PERKINS LIBRARY niversity Rare Book Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/accountofgreenlaOOIape COLLECTI O F Voyages and Travels. SOME Now firft Printed fromOrig OTHERS Now firft Piibliftied in E n g L i s il. a General Preface, giving an Account of thi Progrefs of Navigation, from its firft Beginning. lUuftrated with a great Number of ufeful Maps and Cuts, Curioufly Engra\^en. _ • , , ^ Vol. 11. LONDON: Printed by Affignment from Meff^. Churchill, For John Walthoe, over-againft the Royal-Exchange, in Cornhill; Tho, WottoNj at the ^leens-Head and 'Three Daggers over-againft St. Diinjian's, Church, in Fleet- Jireet ; Samuel BipvT, m Ave-Mary-Lane, Ludgate-Jireet Daniel Browne, at the Black-Swan, without Temple-Bar Thomas Osborn, in Grays-Inm John Shucks urgh, at Sun, next the Inner-Tempk-G ate, in Fleetfireeti and FI E N R Y L I N T o T, at the CroCs-Kevs, againft St. Dunlian^ Church, ixi . ■ Fketpeet. M DCC XXXIL The Contents. Pyramidographia : Or, A defcriftion of the Pyramids in Egypt : By John Greaves, profej^or of Aftronomy at Oxford; with additions of his own. Page 625 ^ difcourfe of the Roman Foot and DenariiiSj from whencey as from two principles, the meafures a?2d weights ufed by the ancients^ may be deduced. By the fame John Greaves. 675 An account of Cochin-China; in two parts: 'The firfl treats of the temporal ftate of that kingdom : The fecond, of what concerns the fpiritual. By the R. F. Chriflophcr Borri, of the fociety of Jefus. Tranjlated from the Italian. 721 r-. -' ■ FOTAGES V O Y A G AND A V E L INTO BRA S I .... - ^ ' ... AND T H E _ A S T- I N ■\ • • containing, - ^ / ^ Ah exa£t Dcfcription of the DUTCH BRAS I and divers Parts oF the EAST-INDIES'^ their Provinces, Cities, Living Creatures , and Products ; the Manners , Customs, Mabits, and Religion of the Inhabitants : . . _ - - - ' WITH . ■ ■ • ■ ■ ' A particular ACCOUNT of all the remarkable PalTages that happened during the Author's ftay of nine Years in B S I L ; efpecially in Relation \, to the Revolt of the Portuguefe^ and the intefline War carried on there from t,- 16405 to 1649;. • - ^ , . ASALSO^ A moft ample Defcription of the moft famous City of B A-TAV 1 A in the Eafl- 'Indies. By Mr. JOHN NIEUHOFK Both adorned with Copper Plates, done after the Life. Tranflated from the Dutch Originalo Vol. It ' , -tA B Advertisement to the READER Iff is about nhieteen years fince my brother, John Nieuhoff, jufi before his fecond voyage into the Indies, frefented me with his defcription of China, and certain draughts he had made during his enibaffy in that empire^ which being afterwards publijhed, were foon after tranfated into fix fever al languages. My brother had, before that time, not only been in Brafil, and feveral other places in thofe parts, hut alfo fince that time, has had the opportunity of travelling through a great part of Afia, till 1 67 1, when returning into Holland, he brought along with him all his -papers^ obfervations, and draughts, he had colleEled during his voyages \ which, though much coveted ly all curious perfons, yet, for fome reafons beft known to himfelf^ he did not think fit to com- mit to publick view. . . , . But, after his deceafe, confidering with myfelf, that fuch iifeful colleEliom ought not to be buried in oblivion^ I thought ft to publifjj them for the publick good. As thofe things which he relates of the revolt of the Portuguefe in Brafil, are extraSfed verbatim out of the records kept during my brother's abode of nine years in Brafil, under the government of the lords, Henry Hamel, Peter Bas, and Adrian Bullefbrate, and authen- tick letters fo the truth thereof admits not of the leaf doubt from unbiafs'd perfons. "The vafi countries through which my brother traveWd in his life-time, as Brafil, part of Perfia, Malabar, Madura, Coromandel, Amboyna, Ceylon, Malacca, Sumatra, Java^ Tagowan, and part of China, hefides many iflands, could not in the leaf infect him with that difeafe, fo incident to travellers, to relate fables inftead of hi/lories, it having been his conftant practice, to adhere mofl religioufy in all his treatifes, to the naked truth, without the leaf dijguife. His laft voyage to the ife of Madagafcar, where he was loft, 1 have taken partly out of his own letters, partly out of the journal of captain Reinard Claefonj, which he brought along with him from thence. As to his perfon, I will only add thus much : He was born at Uflen, in the earldojn of Ben them, (where his father, brother, and brother-in-law, were all three Burgomafters) of a good family, the ii^ of July 161 8. He was a comely perfon, of a good underftanding, good humour'' d, and agreeable in converfation ; a great admirer of poefy, drawing, and inuftck • As he delighted in travelling, fo he was thereby become mafter of divers languages : In what ftation he lived during his abode in Brafil, and the Eaft- Indies, will beft appear by the two following treatifes. • Henry Nieuhoff, (3) Mr. JOHN NIEUHO FFs ' R E M A R K A B L E UV, . O Y A G AND T R A V E L T O «/4 S 1 T A violent 1640. TTN the year 1640, I entred into the U''VNJ I fervice of the Weft -India company, and on the 24"^ of OElober^ went in the quality of merchant fupercargo, aboard the fhip called the Roebuck, of 28 guns and 130 men, commanded by Nicho- His depar- las Selles of Durkendam. We fet fail out ture outofQ^ the Texel the fame day, in company of ° feveral other veffels bound for France, Spain and the Streights\ and purfued our voyage the 28"^ with a favourable gale through the channel betwixt France and England. On the 29"* we were overtaken with a moft: violent tempeft, which obliged us to take in all our great fails : It continued From morning to night, when the fury of the winds being fomewhat allay'd, we found that we had efcaped without any confiderable damage-, but the fea conti- nued very turbulent all that night. The next day following our feamen catch'd a wood fnipe, a wild pidgeon-, and feveral other fmall birds-, which were forc'd into the fea by the violence of the ftorm. On the 31'' we found ourfelves under the 45'" degree of northern latitude. The next morning being the firft of November, fome of our feamen catch'd a fea-hog by the means of a harpeon : It was fo big, txhat four men could fcarce lift it into the fhip. It's tafte was not very agreeable, but rankilh, which was the reafon our men did not catch any more of them, though they fwam in vaft numbers round about our velTel. By fan- fet the wind begin- ning to encreafe, we parted from the other fhips, bound for Spain and the Streights, which were not feparated from us in the laft ftorm, fteering our courfe fouth-weft. The 2^ and 3'' in blew very hard, with Another thunder and lightning, fo that v/e were moll vio- forc'd to take in all our great fails, and lent ftorm- the fhip being very leaky ever fmce the laft tempeft, to ply the pump with all our might. The 4'" we found ourfelves under the 40 deg. 30 min. wiien about midnight the wind encreafed with fo much violence, that the air which furrounded us, appearing no otherwife than one continual fire, occa- fion'd by the lightning, which fcarce ever ceas'd all that night. During this calamity we perceived certain fmall fires or lights fix'd to the maft : They are called Peacea- Wild-fire, Ue^s fires hy the feamen. Thefe fires are fuppos'd to be certain fulphureous vapours, forc'd by the violence of the winds from the fnore into the fea, where being light- ned by the violent agitation of the air, they burn till their oily fubftance be con- fumed. The feamen look upon them as a good omen, that the ftorm is going to abate •, which prov'd true in effect, the fu- ry of the v/inds beginning to allay from , :• , that " ■ 4 Mr. John NieuhoifV Voyages T/;ey ptjfs the Bar- rels. ^hey iif- cover tzoo Turkifh vejfels. Prepare for aJi en- gagement. An en- gageme/it •with tzvo Turkifli rovers. that time ; and we had the good fortune to difcover two leaks near our forecaftle, which elfe might have prov'd of dangerous confequence. The 5"" we pafs'^'d the Barrels, under the 39''' degree; where according to an antient cuftom, every one, of what quahty or de- gree foever, that has not paffed there be- fore, is obliged to be baptized, or redeem liimfcif from it. He that is to be bapti- zed, has a rope tied round his middle^ wherewith he is drawn up to the very top of the bowfpric, and from thence three times fucceffively tumbled into the water. There were fome who look'd very blank upon the Matter, but others went cheerfully about it, and for a meafure of Spanijh wine, fuf- fered themfelves to be rebaptized for the mafter and the merchant. But this cuftom is -abolifhed of late years, by fpecial or- ders from the governors of the company, to avoid broils and quarrels, which ufed often to arife upon this occafion. The 6"", as we were fteering our courfe S. S. W. with a frefli gale, we defcried two veffels, making all the fail they could to- wards us, whom we fuppofed to be T" urkijlo pirates (as indeed they proved afterwards) it was refolved to defend us till the Utmoft extremity. Accordingly orders were given to clear every thing upon the deck, and to furnifh the feamen with mufquets, hangers, pikes, and other fuch like weapons. Eve- ry one having taken his ftation, we put up the bloody flag, and expefted their coming under the found of our .trumpets. The mafter of the ftiip, being all "that time very ill of fome wounds he had re- ceived formerly^ which were now broken up afrefh and the commiflary Francis Zweers.) not being in a condition, by rea- fon of his great age, to remain upon deck, I was fain to undertake the whole manage- ment of the fhip, and encouraged them to fight bravely for their lives and liberty, ordering them not to fire at all, till they were in their full reach, they being m.uch better mann'd than we. About noon we law the Turks m.ake up towards us with orange-colour'd flags, which however they foon after changed for the bloody flags, and the biggeft of them fa- luted us with two cannon fliot out of his forecaftle, without doing us the leaft harm, but the fecond time almoft ftiot our fore- maft in pieces. In the mean while we were come fo near to one another, that we fent them a good broadfide into their fliip, which the Turks repay'd us immediately ; but it was not long before we obferv'd the biggeft of the two had received a fliot betwixt wind and water, which made her keep at fome farther diftance, till ftie had repaired her damage, which gave me op- . portunity to encourage our people with words, and a good propordon of wine i which they inix'd with fome gisnpowder, find I, to pleafe them, -followed their ex- ample. By this time they returned both to the 'charge, and faluted us fo fiercely with their cannon and fmall fiioc, that they took a- .. way the roof of our great cabin, and did us fome damage iii cur rigging. I then changed my fcimeter for a muiquet, and difchargcd continually upon the enemy, and I found myfelf fore feveral weeks after, by the hurt I received from a mufquet of one that ftood hard by me, which being by a cannon ball forced out of his hands againft my body, I fell down ftretch'd all along upon the deck, without fenfe or motion i but having after fome time recovered my- felf, I returned to ray poft. I then per- . ceived the captain of the biggeft Turkijb fhip with a turbant on his head, in the ^ ftern, encouraging his men, v/hich made me order thofe about me, to aim at him with their fmall lliot, which, as I fuppofe, fucceeded according to our hopes, it being not long before we loft fight of him. Not- withft-anding this, the heat of the fight en- creafed on both fides, many broadfides pafling betwixt us, accompanied with moft dreadful Outcries and lam^entations of the wounded on both fides. However, the T urks durft not attempt to board us ; whe- ther it were that they thought us better mann'd than really we were, or that they feared we would fet fire to the fliip, which we threathed we would, ftiewing them a match ready for that purpofe. They an- fwered us in Dutch., that they would not • part with us upon thofe terms ; yet was it not long before we faw them make away from us, having received many ftiots thro' their Turb fliips •, and we with a brifk gale, made all have the the fail we could to be rid of thefe \m- fght. welcome guefts, fteering a quite difi^erent courfe, which with the advantage of the darknefs of the night, brought us quite out of fight of them by next morning. - ' We gave thanks to God for his having delivered us from the danger of flavery, and crowning our endeavours with fuccefs againft an enemy much ftronger than us, the biggeft of them carrying twenty-four guns, and the other two •, whereas we had no more than eighteen, befides that they were much better mann'd than we. After having taken a view of our ftiip, and found it found under water , we betook ourfelves to repair the damage we had received du- ring the fight ; but whilft we were bufy in this work, we were on the 7"" furprized by fo violent a ftorm , that we were forced to take and Travels 1640. take in all our lails. This put us to a b'^V^ great nonplus, but by good fortune the Itorm blew foon over, when orders were given to give an Allowance of three pounds and a half of bifket per week to the fea- men^, all our other bread being become mufty by that time. The 10"' we found ourfelves under the 39''' deg. and 30 min. about 20 'leagues off of the Canary IJlands ; here we difcovered the pike of Tenariff^ being two leagues and a half high, and ac- counted the higheft mountain in the world. It may be difcovered at 60 leagues diftance from the fliore. Thus we continued our voyage till the 14''', without any memo- rable accident, when we paffed the tropick of Cancer. About noon we were overtaken by another ftorm, which made us take in mofl: of our great fails, for fear of the • worft, but it lafted not long. This traft of the fea is called by the Dutch^ the Kroo^ Sea; by the Portuguefe, Mar del Aragaco (or Largaco., or Suarga- '■ CO) i. e. I^he Sea of Ducks-jneat, becaufe hereabouts, 'uiz. from the 18"" to the 30'^ degree, or as fome v/ill have it, from the 20'" to the. 22^ and 23"^ degree of northern latitude, it is found in great quantity, and carried along with the ftream : Its leaves / are of a pale green colour, like" that of parrots, fmall, thin and carved at the end. It bears berries of the fame colour, about the bignefs of a pepper corn, that are quite hollow, without any feed within or tafte. It is fometimes fo clofely twifted together, that it ftops a fliip in its full courfe •, tho* we had the good fortune to pafs thro' it without much difficulty, being then about 400 leagues from the coaft of Jfrick, where are no iflands nor anchorage. It may be pickled with fait and pepper, and ufed like as we do capers, being accounted a good remedy againft the gravel. It is ge- nerally found without roots, having only a few thin fprouts, which, as it is fuppo- fed, take root in the fandy grounds of the fea ; tho' others are of opinion, that it is ; carried by the violence of the ftream from the iflands into the fea. The 18'", one of our fhips crew died, ' who was the next day thrown overboard, at which time I obferved, what indeed I had heard often before, that the dead car- caffes always float with their heads to the eaft at fea. Travado, The 22'' we were overtaken by another what. tempeft, called Travado, which with hor- rible thunder and lightning furprizes the fhips fo fuddenly, that they have fcarce leifure to take in their fails, and fometimes returns three times in an hour. We catch'd The-i catch here abundance of fifh, fuch as Bonytes of abundance ten foot long, and Korets, and a great .Vol. II.- m- BR A SI L. ' 5 lamprey, wliich v/e had enough to do to 1640. bring aboard ; we only took out the brains, Lx^/\J being look'd upon as a fovereign remedy againft th;; ftone in the bladder, the fleili being of an oily tafte. The 24''' we faw great quantities of fmall birds about our vefTel, and catch'd one not unlike a crane, but fomewhat fmaller, it being a very f.iir day. The 26'^, being under the fifth degree, ■ 47 minutes, we were fo becalmed that we could not perceive the fhip to move, and fpent our time in catching of fifli, of which we had fuch plenty, that v/e chofe only the beft for our eating-, among the refc met with a fifli called the king's-ffh : For by reafon of the impenetrable depth of the fea in this place, the v/arers are fo clear and tranfparent in fcill v/eatherj that you may fee the fifh in rail numbers fwim.ming near two feet deep •, fo that you need but taften a crooked nail or any thing elie like a hook to a ftring, and hanging it in the fea, you may catch as many fiili as you pleafe. This calm was followed by a moft violent ftorm of rain. The 30''' we found ourfelves under the fourth degree, 41 minutes, where we faw abundance flying fl.Jh. The 3** of December we came under the firft degree, 30 minutes, where we met with millions of fifh, and did catch as mia- ny as we thought fit : Some we put in fait, others we rubbed in the belly with pep- per and fait, and hung them up by the tail in the fun. The 4"*, by break of day, being very clear weather, we faw the ifland St. Paulo, as it is called by the Pcrtuguefi, which at ^ ' a diftance reprefents a fail, which as you ^^JJ^ '^jf^ approach nearer to it, proves five high jjjandof rocks. About noon we found ourfelves St. Paulo, at 53 minutes of northern latitude, taking our courfe five leagues to the weft. Here at feveral times we catch'd fome fea-gulls thofe birds make a fhew as if they would bite you, but remain unmoveable in the place, till they are caught or kill'd. . . The 5''', about eleven a clock we paf- fed the equinoftiai line, fo that in the af- ternoon we found ourfelves at five minutes fouthern latitude, where we had but little reafon to complain of cold •■, it being of- ten fo calm here, that fhips are forced to fpend a confiderable time in paffing this tradt. It is extreamly hot here, and great fcarcity of good and fweet water, the rain water being not wholefome, but caufing the fcurvy, by reafon of its being corrupt- ed by the violent heat of fun. About three years after my arrival in 5r it was very foggy, and we kept iour courfe with fair wind and water all along the coaft, and arrived before noon fafely near the Rtclef, where we caft our anchor at feveral fathoms depth , after we had fpent feven weeks and one day in the voyage. After we had returned our thanks to God for his deliverance from the dangers of the fea, and flavery of the turhi I wentafhore the fame night with the mafter and com- mifTary in a boat, to notify our happy arri- val , and to deliver a letter to count Mau- rice and the governor of the council. I continued alhore that night, but returned aboard the next day. And, _ The i 5"> the pilots conduced our vefTel into the harbour of the Recief, where we found twenty-eight velTels and two yachts iymg behind the IVater Caftel. Towards the latter end of ^//^^//? 1643, I received orders from thQ council to fail The Jflr'id St tlio- 0, nv.\s. with the yacht called the Sea-Hoj^, Ibaden 1643/ with fullers-earth to the ide of Sz.Thomas^ to exchange it for black fugar, this being the chief commodity tranfported from thence. My voyage proved fortunate e- nough, not meeting with any fmifter acci- dent, except with a violent tempeft of thun- der^ lightning, and rains, and came the 9"" of September at an anchor there ; the cargoe did bear no good price, yet after a ftay of fourteen days , I returned with a cargoe of black fugar to Brafd , v/here I arrived the 3'' of O'dober before the Recicf, after a voyage of near three months. The ide of St. Thomas h of a circular fi- gure, about thirty-fix leagues in compafs ; the high mountains in the midit of that i- fland are always covered with fnow , nor- withflanding that in the low grounds , by realbn of its fituation under the line, it is excefTive hot. It is very fertile in black fu- gar and ginger ; the fiigar-fields being con- tinually moiftned by the melted fnov/ that falls down froni the mountains. There were at that time above fixty fiigar mills there , but the air is the moil unv/hotfome in the world, no foreigner daring to firay fo much as one night alhore^ without running the hazard of his life becaufe by the heat of the fun beams fuch venomous vapours are drawn from the earthy as are unfupportable to ftrangers. This fog continues till about ten a clock in the morning, when the fame is difperfed , and the air cleared , which made us always ftay aboard till after that time. This mifl is not obferved at fea. The air here is very hot and moift through- out the year , except in the fumm.er about June j when the louth-eaft and fouth-weft winds abate much of the heat of the clim.ate. The vapours drawn up by the fun, occafion certain epidemical intermittent fevers,which carry off^'the patient in a few days, with ex- cefTive pains in the head, and violent tor- ments in the bowels-, though fome attribute it to the immoderate ufe of women , and of the juice of Coco's. Certain is is , that among a hundred foreigners, fcarce ten e- fcape with life , and thofe feldom live till fifty years of age •, though fome of the in- habitants, as likev/ife the negroes (who are all loufy here) live to a great age. Its firft inhabitants werej^wj, banifhed out of Por- tugal ; they are of a very odd complexioni Among the mountains dwell abundance of negroes, who are run away from the Portu- guefe^ and make fometimes excurfions to the very gates of the city of Pavaofa. It is al- moft next to a miracle, that any people fhould inhabit fo unwholfome a climate ; but that the hopes of lucre mjlkes all dan- ger eafy. The city of Pavaofa , belonging to this ifland and Travels to B R A S 1 Li 164 illmd, is iltuate upon a rivulet; it contains about eight hundred houfes , and three churches. This city, as well as the whole ifiand, was 1641, October 16; conquered by the admiral Cornelius Ttf/, after a fiege of forty days, without any confiderable lofs but both he and his lieutenant, as well as fe- veral other commanders and many feamen, were fwept away by this peftilential air *, and of three hundred Brafilians, not above lixty efcaped v/ith life. But, before I proceed to give j6\x an ac- count of all the remarkable paflages that happened in Brafil^ fince the revolt of the Fortu'guefe^ and during my flay cf eight ^-^ars there it will not be amifs to infer t a Ihort defcriptidn of this countrey. ... - A definition of Brafil. America (or the J^Veft- Indies) is divided in- to the northern and [ov.thern America. Bra- jil is part of the lafr. The northern America borders to the North upon the T rrro. incognita^ or rather upon Hud- fin's Streights ; to the South and JVeJl upon the South-Sea i, and to the Eafi upon the ftreights of Panama, the bay of Mexico., or Nicii Spain, and the North-Sea: It comprehends the following provinces, Eftotiland and Labrador, Nieu France, Ca- iiada , Bakalaos , Nieu England , Virginia, Florida, Nieu Spain, the provinces of Mex- ico, Nieu Mexico, "TlaJJcalla, Guaxaka, Me- choakana, Zakatula, Kolim -^ Tukatan, Ta- hajko, Nieu Gallicia, Nieu Bifcay^ Chiametla, Kidiaka, Cimalon, Nieu Granada, Kalifornia, Anian , ^ivira or Nieu Albion , Konibas , Guatemala , Sokonv.Jko , Chiapa , Vera pas , Honduras , Nikaragua , Koftarika , and Ve- . ragua. The fonthern America is a demi-ifland in form of a pyramid •, the bafis of which lies to the North , the point extends to the ftreights of Magellan, under the 53'' degree of fouthern latitude •, bordering to the call upon the Atlantick Ocean, or North-Sea, and to the weft upon the South-Sea , its whole circuit being of about four thoufand Italian or one thoufand German miles. It contains the provinces of Kaftilla d'Or, Tierra ferma, called by the P. Coynmentabimda and Monguaha. It is built upon a rifing ground, about four leagues . from the fea fhore, and by the Dutch ftrengthened with two forts ; the biggeft of which rvas called Bon Succejjo, being built a,ll of itojie, furrounded with a good coun- terfcarp, with a large bafon for frefli water within. The other fort v/as called by us, the Ne-vj -Church, being created out of the rui.a5 and Travels to B R A S I L; 9 1643. rwins of an old church, called by the Por- {^/"Y^ ttigtiefe, Nojfa Senhora de Prefentacao. Be- twixt both thefe forts, a third was ordered to be erected by count Maurice^ upon the banks of the river, but it lying within the • ■ ' •. reach of musket-fliot from the mountains, was not brought to perfedion. The village has two ftreets, the chief of . which runs parallel with the river, from one fort to the other, and is call'd St. JofepJfs- Jlreet ; it contain'd no more than three houfes of one ftory high, and about thirty fix others cover'd with pantiles, being only built up- on the ground. The Portuguefe have in lieu of their churches, which are demolifli- ed, when the fortifications were erefted, . built themfelves another on the other fide of the river, v/here they fometimes hear mafs. The village is fituate in a moft plea- fant and wholefome air, being cooled by the continual breezes from the lea, which are not ilopp'd by any hills, betwixt them and the fhore. In the night time they enjoy the benefit of the land wind, which drives .the cool vapours arifing from the neigh- bouring rivers thither : Form.erly there was a certain town called Seregippe del Rey^ fomewhat higher up the river, in a very barren place, of a confiderable bignefs, and well built, with three goodly churches, and a monaftery belonging to the Francifcans, but without any fortifications. Above this town you fee a chapel dedicated to 'St. Chrijlopher, whether 'the Rojnan Catho- iicks come on pilgrimage. This captainjhip was firft 6f all reduced under the obedience of the Portuguefe or Spaniards., by Chriftovan de Barros ; who for this his good fervice, had all the lands betwixt the fmall Jake of Seregippe and 'St. Francifco, granted to him, with full power to fettle colonies there within a li- mited time. This drew many of the inha- bitants of the Bay of all Saints thither •, who within a few years after laid the foundati- ons of this town, by ereding four fugar- mills, and building about a hundred houfes, with four hundred Arables for their cattle. But this town, with all the circumjacent houfes, was 1637, the 24}^ of December, laid defolate by our people, the inhabitants retiring to the Bay of all Saints. For the Spaniflo general Benjola being, 1 63 7, polled with a body of two thoufand men near that place, did with ravaging and burning, confiderable damage to our colonies, which obiig'd count i^fi^Zifni;^ to diflodge him from thence ; but being then fick of an ague, r he committed this expedition to the charge of colonel Schoppe •, for which purpofe ha- ving gather' d a body of two thoufand three hundred men, befides four hundred Bra- 1 fdians, and two hundred and fifty feamen Vol.. n„ out of the the adjacent Places, near the i'543. river of St. Francis^ Alagoas., the Cape of ' ^/'^yXi St. Auftin, out of the Receif and Morihe- ka, and given him for his affifi:ant Mr. John van Giejfelen, a member of the great coun- cil, he commanded the Butch admiral Lichihart^ to cruife with his fleet near tlie Bay of all Saints, thereby to draw the ene- my out of his advantageous poft to the fea-fhoar. The Spaniflj general had no fooner notice of our pailing the river, but fearing to be enclofed betwixt us and tlie fleet, march'd v/ith his body to 'Torre Gar- de de Avila, a place about fourteen leagues to the north of the city of St. Salvador. The Dutch general Schoppe, hearing of his removal, immediately attack'd the place, which he laid defolate, and returned with incredible fwiftnefs to the fouth fide of the ■fiver of St. Francis. Here he intrench'd himfelf, v/ith an in- - tention to annoy the enemy, by cutting off ' his provifions, and driving away his cat- tle ; which fucceeded fo well, that we kill'd above three thoufand of their horned beafts, befides what v/as carried away on the other fide of the river ; fo that what was left by the foldiers, v/as by the inhabitants carried to the Bay of all Saints ; from whence it is evident, what vaft numbers of cattle this countrey did produce at that time. The great council took once a refolu- tion to re -people that part of the coun- trey, and agreed for this purpofe with Ntm- 110 Olferdi, councellor of juifice in the Re^ ceif who found means to fettle feveral fami- lies there : But the council of nineteen dif- approving the matter, it was laid afide. In the year 164.1, count Maurice redu- ced this place under the obedience of the IVeft-Fndia company, ereded a fort there, and furrounded the town Seregippe del Rey With a ditch. It lies upon a fmall river, betwixt St. Francifco and Real, which how- ever at fpring-tide has fourteen foot water or thereabouts. Within the jurifdidion of this captainflnp, is the mountain of l^ahay- na ; from whence feveral forts of valuable oar was prefented to the council of nine- teen •, but upon proof was found not worth farther looking after. The captainfliip of Parnambuko. The captainflnp of Parnamhuko, is one of the chiefefb and biggeil of the Dutch- Brafd. It extends above fixty leagues along the coafl, betwixt the river of St, Francis, and the captainfhip of Tamarika. Par- nattibuko properly denotes the entrance of the harbour, which by reafon of the many rocks and fhelves hidden under water, was called by the Portuguefe, Inferno Bokko, and D broken lO 1043. Eleven towns nnd villdgcs of Parnam- biiko. Mr. John Nie Vo Y A G E S Gmzu. IvIoribcLi. St...An- thony. Poyiika. Scrin- liaini. Gonfalvi d'Uiu. Porto Calvo. The two Palmai- ras. over againft hrdkan- P arnambiiko., or the Mouth of Hell. It is fubdivided into eleven leffer diftricts, inhabited by the Portuguefe, viz. the city of Olinda, Garazu^ Receif, Moriheka, St. An- thony, Poyuka, Serin haim, Confalvi d'Una, Porto Calvo, the Northern Alagoa, and the Southern Alagoa. Among which Olinila and Garazu were the chiek-il. The town, or rather the viUage of Ga- /.', lies at fom.e diftance from the Ihoar, the Ifland of '^amarika, up- on a river of the firae name, about five ■leagues from Olinda. It was formerly in- habited by Portuguefe handicrafts men, but fince our taking of Olinda, feveral rich Fa- milies fettled there we became mafters of the place 1633, 'm.May. Moriheka lies deeper into the countrey, more to the fouth, about five leagues off of the Receif. St. Anthony is about feven or eight lea- gues diftaht from the Receif to the fouth, near the Cap of St. Auftin. The city of St. Michael de Poyuka, lies about ten leagues to the fouth of the R.e- ^■«/upon a river of the fame name, which difembogues in the fea, on the fouth fide of the Cape of St. Auflin. It was former- ly a very populous place, and had thirteen fugar-mills. The village Serinhai'm, much about the fame diftance thence with the former, is a very pleafnit place, has twelve fugar-millsj each of which produces fix or feven hun- dred Aroba's, an Aroba making about twenty feven or twenty eight pound weight. The village of Gonfahi d^Una, lies twen- ty leagues from the Receif; it has five fu- gar-mills. - The village called Porto Calvo, is twen- ty leagues diftant from the Receif •, it has feven or eight fugar-mills. Here is the caftle of Porocano, which was not conquer'ti , by us, till under the government of count Maurice. The towns of the northern and fouthern Alagoa's, are forty leagues from the Re- ceif. Within the diftrift of Parnambuko, are two woods, called by the Portuguefes the greater and leffer Palmairas, or Palmtree- Woods. The Leffer Palmairas, which is inhabited .by fix thoufand negroes, lies about twenty leagues above the Alagoas, being enclofed with woods near the fmall lake of Guago- huhi, which exonerates it felf into the great . lake of Parayha, fix leagues from thence to the north, about four leagues from the lake Meridai, to the fouth of the Northern Ala- goa, being near that point of land com- monly called Jaragoa. The village con- is along the lake of the Northern in length. Their huts are m.ade of Irrav/ 1643. twifted together, one near another, their C/^/'NJ plantations being behind. They retain fomething of the religious wcrfhip of the Portugueje, but have their peculiar priefts ' and judgeSi, Their bufinefs is to rob the Portuguefe of their flaves, who remain in flavery among them, 'till they have re- deemed themielves by fleal/ing another : But fach flaves as run over to them, are as free as the reft. Their food is dates, beans, meal, barley, fugar-canes, tame-fowl, (of which they have great plenty) and fiih, , - v/hich the lake furnilhes them withal. They have twice a year a harveft of barley, which being over, they make rnerry for a v/hole "Week together. Before fow'ing tim.e, they light great fires for fourteen days, which may be feen at a great diftance. The fnorteft way from the Receif to this Pal- raatras, Alago. The greater Palmairas is betwixt twenty and thirty leagues diftant behind the vil- lage of St. Amar, near the mountain of Behe, being furrounded with a double en- clofure. About eight thoufand Negroes are . faid to inhabit the Vallies near the moun- tains, befides many others, who dwell in leffer numbers of fifty or a hundred, ia other places. Their houfes lie ftraggling, they fov/ and reap among the woods, and have certain caves whither they retreat in cafe of hecefTity. They drefs their victu- als in the day time, and at night tell over their whole number, to fee whether any be wanting •, if not, they conclude the even- ing with dancing and beating the drum, v/hich may be heard at a great dift'ance. Then they go to fleep 'till nine or ten a clock the next day. During the dry fea- fon, they detach a certain number among them, to fteal flaves from the Portuguefe^ The fliorteft cut to their habitations, is from the Alagoas through St. Amar, and fo crofs the plains of Nhumahu and Koro- ripe, towards the backfide of the mountain of Warrakaka, 'till you come to the lake !