHORAGE LHMITS, KILL VAN KULL. NEWARK BAY. ARTHUR KILL, AND RARITAN BAY. The following-described anchorage grounds for vessels in the waters of Kill van Kull, Newark Bay, Arthur Kill, and Raritan 159 Bay are hereby defined and established for the information of the owners, masters, pilots, or other persons anchoring vessels or having charge of steam vessels towing or otherwise conducting vessels to an anchorage, pursuant to the act of Congress approved March 3, 1899, extending the act of May 16, 1888, relating to the anchorage of vessels in the port of New York. No vessel shall anchor in any of the channels, except in cases of great emergency, and then as near the edge of the channel as pos- sible, so as not to impede or interfere with the free navigation of the same, and no vessel shall anchor so as to obstruct the approach to any pier or impede the movement of any ferryboat. Any violation of these rules and regulations will subject the owner, master, or person in charge of the vessel so offending to a penalty of $100. KILL VAN KULL ANCHORAGE. 1. To the northward of a line running through red buoy No. 2 from Newark Bay lighthouse to south end of city wharf, Bergen Point, and thence running east by north through chimney of Pacific Coast Borax Works. 2. To the southward of a line running E ]/g N from north end of Starins Dock, foot of North Street, Port Richmond, to the north end of McWilliams Dock, West Brighton, and thence to Livingston Point. 3. To the southward of a line running W % N from Standard Varnish Works, Port Richmond, to north end of Milling Dock. 4. To the westward of a line running N by W % W from north end of long dock, Mariners Harbor, to Corner Stake, and to the southward of a line running W % S from Corner Stake to the east end of Government dike. 100 NEWABK BAY ANCHORAGE. 1. To the westward of a line running NE y, X from east end of Shooters Island to black buoy No. 1. 2. To the eastward of a line running NE by N N from New- ark Bay lighthouse to a point 500 feet east of east end of draw of Central Railroad bridge. 3. To the westward of a line running SW by S % S from Passaic lighthouse to a point 500 feet west of west end of draw of Central Railroad bridge. 4. To the eastward of a line running nearly NE by N from point 500 feet east of east end of draw of Central Railroad bridge to a point 500 feet east of east end of draw of the Lehigh Valley Rail- road bridge, and thence to point of land at intersection of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers, said line running N Vg E. ARTHUR KILL ANCHORAGE. 1. To southeast of a line from huoy No. 4 to west end of Central Railroad bridge and north of a line from buoy No. 4 to buoy No. 2. 2. To the westward of a line running nearly N by E from wharf of Extracting Works through Buckwheat Island to Clarks Wire Works. 3. Tlie passage lietween Trails Island and Staten Island in- cluded between a line running NE y, N from extreme west point of Trails Island to a point on Staten Island, and a line from southern point of Trails Island to old wharf off Linoleumville. 4. To the southward of a line from anchorage buoy placed 250 yards NW of Smoking Point, to anchorage buoy, bearing W by S % S, and thence to buoy No. 4, oft' Sewaren, hearing SW by W % W. 5. To the eastward of a line from Krieschersville Wharf to buoy No. 4. 161 TOTTENVILLE ANCHORAGE. 1. To the eastward of a line running NE by E from buoy No. 2 to point on Staten Island. PERTH AMBOY ANCHORAGE. 1. To the northward and westward of a line running from red and black buoy to south end of Lehigh Valley coal docks. 2. To the westward of a line running from Great Beds light- house to the red and black buoy on the north end of middle ground off Perth Amboy. SOUTH AMBOY ANCHORAGE. 1. To the southw'ard of a line from buoy No. 9 to eastern pier (Wyoming) of coal docks. 2. To the northward of a line running SE 14 ® from center of pier of Raritan River drawbridge, through anchorage buoy off coal docks, to anchorage buoy placed NE by N, 175 yards from buoy No. 9. RARITAN BAY ANCHORAGE. 1. To the eastward of red buoy and westward of black buoy of the dredged channel. 2. To tlie southward of a line from buoy No. 3 to buoy No. 5. 3. To the eastward of a line running SW by W i/g W from buoy No. 5 to anchorage buoy, and to the southward of a line from said anchorage buoy to buoy No. 7 and thence to buoy No. 9. 4. To the northward of a line running from factory on Seguine Point to Princess Bay lighthouse. 5. To the westward of a line running from Princess Bay light- liouse to buoy No. 6. 6. To the westward of a line running from buoy No. 0 to buoy No. 10. 162 7. To the eastward of a line running due north from buoy No. 10. KEYPORT HARBOR ANCHORAGE. To the eastward of eastern boundary and to the westward of western boundary of dredged channel extending from old railroad dock to wharves of tlie New York & Keyport Steamboat Co. VARIATION OF THE COMPASS. The magnetic variations for mentioned are as follows: Locality. Point .ludith Montauk Point Gardiners Bay New London Harbor Connecticut River entrance New Haven Harbor Bridgeport Harbor Greens Ledge Lighthouse Huntington Bay Great Captain Island Throgs Neck Shinnecock Liglithousc Fire Island Light Vessel New York Bay entrance New York LTpper Bay Haverstraw Kingston Hudson Albany and annual increase at points Annual Variation, increase. 0 / 12 4o W. G 12 00 0 11 30 G 12 00 G 11 45 6 11 30 G 11 00 5 10 45 5 10 30 5 10 30 3 10 15 3 11 15 6 10 15 5 9 45 0 10 00 5 10 30 5 11 00 5 11 30 5 12 00 5 19L5 163 BUOYAGE. LOXG ISLAND SOUND. Tlie sequence of Sound buoy numbers commences at Buoy No. 1 off Little Gull Island, and No. 2 off Race Point, Fishers Island, and thence west to a line drawn tangent to the west side of Fort Schuyler, Throgs Neck, and running southeasterly to Willets Point. EAST RIVER FROM LONG ISLAND SOUND. The sequence of buoy numbers in East River, from the east, commences at the line of demarcation at Fort Schuyler, Throgs Neck, and extends to the westward to a line drawn from the Borough of Manhattan to the Borough of Brooklyn across the East River at Tenth Street, Borough of ^Manhattan, except the channel on the westerly side of the island, leading into Harlem River. EAST RIVER FROM NEW YORK LTPER BAY. The sequence of buoy numbers in East River, from the south, commences at a line drawn tangent to the pierhead line. New York City, and running south-south-westerly to Bay Ridge, and extends to the line drawn across the East River at Tenth Street, Borough of Manhattan, and, through the westerly channel, to Harlem. HUDSON RIVER. The sequence of buoy numbers in Hudson River commences at a line drawn tangent to the Battery, New \*ork City, and running northwesterly to New Jersey, The sequence extends northerly to Troy. 164 NEW YORK LO^\^;R AND UPPER BAY. The sequence of buoy numbers in New York Lower and Upper Bays and approaches thereto commences at the Atlantic Ocean and extends northerly to a line drawn tangent to the Battery, New York City, and extending northwesterly to New Jersey, and southeasterly to Brooklyn. ARTHUR KILL, TOTTENVILLE TO ELIZABETHPORT. The sequence of buoy numbers commences at Tottenville, Staten Island, and extends to Elizabethport, N. J. Starting, stopping, and backing signals for steam vessels NAVIGATING THE WATERS OF THE EIGHTH AND NINTH SUPERVISING INSPECTION DISTRICTS, AND SO MUCH OF LAKE SUPERIOR AS IS INCLUDED IN THE FIFTH DISTRICT. Tlie eighth district embraces all the waters of the lakes north and west of Lake Erie, with their tributaries, except the portion of Lake Superior which is bounded by the states of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and also includes the upper portion of the Illinois River down to and including Peoria, 111. The ninth district embraces all the waters of Lakes Erie, Ontario, Champlain, Memphremagog, and the river St. Law- rence, and their tributaries. There shall be used between the master or pilot and engineer the following code of signals, to be made by bell or whistle, namely : 1 whistle or 1 bell Go ahead. 1 whistle or 1 bell Stop. 2 whistles or 2 bells Back. 3 whistles or 3 bells Check. 4 whistles or 4 bells Strong. 4 whistles or 4 bells All right. 105 Two whistles or two bells shall always mean back, irrespective of other signals previously given. The signals between the pilot house and engine room on Alaskan rivers shall be as follows: When at rest, 1 jingle Stand by. 1 stroke of gong Ahead full speed. 