■ Paraiba ; along which you pafs 'till you reach the mountain Behe, from whence yoii go direftly into the vallies. Under the Government of Count Maurice, the negroes of this Palmairas did confiderable mifchief, efpecially to the country people about the Alagoas; to reprefs which, he fent three hundred firelocks, a hundred Mamelukes., and feven hundred Brafilians. The Receif, Maurice's town, and Anthony Vaez. The Receif is, by reafon of its commo- The Re-; fifts of three ftreets, each near half a league dious and advantagious fituation the ftrong- "if, eft and T R A V E L s f ^? B R A S I L. 1 1 1643. The /lone ridge romid the mft of Brafil. eft place of all Brafil ; befides that, it is ftrengthened and defended by feveral adja- cent Forts : But to give you the moft com- modious view both of the Recejf, and the fituation of Maurice'?, town, it is to be ob- ferved, that the whole coaft of BrafiU is from one end to the other furrounded with a long, thick, and flat ridge of rocks, which in fome Places is twenty, and in others thirty paces broad : However, there are certain paiTages in this ridge, through which the fhips approach the fhoar, and fome few places, where this ridge is not found at all. Thus a league on this fide Rio dolee, two leagues on the northfide of the city of Olinda, there is nothing of this ridge to be found •, but begins again near Poumarelle or Soxamardo, and extends to the ifle of Itamarika. Betwixt the ridge and tiie continent, you may pafs in boats at high Water j for at low-tide moft of thofe rocks appear above water, tho' the tide never 1643. fails to cover the fame. The rock over- againft the Receif of Parnambuko, is betv/een twenty and thirty paces broad, being not only at fpring-tides, but at all other tides overflown by the fea ; it is there-abouts very flat, without any prominencies, and extends for a league from fouth to north. On the north point is an open Paflage for fhips to approach the fhoar, lying five hun- dred paces further to the north, than the Recdf it fclf It is but narrow, and at fpring-tide not above twenty two foot deep. Betwixt this rocky ridge and the conti- nent, there is a landy ridge, or fmall ifland extended to the fouth from Olinda, a league in length, and about two hundred paces broad. This is by our people commonly called, I'be Sandy Receif^ to diftinguifli it from "The Stony Receif, IJvrt a/'ike kiitterrcC Vbefand^ On the fouthern point of this little ifland, Receif. a league off OUnda^ the Portuguefe hsidihmlx. a village, called Povoacano^ which fignifies peopling^ or elfe Reciffo °, it was very popu- lous for a confiderable time, 'till the build- ing of Maurice^ towng in the ifland of An^ thony Vaez, For after Olinda was forfakeii by its inhabitants, and deftroy'd by us/, many of them, but efpecially the merchants, fettled in this Reciffo^ or the village of Po~ voacano^ where they erefted magnificent ftruaures, Ac our firft arrival, we found — nd Y A G E S 1643. no more than two hundred houfes there, OO/'NJ which were afterwards increafed to above r\vo thoufand, fome of which are very good- ly edifices. We furrounded it with Palli- fadoes on the fide of the river Biberibi, which at low-water is fordable •, and for its bet- ter fecurity fortified it with tliree bulwarks, one towards Oiinda, the other to the har- bour, and the third towards the Salt River upon each of which was raifed a good bat- tery with three great cannon. This Re- ceif is fituate under the 8'" degree 20 mi- nutes fourhern latitude. The deri- Some derive the word Reciffo from the ■vation of Latin-^ redpere and ferepius to receive, which Recdf'"'^ after was turned into Reciffo, becaufe the fhips ufed to be received betwixt the ftony and fmdy Receifs, to load and unload their goods. Before the building of Maurice^s, town, we kept here our factories, and all bufinels both of peace and war, was tranf- afted in this place. In the time of the Fortugrtefe^ all the fliips coming out of the fea, did unload on the village of Povoa- ca'rio, or the Receif^ and the goods were from thence in boats and lighters convey- ed up the river Biheribi, to the fuburbs of Olinda, Before the building of Maurice\ town, mofl: of the traffick was in the Receif^ where all the great merchants had their habitations, and from hence the Sugar was tranfported into Holland. To prevent the frauds in the cuftoms, it was furrounded with palli- Hidoes, and a goodly hofpital was ereded for the conveniency of the fick and wound- . ' ■ ed, and the education of orphans, under the tuition of four governors, and as many governefies. Upon the uttermofl: point of the ftony Receif, on the left fide as you enter the harbour out of the fea, is a ftrong and large caftle, built of free-ftone, furrounded with a very high v/all, upon which are mounted many heavy cannon, with fuita- ble artillery and other provifions. When we took the place, we found nine brafs, and twenty two iron pieces of cannon with- . • in it ; fo that it feems both by art and nature impregnable ; there being no com- ing near it on foot, at high-waten About five leagues higher, upon a branch of the great river, lies a fmall town of lit- tle confequence, called by our people. The New City j and upon another branch of the fame river, oppofite to the former, a village called Atapuepe. The ijland o/" Anthony Vaez, and Maurice'i ' Town. ni \p of To the fouth of the Receif, oppofite to Anthony it, iies the ifie of Anthony Va^z, fo called by our People, from its ancient pofieffon 1643, It is about half a league in circuit, being Ky^T^ divided from the Receif, by the Salt-River, or Biberibi. , , . . On the eaft-fide. of this ifland, count ■ Maurice laid the foundation of a city, which, after his own Name, he called Maurke'i Maurice"?, town or city ; the ruines of the Town, churches or monafteries of the city of Olin- da, furnifli'd the materials for the build- ing of it, which were from thence carried to the Receif^ and fo tranfported to this : place. On the weft-fide it is environ'd with a morafs-, and on the- eaft-fide wafh'd by the fea, which pafiTes the ftoriy ridge. Befides which, it is on the land-fide ftrengthen'd with an earthen wallj four bulwarks and a large moat. _ , „ : On that fide where the fort of Ernefius was, the town lay open, and the houfes took up a larger compafs than thofe in the Rcceifi ' ' but after the revolt of the Portuguefe, moft of thofe houfes were pulled down , and the place drawn into a more narrow compafs , to render it more defenfible : Yet was the place well ftocked with inhabitants^ as well * merchants as handicrafts men. iVf^//nVif's town was on each fide guarded by a fort. On the fouth fide by the fort cal- ne Fori led Frederick Henry , or the quinquangular Frederitk-J fort, from its five bulwarks. This fort was befides this, furrounded by a large ditch and pallifadoes, and ftrengthened by two horn- works,' fo that it commanded the whole plain, which at Ipring-tides ufed to be over- flown by the fea. The iecond fort Ernefius, thus called af- The Fori ter John Erneft, the brother of count Mau- Emefttjs; rice, was four-fquare, with four bulwarks, with a very large ditch ^ it commanded the river, the plains, and Maurice' % town. Near 3 • this laft fort was the garden of count M^z^- rice, ftored with all forts of trees, brought thither from Europe and both the Indies. [ Upon the north point of the Stony Receif, juft over againft the Sandy Receif, lies the beforenamed fort, built all of ftone, being; err r. * 1 111 • • r The Fort if about a hundred paces in cnxumference, ^^^^^^^ provided with a good garrifon and twenty pieces of great cannon , though in ftormy weather the water fiies over it on all fides, '■ . It commands the harbour, the land fort ^ the Bruin Fort, and the Receif, " ' As- -the ifle of Antony Vaez was joined to (j-f-,^ ^rida-e the continent by a bridge, fo it was thought ktwixt neceiTary to join the Receif with another the RecdF bridge to the faid ifland , for the conveni- ^'^'^J'^^^ ency of carriage the fugar chefts being be- •' ' fore that time never to be tranfported to the " Receif, except at low water, unlefs the owners would run the hazard of expofing them to the danger of the fea in fmall boats. Ac- " ' ' ^ ' , A ' cordine;lv and Travels to B R A S I L. 13 Ihe har- bour. ffhe'rher Xapiva- cordingly the great council , with confent of the ^OY&vnov coxxni Maurice, agreed with a certain archite£t for the building of a bridge with ftone arches, for the fum of two hundred fifty thoufand florins. But after the archite6t had confumed a prodigious quantity of flone , and raifed the ftructure near to the height of the banks of the river, finding that at low-water there was ftill ele- ven foot water , and defpairing to be able to accomplifh it, left it unfinifhed. But the council being unwilling to defift , renewed the work, which had already coft a hundred thoufand florins ; and by means of many trees of forty and fifty foot long. Hopped the current till the bridge was brought to perfedlion , which was done in two months time , and a certain toll impofed upon all pafl^engers, viz. for an inhabitant two pence, for a foldier and negroe one penny, for a horfe four pence , and a waggon drawn by oxen Teven pence. The fpace ^ betwixt the Sandy and Stony Receif, is properly the harbour , which at high-water has about thirteen or fourteen foot depth, where the fhips ride very fafe , being defended froiji die fea by the ftony Re- ceif. The pafTage betwixt the Sandy Receif and the continent, is called the Salt-River., to diftinguifh it from the river Kapivaribi , which carries fweet water. The river Kapivaribi has derived its name from a certain kind of river or fea hogs , which ufed to be found there, and were by the BrafdicMS called Kapivaribi. This river arifes fome leagues to the weft, pafling by the Matta^ or the PFood ofBrafil, Mafyafti., St. Lorenzo -and Real\ where joining with the river Affogados., near another river of the fame name, difembogues in the fea, near the Receif. The river Kapivaribi divides itfelf into tv/o branches ; one turns to the fouth , and pafTes by the fort Willia?n, and is called Affogados ; the other running to the north , retains its former name, continuing its courfe betwixt the continent and Mauriceh town, or the iile oi Anthony Vaez (into which you may pafs over it by a bridge) and fo to Wa- erdenburgh, wnere it joins with the river Bi- heribi, ox Salt-River , both which are after- wards mixed with the fea. The two bran- ches of this river , furround the river Bibe- ribi on the weft-fide, and to the eaft the ifle of Anthony Vaez. Upon that branch of the river called Affogados., are abundance of fu- gar-milis, from whence the Portuguefe ufed to convey their fugar-chefts, either in boats by the way of the river, or in carts to Baret- ta^ and from thence in flat bottomed boats to the Receif, and to Olinda. A league to the fouth of Maurice's, Town upon the branch called Affogados, is a four- fquare fort of the fame name, otherwife cal- VOL. II. Baretta. The gar- den of count led fort fFilliam ; from whence you may 163^. pafs along a dike to the fort Frederick Hen- i^^^w ry , or Maurice's Town. It was a noble T^f.f'"'^ ftrudture, furrounded with high and ftrong v/alls, a large ditch and palliladoes, with fix brafs cannon : It defended the avenues to the plains. About half a league from thence, and at the fame diftance from the continent, lies another fort on the fea Ihore, called Baret- The fort ta: This commands the avenues both by fea and land to the cape of St. Auftin, and the Receif Upon that part of the ifland which lies betwixt the rivers Kapivaribi, and Biberibi, and betwixt the forts of Erneftus and the triangular fort of Waerdenburg^, were the before mentioned gardens of count Maurice, Maurice, ftored with all kinds of trees, fruits, flow- ers and greens, which either Europe, Africk., or both the Indies could aflbrd. There were near feven hundred cocoa-trees of all fizes , fome of which were thirty, forty, and fifty foot high •, which being tranfplanted thither, out of the circumjacent countries, bore a- bundance of fruit the very firft year : Above fifty lemon-trees, and eighteen citron-trees, eighty pomgranate-trees, and fixty-fix fig- trees, were alfo to be feen in thefe gardens. In the midft of it ftood the feat itfelf, cal- ^^^^^/^^^ led Vryburgh, ^ noble ftrudure indeed, which gf^ount as is reported, coft fix hundred thoufand Maurice, florins : It had a moft admirable profpe6t , both to the fea and land fide , and its two towers were of fuch a height, that they might be feen fix or feven leagues off at fea, and ferved the feamen for a beacon. In the front of the houfe was a battery of marble, rifing by degrees from the river-fide, upon which were mounted ten pieces of cannon for the defence of the river. About two or three rods from the river, were feveral large bafons in the garden, containing very fv/eet water, notwithftanding the river all round about afforded nothing but falt-water be- fides this , there were divers fifli-ponds , ftocked with all forts of fiih. At the very foot of the bridge which is ^i^ f m- built over the river Kapivaribi, from Mau- J^^^' rice's town to the continent, count Maurice V had built a very pleafant fummer feat, cal- led by the Portuguefe, Baavifta, i. e. A fair Profpeoi. It was not only furrounded with very pleafant gardens and fifh-ponds , but ferved likewife as a fort for the defence of ^ the ifle of Anthony Vaez , and Maurice's Town. Upon the Sandy Receif, oppofite to the Sea, or Water Fort, was a ftrong fort built Theland of ftone, called by the Portuguefe, St. foris, f'"'^- our people ufed to call it the Land Fort, to diftinguifh it from the beforementioned/F'^J- ter Fort ; it defends the entrance of the har- E bour H 1643. Mr. John NieuIloiFV Voyages The fort Bruin. bour with thirteen iron pieces of cannon. About a mufket Ihot thence to tiie north, lies upon the lame fandy Receif^ a fmall fort with four baftions, called the fort of Bruin ; and about a mufket fhot further to the north, a redoubt, calkd Madame de Bruin : Both thefe forts were built by the Dutch. Near the continent, not far from the falt- pits, betwixt the Sandy Receif, and the ifle oi Anthony Vaez^ was a triangular fort called The fori of Waerdenhurgh. It was at firlt a four-fquare-, Waerden- but afterwards turned by the Dutch into a burgh. triangular fort , the fourth bulwark being not defenfible , by reafon of the ground : Thofe three bulwarks were afterv/ards chang- ed into as many redoubts, and provided with fome brafs guns : At high tide it is furrounded on all fides with water. ^he City c/"01indai At a fmall diftance from the Receif^ or Maurice^s Town, to the north , is the rui- nated city of Olinda, once a famous place Olinda. among the Portuguefe , the whole product of Brafd., being from thence tranfported by fea into Europe. The befl: part of the city was built upon divers hill •, towards the fea, on the fouthfide, thefe hills were pretty plain, extending to the fea-lhore, which has a very white fand all along that coafl : To- wards the land fide, or the north, thofe hills are more fleep and craggy, full of thorn- bufhes, intermixed with a few orange-trees. Thefe hills are an additional ftrength to the place, which befides this, was guarded by leveral baftions to the land fide, though by reafon of the great variety of hills contain- ed in its circuit, it was a difncult talk to bring the fortifications into a regular form. There is a very fair profped from the high- er part of the town , both to the fouth and north, or to the fea and land fide, by rea- fon of the great quantity of circumjacent trees , v^hich continue green all the year round. You may alfo from thence fee the ifle o{ Anthony Vaez , and Maurice' % town. The point of land near Olinda., is called Ti- po by the inhabitants*, Upon and Travels to B R A S I LV 1643. Upon the highell hill within the place, /^"^ ftood formerly a convent belonging to the JtpAts , being a magnificent ftrufture , founded hy S eh a fti an king of Portugal, who endowed it with confiderable revenues. It had a very fair profped, and might be feen at a good diftance at fea. Not far from thence was another Monaftery belonging to the Capuc'mes ; and near the fea-fhore, a- nother of the Dominican fryars : Befides which, it had two churches , the one cal- led St. Salvador, the other St. Peter. It contained above two thoufand inhabi- tants , befides the clergymen -and flaves, a- mong whom were two hundred that v/ere accounted very rich. On the foot of the mountain upon which the city of Olinda was built, a ftrong redoubt was erefted , which in the year 1 645, was by a ferjeant betray- ed to the Portuguefe for a fum of money. About a league from the city, near the wa- ter-fide, were the fuburbs, well ftored with inhabitants and packhoufes-, but defLitute of frefh water , which they were fain to fetch from beyond the river. The whole diftrift of Parnambukodbonnds, in divers kinds of fruits and cattle. The val- lies afford good pafturage, and the lower grounds near the rivers , great flore of fu- gar reeds, which are much cultivated here- abouts. The mountains produce richer mi- nerals here, than in the other captainfhips. During the rainy feafon the heat is more to- lerable here in the day time than the cold nights. I'he Cameleon, or Indian Salamander, other- wife called Gekko. This creature , which is not only found in Brafil, but alfo in the ifle of Java, be- longing to the Eaft- Indies, and which, by our people is called Gekko, from its con- ftant cry (like among us that of the Cu- ckoe) is properly an Indian Sala?nander. It is about a foot long , its fkin of a pale or fea-green colour, with red fpots. The head is not unlike that of a tortoife, with a ftreight mouth. The eyes are very large, ftarting out of the head, with long and fmall eye- apples. The tail is diftinguifhed by feve- ral white rings : Its teeth are fo lharp as to make an impreffion even upon fteel. " Each of its four legs had five crooked claws arm- ed on the end with nails. Its gait is very flow, but wherever it fallens it is not eafily removed. It dwells commonly upon rotten trees , or anjong the ruines of old houfes and churches ; it oftentimes fettles near the bedfteds, which makes fometimes the moors pull down their huts. Its conftant cry is Gekko, but before it be- gins it makes a kind of hifling noife. The fling of this creature is fo venomous, that 1643, the wound proves mortal , unlefs it be im- o^^v"^ mediately burnt with a red hot iron, or cut off. The blood is of a palifh colour, re- fembling poifon itfelf. The Javanefe ufe to dip their arrows in the blood of this creature ; and thofe who deal in poifons among them (an art much e- fteemed in the ifland of Java, by both fexes) hang it up with a firing tied to the tail on thecieling, by which means it being exal- perated to the higheft pitch , fends forth a yellow liquor out of its mouth, which they gather in fmall pots fet underneath, and af- terwards coagulate into a body in the f in. This they continue for feveral months toge- ther, by giving daily food to the creature. 7-^^ flrong- It is unqueftionably the fcrongeft poifon in eft poifon the world ; its urine being of fo corrofive i» a quality , that it not only raifes bliiters , "^"'i^^d. wherever it touches the fkin, but turns the fiefh black , and caufes a gangrene. The inhabitants of the Eaft-Indies fay , that the befb remedy againfl this poifon is the Cur- cvLmic root. Such a Gekko was got within the body of the v/all of the church in the Receif, which obliged us to have a great hole made in the faid wall, to dillodge it from thence. There are alfo feveral forts of Serpents in Serpenti In Brafil, fuch as Rattle Serpents, Double-headed Brafil, Serpents, and fuch like of which the Bra- filians enumerate twenty-three, viz. Boigva- cu, or Liboya, Arabo, Bioby, Boicininga, Boi- trapo , Boykupekanga , Bapoba, Kukuruh; „ Kaninana, Kurukakutinga, Grinipojjaguara^ Ibiara , Jakapekoaja , Ibiboboca , Jararaka^ Manima, Vona, 'Tdrciboya, Kakaboya, Arm- repinima. We will give you an account of thofe on- ly that dwell in the houfes and woods of Parnambuko, palTmg by the reft, as not fo well knov/n among us \ and it is obfervable that though fome of the American or Bra- \ filians ferpents exceed thofe of Europe in big- nefs, they are neverthelefs not fo poifo- nous. Theferpentof Boicininga, ot Boicininingat likewife C2L]\ed Boiquira by tht Braf Hans , is by the Portuguefe called Kajkeveda and Tangedor, i. e. a Rattle , and by our people .a Rattle Serpent , becaufe it makes a noife j^attk %ith its tail, not unlike a rattle : This fer- Serpent. pent is found both upon the highway and in defolate places it moves with fuch fwift- nefs, as if it had wings, and is extremely- venomous. In the midfh it is about the thicknefs of a man's arm near the elbow, but grows thinner by degrees towards the head and tail. The belly and head is flattifh, the laft being of the length and breadth of a fin- ger and a half, with very fmall eyes. It has four peculiar teeth longer than all the refl, white and fharp like a thorn, which it hides Ibmetimes V O Y A G S 1643. fometimes within the gums. The fkin is co- vered with thick fcales, thofe upon the back being fomewhat higher than the reft, and of a pale yellowilh colour, with black edges. The fides of the body are likewife yellowilTi with black fcales on each fide ; but thofe upon the belly are larger, four-fquare, and of a yellow colour. It is three, four, and fometimes five foot long ; has a round tongue fplit in the middle , with long and fliarp teeth. The tail is compofed of fe- veral loofe and bony joints, which make fuch a noife that it may be heard at a dift- -ance. Or rather at the end of the tail, is a long piece confifting of feveral joints, join- ed within one another ih a moft peculiar manner, not unlike a chain. Every year ' there is an addition of One of thefe joints, fo that you may know the exa£t age of the ferpent by their number nature feeming in this point to have favoured mankind , as a warning to avoid this p6ifori6us creature by this noife. One of thefe joints put in the fundament caufes immediate death but the fting of this creature proceeds nluch flower in its operation, for in the beginning a bloo- dy matter ilTues from the wound^ afterwards the flefh turns blue, and the uJcer corrodes the adjacent parts by degrees. 1643. The moft fovereign remedy ufed by the Brafilians againft the poifon of this and o- ther ferpents, is the head of the fame fer- pent that has given the wound, which they bruife in a mortar, and in form of a plaifter apply it to the affedled part. They mix it commonly with fafting fpitde, wherewith ihey alfo frequently moiften the wound. If they find the poifon begins to feize the no- bler parts, they ufe the Tiproka as a cordial j and afterwards give ftrong fudorificks„ They alfo hj open the wounds and apply cupping-glaffes , to draw the venom from thence. Or elfe they burn it with a red hot iron. The ferpent Kukuruku is of an afh colour, j^yi^yr^jj^; with yellow fpots within and black fpeckles without, and has juft fuch fcales as the Ral- tle Serpent. The ferpent Guaku^ or Lihoya^ is que-^ ftionlefs the biggeft of all ferpents fome being 18, 24, nay 30 foot long, and of the thicknefs.of a man in the middle. The Portuguefi call it Kahs d^hado^ or the I ' ' Roehuck and Travels to BRASIL i1 164.2. Roebuck ferpent, becaufe it will fwallow a Lx^rNj whole roebuck or any other deer it meets 7^1? Roe- y^i/'iili ; and this is performed by fucking it buck jer- j-j^j-Q^gj-j j-j^g throat, which is pretty narrow, but the belly vaftly big. After they have fwallowed fuch a deer, they fall afleep, and fo are catch'd. Such a one I faw near Pa- raiba, which was 30 foot long, and as big as a barrel. Some negroes faw it acciden- tally fwallow a roebuck, whereupon thir- teen mufqueteers were fent out, who fhot it, and cut the roebuck out of its belly. It was of a greyifh colour, though others are inclining more to the brown. It is not fo venomous as the other ferpents. ! The Negroes and Portiiguefe, nay even fome of the Dutch eat the flefli ; neither are its ftings look'd upon as very infeftious, the wound healing often up without any ap- plication of remedies fo that it ought not to be reckoned among the number of poi- fonous ferpents, no more than the Kanina- na, Mavina and Vocia. This ferpent be- ing a very devouring creature, greedy of , prey, leaps from amongft the hedges and woods, and ftanding upright upon its tail, wreftles both with men and wild beafts •, fometimes it leaps from the trees upon the traveller, whom it faftens upon, and beats the breath out of his body with its tail. Jararaka. The ferpent Jararaka is fliort, feldom exceeding the length of an arm to the el- bow. It has certain protuberant veins on the head like the adder, and makes much fuch a noife. The fkin is covered with red and black fpots, the reft being of an earth colour. The ftings of this creature are as dangerous, and attended with the fame fymptoms, as thofe of other ferpents. Its body, the head, tail and fkin, being be- fore taken away together with the entrails, boil'd in the water of the root of Jurepeba, with fait, dill, and fuch like, is look'd upon as a very good remedy. Boitrapo. The ferpent Boitrapo, call'd by the Por- tugueze, Cobre de Cibo, is about feven foot in length, of the thicknefs of a man's arm, feeds upon frogs, and is of an olive co- lour. It is very venomous, and when it ftings, occafions the fame fymptoms as the ferpent Kukuruku; nay, the wound is ac- counted paft curing, unlefs you apply the hot iron. Ibiara. The adder Ibiara, by the Portuguefe cal- led Cobra Vega^ or Cobra de das Cabecas, i. e. 'The Doubleheaded Serpent, becaufe it appears to have two heads, which however is not fo. They are found in great num- bers, lurking in holes under ground. They feed upon pifmires, are of the thicknefs of the length of a finger, and a foot and a half long, of a filver colour •, nothing is more poifonous than the ftings of thefe Vol. IL creatures, tho' not beyond all hopes of 1643. cure, provided the before-mentioned reme- '^/""sj dies be applied in time. The ferpent by the Braftlians called Ibl- Ibiboboka, boboka, the Portuguefe call Cobra de Corais. It is very beautiful, of a fnow white co- lour, fpeckled with black and red fpots, and about two foot long : Its fting is mor- tal, but kills by degrees. The ferpent Blobi, called by the Portu- ■'^^^t)^- guefe Cabro Verde, or the Green Serpent, a- bout three quarters of a yard long, and the thicknefs of a thumb •, of a fhining green Colour. It lives among houfes, and hurts no body, unlefs when provoked. Its fting is hov/ever full of poifon, and fcarce cura - ble. A certain foldier being wounded by one of thefe creatures, which lay hidden in a hedge, in his thigh, did for want of pro- per remedies, die in few hours after : His .. - body fwell'd, and turn'd pale blue. The ferpent Kaninana is yellow on the Kaninaaa. belly and green on the back •, its length is about eight hands, and is look'd upon as the leaft venomous of all. It feeds upon . eggs and birds, and the Negroes and Bra- lUians eat the body, after ihey have cut olt the head and tail. The ferpent call'd by the Braftlians Ibi- Ibirakoa, rakoa, is of feveral colours, with white, black, and red fpots. The fting of this ' creature is very poifonous, attended with the fame fymptoms as that of Kukuruku ; for it kills infallibly, unlefs proper reme- , dies be applied immediately. If the poifon has not feiled the heart, they boil the flefli of the fame ferpent with certain iroots, and give it the patient in wine. The ferpent Tarciboya and Kakaboya, are amphibious creatures. The firft is of a blackifh colour, very large, and ftings when provoked, but is not very difficult to be cured. The Kakaboya is of a yellow- ifh colour, fix hands long, and feeds upon tame fowl. Of the Senembi or the Leguan. Not only in the Captainfl.np of Parnanu buko, but alfo all over Brafil and America \ as likewife in the Ifle of Java in the Eafi- Indies, are a certain kind of Land Croco- dile, call'd by the Braftlians Senembi, by our people Leguan : Some are larger than others, fome being three, others four foot long, but feldom exceed five : They are all over covered with fcales, which are fomewhat bigger on the back, legs, and beginning of the tail, than on the other parts : The neck is about a finger and a half long, the eyes are black and bright, and the noftrils in the hindermoft part of the head. Each jawbone is full of fmall, F black. Mr. John NieuhofF'^ Voyages 1643. black, and Ihorc teeth; the tongue is very- thick : All along the back from the neck to the tail, are fmall fliarp teeth of a gree- nifh colour they are biggeft on the neck, and grow fmaller and fmaller towards the tail : Under the throat are likewife many of the fame kind. The whole fkin is of a delicate green, with black and white fpots. It has four legs and feet, with five claws armed with very fharp nails: It can live two or three months without food. Its flefli is as white as that of a rabbit, and of as good a tafce as that of fowls or rab- bits, if it be boil'd or well fry'd with but- ter. In the head of this creature are cer- tain ftones, which are an infallible remedy- that lights in their way, as fruit, flefh, 1643; fifli, and infe6ts without any harm. There i./VVJ is alfo a certain flying pifmire of a fingers length, with a triangular head, the body ., . being feparated into two parts, and faft- ned together by a fmall ftring. On the head are two fmall and long horns, their eyes being very fmall. On the foremoft part of the body are fix legs, three joints ' each, and four thin and tranfparent wings to wit, two without, and two within ; the . hindermoft part is of a bright colour and round, which is eaten by the Negroes. They dig into the ground like the moles, and confume the feed. There is another kind of great pifmires. to break and drive the gravel out of the refembling a great fly the whole body of kidneys, given to the quantity of two drams at a time, or carried on fome part of the body. Inhere are in Brazil lizards both great and fmall fome are green, others grey- ifli, and fome four foot long, with fpark- ling eyes. The Negroes feed upon fome of them, whom they kill with blunt ar- rows ; they broil them, after they have fkin'd them, and eat them without the leaft harm. Among all thofe that are found among the thorns and briars, or the ruins of houfes, there is but one kind ve- nomous, which is called Bibora. They are like the others, but leiTer, not exceeding the bignefs of a thumb ; they are of an afli which is about the length of half a fin- ger, and feparated into three feveral parts. The laft part refembling in fliape and big- nefs a barley corn ; the middlemoft of an oblong figure, -with fix legs, half a finger long, each of which has four joints : The foremoll part, or the head, is pretty thick, in the lhape of a heart, with two horns, and as many black crooked teeth : The white of the eyes is inclining to black, the whole compofition of the head being the two eyes, placed oppofite to one another, refembling the figure of a heart. The fore and hindermoft parts are of a bright red colour. There is another kind of pifmire, of a legs colour, inclining to white the body and bright black colour, with black and rough limbs thick and fwell'd with the poifon, but the tail fhort and broad. The wounds given by them are full of a thin ftinking matter, with blue fwellings, with a pain near the heart, and in the bowels. There are alfo certain creatures, called Thoufand Legs, as likewife Hundred Legs, by the natives called Amhua, who bend as they crawl along, and are accounted very poifonous. The firft are commonly found in the Houfes, and the laft among the woods, where they not only fpoil the fruits of the Earth, but alfo plague men and beafts. S.corpiohs. It is about the length of a finger, with a large fourfquare head, ftarting black eyes and teeth, and two horns, half a fin- ger longer. The body is alfo feparated into three parts. The foremoft of an ob- long figure, not very thick, with fix legs, each of the length of half a finger ; the middlemoft very fmall and fquare, not exceeding the bignefs of a loufe-, the hin- dermoft is the biggeft of the three, of an oval figure, and fliarp on the end. Thefe three parts are faftned together with a fin- gle ftring, the Brafilians call it Tapijai. There is befides this another pifmire. Scorpions, by the Brafilians called Jaa- call'd by the Brafilians Kupia, of a chef- are found here in great numbers, nut brown colour its head being as big as another pifmire, with black eyes, two horns, and two tuflcs inftead of teeth. The whole body is covered with hair; it is di- vided into two parts j The foremoft with fix legs, being fomewhat lefs than the hin- dermoft *, at certain feafons it gets four ciaiira PIfmlres- being in lliape like the European fcorpions, but not fo peftiferous, and confequently the wounds given by them are eafily cu- red. They lurk in houfes, behind old ftools, benches and chefts. They are ex- ceeding big, no bigger being to be found in any other parts, fome being five or fix foot long, and of a confiderable thick- nefs. There are fuch prodigious quantities of pifmires in Brafil, that for this reafon, they are called by the Portuguefe, Rev de Brafil, I e. King of Brafil. They eat all wings, the foremoft being a little bigger than the hindermoft, which it lofes again at a certain time. The Iron-pig of Brafil, called by the Brafitlians Kuanda ; and by the Portuguefe Ourico Kachiero, is of the bignefs of a large ape, its whole body being covered with lharp and Travels to BR A Si L 1643. fharp fpikes of three or four fingers long, sysfsj without any hair. Towards the body thofe fpikes are halfways yellowifh, the remain- ing part is black, except the points, which are whitifh, and as fharp as an awl. When they are vexed, they are able, by a cer- tain contradlion of the fkin, to throw or dart them with fuch violence, that they wound, nay, fometimes kill men or beafts. Their whole body to meafure from the hindermoft part of the head to the be- ginning of the tail, is a foot long, and the tail a foot and^five inches in length, which likewife has always ftiarp fpikes, the reft being covered with briftles like other hogs. The eyes are round, ftarting and gliftering like a Carbuncle about the mouth and nofe are hair of four fingers length, refembling thofe of our cats or hares : The fe'?t are like thofe of apes, but with four fingers only without a thumb, inftead of which you fee a place vacant, as if it had been cut away. The four legs are lefs than the hindermoft, they are likewife armed with fpikes, but not the feet. 1643; This creature commonly fleeps in the day time, and roves about by night; it breaths through the noftrils, is a great lo- ver of fowl, and climbs up the trees, tho' very flowly. The flefti is of no ungrate- ful tafte, but roafted and eaten by the In- habitants. It makes a noife Jzi, like the Luyaert. That four-legg'd creature, by the Bra- fiUans called Ai, by the Portuguefe Prigui- za, and by the Dutch Luyaert (lazy-back) from its lazy and flow pace, becaufe in fifteen days time it fcarce walks above a ftones throw. It is about the bignefs of a middie-fized fox, its length being a little above a foot, to meafure from the neck (which is fcarce three fingers long) to the tail. The fore-legs are feven fingers long to the feet, but the hindermoft about fixj the head round of three fingers in length : its mouth, which never is without a foam, is round and fmall, its teeth neither large nor ftiarp. The nofe is black, high, and glib, and the eyes fmall, black and heavy. The body is covered all over with afh- coloured hair , about two fingers long j which are more inclining to the white to- wards the back. Round about the neck the 7 20 Mr. John NieuhofFs Voyages 1643. the hair is fomewhat longer than the reft. It is a very lazy creature, unable to un- dergo any fatigues, by reafon its legs are as it were disjointed in the middle yet it keeps upon the trees, but moves, or rather creeps along very, flowly. Its food is the leaves of the trees, it never drinks, and when it rains, hides itfelf. Where- ever it faftens with its pav/s, it is not ea- fily removed ; it makes, tho' feldom, a noife like our cats. The Pifiiiire- Eater, is thus called, be- caufe he feeds upon nothing but pifmires •, there are two forts, the great and the fmall : The Brafiliaiis call the firft 'Taman- I dual, and the laft Tamafiduai-Guacu. It is a four-legg'd creature, of the bignefs of a dog, with a round head, long fnout, fm.all mouth, and no teeth. The tongue is roundifh, but fometirnes twenty-five in- ches, nay two foot and a half long. When it feeds, it ftretches out its tongue upon the dunghills, till the pifmires have fet- tled upon it, and then fwallows them. It has round ears, and a rough tail ; is not /v. . nimble, but may be taken with the hand in the field. The fmall one, called 'Ta- ' . . manduai-Guacu, is of the bignefs of a hra- ; filian fox, about a foot in length. On the ■ ' fore-feet it has four crooked claws, two big ones in the midft, and the two lelTer on the fides. The head is round, yet • , pointed at one end, a little bent below ; with a little black mouth without teeth. The eyes are very fmaJl, the ears fcand upright about a fingers length. Two broad black lifts run along on both fides of the back ; the hairs on the tail are longer than thofe on the back, the extre- mity of the tail is without hair, where- with it faftens to the branches of the trees. The hairs all over the body are of a pale -■ yellow, hard and bright. Its tongue is round, and about eight fingers long. It is a very fivage creature, grafps every thing with its paws, and if you hit it with a ftick, fits upright like a bear, and takes hold of it with its mouth. It fleeps all day long, with its head and fore-feet un- der the neck, and roves about in the night time. As often as it drinks, the water 1643. fpouts forth immediately through the no- K^*^/^ ftrils. They have alfo a kind of ferpents pf about two fathoms long, without legs, with a fkin of various colours, and four ■ teeth. The tongue is fplit in the middle, i refembling two arrows, and the poifon is \ hid in a bladder in its tail. i The four legg'd creature, called by the i BrafiUans, T atu and Tatupera, by the Spa- \ niardsy Armadillo, by the Portugitefe, En- '\ . cuherto, and by the 'Dutch, Schilt-Verken, (Shield-Hog) becaufe it is defended with ^^^f' icales like as with an armour, refembles in bignefs and fhape our hogs ; there are feveral forts of them. The uppermoft part of the body, as well as the head and tail, is covered with bony fiiields, compofed of very fine fcales. It has on the back feven partitions, betwixt each of which appears a dark brown fkin. The head is altogether like that of a hog, with a fnarp nofe, wherewith they grub under ground j fmall eyes, which lie deep in the head •, a little, but fharp tongue •, dark brown and fhort ears, without hair or fcales : The co- lour of the whole body inclining to red; the tail in its beginning is about four fin- gers thick, but grows by degrees fiiarp and round to the end, like thofe of our pigs : But the belly, the breaft, and legs are without any fcales ; but covered with a ficin not unlike that of a goofe, and whitifh hair of a fingers length. It is generally very bulky and fat, living upon maleons and roots, arid does confiderable mifchief in the plantations. It loves to rout under ground, eats rabbets, and the dead carcafies of birds, or any other car- rion : It drinks much, lives for the rrioft part upon the land, yet loves the water and marfhy places. Its flefh is fit to be eaten. It is catch'd like the doe in PIol- land with the rabbits, by fending a fmall dog abroad, who by his barking, gives notice where it lurks under ground, and fo by digging up the ground it is found and catch'd. The and Tratels to BRASIL; 21 164.3, 1643, Batts. WiH- geefc. The bird Toukan, The batts in Braf.t, called by the Inha- bitants Aiidirika , are of the bignefs of our crows ; they are very fierce , and bite moft violently with their fharp teeth. They build their nefts in hollow trees and holes. The bird called by the Brafilians^ Ipeka- ti Apoa 5 by the Portuguefe, Pata, is no more than a goofe and for that reafon by the Dutch called a wild goofe. It is of the big- nefs of one of our geefe of about nine months old, and in all other refpefts refembles them. The belly and under part of the tail, as like- wife the neck , is covered with white fea- thers •, but on the back to the neck, on the wings and head, the feathers are black in- termixed with fome green. There are alfo fome black feathers intermixed with the white ones on the neck and belly. They differ from our geefe in this, that they are fome- what bigger •, their bills refemble rather thofe of our ducks, but are black, and turn- ed at the end, and on the top of it grows a broad, round, and black piece of flefh, with white fpeckles. They are commonly found near the river-fide, are very flefhy and well- tafted. The bird by the Brafilians called Toiikan^ or large bill, is about the bignefs of a wood , Vol. IL pigeon. It has a crop about the breaft of three or four fingers in compafs , of a fafF- ron colour, with high red coloured feathers round the edges , which are yellow on the breaft , but black on tile back and all the other parts of the body. Its bill is very large , of the length of a palm of a hand , yellow without and red within. It is almoft incredible how fo fmall a bird is able to ma- nage fo large a bill, but that it is very thin and light. The bird called by the BrafiUans, Kokoi^ The l/in is a kind of a crane , very pleafing to the Kokoi. fight, as big as our ftorks. Their bills are ftreight and fliarp, about fix fingers in lengthy of a yellowifla colour inclining to green. The neck is fifteen fingers long, the body ten, the tail five : Their legs are half-ways covered with feathers, about eight fingers in length, the remaining part being fix and an half. The neck and throat is white, both fides of the head black , mixt with afh-co- lour. On the far and undermoft part of the neck are mioft delicious , white , long, and thin feathers, fit for plumes: The wings and tail are of an afh-colour, yet mixt wich fome white feathers. All along the back you fee long and light feathers , like thofe G on 2 2 1643. Mr. Jobii Jabiru-gu- aku. on the necks, but are of an arn-colour : Their fl-fh is very good , and of a grateful tafte. There is another kind of tliefe birds, v/hlch is fomewhat bigger than a tame, duck. Its bill is ftreight, and fnarp at the end, of the length of four fingers and a half, widi a dou- ble fet of teeth both above and below : The head and neck (which is two foot long) re- fembies the crane, with black eyes enclofed in a gold colourecl circle. The body is two foot and a half in length ; the tail , wliich ftands even with the extremity of the v/ings, four fingers. The bill is of an afii colour towards the head , the reft yellow, inclin- ing to green. The head and upper part of the neck are covered with long pale yellow- ifn feathers, intermixt with black. On the back and wings it hath afli colourc^d feathers inclining to yeilov/: but the legs and feet are dark grey : The flefh of this bird is eat- able, and taftes like that of a crane. The bird called by the Brafilians, JaUru Guaku, and by the Dutch, Schuur Vogel^ or barn-bird, has no tongue, but a very large ' bill, near feven foot and a half long •, round and crooked towards the end, of a grey co- lour. On the top of the head is a crown of white and green feathers. The eyes are black, behind each of which are tv/o great concavities inftead of ears. The neck is ten fingers in length, one half part of which as well as the head, is not covered with fea- thers, but with an afli-coloufed,whitiili,riig- ged fkin. This bird is of the bignefs of a Stork , v/ith a fliort black tail, which ftands even with the extremities of the wings. The other part of the neck, and the whole body, is covered with white feathers , and thole on the neck very long ones : The wings are likewife white, but mixt with fome red. The flefn if boiled , after the fkin is taken of, is good food , being very white, but lomewhat dry. Brafil produces incredible quantities of 0- ther wild fowl of all forts, both great and fmall , fome of which live among the woods , others in the water , but are very good food. Of the beft kind are the thrufnes, called by them Bamodi; Pheafantsof divers kinds, called by the Barbarians , Magnagu^ Jahi^ and Arakua. Mouton is a bird of the bignefs of a pea- cock, but has black feathers, the flefli is ve- ry good and tender. Becaufe this countrey is full of fruit trees and wot)dy places , it produces abundance of fparrow-hawks, and other hawks, called by the Portuguefe, Gu- avilon , and by the Brafilians, Teguata and ■Inage, which are always at enmity with the chickens and pidgeons. Among thofe that live both in the water and upon the land, the wild ducks claim the O Y A G E S precedency ; fome of thofe are fmaller than the European ducks , others much exceed them, being as big as a goofe. They have alfo a fort of fnipes, called J akana-miri and Jakana-guaku. Befides thefe there are cranes, quails and oftridges, and many othcr^ of that kind •, the flefti of which is eatable, but not very toothfome. The reft of thcfe bird's are very greedy af- ter the ambe^r-greefe, wliich is thrown aihore by the boifterous fea, which they devo'ir be- fore the inhabitants can conie thither to ga- ther it. They have alfo abundance of Par- rakets, or fmall parrots- thefe never fpeak ; but their parrots are extraordinary fine and large, fome of which learn to fpeak as di- ftinftlyas a Man. I have feen fome of thefe parrots exprefs every thing what they heard cried in the ft'reets very plainly •, and among the reft I law one , which if put in a baf- ketupon the floor, would make a dog that belonged to the fimc houfe , fit up before the bafKet, crying out to him, fit up, fit up, you nafty toad. Neither did this parrot leave oft'calling and crying, till the dog came to fit up before the bafket. It was after- wards prefented to the queen of Sweden. There is among the reft a certain fmall bird , no bigger than a joint of a finger , which notwithftajiding this, makes a great noife , and is catclied with the hands whilft it is fitting among the flowers, from whence it drav/s its nourifhment. As often as you turn this bird, the feathers reprefent a diiFe- rent colour, v/hich makes the Brafdian-^o- men faften then with golden wires to their ears, as we do our-rings. The birds here are never deftitute of food, which they al- ways meet with either among the flowers or fruits of the trees, which are never fpoil- ed here during the v/inter feafon. The rivers and lakes of Brafd, as well as the neighbouring fea , furnifhes them with great ftore of all forts of fifh , which are accounted fo wholfome here, that they are even allowed for thofe that are troubled with agues. The ftanding waters near the fea-fide , which fometimes are quite dried up , produce abundance of craw-fifh , tor- toifes, flirimps, crabs, oyfters, and divers others of this kind, which are all very good food. There are abundance of fifti in Brafil ^ common to the fea and rivers, efpecially du- ring the rainy feafon ; when a great quantity of the river water being conveyed into the fea , the fv/eetnefs of the water allures the fifli into the rivers , where meeting with a- bundance of green weeds (the produ£l of the bottom of the rivers) they never return to the fea. Among the river fifh the chiefeft ara th^Duja^ Prajuba, -and Akara-Puku, the laitt: of 164.3. 