2 strokes of gong Astern full speed. 1 stroke of gong Stop when going ahead or astern. 1 stroke of gong and 1 jingle Ahead half speed. 2 strokes of gong and 1 jingle Astern half speed. When going astern or ahead half speed, 1 jingle Full speed. When going astern or ahead full speed, 1 jingle Half speed. When going ahead or astern, any speed, 2 jingles Very slow. 166 INTERXATIONAL RULES. I. ENACTING CLAUSE. SCOPE, AND PENALTY. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America iji Congress assembled, Tliat the following- I’egulatioiis for preventing collisions at sea shall be followed hy all public and private vessels of the United States upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith, naviga- ble by seagoing vessels. Art. 30. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the opera- tion of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbor, river, or inland waters. PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS. In the following rules every steam vessel which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing vessel, and every vessel under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a steam vessel. The words “steam vessel’’ shall include any vessel propelled by machinery. A vessel is “under way,” within the meaning of these rules, when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground. II LIGHTS, AND SO FORTH. The word “visible” in these rules when applied to lights shall mean visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere. Article 1. The rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may he mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited. 167 STEAit VESSELS — MASTHEAD LKiHT. Aut. 2. A steam vessel when under way shall carry — (a) On or ill front of the foremast, or if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, at a lieight above the hull of not less than twenty feet, and if the breadth of the vessel ex- ceeds twenty feet, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so, however, that the light need not be carried at a greater height above the hull than forty feet, a bright white light, so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least five miles. STEAM VESSELS — SIDE LIGHTS. (b) On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an are of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (c) On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (d) The said green and red side lights shall be fitted with in- board screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow. STEAM VESSELS — RANGE LIGHTS. (e) A steam vessel when under way may carry an additional white light similar in construction to the light mentioned in sub- 168 division (a). These two lights shall be so placed in line with the keel that one shall be at least fifteen feet higher than the other, and in such a position with reference to each other that the lower light shall he forward of the upper one. Tlie vertical distance between these lights shall be less than the horizoptal distance. STEAM VESSELS WHEN TOWING. Akt. 3. A steam vessel when towing another vessel shall, in addition to lier side lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the otlier, not less than six feet apart, and wlien towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light six feet above or below such lights, if the lengtli of tlie tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of tlie last vessel towed exceeds six hundred feet. Each of these lights shall he of the same construction and character, and shall be carried in the same position as the white light mentioned in article two (a), excepting the additional light, which may be carried at a height of not less than fourteen feet above the hull. Such steam vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel or aftermast for the vessel towed to steer by, hut such light shall not he visible foi’ward of the beam. SPECIAL LIGHTS. Art. 4. (a) A vessel which from any accident is not under command shall carry at the same height as a white light men- tioned in article two (a), where they can best be seen, and if a steam vessel in lieu of that light, two red lights, in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, and of such a character as to be visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least two miles; and shall by day carry in a vertical line, one over the other, not less than six feet apart, where they can best be seen, two black balls or shapes, each two feet in diameter. (b) A vessel employed in lajdng or in picking up a telegraph cable shall carry in the same position as the white light men- 169 tioned in article two (a), and if a steam vessel in lieu of that light, three lights in a vertical line, one over the other, not less than six feet apart. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red, and the middle light shall be white, and they shall be of such a character as to be visible all around the horizon, at a distance of at least two miles. By day she shall carry in a vertical line, one over the other, not less than six feet apart, where they can best be seen, three shapes not less than two feet in diameter, of which the highest and lowest shall be globular in shape and red in color, and the middle one diamond in shape and white. (c) The vessels referred to in this article, when not making way through the water, shall not carry the side lights, but when making way shall carry them. (d) The lights and shapes required to be shown by this article are to be taken by other vessels as signals that the vessel show- ing them is not under command and can not therefore get out of the way. Tliese signals are not signals of vessels in distress and re- quiring assistance. Such signals are contained in article thirty- one. LIGHTS FOR SAILING VESSELS AND VESSELS IN TOW. Art. 5. A sailing vessel under way and any vessel being towed shall carry the same lights as are prescribed by article two for a steam vessel under way, with the exception of the white lights mentioned therein, which they shall never carry. LIGHTS FOE SMALL VESSELS. Art. 6. Whenever, as in the case of small vessels under way during bad weather, the green and red side lights can not be fixed, these lights shall be kept at hand, lighted and ready for use; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be ex- hibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the 170 red light on the starboard side, nor, if practicable, more than two points abaft the beam on their respective sides. To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy the lanterns containing them shall each be painted outside with the color of the light they respectively contain, and shall be pro- vided with proper screens. LIGHTS FOR SMALL STEAM AND S.VIL VESSELS AND OPEN BOATS. Art. 7. Steam vessels of less than forty, and A’essels under oars or sails of less than twenty tons gross tonnage, respectively, and rowing l)oats, when under way, shall not be required to carry the lights mentioned in article two (a), (b), and (c), but if they do not carry them tliey shall be provided with the fol- lowing lights: First. Steam vessels of less than forty tons shall carry — (a) In the fore part of the vessels, or on or in front of the funnel, where it can best be seen, and at a height above the gunwale of not less than nine feet, a bright white light con- structed and fixed as prescribed in article two (a), and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (b) Green and red side lights constructed and fixed as pre- scrilied in article two ( b ) and ( c ) , and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least one mile, or a combined lantern showing a green light and a red light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on their respective sides. Such lanterns shall be carried not less than three feet below the white light. Second. Small steamboats, such as are carried by seagoing vessels, may carry the white light at a less height than nine feet above the gunwale, but it shall be carried above the combined lantern mentioned in subdivision one (b). Third. Vessels under oars or sails of less than twenty tons shall have ready at hand a lantern with a green glass on one side and a red glass on the other, which, on the approach of or to other vessels, shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent col- lision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side. 171 Fourth. Rowing boats, whether under oars or sail, shall have ready at hand a lantern showing a white light which shall he temporarily e.xhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision. The vessels referred to in this article shall not be obliged to carry the lights prescribed bj’ article four (a) and article eleven, last paragraph. LIGHTS FOE PILOT VESSELS. Art. 8. Pilot vessels when engaged on their station' on pilotage duty shall not show the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all around the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed fifteen minutes. On the near approach of or to other vessels they shall have their side lights lighted, ready for use, and shall flash or show them at short intervals, to indicate the direction in which they are heading, but the green light shall not be shown on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side. A pilot vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of a vessel to put a pilot on board may show the white light instead of carrying it at the masthead, and may, instead of the colored lights above mentioned, have at hand, ready for use, a lantern with a green glassi on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above. Pilot vessels, when not engaged on their station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other vessels of their tonnage. A steam pilot vessel, when engaged on her station on pilotage duty and in waters of the United States, and not at anchor, shall, in addition to the lights required for all pilot boats, carry, at a distance of eight feet below her white masthead light, a red light, visible all around the horizon and of such a character as to he visible on aj dark night with a clear atmosphere at a distance of at least two miles, and also the colored side lights required to be carried by vessels when under way. 172 When engaged on her station on pilotage duty and in waters of the United States, and at anchor, she shall carry, in addition to tlie lights required for all pilot boats, the red light above mentioned, but not the colored side lights. When not engaged on her station on pilotage duty, she shall carry the same lights as other steam vessels. LIGHT.S, ETC., OF FI.SHIXG VESSELS. Art. 0. Fishing vessels and fishing boats, when under way and when not required by this article to carry or show the lights hereinafter specified, shall carry or show the lights prescribed for vessels of their tonnage under way. (a) Open boats, by which is to be understood boats not pro- tected from the entry of sea water by means of a continuous deck, when engaged in any fishing at night, with outlying tackle ex- tending not more than one hundred and fifty feet horizontally from the boat into the seaway, shall carry one all-round white light. Open boats, when fishing at night, with outlying tackle ex- tending more than one hundred and fifty feet horizontally from the boat into the seaway, shall carry one all-round white light, and in addition, on approaching or being approached by other vessels, shall show a, second white light at least three feet below the first light and at a horizontal distance of at least five feet away from it in the direction in which the outlying tackle is attached. (b) Vessels and boats, exce2>t open boats as defined in sub- division (a), when fishing with drift nets, shall, so long as the nets are wholly or jjartly in the water, carry two white lights where they can best be seen. Such lights shall be placed so that the vertical distance between them shall be not less than six feet and not more than fifteen feet, and so that the horizontal distance between them, measured in a line with the keel, shall be not less than five feet and not more than ten feet. The lower of these two lights shall be in the direction of the nets, and both 173 of them shall be of such a character as to show all around the horizon, and to be visible at a distance of not less than three miles. Within the Mediterranean Sea and in the seas bordering the coasts of Japan and Korea sailing fishing vessels of less than twenty tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to carry the lower of these two lights. Should they, however, not carry it, they shall show in the same position ( in the direction of the net or gear) a white light, visible at a distance of not less than one sea mile, on the approach of or to other vessels. (c) Vessels and boats, except open boats as defined in sub- division (a), when line fishing with their lines out and attached to or hauling their lines, and when not at anchor or stationary within the meaning of subdivision (h), shall carry the same lights as vessels fishing with drift nets. When shooting lines, or Ashing with towing lines, they shall carry the lights prescribed for a steam or sailing vessel under way, respectively. Within the Mediterranean Sea and in tlie seas bordering the coasts of Japan and Korea sailing Ashing vessels of less than twenty tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to carr}’ the lower of these two lights. Should they, however, not carry it, they shall show in the same position (in the direction of the lines) a white light, visible at a distance of not less than one sea mile on the approach of or to other vessels. (d) Vessels when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging of an apparatus along the bottom of the sea — First. If steam vessels, shall carry in the same position as the white light mentioned in article two (a) a tri-colored lantern so constructed and Axed as to show a white light from right ahead to two points on each bow, and a green light and a rod light over an arc of the horizon from two points on each bow to two points abaft the beam on the starboard and port sides, re- spectively; and not less than six nor more than twelve feet be- low the tri-colored lantern a white light in a lantern, so con- structed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light all around the horizon. 174 Second. If sailing vessels, shall carry a white light in a lantern, so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and uii- Ijroken light all around the horizon, and shall also, on the ap- proach of or to other vessels, show where it can best be seen a white flare-up light or torch in sufficient time to prevent col- lision. All lights mentioned in subdivision (d) first and second shall be visible at a distance of at least two miles. (e) Oyster dredgers and other vessels fishing with dredge nets shall carry and show the same lights as trawlers. (f) Fishing vessels and fishing boats may at any time use a flare-uj) light in addition to the lights which they are by this article required to carry and show, and they may also use work- ing liglits. (g) Every fishing vessel and every fishing boat under one hundred and fifty feet in length, when at anchor, shall exhibit a white light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile. Every fishing vessel of one hundred and fifty feet in lengtli or upward, when at anchor, shall exhiliit a white light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile, and sliall exhibit a second light as provided for vessels of such length by article eleven. Should any such vessel, whether under one hundred and fifty feet in length of of one hundred and fifty feet in length or up- ward, be attached to a net or other fishing gear, she shall on the aiiproach of other vessels show an additional white light at least three feet below the anchor light, and at a horizontal distance of at least five feet away from it in the direction of the net or gear. (h) If a vessel or boat when fishing becomes stationary in consequence of her gear getting fast to a rock or other obstruc- tion, she shall in daytime haul down the day signal required by subdivision (k) ; at niglit show the light or lights prescribed for a vessel at anchor ; and during fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorius make the signal prescribed for a vessel at anchor. GROVER C. JERGDOLL (See subdivision (d) and tlie last paragraph of article fifteen.) ( i ) In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain storms drift-net vessels attached to their nets, and vessels when trawling, dredging, or fishing with any kind of drag net, and