7heir \ dfld Travels td B R A S I L, 23 1643. of which refembles thebeft and largeft of Ky\r^ our perches. Braftl produces alfo various kinds of in- fers , fome of which are of four fingers length, and an inch thick. They have like- wife filk worms , called by the Brafilians^ Ifokuku^s s and their filk , Ifokurenimho. There are alfo divers forts of fire-flies, 1643, which are likewife found in the Eajl-Indies^ where we fliall give you a further account of them. Befides thefe, there are many forts of other files , hornets , wafps, and bees: fome of which produce honeys fome none at alk Spiders. Ballar, or Kabitto. Among other kinds of fpiders there is one of a prodigious bignefs , which is al- ways found either in dunghills , or in the concavities of hollow trees : They call it Nhandugtiaka. Thefe creatures weave cob- webs like other fpiders ; the Ikin is rough and black , provided with fliarp and long teeth. This creature if provoked wounds with its poifonous fting, which is fo fmall as fcarce to be vifible , and raifes a blueifli tumour, which is very painful , and if care be not taken in time , occafions an inflam- mation , attended witli fuch dangerous fymptoms as prove aftei*wards incureable. Near Rio St. Francifco are vail numbers of a certain fmall infeft not unlike our cric- Icets ; I have been very curious to get fight of this creature , to fatisfy myfelf as to its fhape, and refemblance to others of this kindj but though it makes a very ihrill noife, which refembles that of our crickets^ I was never able to fee any of them % for as foon as you approach they defift, fo that you are at a lofs which way to look. They fing fometimes for a quarter of an hour without intermiflion. In the ifland of Ja- va in the Eaft-Indies it is commonly heard in the months of February and June„ At lafl: I had the good fortune to get orte of thefe creatures into my hands, by means of a certain Ckinefe woman , after 1 had often been in fearch of it, both within and with- out the city of Batavia. The Javanefe fee two of thefe little creatures a fighting toge- ther, and lay money on both fides, as we da at a cock -match. There are alfo abundance of ravenous wild beafts in Brafd., fuch as tygers, leo- pards, ^c. The tygers are extreamly fa- vage here j they fall upon beaits, and fome- times 3 24- Mr. John Nieuhoff'i' Voyages 164:?. times upon men, of whom feveral were kil- i^y^r^ led by them in my time. A certain Portu- guefe had a fugar-mill very pleafantly fitua- ted near a wood, whither we uled to go to divert, ourfelves fometimes. The Portii- fUffe fitting one time with four more of his friends in the houfe, with the windows drawn up for the conveniency of the land air, a dog belonging to the houfe , who had ven- tured too far into the adjacent wood , was purfued by a tyger , fo that to lave his life he leapt into the window to feek for flielter near his mailer; but the tyger clofely pur- fuing him , leapt alfo through the window into the room, where the door being fliut, he tore two of thofe there prefent in pieces before the reft could make their efcape , and afterwards went his way. There is another fort of favage beaft in thofe parts, called by fome of our people, JciH-over-Zee, or jack beyond fea , which furpaffes all others m nimblenefs, and tears all to pieces it meets with. C,;///^. Brafil has alfo great plenty of cattle, but the flefh will not keep above twenty-four hours after it is drefs'd. The Dutch cut off the fat, and cut the lean in thin flices, and dry it in the fun like fifh. No butter is to be made here , becaufe the milk turns to curds immediately the Dutch butter is drawn out of a veffel like oil. Their hogs are fmall and black, but ve- ry well tafted, and wholefome there is a- nother kind of amphibious hogs , by the Portuguefe called Kajnverres, they are very near as black as the others, and good food. There is another four legg'd creature in Brafd , called by the inhabitants T'(?p. The fifh in Brajil are no lefs confiderable for the fupply of our plantations , than the cattle, which are on the coafts of Brafil , but efpecially in P arnamhuko , where they are found in fuch plenty, that at one draught they catch fometimes two or three thoufand fine fifh, in the four or five fummer months, for during the rainy feafon , they catch but few. There are certain diftricfls along the fea coaft v/hither the fifli moft refort ; fome of thofe belong to the inhabitants, the reft to the company , and are farmed at a cer- Hogs. Antes. tain rate. ^^r The lakes as well as the bays, are ftored with an incredible mul- titude of filli ; the firft are by the Portu- gucj'e cdX\cd,Alagoas^ \ and the beft they pro- duce are the Sindia,, ^leba , and Noja, all without fcales. And though the fifti which are catcht in the lakes are not fo much ef- tecmcd as the river-fifh , neverthelefs are they not much behind them in goodnefs,^ becaufc thefe lakes are not always ftanding waters, but intermixt with feveral rivers. Some of thefe fifh they dry in the fun. The chiefeft of this kind are thofe called by the Brafdiaiis, Kurhna Parati, and by the Dutch inhabitants Herders. They abound no lefs in fea-fifli of all forts. The filh called by the Brafdians , Karapantangele , which is not unlike our perch, has the preference a- mong them. And as the rivers furnifti in- finite numbers of fidi, fo they are general- ly fitter and better tafted than the fea-fifh. Thofe which are catcht in thofe fiiheries near the fea-fliore, are for th: moft part f dted^ and carried from thence into the countrey, for the ufe of the fugar-mills, wliich caufe great plenty among them. The craw-fifh, which are in great qurn- tities near the rivers and in Lie m\x}h.j grounds, ferve likewife for icoi ■:o me Brafdians and negroes , and fome of our people like them tolerably well. It is further to be obferved, that where- as a confiderable number of cattle, during the war v/as run aftra.y out of the parks in- to the forefts and v^^oods beyond the river of St. Francis , it was thouglit convenient by the great council of the company here, to agree with certain perfons to catch this cattle, and bring it to the Receif, in order to be killed for the ufe of the inhabitants. The time of the fiid contradl being expi- red, it was confulted whether the fame ftiould be renewed but it being apparent that there were not enough left to quit coft^ the fame was laid afide, and this refolution fent to the council of nineteen. For in the mean while the inhabitants near Rio St. Francifco and Rio Grande, having applied themfelves to the breeding of cattle, their parks were fo well ftockt by this time, that they not only furniflied the inhabitants of theism-//', but alfo the fugar-mills, with plenty of meat , which was bought at the rate of three and four pence per pound in the countrey ; befides that, they provided the garrifons v/ith the fame for a twelve- month, after the ftore-houfes of the Receif were emptied; and notwithftanding this, the inhabitants of thofe parts were not out of debt , when thofe of Parnamhidco and Parayba, were involved over head and ears ; which fliews what advantage they reapt from the breeding of cattle ; and that if the 1643. and Travels to B R A S I L. 25 1643. the Dutch Brafil had continued in peace, L^./^ thofe parks might have furnifhed all the garrifons with meat, without impairing their ftock for breeding ; which , together with the great plenty of fifh, are the two main pillars of the ftate of Brafil. Notwithftanding all which , it is certain that the inhabitants of the Dutch Brafil can- not be provided with fufficient maintenance, without a yearly fupply from Europe , as well eatables as other commodities , as has been found by experience, to the great de- triment of the company •, after our ftore- houfes were exhaufted by the feveral expe- ditions againft Angola., Meranhaon^ and o- ther places. In the rivers and lakes here are alfo found Croco- crocodiles, by the Brafilians called Jakare, ^les. the Eajt-Indies, Kaymans. They are like the African crocodiles , but not quite fo big, feldom exceeding five foot in length. They lay twenty or thirty eggs bigger than geefe eggs , which are eaten by the Brafiili- ans., Portuguefe and Dutch , as well as the •■. flefh., ■ In the feas near the coaft of Brafil, they meet alfo fOmetimes with great lampreys. , Before the bridge from the Receif to Mau- rice-town was built, one of this kind of a confiderable bignefs did lurk near that paf- fage , where the boats ufed to pafs over from one fide to the other , and fnatcht all that fell in his way , both men and dogs that fwam fometimes after the boat, into the water : But at a certain time , by the fudden falling of the tide , being got a- ground with the foremoft part of the body, he was with much ado brought afhore. The diftri6l of Pernambuko does alfo a- bound in various forts of fruits , as well as all the other parts of Brafil, of which we fhall fay more hereafter. Upon the captainfhip of Pernamhuko, borders to the north the captainlTiip of a- marika , which owes its name to an ifland of the fame name , being the chiefeft part of this diitrift, which however extends near thirty-five leagues along the fea coaft on the . continent. The ifland of ^amafika lies two leagues to the north of Pomerello, in the fea ; being ' parted from the continent by the river '•Ta- marika, its moft fouthern point lying under the 7"" degree 58"" fouthern latitude. It is from fouth to north about two leagues long, and its circuit near feven. To thejurif- didion of this ifle did alfo belong Goyana, Kapavaribi , 'Terukupa , and Abray on the ^ continent. Formerly it had but few inha- bitants, and fcarce any houfes, though it is a very pleafant ifle , and tolerably fertile , - producing brafil-wood , coco nuts, cotton, -fugar-reeds , melons , and fuch like j be- VOL. II. fides wood for firing, and frefli water for 1643. the conveniency of the Receif: It abounds L/*^/^ likewife in wood both for building of hou- fes and fliipping. This ifland v/as much infefted with wild beafts , which did great mifchief to the fugar reeds: This moved Peter Pas, director of the captainfliip of /-. tamarika, to make his application to count Maurice and the great council in 1647, to know their pleafure , whether they fliould difpofe of thofe beafts by contra6l , to fuch as would be at the charge of catching of them, or whether they fliould be taken and killed for the ufe of the garrifons; but this was reje£led by the council, who enjoined the inhabitants not to kill thofe beafts in the open fields , unlefs they fnould break into their plantations, it being for the intereft of the company to preferve them in cafe of a necefllty: The damage which from thence might accrue to the fugar reeds, being to be prevented by furrounding their planta- tions with pales and ftakes. The ifland is look'd upon as of the great- '^°^^fi- eft confequence to us, it having been pro- '^jlf/-jif pofed by fome to transfer the feat of the Dutch-Brafiil from the Receif thither \ but the directors of the company did not agree to it, confidering that at that time this ifland was quite defolate •, whereas upon the Receif were ftore-houfes, magazines, ware-houfes, and fuch like buildings ready to their hands, befides that the place was much more pleafant, fertile, and ftronger and the harbour much more convenient for fliips : The river Tamarika ov\. the other hand being not navigable, but for fmall veflfels, by reafon of the fhallownefs of the harbour, which was noted for fliipwracks. The defe6t of frefh water in the Receif, in which this ifle abounds, may be fupplied from the river Biberibi; befides that, they had feveral bafons with frefli water with- in the Receif, for their prefent ufe. Du- ring the war with the Portuguefe we were fenfible of the conveniencies we received from this ifland, by reafon of its ftrengch both by art and nature, which might ferve as a fafe retreat upon all emicrgencies be- fides, that its prefervation was abfoluteiy neceflTary for the Receif, which was fup- plied fi'om thence with fifli, and feveral other other forts of provifions. Upon the banks of the river at the fouth ■ entrance of the harbour, we had built a quadrangular fort, called Orange. It v/as provided with a goodly wall, but the ditch was not very deep, and for the moft part without water, for which reafon it was ftrenghten'd with pallifadoes. On the north- fide we had a hornwork, but much decay- ' ed within the body of the fort was a pow- - der-vault, and other conveniencies for the H bedding 26 Mr, John Nieiilioff'^" VotA'cEs 1643. Eanglng- rock- The rivers Mara&- rinha n?id Garalibu. Panto Pe- beading of foldiers. Several bLitteries were railed upon the walls, mounted upon fix brafs and as many iron great guns. In the illand near the entrance of the river^ clofe by a morafs full of thorn -bufhes, was a fmail town, moit iniiabited by foldiers, called by the -Pcrluguefe^ Noftra Stnhora de la Concepiano. Upon a hanging rock, juil by, was an old redoubt eredfed by the For- tiiguefe, called by the fame Names, which together with the whole ifland, was taken by the Dutch, under the command of co- lonel Schnp from the Portugiiefe., and the place, after his name, called Schop's T'oivn. This fort was afterwards by the Butch doled up on the backfide towards the church, fo that it afterwards ferved both for the defence of the town and the har- bour, as the Blockboufe on the north-fide cover'd the gatesi There were then ele- ven pieces of cannon mounted upon it. At the north enti-ance of the harbour, was another redoubt, which defended that paf- fige on that fide, with three iron cannon. One Mr. Bortmont, governor of Itamanka, found under the beforc-mention'd rock, in 1645, as he v/as digging a well, a fpring of frefh water, v/hich proved very ufeful for the garrifon, bccaufe it could not be cut off by the enemy i Somewhat higher up the river l'at?tarika, lies an ifland called Magioppe, where are found abundance of Mandihoka roots. You may go quite round this iiland in barks ; it having a kind of a harbour on both ends, n;iz. to the fouth and north, but the firft is the beft ; becaufe there arifes from the northern fliore of the continent, a flielf, which reaches very clofe to the ifland, the channel betwixt both not having above ten or twelve foot water. The only har- bour fit for ufe thereabouts is the fouth- entrance of the river, which m.akes "Ta- marika an ifland, where fhips that drew fourteen or fifteen foot water, may pafs through •, there is no convenient anchorage. That end, where the river returns into the fea, is by the Butch called the northern- entrance, and by the Portuguefe Katuamma. BetVv^ixt Fomerello and the river 'Tamari- ka, a river comes from the continent, fit for barges, called Marafarinha and half a league within the mouth of the river T ama- rika, another fills likewife from the conti- nent called Garaffou, but is of little moment. From thence to the north, are feveral o- ther rivers near the fea-fhore, which arc navigable with barges, for the conveniency ot the fugar-mills, of which there are fe- veral thereabouts. A league and an half further to the north of the north-entrance of Ta^narika^ is a no- ted point of land called by the Portuguefe, Punto Pedra, furrounded with k P^eceif, betwixt v/hich you may pafs v/ith barges and yachts. A league further to the riorth from this point, and three leagues to the north-weft of Tamarika, is the fmall river Goyana^ under 7 deg. 46 min. which difembogues in two branches in the bay at the entrance lies a great rock, where is great ftore of fea-fowl. Before it lies a great Receif, but within are fo many fhelves that renders the pafiage. very dangerous. About two leagues and a half beyond the river Goyana, to the north, is a great river, called Auyay, but the entrance is fo choak'd up v/ith lands, that there is fcarcc any paffage for barges. This river fcmds forth feveral branches into the country^ upon one of which to the rtorth-j lies the village of Maurice, and upon the fouthern. branch the village Auyay. Among others, Por!o Francifco lids in a creek three long leagues to the north of the river Auyay ; and five leagues to the north-weft of the fame river, an unnavi- gable river called Grammana^ befides feve- ral other rivulets. About a league and a half to the north- weft of the river Grammana, is the Cabo Blanco, or White Cape, and three leagues from thence to the north-weft, the cape of Parayba, being a long point of landj with a large adjacent bay. The whole coaft from Pomerello to the cape of Parayha, is cover'd v/ich receifs or rocks, v/hich lying for the m.oft part about half a league from the fliore, and the water between them be- ing generally very fmdoth, affords an eafy paffage to barges , even in tempeftuous weather ; when it is almoft impoffible fof fhips to pafs without the rocks, by reafon of the violence of the current from the noi-thern arid the fouthern v/inds, which blow there continually. Three leagues within the mouth of the river Goyana is a town of the fame name, where is kept the court of judicature of this captain/hip. There are five or fix fugar-mills thereabouts, fituated upon the banks of the river, for the more commo- dious tranfportation of fugar in barges to Pcrnamhuko. This countrey produces like- wife brafil-wood, ginger, cotton, and Pn- dian nuts ; the people called Petiguaves in- habit here ; tho' this whole tradt of land, as far as Caho Blanco, is not very populous, having only a few villages, inhabited by the Brafd'mns. The ifle of 'Tamarika has feveral land- ing places on the river-fide, the chiefeft are : Os Markos and Pedreiros, where the river is narroweft ; ^apafma and Kamdoa of Domingos Reheyi'o j the. great Mak^itelra and 1643. The river Govana, The rwsV Auyay. Porto Frartcifcd. Cape vf Parayb*. The Town ofQoymz-. and Travels to B R A S 1 L- 27 ib_L-7. 2nd Kamhoa of Conrad Paiili; in which (^^'^' places the enemy landed in that ifland. The pals near the north-entrance of To- pozva, and the iiland 'Tapofoka-, where with one fingle Ihip you may defend the paf- fage from the rivers Tujukapape and Majfe- rafulakii, as like wife from the fea. For the reft, the fhore all along the river being very m.arlliy and full of Manga trees, is of a very difficult accefs. The fhore to- wards the fea-fide is very fiat, but woody, which together Vvrith the fands, that are at ibme diftance in the fea, makes the ap- proach of fliips very dangerous on that lide. Formerly the court of judicature of the captainJJoip Was kept in this ifland, but was afterwards transferred from thence, as we told you before, to the Town of Go- ' jana and Kapivarihi on the continent, be- caufe thefe places were both more popu- lous, and more fugar-mills were built there- abouts, the ground being much better here than in the Ifland. In my time there were iive judges belonging to this court, three of which lived at Goyana, and the other two in the ifle of Itamarika. However, this court was afterwards likewife remov- ed from Gfiyana. In the year 1641, Mr. Pc'/cT P(2J was direftor of xht captain/hip Itamarika, for the Wefl-India company, and captain Sluiter commander in chief over the foldiers. This captain/hip has derived its name from tfee capital city, which has borrow'd 'Parayba. hers of the river Fara.yba, upon which it is fituate. It is one of the moft northerly captainjhips, about five leagues diftant from the fea. It was formerly in the poiTeffion of the French^ who were 1585, chafed from thence and feveral other harbours, by the Poriuguefe general Mariin Leytan. Five leagues upwards the river Parayla, is a city founded by the Portuguefi^ and after Philip king of Spain, called Filippen ■^he city Nojfa Senhora de nives, otherwife Pa- SParayba. rayha, from the river Parayha •, which name was by the Dutch, after they had in No- vember 1633, conquered the whole cap- tainjhipy changed into that of Frederick's 1'own, after Frederick Henry prince of 0- rangc. This city had been but lately built by the Portuguefe, and had feveral ftately houfes with marble pillars, the reil being only of ftone. Here is kept the court of judicature of this captainjhip. Before the time of the rebellion of the Portuguefe, this place was inhabited as v/ell by the Portugnefe as Dutch^ being much frequent- ed by the inhabitants of the circumjacent countrey, was ufed to exchange their fu- gar for what other commodities they fto'od in need of, which was afterwards from thence tranfported to other places. I Within the mouth of the river Parayba, 1643. were three very confiderable forts. One '--''"V^!^ on the fouth-poiiit, by the Portuguefe cal- led Catharine, but by count Maurice, after- wards named Margaret, after his Sifter. It ^ort Mar- was defended with ftve goodly baftions, S^'"'^'' and a horn work without. The fort called St. Antonio, by the Per- Fort St. tuguefe, was built upon a fmall ifland, Anthony,- which by a narrow breach was feparated from the north-point. This is only the remainder of a large four fquare fort, for- merly erected by the Portuguefe , which was afterwards rafed by the Dutch, part of it having been wafli'd away by the ri- ver. It is furrounded with pallifadoes and a good ditch, fupplied with v/ater from the beforenamed branch of the river : The Walls are very ftrong, and upon a battery are mounted iix iron pieces of cannon. It may be defended by the cannon both from the cky of Parayha, and from the fort Mar- garet , lying juft oppofite to it on the fouth-ftde, which is the reafon it was al- ways but carelcfly guarded by the Por- tuguefe. The tliird fort lies upon a triangular fj^c third Ifland, called Refiinga, not far from thence, fart. more upwards the river. It was ftrength- ened with paliifadoes, and upon the batte- ries were mounted five brafs, and as m^any iron pieces of cannon. The captainfhip of Parayha is vs^atered and divided by two confiderable rivers, viz. the Parayha and Moyigoapa, otherwife call'd St. Domingo. The great river of Parayha The rher lies under the 6'" deg. 24 min. four leagues Panyba. to the north of Cabo Blanco, and difcharges it felf in two branches into the Sea, being feparated by a large fand-bank : One is called the northern, and the other the fouthern entrance. From the laft extends a rocky-ridge as far Caho Blanco, and with- in the river lies a fand-bank quite crofs to the fort Margaret. This river is very fhallow during the fumrner time, but in the winter feafon, the waters rife to that height that they overflow all the adjacent countrey, fometimes to the great lofs of men and cattle. Two leagues beyond this river to the north, is a bay which aifords a very fife ftation to the largeft fhips. It is by the Portuguefe called Porto Lucena, and by civ; p^j.^^^ Dutch the Red-Land, the grounds being L'.;cena. red hereabouts. There is very good an- chorage here at five and fix fathom water, and the country near it aftbrds very good frefii water •, which is the reafon why the Dutch fliips bound for Holland from the Receif, ufed to ftay for one anothers com- ing in this bay, and to provide themlelves Nvkh frefli water. : ■ Half 28 Mr, John NieuhofF'i' Voyages 1643. Half league further to the north, un- L/VNJ der 6 deg. 34 min. the river Mojigoapa, River Qj. Mongoanawapy^ exonerates it felt into Mongoa- . ^j^-^ j^^^j^}^ larger tov/ards - ^" its fource than at the mouth the banks on both fides being full of briers, bufhes and Manga trees. Before its entrance lies a ■Receif, and at the very mouth two dange- rous find-banks s it has three fithom wa- ter at low tide, I About two fmall leagues to the north of the river Mongoapa^ is a bay called by the Portuguefe Bahia de 'Treycano, or D-eafon, where, at about a league diftant from the fhore, is eleven or twelve fathom water. Five leagues to the north of this bay, you meet with the river Barra Congn'on or Ko- nayo^ which is fcarce palTable for Yatches; About a league and a half from thence is large bay of about two leagues in length, called Pernambnko\ and five leagues be- yond it to the north, the river Jan de Sta^ or Eftau. The natives of Parayba inhabit about feven villages, the chiefeft of which is call'd PindaUna^ which in 1634, contained about fifteen hundred inhabitants, where each of the others had fcarce three hundred •, each of thefe comprehending not above five or fix very long buildings, with a great many doors, but very fmall ones. The chief commodities of this captain- Jhip are fugar, brafil-wood, tobacco, hides, cotton, and fuch like. The fugar-reeds did bear extremely well, becaufe they were tranfplanted into frefli grounds. VVhilft ' ' ■' the diftrift of Parayba was under our ju- rifdiftion, there were above one and twenty fugar-mills on both fides of the banks of the river, eighteen of which fent away every year four thoufand chefts of fugar. Near the river-fide, the country is low and plain, but not far from thence rifes by de- grees, and affords a very agreeable varie- ty of hills and vallies. The flat coun- trey, which is alfo the moft fertile, is di- ftinguifh'd into feveral divifions, fome of which have borrow'd their names from fmall rivers which run thro' them as for inftance, Gramamma^ Tapoa, Tihery^ Pnge- hy^ Mongnappe^ Increry^ Kamaratiiha^ and Itsferti- ^^"^^'"^'^ more. All thofe countries are ex- /i/j. tremely fertile, occafion'd by the over- flowing of the river Parayba. Their pro- dufts are, fugar, barley, turky -wheat, po- tatoes, ananas, coco-nuts, melons, oranges, citrons, bananas, pakovas, markomas, cu- cumbers, and all other neceflTaries for the fuftenance of men and beaflis. They have here a kind of wild pears, called kajous, which are very juicy and well-tafted •, with- in is a certain bean or fmall nut, the rind of which is bitter, but the kernel fweet. if roafted in the afhes. The pear is very j^.-,- cooling, but the nut has a contrary qua- (./y^' licy. Towards t^he end of November 1634, the Butcb unaevtook the eJcpeditidh againft Parayba, their forces being embarked in thirty two fhips under the command of colonel Schoppe, Aftisjoskiy Hinderfon^ Sta- chonwer and Carpentier. The whole fleet was divided into two fquadrons, the firfl; confifl:ed of one and twenty fliips, in which were nineteen hundred and forty five men, the other of eleven yachts, with four hun- dred and nine m^en. Schoppe was the firfl; that landed fix hundred men, and advanced towards the enemy, v/ho betook themfelves to their heels, leaving their arms and cloaths behind them •, Anthony Albuquerque ■ their general, himfelf fcarce efcaping their • hands. In the mean while, the reft being likev/ife got a fb.ore, three companies, un- der the conduft of Gajper Ley^ marched direflly to the fort of Margaret^ and in- ( trencht him.felf near the fort, whilft Schop- pe kept all along the fnore, and Artisjoski^ pofted himfelf on the right-fide, in fight of the garrifon : At the fame time Mr. Lich- thart attack'd the fort in the fmall ifland Reftinga, which he took by force^ and put q-^^ Dutch the garrifon to the fword. By this time con/juer Schoppe had raifed a battery againft the l''i»yt»a. fort, from wherice he fo forely gall'd the befieged, that their commander i'^/- ' bukirque furrendred the place. Hereupon the fort of St. Afitonio was fummoned to furrender, Maglianes the governor defired three days delay, which being denied, he march'd away fecretly by night, leaving the place to Lichthart, who found there five great brafs pieces, and nineteen iron pieces of cannon. The fame night our forces miarched to- ' wards the city of Parayba, being fixteen hundred ftrong, and having pafs'd a fmall branch of the river called 'Tambra Grande^ , \r made themfelves mafters of it without any ■-. "i oppofition : The Spanijh general Banjola^ who commanded there With, two hundred and fifty men only, having left the place before, and being retired to Goyana, after he had either funk or naii'd up the can- . non, fet fire to three fhips and two ware- houfes, in which were confumed three thou- fand cheft with fugar. The fort of St, Catharine being much decay'd, was ordered by count Maurice to be repaired, and the ditch to be enlarged and deepen'd % giving it the name of Margaret, after his Sifter. The fort of St. Antonio was rafed, for the greateft part, there being only one bul- wark left for the defence of the north-point of the river. The fort Reftingas was or- der'd to be furrounded widi new pailifa- does and Travels to BR.ASIL; 2? 1643. does, and the convent of Parayba fortified L^-v-^ with a wall and outwork ; and the com- ..mand thereof given to Elias Harkman, to- gether with the government of the whole captain/hip. Potigi, or The captain/hip of Poiigi, or Potmgi or Rio Gran- poteingi, is otherv/ife, by the Portuguefe^ called Rio Grande, from a river of the fime Name: The Dutch call it North-Brafd, in ^ refpe6t of the more fouthern captainjhips of Brafd. It borders to the fouth upon Pa- rayha, and to the north upon the captain- : foip of Siara ; tho' the Pcrtuguefe geogra- phers extended its bounds as far as the ifland Maranhaon. The French were once m afters of this captain fhip, 'till 1597, they were chafed from thence by the Spanijlo commander, Feliciano Crega de Kamalajho. It has four divifions, named after fo many rivers, that run through them •, viz. Kunhao, Goyana, Mimpohu and Potegy. And tho' this di- itrift has been much negled;ed by the Por- tuguefe, yet does it produce plenty of wild- fowl and fifh, which are fo lufcious, that they commonly eat them only with lemon- juice or vinegar, without oil. There is an incredible number of fifh in the lake Goraires ; befides which, abundance of Fa- rinha is planted here. This part of the countrey flood us in good ftead during the late rebellion of the Portuguefe , our garrifons in Parayba, and other places, be- ing fupplied from thence with good ftore of flefh and fiih. River Rio Above the river Rio Grande, is a town Grande, of no great moment, call'd Amfterdam •, the inhabitants live by planting Farinha and Tobacco, and fifhing. Higher up in the countrey live feme Moradores or hus- bandmen, who cultivate the grounds ; bur on the north-fide of Rio Grande are but few inhabitants. The river Rio Grande, i. e. the Great-river, is fo called by the Portuguefe from its big- _ nefs, but by the Brafdians, Potigi or Poteingi. The mouth of this river lies under 50 deg. 42 min. fouthern latitude, three leagues from Punto Negro, coming from the weft- fide of the continent. It difembogues four , leagues above the fort Keulen, called by the Portuguefe, TresReyos : It bears fhipsof great burthen but the river Kunhao in the fame captainjhip is only navigable with barges and yachts. The bays of this captainjhip are, Bahia Formofa, Punto Negro, Ponto de Pi- pas, and the Bay of Martin Tiifjen. The Bay of Ginapabo lies beyond Rio Grande to the north ; and beyond that a river call'd Guafiavi, upon which, near the mouth lies the village Atape Wappa. Near to the north you meet with the river Siria Mixui ; and near the village of Natalf and the fort of Vol. II. Tres Reyos, pafTes a river called the Crofs- 164.^. River, which arifes oat of a fm.all lake in Rio Grande. Over againil the fame fort, a frefh river falls into the great river, be- twixt two land-banks, and not far from thence another falt-v/ater river. The fort Keulen was four-fc[uare, built The fort upon a rock or point of a Receif at forne Kcuien, diflance from the fhore, at the mouth of the river Receif-, being furrounded with water, as oft as it's flowing water, fo that at high tide there is no coming at it but with boats. In the midfl of this fort is a fmall chappel, where in 1645, and 1646, our people found a wall about a foot and \ a half wide on the top, but at the bot- tom three feet, cut wirhin a rock, which brings frefh fupplies of good and fweet water every tide with an ordinary tide '■■ two hundred and twenty five, and at fpring- tide about three hundred and fifty quarts which is more than fuflicient for the ufe of the garrifon, in cafe of fiege. The fore is built of a fquare ftone , being tov/ards the fhore defended with two half bafcions, in form of hornworks. In the year 1 646, there was an artillery of twenty nine, as well brafs as iron pieces of cannon in tlia place, and provided with a good under- vault, and convenient lodgments for the foldiers. This fort was in 1633, taken by the /// cffi- Dutch, under the command of Matthias I'-'i^fth van Keulen, one of the governors of the ^^'^ company, who being afTifted by feveral no- ted captains, viz. Byma, Kloppetiburg, Lich- thart, Garftman and Mansfelt van Keulen^ fet fail thither with eight hundred and eight men, embarked in four Haips and feven yachts, and m.ade himfeif mafler of it, and the whole captainfhip at the fame time ; fince which it changed its name 'Tres Re- yos, into that of Keulen, from the comman- der in chief of this expedition. The Tapoyers for mountaineers) ufe com- monly twice a year, efpecially when the dry feafon puts them in want of frefh wa- ter, to make an inroad into this captain- jhip ; there being a conftant enmity be- twixt them and the Portuguefe. It hap- pen'd mjuly i6^§, that thefe Tapoyers be- ing advertifed that the Portuguefe intended to revolt from us, and had actually begun the fime in P ernambuka, did, under the conduct of one of their leaders, called Ja- cob Rabbi, after feveral provocations given them by the Portuguefe, make an incurfion ■ into Kunhao, where they killed thirty fix Perfons in a fugar-mill belonging to one Gonfalvo d'Olivera. From thence they march- ed to a certain place, where the Portuguefe had caft up a line for their defence, which they made themfelves mafters of, and put I the r. John NieuhofF^J Voyages t643', the Portuguefe to the fword. The Bra- fillians cold us, that this had been done in requital of what had been done to fome of thofe mountaineers by one Andrew Vi- dal in Sermhaim; after quarter given them before, of which we lliall fiy more here- after. Since which time, the Portuguefe have laid this trad defolate, which the Dutch once had a mind to re-people, and to put it in the fame condition as the Por- tuguefe had polTefs'd it, but for want of peo- ple that defign was fain to be laid afide. Suri. The captmnfhip of Siara is one of the moft northerly diflric1:s of Brafih border- ing upon Maranhaon to the north upon the river Siam. It is of no great extent, its whole tt)mpafs being not above ten or twelve leagues. fhe river The river Siara^ which rifes deep in the Siara. continent, difembogues about feven leagues and a half to the north of the bay Mangory- pa^ under 3 deg. 40 min. fouthern latitude. The native inhabitants of this captain- Jhip^ according to the report of thofe that have frequently vifited it, are very large of ftaun-e, with ugly features, long hair and black flxA Maurice' % town. Four times in the year the holy facrament was adminiftred, thofe who de- fired to be partakers of it, being obliged to make their confeftion before the church- council, or the minifters, who entred their names in a book and if they came from abroad, publifhed their names to the con- gregation ; and in all other refpeds the church difcipline was carefully obferved. The church-council was compofed of fix ^f^^.