vessels line fishing with their lines out, shall, if of twenty tons gross tonnage or upward, respectively, at intervals of not more than one minute make a blast ; if steam vessels, with the whistle or siren, and if sailing vessels, with the fog-horn, each blast to be fol- lowed by ringing the bell. Fishing vessels and boats of less than twenty tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to give the above-mentioned signals; but if they do not, they shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than one minute. (k) All vessels or boats fishing with nets or lines or trawls, when under way, shall in daytime indicate their occupation to an approaching vessel by displaying a basket or other efficient signal where it can best be seen. If vessels or boats at anchor have their gear out, they shall, on the approach of other vessels, show the same signal on the side on which those vessels can pass. The vessels required by this article to carry or show the lights hereinbefore specified shall not be obliged to carry the lights prescribed by article four (a) and the last paragraph of article eleven. LIGHTS FOlt AN OVEIJTAKEN VESSEL. Akt. 10. A vessel which is being overtaken by another shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned vessel a white light or a flare-up light. The white light required to be shown by this article may be fixed and carried in a lantern, but in such case the lantern shall be so constructed, fitted, and screened that it shall throw an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twelve points of the compass, namely, for six points from right aft on each side of the vessel, so as to be visible at a distance of at least one 176 mile. Such light shall be carried as nearly as practicable on the same level as the side lights. ANCHOK LIGHTS. Aut. 11. A vessel under one hundred and fifty feet in length when at anchor shall carry forward, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light, in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uni- form, and unbroken light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile. A vessel of one hundred and fifty feet or upwards in length when at anchor shall carry in the forward part of the vessel, at a height of not less than twenty and not exceeding forty feet above the hull, one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than fifteen feet lower than the forward light, another such light. The length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length ap- jjearing in her certificate of registry. A vessel aground in or near a fairway shall carry the above light or lights and the two red lights prescribed by article four (a). SPECIAL SIGNALS. Art. T2. Every vessel may, if necessary in order to attract attention, in addition to the lights which she is by these rules recpiired to carry, show a flare-up light or use any detonating signal that can not be mistaken for a distress signal. NAVAL LIGHTS AND RECOGNITION SIGNALS. Art. 13. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the opera- tion of any special rules made by the Government of any nation with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more shijis of war or for vessels sailing under convoy, or with the exhihition of recognition signals adopted by ship-owners, which have been authorized by their respective Governments, and duly registered and published. 177 STEAM \'ESSEL UNDER SAIL BY DAY. Art. 14. A steam vessel proceeding under sail only, but hav- ing her funnel up, shall carry in daytime, forward, where it can best be seen, one black ball or shape two feet in diameter. Ill, — SOUND SIGNALS FOR FOG, AND SO FORTH. PRELIMINARY. Art. 15. All signals prescribed by this article for vessels under way shall be given: First. By “steam vessels” on the whistle or siren. Second. By “sailing vessels” and “vessels towed” on the fog horn. The words “prolonged blast” used in this article shall mean a blast of from four to six seconds duration. A steam vessel shall be provided with an efficient whistle or siren, sounded by steam or by some substitute for steam, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstruction, and with an efficient fog horn, to be sounded by mechanical means, and also with an efficient bell. In all cases where the rules re- quire a bell to be used a drum may be substituted on board Turkish vessels, or a gong where such articles are used on board small seagoing vessels. A sailing vessel of twenty tons gross tonnage or upward shall be provided with a similar fog-horn and bell. In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain storms, whether by day or night, the signals described in this article shall be used as follows, namely: STEAM VESSEL UNDER WAY. (a) A steam vessel having way upon her shall sound, at in- tervals of not more than two minutes, a prolonged blast. (b) A steam vessel under way, but stopped, and having no way upon her, shall sound, at intervals of not more than two minutes, two prolonged blasts, with an interval of about one second between, 178 SAIL VESSEL UA'DEU WAY. (c) A sailing vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than one minute, when on the starboard tack, one blast; when on the port tack, two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam, three blasts in succession. VESSELS AT AACIIOK OR XOT UNDER WAY. (d) A vessel when at anchor shall, at intervals of not more tlian one minute, ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds. VESSELS TOWING OR TO^VED. (e) A vessel when towing, a vessel employed in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable, and a vessel under way, which is unable to get out of the way of an approaching vessel through being not under command, or unable to maneuver as required by the rules, shall, instead of the signals prescribed in subdivisions (a) and (c) of this article, at intervals of not more than two minutes, sound three blasts in succession, namely: One pro- longed blast followed by two short blasts. A vessel towed may give this signal and she shall not give any other. SMALL SAILING VESSELS AND BOATS. Sailing vessels and boats of less than twenty tons gross ton- nage shall not be obliged to give the above-mentioned signals, but, if they do not, they shall make some other efficient soimd signal at intervals of not more than one minute. SPEED IN FOG. Art. 16. Every vessel shall in fog, mist, falling snow, or heaiw rain storms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions. A steam vessel, hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her 179 engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of col- lision is over. IV. — STEERING AND SAILING RULES. PRELIMINARY. Risk of collision can, wlien circumstances permit, be ascer- tained by carefully watching the compass bearing of an ap- proaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist. SAILING VESSELS. Art. 17. When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other, as follows, namely: (a) A vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is closehauled. (b) A vessel which is closehauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is closehauled on the starboard tack. (c) When both are running free, with the wind on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. (d) When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to the windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which isi to the leeward. (e) A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel. STEAM VESSELS. Art. 18. When two steam vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other. This article only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of 180 collision, and does not apply to two vessels which must, if both keep on their respective courses, pass clear of each other. The only cases to which it does apply are when each of the two vessels is end on, or nearly end on to the other ; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own ; and by night, to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side-lights of the other. It does not apply by day to cases in which a vessel secs another ahead crossing her own course; or by night, to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where tlie green light of one vessel is opposed tc the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead. TWO STEAM VESSELS CROSSIXG. Art. 19. When two steam vessels are crossing, so as to in- volve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other. STEAM VESSEL SHALL KEEP OUT OF THE WAY OF SAILING VESSEL. Art. 20. When a steam vessel and a sailing vessel are pro- ceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam vessel shall keep out of the way of the sailing vessel. COURSE AND SPEED. Art. 21. Where, by any of these rules, one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed. Note — When, in consequence of thick weather or other causes, such vessel finds herself so close that collision can not be avoided by the action of the giving-way vessel alone, she also shall take such actions as will best aid to avert collision. [See articles twenty-seven and twenty-nine.] 181 CROSSING AHEAD. Art. 22. Every vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other. STEAM VESSEL SHALL SLACKEN SPEED OR STOP. Art. 23. Every steam vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, on approaching her. if necessary, slacken her speed or stop or reverse. OVERTAKING VESSELS. Art. 24. Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules, every vessel, overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken vessel. Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction more than two points abaft her beam, that is, in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel’s side lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the over- taken vessel until she is finally past and clear. As by day the overtaking vessel can not always know with certainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel, she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an overtaking vessel and keep out of the way. NARROW CHANNELS. Art. 25. In narrow channels every steam vessel shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel. RIGHT OF WAY OF FISHING VESSELS. Art. 26. Sailing vessels under way shall keep out of the way of sailing vessels or boats fishing with nets or lines or trawls. 182 This, rule shall not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing a fairway used by vessels other than fishing vessels or boats. GENEUAL PRUDENTIAL RULE. Art. 27. In obeying and construing these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. SOUND SIGNALS FOR PASSING STEAMERS. Art. 28. The words “short blast” used in this article shall mean a blast of about one second’s duration. When vessels are in sight of one another, a steam vessel under way, in taking any course authorized or required by these rules, shall indicate that course by the following signals on her whistle or siren, namely: One short blast to mean, “I am directing my course to star- board.” Two short blasts to mean, “I am directing my course to port.” Three short blasts to mean, “My engines are going at full speed astern.” PRECAUTION. Art. 29. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner or master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case. Art. 30. [See page ICC.] DISTRESS SIGNALS. Art. 31. When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following shall be the 183 signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, namely: In the daytime — • First. A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute. Second. The international code signal of distress indicated by N C. Third. Tlie distance signal, consisting of a square flag, having either above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball. Fourth. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus. At night — First. A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute. Second. Flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, and so forth). Third. Rockets or shells throwing stars of anj' color or de- scription, fired one at a time, at short intervals. Fourth. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus. GROVER C. BERGDOLL 184 FOE CON'VERTING NAUTICAL MILES INTO STATUTE MILES. Nautical miles. Statute miles. Nautical miles. Statute miles. Nautical miles. Statute miles. 1.00 1.151 8.75 10.075 16.50 18.999 1.25 1.439 9.00 10.363 16.75 19.287 1.50 1.727 9.25 10.651 17.00 19.575 1.75 2.015 9.50 10.939 17.25 19.863 2.00 2.303 9.75 11.227 17.50 20.151 2.25 2.590 10.00 11.515 17.75 20.439 2.50 2.878 10.25 11.803 18.00 20.727 2.75 3.166 10.50 12.090 18.25 21.015 3.00 3.454 10.75 12.378 18.50 21.303 3.25 3.742 11.00 12.666 18.75 21.590 3.50 4.030 11.25 12.954 19.00 21.878 3.75 4.318 11.50 13.242 19.25 22.166 4.00 4.606 11.75 13.530 19.50 22.454 4.25 4.893 12.00 13.818 19.75 22.742 4.50 5.181 12.25 14.106 20.00 23.030 4.75 5.469 12.50 14.393 20.25 23.318 5.00 5.757 12.75 14.681 20.50 23.606 5.25 6.045 13.00 14.969 20.75 23.893 5.50 6.333 13.25 15.257 21.00 24.181 5.75 6.621 13.50 15.545 21.25 24.469 6.00 6.909 13.75 15.833 21.50 24.757 6.25 7.196 14.00 16.121 21.75 25.045 6.50 7.484 14.25 16.409 22.00 25.333 6.75 7.772 14.50 16.696 22.25 25.621 7.00 8.060 14.75 16.984 22.50 25.90& 7.25 8.348 15.00 17.272 22.75 26.196 7.50 8.636 15.25 17.560 23.00 26.484 7.75 8.924 15.50 17.848 23.50 27.060 8.00 9.212 15.75 18.136 24.00 27.636 8.25 9.500 16.00 18.424 24.50 28.212 8.50 9.787 16.25 18.712 25.00 28.787 One nautical niile=6080 feet. 185 FOR CONVERTING STATUTE MILES INTO NAUTICAL MILES. Statute miles. Nautical miles. Statute miles Nautical miles. Statute miles. Nautical miles. 1.00 0.868 9.00 7.815 17.00 14.763 1.25 1.085 9.25 8.032 17.25 14.980 1.50 1.302 9.50 8.249 17.50 15.197 1.75 1.519 9.75 8.467 17.75 15.414 2.00 1.736 10.00 8.684 18.00 15.632 2.25 1.953 10.25 8.901 18.25 15.849 2.50 2.170 10.50 9.118 18.50 16.066 2.75 2.387 10.75 9.335 18.75 16.283 3.00 2.604 11.00 9.552 19.00 16.500 3.25 2.821 11.25 9.769 19.25 16.717 3.50 3.038 11.50 9.986 19.50 16.934 3.75 3.256 11.75 10.203 19.75 17.151 4.00 3.473 12.00 10.420 20.00 17.369 4.25 3.690 12.25 10.638 20.25 17.586 4.50 3.907 12.50 10.855 20.50 17.803 4.75 4.124 12.75 11.072 20.75 18.020 5.00 4.341 13.00 11.289 21.00 18.237 5.25 4.559 13.25 11.507 21.25 18.454 5.50 4.776 13.50 11.724 21.50 18.671 5.75 4.994 13.75 11.941 21.75 18.888 6.00 5.211 14.00 12.158 22.00 19.105 6.25 5.428 14.25 12.376 22.25 19.322 6.50 5.645 14.50 12.593 22.50 19.539 6.75 5.862 14.75 12.810 22.75 19.756 7.00 6.079 15.00 13.027 23.00 19.973 7.25 6.296 15.25 13.244 23.25 20.191 7.50 6.513 15..50 13.461 23.50 20.408 7.75 6.730 15.75 13.678 23.75 20.625 8.00 6.947 16.00 13.895 24.00 20.842 8.25 7.164 16.25 14.112 24.25 21.060 8..50 7.381 16.50 14.329 24.50 21.277 8.75 7.598 16.75 14.546 25.00 21.711 One statute mile =5280 feet. ISO international code. This code consists of 27 flags, as follows : 2 burgees, 5 pennants, 19 square flags and the code pennant, making 27 in all, and are described as follows : Code pennant, red and white in 5 alternate stripes. Buhgees. A B G D E F G White — blue, in two vertical stripes. Red. Pennants. White with red spot. Blue with white spot. R^d — white — blue, in three vertical stripes. Red, with white right cross. Yellow — blue, in two vertical stripes. Squake Flags. n White — red, in two vertical stripes. I Yellow, with black spot in centre. J Blue — white — blue, in three horizontal stripea K Yellow — blue, in two vertical stripes. L Blue and yellow in four alternate checks. M Blue, with white diagonal cross. W Blue and white in sixteen alternate checks. 0 Yellow and red in two diagonal stripes. P Blue with white centre. Q Yellow — Quarantine. II Red with yellow right cross. 8 White with blue centre. T Red — white — blue in three vertical stripea U Red and white in four alternate checks. V White with red diagonal cross. IF Blue — white — red in three borders. X White, with blue right cross. T Yellow and red in ten diagonal stripes. Z Black — yellow — blue — red, each color triangular shaped. To open communication, show the ensign with the Code Pi-nnant under it. When using the Code Pennant as an Answering Pennant, hoist it by itself where best seen. 187 VO iNiOT (ATTEND SCHOOL License can be obtained by a little study of THE NEW YORK PILOT AND GUIDE TO THE I S. LOGUL lUGPECTOBG EVUDTIOII OF MASTERS AND PILOTS FOR NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR TO YONKERS AND GREAT CAPTAIN ISLAND CONTAINING ALL USEFUL INFORMATION BY CAPT. R. M. PUGSLEY Contains no Misleading Statements to Induce an Applicant to Attend School FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS swatted to any address on receipt of $2.00 by CAPT. R. M . PUGSLEY 17 SOUTH STREET NEW YORK CITY LighthovL9e 4^ Zi^hthouse on aocde chart • Ol3> light tower v..® Beacon, lighted, A Beacon,7totlighteci a Spindle (orstaJte) I add word SpincCLe if space oHo'wa Bightahip Anchorage ^ Wreck “*+^ Book awccah at low water ♦ Sunken, rock ♦ Life Saying Station ♦ LSS. (T) aigrdAes connection with teUgraphio ay stem. o Bohottom at 20 fothoma “50 etc Red huoy 9 or add word 'white or yellow as required Black buoy.. -t horizontally striped buoy * 9 PerpendicuXafly striped buoy ; t Buoys with perch and square. Buoys with perch caxd ball Lightedbuoy in place of at.., 2£ooring buoy Landmark , aa Cupola, Standpipe , etCi 0 Whirlpool Tide rip. . Current , not tidal , drift in hnota aa . ” .flood.firat qvoarter, drift in. knots . as — * . ** , second. " ” ** " ** ~ • ' .third. - - » ~ " . eW> , . , othoryrise like flood. - 2 . 0 - -O.4.- - 1 . 0 - - 0.3 - 189 GROVER C. BERGDOLL GALVANIZED CAST -STEEL YACHT RIGGING. Composed of 6 Strands and a Hemp Center, 7 or 19 Wires to tBe Strand. Approximate Diameter Approximate Circumference in Circiimterence Weight per foot Breaking Strain inches of in inches. in pounds. in ions of 2000 ^Manila Rope of pounds. equal strength. 4 2-54 53 13 2.24 47 12 3'A i'A 1 .96 41 II 1.69 35 10 3 I 1.44 30 9 A I . 20 25 8K 2. 'A 1 3 0.98 20 8 2'A A 0 81 17 7 2 A 0.62 14 6 tV 0.47 10 hA ^‘A 'A 0-35 8 Y/i 1 5 3^ 0.30 6 4/2 'A 7 0.25 5 4 X I }i 0.20 4-3 3)4 I 5 TT 0. 16 3-6 3 I'H) GALVANIZED IRON WIRE ROPE. For Ships’ Rigging and Derrick Guys. Composed of 6 Strands and a Hemp Center, 7 or 12 Wires to the Strand Circumference in inches. Approximate Diameter in inches. Weight per foot in pounds. Approximate BreakingStrain in tons of 2000 pounds. Circumference in inches of ^^anjla Rope of equal strength. 5 ^ 5^4: S 434 134 T-'/z 4-85 4-54 4. 10 3.68 3.28 42 39 34 32 28 II loK 10 9 K 9 43 < 4 334 334 iH 134 T 3 2.91 2-54 2 . 24 1.96 1.69 25 23 21 17 15 834 8 V/z fy'/z 3 234 2>4 234 2 I 13 TS’ 1.44 1 . 20 0.98 0.81 0.62 13 1 1 8.5 7-3 5-8 6 5/4 5 434 4 134 I’A 134 I rs - V2 7 T'S’ 0.47 0-35 0.25 0.21 0. 16 4-2 3-2 2 . 2 i!8 1 .6 334 3 234 234 2 rs 34 Vz A ¥ 3 TIT 0. 122 0.090 0.060 0 . 0-:^8 1 .08 0.85 0.72 0..39 i >4 I '4 134 I'.U GALVANIZED IRON AND CAST STEEL RUNNING ROPE. Composed of 6 Strands and a Hemp Center, each Strand consisting' of 12 Wires and a Hemp Core. Approximate Approximate Breaking Strain in Circumference Weight per tons of 2,000 pi^unds. ia inches. inches. Foot in lbs. Iron. Cast Steel. 3)4 I 13 10 23 3 I 0.97 8.6 20 2)4 X 0.81 7-3 16.5 2'A 13 IB- 0.66 5-6 13 2 2% X 0.54 4.8 II .2 2 X 0.42 3-8 9.0 9 0.32 2.7 6.6 X 0.24 2 . I 5-3 iX 7 TB’ 0. 17 1.4 3-3 iX Y% 0. 14 1-25 2-7 I 6 T?T 0. II I . I 2.2 GALVANIZED STEEL HAWSERS. Composed of 6 Strands and a Hemp Center, each Strand consisting of 12 Wires and a Hemp Core. Circumference in indies. Approximate Diameter in inches. Weight per foot in lbs. Approximate Breaking Strain in tons of 2,000 lbs. Circumference in inches of Manila Hawser ofequalstrength. sX 5 4 X 4 X iX iX- iX 3-25 3-04 2-75 2.46 2.20 61 57 52 45 42 13X 13 12X 12 4 X 4 3 X 3X 3 X iXs iX T S ^Tir iX ItV 1-95 1.70 1.50 1-31 1-13 39 34 30 27 23 II 10 9 X 8 X 8 X 3 2 X 2X I X 13 TB- 0.97 0.81 0.66 20.0 16.5 13.2 • 8 6'.^ 6 Note. — S izes above 5^ circumference should be made with 18 wires to the strand, instead of 12 wires. The safe working load is one-tenth of the breaking strain. 102 APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF ROPE. Manila, Sisal and Jute Ropes weigh (ahont) alike. Tarred Hemp Cordage wUl weigh (about) one-fonrth more. Circumference in inches. Diameter in inches. Weight of 1,000 feet, lbs. Weight per Fathom, lbs. Number of feet in i lb. 1 Strength of New 1 Manila Rope, lbs. ^ in. 6 thread A 23 1 T 43 feet 450 I “ 9 “ 33 i . 30 “ 750 IJ4“I2 “ H 42 X 24 “ 950 7 TF 52 A 19 “ 1,200 iK Vz 74 9 i 3 X“ 1,700 A lOI 3 T 10 “ 2.300 2 A 132 4 ? 7 X“ 3,000 A 167 I 6 “ 3,900 1 3 207 iX 5 “ 4.700 2^ % 250 iX 4 “ 5,700 3 I 297 If 3 X “ 6,750 349 ^A 2A “ 7,900 3,'A 405 2^ 2 A “ 9,200 iX 465 2f oX H -^6 10,600 4 T S 529 3 s T 9 u 12,000 iKs 597 06 iH“ 15^500 669 4 iX“ 15,250 4 ^ ^ V 2 746 4 X iX“ 16,900 5 I A 826 5 18,750 sA ^A 1,000 6 I “ 22,700 6 lA 1,190 7t 10 inches 27,000 6.54: 2 1,291 7 A 9 A “ 29,300 6K 1.397 m 8i “ 31,600 7 ^A 1,620 9A 7t 36,750 7A 2 A 1,860 iii 6A “ 42,200 8 2,116 TO ^ ^-TTT -2/ it 5/3 48,000 81^ ^A 2,388 14 X 5 “ 54,200 9 2,678 i6xV 4 X “ 60,700 9;^ 3 2,983 ^7 A 4 “ 67,700 10 3tV 3.306 I 9 i 3 X “ 1 75,000 The relative strength of Manila to Sisal is about as 7 is to 5. 193 TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, TESTS, BREAKING STRAINS AND SAFE WORKING LOADS OF CHAINS. Size. I Inches. Average Weight per Foot in lbs. Outside Length. Inches. Outside Width. Inches. Proof Test in lbs. Approxi- mate Breaking Strain in lbs. Average Safe Working Load in lbs. X X X 2,500 5,000 1,665 A I iX 3^500 7,000 2,340 iX IX iX 5,000 10,000 3-335 2 2 1 iX 7,000 14,000 4-670 X 2 'A 2X 9.000 18,000 6,000 IF 3 X 2X iX 11,000 22,000 7-335 4 3 14,000 27,000 9,333 1 6 5 3 X 2X 17.000 32,500 11,335 X 6X 3 X 2X 20,000 40,000 13-333 i- 3 . 16 7 3 X ol 1 23,000 42,000 15,335 8 4 2X 26,000 48,000 17-333 It 16 9 4 X 3 tV 29,000 54,000 19,335 I 10 4 X 3 X 32,000 61,000 21,333 ^tV 12 4 X 3 A 35-000 69,000 23.335 13 5X 3 X 40,000 78,000 26,665 14X 5 fV 3 X 46,000 88,000 30,666 IX 16 5 X 4X 51,000 95-000 34,000 17X 6X 4 X 54,000 104,000 36,000 iX 19 6tV 4 A 58,000 114,000 38,665 I* 21^ 6H 4 X 62,000 122,000 41,335 IX 23 7 5 67,000 134,000 44,665 25 7 X 5 ^ 70.500 142,000 47,000 iX 28 7 X 5 X 77,000 154,000 51,335 ^ie 30 8X 5 Ti‘ 79,000 158,000 52,666 iX 31 8X 5 X 83,000 166,000 55,333 33 8X 6tV 89,000 178,000 59,335 iX 35 9 X 6X 95,000 190,000 63,333 T 1 6 38 9 X 101,000 202,000 67,333 2 40 10 6X 0 00 0 8 216,000 72,000 o 1 43 loX 6H 115,000 230,000 76,666 2X 47 1034 7 X 122,000 244,000 00 2-iV 50 iiX 7 tV 129,000 258,000 86,000 2X 53 iiX 7 X 136,500 27^,000 91,000 2X 58X iiX 8 152,000 ^04,000 101,333 2X 65 I2X 8X 168,500 337,000 112,333 2X 70 I2X 8X 181,000 362,000 120,666 2X 73 13 9 X 193-500 387-000 129,000 2X 76 I3X 9 X 206,000 412,000 137,333 3 1 86 1 14 9 X 218,000 436,000 145,333 194 “NEW JERSEY” COPPER PAINTS R E M A RK A"B LE FACT “^HIS cut IS a copy of a photograph of a board having one end painted with * NEW JERSEY COPfER PAINT, manufactured by Harry Louderbough, proprietor of New Tersry Paint Works, Jersey City, N. J., and placed in the water at Port Royal, S. C., for five months. Upon the uiipainted end you can note the ravages of the salt water worm, so destructive to wood, and also the large number of barnacles that have fastened upon it. Observe the painted end, where New Jersey Copper Paint was applied — its splendid condition. The board here represented was placed in the water at Port Royal, S. C., by me, and left in the water five months. The painted end was as good as when it was placed in the water. MILLS EDWARD, Master Schooner “ Florence Shay,** National Export Exposition and the American Institute Fair of New York have awarded us the highest attainable Medal for our New Jersey Copper Paint, Seam Paint, and Pile Preservative Paint. 195 New Jersey’’ Anti=Corrosive and Anti=FouIing Pain ts FOR IRON VESSELS Note what our testimonials say: East Boston, Mass., Nov. 14, 1901. Mr. H. Londerbough. Dear Sir : — As a ship {painter, I have for several years applied and sold your “New Jersey” Marine Paints and Yacht Specialties, and found that they were exceptionally well ground, producing a smooth surface, which, with their well- known Anti-fouling qualities, have given them a popularity that no other Marine Paint has. Yours truly, E. B. NICKERSON, 63 Summer St. East Boston, Mass. New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 1, 1894. Mr. E. Louderbough. Dear Sir In the season of 1893 and 1894 we applied at our Marine Railway your “ New Jersey ” Anti-Corrosive Paint and Anti-Foulinv Composition on several Iron bottoms, and the results after a thorough trial were both very satisfactory to ourselves and to our customers. Y'om-s truly, ABRAM CEACE & CO., 12 Merrill's IVharf, New Bedford, Mass. Jersey City, N. J., Nov. 1, 1901. Mr. E. Louderbough. Dear Sir Our acquaintance with marine paints has rnn over a number of years, and it is with great pleasure we endorse yonr “New Jersey” Copper Paint, Anti-Corrosive and Anti-Fouling Paints. Also, your production of Iron Crown Paint for Iron Vessels and your IVetterstedt Copper Paint. Yours truly, BEET & 3ETCEELL CO. Jersey City, N. J., Nov. 12, 1901. Barry Louderbough. Dear Sir ; — Your “New Jersey ” Copper Paint and your Anti-Corrosive and Anti-Fouling Paints have for many years been used very freely at our Dry Docks, and we can cbeerfully give them the hearty endorsement they deser\’e, for they have both satisfied our patrons as well as ourselves. Yours truly, TEE BROWN DRY DOCK COMPANY. 