^ church- wardens, befides the minifter, thefe church- met duly once a week, and if any bufinefs council. of moment happen'd, fuch as chufing a minifter, &c. they called the deacons, who were likewife fix in number, to their af- fiftance. Out of the deacons were every month chofen two, who (befides their or- dinary bufinefs) were to vifit the fick and ' wounded, and to provide for them if ne- ;' ,,,ff ceffity required. They alfo took care of the orphans, to have them inftrufted in ' reading and writing. In the fame manner the other churches were regulated, with this difference only, that the number of church-wardens and deacons was lefs, in proportion to the number of their refpe- dive congregations. Thus much of the ecclcfiaftical ftate. Befides thofe living creatures we have given you a defcription of before, there are divers forts of bees in Brafil, call'd Ei- ruhi's, which fettle upon the trees in a moft furprizing manner. They are not unlike and Travels fi4 "enounce all their fretenfions^ engagements and actions to the company ; neither Jhall they lay any claim upon that /core of precedence or otherwife. Whenever it foall he fudged riquifite^ hy the great: council, to fend a certain 'perfon to the ingenho c/ any perfon entred into fuch an a- greement^ for the hetter fecurity of their debt, and the receiving and fending away the fugar, allotted to the company, he foall he ohliged to .find him with viifuals and lodgings in his in- genho ; hut the company Jhall pay him for his pains. Purfuant to which, the before named Manuel Fernando Cruz, with the advice and confent of his hefore-7nenticned creditors, has ohliged himfelf in general, and by thefe prefents, obliges and engages his perfon and eft ate, both real and perfonal, without any re- I fervation or exception ; hut efpe daily the before- named Ingcnho Tapicura, with all its ap- purtenances, according to the inventory there- unto affixed and confirmed by oath ; which In- genho Tapicura, he declares to he free from any pre-engagements, with all the grounds, fugar-f.elds , pafturages, woods, and other things thereunto belonging, viz. eight brafs calderns, ten tachoos and ten parvos, befides fever al other copper vejfels belonging to the faid ingenho twenty Jlaves belonging to the faid ingenlio, and Manuel Ferdinando Cruz, his hotfe and fixty oxen. And for the hetter per- formance of this agreement, Senhor John de Mendofe dwelling at Moeribeca, and Ma- nuel Gomes des Lisboa, living in Moquiaxe, have, after certificates obtained from the via- ■ gift rates of their refpeEiive dwelling-places, engaged themfelves , and do by thefe pre- jents engage themfelves as fecurities for the 'whole debt, and as debtors for each and every part thereqf, promifing to indemnify the com- pany of all aEiions, fuits, or other pretenfions ■ which may be made againjl them on the account of any other creditors of the faid Nlanutl Fer- nando Cruz, not mentioned or engaged in this agreement \ as likewije, that no fugar fhall be ■ furreptitioufiy convefd away or abalienated : That in cafe of non-payment , the co?npany Jhall he hereby fully empowered to recover their dajnages with intereft and charges, upon their perfons and eftates; they renouncing by thefe prefents all exceptions, ordinis, divifionis & ■ ' excufationis, as Ukewife all other pretenfions of privileges tending to the invalidity of this contraEl. The hefore-named creditors alfo, in general, and every one of them in particular, declare that they have given in a true account of all their refpeStive -pretenfions upon the faid Manuel Fernando Cruz, neither that they do dem.and any other fum or fums of him, hut what have been fpecified there under their re- fpeciive names ; promifing to be well fatisfied with whai has been ftipulated, and, if put in \ 643 , execution accordingly, to renounce all cMions or o^'^NJ private engagements, difcontents or preference in favour of the company, and that in caje of non- payment they will be obliged to make good and reftore to the faid company, not only each par- ticular fum paid o,t certain limited times, but alfo the whole, in the faine manner, as if the faid agreement had never been made betwixt them ; leaving it to the difcretion of the com- pany, whether they zvill lay their anions a- gainft Manuel Ferpando Cruz and his fecu- rities, or againft the7nfelves and their eftates j under the condition they were in before the conclufion of this agreement ; the benefit of acflionem ceffam , being allowed them againjl the faid Cruz and his fecurities, for the re- covery of their juft debts. In witnefs and con- fi,rmation of which we have groMted thefe our letters, as ifual in fuch cafes, fealed with the ordinary feal of the court of juftlce, and figned by the fecretary of the council. Tranfiated in Receit, 23'' September 1644. In the fame manner all the other con- tracls were made and penn'd ; the con- tents of which amounted in the whole to two million a hundred and twenty five thoufand eight hundred and feven gilders, which were due from the farmers to the mailers of the fugar- mills, and from thofe again to the company. The chief, if not the only reafon, v/hy ^^^^ thefe agreements were refolved upon , reafon was, (as we faid before) the intolerable thefe a- vexations and exadions put upon the ma- fters of the fugar-mills by their creditors, who, unlefs thefe mafters paid them at the rate of two or three pr cent, intereft per month, made immediate feizure of their negroes, oxen, coppers, and other neceffa- ries belonging to the fugar-mills ; fo that the mafters of thefe fugar-mills being redu- ced to a neceftity of paying fuch exorbi- tant exa6lions, or elfe to fee themfelves en- tirely ruined, began to defend their plan- tations and mills by force, fo that things feemed to tend at that time to a general infarrecftion, if the fame had noc been pre- vented, by entring into thofe contracts •, by which means the Uaafters of the fugar-mills being freed from the oppreflions of their creditors, and in lieu thereof now become debtors to the company, and time given them to employ their mills for the pay- ment of their debts, at certain limited times, and that at the rate of one per cent. intereft per month only, all pretenfions and occafions of a revolt were thereby re- moved, at leaft for that time the firft term of payment being fet out for a con- fiderable time. 4:0 Mr. ]6\m NieithoiFV Voyages 1643. To make this the more evident, thefe (.X'V^ following heads deferve our particular obfervation : That the company and the merchants, being creditors of the mafters of the fugar-mills, endeavouring at the fame time to force them to the payment of their debts, by executions. This oc- cafioned frOm the year 1647 to the time of the making of thofe contra6ls, fuch a con- fufion, as miift needs have tended to the total deftruclion of the fugar-mills, and con- fequently of the merchants and company ; which induced them to apply themfelves to the great council, to find out fome means, by way of difcount, or otherwife* to put thefe debts into the company's hands. The councellors of juftice did not at firft agree in all points to thefe propofals, but at their meeting on the 12"" of Auguft 1 644, being better convinced of the mat- ter, and that the company was fufficiently fecured and benefited thereby, the next following day did not only approve of the fame, but alio were of opinion, that Ibme things might be rather mitigated for the Advantage of the mafters of mills and their creditors, than not to relieve them at this juncture ; fo that the conditions ■were the 10'" of 'Novemher 1644, agreed nnto with the confent of the councellors of the court of juftice and the finances. Purfuant to thefe, the great council took care that publick notice fhould be given of thefe agreements made betwixt the com- pany and certain private perfons, by which every one was forewarned not to fell any thing upon credit to them, without the confent of the great council \ and their creditol-s fummoned to make good their debts within three weeks time, or elfe to be excluded from the benefit of the con- trad, 'till after the time therein limited was expired. From all which it is fufiiciently demonftrable, with how little appearance of truth fome have attempted to infmuate, that thefe contradls were prejudicial to the company, and had given no fmall occa- iiOn to theenfuing revolt of the Portuguefe ; when it is beyond all queftion, from what has been faid before, that thefe were the Only means to prevent thofe calamities, wherewith the mafters of the fugar-mills, and the farmers or countrey planters, were over-whelmed all that time, who were forced to let their mills ftand ftill, and leave the ground uncultivated all which, as it tended to the utter deftrudion of the fugar-mills, fo the company fuftained an irreparable lofs, mz. thirty eight pounds fer cent, yearly in Brafil, and thirty feven pounds per cent, in Holland., which being feventy five pound per cent, did altogether anfe from the uf§ gf the fugar-mills^ Befides this, there were not a few of 164^. thofe merchants that were creditors of the L'^'VNj fugar-mills, that were confiderably indebt- ed to the company, who pleading infolven- cy, by reafon of the non-payment of their debtors; the company would have been ~ confiderable lofers by them, unlefs by this v^ay of difcounting they had found means to recover thofe defperate debts. All which moved the great council to make a virtue of neceffity, and with the advice of the mafters of the fugar-mills and their credi- . tors, and the approbation of the council . of nineteen, to enter upon thofe articles; which could not be in any wife detrimen- ' tal to the company, tho' fome malicious perfons have objeAed againft them, that ' (fuppofing there had been no revolt) thele mafters would not in twenty years, nay, perhaps never have been in a condition to wrong the company, what they had laid out upon their account ; when it is fuf- ficiently known that the great council never paid one flirthing of ready money for them on the account of the company ; befides that for the fatisfadion of the cona- pany , twenty five fugar-mills were enga- ged, which one with another, affording from two hundred and thirty to two hun- dred and fifty chefts of fugar yearly, if the company had drawn but a hundred and forty or a hundred and fifty chefts from each, the fame would have amount- ed to four hundred and twenty thoufand gilders •■, from whence it is evident, thaC not to include the fugar-mills, their cop- . pers, oxen, and other Inflruments there- unto belonging, the fum of two millions one hundred and twenty five thoufand eight and fixteen gilders, being the total fum of the debt owing to the company by vertue • of thefe contrads, might have been fatis- .. , fied without much hazard ; the Portuguefe mafters of the fugar-mills, being by this expedient left in the quiet pofTefTion of tlieir mills, and eafed from the oppreflions of their creditors, and our hopes were not ^ little increafed by the induftry of the inha- bitants of the country, who finding them- felves now at eafe, applied themfelves with fo much aftiduity to the improvement of their plantations, for the better fatisfying of their debts, that in 1645 there was • - fuch a fair profped of a plentiful harveft of fugar, as had not been known in many years before. But it feems as if the Portuguefe out Reafons of of an in-born hatred to our nation, who the revolt had conquered them, were refolved not to reft fatisfied, 'till by underhand pradi- ^ ces and plots they had undermined our government. Add to this, that many of them having involved themf(;lves over head and dni Travels 11343. and ears m debt, and feeing no way to fa- (./-^/^ tisfy their creditors, were become defpe- rate, and more forward to run the hazard of an open revolt (in hopes of afllftance from Portugal) than to undergo the una- voidable neceffities of poverty ; which made fome of them frankly tell our people afterwards, that in cafe they v/ere difap- pointed in their hopes of iliccours from the Bahia, they would f;ek for aid in S_pain or 2" urkey, . . . Towards the latter end of the year 1642, there were rumours fpread abroad of a Plot contrived by the Portuguefe a- gainft the ftate when they v/ere difarmed, and their arms brought into the magazi- nes, which however they got again under fome pretence or other afterwards, they living very quietly among us, for fear, as I fuppofe, of our garrifons, and that they were not then fufficiently affured of fuccours from the Bahia. But it will not be amifs to trace the true origin of this revolt. The 13"' December 1642, one John Fernandes Vieira^ alderman of Maurice\- "Town, appeared in the great council, count iWiaZiinVt' being prefent, where he told them, that he had been informed by certain Jews, how he and his father-in-law Beringelwevc fufpedied in Holland, of having fent let- ters by a fon of the faid Beringel to the king of Portugal, tending to the detri- ment of the ftate. He did not deny to Sufpicion have fent a letter by the faid perfon to ^chery^' ^^^"S '^^ Portugal, but containing no more than a recommendation ot the faid Beringel's perfon, to help him him to fome ^ employment under the king : This he of- fer'd to prove by his copy, which be- ing produced, there was found nothing material in it, but a congratulation to the king upon his acceflion to the crown, and - a recommendation of the faid Beringel ; Vieira further propofed, that he thought it abfolutely necelTary, for the fafety of his eftate, to have the Portuguefe difarmed, as likewife the captains de Campo, v/ith thofe under their jurifdiftion, the Negroes, Bra- filians, Mulatts and Mamalukes. There was alfo a letter fent by the coun- v cil of nineteen, dated ijiine 1642, to count Maurice, containing in fiibftance, > that one John van North, who had fefved for fourteen months in the quality of a cadee in Brafil, had declared to them at Amfter- ' dam, that he had been a fervant in a fugar- mill belonging to John Fernandes Vieira, where after a ftay of two months, he was entreated by Francifco Beringel Labrador, to go with his {on • Antonio Dandrado Be- ringel, as an interpreter to Holland, and from thence to Portugal j which upon great Vol. 11. to BRAS IL: 41 promifes he accepted of, and they fet fail 1643, on board the Ship called the Love from {^/^ Brafil for Zeeland, and afterwards from Ulif- fimen went to Lifbon. He faid, that this Antonio Dandrado Beringel, after a famaliar converfation of three weeks, had told him that he was fent with a letter fign'd by John Fernandes Vieira, Francifco Beringel^ Bernardin Karvailho, John Biferro and Lexvis Bras Biferro, in which they gave to under- ftand to the king of Portugal, that they were well provided with men, money and arms, for the reducing Brafil under his obedience. The council added, that the king of Portugal had made the faid Be- ringel a captain, for this piece of fervice, and that therefore thev dehred coxmtMau- rice and the great council to keep a v/atchful eye over them, being fenfible what an averfioh the Portuguefe did bear to the Dutch. At the meeting of the great council of encrea- Brafil, 16''' February 1643, count Maurice J'^ ^y ^''^~ affured them, that he had received intelli- abroad^ gence, that fome of the chiefeft of the Portuguefe had refolved to furprize our garrifons in the country, at Moribeca, St, Anthony, and fome ether places, and to put them to the fword, which was to be ■ put in execution upon one of their faints days, v/hen they ufed to meet in confider- able Numbers. Thofe who had the chief management of this affair, had their dwell- ing-places in the Vargea, who had pro- pofed to furprize likewife the Receif, not queftioning that if they could make them- felves mailers of it, the other garrifons in the country would be eafily reduced, and confequently the company not able to fubfift long in Brafil, without foldiers and traffic k. Hereupon it was taken into delibera- ^jn^^,} re- tion, whether 'twere beft to fecure the jotuthn heads of this rebellion imm.ediately, or to delay it 'till a more convenient time, for '^^'^''^"P<>^- fear of allarming the whole country by their Imprifonment : The laft was refolved upon, becaufe they did not think them- felves as yet fufficicntly affured of their defigns, and did not queftion, but tnat by the fecret intelligence count Maurice was to receive of their tranfaftions, they might pre- vent them. It was however judged advifea- ble to draw the garrifons out of the country into the Receif, which was ftrengthened with new pallifadoes, and the old wooden battery repaired ; a fliip was alfo ordered with feveral great chaloops, the firft on the fea-fide, the others in the river, to de- fend the avenues of the Receif with, their cannon. There were likewife divers let- ters fent by private perfons, fome without names, to count Maurice and the great M council 42 Mr. John NieuhofF'^ V O Y A G E S 1643. council, confirming the traiterous defigns ^-'''V^ of the Portugiiefe % among others, one Mr. Van Eh fent a letter to count Maurice, dated at Serinbaim the 20"" of March 1643, importing, that he had it from fure hands, that a certain Mulat, of the company of Auft'in Harclofo, being asked by certain in- habitants of that Fregefie, what bufinefs they had thereabouts, had told them, that they had been to carry letters to fome per- fons living near the Receif, adding, that in a fliort time they would fee that place taken without any effufion of blood, either of the Dutch or Portugiiefe. In December 1643, Don Michael de Krafto, Don Bajlian Manduba de Sonho, and Don Antonio Ferdinandes, three ambalTadors from the count Sonho in Angola, arrived in the Receif, in the lliip cail'd the Arms of Dort ; they had but one fervant each, but brought along with them feveral negroes with gol- den collars, as a prcfent to count Maurice, befides a great number of other Negroes tor tlie company. Jmbajj- Being admitted to audience by count dors front MoAirice and the great council, they defir- ^of^ov\\^ '^^ ^^'^^ name of their Mafter, not to idmUtcd ^^""^ affifcance to the king of Congo, to audi- whom they feared would attack them be- ence. fore long, notwithftanding they were at that time both engaged in a war againft the Portuguefe. They received for anfwer, that the council would write to Mr. Niewland, their diredor tJiere, to interpofe his au- thority and mediation, in order to main- tain a good correfpondency, and remove all occafion of conteft betwixt the king of Congo and their maflrer, they being both confederates of the States : The faid Earl lent likev^ife a letter to count Maurice, in^ which he defired leave to buy a chair, a cloak, fome enfigns of war, fome apparel, and fuch like things. The great council writ alfo a letter, as well to the king of Congo, as to the count of Sonho, exhort- ing them to peace, and fent them the fol- lowing prefents in the name of the com- pany. To the King, ' ' A long black velvet cloak, with filver galloons. A fcarf edged with filver lace. A velvet coat. And a caftor-hat with a filver hatband. To the Count, _A red velvet elbow-chair, with gold fringes. A large velvet cloak, widi gold and filver galloons. A fcarf with a gold and filver lace. 1^43. A velvet coat. Ky\^ And a caftor-hat with a gold and filver hatband. They were entertained with all imagi- nable civility, during their ftay here : They were very skillful in playing with the back- fword ; in the management of which, they made moft terrible poftures and faces. They underftood very well, and made feveral learned harangues in the fame. The 13'^ o[ O^ober 1644, a certain Jw, Frejhfuf- called Gafpar Francifco de Kunha, with two P'""" ^ others of the chief of the fame fraternity, gave notice to the great council, that they had been credibly informed by fome Jews^ who converfed and kept frequent corref- pondence in the country, that the Portu- guefe s were plotting againft the Dutch-Bra- fil, telling the council the reafons upon which they founded this fufpicion. The council, after having returned thanks to thefe elders for their care, refolved to leave no ftone unturn'd to difcover the defigns of the Portuguefe ; and having received cer- tain intelligence, that they expeded fome arms and ammunition to be brought them by fea, they ordered the 12''' of October 164.4., the yacht called Niezuboufe, with a galliot and a challoop, to cruife along the coaft of Dutch-Brafl, to obferve what vefiels did approach the fhore. The 11"' of May 1644, count Maurice ^ ; left the Receif, in order to his return to Holland, after he had been eight years go- • ' , vernor of the Dutch-Brafl. All the citi- zens and chief inhabitants, both of the Receif and Maurice's town, appeared in arms, making a lane from the old town to the water-gate, of whom, as he pafs'd by, he took his leave with all imaginable demon- ftration of kindnefs. At the gate he mounted on horfe-back, and being accom- panied by the great council, the councel- lors of juftice and all the military officers, as far as Olinda, he there once more took his leave of them in particular, the Sieur Bulleftraet remaining only with him, be- ' ' ing deputed by the regency to condud him on board the fhips defign'd for his tranf- portation. They did not fet fail from the Red-Land 'till the 22^ of May, with a fleet of thirteen fhips, on board of which were a good number of foldiers, leaving only eighteen companies for the defence of the Dutch-Brafl. Mr. Bidleftraet return'd the 26" to tiie Receif. On the 22'' of April, not long before the departure of count Maurice, the com- miffion from the governors of the JVeft- India company, according to a refolution taken at their meeting the firft of July 1642, and Travels to BRASIL. 43 1643- Count Maurice abdicates thegovern- ment. fakes his leave. 1 642, concerning the government of Dutch- Brafil^ and dated tlie 22'' of May 16^^^ was read in the great council, by which the members thereof were to have the ad- rniniftration of the government 'tiJl fur- ther orders. Accordingly count Maurice having appointed a day to inveft them with the adminiftration of the government, he ordered (with the confent of the faid council) an affembly to be called on the 6"* of May., of the counfellors of juftice, of the magiftrates, the ecclefiaftical coun- cil and minifters of Maurice's, Towfi ; of the commanders in chief both by fea and land, the chief officers of the company, the officers of the militia, and the chief men among the Jews. All thefe being at the appointed time met in the great hall of the Sladthuif, he told them, that fmce their high and migh- tineffes the ftates, his highnefs the prince of Orange, and the council of nineteen, had been pleafed to grant him leave, after a ftay of eight years among them, in the quality of governor of the Dutch-Brafil, to return into Holland, he had called them together, to return them thanks for the many fervices, each in his ftation, had done to the company •, as likewife for the obedience, fidelity and refped: they had al- ways fhewn to his perfon ; telling them, that from this minute he refign'd the go- vernment into the hands of the great coun- cil, requiring and defiring them, in the name ot the ftates, the prince of Orange, and the council of nineteen, to fhew them the fame obedience, fidelity and refpedl they had done before ; whereupon count Maurice having congratulated the council, and the reft there prefent done the fame, he took his leave of them in the hall, and immediately after in the council-chamber, of the members of the great council, giv- ing them moft hearty thanks for their faithful council and affiftance upon all oc- cafions, and for the refpe6t and deference they had always fhewn to his perfon •, tel- ling them, that fince this would be the laft time of his appearing in their affem- bly, he had drawn up a memorial, which might ferve them as a guide, for the bet- ter adminiftration of the government ; and that, if they thought it convenient, he ftiould be ready to difcourfe with them, and enlarge further upon that fubje<5l. The members of the great council return- ed him their unfeigned thanks, wiftiing him a happy voyage, and good fuccefs in all his undertakings, and recommended themfelves and the whole Dutch-Brafil to his care hereafter. Before the breaking up of the affembly, it was debated in the prefence of count Maurice, which of the 7 members fnould have the precedency there 1643. as prefidenr, or whether the fame fliould L^-'V^ be taken by turns, the fame being not de- termined in their commiffion : After feve- ral arguments pro and con, it was agreed, that things fliould remain, in refpedl of this point, in the fame condition as had been ufual before, in the abfence of count Maurice, viz. for every one to keep his rank without any priority 'till further or- ders from the council of nineteen; to wit, firft Mr. Dirk Hamel, then Mr. Bulkjlraete, Mr. Kodde Vander Burgh, i^c. The next thing the great council took in hand, was to inquire more narrowly in- to the defigns of the Portuguefe againft the government ; to effedl which, it was re- folved in January 1 644, to fend Gilbert de Wit, councellor of the court of juftice, and captain Dirk Hoogdrate, then com- mander in chief in the Cape of St. Auftin, to Antonio T'elles de Syha, then governor of the Bahia, with the fol'owing inftrudions, dated the 1 5"" of the f\me month to com- pliment the governor (after the delivery of their credentials) in the name of the great council, with a fmcere promife and affurance of friendfhip, and good neigh- bourly correfpondency. After this, they were to reprefentto him, that many of the fubjecls of the Dutch-Brafil, after having contracted confiderable debts there, both with the company, and other inhabitants, did retire into the Bahia ; vv^herefore they Enzj cattle belonging to the rebels. But whilft lieutenant colonel Haus was employed in fecuring Pojuka againft their ■ " attempts, thofe of the Vergea Itrengthned themfelves with all poffible diligence; to further which, John Fernandes Vieira and ' Antonio Kavalkanti, who ftiled themfelves the heads of this war, did not only affix their declarations round about Maurice'^ 'Town^ and in Iguarafu^ inciting the inha- bitants to rebellion, by promifing them con- fiderable fuccours from the Bahia^ but their parties alfo, which they fent frequently a- broad, forced thofe of the open country to take up arms, killing fuch as refufed. The fame was pradifed by Amador d^Ara- ouje in Pojuka ; fo, that what with provifions, what with threats and force they got toge- ther a confiderable body in the Vergea, we being not in a capacity to prevent it, be- caufe what forces we had were in Pojuka. But judging it abfolutely for our intereft to ftop as much as poffible thefe proceed- ings, it was refolved to arm fome of the lufty young fellows with firelocks, which they were furniffied withal by the citizens, (there being none in magazines) and to join with them a detachment of the garri- fon, befides a hundred Brafilians, that were ® lately arrived under Peter Potti. Captain Purfuant to this refolution, captain John 'Bho.vfent Blaar received orders to put himfelf at the with fome ^^^'^ three hundred men, with whom he troops. was to march with all imaginable fecrefy from the Receif; and by lying in ambuffi near the pafles, to endeavour to intercept fome of the enemies Troops, not queltioning, but that out of the Prifoners, they fhould be able to learn where Vieira v/as polled with his main body, and of what ftrength both he and the fuccours from the Bahia was reputed to be among them. He had ftridl orders not to moleft any of the in- habitants, who were not in arms, but to proted them and their eftates, and to re- ceive thofe who fought for mercy, and bring them into the Receif. Orders were alfo fent to lieutenant colonel Haus to march with what forces could poffibly be fpared out of the garrifons to the fouth, to the Vergea, in order to join with captain Blaar, and endeavour to attack the heads of the rebels, which if they could once put to the rout, might be a means to quench the whole fire of rebellion, and to reftore peace to the Dutch -Br afiL The firft of July it was debated in coun- cil, whether all fach perfons as were fuf- pe6ted to have a hand in the confpiracy, ought not to be granted to all that defired it, without exception. The laft was re- folved upon as conducing moft to the quie- ting of the fubjeds minds. The ^^ in the evening, the council receiv- i (j^^r, ed advice from captain Blaar, that he was polled at Mongioppe, with an intention to attack the enemy, wherever he met them. The Q,^ he marched to Iguarafu. The 4"" they received letters from lieu- tenant colonel Haus, from St. Antonio, importing, that after having left a garri- fon in Pojuka under lieutenant Flemming, and one hundred Brafilians in St. Antonio^ he was ready to march to the fugar-miil Velho, and from thence to Moribeka ; where he v/ould exped their further orders. At the fame time the inhabitants of Go- yana having fortified themfelves in a cer- ^q" tain houfe, belonging to Liftry their chief tnagiftrate, they defired the council to fur- niffi them with forty mufquets, for the ufe of fuch among them as were unprovided with arms. Their requeft was granted; and pofitive orders fent at the fame time to Scrvaes Karpentier, to take this oppor- tunity to difarm all the Portuguefe, either by fiir or foul means •, to effed which, he fhould keep the Dutch together in a body as much as poffibly he could his anfwer v/as, he would endeavour to difarm the Por- tuguefe hy fair means, he wanting power to do it hy force. Befides v/hich, he gave no- tice in his letter dated the ii"* of Juh\ that every thing remained quiet hitherto in Goyana, but that the Brafdians, (con- trary to his exprefs orders) claiming a pre- rogative to be commanded by none but their own officers, purfuant to a decree of the council of nineteen, had in their paf- fages to y amarika plundered feveral of the Portuguefe inhabitants. Moll of the rebellious Portuguefe had left their wives and children in their liouf:3 and mills, which as it tended to their no fmall conveniency, fo fome of the faith- ful Portuguefe inhabitants did propofe on the 3'* o^July to the great council, wliether it would not be for our intereft to oblige thofe wives and children to quit their houfes and mills, and to fend them after their husbands. Several reafons were al- ledged for it. I. Becaufe the rebels being' encumbred with their families, muft of neceffity make greater confumption of Farinha, and other provifions, which would oblige them the fooner to alter their meafures, and to change their places. II. That thereby they vv^ould be much ' diffieartened, for fear of a vigorous attack. III. That they would not be able to march or to change their camp fo conve- niently as before, or to lurk in unhabi- table places. IV. That by the removal of thefe wOo men, who ferved them as fpies by the help of 6o Mr. John NieuholF'^ Voyages 1643. of their negroes, we fliould take away all iyy^ opportunity from them, to be informed of our defigns. All which reafons being well weighed, the following proclamation was publillied. J PaocLAMATioN/or ihe removal of the rebels zvives and ehildren. THE great council of Brafil , by the au- thority of the fates general of the united provinces, his high nefs the prince of Ox^x\^t^ and the Weft-India co?npany, make known unto every body^ that whereas many ofthofe^ who have fided with the three head rebels^ John Fernandes Vieira, Antonio Kaval- kanti, and Amador d'Araouje, againfi this flate, have left behind them their wives, child- ren and families, which hitherto continue in their former divelUng places ; we do by thefe frefents flriolly command all the wives and children, whether male or female, whofe hus- bands and fathers are engaged with the rebels, to leave their refpetlive houfes within fix days after the publication of this proclamation ; and to repair to their refpetlive husbands and fa- thers, or elfe to incur the penalties due to re- bels ; it being our refolution not to take the fame into our protection ; nay, to take away our fafe-guards from all fuch of our fubjeols as fhall be found to harbour or conceal thefe beforefaid wives, children, and their effects, tinlefs the hujhands and fathers of thefe wives and children fhall within the liinited time of fix days, return to their dwelling-places, and fue for pardon to the council. Thus decreed in the affembly of the great council of Brafil. About this time near one thoufand Bra- fdians, among whom were three hundred and fixty nine men, the reft women and children, being retired to the ifle T aniari- ka, to fhelter themfelves againft the re- bellious Portuguefe , Mr. Dormont coun- fellor of the finances, was fent thither in the beginning of July, as fupreme director of the territory of Iguarafu , to fecure that ifland, which was of fo great confe- quence to the ftate, in our intereft. The 5"^ of July , a proclamation was iffued againft the three chief rebels, John Fernandes Vieira , Antonio Kavalkanti , and ■Amador d'Araouje, declaring their lives and eftates to be forfeited, ofiering a reward for the apprehending of them, as follows. A proclamation for apprehending the three head , • rebels. THE great conned (?/ Brafil, hy authority of the flates general of the United Pro- vinces, his highnefs the prince of Orange, and /Zj^- Weft-India cvmpany, fend greeting : Be 1643, it known by all , that whereas we are fully fitisfied that John Fernandes Vieira, An- tonio Kavalkanti, aud Amador d'Araouje, fetting afide their allegiance^ have a confidera- ble time ago entered into a conspiracy againft the ftate, fending their letters throughout ft- veral Fregefies of our jurifdi5lion, to excite our fubjeffs to a revolt; that they have gathered and ftill are gathering forces to maintain their treacherous defigns against this ftate, forcing our faithful fubjeEis to join with them, threat- ning with death fuch as refufe to enter into ' ; this rebellion ; nay, having caufed fevercll, as well Hollanders as Brafilians, to be murder- ed upon that fcore : That they have affixed and ' publifhed declarations in feveral places, tend- ing to the difquieting and difturbing the minds of the fubjetls of this ftate, with the name and title of governours of this war ( whereas they ought to have filed themfelves faithlefs traitors) covering their villainous defigns under the name of the divine majefty, befules many other mifdemeanours , tvhereby they have rendered themfelves guilty of high treafon. It is for ' thefe teafon^ that we thought it our duty to declare the above named John Fernandes Vi- eira, Antonio Kavalkanti, and Amador • d'Araouje, and by thefe prefents do declare them enemies of this ftate , difturbers of the publick peace and our good fubjc^s, rebels and trai- ® tors againfi their lawful magiftrates % and to • -v v> have forfeited all their privileges, rights, lives, and eftates ; and as fuch , we grant not only free leave to every one to apprehend or to kill the faid John Fernandes Vieira , Antonio Kavalkanti , Amador d'Araouje ,. hut alfo \ profnife a reward of one thoufand Charles'^- gilders , to fuch or fuch perfons as fhall do ■ fo fignal a piece of fervice to the company, as to apprehend either of thofe perfons, fo as they may be brought to juftice and the like reward to any perfon who fhall kill either of the faid traitors, befides his pardon for any offence he may have committed before ; and if he be a ftave , his liberty , together wtth the reward. We alfo ftriElly command by thefe prefents, all the inhabitants of this ftate ^ of what quality ^ degree or nation foever, that they fhall not pre- fume to affi^ the faid rebels tvith arms, provi- fions, money, men , and ammunition , or har- t hour, conceal , or advife them in any refpetf, or keep the leafl correfpondence with them, unr- tier pain of being declared traitors , and to he punifhed as fuch with the uttnofl rigour, &c. Whilft the great council were thus en- deavouring to quench the flame of rebel- lion, they received frequent intelligence, that befides the fuccours already come to the rebels from the Bahia by land, by way of Rio St. Francifco, they expefted a confi- de rable fleet from thence j it was refolved 2 to and Travels to B R A S I ^heir in- 1643. to fend once more fome deputies to the go- KW--/-^ vernor Antonio 'T dies da Silva, to reprefent to him that Kamaron and Henry Dias be- ing under his jurifdid:ion, their entring in an hoftile manner into the Dutch Brafil^ could not be interpreted otherwife than a breach of the truce concluded bet\^ixt the king of Portugal and their high and migh- tineffes the ftates general. The perx>ns pitched upon for this pur- '^f/'tTfk P*^-^^ "Vfere Balthafar Vander Voerde^ councel- oovernor ,/lor of the court of juftice,_and B'lrk Hcog- tbe Bahia. firate , then commander in chief to the cape of St. Auftin^ v/ho being looked upon at that time as a very loyal perfon , was fent for the 4'" of July , leaving Barent Van Tichlenhorgh to command in his ab- ■ fence. Francis Krynen Springapple was ap- pointed their fecretary, and Gerrard Dirk Laet, Alexander Sylve , -^nd Jacob Swearts ^ to attend them as gentlemen. Their inftrudions were , to lay open to the governor the true reafon and occafion of this infurreftion , and the ringleaders thereof, who would never have dared to attempt it without the hopes of fuccours, which were fent them by land through Rio St. Francifco : They were to fearch into his intentions as near as poffibly they could , and to defire him to recal Kamaron and Henry Dias with their troops out of the Dutch Brafil, and to punifh them accord- ing to their deferts. If they found the go- vernor not inclined to give them due fatif- fadlion, by recalling thofe troops either by publick proclamation , or fending fome perfon of authority to bring them back, or by giving them fome other real de- monftrations of his fmcere intention be- fore their departure , they were to proteft to, and to declare themfelves innocent of all the damages, murders, and rapines as well againit the Hollanders, as Por- tuguefe and Brafdians , already committed or to be committed by thofe forces. They were to declare to the governor, that they would look upon it as an open breach of peace and a£t of hoftility, of which they muft give an account to their mailers , who , without queftion would know how to make themfelves amends for the damages fuftained and to proteft once more , that the Dutch declared themfelves innocent of all the miferies which muft en- fue from their taking up arms for their own defence , after their fo reafonable requeft had been rejedled. Accordingly they fet fail the 9'° of Ju- ly 1645, from the Receif, in the fliip cal- led the Roeluck.) and coming to an anchor the 1 7'*" in the Bahia, were in the name of the governor Anionio Telles da Siha , com- plimented aboard their ihips by feveral Vol. II. 'Arrive in the Bahia. Portuguefe gentlemen, from whom they af- ked leave to come alhore , having feveral matters of moment to propofe to him in the name of the great council of Brafd. The next day being the 18"" of July, a- bout noon, lieutenant colonel yfWmy Vidal, ^''^ and cx^xziViP edro Kavalkanti^^Nxxh. fome other officers, came in a brigantine to fetch them' to the palace ; where, after the firft com- plements , they delivered their credentials, telling the governor, that out of thofe he would underftand that they vt'ere fent to treat with him of certain points , which they v/ere ready to propofe either now or whenever he fnould be difpofed to receive them. The governor , after the ufual re- turn of complements and perufil of the credentials, told them, that he was ready to hear them whenever they pleafed , wiiere- upon they propofed. That fome Portuguefe fubjeds of their Thdr pro. high and mightinefles the ftates general of pofitions. the United Provinces , have entred into a cabal, in order to take up arms and attack Pernamhuko to eited which , they have by certain letters folicited- their fellow fub- jeds to enter into a rebellion, and provi- ded themfelves with arms, in hopes of fuc- cours from abroad. Tliat in the begin- ning of May , Kamaron and Henry Dias with their Brafdians and negroes, and fome Portuguefe, being on their march in an hoftile manner to P ernamluko ; John Fernandes Vieira, Antonio Kavalkanti , and Amador d'Araouje, with other Portnguefe their accomplices had no fooner notice of their coming , but they abfconded from their houfes , gathered what forces they could , fome by force , fome otherwife , pubiifhed their declarations, ftyling them- felves governors of this war for the public liberty •, all which they undertook upon hopes of being backt by foreign troops. That through God's mercy their mafters did not want power to proted their faith- ful fubjeds, and to punifh the rebels ac- cording to their deferts : But as they could not comprehend what it was that could induce thefe foreign troops to enter their territories in time of peace, in order to aid their rebellious fubjeds againft them, fo they were at a ftand how to deal with them. That the great council as well as all the reft of the inhabitants, being too well acquainted with his excellency's ex~ tradion, exquifite knowledge in ftate af- fairs , and the good neighbourly corref- pondency he had always cultivated with our government, than to harbour the leaft thought that he ftiould give the leaft en- couragement to any of his fubjeds, to aid rebellious fubjeds againft their fovereigns : That they were fenfible he would ufe all R ■ pofiible 62. Air. John Nieulioff'^ Voyages 1643. pofTible means to prevent it. It was for this reafon that they were fent by the great council to give his excellency no- tice of the hoftilities committed by Ka- maron and Henry Dias , defiring that he would be pleafed not only to command them not to affifl: the rebels with their troops, but alfo to retire out Perna?n- huh and the other captainfhips under the BuUh jurifdiftion ; that fo the rebels being dilappointed of their affiftance, might be fooner reduced to their former obedience, and our fubjedls enjoy the benefit of the truces ftipulated betwixt his prefent majef- ty of Portugal, Don John IV. and their high and mightineffes the ftates general. AU which , the great council of Brafil, highly recommended to his excellency's confideracion, in a letter which was then delivered by the deputies to the governor, which is as follows. J letter from the great council to the gover- nor of the Bahia. I'T is fufficiently known to your excellency with what firiElnefs the truce hetzvixt his majefty of Portugal and the high and migh- ty the ftates general of the United Provin- ces, has been obferved in all its circmnft an- tes by the inhabitants of the Dutch Brafil , even according to the conftitution of thofe of the Bahia and other places , who have of late pajjed through our captainfhips •, neither have we ever received the lea§i cofnplaints upon that account, either from the king your mafter, or from your excellency •, all which gave us fuf- ficient reafon to believe that you would not in the leaft confent that your fubje£ls fhould attempt any thing contrary to the faid truce. And though fome of the Portuguefe inhabi- tants, fubje^ts of the ftates, laying afide their allegiance, have taken up arms and are rifen in rebellion againft this ftate, as foon as Ka- maron and Henry Dias at the head of their Brafilians and negroes, befides fome Portu- guefe, did without licence or the lea§f encou- ragement from us , enter our territories, con- trary to the law of nations, and joining with the rebels, exercifed open hoftitilies againft our fubjeols , not like foldiers but robbers and thieves ; yet can we not be perfuaded that thofe troops fhoidd have jnade this attempt hy order or confent of his majefty of Portugal or your excellency, againfl us your confede- rates. Thanks be to God we don't want means to bring our revolted fubje^s to reafon, and to deftroy thofe foreign troops ; but to Jhew to all the world how ready we are to ful- fil the reiterated comynand of our mafters , to maintain inviolably the truce betwixt his ma- jefty and them ; and to remove all finifter in- terpretations which might be made in foreign courts upon this head, as alfo to give fif- ficient opportunity to his majejly of Portugal and your excellency , to convince the world that you have neither confent ed to nor a~ betted this confpiracy ; we in the name of their , high and jnightineffes the ftates general, his highnefs the prince of Orange, and the go- vernors of the Weft-India company, have fent Mr. Balthafir Van Voerden, councellor of the court of juftice, and Dirk Hoogftrate,, cojnmander in chief on the cape of St. Auftin, as our deputies to you , with full power to propofe thefe points to you, and to deft re you forthwith to recall the faid Kamaron, Hen- ry Dias, and other leaders, with their troops^ within a limited time out of our territories, ei- ther by piiblick proclamation, or fuch other means as your excellency ftoall think mofl forcible or expedient, and to punifo them ac- cording to their deferts ; and if they refufe to obey, to declare thsm open enemies to his ma- jefly ; it being impoffihle for us to conceive , how due fatisfaElion can be given without it to their high and mightineffes, to the prince of Orange, and theV^ti^-lndiX-s. company, which neverthelefs we ought and do expeEl from your excellency. 