196 ^^New Jersey’^ Copper Paint LEADS THEM ALL so OUR TESTIMONIALS SAY Xew York, Jane 10, 1895. Mr. Harry Londerboiigh. Hear Sir I liave just painted at Tietjen & Lang’s Dry Dock, at Hoboken, N. .T , the Pilot Boat “ .James Gordon Benneit,” and it affords me great pleasure to give your “ New Jersey ” Copper Paint iny endorsement. Some years ago I was induced to give your Yacht Red Copper a trial, and it has always proven itself to be the best production for the bottom of a vessel that I have ever used, and it is now generally used by our Pilot Boats in New York Harbor. JAMES F. BROJVN, Master Pilot Boat “James Gordon Bennett.” Norfolk, Ta., Oct. 10, 1901. Mr. H. Londerbongh. Dear Sir : — After a ti ial of many years at our Shipyard and Railways at Norfolk, Va., your "New Jersey’’ Copper Paint has stood the test of many trials, and proven itself to l>e the best Anti-Fouling Paint ever used in the waters of our bay, and for years I have only carried yonr brand in stock, and many patrons that I have induced to try it, all express themselves as being well pleased with the results of such trials. CHAS. J. COLONNA. Galveston, Texas, Nov. 13, 1901. Mr. H. Louderbough. Dear Sir Our Southern waters are verj’ troublesome to our vessels, as they promote the formation of barnacles and vegetation, and your production of “New Jersey” Copper Paint has proven itself to be all that yon claim for it, doing its work as an Anti-Fouling Paint very successfully. Our sales of your Perfect Ship Black, in connection with your Copper Paint, meets with the Very strong endorsement of our friends and ourselves. A'ours truly, T. L. CROSS & CO. Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 9, 1901. Mr. H. Londerbongh. Dear Sir : — At our three Dry Docks we have for several years used your “New Jersey ” Copper Paint, and it is with a great deal of pleasure tha^'wegive it our endorsement for all the good qualities it possesses ; it being smoothly ground, it is easy to ajiply, producing a good sailing as well as a good Anti- Fouling surface. Yours truly, WM. GOKEY. 197 GR0V£R c. B£RGD0LL INDEX PAGE Abeam 44 Abreast 44 Acids, how stowed 83 Amboy, Perth, from sea to 20 Amboy, South, from sea to 22 Ambrose Channel 17 Ambrose Channel Lightship 28 Anchorages 150 Anchorage, Sandy Hook Bay 23 Anchorages, how marked 46 Ancliored in a fairway 95 Anchored near a shoal 93 Anchor, fog signals for vessels at 53 Anclior, lights for vessels at 63 Aunt Phebe Rock 40 Aunt Phebe Rock light 33 Automobiles, how carried 80 Azimuth tables 7 1 Baileys Rock 39 Baileys Rock Gas buoy 33 Barratto Point, spot off 42 Barrels, to stow 76 Bearings and distances between headlands 43 Bearings, examples 74 Bergen Point light 32 Bergen Point Reef 37 Big Tom Rock 41 Black buoys 45 Blackwell’s Island light 31 Blackwell’s Island Reef lights 31 Blackwell’s Island Reef 39 Blackwell’s Island, shoal off 42 198 PAGE Blast, prolonged 46 Blast, short 46 Blauzes, Tlie 41 BluflF light (Fort Wadsworth) 30 Boat drill 87 Boundary Beacon 31 Boundary lines of the high seas 111 Buoyage 163 Buoyage, System of 45 Buoys, black 45 Buoys, can 45 Buoys, even numbers 45 Buoys, mid-channel or fairway 45 Buoys, nun 45 Buoys, obstruction 45 Buoys, odd numbers 45 Buoys, red 45 Buoys, red and black horizontal stripes 45 Buoys, white 46 Buoys, white and black perpendicular stripes 45 Buoys with balls, cages, etc. 45 Buoys, yellow 46 Canal boats and barges from other districts, not to change lights 60 Canal boats and barges, lights for 58 Can buoys 45 Captain Island light, Great 32 Carboys of acids, where stowed 77 Cargo, heavy in river steamer 76 Cargo liable to spontaneous combustion 79 Cargo prohibited 79 Casks, to stow 76 Casks, to stow second tier 77 Cask, to find bung side in dark 77 Cask, why stowed bung up 77 199 PAGE Centerville light 32 Central range, inland steamers, description of 55 Central range lights for ferryboats 58 Chains, strength of 193 Chapel Hill Beacon 29 Chapel Hill Cut 30 Charlotte Rock 38 Chart, compass on 75 Chart, figures on 75 Chart, Mercator 75 Chart, symbols on 188 Chart, to find course and distance on 76 Chart, what is 74 Chimney Sweeps 41 Code, international 186 Coenties Reef 38 College Point Reef 41 Collision, duty in case of 92 Collision, duty to stand by 143 Command, not under, signals 64 Compass 8 Compass bearing 70 Compass, chief essentials 69 Compass Course 70 Compass error 70 Compass, names of points 69 Compass points and degrees, table 2 Compass, selecting a place for 69 Compass, when out of use 70 Coney Island light 30 Conover Beacon 29 Corning Rock 40 Corning Rock light 33 Craven Shoal 36 Cross-bearings 76 200 PAGE Cross-bearings, chart work 74 Cross Signals 47 Cross signals, Rule forbidding use 48 Cuban Ledge 41 Ranger signal 47 Dangerous cargo, penalty for unlawful shipment 82 Deviation 70 ffeviation, examples 73^ 74 Deviation, causes of 73 Deviations, how corrected 73 Deviation, objects on shore used to find 71 Deviation, to find, by azimuth tables 71 Deviation, to find extent of 73 Deviation, to find, from bearings of objects on shore 71 Deviation table, to construct 71, 72 Deviation table, to test 72 Deviation, to name east or west 72 Deviation, reciprocal bearings 71 Deviation, when change 72 Digger, passing near 44 Dimond Reef 38 Distress signals 68 Dock, vessel on, report 84 Dredges, lights for 65 Dredges, self-propelling suction, lights for 66 Dredges, signals for 65 Dredging vessels, lights for 62 Dumping grounds, how marked 46 East Bank 36 East Knolls 35 East River to Sunken Meadow 21 Eighteen Foot Spot (Fifth Street, Long Island City) 38 Eighteen Foot Spot (Seventh Street, Long Island City) 39 Elizabethport, Perth Ambo}’ to 24 Elizabetbport, Robbins Reef to 25 201 PAGE Elm Tree Beacon 30 Emerald Rock 39 Equipment, penalty for neglect of 91 Execution Rocks 39 Execution Rocks light 32 Execution Rocks to Sunken Meadow 22 False Hook Channel 19 False Hook Shoal 35 Ferryboat distinguishing signal 58 Ferryboats, central range lights 58 Ferryboats, lights for 57 Ferry Reef 38 Fire alarm 87 Fire drill 87 Fire, duty in case of 83 Fire extinguisher for motor boats 142 Fire hose 87 Fifteen-and-one-half-Foot Rock 37 Fishing vessels, lights for 62 Flood Rock 42 Flushing Bay Inner Light 33 Flushing Bay light 33 Flynn Knoll 35 Fog bell for motor boats, size of 141 Fog-bell, size of 84 Fog, Rule regarding speed in 53 Fog signals for vessels at anchor 53 Fog signals, inland steamer under way 52 Fog signals, inland steamer with a tow 52 Fog signals, ocean steamer under way 53 Fog signals, ocean steamer under way, but stopped 53 Fog signals, ocean steamer with a tow 53 Fog signals, sailing vessel under way 67 Fog signals, vessels at anchor 53 Fog signals, vessels being towed 52 202 PAGE Port Lafayette Fog Signal Station 30 Fort Totten lights 33 Fort Wadsworth light 30 Four short blasts, not less than 47 Frying Pan 42 Gangway Rock 40 Gedney Channel 18 Gedney Channel, example 44 Glass globes, size of 54 Governor’s Island Extension light 31 Governor’s Island light 31 Governor’s Island South Shoal 38 Governor’s Island West End Shoal 37 Gowanus Flats 37 Grand Street to Houston Street, shoal 38 Gravesend Bay 36 Great Beds light 31 Great Captain Island light 32 Great Kills light 31 Gun, line carrying, drill 87 Hallets Point light, spot off 42 Harbor Rock 40 Harbor Rock light 33 Hart Island Reef 41 Hawsers, where to shorten 145 Haw, straw, etc., how stowed 83 Head light (inland steamer) description of and distance visible 54 Heeling error 70 Heel Tap Rock 42 Hell Gate light 34 Hewletts Point Shoal 41 Hicks Ledge 39 Highlands, Navesink light 28 Hog Back 42 Holmes Rock 42 Hudson River to Yonkers 20 Hunt’s Point, shoal off 41 Inland pilot rules 96 Inspection of steamer, duty of officer 95 International code 186 International rules 166 Jackson Slip Shoal (Corlears Hook) 38 Jeffrey’s Hook lights 31 Jersey Flats 37 Junction light 32 Land, making in bad weatlier 93 Latitude, what