1643. Subfcribed, On the fide ftood. From the Receif, July 7, 1640. 7'our excellency's Well-meaning friends ^ Henry Hamel, A. Van Bulleftraten, P. J. Bas, J. Van Walbeck, . and Henry de Mucheron. The governor gave immediate an- g^^^^^ fwer to the deputies propofitions, that he nor's an- was fo far from fending any fuccours to the rebels that he had not had the leaft knowledge of it. That the Brafilians and negroes were difbanded by his majelly's order, and that thefe as well as the Por- tuguefe among them , that were come to the affiftance of the rebels , could be in no great numbers, confifting (as he fup- pofed) in fome vagabonds, or others, who having committed mifdemeanours in the Bahia, had taken this opportunity to fhel- ter themfelves, and flee from punifliment, as it frequently happened that fuch like perfons did come to the Bahia from Per- nambuko , which neverthelefs had given him not the leaft fufpicion of the coun- cils fincerity. He told them that he was extremely glad to underftand the good confidence their mafters repofed in him , of maintaining the truce concluded betwixt his majefty of Portugal and their high and ifTuring them mightineffes the ftates general and Travels to BRASIL« 6 164?. them that he never fhould be prevailed O'-v-^ upon to ad contrary to it, for fear of ha- zarding his life. And that if he had any fuch intention, he did not want means to attempt it by the afliftance of the Brafi- lians. But that he had never had any thoughts that way , notv/ithftanding he had been provoked to it by the Dutch , who fmce the truce had taken a Portuguefe fhip and carried it to the Receif, which by the bravery of the Portuguefe was deliver- ed from the HoUarJers^ and they and the Ihip brought to the Bahia ; the Dutch ma- riners being difmiffed without any punifh- ment. He told them further, that he was not infenfibie what an opinion their maf- ters entertained of his fincerity ; and that he had reafon to believe, that they had at this time as they had done before , fent their deputies chiefly to feel his pulfc, to enquire into his ftrengrh, and to dive into his defigns. That however , he would communicate the letter to his council, and give them a fpeedy anfwer, in order to their return home , purfuant to the re- • queft of their mafters. Then the gover- hor arifing from his feat , the deputies took their leave and returned aboard. Their fe- '^^'^^ ''9"' '^^ morning they were fent cond audi- for a fliore by a lieutenant, and brought -ence. to the houfe of lieutenant colonel Pedro Korea de Gama^ where they dined in com- pany of Andrew Vklal and Paulo de Kunha. Towards the evening they were again con- dufted to the palace, where the fecretary defired them to tarry a minute, becaufe his excellency was bufy with clofmg his letters •, after fome ftay they were intro- duced to the governor , who told them, that he had underftood the contents of the letter, which he found altogether agreea- ble to the propofitions made to him the day before by way of mouth by them, which confifted chiefly in two points. Thegover- pji-ft the good opinion their mafters hnjmr. lincere intention , in maintain- ing a good correfpondency with them , in order to maintain the truce betwixt his majefty and the ftates general, and the confidence they had of his not being con- cerned in the rebellion , either by encou- • ■• raging or aflifting the fame. "Wherefore he defired they would continue in the fame fentiments, becaufe he never had made the leaft infraction of the faid truce, neither ever thought of any thing like it, nor fuf- fered any of his fubje6ts to a£t contrary to it-, notwithftanding , faid he, Holland- ers have broke the fame in feveral re- fpefts, VIZ. in their expeditions againft An- gola., Sit . 'Thomas a.nd Marin ho ; by the plundering of Pedro Cefar Mines, who had been bafely ufsd during his imprifonment, j 643. not like a man of quality, being forced to v-/~y-vJ fheker himfelf among the woods after his efcape. They had alfo taken a Portugnefe fliip in his own harbour. Neither did the inhabitants of Pernamhuko want rea fons of complaint as well as the other captain- fhips ; he had underftood out of feveral letters from thence , how the Je-jjs were dways bufy in forging accufations againft them, which were taken for truth; and when the Portuguefe had thereupon ab- fconded themfelves out of f^ar, the Tapo- yers or mountaineers were armed againft them, among the reft they had caufed a poor hermit to be hanged. The great council had always given him fufficient proofs of their fufpicion , the laft em- bafly being intended to no other purpofe (as captain Hoogftrate could teftify) than to dive into his defia;ns and ftrength. Thus it was reported and believed, that Andre-w Vidal and Paulo Kunha, with feveral other officers, were fent by him into Pernajnbu- ko, though they faw them here before their eyes. Upon the fecond point, concerning the troops faid to be fent to Pernamhuko , he gave for anfwer, that they muft be fome Brafilians and negroes lately dift)anded, who were of little account, as we were fenlible ourfelves : That if a few Portuguefe , were among them, they muft be fuppofed to be criminals who were fled from juftice; that he was not unwilling to call them back by proclamation, but feared that he fhould be but flenderly obeyed, by a fort of people who could not be kept in obedience with- in his own jurifdidlion. That to fatisfy our requeft, and to remove all reafons of complaint, he intended to fend his depu- ties ftiortly to Pernamhuko ; all which he had more clearly expreft in his letter to the great council , wherewith he would , according to the requeft of our mafters , difpatch us with all imaginable fpeed. The deputies replied, that their mafters j ^. , had never entertained any fufpicion of his the%puf excellency, neither had they given any or- ties. ders to dive into his defigns ; but always had a favourable opinion of his firm ad- herence to the truce, as might be eviden- ced by Mr. Andrew Vidal, who during his ftay with them , had liberty to go where he pleafed, without any attendance but his own. That what he objeded concerning the accufations of the Jews was of no mo- ment, the fame being never hearkned to, the intended infurre6tion being difcovered by perfons of unqueftionable credit. That John Fernandes Vieira , Antonio Kavalkanti, and others their adherents, had always been protected 64 Mr, John Nieuhoif S Voyages 1 643. protected againft any flilfe accufations, and C/V\J i^ad free accefs to all the counfellors of the court of juftice, and thofe of other co- lonies, as well as the chiefeft among the Dutch, fo that they had no reafon to ab- fcond out of fear for the Tapyers, who never were intended to be employed a- gainft them. That they did not know of any hermit that was hanged by them, but remember'd that in an engagement with Amador d'Jraonje, fuch a one was fhot by the Brafdians as he was ringing the bell to give the alarum. They further told him, that tho' they had no orders to treat with his excellency upon any other points than thofe that concern the rebellion, they could eafily make it out before all the world, that Angola and the other places were conquered according to the rules of war, without the leafl; infraction of the truce, it having been exprefly ilipulated, that the war lliould continue in thofe parts till the fame was publifhed there. The Bra/tlians, Negroes and Portiiguefe were come in confiderable numbers into our territories, not like dif- banded foldiers, but v/ell armed, and their coming was not unexpected, but well knov/n to the rebels ; but the council was not fo much concerned for their number, as to be fatisfied under whofe authority they had taken up arms againft them, that they might deal with them accordingly. But however it was, they defired his excel- lency to believe, that their mafters would be extremely glad to underftand his good inclinations, that thereby the efiiifion of humane blood might be faved •, intt eating him to fend his deputies forthwith with the neceflary inftruftions. The governor promifed to fend his de- puties foon after their return to Pernambii- ko, telling them, that as he thought him- felf fecure of the good neighbourly cor- refpondency of their mafters, fo he was refolved to continue in the fame on his fide. What he had propofed for the reft, had been only by way of difcourfe, not v/ith an intention to enter into a difpute concerning the legality or illegality of it -, tho' it appear'd very odd to him, that they fhould aflift his mafter at home, and at the fame time wage war with him in o- ther parts, under pretence that the peace was not publifhed there; and what had paffed with Pedro Ccefar de Mines was a thing^ not juftifiable in his underftanding. After the ufual compliments he arofe from his feat, telling them, that he would 7he:j take fend the letter directed to the council to dmr leave, them _ aboard the next day, and fo our deputies returned aboard their fhip. The 20'^ in the morning the fecretary of the governour came aboard our vefiel, with 1^43. the governors letter to the council, which t^'V^J he delivered to the deputies, requefting in his mafter's name, to fend him a tranflation of the letter from the council to the gover- nour out of the Dutch into the Portuguefe, fubfcribed with their ov/n hands-, which they did, and having delivered the fame to the fecretary, he took his leave and re- turned afhore. Our people fet fail the fame day about Their re- noon from the Bah'ia to Pernamhuko, where they arrived the 28"" in the afternoon be- ^^^'^^i^- fore the Receif, and gave an account the fame day of their negotiation to the great council, unto whom they alfo delivered the letter written by Antonio T elks da Silva, and diredted to them. The contents of which are as follows. 'The governours letter to the council. R. Balthafar Vander Voerden, coun- The gov er- cellor of juftice^ and captain Dirk Van mrs letter Hoogftrate, commander in chief on the Cape tothecoun-^ of St. Auftin, your lordfloips deputies have'^^^ delivered your letter to me, in which you are pleafed to give me notice of the revolt of foms of your fuhje£ts againft you. I received this - nezvs as I ought to do, and fhould not have been able to receive it without the great eft furprize and difcompofure of mind, if I had. ' not been affured in my confcience, that your . lordfJdips did not in the leaft imagine, that . . " ■ this infurreEiion could derive its fource from our government ; and, tho' I could upon this occafion enter upon a long recital of the pro- ceedings of my government, tending from its beginning till now, to a fujficient juftification^ in the eyes cf all the world, and of the greateft . kings and princes of chriftendom, that the faid good correfpondency has been maintained as ftriEtly on our fide, as the fame is pro?nifed in your lord fhip' s letter: But rather than give the leaft occafion of difguft or differencCy by enlarging myfelf upon thofe heads, in which ' ' your fubjeSts have exprefly and manifeftly vio- lated the- truce concluded and ratified betwixt the king ?ny Mafter, and the States General of the United Provinces, I will facrifice the fame to the intereft cfour cofnmon neighbourhood, rather than to enter upon a particular account of thefe mifcarriages, in the expedition of An- gola, at a time whenthe States General didajftft the crown of Portugal with their naval force^ when our arnhaffadors refiding in the Receif, were told, that thefe troops were not intended to be employed againft any of his majeftfs harbours, but in the Weft-Indies, tho' at the fame time they were embarked for the coyiqueft of Angola. The fame may be faid of the ta- king of the ifte of St. Thomas, and the city Luy de Mapanha, and the ftizing of a Por- tuguefe and Tr aVels f^BRASIL 6$ i?;43. guefe Jhip upon our coajl\ loadcn with fu- gar from Spiritu Sanfto. ^he cnmviijjary Greening was difpatcFd hither, under a pre- text oj buying of Farinha, but in effeEl to found my inclinations, as he himfelf confeffes, when he fays in a certain letter of his, I ■was fent thither with this commiflion, but rather to feel his pulfe and try his friend- fhip, than that we were in want. The un- faithful dealings of the dire£fors of Angola in the capitulation with the governor Pedro Cefar de Mines the razing of our fort Ara- val in Bengo •, the bafe treatment put upon . the faid governor, being a, perfon of quality, and a general of his majefly' s, are matters altogether inconfiftent with the rules of war, ■nay,with humanity itfelf, and contrary to the prabTice not only of the more civilized nations of Europe, but alfo the Barbarians them- felves. Of the fame ftamp was the anfwer given by your council to our amhaffador, who urging a ceffation of arms in the kingdom of Angola, was anftvered, that the fame had no dependency on our jurifUbiion, quite con- trary to the fincere intentions always ohferved by me in all our tranfa^ions with you for no fooner did your lordfhips make complaints to me againfi one captain Auguftino Conda- go, and one Domingo de Rocha, who ha- ving carried away a barge with fugar, had brought her into the harbour of our city, I fent back the faid vejfel ifnmediately, and put the captain in prifon till he was fent over to his majefly. And that time being informed, that two foldiers living under my jurifdidlion, whofe names were John de Campos, and Domingo Velho Sigifmundo, had commit- ted fome infolencies in your captainfJoip of Pernambuko, I can fed them to be hanged im- 7nediately, looking upon it as a duty not to be difpenfed with by me, for the maintaining of our mutual good correfpondency : All thefe before- mentioned infraElions having never been able to make me forgetful of the reiterated orders of his majefy, viz. To improve the effeils of ■ the peace and alliances made betwixt him and the States General, to our both fides fatisfa- Slion: I muft at the fame time confefs, that ^ _ looking upon myfelf as a foldier, (abftraEled from the confideration of the interefi of the ftate, and the duty of a fubjecl) I thought I . ought not to take tamely fo many affronts, ■ and to let fip fo many fair opportunities of doing myfelf juflice-, much beyond, what can he' fuppofed to arife from the conjunolion of a few unarmed Portuguefe, a few difcontented Negros, and fome rebels, whofe proteElion can- not, as I faid before, come in any competi- tion with the feveral opportunities and provo- cations pafshl by on our fide before, for the cominon interefi ; and that confequently our government cannot as much as be conceived to be the hidden caufe of this rebellion-^ as your Vol. II. lordfhips themfelves are plea (Id w confefs ; 1643. neither would I have enlred upon a recital of thofe particularities, if I had not thought my felf obliged both in duty arid afi'ection, to give this fatisfaElio7i to you. To give you the true account of the abfence of Henry Dias, you. 7nufi know, that one night he left his guard in Rio Reael, and paffed over to your fiide ; Don Antonio Philippo Kamaron, captain of the Brafilians, being fent after him, and not returning, I judged that they were gone towards Mocambo, to attack the Palmairas of Rio St. Francifco, which made me (to avoid all fufpicion of being concerned in any thing that might tend to the breach of peace ) fend two jefuits to perfuade them to return, but in vain, they refufing to obey, either for fear of punifijment, or that they were already engaged with the rebels, (as I now am apt 'to believe ihey were) fo that I have heard nothing from the?n fince, except zvbat I have underfiood out of your lordfinps letter. The Portuguefe under your jurifdiSlion have fent to me the reafons which moved them to this ' infurretlion, imploring 7ny affifiance, as fuh- je^s of the king my mafter ; they told me, that they fiood in fear of being facrificed to the fury of four hundred Tapoyers, fent for that purpofe from Rio Grande ; to avoid which, and dreading your lordfhips anger., awakened againfi them by the file accufa- tions of the Jews, (the mofi perfidious and irreconcileable enemies of Chriftendom) had rather chofen to expofe themfelves to a mofi miferable flight, leaving behind them their wives and children, than to endure the hard- fhips of a tedious imprifonment . I could fcarce have imagined, that you could be fo . far mifled by the fivlions of a people fo much defpifed by all other nations, as to he perfua- ded by them, that certain perfons were fent from hence into your territories, who have been feen here by your deputies. And tho' I am apt to perfuade 7nyfelf, that fome of the Portuguefe would, as the cafe now fiands, be glad to embrace our proteEiion, it being 7?iuch more natural to be opp'reffed by ones own king or prince, than by foreigners : Tet when I ferioufiy refietl upon your lordfhips propofals made by your deputies, viz. to oblige captain Kamaron^ and Henry Dias, to re- turn to the Bahia, and to ufe all other pro- per means to bring the revolted Portuguefe to reafon; when I fay, I ferioufiy refletl: up- on the publick calamitves on one fide, and how defiitute I am of fuitable means at pre- fent to fatisfy your defires, I cannot but be infinitely concerned thereat •, being fenfiible that thefe captains will not be broifght over by perfuafions ; and wanting means to reduce them to obedience, who have now fettled the^n- felves at fo great a dtflance among the woods and forefis. But as I am ready to conform S myfelf 6^ M}\ John Nieuhoff'^ Voyages 1643. f^^^^^elf in all refpe^s to your lordjhips defires^ to convince you of the fincerity of the Porcu- guefe nation^ which is fuch, that no oppor- tunity,, tho" never fo great of promoting their own intereft, does ever ftand in competition with what they think they owe to their con- federates : I am willing to take upon me the office of a mediator^ in order to endeavour to appeafe thefe troubles by my authority ; for which end I intend to fend to you with all pofjible fpeed, certain perfons of known abi- lity, with fufficient inftruElions and power, to the rebellious to return to their duty ; which, if they decline, fuch meafures may be taken as will force them to it ; which, as I hope, may ferve as the ?noft effectual means to re/lore tranquillity to your dominions, and to cultivate the good opinion and correfponden- cv betwixt us ; which I wijh God Ahnighty will be pleafed to continue betwixt thefe two nations, by a perpetual tye of amity. ]uly 19, 1.645. Signed, Antonio 'Telles da Silva. Mr. Hoogftrate at the fame time gave a fecret verbal account to the great council, that foon after their arrival there, Andrew Vidal, captain Faulo Kunha, and John de Soufi came to them, the laft of whom fit himfelf down near him, (Mr. Hoogjlraten ) enquiring fecretly after his uncle Philip Pays Barelto, whether he was among the mutineers •, to whom he gave for anfwer, that he was ftill in his mill. After which, the table-cloth being laid, Soufa was in- vited to ilay at dinner with them, which he refufed •, becaufe, as he faid, he was upon the guard : Before dinner was ended Soufa came back, and after the table-cloth v/as taken away, invited Mr. Hoogftrate and Kunha to fmoke a pipe with him in a back room, whither they went, but were followed by the fecretary, Nir. Spring apple. As they paffed through a gallery, Paulo de Kunha took Springapple a little on one fide ; and in the mean while, Soufa told Hoogftrate with a loud voice, that he was furprized to hear that his uncle Philip Pays had not lided with the reft : Unto which Hoogftrate anfwered, That he thought he did very wifely to keep hi)nfelf quiet, be- caufe it was likely to turn to no account. "That is your opinion, rt^Xy'd Soufa, but have Hoocftrate ^ ^^'^^^^ patience ; and, becaufe I know you it tmptcd ^^^'^^ always been a friend to the Portu- iy the guefe, I can affure you it will turn to a confi- Portuguefe derable account. And it is upon this fcore, ' ^- I advife you, like a friend, to provide for your own fafety and your family. Tou may reft ajfured, that if you will engage to do a piece of good fervice to the king my tnaftef, and to the governor, you fljall want Jieither mo- 1643. 7iey, fugar-mills, places, mr preferments.iy^^^f>s^ Mr. Hoogftrate appearing fomewhat dif compofed at this difcourfe, told him, That though he was not unwilling to do the king and governor what fervice he could, he did not know what fort of fervice he meant. Unto which, Soufa replied, / am fure you are able to do good fervice to the king ; but then., fays Hoogftrate, you muft tell ?ne how : That I will, anfv/ered Soufa ; are you not gover- nor on the cape of St. Auftin ? Unto which Mr. Hoogftrate fiid, 2>i, / am; then, re- plied Soifa, all that is required of you, is^ to furrender the faid fort, with all its works ^ into the king's hands, that we may land our men thereabouts : If you will promife to do it, you Jhall have a very a?nple reward, and be made commander in chief of our forces. Mr. Hoogftrate gave for anfwer, that thefe were things of fuch a nature, as were not confftent with his oath and honour. Their difcourfe being interrupted at that time by the coming of another perfon into the gal- lery, John Soufa and Pa.'.lo Kunha went out another way. Mr. Hoogftrate told his fe- cretary, Mr. Springapple, with a difcom- pofed look, IVhat is the 'meaning of thefe dogs, do they take me for a traitor ? He was going on to fay more, when Soufa and Kunha returning imo the gallery, took him afide, and told him. That he might be fure every thing Jhould be performed that had been promifed him ; that if he wanted any money he ffjould have it it?imediatcly ; and for the reft, they would introduce hi?n alone to the governor, to receive the confirmation of it from his own mouth. Mr. Hoogflrate re- ply 'd. What you defire is not in my power to perform, if I would never fo fain \ becaufe I am promifed to have a commijfion of mayor immediately after my return, and then I Jhall certainly be employed in another place. Du- ring this parley, Mr Vander Voerde entred the gallery in company with Mr. Andrew Vidal, who entertained him all the while the others were talking together, till Hoog- ftrate taking his opportunity as they were walking together, whifpered Mr. Vander Voerde in the ear, / wiJJo I was well rid of them, to talk with you in private, for I know not what their dcfign is \ I am afraid they will either kill or detain me here. Mr. Van- 7^ der Voerde would willingly have made a reply, but could not, by reafon Soufa and Kunha, and Piedro Korre de Gama, (the laft of which underftood Dutch) were fo near them fo that he thought it the fafeft way to diifemble, and to pretend as if they had been talking about fome indiiferent matter. Mr. Hoogftrate then told Soufa, that he had a great mind to pay a vific to Donna Katharine de Melo, jnother-in- law d7ld Travels to B R A S I L. 6i 1643. Iaw of PhUip Pays Sonfa ; he anfwercd him, t/^iTNJ that he woiikl afic the governor, vA\o ha- ving given his conllnt, Iioo^'ftrate went tliitaerward with Soufa^ and at his going out of tlie gallery, wnifpered Vander Voen.e again in the ear, T'hey have calch'd a m.uk- reU for I irntend to aEl the hypocrite to the life. As they were walking along the ftreet to madam dc Melo'^ houfe, Scuja and Kmi- ha repeated their former difcoutfe, endea- vouring to encourage Mr. Hoogjlrate, by hopes and proniifes of great reward, both from the king and governor, withwhom they faid he Ihould confer in private con- cerning the point in hand, and that in the following manner. After their return from madam de Mc- lo's, to the houfe of Piedro Kcrre de Gama, where Vander Voerde expected their com- ing, Kunha was to go privately to the go- vernor, to agree with him, that wlien Mr. Vander Voerde^ Hoogftrate, Soufa, and Kunha, fhould come to fpeak with him, he fliould by his fecretary, defire them to ftay a little v/hile. In the mean while, Sonfa was to aflc Mr. lioogftrate to take a glafs of wine with him, and under that pretence bring him to the chamber of the confeffor of the governor, where they were to have this private interview. Accord- ingly, Paulo de Kunha went to the gover- nor, v/hilfi: Hoogftrate and Soufa were re- turning to Piedro Corre de Ga^na's, houfe ; " when Sonfa entertained him with nothing elfe, but the probability of fucceeding in . their enterprize againft the Dutch Brafil, ■ • telling him, that the governor ftay'd only for the coming of Salvador Korrea de Saa . and Benevides, who were expe6ted with four galleons from Rio Janeiro, befides fome other Ihips ; and that twenty five hundred men were defigned for this expedi- tion, befides thofe already in arms in Pernam- huko, who were to be fent from the Babia, and to be landed on the Cape of St. Au- fiin ; I'his is, faid Soufa, the governor's re- quefi to you. Scarce were they returned to the houfe of Piedro Korrea de Gama, v/hen Andrew Vidal came and told them, that the go- . . vernor was ready to receive them ; fo they ■ ■ ; ^/ent to the palace, where they were no fooner come within the anti-chamber, but the governor's fecretary came to defire them to tarry a little, the governor being bufy with clofing fome letters. So whilit fome Portuguefe were entertaining Mr. Van- der Voerde near the window, fays Soifa to Mr, Hoogflrate, Come, fhall you and I take a glafs of wine in the mean while e Which ■ Mr. Springapple, fecretary of the embafly , underftanding, told him, that he would go along with them but Paulo de Kunha, and fome other Portuguefe taking 1643, him afide, kept him in difcourfe, whiliL ^'V>^' Mr. Hoogflrate was conducted by Soufa in- to the conkflbr's chamber. Within a few minutes after, the gover- Mr.Hoog- nor Antonio Telles da Silva, entring the fin teV room, faluted Mr, Hoogftrate very cour- '^'^^^ ^"^f''- teoufly, and fetting hinrfelf in a chair near '^'fhe' gojen him, order'd the chamber to be iock'd, nor. no body being prefent befides themfclves but Soufa. The governor then told Mr. Hoogftrate, that he had always taken a particular notice of his character, of his being a friend to the Portuguefe, that he hoped he would continue in the fame opi- nion, and would not refufe the oifer made him by Don John de Soufa, in the king's and his name their intention being not to enter into a war with the Dutch, but - only to rcpolTcfs themfclves of what of right belonged to the preient king of Portugal, Don John IV, and that if count Maurice of Naffau had ftay'd any longer in this country, he himfclf vv^ould have been inftrumental in bringing this matter about. Mr. Hoogftrate anfwered the go- vernor, that he Ihould be glad to under - fl:and what it was he could ftrve him in •, Tou have, fays he, underftood that from Mr. Soufa, and I defire you to turn alfolute Portu- guefe. Mr. Hoogftrate told him it was be- yond his pov/er, becaufe immediately after his return, he (hould be provided with a majors commiflion, and confequently not be employed in the fame place : Unto which the governor reply'd, Tou need not qiieftion any place of honour or profit among us, hut it will perhaps not he convenient to difccurfe together upon this point at prefent, for fear Mr. Vander Voerde fJoould fufpe^ us : But I intend to fend two amhafj'adors, (of which Mr. Paulo de Kunha is to be one) to your government, who foall he em- ■ pozvercd to treat with you further upon this accomit. And, fays he, giving his hand to Mr. Hoogftrate, reft affured in the name of the king my mafter, that whatever Mr. Paulo de Kunha fhall promife you will he punElually ohferved and performed. Then the governor took his leave, tel- ling him that he would not detain him any longer, for fear of creating a fufpicion in his collegue, and fo retired into his own apartment. But Mr. Hoogftrate and John de Soufa were no fooner return'd from thence, but the governor fent for the faid Mr. Hoogftrate and his collegue Mr. Van- der Voerden, to confer with them, concern- ing their propofals, made in the name of the council of Dutch Brafil : As they were walking thither, Mr. John de Soufa told again to Mr. Hoogftrate, with a low voice, and why are you obliged to accept of the majors 68 John NieuhoiF'j Voyages 1643. 7be Dutch debate, whether to employ the Ta- poyers. Haus dnd Blaar or- dered to join. Lieute- nant¥\cm- ming or- dered to retire to Sr. Anto- jiio. majors commifllon ? It is an eafy mat- ter for you to tell them, that you would rather continue governor of the place where you now are and be fatisfy'd that when you come among us, that you will not ■want any employment fit for a good foldier as you are. Mr. Hoogflrate^hc'mg not a lit- tle moved with this difcourfe, was more defirous to get aboard their veffel, as foon as poffible he might, to get an opportu- nity of communicating the whole matter to Mr. Vander Vocrde ; which he did ac- cordingly, as foon as they were entered the cabin, the door of which he ordered to be lock'd immediately. In the mean while, viz. the 5"" of July, it was debated in the council of the Butch- Brafil , whether for the fecurity of the country, they fliould not want the afTiftance of the Tajjoyers, under their king John Dinvy-., dwelling in Rio Grande; who for that purpofe had gathered a good body near Kunhau, efpecially fince the Portu- guefe committed all manner of barbarities againft the Dutch, and had fumimon'd the barbarians called Rondelas, from the Bahia. But confidering the devaftations which muft needs enfue upon the march of thofe barbarous people in the flat countrey, it was thought convenient not to come to any certain refolution upon this point, 'till they had advifed with lieutenant colonel Haus, to whom a letter was difpatched, im- mediately upon that account. On the 7"^ of July, the faid Mr. Haus lent word to the council, that he intended to march the fame day from Moribeka, and after being joined with captain John Blaar, to attack the enemy at St. Lawrence ; but by another letter of the 16"', written by captain Blaar, they were informed that the rebels continued very ftrong at St. Law- rence, expedting a certain reinforcement from- the Malta, where they had forced the people to take up arms for them; defir- ing a fuccour of fifty men, to drive them from thence. Hereupon the council dif- patched meffengers both to Blaar and Haus, ordering them to join their troops, and to rout the rebels near Si. Lawrence, on v/hich in a great meailire depended the prefervation of the Dutch-BrafiL The 7*" of the fame month the coun- cil received alfo a letter from lieutenant Flemjning, dated at Pojuka, in which he advertifed them, that he had received certain intelligence , that Kamaron was marching againft him, and that two com- panies were already come to the fugar- mill of Pikdora. Hereupon orders were fent him, that if he found himfelf not in a condition to keep the monaftery for want of provifions, he fliould at the approach of Kamaron'' s troops retire to St. Antonio, 164^. the better to make head againft the ene- (_/-y>sj my. The lame day enfign Hartftin march- ed with a detachment of ninety foldiers and thirty Brafilians, of the garrifons of , the Receif and Itamarika, to Ajama and Jegoarihi, in queft of the rebels, but meet- ing with none returned about noon, and the fime evening direded his march to- wards I-Jaus. The 8"' of JulyxhQ council having re- ceived advice from Haus that they intend- ' ' ed the fame day to march from the fugar- mill of St. John Ferdinando Vieira to at- tack the rebels at St. Lawrence, if they would abide his coming, it was refolved to lend as many forces as poiTibly they could fpare to his relief, confidering than the prefervation of the whole Butch-Brafil depended on the fuccefs of this expedi- tion ; and accordingly two companies The mn- foot, of Aiucheron and Blaar were ordered oil fends to march thither, not queftioning but that A^^^a" before their arrival Haus would be join'd by captain Blaar; and in .effed: the next following day they received advice from Mr. Haus, that he was ready to join with the fiid Blaar. The 10'" of July, the council gave ari account by letters to Haus, what intelli- gence they had received concerning the pofture of affairs in St. Antonio and Pojuka., with orders to fend as many firelocks and Haus or- BrafiUans as he could pofTibly fpare to their (i^red to relief, to keep the pafilige from St. Anto- fi"^ ^^^'^f nio to Poiuka and Serenhaiin open ; with- out which all communication betwixt them and the /^^-m/ would be cut off by the ene- my. Two letters of John Fernando Vieira and Antonio Kavalkanti were the fame day read in council, in which they complain- ed of the feverity of the two kit procla- mations, but were not thought fit to be anfwered-, efpecially fince Amador d'Ara- ouje had about the fame time retired from the pafs of Pinderama. Two days before, viz. that the council had received letters from Mr. Hoek, dated the 25"" of June, at Rio Grande, intimat- ing that hitherto there had not happened any commotions in thofe parts, that how- ever he had difarmed the Portuguefe, and that the Tapoyers appeared to be well in- clined to the government : Orders were fent him to cultivate a good underftand- ing with the Tapyers, for v/hich purpofe they fent fome prefents to John Duwy tlieir king, and that the council approved his difarming of the Portuguefe. On the fime day father Imanuel, Lewis Bras, hnanuel Ferdinand de Sa, Kafpar de Mendoza , Fur- iado and Jeronymo de Rocha, all Portuguefi inhabitants of the Dutcb-BrajU delivered their dnd Tr A V E L s ^(7, B R A S 1 ti 'the peti- tion of the Portu- guefe re- fujed. The rebels fee before Haus. 1645. their Jietltion to the council, requefting, that the time of fix days appointed by the laft proclamation, for the wives and child- ren of the revolted Portuguefe, to leave the countrey, being expired, they might be allowed to ftay in their habitations at leaft, 'till the ways, which at that time were rendred unpaflable , by the over- flowing of the rivers, were fomewhac mended. But confidering that the Portu- giiefe rebels forced the inhabitants by threats and other unufual methods to take up arms againft the government, their requeft was not granted. The 13"* of July the council were ad- vertiled by letters from Haus, dated the 12"', that he had paffed the river Kapiva- ribi, and marching thro' the Malta to the fugar-mills of Arnao d'OlIanda, had met with four hundred rebels, who at the ap- proach of his troops were fled, to Moribeka, with the lofs of fome of their men , from whence they might without any oppofition march to the Malta of Brafil, and that he was ready to march diredlly to St. Law- rence, where he would expe6l the further orders of the council. They immediate- ly difpatched their orders to him, to pur- fue and rout the flying rebels with all poflible fpeed, before they could make head again, which done, he ftiould fix his head quarters, in fuch a place where he was fure he might be fupplied with provi- lions out of the adjacent countrey ■■, their magazines being fo exhaufted, as not to be in a condition to fupply his troops. Haus had already in fome meafure taken efle6lu- al care of this point, having in the mean while fent a reinforcement of one hundred foot, and a company of Brafilians, under the command of captain fallo, to Mr. Ley governor of Monbeka and St. Antonio. The council alfo ordered the governor of the Cape of St. Aufiin to ftrengthen the fort with pallifadoes ; and at the fame time received Advice from Mr. Ley from St. An- tonio, that the rebels under Amador d^Ara- ouje, and Pedro M^rinha Falkao, had pofted themfelves within fight of them, in the new fugar-mill, but as foon as he received Revolt in the e>xpe6led fuccours, he did not quefti- Pojuka. on to chafe them from thence, Amador d'Arapuje having in vain attempted to force thofe of Pojuka, to take up arms againft the government. ' He received alfo intelligence from Mr. Carpenlier out of Goyana, that things re- mained in quiet there as yet: But whilft 'Haus was bufy in making head againft • the rebels in the Vergea, Pelro Marinho '^r FalkaQ having declared himfelf head of the rebels of P(?/«i;^z, had gathered a body .liifficient. to' block up the garrifon of ^S"/, ' >A -.-iVQL. II, Antonio, who had no other fupplies of pro- i^^.'^ vifion, but what they received from the- O^/Sj circumjacent countrey; fo that the coun- cil being fenfible of the danger, fent im-^ mediately orders to Haus, to haften to the , . relief of that place •, who, accordingly di- . reded his march the fame ^night to the fugar-mill of Lewis Bras, leaving captain . Wiltfchut with a company of foldiers, and . all the fick, behind at St. Lawrence. The council received alfo advice by- letters from Paul de Linge, dated the 12^.. .■ • . ,r of July at Parayba, that things were as. •' • ' • yet quiet thereabouts, but that with mucl^. ' ado he had hitherto kept the Brafilians^ inhabiting the villages, from plundering the Portuguefe inhabitants, who were ex^- tremely diflatisfied, becaufe fome of the Brafilians and Tapoyers, that had done them confiderable mifchief, were difcharged out of cuftody. They ordered him to take all poflible care to keep both the Brafili- ans and Dutch inhabitants, who were both for plundering the Portuguefe, from doing any mifchief to them ; for which reafon the council fent the following proclama- tion to be publifli'd there. A PROCLAMATION. WL the members of the great council, ha- ing received frequent complaints, that ?nany of the faithful inhabitants of the coun- trey, who lately have taken a new oath of allegiance to the government, are plundred and ' roWd by the foldiers and volunteers ; and be- ing refolved to maintain them in the poffeffion of their eflates and goods, have for that rea- fon granted them fafeguards, and taken than into our peculiar prote£lion ; do hereby forbid ■ . ' all our officers and foldiers, as well as the other inhabitants under our Jurifdiofion, to attempt to plunder any of the inhabitants, provided with fuch fafeguards, or to endamage them any otherwife, either in their goods or perfons, upon pain of corporeal punifhment. The 15''' of July in the evening, the council was advertifed by Mr. Ley, that the rebels had kill'd fome foldiers of the garrifon of St. Antonio, that v/ere fent a- broad to fetch fome cattle from the fugar- mill Gurapou, and had fo clofely block'd up the place, that no pro vifion could be brought thither ; and as they were not pro- vided with neceflaries for above a few days longer, they were in the utraoft danger of being loft. Lieutenant colonel Haus be- ing expected the fame evening ^^ith his troops at :. .. Immediate- and Trayels to BRASIL 1643. 7hc Por- tugaefe " frepitre for the h- vafinn of the Dutch- Brafil. Tret en as for this in- etter in anfwer to this by one of our drummers (fent to the enemy upon fome errand) dated the 20'". of September as follows: •• His anfwer to the admiral's letter. WE arc fujficiently fatisficd by your lord- foips letter, that infiead of being en- tertained according to your merits , you re- ceive the fame ill treatment with the re§f of our countreymen ; though confidering that your cafe is different from the relt, you ought to have been treated in another manner , your lordfloip being come without the lea^i intention of waging war against them ( zvhich thev ought to have made due refletlion upon) but only as you were going to convoy fome fhiips homeward , did at their otvn requeft, land our forces in that captainfhip confi- dering the ill ufage and tyrannies our fub- je^s have received at their hands, we are afraid zve cannot promife your lordjhip a -much better entertainme?it cf all which mur- ders committed in cool blood, we have taken fo circumftantial .an account , that we are fure we Jhall be able to juft fy our caufe and ourfelves, both to the fates of the United Netherlands and the rest of our allies ; for we have fifhed up many of our Portuguefe with bullets and flones tied to their legs and necks, fome had the good fortune to be fived as they were fwiinming afljore , but jjiany were burnt alive in the wrecks of the fijips, the intention of thefe gentlemen being without quefion Mr. John NieuhofF'^ Voyages quefiion, hy making fo general a jlaiighter a- viong their fellow cbrijlians, to cut off from us all hopes cf returning home : of all which they will be obliged to give one day a fe-vere account, both to God almighty and thofe who /hall require fatisfaBion for it at their hands y it being our confiant opinion, that they never will be able to juftify their cruelties, and the 7nifchief done to our people, either before God or the king cur mafer. We hope your lord- Jhip will reH fatisfed in this prefent condi- tion, and put your trujl in God and our king, who are fill alive to demand a fevere fatisfaSfion from them. God protect your lord- Jhip. From our quarters at St. John in theNtx^t-x, Sept. 29, 1645. figned Andrew Vidal de Negreiros. A certain lieutenant belonging to the enemy , called Francifco Guomes , came a- long with the fame drummer, with a let- ter from the faid Andrew Vidal diredled to the great council , the contents of which were as follows. Andrew Vidal de Negreiros'j letter to the great council, I Received your lordfhips letter at Iguara- cu , wherein you feem to be extremely difgufled at the killing of fome Brafilians, with their voives, by our foldiers under pre- tence that the abfolute cofnmand over thetn belongs only to you, which I cannot but be much furprized at, when I confder that your lord- Jloips in your p7'oclamation, wherein you com- mand not to give quarter to any Portu- guefe inhabitants (though natural fubjcBs of the king my mafter) you alledge among 0- ther reafons , becaufe they had received their birth and education in this captain/hip ( which however was firft conquered by the Portu- guefe kings at the expence of many of their fubje^s) whereas now you would im-pofe this hardfhip upon the fame inhabitants , to give quarter to thofe Brafilians, who not long ago have been inaintained and inftrucled in the catholick faith , as being their vaffals , and confequently not yours, but the king my maf- ler''s fubjeSls. Tour lordfhips ought to remem- ber , that you are not in poffeffion of this count rey by right of fucceffwn, or any other legal pretenfion, but bafely by force of arms. We defire your lord /hips to take effeulual 7nea- fures concerning the methods to be obferved in the carrying on of this war, which we hope will be managed fo by your prudence, as that quarter 7nay be allowed to the inhabitants of our nation ; if not , 1 (hall be obliged to aEt as I find it 7noft confiftent with my honour, to take fatisfa^iion for thefe injuries. We defire alfo to put a flop to the murdering of 1 645. the women , children , and ancient people , in i^y-^r^ cod blood, as has been done lately at Tihicu- papo, Rio Grande and Parayba. God pra- ted your lordfhips. ^ - , . . Fro7n our quarters at St. John, Sep- tember 29, 1645. ■ figned, • . . ' • ■ Andrew Vidal de Negreiros. The great council returned with the con- fent of the members of the court of juf- tice , and colonel Garfman , an immediate anfwer to the faid letter, wherewith they fent the faid lieutenant in company of the drummer, back the fame evening. But we mufc look back to their pro- j^account ceedings: hiitx Andrew Vidal de Negreiros of their and Martin Soares Moreno had landed their proceeding men, to the number of eighteen hundred or two thoufand , the 28''' of July 1645, with good ftore of urms and ammunition, near 'Tainandare , betv/ixt Olna and Formo- fa, they were foon after joined, not only by four companies which had taken their way by land from the Bahia, but alfo by the troops under the command of Kama- ron and Henry Dias , who had hitherto kept Porto Calvo blocked up by their for- ces. From thence they direfted their march to the city of Serinhai?n , and laid ^ fiege to the fort in which there was only a garrifon of eighty Dutch foldiers and fixty Brafilians , commanded by Sa?7iuel La7nbert and Coftno de Moucheron. Two days after their arrival near Serinhai7n , the enemy polled themfelves in the d^Ingenio of / Daniel Hohn ; about which time Henry Di- as was feen in Serinhavn, notwithftanding the Portuguefe commanders Andrew Vidal and Moreno difov/ned to have any corref- pondence with them at that time : The faid commanders had alfo fent the captain major Faulo de Kunha before to fummon the faid fort, which he did accordingly by his letter dated the 2*^ of August at the fu- gar-mill of James Feres , and direfted to Samuel Lambert. The fummons fent to the fort of Stv'inhzim. I Am co7ne to this fiugar-mdl by fpecial or- ^ ders fro7n Martin Soares Moreno and Andrew Vidal de Negreiros our governors, they being very bufiy at prefient in landing their 7nen ; they have fient 7?ie before to prevent all 7nifchief that otherwife might happen betwixt^ you and us ; and if in the mean while yoii will join your forces with ours, or retire with the7n to fome other place, you may fiafiely do it„ I being ready to fnrnifh you with paffes for that purpofe, the before-mentioned govet-nours bei}jg and Travels to B R A S I L. 1645. heing come with an intention to put a flop to the prefent infiirreElion. God protect you. From the fugar-mill in St. Anto- nio, Auguft 2, 1645. . ' : ' - ■ • Paulo de Kunha. Two days after the before-mentioned commanders in chief fent another letter to Samuel Lambert., very little different from this. A fecond fummom from the Portuguefe com- manders. WE fuppofe you not to he acquainted with the intention of our coming , which makes us to be the lefs furprized at your ftand- ing upon your defence. 'The great council of the Dutch Brafil have fent an emhaffy to our governor general by fea and land, Antonio Telles da Sylva, to defire his excellency to make ufe of his authority and forces to appeafe the infurre^iion in this captainfhip., which re- queB being readily granted, in order to he fer- viceable to the council, and to free the Portu- guefe from the outrages they fuffered in their houfes and families, we were fent to land our forces near thefe fugar-tnills of Rio Formofa •, which having been done accordingly, and rea- dy to march further into the countrey , we thought fit to acquaint you with our intentions, which in all probability may have reacht your ears , the fame having been puUifloed in feve- ral places by our proclamations, of which we fend you one , defiring it may be affixed on the church of Serinhaim. We defire you there- fore to lay by your arms to remove all fufpi- cion ; not quefiioning but that we fJoall meet with a favourable reception on your fide , as we on the other hand fhall make it our main endeavours to refiore tranquillity among the revolted Portuguefe by all gentle means that pofiibly may be ufed ; affuring you at the fame time, that in cafe you refufe to concur with us in this defign , you will caife no fnall difplea- fure to the great council of the Dutch Bralil. God proteol you. From the fugar-mill of Formofx , \ Auguft 4, 1645. Martin Soares Moreno, Andrew Vidalde Negreiros. The next following day Paulo de Kunha came in perfon before the place with a bo- dy of foldiers and boors , provided with arms from on board the fleet, and after ha- ving invefted the place , cut off the water of the fountains and rivers from the be- fieged. In the mean while Rowland Car- penter and Daniel Holm had been fent away with pafles by the commanders of the For- tuguefe forces, who embarked their heavy cannon on board Carpenter's velfel , in or- VoL. IL Tie fort cf Serinhaim blocked up by, and furrendrei to the Por* tuguefe. der to carry it up the river Formofa. With- 1 64^, in five days of the arrival of FomIo da Kun- {y^f^ ha, the whole force of the enemy appear- ed in fight of Serinhaim in battle array, and clofely blockt up the fort. The Dutch garrifon was inconfiderable in proportion of the enemies ftrength , who had fo well guarded all the avenues leading to the place, that they were foon reduced to want all manner of necelTaries, efpecially water. Befides this, many of the circumjacent in- habitants and volunteers went daily over to the enemy, who gave them an account of the condition of the fort •, and notwith- ftanding they had fent feveral meffengers to the Receif, they had heard nothing from the council for two months laft paft , fo that being without all hopes of maintain- ing their poft, they judged it more for the intereft of the company to preferve the garrifon, which might be ferviceable in o- ther places, where there was fufhcient want of good foldiers, than rafhly to expofe themfelves to the fury of the enemies fword : Kccordan^j Scimuel La7nbert , Cof- mo de Moucheron , and La Montagny , who commanded in the fort, upon the fecond fummons made by the enemy, entred the 6'" of Augu^l into a capitulation with the Portuguefe , of which Moucheron gave an account in perfon the 1 5 of Augu^ to the council , and delivered it the 20*'' of Au- guft to them in writing. the Portuguefe commanders make " known to every body that we " were fent into this countrey at the re- " queft of the great council of the Dutch " Brafil, to appeafe the revolt and trou- *' bles arifen among the Portuguefe inhabi- " tants. But at our landing here, being " informed that notwithftanding this ra- " queft and our good intention, the Dutch " had murdered many Portuguefe in cool " blood (it being evident that they had " cut to pieces feveral Portuguefe, who " were inticed into a church for that pur- " pofe) and that they had formed a camp " to oppofe us, which ought to be a cau- " tion to us, not to leave any ftrong holds " behind us , whilft we are marcliiing to- " wards the Receif, we have thougiit it " neceflary to enter into this capitulation, " till fuch time that we may have the oppor- " tunity of concerting new meafures with " the great council , of which the articles " are as follows : I. The commanders Samuel Lambert and Cofmo de Moucheron fliall have leave to march out of the fort and caftle, with the garrifon , with enfigns difpiayed, all their arms, matches burning, ^c. Y II. They 82 Mr. John Nieuhoff'^, Voyages., 1645. n. They fliall be permitted to march a- C^^XJ long the road with their enfigns, and iv/ords drawn , and lhall be fafely conduced by one or more captains , who alfo iliall be obliged to provide them carriages and boats , for the tranfportation of their per- fons and goods to the Receif. III. The Pcrtuguefe oblige themfelves to reftore to Moucheron all what has been ta- ken from him, and belonged to him before the fiege. ■ - IV. They alio oblige themfelves to en- gage the inhabitants of the city as well as thofe of Kamara , to pafs by all paft inju- ries either by word or deed ; and that fach of the Dutch as are willing to continue there, fliall be maintained in tlieir poflef- fions in tlie fame manner as the Portuguefe are •■, and fiiall enjoy the fame privileges , and their own religion, provided they do not preach in publick , and pay due reve- rence to confecrated places. They fhall be at liberty to rraiiick with the Portuguefe , and call in their debts as before, neither fliall they be obliged to take up arms a- gainft the fl'ates of the United Provinces. V. The Dulch officers fhall refliore to . thic Portuguefe all their Brafilians^ with their wives and children , as being fubjeds of king J obi! TV. whom God preferve ; and what relates to their reception and enter- tainment, is to be left to the difcretion of the chief commanders of the Portuguefe. Upon thefe conditions they lhall be o- bhged to furrcnder the fort, v/ith every thing tlrereunto belonging , this afternoon, but are permitted to provide themfelves with necefiliries for their journey, which they fliall have liberty to perform at their own leifure. : , , figned, Andrew Vidal de Negreiros^ Alvaro Fregof i d'Alkiqucrque^ . Diogno de Silveira^ Lopes Laurenzo, Fereiro Betenkor., Suppolito Ahuko de Verkofa., - > ■ and Sebajlian de Guiniares. Immediately after the furrender of the fort, Moucheron entred into a long dif- E-uiRons ^"^^^"^ ^'''^'^'^ "^^^^ Portuguefe commanders, of 'the Yor- ^'^^'^^'^ proceeding , which he told tuguefe ti-em were far different from what the go- vernor pretended in his letters, to wit, the appealing of the revolt of the Portuguefe inhabitants, according to the requeft of the great council. They anfwered him ■ ■ ■ 7 with tergiverfations, telling him that they 1645. would be very careful not to a£l contrary (!./VNJ to the peace eftablifh'd betwixt the king his matter and the Hates general. But it was not long before they began to lord it over the country, by taking fuch as were in the leaft fufpefted to them into cuilody, and taking an account of thofe of the Butch that had married Portuguefe women ; nay they ereded a court of Juilice of their own, and forced Moucheron to fell his flaves for the fourth part of what they were worth. They had ib little regard to the late arti- cles, that they caufed thirty Brafilians^ part of that garrifon, to be tied to the Palifa- does, where diey were ftrangled ; the Por- tuguefe alledged in their behalf, that they had fuftered death for certain crimes they ■ had confefTed themfelves, tho' it is more ' probable they were made facrifices to the difcontented Portuguefe inhabitants,, that ' - had made heavy complaints at the Brafili- ans. However, about thirty of them v/ere fpared, and beftowed upon the officers to carry their baggage, and their wives given to the inhabitants. The Portuguefe made Alvaro Frcgofo d' Albuquerque governor of the city and fort, and made one Francis de la Tour^ a French deferter, captain over forty deferters, who had taken fervice a- mong them. They alfo raifed three companies out The For- of the Portuguefe boors, or inhabitants, ^^f^^'^^ commanded by Pedro Fregofo, Ignatius Fer- ^IjiJ rere and Imnianuel de Mello^ which v/ere put into Serinhaim for the defence of that place, where they alfo caufed two Jetvs to be baptized, C3.lledJacquo Franco and Ifaac Navare. Moft of the Dutch who had any poffeffions or fugar-mills thereabouts had fafe-guards allow'd them, fo that none, ex- cept two, who came to the Receif left that captainfhip, of which they had fufficient reafon to repent afterwards, being very ill treated by the Portuguefe., as fliall be fliewn more at large hereafter. The 15"" of Augufl'm the afternoon, the garrifon of Serinhaim, confifting of thirty two men (the reft having ftaid behind) arriv- ed in a bark at the Receif; and their com- mander in chief appear'd the fame day be- fore the council, where he gave an account . of the reafons that moved him to furren- der the place, notwithftanding which he was ordered to be examined by a court- marfhal, to anfwer the fame : The enfign who had conduded the garrifon to the Re- cef delivered the fame day a letter to the laid council, from Martin Soares Moreno^ and Andrew Fidal, dated the S^*" of Auguft., intimating that they were come into the Dutch-BrafiU by fpecial command from the governor of the Bahia^ and exafpera- and Travels to BRASIL. 83 1645. ting the outrages, they laid were commit- C/v^ '^y Hollanders againft the Portu- guefe. This letter had another enclofed from the faid governor, dated the 30"" of July^ with a proclamation, to be publifh'd in the captainfhip of Pernambuko, where- by all the inhabitants were fummon'd to appear peremptorily before them, within the fpace of eight days, to receive their dire£lions for reftoring tranquility among them. The letter from Martin Soares Mo- reno and Andrew Vidal was as follows. A Letter from the Portuguefe Commanders to the council. WHEN your lordfhips found your felves entangled hy a dangerous confpiracy ■ among the Portuguefe inhaUtants of this cap- tainfhip, you made your applications to Anto- - , ' nio Telles da Sylva, governor general of Brafil, defiring him to make ufe of the moft e^e^tual means he could to appeafe this rebel- lion. About the fame time the inhabitants of this countrey by one unanimous voice implored . his aid and proteElion againft thofe many af- ^ 'f^,l'. fronts, plunderings., murthers and ravifhments . of women they groaned under; being refolved with joint confent to arm themfelves with flicks ( the ufe of arms being taken away froju them by their tyrannical governors) againft thofe oppreffions, and to defend their honour to the laft gafp ; not queftoning but that God Almighty would take vengeance for the blood of fo many innocent people. 'They reprefented to his excellency, that he was obliged by his ftation to ajfift them in this extremity, as they were his countrymen ; but, if that fhould not he prevailing enough, reafons of ftate would induce him, not to force them to defpair by de- nying them his aid ; which if he did, it fhould he at the peril of his head, and that he muft give a fevere account of it before God Almigh- ty, and others, if they fhould be conftrained to beg that from a foreign power, which they could not obtain from their countrymen. The governor having taken all thefe preffing rea- fons into mature conftderation, and in refpeEl both of your lordfhips reqiieft, and the heavy complaints of the Portuguefe, made it his chief care to find out the moft effeElual means (which your lordfhips feem''d to leave to his difcretion) to appeafe this revolt. Being fenfible that the - revolt of the Portuguefe inhabitants had taken deep root among them, and was likely to prove ' ' . more univerfal againft your goveryiment, he judged it T7ioft expedient, to fend hither certain . perfons with fuch forces as he thought might either hy their prudence, and, if that faifd, by force of arms, reft ore the fo much defired tranquility. It is upon this account, my lords, we are come to this place, in order to employ all our force and affftance, according to your requeft, purfuant to the peace eftablifhed be- 16^^. twixt thefe two nations, in regard of which 'v/V^ we value not the expences we have been put to upon this occafwn. But we fcarce had fet foot afhore, when our ears and hearts were ftruol with the doleful outcries of forty inno- ' - cent catholick Portuguefe, murthered in the church ^ Rio Formofo, whither they were enticed for that purpofe, by thofe that were in your fervice, without the leaft refpe'ci of age or fex, the very babes being hy the natives bar- baroufty murthered, as they were lying on their mothers breafts. Neither have the fighs and groans of many noble maids efcaped our ears, that were ravifh d in theY ergea and St. Lawrence, by the Brafilians, not to mention here what barbarTtZes have been committed in Pojuka, where is the fight of many a hermit and inno- cent babe who were ftaughter'd in a cave. Neither have they abftained from holy and confecrated places •, they have cut to pieces the i?nages of the faints, and ftripp'd the queen of heaven, the virgin Mary, our hleffed lady, of all her apparel ; things fo enormous, and ne- ver heard of before, enough to create horror ' and aftonifhment in a generous heart. And notwithftanding your lordfhips had defy ed the governor general to interpofe his authority, you did form a camp, which continues in the field to this day ; and we being obliged by our orders to co?ne to you upon the Receif, we judged it not convenient to leave any armed power be- hind us, which in time might prove the occa- fiion of great inconveniences to us % we fhall endeavour to fihew all due refpe5l and kindnefs to your fubjecfs, and carry the garrifon of Se- rinhaim along with us, ^till matters may be concerted betwixt your lordfhip and us, for the fervice of god and the ftate. In the mean while, we moft earneftly define a ftop 7nay he put to the outrages committed by your foldiers hitherto, to avoid all occafwn of a rupture on your fide ; we proteft on the other hand, in the name of God and John IV. the king our fnafter, who7n God preferve, as alfo in the na/me of the ftates general, whofe power God encreafe, that we defiire nothing fo much, as the continuation of the late eftrablifijed peace, which fhall be the guide of all our anions % of which we have brought along with us an ' authentick copy, to ferve us as a fufficient jufti- fication by all the princes of Europe. And that your lordfhips may be fatisfied in the reality of it, we have fent you enclofed a copy of the pro- clamation publifhed by us, at our landing in in this captainfhip. God preferve your lordlhips, Serinhaim, Martin Soares Moreno, Aug. 8, 1645. Andrew Vidal deNegreiros. The before-mentioned proclamation runs thus : Their 84 w Mr. John NieuholF^i' Voyages The council in the mean while being 164^, Their PROCLAMATION. forewarned of the enemies defign, had or- i/yj dered the 2"^ of Auguft^ Mr. Adrian Bulle- E the commanders in chief of the Por- fir ate, one of their own members, and ad- 1 YT tuguefe /orc(?5, Martin Soares Mo- miral Lichthart, to go thither with all ^ teno, df^d Andrew Vidal de Negreiros, fpeed, and to take effeftual care that no- make known to all ferfons and inhabitants of thing might be wanting for the defence of the captainjhip of Pernambuko that the the place. They were for that end to Mr.Biill^- great council of the Dutch-Brafil, having take a full view of the fort /^i^«^ii?rD^(//(^';2 and '^J'* by a letter fent to the governor and captain ge- all its outworks, and to confidcr whether lj^j^jj^jj^j tieral of Brafil, given advice of the revolt a- the redoubt upon the hill calTd Nazareth, j^^j. tg tj,g tifen among the Portuguefe of this place •, de- and the battery at the entrance of the har- Cape of firing to endeavour the appeajing of this rebel- bour might be repaired for the better de- ^"^^ Auftm. lion by his ajfjlance-, for which purpofe the fence of the fort. Accordingly Mr. faid governor now having fent us with a fuf- ftrate and admiral Lichthart left the Receif ficent force into this captainjhip, we command the 5'" of Augujl, and arrived the fame .. all the Portuguefe, of what condition and evening in the fort Vander DuJJen, where quality foever, to appear peremptorily within having executed their commiffion, Mr. Bul- eight days after the publication of thefe pre- leflrate returned the 9"' of Augufi to the Receif, where he gave the following account to the council. That he left the Receif the 5'" of Augufi, The Portu- guefe k- Jiege the Cape of St. Au- ftin. fents before us, in order to refiore tranquility among them, purfuant to the reopiiefi of the lords of the council of the Dutch-Brafil. We alfo hereby intreat the Jaid lords, in the moji friendly manner that can be, purfuant to the tenour of the ftritl alliance there is betwixt both thefe nations, to flop the further perfecu- tion of the Portuguefe, or any other warlike executions ; and that if any of their foldiers prefume to aU contrary to it, they tnay, upon complaint tnade thereof to them, be fever ely pu- 7iijhed. I Alexes Antunes have penned this pro- clamation, and I Franco Bravo Defembar- quador have approved it. Martin Soares Moreno, Andrew Vidal de Negreiros. The great council refolved to give a fhort anfwer to the faid letter, and to re- fute the proclamation by another and con- fidering, that the origin and caufe of all thofe troubles and mifdeameanours were laid at the door of the council, they order- ed the two councellors of the court of juflice De Witt and Mouckeron, in conjunction with Mr. Walbeek affelTorin the fame court, to anfwer the fame, and thereby to repre- fent to the council of nineteen in Holland, that they were occafioned by the rebels and their adherents. In the month of Auguji the troops late- ly come from the Bahia marched from -S^-- rinhaim to Pojuka, and fo to the Cape of St. Auftin, where being join'd by the forces under the command of Kamaron and Bias, and the inhabitants, they refolved (after our men had quitted Pojuka and the city St. Antonio de Cabo) to attack the fort Van- der DuJJen on the Cape of St. Auftin from the land fide •, purfuant to which refoluti- on they polled their troops all along both fides the river. in the morning about nine a clock, and came the fame evenins; to the fort Vander Dujfen on the Cape of St. Auftin. That the 6"' of Auguji, after forenoon fermon was ended he rid with the admiral, count of and fome other officers, to the hill of the t^-'fi'' Cape of St. Auftin ; where having taken a ^^^^^Jfj^^ view of the harbour, he found the ftone- redoubtin a condition to be repaired, with- out any great charge, the cannon upon the batteries nail'd up, but the works to- wards the feafide in pretty good order. That he had ordered a draught to be made, to furround the redoubt with palli- fadoes, to raife a battery within it, to "build a guard-houfe, and to widen the ditches; He alfo had ordered a ftone breaft-work, (for want of wood) to be made on the back- fide of the battery, with a row of Pallifa.- does, and a guard-houie ; and that with the firfl fair weather, they fhould fet on fire all the bufhes and brambles on the faid hill, and clear the ground round about the church Nazareth. Upon view of the fort VaMder Dujfen, he had commanded the major Hoog^rate with all poffible fpeed to put it in a good po- fture of defence, the admiral having al- ready taken care to have it furrounded with pallifadoes. That on the of Auguft, having paid off the garrifon, and thofe be- longing to the artillery, he pafTed through very difficult ways to St. Antonio, where he likewife paid ofl'' the foldiery, vifited the retrenchment, and put every thing in the beft order he could. That he had bargained with certain per- fons to repair the faid redoubt on the hill called Nazareth , and the ffone breafl- work, the building- of two guard houfes, and furrpunding both the works with pal- lifadoes J and Travels 1643. liiadoes, according to his draught, for nine hundred gilders, the whole to be compleat- ed within tliree weeks time. Here it was he had the firft notice of the landing of feme forces from the Bahia-, near Rio For- mofa, by the f\me fleet which the week be- fore was feen off of the Receif : But not being able to get any fare intelligence, he had fcnt a meifcnger to lieutenant Monlangie, then commander in Serinham^ to give him a true account of the matter^ and in what condition he and his garrifon we^ at that time-, encouraging him by fair promifes, all communication by land being already cut OiT betwixt them. Here he alfo lifted thirty eight volunteers that oftered their fervice. That the 8'" of Auguft he left the faid place, and notwithftanding the badnefs of the weather, rid crofs the hills of Hegen- dos to the fea-fhore, where meeting with the admiral, they went together up the river Sangado with the tide, as far as Ca- landaria, where they ftaid for fome time, and received the news, that in the laft en- counter betwixt colonel Haus and the re- bels near that hill, above two hundred of the laft, among whom were fome officers, were (lain, and about forty or fifty on our fide. One Melchior Alvares came on purpofe to tell them , that about three hundred of the revolted inhabitants were inclined to accept of a pardon, which he referred to the council. That being ready to take horfe in order to his return to the Receif^ a certain fol- dier of our troops, that had been left be- hind, complained that he had been ftripp'd Hark naked by the fervants of the ferry- man of the river Sangada^ who had wound- ed and beat him miferably. Melchior AU vares was ordered to take care of his wounds, and captain Piftor to go with twen* ^ ty of his men in queft of thefe villains who, coming to the ferry, befet the houfe, took the ferryman and his three fons pri- foners, but the Midat^ who had committed the faft, efcaped their hands. That he purfued his journey on horfe- back towards the Receif^ notwithftanding the violent rains, and not without great danger pafs'd the river the fame night near the fort M'linlia. That on the (f" of Auguji, he was ad- vertifed by fome negroes belonging to Mofes Navarre^ whom he had fent with letters to d'Ingsmo Surfacqiie, that an am- bufti had been laid for them near Cande- laria^ but the enemy durft not attack them, their negroes being all fuch as were taken prifoners, and afterwards made their ef- cape to us. yoL. II. Major Hoog^rate fent advice by his let- iS^^^ ters on the 13"" of Anguft^ to the council, .■'~\rsj that the garrifon and volunteers of 6"/. An- ^^'■'^^^ tonio being fafely arrived on ih^ Cape of '5'/. ^^^/^^ Aiiftin^ they were now about two hundred Sc!^ Auftin, and eighty ftrong, wz. two hundred and feventeen foldiers and gunners, and fixty three volunteers. That immediately after our garrifon had left St. Antonio, Kamaron and Henry Dias had pofted themfelves with ^ tlieir troops in the fugar-mill Algodais, near that place, where they expelled to be join'd by Martin Soares and Andrew Fidal's forces, fafely arrived from the Bahia. That he expedted every day to be befieged, and fear'd nothing fo much as want of frefti water, the fpring being cut off by the ene- my. Hereupon immediate orders were given by the council to fend thither thirty barrels of water, fome ammunition and provifion, and what elfe fliould be reqai- fite for a vigorous defence of the pl.ice, which was fufficiently provided before with foldiers. The next following day they received intelligence from Major Hoog- ifrate, Mr. Ley, and Mr. Heck, that the enemies troops had taken poft in the fugar- mill Salgado Zuvifiaque and other circum- jacent places. The council rely'd much upon the bravery and fidelity of the of- fices within the fort, from whom they pro- mifed themfelves a very vigorous defence, they being all perfons wao had advanced themfelves in their fervices, and were in expe6lation of better preferments , wza Major Hoog^lrate, Cafpar Vander Ley, for- merly a captain of horfe, John Hick, and Albert Gerritfon Wedda, an old captain be- longing to the company : Bat their un- faithfulnefs and covetous temper over-ba- lanced all thefe confiderations ; for the faid major Hoogftrate, commander in chief, with the con fent of Cafper Vander Ley, and AU hert Gerritfon JVedda, treacheroufly andvil- lanoufly fold and furrendred the faid fore to the Portuguefe the 23"^ of Auguft for the fum of eighteen thoufand gilders, befides fome other rewards promifed them upon that account. They went over with the whole garrifon to the enemy, who made Hoogflrate colonel of a Dutch regiment, raifed out of thefe and other foldiers of fe- veral nations, that had deferted our fervice. Thus this ftrong hold was betray'd to the Portuguefe, by a perfon who owed his whole fortune to our company. Martin Soares Moreno gave the follow- ing account of the furrender of this fort to the governor Antonio Telles da Sylva, in his letter dated from the hill of Naza- reth, Aug. 26, 164.5. , ^ Z Aletkr ■ Mr. John NieohofF*^ Voyages 1645. {yy^ A letter to the governor of Z^^" Bahia, concern- ing the taking of the Cape of Puntael. Sunday the lo^^ of this months God Al- 7nighty, through his mercy, has put us into the ■pojfeffion of the fort of the cape of Pun- tael, uohich was hefieged by Andrew Vidal de Negreiros : The next day we were re- joy ced with tke money fent to us hy your lord- Jfjip, and the wine prefented to ?ne in particu- lar, part of which I have hefvowed upon en- tertaining feme of our friends, who are merry with me at this time. We have made an excellent bargain \ for befides the importance of the place, and its ar- tillery, we have got the very flower of their foldiers y befides that, this will be like a fignal to the reft: to follow their footfteps. John Fernand Vieira has raifed on fa- turday laft the fiim of four thoiifand ducats for our ufe, though not without force, but it zvas very welcome to us at this ti?ne, when we were upon ftriking up the bargain for the bet- ter fortifying of this place, the harbour of which is not inferiour to that of the Receif : But I will not trouble your lordfhip any longer zvith this point. Not long after the fur render of the fort, a hark appeared in fight, fent to its relief from the Receif. We fent captain Barreiros with a well arm'd bark out againft her, who took her with thirty five men, and good ftore of gunpowder and bullets, all which will prove very ferviceable to us. I kindly defire your lordfhip, that in cafe you fend a meffenger with this 7iews to his majefty, captain Damian de Lankois JJiay be employed upon that errand, it being very pro- bable, that the king, befides a good prefent, will reward him with fome honourable employment. Laft night we received advice, that the fleet under Jeronymo de Paiva was entred the bay of Tamandare •, I am forely afrdd they will be attacked by the fioips fent thither from the Receif, notwithftanding we have de- fired him feveral tbnes to come into our road. Kapivara is gone from that place by land to the Bahia, perhaps he has given him no- tice that we are mafters of the cape ; if he thinks fit to bring his fleet to this place, he is fafe, if not, it lies at his door. "Tis dif- courfed here, that the fihip the Bifhop is maf- fimg, perhaps he has a fancy to convoy Sal- vador Korrea fome part of the way. I cannot forbear to let your lordfioip know how much you ftand indebted to major Die- terick Hoogftrate, and the reft of the com- manders of the fort. We have promifed to the firft a commandery of Chrift. I beg of your lordfioip to make my proniife good to him in his majeftfs name, as foon as pofifible may he., he being a perfon who will be ready to do 2 us all the further fervice he can. We have \ 64^, for the prefent engaged him with fome prefent s \.yy\i} of lefs 7noment, of which we fijall give an account to you hereafter. Captain Vander Ley has likewife deferved well of us^ and fo have all the reft that had married Portu-- guefe women : It is reported here that he is a perfon of note in his country : We have likewife promifed to him a commandery of Chrift, and a yearly penfion for one of hii fens: We hope your lordfihip will not refufe to make good our promife, becaifie his fens -are born of a Portiiguefe woman : 'The na?ne of the eldeft being John, and the youngeft Ca-1-' par Vander Ley. The reft are at prefent at their habitations, as foon as they return we . ' 7nuft engage them with fome promifes, of which we will give an account to your lordfhip. They are all of confequence to us, having married Portuguefe women. I hope your lordfhip will be well fatisfied with this piece ■ of fervice, for John Fernand Vieira feme- ti?7ies brings us more money in an hour, than the co7iqiieft of the cape cofts us. He is at prefent in the Vargea a7no7:g the Barbarians, aifd we in the fort on the cape, till voe have got every thing in readinefs. Kapivara is about three days ago gone by land, pofiibly he 7nay'' be with you before the bark which carries this, letter; I tvifh it 7nay arrive in fafety, and to your lordfioip a lotjg life for the defence of this ftate. Signed Martin Soares Moreno. Martin Soares Moreno, and Andrew Vi- , dal de Negreiros, had in the mean while fent feven or eight letters from the cape of St. Auftin, dated the 23'', 30 '', and 31" of Augufi, and the 2'' and 6"" of Septem- ber, in which they advercifed the admiral Paiva, that they were in poffeffion of that cape, defiring him by all means to come with his fleet into that harbour. The firft of the two laft letters was thus written. Letter from the Portuguefe co7nmanders to ad77iiral Paiva. My LO R D, . ■■ WE are got now into the pofifiefifion of the harbour of Nazareth, and that, as the faying is, without cafting an a^ichor ; which is the reafon we intreat you likewife to come with your fleet hither, where you may careen your fihips, and provide yourfelves with frefih provifiions, 7nen, am7nunition, and all other neceffiaries, till fuch time we [hall 7nutually agree hi what is further to be U7idertaken for the fervice of God and his majefty. The enemy has hitherto but one fihip of ftrengih at fea, the rejl being of 710 confequence ; 7iei- ther are they for engaging with you at this time, but endeavour to cut off your co7n7nu- nication with the fea coaft. My lord, you have and Travels 1645. have given fo many proofs of your courage {y^s/'SJ before this time^ that this retreat will not a- late any thing from the fatne of your vioio- ries : On the other hand^ you have to con- fider, that you are anfwerable for fo 7nany thoufand lives of thofe that are in your fleet ; wherefore we defire you once more to come hither with the fleets and fuch offcers as are under your command^ where you will 7neet with a very kind and eotjif or table reception. But being fenfiUe that it would be a grofs error in us, to urge a matter fo evident in itfelf any further, to fo great a connnander as you, we live in hopes of your coming, where we intend, in the houfe of Nazareth, to receive the bleffed facrament, which na?ne we have given to the fort, having among 0- ther things found a mafs book here, which is of no fmall fervice to us. God preferve your lordfhip. • Puntael, ihe 2^ of Martin Soares Moreno, and Sept. 1645. Andrew Vidal de Negreiros. The contents of the feeond letter to the lame admiral, are as follows : YO UR lordfnip being already acquainted with our being maflers of the Puntael {cape) we hope you will take the firft op- portunity of coming to us ; the enemies halving two fquadrons of fhips at fea, with one fire- Jhip, to force you from this coaft, which has been dif covered to us by a letter writ at the Receif, and direEled to the governor, and taken by us in a bark defign^d for the relief of that place, of which we thought fit to give you im.mediate notice, that you might take your meafures according to your wonted prudence. Thefe Dutch gentlemen have, by their trea- cherous dealings, obliged us to have recourfe to open force, and we defire your lordfhip to repay them in their own coin,' with fire and fword, as they do to us. If you defign to come hither, it muft be done fpeedily, all delay leing daJtgerous at this time. We have a true copy of this letter in our journal to ferve for our juflification hereafter. God preferve your lordfhip. Dated in the Puntael of the bleffed fa- crament, September the 6^^, 1645. Martin Soares Moreno, and ' . Andrew Vidal de Negreiros. ■ An account of the furrender of the cape of St. Auftin, and of the further tranfaftions betwixt us and the Portuguefe, was fent in a letter by Cafpar da Cofta d'Abreu, from the faid cape to ; his fntxn^ Domingo s da Kofta, an inhabitant of the Bahia, which runs thus : IWifJj this ktter may find you in good health, as I who am your faithful com- rade defire ; I am in a tolerable good condi-^ f^? B R A S I L. 87 tion in theFuntad of Nazareth, which after 1645, a fiege of twenty days was furrendred to us i./\'Sj at an eafy rate, becaufe thofe who comjnanded within the fort had Portuguefe wives, and their eftates thereabouts. The captain of horfe was the moft forward of all in fur rendering the place; they have obtained what conditions they demanded, and a gratuity of four thou- fa'nd ducats befides. We found in the fort three hundred Dutch, of their befl troops, and twelve brafs pieces of cannon, four of which were four and twenty pounders, and provifions for three months ; fo that if they had not come with us to a compofition, it woiild have coft us abundance of men, where- as now we have gain'd the place with the lofs of one fingle man, who was kiWd by a random cannon fhot. We made ourfelves maflers of a bark, firing from the Puntael, before its fur- render, in which was a geyitleman ivith feveral hundred men that were going to the Receif. This gentlemoM and another of Serinhaim {being both magift rates in their refpettive places) we delivered up to the inhabitants, who foon kill'd them, notwithftanding one was married with a Portuguefe woman ; for they having been heard to fay, that they hoped to zvaflo their hands in the blood of the Portuguefe, the women- were fo much exafperated againft them, that they foon difpatch^d them, according to their defires. The prifoners are for the ?nofl part^ detained at St. Anthony, in order to be fenjt to the Bahia ; but many among them have taken fervice with us. We fuppofe the num- ber of the dead and Dutch prifoners amount; to near thirteen hundred: JVe have not feen the fquadron under Salvador Korrea de Saa ; we are afraid fame misfortune has befallen him ; fame of our fhips were cruifing here- abouts, but within thefe three or four days none of them have appeared on this coaft. The Dutch have a fleet of t-ivelve fhips at fea, it is well if they don't venture a brufh . with us. The Receif with all its forts are invefted, Lawrence Karneiro is at Porto Calvo ; the Jews report, that orders are co?ne to take all the Dutch forces out of Rio Grande, Paraiba and St. Francis, m order to tranfport them to the Receif There is no great harmony betwixt the Jews and Dutch,- the firfl pretending that the others intend to fell the country. Four of their head offi- cers, which are our prifoners, are ordered to be fent to the Bahia, and atnorig them their mafter of the artillery. The fame day that- we were become mafters of Puntael, a bark arrived there from the Receif with orders to keep it to the laft extremity ; we took the bark with good flore of ammunition and provifiwn^ worth in all about fifteen hundred ducats. Sept tU^ f\ Q^j-^^^ cofla d'Abreu. From 88 Mr. John NieuhofF'j Votages 1645, From this and the- following letters, it L/''V~NJ is apparent, that major Hoogftrate had laid the foundation of his treacherous defign of betraying the cape of St. Auftin to the Porlugucfe, long before to wit, ever fince he with Mr. Balthafar Vander Voorde was fent to the governor of the Bah'ia^ Antonio 'Telles de Sylva. Thus a certain ferjeant fold a redoubt near the city of Olinda to the enemy for three hundred gilders. At the beginning of the fiege of the cape of St. Auftin, Andrew Vidal de Ne- greiros fent two letters to major Hoogftrate.