is 74 Lawrence Point Ledge light 34 Lead-line 91 Leeway 70 Length of a vessel, how determined 63 Letters, proper form 7 License, how to obtain 5 Lifeboat, equipment of 84 Lifeboats, how carried and cared for 84 Life-preserver notices 92 Life-preservers, number required 86 Life-preservers, location of 86 Life-preserver, test 88 Liferaft, equipment of 86 Light, additional, for overtaken vessel 63 Light, distinguishing signal for ferryboats 58 Light for rowing boat 61 Light for vessel towing to steer by 56, 57 Light, head (inland steamer) description of and distance visible 54 Liglit, masthead, ocean, steamer, height of, distance visible, etc. Light screens, inboard, length of 56 54, 56 204 PAGE Light screens, side, length of 167 Liglits. description of 28 Lights for canal boats and barges 58 Lights for canal boats and barges, not to change 00 Lights for dredges 65 Lights for ferryboats 57 Lights for motor boats 140, 141 Lights for motor boats, size of 140, 141 Lights for pilot boats 61 Liglits for rafts, etc. 67 Lights for sailing vessel 57 Lights for sailing vessel under way or being towed 57 Lights for scows being towed 60 Lights for self-propelling suction dredges 66 Lights for vessels at anchor 63 Lights for vessels fishing, trawling or dredging 62 Lights for vessels laying pipe, etc. 66 Lights, inland steamer under way 54 Lights, inland steamer with a tow 55 Lights, ocean steamer under way with and without a tow 56 Lights, ocean steamer with a tow 57 Lights, side, described and distance visible 54, 50 Lights, when to e.xhibit 54 List of questions 9 Loading a ship, precautions 79 Longitude, what is 74 Lump (near Ambrose Channel Lightship) 35 Lump (near South Channel) 35 Lunitidal intervals 147 Machaux Rock 40 Magnetic bearing 70 Magnets, effect of like and unlike poles of 72 Main Channel 18 Master, duties of 94 Masthead light, ocean steamer, height of. distance visible, etc. 56 205 PAGE Matches, how carried 80 Matclies, how stowed 83 Mercator chart described 75 Mercator chart, measure distance 75 Mercator chart, measure latitude 75 Mercator chart, measure longitude 75 Meridian, what is 74 Mid-channel Rock 37 Middle Ground 37 Middle Ground 42 Middle Reef 40 Middle Shoal ' 39 Miles, statute into nautical 94 Mill Rock 42 Mill Rock North light 34 Mill Rock South light 34 Motor boat regulations 139 Narrow channels, Rule for 52 Narrow channel, steamers meeting 95 Narrow Shoal (between Dimond Reef and Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn ) 38 Nautical miles into statute miles, table 184 Navesink (Highlands) light 28 Navigating unlawfully, penalty for 93 Negro Point light 34 Nes Rock 38 New Dorp Beacon 30 New York, New Haven and Hartford R, R, piers, rock off 42 North Brother Island light 33 North Brother Island, shoal off 42 Nun buoys 45 Oak Bluff lights 33 Oak Bluff Rock 42 Ocean steamer, after range light 5G Ocean steamer under way, but stopped, fog signals 53 206 Officer relieving, duty of PAGE 04 Oil (Spot 34 Old Hen Rock 30 Old Orchard Shoal 30 Old Orchard Shoal light 30 One short blast 46 Outer Middle Ground 34 Overtaken vessel, additional light for 63 Palestine Shoal 35 Pamarapo light 32 Perth Amboy, from sea to 20 Perth Amboy to Elizabethport 24 Petroleum as cargo 77 Petroleum, crude, flash point 82 Petroleum, flash point 77, 80 Pilgrim Rock 38 Pilot boat, lights for 61 Pilot boats, portable side-lights 61 Pilot, signal for 91 Pitch of the Hook 35 Point Comfort Beacon 20 Poles, effect of like and unlike 72 Portable side-lights 60, 62 Portable side-lights, painted 61 Pot Rock 42 Princess Bay light 31 Prolonged blast 46 Propellers, “right” and “left” handed 45 Publications required 91 Questions and answers 17 Questions, list of 9 Rat Island 41 Reciprocal bearings 71 Red buoys 45 Red Hook Flats 37 207 Report, monthly PAGE 91 Rhinelander Reef 42 Richmond, Staten Island, light 29 Rikers Island light 33 Robbins Reef 37 Robbins Reef light 30 Robbins Reef to Elizabethport 25 Rockaway Shoals 35 Rock between Barratto Point and Oak Bluff 42 Rock between Gangway and Success Rocks 40 Rocks and Shoals, description of 34 Rocks between Huckleberry Island and Middle Shoal 39 Rocks, group between Hart Island and Chimney Sweeps 41 Romer Shoal 36 Romer Shoal light 28 Rope, wire, strength of 189, 190, 191, 192 Roimd Shoal 36 Rowing boat, light for 61 R. R. Stevens Rock 40 Rule, avoid crossing ahead of the other 52 Rule forbidding use of cross signals 48 Rule regarding speed in fog 53 Rule, steam vessel and sailing vessel 51 Rules, when departure from is permitted 52 Sailing vessel, lights for 57 Sailing vessel, tack on 67 Sailing vessel under way, fog signals 67 Sailing vessels under way, sailing rules 67 Saltersville light 32 Sands Point light 33 Sands Point Reef 39 Sandy Hook Bay Anchorage 23 Sandy Hook Fog Bell Station 28 Sandy Hook Main light 28 Sandy Hook North Beacon 28 208 PAGE Sandy Hook Soutli Beacon 28 Scotland Lightship 28 Scows being towed, lights for 00 Screens, inboard, length of 54 Screens, inboard, length of 50 Screens, side-light, length of 107 Sea-going steamer, after range light 55 Searchlight, penalty for flashing 90 Shell Reef 3S Short blast 40 Short blasts, not less than four 47 Short blast, one 40 Short blasts, three 47 Short blasts, two 47 Shrewsbury Rocks 34 Side-lights described and distance visible 54 Side-lights described and distance visible 56 Side-light screens, length of 107 Side-lights, portable 60 Side-lights, portable 62 Side-lights, portable for certain pilot boats 61 Side-lights, portable, painted 61 Signal, approaching head and head 48 Signal, fail to understand 47 Signal for a pilot 91 Signals for passing 48 Signal, moving dock or berth 50 Signal, nearing a short bend 49 Signals, approaching each other at riglit angles or obliquely 51 Signals, cross, Rule forbidding use 48 Signals, distress 68 Signals, fog, inland steamer under way 52 Signals, fog, inland steamer with a tow 52 Signals, fog, ocean steamer under way 53 Signals, fog, ocean steamer under way, but stopped 53 GROVER ^C. BERGDOLL PAGE Signals, fog, ocean steamer with a tow 53 Signals, fog, sailing vessel under way 67 Signals, fog, vessel being towed 52 Signals, fog, vessels at anchor 53 Signals for dredges 65 Signals, for steamers, derrick boats, etc., alongside of wreck 65 Signals for vessels laying pipe, etc. 66 Signals, not under command 64 Signals in addition to lights 63 Signals, pilot house to engine room 93, 164, 165 Signals, running in the same direction 50 Signals, towing submerged objects 64 Signals, wliistle, prohibited 47 Signals, whistle, when used 47 South Amboy, from sea to 22 South and East Notations 40 South and Swash Channels 19 South Brother Island Ledge light 34 South Jetty light No. 3 32 Southwest Spit 35 Spindle Rock 39 Spot off Barratto Point 42 Stability, test of 95 Staten Island Flats 36 Staten Island light, Richmond 29 Station bill 86 Statute miles into nautical miles, table 185 Steamer being inspected, duty of officer 95 Steam whistle, location of 86 Stepping Stones 41 Stepping Stones light 33 Story's Flats 37 Stoves, protection of woodwork 87 Success Rock 40 Sunken Meadow, from Execution Rocks to 22 210 PAGE Sunken Meadow, from upper bay to 21 Sunken Meadow light . 34 Swash Channel 19 Swash Channel, example 43, 44 System of buoyage 45 Table, compass points and degrees 2 Tar, oil, rosin, etc., where stowed 77 Ten Foot Spot 39 Third Street Reef 38 Three short blasts 47 Throgs Neck light 33 Throgs Neck shoal 41 Tidal currents. East River 148 Tidal dillerences 148 Tides, lunitidal intervals 147 Towing submerged objects, signals for C4 Tows, where to bunch 145 Trawling vessels, lights for 02 True bearing 70 True course 71 Turpentine, how carried 80 Twenty-sixth Street Reef 38 Two short blasts 47 Variation 70 Variation of the compass 102 Vessels fishing, trawling or dredging, lights for 02 Waackaack Beacon 29 Watchmen, duties of, etc. 91 West Bank 30 West Bank light 29 Western Jetty lower end light No. 1 31 Western Jetty upper end light No. 2 32 West Knolls 35 Whistle for motor boats 141 Whistle signals prohibited 47 f 211 ' PAGE Whistle signals, when used 47 Whistles, penalty for blowing unnecessary 93 White buoys 46 Whitestone light, shoal off 41 Whitestone Point light 33 Wines, liquors, etc., where stowed 77 Wreck, signals for steamers, derrick boats, etc., alongside of 65 Yellow buoys 46 Yonkers, from Battery to 20 GROVER C. BERGDOLL