^ Ley and Hick., by one John Gimnei de Mel- lo.y dated the thirteenth of Av.guft ; in the firfl of which the faid V'ldal complains of the ill treatment and murthers committed upon the Portnguefe by the Butch ; in the fecond he requefls them to declare, pur- fuant to the promifes made by Hoogftrate in the Bahia, for the king of Portugal, and to deliver the fort into their hands, 7'zvo letters from Vidal to Hoogftrate. The firft was as follows : I Am come this ?norning to the village of St. Antonio de Cabo, in hopes of re- ceiving news from you and captain Ley. / give by thefe prefents notice to you., that we are fent hither by order from the governor Antonio Telles de Sylva, with no other in- tention than to appeafe the troubles lately ari- fen in this country^ pmfuant to the requefl of the council, of which you are a fufficient wit- nefs. No fooner were we arrived at Ta- mandare, but we received many informations dire£lly contrary to what we expelled to meet ivith here ; viz. ^hat in Rio Grande thirty /even inhabitants had been murthered, many virgins deflower' d, and the image of the vir- gin Mary grofty mifufed by the Dutch things fo abominable in themfelves, that it is fcarce to be i?nagined fo brave a nation Jhould be guilty of fiich enormities. IVloilft I am wri- ting this letter, news is brought me, that the Dutch have caufed many of the inhabitants of Goyana to be murthered, tho^ I can fcarce give credit to it % for fuppofing this to be true, 1^:6 could not avoid giving ajfftance to thefe iniferable people, tho* they were the ?noft de- fpifeable of all nations, confidering they crave our help, and arc not only chriftians, but alfo fubje£ls of the king our mafter, whom God , -preferve. Whilft the council was in expctta- lion of the iffues of the intended accotnmoda- Mon, they have furprized and killed many of the inhabitants, which obliges us, to require you in the name of God, of his majefty, his highnefs and the ftates general, not to give any occafion for^ a rupture, but to maintain . the late concluded peace to the utmoft of your foiver, as we are ready on our Jide^ to con- cert all pojfible ?neafures with the co^nmander 1645, in chief of this place, which mciy tend to the U^'^^ tranquillity of both parties. The bearers hereof are captain John Guomes de Mello, and lieutenant Francis Guomes, who we deftre may be difpatched back with all poffble fpeed„ God preferve you for many years, ^"S+s!^' - -^^T- ' Andrew vidal The fecond letter was written thus : The fecond letter, "S^ OUR promife made to us in the Bahia^ and what has fince been told by captain Ley to John Fernandes Vieira, and cap- tain John Guomes de Mello, encourages us to proceed in our former defign, not queftion^ - ing but that both you and captain Ley will not in the leaft recede from the engagement you have been pleafed to oblige us with, and to tie us to your fervice. We are come into this country at the head of three thoufand chofen men, backed by two fquadrons of men of war well equip" d, one of which has not as yet appeared on this coaft, the other you have feen yourfelf pafs by the other day. I hope this may ferve as a means to fet the poor ^ni^ ferable inhabitants at liberty and as both they and we wifh for nothing more than t& fee you embrace our fide, that we may not want an opportunity to give you more evident proofs of our refpeB and affe£lion towards, you, fo we deftre you not to entertain the leafl finifter fufpicion of us ; we being ready ( for the performance of which we by thefe prefents give you our words ) to accofnplijh in every point, what has been protnifed to you, by John Fernandes Vieira, and John Guomes de Mello. And I for my part aj/ure you, that I will not fail to perform and agree t& whatever you fhall further demand upon this occafion. The inhabitants of the place fhall be pro» vided with pafports, and protested by us, in the fame manner as the commander of Serin- haim. Carpenter, and fome others were%, and we expert the fame at your band. And that you may be fure whom to treat with up'^ on this account, we have fent to you John Guomes de Mello, who is intrufted with the whole matter ; which if you refufe to do, we muft take fuch meafures as we Jhall judge moft expedient for us. In the mean while God preferve you for many years. St. Antonio de Caio, Jug. 13, 1645. Your affedionate friend and fervant, Andrew Vidal de Negreiros^ Major Hoogftrate, Mr. Hick and Ley, fent an anfwer to this letter immediately. containing and Travels B R A S I L. 1645. containing in fubftance, that they were not [yy\j in the leaft concerned in the outrages com- mitted by the Tapoyers againft the Portu- guefe, and feemingly refuf:;d to treat with de Mello. It runs thus: w His anfwer to them. E have received your letter fent by John Guomes de Mello, out of which we underjland, that you are come to St. An- tonio. We are extremely well fatisfied, that the governor Antonio Telles da Sylva has undertaken to appeafe the tumults arifen in thefe parts^ and don^t quefiion hut that your prefence will contribute much towards the ac- complijhment of it. 'The afronts and out- rages you fpeak of by the Tapoyers and Dutch foldiers put upon the inhabitants, as thev were committed forely againft our will, fo I can affure you, that no body, not fo much as the leaf child, has been fuffefd to be ■ mifufed upon our accounts, fo that thefe cc7n- plaints muft not be made to us, but ought ta be referr'^d to the council. The treaty you propofe with captain John Guomes de Mello, and lieutenant Francis Guomes, is beyond our province and power, fo that we earnejlly defire you not to ufe any further follicitations to us upon that account. So we kij's your hands, recoin?nmending you to God's prote- ^ion. We reft Your fcrvants and good friends, ' ,3 - Cafpar Vander Ley, D. Van Hoogftrate. , John Hick. Major Hoogftrate took care to fend thefe Hoogftrate letters, together with their anfwer to itefiJet- the council, with repeated alTurances of iers. their conftant fidelity ; whereupon the great council confirm'd Hoogftrate in his govern- ment, and exhorted Ley and Hick to per- fevere in their brave refolution, which they would in due time take care to re- ward with better preferments. This dif- covery of the enemies letters being look'd upon as an undeniable proof of Mr. iiooo-- ftrate^s fincere intentions, had fuch an in- fluence upon the generality of the people, that there was fcarce any body but what ' thought himfelf fecure of his fidelity and du- ty. Neverthelefs, as thefe temptations could not but raife fome jealoufy in the minds of the council, they thought fit to fend colonel Haus to the Receif, to order him to the Cape of St. Auftin. The council in the mean while, being by Vidal's letters to Hoogftrate fufiiciently con- vinced, that the intended recalling of the rebellious troops were nothing but amufe- ments, fent immediate orders to their ad- VOL. II. miral Lichthart, that for,the future he .fhould . 1 645, treat all the Fortugucfe fhips he could meet './VXi with as enemies. Cojifulta- The is'^'of Auguft, colonel Uoms \>tm^''^2ytT come to the Recef propofed to the coun- nli the' cil, that he judged it abfolutely ntQQSzx^- forces into for the fervice of the ftate, that fince by R«ceif, the faccours come from the BoMa to the afliftance of the rebels under Martin Soares Moreno, and Andrew Vidal, they were grov/n very itrong and numerous, the troops encamped in the field fhould be drawn into the Receif, becaufe they being befides the Brafilians, not above three hun- dred ftrong, they might eafily be cut off in a place where they could not be fecond- ed from the Receif, where they were want- ing for the defence of that place, which being the capital of the whole Dutch Bra- fil, would in all likelihood be attack'd with the utm.oft vigour by the enemy. Againft this opinion many reafons were alledged too. I. By fo doing they maift quit all the open country from whence they were now fupplied with cattle and meal, which they ftood highly in need of, till fuch time that they could receive new fapplies from Holland, and that in fuch a cafe they muft expeil the enemy immediately at their gates. II. Tlut thereby the number of the e- nemy would be encreafed, the inhabitants of the country being freed from the dread of our troops, v/ould join with them a- gainft us. III. That by fo doing we muft leave the Tapoyers, that had taken up arms at our requeft, and were to be joined by our troops near Macrfiape or St. Antonio, to the enemies mercy. To this it was an- fwer'd, I. That as to the fapplies of cattle and meal from the country, they iliould be in a much better condition to be furniflied withal, v/hen their forces could be fent abroad in- to all circumjacent parts of the country, whereas now they v/ere forced to remain in one certain place. Befides that, we being mafters at fea, might embark at any time a certain number of men, and land them where we found it moft convenient, which would oblige the enemy, inftead of befieging the Receif, to divide his forces for the defence of the country. What re- lated to the increafe of the enemies forces, by the acceffion of the Portuguef inhabi- tants of the country, was to be look'd up- on as of no great confequence againft us it being more for our intereft to fee them appear as declared enemies than difTem- bling friends •, it being generally known, that their inclinations v/ere bent for their countrymen, and that notwithftanding all A a their Mr. John Nieuhoff'i" Voyages 1645. their fpecious pretences, they mifs'd no L/'VNJ opportunity of giving intelligence to. the enemy of what pafled among us ; whereas, if they were once declared enemies of the ftates, we fhould have a fair opportunity of feizing upon their cattle, provifions, and other moveables, for the ule of the Receif; which being thus provided, would difcourage the enemy from attempting to reduce it by famine. What was alledged concerning the dan- ger of the "-Tapoyers, was acknowledged to be of no fmall moment ; but confidering they had received no news as yet of their mo- tion, it was not judged of fuch vaft con- fequence as to be put in balance with the welfare of the whole Dutch Brafil, which depended in a great meafure on the fafe- ty of thefe troops. After mature deliberation of the whole matter, it was refolved, on the 15"" of Au- guft^ by the council, with the approbation of the members of the court of juftice, that confidering the danger the troops were ex- pofed to, and that on their fafety depended the prefervation of the Receif^ they ftiouid with all poflible fpeed march thither, and that only fifty men fhould be left in the houfe of de Wit^ under captain Wiltfchiit^ in order to command fome part of the circum- jacent country, and to ferve as a retreat for our parties that fhould be fent abroad to fetch in cattle, and Farinha^ or meal. Purfuant to this refolution, colonel Haus went thither on horfeback the fame day, to put it in execution the fame evening, if poflible he could, or at furthefl: the next morning. But it feems colonel Haus was fo negleftful, as to delay the march of thefe troops not only that afternoon, but alfo the whole next following day ; and Inftead of retreating towards the Receif^ tarried in the fame fugar-mill, without having the leaft intelligence of the enemies approach fo that on the 1 7'" of Auguft^ being furprized by the troops of Andrew Vidal, much more numerous than his, CuIoHcl before they could betake themfelves to Huis put their arms they were put to the rout. The to theruut. council being advertifed, that colonel Haus with his troops were attacked by the ene- my in the liigar-mill of Mr. de Wit, they call'd the city militia to their arms, Mr. Bidleftrate and de Bas went to the houfe Bavifta ; from whence, as being near at hand, they might give the neceflary or- ders, according as they fhould receive ad- vice from Haus : And twelve firelocks were polled in this houfe for the better fecuri- ty of the bridge crofs tlie river. Dieterick Haynel, and the counfcllors of juftice, took care to look after the Receif. Immediate- ly after, word being brought to the coun- cil that colonel Haus had been overthrown, and was retired to the houfe of de Wit be- longing to the fugar-mill, it was confult- ed, whether by any means they might be able to relieve him •, and, tho*^ by reafon of the weaknefs of the garrifon, it was no eafy matter to do it ; neverthelefs, it v/as refolved, with one hundred volunteers of the inhabitants, and one hundred and fifty foldiers, to attempt his relief But be- fore this could be put in execution, a cer- tain Brafdian that had been prefent at the whole adlion, and having, by changing his clothes with a Portuguefe, found means to efcape to the Receif brought the unwel- come news, that colonel Haus, with the forces under his command, had furrendred the houfe belonging to the fugar-mill, and themfelves, upon promife of quarters, at difcretion. It was generally believed, that this mis- fortune was chiefly occafioned by colonel Haus''s own negled:, who did not, till it was too late, put the foldiers into a po- fture of defence, which was afterwards confirmed by the depofition of Wdliam Jacob/on, late captain lieutenant of colonel Haus^s, own company, made before the great council the 6'-^ of July, 1 6a^6. It was not till the night before our de- feat, ' that colonel Haus received the firft intelligences from a prifoner, a Negro, that the enemy with a ftrong body were bro- ken up from Moribeka. The next morn- ing, one of our fafe-guards brought word to the colonel, that the enemy was paf- fing the river •, and foon after, the colo- nel's groom, who had been to water his matter's horfe in the faid river, came in a full gallop, telling him likewife, that the rebels were pafling the river, fo that we foon after heard them fire upon our ad- vanced guard, who retired immediately to the main body. Colonel Haus did not call the foldiers to their arms, or caufed the alarum to be given, until the eneriiy came within fight of us, and charged our out-guard, when we firft began to fkir- mifh with them : But they charging us with their more numerous forces in the front, whilft Kamaron with his troops endeavour- ed to cut off our retreat to the Receif,, which we were not able to prevent, by reafon of the fmallnefs of our number, Haus afk'd captain Wiltfchut, Blaer and Liflry, What was beft to he done ? Wiltf- chut anfwered, Tou never afk'd our advics before, do what, you think beft. Whereupon Haus ordered to retreat to the houfe of Mr. de Wit : Captain Blaer, who expecft- ed no quarter, being on the other hand for fighting our way through to the Re- ceif The houfe was bravely defended for four 1645. Colonel Haus fur- renders at difcretion. A further account of the defeat of colonel Haus by captain Jacobfon= and Travels to B R A S I L. 1645. four hours, but at laft powder and ball C/'\rsj beginning to fail, becaufe half a barrel of gunpowder (which was all they had left) blew up by accident, they furrendred at difcretion to Andrew Vidal., under condi- tion to have their lives fived, as well for themfelves as the Brajllians among them ; which agreement being figned by Vidal., and two or three more of the chief com- manders of the Portugiiefe, was delivered to colonel Haus. Notwithftanding which, the Brafdians v/ere cut to pieces by the inhabitants, with the confent of the Por- tuguefe commanders, as foon as we had quitted our poft in the houfe. The Bra- fil'ian women feeing their hufbands mur- thered before their faces, dalh'd mod of their childrens brains againft the walls, for fear they Hiould fail alive into the hands of the Portuguefe. All the Dutch, about two hundred and fifty ftrong, among whom were colonel Haus, captain Blaer and Li- Jiry, were made prifoners of war, and were for the firft four or five days kept in the fugar-mill of Hacq^, when John Fernandes Vie'ira, and many of the inhabitants folli- cited Andrew Vidal, to deliver the faid prifoners up into their hands, with an in- tention to kill them, but Vidal refufed to grant their requeft, and caufed them forth- with to be fent by land to the Babia: " ■- They were indifferently well treated in their journey thither •, but fuch as either ^; , by reafon of ficknefs, or any other acci- dent, were left behind, fell into the inha- bitants hands, who cut them to pieces, and would have done the fame with all the reft, had it not been for their convoy. After their arrival in the Babia, an ac- count being taken of their names, they had certain quarters afligned them, and thirty-one pence halfpenny per week for their pay, and a meafure of meal for eve- ry ten days. They had liberty to walk up and down within the city where they pleafed, except colonel Haus, captain JVdtfchut, and Liflry^ •who were confined to their lodgings, and durft not, without fpecial leave, talk with any body. Colonel Haus was at laft fent to Portugal, and JVdtfchut and Liftry, in June 1 647, put on board a fliip, with two hundred and thirty Dutch prifoners about fixty of our men took fervice among them there, but they refufed the natives of Hol- land. The enemies being greatly encouraged by thefe fuccefles, and their ftrength en- creafing daily by the great concourfe of the Portuguefe inhabitants , wno in the captainftiips of Parayba and Goyana, which hitherto had remained in quiet, and enga- ged themfelves to the government by a new oath of allegiance, now alfo took up 1645, arms againft us •, fo that it was thought '^''■VXJ convenient to recal our garrifons out of thofe parts. But to return to the cape of St. Auftin, What be- after the furrender of which the garrifon ""^^^ of the was carried to St. Antonio, where they were f|^7{^'^ ^ forced to deliver up their arms. Among St. Auftin. the reft of our prifoners there was IJaax Zzveers, afterwards vice-admiral of Holland and IVeJlfrifeland, Abraham Van Millhigen^ and John Broeckhufen, both ftill living in Holland. Major Hoogftrate addrefs'd him- felf to them, endeavouring to bring them over to the Portuguefe fide, by the allure- ments of captain, lieutenant, and enfign's places, telling them, that it would now be in his power to promote them to much higher employments •, but when he fiw them refufe his offer, he fwore they fhould repent it. At the fame time he pref;rr'd three Dutch men, to wit, Winfel Smith, formerly his lieutenant-, Alexander Boucholt^ and Claes Claefen, a native of Amferdam^ to captains places ; the laft of thefe three being an intimate friend of Zweers and Broekbufen, told them, and confirmed ic by many oaths, that he had taken fervice among them for no other end, than to' get an opportunity of returning to us. They had alfo liberty given them to walk a- broad, but not without a guard to keep a watchful eye over all their adions. Not long after, the Portuguefe provider Mor fent for John Broekbifen, and after the firft complements were pafs'd, told him, that if he would ferve the king of Portugal in the quality of commiffary -ge- neral, he fliould go along with him to the camp, where he ftiould receive one hun- dred gilders per month, and be welcome to his table befides ; and that if he refufed his offer, and ftay'd behind, he would be in danger of being murthered by the in- habitants. He reply'd, that being enga- ged by his oath to the company, he could not break it, though with the hazard of his life. And (faid the providor) will you chufe rather to ferve a co?npany of mob than a king ? We are juft now upon the point of executing a defign which is infallible, and then you. will begin to fee that the king^s caufe is the jufieft, and will be crowned with fuccefs for ever. Then he gave him a cup with bran- dy, of which after Mr. Broekhufen had ta- ken a good draught, he took his leave, and return'd to his comrades, unto v/hom he gave an account of what had pafs'd be- twixt them. Thefe had in the mean while been in- form'd by fome Portuguefe, that this de- - fign was upon the ifle Itamarika, and being certain that the council did not fore- fe© 32 iWr. John NieuhofF'^ Voyages 1645. fee this danger, they were contriving all they all rife up in arms, protefting, they 1645. KyV^ pofiible means to give them notice of it, would not be fatisfied till they had fetch'd t-yVNi A Dutch trumpeter dijcovers the enemici defign up- on Itam.i- rika to the council. A baker (ent upon the fame errand. Js feized. but could not pitch upon any perfon fitly qualified for this undertaking. At laft, Ifaac Zweers., by vaft promifes of reward, prevailed fo far upon a Dutch trumpeter, call'd Martin Stomp., that he undertook to carry this piece of news in perfon to the council, and at the fame time to requeft the releafmg of the Dutch prifoners ftill re- maining at St. Antonio. Every thing be- ing agreed upon betwixt them, the trum- peter took his leave of Mr. Zweers, and fet out on his journey to the Receif about midnight, leaving his wife and children behind him. Mr, Z'weers and Mr. Broek- hufen appear'd very well fatisfied, but ne- verthelefs were in their hearts not a little concerned for the iffue of this enterprize. Tjiey would often call upon the trum- peter's wife to enjoin her filence, and or- dered her, that if any enquired after him, to tell them that he was run away from her, in order to take fervice in the camp in the Verged, Some days after they met v/ith one Pe- te}' R.itfau., formerly baker to the garrifon of the cape of St. Aufiin ; Brockhufen having a mind to feel his pulfe, and finding him not averfe to fuch a tafk, he at laft with fair words prevail'd upon him to under- take the fame journey the trumpeter had done before •, that in cafe he Ihould mifcar- ry, which they much feared he might, the council might neverthelefs be advertifed of the enemies intended expedition againft Ita- marika. The baker having defired a cer- tificate from them, teftifying, that he never had taken fervice among the Portuguefe, pre- pared himfelf for his journey, which he in- tended to begin with the firft dark night. The fime night they were forewarn'd of a defign againft their lives, by a certain Italian call'd Jacomo da Perugalho., fo that ZwC'.rs and Brockhufen gueffing, not with- out reafon, that fome of the Portugueze had got fcent of their fending away the trumpeter and baker, thought it not ad- vifeable to ftay longer in this place, but to afk leave from colonel Pedro Marinha Fal- kaho, to go to the Algodais, where they could not want conveniency to go along with the reft of the prifoners, that were intended to be fent to the Bahia, which was readily granted. In the mean while, the baker having ta- ken the firft opportunity to fet out on his journey, was met by two Portuguefe in the fugar-mill I'rapicha., who having found the beforementioned certificate about him, car- ried him prifoner to St. Antonio de Cabo^ where being put to the torture, it made fuch a noife among the inhabitants, that Zweers and Broekhufen from the Algodais^ and cut them to pieces ; for which purpofe they alfo obtained feven foldiers from Pe- dro Marinha., and had certainly put it in execution if captain Ley had not oppofed it for as good luck would have it, they happened at that time to be in his fugar- mill, and the baker had ftood it out brave- ly, without difcovering the matter. The next morning captain Ley gave them a vi - fit, telling them what had happened, and f-iys he, to Broekhufen., What is your mean- • ing by this ? but he having no great confi- dence in Ley, denied every thing to the utmoft. But the 1^ of OElober the whole defign was likely to have been difcovered by the imprudence of the beforementioned trum- The trum^ peter's wife, who being got drunk, told peters jour-^ fome of her acquaintanc;;-, chat her huft)and l^^^^f'"' was gone to the Receif. She was carried a prifoner to the cape of 67. Aufiin., where fhe was miferably tortured, but being a refolute woman, would not confefs any thing : It was however major Hoogfirate^s ; advice, that the Portuguefe ought not to keep the Dutch any longer in Pernambuko, but that all fuch as refufed to take fervice among them, ought to be fent to the Ba- hia. Accordingly all the Dutch prifoners then about the cape and St. Anthony., were fent to the Algodais, where every one was afl<.'d by colonel Pedro Marinha., whether they would take fervice under the king of Portugal, and fuch as would not, fbould be fent forthwith by land to the Bahia, a te- dious journey, befides, that they ran the hazard of being murthered by the v/ay. Many took fervice for fear, but Zweers and Broekhufen being alk'd again, whether they were not willing to fervethe king, they an- fwered, they would rather die than bear arms againft their own nation. The 5"^ of October, all the prifoners un- der a convoy, both of foldiers and boors, were carried from the Algodais to Pojuka. But fcarce were they come thither, when Zweers was ordered to be fent back to the Zweers cape of St. Aufiin, where he was put to the rack, to extort from him a confellion con- cerning the trumpeter's journey to the Re- ceif, who, as they fuppofed, had difcover- ed their defign upon Itamarika ; but not - being able to bring him to make the leaft difcovery, they fent him, after an impri- ^, ^ , fonment or five weeks, to the Baina. prifoners In the mean while Mr. Broekhufen, with co7ne to the the reft of the Dutch prifoners, had been Bahia. forced to travel day and night till the 28'''' of November 1645, when they came to a caftle call'd "Tapuao, on the fea-fhore of the 7 Bahia, / and Travels to BRASIL. 93 1646. A letter in- tercepted by Zweers and Broek- huren. Are com- mitted to frijon. 164.5- Sahia, about half a league from the city of iy^/'sj Si. Salvador , after a dangerous journey : They were carried in ten boats to the city, on that fide where it is beft fortified, the Portuguefe being not willing to let them , have a fight of the fortifications on the land fide, Mr. Broekhufen was by order from the governor Antonio Telles da Sylva , made a prifoner in a citizen's houfe, and the fol- diers difpofed into quarters. The next day they heard the drums beat up for volun- teers, every one being invited to ferve the king of Portugal , of what nation foever , except the Dutch. The next following year, on the i S"* of January 1 64.6 , Zweers and Broekhufen in- tercepted a letter writ by Hoog^irate to Hon- dius, concerning feveral tranllidiions to be communicated to the governor , of which captain Ley having got fcent, gave imme- diate notice thereof to the governour the firft of February, who threatned them with no lefs than the gallows , fent them to a loathfome prifon ; with ftrid: orders that no body fliould be permitted to fpeak with them, nor that pen, ink, or paper, fhould be allowed them ; nay, whilft the clerk was fetting down their names , a captain came and told them from the governor, that they were the traitors who kept correfpondence with the Dutch in the Receif; and ordered that a centinel fhould be fet at the prifon door, to keep the inhabitants from laying violent hands upon them •, for as they were carrying to prifon , they made a horrible noife, crying, T 0 the gallows with thefe im- pojlors and traitors. They remained five whole days in this prifon , without any vi- (Sluals or drink , till being almoft fpent with hunger and thirft , they got leave to write to the governor, reprefenting to him their deplorable condition •, who gave im- mediate orders that victuals fhould be gi- ven them for the future : The Portuguefe keeper being afraid , that if they fliould give them plenty of viiluals at firft , it might turn to the danger of their lives, was fo cautious, as to fend them no more than each a piece of bread well dipt in wine at firft, and after fome hours, fuch another, but fomething bigger, till by degrees their ftomachs were reftored to their former di- geftive faculty. The laft day of February the governour Have audi' g3.ve publick audience (which is done three ence of the times every year) for the releafing of thofe gover?iour. that are prifoners on the king's account. Upon this occafion a free accefs was like- wife granted to our people to the governor. They paflfed thro' the anti-chamber, lined on both fides with his guards, into the room , of audience, adorned with damaflc hangings of divers colours : Here they found the go- VoL, IL {buffer for want of visuals. Are provi- ded with visuals. Are dij- chargeJ, vernor fitting in an elbow chair , on the 1 646. right-fide of which ftood the royal throne, (./V'NJ raifed four fteps higher from the ground than the governor's feat, which was fur- rounded upon the floor with very fine tape- ftry. Juft behind him ftood his fecretary, and fome halbardiers •, on both fides fat fe- veral councellours and lawyers, their heads covered , and behind them the officers of the army , all uncovered. The governor,- as foon as he faw our prifoners, give them a fign to come nearer, which they having done accordingly, Mr. Broekhufen upon his knees, fpoke to him thus : JVe fuppofe your lordfhip not to be ignorant , that now for a whole month we have been detained in a mife- rable prifon ; without being confcious of any crime committed againft you, unlefs it were , that we have detained the letter your lordfhip knows of ; if in this we have committed a fault we beg your lordfjip's pardon. And ( replied the governour) fuppofing you had done fuch a thing in Holland ? Upon which Broekhufen anfwered, T^hat his lordfhip would be pleafed to remetnber that it was no more than a private letter , and not directed to his lordfhip •, the governour after having paufed for a little while, gave immediate order for their difcharge ^ from that time they had liberty given them of walking abroad, but were fain to carry themfelves very fwimmingly, for fear of the inhabi- tants, who kept a watchful eye over them. The 7^" of May, Ifaac Zweers and John Broekhufen were carried on board a yacht called the St. Francis , in order to be con- veyed to the ifle of T" -irceira ; and as they f^^^ were the firft Dutch prifoners that were Terceira. fent to that ifland, every body looked up- on it no otherwife than a pretence to throw them over board after they were come at fea. Here they met with worfe treatment than before , being forced to ftand to the pump during the whole voyage, and yet were ready to be ftarved, notwith- ftanding the fea-men catched more fifh than they could confume. At laft the 28"" being arrived in the road near Terceira, they faw within an hour after a Dutch fhip coming to anchor near them ; they called to the fliip till the mafter fent fome of his peo- ple aboard them, unto whom they made their complaints, and underftanding that the mafter was a native of Niewendam cal- led Martin Peter Honing, they began to be a little chearful , tho' the Portuguefe would not allow them to go aboard the Dutch fhip. But the 29"" being left alone with the fteer-man and only one boy in the vef- fel , they found means to go in fpight of their keepers, aboard Martin Peter Honing, who promifed to fee them delivered. The fame afternoon Moor the governour of B b this Mr. John NieullolFs Voyages 646. J/:J from thence to Portugal. Avrive jafc!^; in "Holland. Prepara- lions in the I RcLLlt". this and the adjacent iflands , refiding in 'Terceira fent for Ziveers and Broekhufen , and told them that he had received a let- ter from the governour Antonio 'belles da Sylva^ in which he defired him to detain them prifoners in the cafcle for a twelve month •, but that he did not think hirn- felf obliged to follow his diredions, he having no other dependance but on the king, who being not concerned in this war, his orders were to fend all the pri- foners brought thither to Portugal; that they might rely upon it, and for their pre- fent fuftenance, till a Ihip fhould be ready to so, ordered them nine rix dollars. The 1 3"* of June they met with a maf- ter of a French veffel, who offered to car- ry them without any reward to Portugal , which they willingly accepted of: Here they met with many of their fellov/ prifon- ers, who had imagined no otherwifc but that the Portuguefe had thrown them over board. They continued here till the lo"" of September, when Mr. Zzveers and Broek- hufen embarked themfelves at Lijhon aboard a man of war called the Prince Henry, and at lail, the 4"' of December, after a thou- fand dangers and miferies, which they had fuftained fince their departure from the Dutch Brafil, arrived fifely in the Maefe. But we mufl rettirn towards the Receif, The unexpected defeat of colonel Haus , put all the inhabitants of the Receif under a great confternation but the council left no ftone unmrned to put the place with all the adjacent forts , in a condition to make a vigorous defence, in cafe it fhould be attacked by the enemy ; and that every thing might be performed with the beft order that could be , Peter Bas was con- flituted commander in chief in the Receif. Admiral Lichthart was to take care of the batteries , and artillery thereunto belong- ing •, Henry Moucheron was made comman- der in Maurice's tcvon ; all their thoughts being now bent upon the defence of thefe places, which before they judged out of danger. I'he ftables and out-houfes for the ufe of the negroes, as likewife the walks and gardens belonging to count Maurice'' % houfe being no fmall impediment to the fort Erneflus; it being to be feared that under favour of thefe houfes and trees, the ene- my might unexpededly furprize the fort and Maurice's to-wn , and the inhabitants earncftly requeiled the pulling dov/n of thofe flables, out-houfes and trees, and %vhat elfe might prove dangerous to the place orders were given to Mr. Valbergen and major Bayert; commanding in the fort Ernefius, to fee the fame put in execution, witii iLs little damage to the houfe as poffi- bly could be. The houfes near the fort 1646* Bruin were likewife ordered to be pulled (./VNJ down, and the horn-work belonging to it, to be levelled at the requefl of the citizens. Many negroes were alfo employed under the condud; of major Beck and the captain of the city militia, to break down all the houfes in Maurice'' s tozvn, which lay too near the new retrenchments. All Portu- guefe prifoners were ordered to be diflri- buted in the fhips , and feveral volunteers who had committed many outrages in the countrey, and were detained in cuflody, were taken into fervice for three months. A rumour being fpread abroad that 1 8 of . . ; . , the enemy were come into the Affagados, a company of citizens were got in readinefs to affifl them, but it proved not true. The fame day the fiiip called the 0- range-tree arrived near the Receif, being range tree come out of the Macfe the 2 1'^ of May with comes from thirty-five foldiers for recruits. The watch- Holland, es were fo difpofed, that in Maurice'' s town Mr. de JVit and Raetfield (befides the ordi- nary ofKces) and in the Rece'if Mr. Aldr'ich and Valbergen fhould go the rounds. Balthafar Dortmund , governour of Ita- marika fent advice to the council the 17"* of Augufl that Kavalkanti was with fome troops come to Iguaraku , and had fum- moned the Brafilians to join with him in four days, under forfeiture of their lives. The 1 9'" the citizens prefented a peti- The dti- , tion , fhewing the necefTity of having the P^^'- houfe of count M^z^nV^ pulled down, as^J/i"'^^'^ hindring the profpedt from tlie fort Erne- down^of flus, and if once poffefTed by the enemy , Maurice'^ they might from thence annoy both the fort ^"^1^- and the Rece'f icfelf with their cannon. But the council having advifed with Mr. Wtd- beck , admiral Lichthart, Aldrick de U^it, Raetfield, Moucheron and Valbergen, thought fit not to agree to it for that time, being in hopes that it might be made ufeful for their defence. Mr. de JVit and Hamel were commanded to go from hence to each houfe in Maurice's town, and to take an exad ac- count of what negroes were able to bear Negroes arms, and to furnifla them with mufquets '''''"i^^- and pikes •, the fame charge was given to admiral Lichthart, and captain Bartholomew Van Collen, for the Receif All the fick that were in a flate of reconvalefcency in the caflle were likewife ordered to be arm- med for its defence. At the fame time an anfwer was fent to Mr. Dortmund, with orders to draw as ma- Orders fent ny Brafilians as pofTibly he could into the ille of Itamarika, and to provide himfelf ^l-f^^ with as much cattle and meal (farinha) as he was able to get out of the adjacent pla- ces ; but that if he found himfelf not in a condition to maintain the whole iiland, s or and T RAVELS to A. S I Li 9$ i6^6. or the city of Schop, he lliould retire into Ky^'^ the fort 0?-ange, where he might be fup- phed by fea, and confequently make a vi- gorous defence. Mr. Carpenter was like- wife forewarned to be upon his guard, and to retire in time into the ifle of Itaniarika, with his foldiers and Brafilians^ if he found the inhabitants ready to take up arms a- gainft him. The 1 9"" at night a party went abroad . to get intelhgence, but met with no ene- my. Some negroes were alfo fent towards the enemies quarters to know their ftrength. The fame evening the council received a letter by lieutenant Francis Meades from Andrew Fidal, in which he teftified his rea- ^ dinefs ftill to maintain the peace, com- plaining at the fame time of outrages com- mitted by our foldiers, as may be feen out ' • ■■ of the following letter. ■ ■ A letter from Vidal to the council. 'E have fent you advice hefore hy lieute- nant Manuel Antonio , of our arrival in this captainjhip , by orders ffo?n the go- vernor Antonio Telles da Sylva , and at jour own request., in order to rejtore tranquil- lity here by the jnoft effe^ual means we could devife. We alfo did reprefent to your lord^ Jhips the many innovations and unaccoutitable proceedings which had reached our ears, by the lamentable cries of feveral noble ravijhed virgins, and the doleful complaints of the in- habitants of Rio Grande, where forty perfons of note together with a prieft , and the other day tzvo more in the Salinas were murdered in cool blood. I can fcarce mention without horror ( and the refpeci every one ought to have to facred places forbids me to particu- larize) the outrages committed againft the Ima- ges of faints, and efpecially that of the mother of God, and facriieges committed by your fol- diers : All which confiderations, together with that we found you in a warlike condition, with your troops in the field , natural right of felf defence eftablijhed by the conftant cuftom of war did teach us , not to leave an armed power be- hind our backs , which upon occafion might have proved fatal to us , before we could come to a refolution in conjunSlion with your lord- fiips, what meafures were beji to be taken for the re-eft abUjhment of that tranquillity which was the only aim of our co?mng into thefe parts \ according to which we have regulated ourfelves in our march towards the Receif, till we come to the town of St. Antonio de Cabo •, where having caufed John Fernandes Vieira to be taken into cuftody , under a guard of twelve foldiers, we were furprized at the vaft num- bers of inhabitants, children, women, and re- ligious men , who to fhelter themfelves from the outrages^ and robberies cofnmitted against them by captain Blaer in the Vergea, came to i6a^6. feek for Jhelter among us. 1'hey gave us an i ,ys/'\j account how that the faid captain- not fatisfied/ with having plundered their houfes, had car-- ried away three of the noble§i ladies of the countrey , after they had been grievoufly dif-, graced before the inhabitants being exafpera- ted by thefe violences , did (againfl our will.) leave our ca?!ip fo fuddenly , that whatever hafre we made to tnarch after them, we could 7wt overtake them before they were engaged, with fome of your troops , in the fiigar-mill of Ifabel, Gonfalves , which they intended to have fet on fire, had it not been for our ?)ien^ , who zvere forced to interpofe betwixt thevi and your foldiers, to their no fmall danger and our lofs , as being expofed to the voUies of your fmall foot , which conftfted for the moft part of bullets cut in piece s~ and made four fquare. As the hoftilities cofnmitted daily againft our troops, afford frefh occafions of revolt among the inhabitants , fo we cannot but lay before your lordfhips the late proclamation and rati- fication of peace betwixt us , protefting now and for ever in the name of God , John IV. our king, as alfo in the name of the ftates ge- neral and all our allies , that your lordfhips will not lei things come to a rupture, and not give us n£w caufe of aUing offenfively, or to declare war againjl you. We cannot longer . dijfemble our opinion, that the reiterated com- plaints of the inhabitants, may at leaf in fome meafure ferve for an excufe, if not a juftifi- cation of the proceedings of John Fernandes Vieira , concerning whom we are fufficiently fatisfied that his firft intentions were only to ■ afford proteElion to fome innocent perfons threat- ned with deftru^ion ; which though it was in his power to do , yet did he retire from place to place with his forces, in hopes of avoiding any engagement, till forced thereunto by necef fity^ he was conftrained to repel force by force-. We beg of your lordfhips to take this letter in- to ferious confidetation , being of fo much con- fequence, to our both fides fafeties •, for it feems as if heaven itfelf were offended at our pro- ceedings. God preferve your lordfhips. Andrew Vidal de Negreiros. Fm// de Ingenio of St. John Baptift ■ , , deVenies, Aug. 19, 1645. An anfwer from the council was fent the next following day by the fame lieute- nant. The council'' s anfwer. U'T of our anfwer to your letter dated ' _ ' at Serinhaim the 8''' of auguft, you may fufficiently fee that the proteftations made both by the governour Antonio Telles da Sylva , and by yourfelf, concerning the maintaining of - . the $6 Mr, John Nieuhoff Vo y a g e s 1 646. the peace hettvixt his majesty of Portugal and [yY^ ihe Jtates general of the United Provinces , were never looked upon hy us as fincere , or to he relied upon , fince your anions did in no wife agree with your words. T'he treacherous propofals made to one of our deputies^ to betray one of our hefl ftro?ig holds into your hands ; the landing of fo formidoMe a force in our ter- ritories without any knowledge., under pretence of a mifinterpreted fenfe of our letter to his excellency ; the coming with a ftrong fleet in- to our road ; the taking of the fort of Serin- haim ; the f aught er of fo many Brafilians our fubjecls in cool blood ; the fummons fent to the cape of St. Auftin for a furrender , nay the attacking and furprifing of our troops , who were forced to keep in the field., for the bri- dling of our rebellious inhabitants ; all thefe., we fay., cannot hy any unhiafs'd perfons be looked upon otherwife , than manifeft infrac- tions of the faid treaty, and open hoftilities. We on our fide can without the lea^l contra- diction to truth pofitively declare., that our ar- ?na?nent was not in the lea^l intended against his majefty of Portugal , hut againff the re- bels and their adherents ; which we were co?n- 'pelled to., when we faw many armed troops to penetrate into our territories crofs the river St. Francifco. '^he furprifing of fame of our harks in the Salgados ; the taking of the houfe Marecape, and making our fafeguards pri- foners there, as well as at Cambao , and fe- deral other places \ the gallows that were e- reEled on purpofe to terrify our inhabitants in- to a compliance with the revolted party the killing of three of the faid inhabitants of Po- juka in cool hlood , and the furprifing of fe- veral of our foldiers and Brafilians fent to St. Lawrence to fetch farinha ; the plundering of the houfe s and fhops of fever al tradefnen in the countrey., with many fuch like violences committed by the revolted party ; and what is the wor^, before ever we appeared in anns, hut endeavoured by proclamations of pardon and of maintaining them in their pojfeffions ., to divert the danger ; all thefe anions., we fay, will not admit of any other interpretation hut of open hoftilities. How can it he fuppofed that in the fta- tton we are , we could after all thofe provoca- tions and fights of our kind ofi-ers, defifi any longer .from drawing the fword? Whatever in the mean time has been tranfiEled contrary to the fuftom of war , has been done without our knowledge and intention , being occafioned hy the treacherous dealings of the rebels , and confequently to he looked upon as deferved pu- nifhments , rather than the cotifequences of a juft war \ he fides , that neither his excellency Antonio Telles da Sylva, neither you nor a- ny body elfe, has any legal power to call us to an account concerning the government or pu- mjhment of the fubje^s of the fates general. no more than the king of Portugal is an- 164.6. fwerable to us for what is tranfatled upon {yy^ that account in his kingdo?n or other dominions. Notwithftanding which we would have you not in the lea^f lay the before-mentioned critnes . and violencies at our door, we are fo far from having encouraged or command.ed the Tapoyers to kill the Portuguefe inhabitants in Kunhao, . that for thefe fever al years laft paft we have endeavoured to prevent it ; for having., hy the ill treatment they had received from the Por- tuguefe , been exafperated againjl them , they were for killing moft of the inhabitants of that captainfijip, and had usually put it in execu- tion, had we not inter pofed our authority, and" ordered our garrifons to take them into their ' particular protection. What you fay of ra- viflnng of women, is not o)dy beyond our know- ledge, but even beyond whatever we heard of before, having taken all imaginable care to pre- vent fuch violences by our proclamation , puh- lifhed for that purpofe. It is known to all the world that we afforded our peculiar pro- ' ' ■ teuton to the women of de Ingenio , of St. Arnout d'Orlanda, and what concerns the taking of the ladies hy captain John Blaer , ^ was, as we are informed, done with no other intention, than to exchange them for his wife, or at leaf: to keep thein as hofiages for her , he having received intelligence that fhe was very ill treated hy you at Serinhaim. T^he re- bels themfelves made the fir§t ftep towards - thofe robberies and rapines that have been com- * mitted hy our foldiers fince ; which however cannot come into balance with thofe cheats , frauds and rapines, wherewith thofe rebels have defrauded and robbed their creditors of their debts and goods ; notwithftanding which we have hy granting fafeguards and otherwife done all what in us lay to prevent the fame. The late murder upon the perfon of the Sa- linhas was committed the 17"" of Auguft, without our knowledge, to our great diffatif- f action by the Brafilians, who being enra- ' ' ' ged at the killing of their men, wome?i and chil- dren at Serinhaim , without any diftinEiion of age or fex, took this opportunity of revenging themfelves. Tou may eafily guefs that the pa- pers difperfed by Antonio Kavalkanti at 1- guaracu, have alfo contributed a little to this enterprize. Of the bullets mentioned by you to have been ufed in the last encounter, we have more rea- fon to complain than you, it being our con- ftant order not to recede from what is the cufto?n of war in thefe cafes. The courtefy fijewed in faving and receiv- ing our foldiers, we are ready to acknowledge, and to return upon the like occafion, defining you would fend us hack your refolution upon this point by the fame drmnmer. It being evident from what has been al- ledged, that all the pafi misfortunes ought to he dud TratelS imputed to the rebels, unto whom voe endea- tXV^ 'voured by all requiftte means to reftore tro/n- quillity and peace ; but they perfifting in their rebellious defigns, deferve rather condign pu~ , nijhment than the leaft excufe at your handsi For which reafon it is that we proteft before God and the whole world, against the pro- ceedings of his excellency Antonio Telles da Sylva, and what elfe has been committed by yourfelf contrary to the treaty concluded be- twixt his viajefly of Portugal and the Jlates general of the United Provinces •, not quef- tioning but that upon the receipt of thefe pre- fents, you will retire vAth your forces to the Bahia , and thereby put an end to the fur- ther violation of the faid treaty. Thus expell- ing your anfwer, we re^i^ fir. Receif. Aug. 20, 1645^ Tours, &c; Frepara- tions a- gainjl the Enemies eojning to the Re- ceif. In Mau- •rice'i Town and sther forts. The fame night word being brought that fome of the tnemics troopb were advanced to Olmda, notice was given to all the cir- cunijacent torts, to prepare for a vigorous defence, and two batteries ordered to be raifed on the back-fide of tne dwelling- place of the negroes, from whence they might Gommana tiiC avenues to the Receif along the river-fide. Several volunteers lately come from the flat country, were incorporated into one coiiipany under the command of fdcret..ry Ramel^ as captain, and Jercnymo Holman their lieutenant : Two advanced guards were placed, one be- twixt the fort Bruin and the triangular fort-, thefecond betv/ixt the lafl and count Maurice's plantation: Part of the bridge of Boavlfta was broken down^ to hinder the enemies paffage that way , and conii- dering the importance of the triiHgulir fort, a detachm.:nt of twenty fix foiaiers out of feveral co.npanics was ordered to reinforce the garriion there.- The lame care was taken for the fscurity of Mau- rice's 'Town, Antonio Vaez, the fort Erneftus^ the quinquangalar fort, and all the reit. Major Bayert was ordered to have the re- fnaining walls of count Maurice^ s ftables pull'd down, becaafi they hindred the pro- pped: from the fo; t Erneftus ; and Henry Vermeulen was commanded to employ thirty negroes in clearing tiie plantation ot count Maurice and the ditches from all rubbiih and the before-mention' J Bayert, ordered to remove the p.;llifadoes from the faid gardens, and to put them round his fort. The engineer had orders given him to fet a row of pailifidoes on that fide of the fort of Erneftus, where it fronts the before^ mention'd gardens, and to extend them five rods into the river. And this fort be- ing not fufficiently llored with heavy can- non, commifiary Sticht was to carry thither Vol. IL tv/o great pieces, then planted at die bridge- i ^4 ^. foot, and inftead of them to place there ^^-sf^i ■ two culverins •, iikewif; the entrance of the channel of Maurice's Town was ftopc by a double row of pallifadoes. The meni- bers of the council, in conjunction with thofe 6f the court of jullice, took another view of the fuburbs of Maurice's Town., to confult whether it were beft to maintain or to defert that pofl, but the rifobtion thereof was defcrr'd 'till thenext day. Two great cannons v/ere planted in the ^.in- quanqular-Fcrt, to command the xiver- fide ; and in confideration that the hornworks belonging to that fort, required a confi- derable number of men for their defence, the governor of the fort was ordered to have the fame Irvdl'd by his Brajilians and fol Jiers, and oh: hundred negroes and the woods betwixt the faid fore and the Affa- gad^s, were ordered to be cut down by the BrafiUans belonging to the fort, when it was alfo refolved to draw the fortifications of Maurice's Town into a narrower eom- pafs, and to repair the v/alls round the Receif fo that by the indefatigable care of the council, all the fortifications both of the Receif znA the odier adj acent pLces, were pur into fuch a good poib.ire of de- fence, that the enemy, tbo' very ftroriT, durfc not attempt any thing thereabouts for that time. Mr. 'D/rtmnnd had drawn ne.;r 1400 perfons mio Itaniarika, 7ooofv/hi.h being women and chil iren, he defired fjm j f-ipplies of provifions, but for the reic, had put the ifland in a good pofture. yiwLinge, by his lette ; dated m'Po.ray- irfiprs u ba the zi^ of Augufi, fent advice to the tb? coun- council, that after notice given him of the ^il cut of defeat of colori.l Haus, he had judged it P^rayba. moil convenient to reraove the garrifoii and inhabitants of Frcderieia into the forts , that however the Portuguefe were pretty quiet as yet, notwithftanding his whole force confiiled not in above tour hun ired foldiers, one hundred inhabitants, and fifty BrafiUans, among v/hom were a good num- ber of fick and maimed men ; and that the Tapoyers had flain about twelve orfouiteen labouring countrymen. Major Hoogilrate, Ley and Heck, had not long before given- notice to the council, that they had burnt all the houfes, but efpecially the magazine and church without the fort, for its better defence, and that the. enemy had pofted them.felves on the hill of the cape, and on the fouthern ifland. On the 25'^ of Augvfl, upon another re- view of the fortifications of AZ^^^nV^'s Town^ 'the fame were ordered to be brought forta- with to perfeftion. The fame day the council received letters from Mr, hinge, by the way of Itamarika^ C c dated Mr. John Nieuhoif'^ Voyages Confulta- tions about removing fever a I garrifons to the Re- ceif. dated die iS'\and 19"^ of Augufty in Fa- rayba^ that Wilham Barenis had Unt him advice fromKunhao die 1-^'^ oi Jugnfr, that he and Rudolph Bawn had a troop of Tirz- foyers ready for our fervice, every thing being very quiet thereabouts; but that the faid 'Tapoyers had carried av/ay all the cat- tle belonging to Peler Farcbarfon^ v/hich had occafioned no fmall fcarcity of frelli llefh thereabouts. It was alfo judged abfolutely neceflary by the council, to cake into their ferious confi- deration the prefent condition of the forts in Rio St. Francijco and Seregippo del Rey, which being provided but with flender gar- l^ifohs, and all communication cut off be- tv/ixt them and the Receif^ and in great danger of being loft it was judged abfo- lutely neceffary, after the defeat of colo- nel Haus, to endeavour the prefervation of them, and confequently of the whole Dutch- Bra/dy by removing them from thence to the Receif. To accomplifh this with all imaginable fecurity, Mr. IFalbeck was deputed by the great council to the council of war, to know their opinion, by what means chefe garrifons, as well as that of Porto Calvo^ might be with fifety brought to the Receif, or whe- ther, confidering that they would be forced to leave their cannon behind them, they fhould be ordered to defend themfelves to the laft extremity, in hopes of receiving fpeedy fuccours from Holland for their re- lief The council of war, having well weigh- ed the whole matter, unanimoufly agreed upon the following refolution. The refclution of the council of war. THA T it was their opinion , confidering the capital city was in danger for want of a fufficient garrifon, the garrifons of the he- fore-mention'' d forts, which in all probability could not make any long refifiance, ought to be taken from thence with as much ammunition and cannon as could be done, and carried to the Receif But in regard that the fort of Porto Calvo lay pretty deep into count rey, where the river zvas very narrow and fJoallow, the garrifons of Rio Sc. Francifco, and Se- regippo del Rey, were to pafs that way in order to join them, and that they fhould bury or break their cannon. By order from the council of war, Aug. 24, 1645. Signed, Kornelis Bayer, Albertiis Oofterman Van. Harkema, John Denning, 8ami:ei Lambartz. Henry Advocaet. Frederick Piftoor. capt. Haclmeifter. Rene de Mouchy. Accordingly two barks, with the flilp 1645. Zclandia, were ordered for the execution U< captainfhip of Parayba, they aftually flew all the Portuguefe they met with in their way, to the number of one hundred pei> fons, and plundered their houfes •, and as foon as they found him prepared to appeafe them, one half of them, with what ne- groes and other booty they had got, re- turned home J but continuing his march with the reft thro' Goyana towards the The Ta- Receif, the Tapoyers did no fooner under- poyers dg* fcand, that they were likely to meet v/ith^^^'^^' fome oppofition by the way, but they fol- lowed the footfteps of the reft homewards j fo that he was forced to retire with all fpeed to the fore of St, Margaret in Parayba^ from whence he returned by fea to the Re- ceif HereUj-on the council difpatched fome letters ti e 16''^ of September for Rio Grande, direded to king John Duwy, Ja- cob Rabbi :xnd Rudolf Bar 0, exhorting them to join their arms with ours, for our mutu- al defence, and to chafe the Portuguefe that were on their march thither, from thence. The 13'" of September 1645, Jeronymo Serrao da Paiva, late admiral of the Pfr- tugufe fleet, (made prifoners in the late fea engagement in the bay of Tamandare) ap- peared before the council, where being ex- amined concerning the defigns of the go- vernor of the Bahia in fending a fleet, and landing his forces in the Bay of Tamandare, as likewife concerning the fleet under the command of Salvador Korrea de Saa, he re- The cap^ fufed to give any other anfwer, or to make five Por- the leaft confeffion, except that he was fent ^^^^j^^^ with the faid fleet and forces to offer his ^xamineL affiftance to appeafe the revolt arifen a- mong us. He defired alfo leave to fend a letter by a drummer to the colonels Mar- tin Soares Moreno and Andrew Vidal, about the exchanging of his perfon, and ibme other Portuguefe Prifoners 3, which was . _ . : granted, • ' - Some and Travels td B R A S I L, I Of 1645. Some of the citizens having conceived L/*^/^NJ ''^ jealoufy, as if their prefling circumftances and the need they flood in of prefent re- lief, had not been fafficiently reprefented to the council of nineteen in Holland, it was thought lit by the councd to commi'- nicate the contents of the two laft letters to them for their latisfaftion. ~i The 1 9"^ of Septe/nber, about noon, our whole fleet retired from the bay of Ta- mandare into the road of the Recdf, with two men of war, and two fmall veffels taken from the enemy •, where I was arrived ■ - long before, having lert them, immediate- ly after the engagement. The fame night Servaes Carpenter who died the day before, v/as interr'd. The fame day the yacht call'd the Doe, and one of the fmall veffels taken from the enemy, and call'd by us the Receif, were fent out a crufing to the Gape of St. Auftin., to prevent the enemies receiving any fuppliesby fea thereabouts. The council being fenfible that the ene- my made it their chiefcfc endeavour to drive away their cattle, and to prevent them, Compar-^ by llrong parties from fetching of v/ood ofpiifil'eers and lifhing, a company of fufileers was erened. order'd to be eredted out of other com- panies, who were to be commanded by captain Renhagh, and to ferve as a conftant guard againft the enemy's flying parties. The 2 1 it of September the following pro- - clamation of pardon for fuch as had taken fervice with the enemy, was publifli'd. A V p^Knoti pubUJh''d. H E great council of the Dutch-Brafd being made fenfible, that many of their fub- jetls being fallen into the enetnies hands, have either for fear of being killed or tranfported, and out of other conf. derations, taken fervice among the enemies troops, and confidering that moft of them have been inveigled by their cojn- manders, and perhaps are in a fair way of re- penting of their error, have thought fit, by thefe prefent s to grant our pardon to all fuch as fJoall return to our fervice, for all paft offences ; vjith our promife, that theyflo all receive the ad- vantage of the fame ftation they were poffefd of among us before and fuch as are willing to return to their native countrey, fhall have pafs- ports granted them for that purpofe ; from the benefit of which pardon, are hozvever except- ed Dirck Hoogftrate, and the other traytors, who being commanders of forts, have treache- roufly delivered up the fame to the enemy. . • By this tim.e the enemy had biock'd up all the avenues by land, leading to the Re- ceif, in hopes to reduce us by famine, ha- ving pofted both all the Portuguefe forces . fent to their aid from the Bahia, and the Vol. 11. rebellions troops, from the city of OUndd to the Bareita, in the form of a half-moon % and made about half a league from the fort of Affagados an entrenchm'ent provi- ded with fix pieces of heavy cannon, brought hither from Porto Calvo, but durfl: not attack us by force, knowing we were pre- pared for their reception. . Mr. Dortmund having by his letters re- prefented to the council, the necefiity there was of fending one of their members to provide for the fecurity of Itamarika, and to keep the Brajilians, (conflfting of 1500 men, women and children) by his authority in their duty againft the folicitations of Ka- maron, who left no ftone unturn'd to bring them over to his fide ; they deflred Mr. Bulleftrate to take upon him this province ; who accordingly the 23"^ of September, fet fail thither in the fhip the Deventer, and re- turning the 29''' of September to the Receif, gave the following account to the council. He arrived about noon at the entrance of tlie river Maria Farinha, where being informed by John Vos, mafter of a bark, that the enemy had twice attack'd the city of Shoppe, and continued before it ftill, he went into a challop, with five or fix feamen to the fort Orange, but was no fooner ef- pied by the garrifon, but they defired him not to come nearer, they being ftill fmart- ly engaged with the enemy upon the hill, and doubtful of fuccefs : Whereupon he fent two feamen, with a letter to Mr. Dort- mund, who being encouraged by the re- ward of two reals, brought an anfwer from him the fame night, intimating that the enemy, had been forced to retire. The 25'" of Aiiguft, by break of day, he went in a challop to the city of Shoppe, and finding that the enemy, what with the brave refinance made by the garrifon, what with fear of this fhip, had abandon'd not only the city, but alfo the whole iiland, he or- dered the fortifications to be forthwith re- paired, and to be put into a good pofture of defence. For the enem_y perceiving that it was in vain to attack us upon the Receif, fent great part of thetr forces, embark'd in 8 boats and a bark againft Itamarika, the 20"* of September ; where having furprized, and vi- goroufly attack'd our forces pofted on the hill near the city, (our deferters making the firft attack) that they the third time made themfelves mafters of it, forcing our troops to retreat into their entrenchment of the cliurch. About three days after, viz. the lof, Mr. Bidleftrate, as we told you, arrived in the fhip Deventer, to give the neceffary orders for the defence of the place-, and to keep the Brafilians in awe, he brought along v/ith D d hiiTt- 1645. M?- Bulle- ftrate yi/.'f to It-mu- rika. accotmt of his pro- ceedings. The Portu- guefe at- tack Ita- marika. I02 Mr. John NieuhoflFV Voyages $645. him fome volunteers chofen from among l/V>J the citizens, the garrifon of the i^^iT^'^ being fo weak as not to be rendred ufeJefs by any further detachments ; befides that there Were 400 Brafilians capable of bearing arms at Itamarika. He was charged by the great council, and the members of the council of war, to watch above all things for the defence of the fort Orange^ which was to be maintained to the laft, if they Were not able to keep the whole ifland on the hill. Mr. Biilleftrate, after his arrival there, found it abfolutely neceifary to preferve likewife the city of Shoppe^ from whence the fiid fort muft be fupplied with wood, its fituation being fuch, as that fo long as we were m.afters at fea, we could maintain a correfpondence betwixt the faid fort and city for which purpofe alfo, the yacht call'd the Golden-Doe^ had her ftation ap- pointed betwixt the fort Orange and the hill, to maintain the paffage of the river between both. But to return to the fiege of the city \ The enemy made three vigo- rous attacks upon the entrenchment on the hill, but was repulfed with the lofs of 1 50 kill'd-, tho' a barber, who after the fight de- fertedthem, made their lofs amount to 450. Kamaron and Hooglirate were wounded, and we had only 15 kill'd and 16 wounded. The Brafilians lately tranfported thither, from the villages of Goyana^ Iguaracu^ and other places, behaved themfelves to a mira^ cle upon this occafion, tho' it muft be al- ' Abandon low'd, that the arrival of Mr, Bullefirate it again, did not a little cool their courage, which made them abandon the ifland in the night, betwixt funday and monday. Further '^^e 1^ of OElober the great council en- tonfulta- tred upon a fecond debate concerning the tions about prefervation of Itatnarika^ they having re- ihe fafety ceJved certain intelligence, that the enemy iM^^^' had undertaken the laft expedition againft that ifland, upon hopes of being feconded therein by certain perfons of our party, with whom they kept a fecret correfpondency ; and tho' they were in the dark upon whom in particular to fix the intended treachery, yet did they think it conducing to the fafe- ty of that fo important place, to remove captain Sluyler v/ith his company from thence, and in their ftead to fend thither the company commanded by captain IVilUam Lambartz., and to entruft him with the fu- preme command of all tlieir forces there, which was put in execution accordingly the next day. The entrenchment round the church and the fort Orange^ were alfo ordered to be ftrengthen'd with pallifadoes ; and the firft, purfuant to the advice of Garjl- pian and Dortmundy I ordered to be fur- rounded with a counterfcarp, within the compafs of which a company of Bra/ilii'ois j^^^ were lodged, with their wives and children, i^s^A^ and the reft to be employed in the defence of the fort Orange •, fo the redoubt which commanded the place, from which the fort was fupplied with water, was ordered to be repaired againft a fudden attack, with- out which the fort could not long fubfift, or hold out againft an enemy. Letters were about the fame time deli- vered to the council, dated the 5'^ oi Otlo- ber^ by Major Aujlin de Magethaes, fent by Andrew Vidal^ to treat about the exchange vidalyj/- of prifoners ; he toJd them, that fince ad- Hcits the miral Serrao de Paiva, had by two feveral exchange letters follicited his releafement, he defired °f P"M"- that the fame might be exchanged for o- ther foldiers, or be ranfomed by Antonio Tdles da Sylva^ governor of the Bahia. He defired alfo that a cartel might be agreed upon for the exchange of the foldiers ; and that in the mean while fuch of the Portu- guefe inhabitants, as were prifoners with us, might be releafed for reafonable ranfom, which was not accepted of by the council. In the mean while, (purfuant to the let- ters from the commander in chief of Rio Grande, and John Hoek of the 6"' of O^ioher) Jacob Rahbi, with a fmall troop of Tapoyers and Brafilians, in conjunftion with '^o Dutch inhabitants, made tliemfelves mafters of the feat of John Leftan, with the flaughter of 1 5 Portuguefe. But they had not the lame /r^,^^^ fuccefs at Fernandes Menda's houfe in Poii- Portuguefe gif which being defended by 50 Portuguefe, hilled by they were repulfed with fome lofs. The enemies finding themfelves difap- " ' pointed in their defign of gtiinjng Parayba. by treachery, did again apply all their care to block up all the avenues leading to the Receif, in hopes of reducing it by famine. This occafioned many flcirmiflies, in which the Brafilians, who got the great- eft part of their provifion out of the coun- trey , did a confiderable mifchief to the Portuguefe; who for their greater fecurity built a fort in Pernambuko (as they like- wife did in the Vargea of Parayba) near the fugar-mill of George Huomo Pinto, but flightly fortified, and not able to hold out againft any vigorous attack. In Rio Gran- de the T apoyers plaid the mafters over the Portugufe ; for as we told you before , - that according to their cuftom they en tred the faid captainfliip in July 1 645 , when being informed of the rebellion of the Por- tuguefe in Perna?nbuko , they out of an in- born hatred to that nation, attacked the 16"" of July fome of them in the fugar-mill of Kunhao, and killed every foul of them, the Dutch inhabitants thereabouts not being ftrong enough to prevent it. From thence the Tapoyers m2LV(:\\&d to Monpobu, Goyana, I and md Travels tO B R A S I L. 1645. 7he Tapo- yers clear Rio Gran- de of the Portu- guefe. account ef the ene- mies for- ces. and Poiofi , places belonging likewife to Rio Grande, where finding a body of Por- tuguej'e entrenched witii pallifadoes in the nature of a Palanka , they forced them in fconjunftion with fome Brafilians , to fur- render , under condition that their lives lliould be foved, provided they did not ,give any further occafion of difturbance. But fome of the Porluguefe flying after- wards mio Par ayba , the Tapoyers looking upon this a breach of the late treaty, did with the beforementioned Brafd'ians a- gree to put the reft to the fword where- evet" they met with them, which they did accordingly , the Brafd'ians exclaiming a- gainft the tyranny committed upon thir- ty or forty of their comrades , who by Andrew Vidal's order, were tied to pallifa- does in Serinhai?n and ftrangled, which had this good efteit , that Rio Grande for that time was entirely purged of the rebellious crew , except fome few who efcaped their Jiands. Their eftates and cattle were af- terwards difpofed for the benefit of the company, and others their creditors, which furnifhed the publick magazines with good flore of flefii, at a very feafonable time. The Portitguefe being fenfible that we drew confiderable lupplies of provifions from that countrey , endeavoured to prevent it by fending feveral bodies of their troops thither, but were always forced to retire to Parayba, whither they carried as much cattle along with them as they could. According to the depofition of captain Nichola^s Nicbolfon (who came over to us the 12'" of Novemher, as we fhall fee anon) the four companies of Dutch quartered in the Vargea^ were as follows. The company of Nicholas Nicholfon , 63 men, and among them 23 mufquets. The company of Alexander Buchhalt^ of 43 men, among whom 36 mufquets. The company of captain Anthony , who was mortally wounded in a late engage- ment, confifting of 36 men, and among them 32 mufquets. The company oijohn de Witt, of 40 men, but miferable wretches , and among them only 12 mufquetS; Befides thefe they had two other Dutch companies in Goyana , one commanded by George Peter/on of 17 men^ all pikes , the other by La Ceurof 19 men, likev/ife moft pikes. They had alfo two more in Paray- ha , one under the command of captain Pe- ter Gendreoi 19 men, moft pikes; the fe- cond by Edward Verfman of 20 men, among whom was but one mufqueteer : So that the whole number of thefe eight companies, a- mounted to no more than 257 men ; their colonel was Hoog§lrate, and Francis la Tour late alderman of Serinhaim, major , a pro- feft enemy to the Hollanders. Moft of the Dutch prifoners were put under a necefTity of taking fervice with the enemy, being otherwife in danger of being murdered in their way to the Bahia , as it happened to 42 prifoners taken at the cape of St. Au- ftin, who were all flain in the fugar-mili Konjau, near Serinhaim. He farther decla- red, that the enemies forces in the Vergea^ confifted of about 700 men fent from the Bahia, divided into nine companies , well armed with mufquets and firelocks. That befides thefe, they had about 100 men, ga- thered from among the Portuguefe inhabi- tants, they having forced all the young men from the fouth of Hu7na, as far as St. Law- rence to take up arms •, fome being armed with firelocks , others with mufquets they had taken from us •, they were for the moft part mulats ^ and an undifciplined rabble , commanded by John Fernand Vieira as co- lonel , and Anthony Dias (who came from the Bahia ) their major. Their captains moft in efteem among them vz-re, Simon Mendes, Domingos Fagundos, and John d" Albugiierque, Kamaron commanded 100 Brafdians armed with blunderbuffes , and Dm j 200 negroes (among whom 50 were ours) provided with very good guns ; befides fome T cpoyers. Each foldier had for his daily allowance , a pound of meat, and about a pint of farin- ha or meal, and 12 gilders /i^r month ; a captain 120 gilders, an enfign 42 , a fer- geant 21 , and a corporal 15 gilders -per month. But they only paid the Dutch troops with ready money, the account with the Portuguefe from t-ke Bahia being made up but once a year. They were at that time bufy in raifing of a fort with four fmall baftions and a powder houfe, be- twixt Bierbrotn's fugar-mill and Cafa de Sa- brodo , upon each of which were to be mounted three pieces of cannon , eight pieces having been brought fol" that pur- pofe from Porto Calvo , among which were five of metal. Round about this fort tha foldiers from the Bahia had their quarters afligned them, except the company com- manded by John de Magehais , which was quartered in the Baretta , with four Dutch companies, viz. the Dutch that were in the fugar-mill of Bierhroni , and , thofe com- manded by Captain Peter Kdvalkanti , and Anthony Jaconio, and two or three compa*- nies of the Portuguefe come from the Ba- hia, in the fugar-mill Brito ; the reft being Portuguefe, Mulats, and other idle fellows they had forced to follow them from the fouth. Thefe were armed for the moft part with firelocks and mufquets , the reft with pikes, Andrew Vidal, John Fernand Vieira, and major Hoog§lrate, were at that time in the Cafa de Sabrodo ; all thefe confifted not 1645. I04 1645. Nieuhoit'^ Voyages Nicholas T'^ichoHbn deferis tht enemy. in above 600 men. About the fu^ar-mill of John de Mendonce were quarterc'd three companies , two at the houfe of Sebafiian Karvalho., and two more in the fugar-mill of Mcngao. The reft were pofted in the Salines^ Baretla , and the city of Olinda. Some of Kojnaroffs, tf oops were in the fu- gar-mill of Van Scholl, and in the houfe of Job ft Kordero de Mendoje, upon the bank of the river , being their advanced guard •, Henry Dias with his troops had his poft in fhe houfe of Mr. Luffelen. The redoubts belonging to the city of Olinda^ werem.an- ncd only v;ith 17 foldiers. In November the^ great council received intelligence, both by letters from Paulo de L'mge out of Parayba , as alfo by feveral deferters, that the enemy had fent 4C0 men, 200 of which were foldiers , the reft inha- bitants, from. Rio Grande into Parayba., to make themfelves mafters of the open coun- trey, or at leaft to drive away the cattle ; v/hereupon it was refolved, with confent of colonel GarJ'man , to endeavour to hinder the execution of the enemies defign. The 12"" of November, captain Nicholas Nicholfon., a native of Amfterda?n., came, as we told you before , over to us to the Re- t\'if. He was among other prifoners of the cape of St. AuUin , carried from thence to St. Antonio, where he took fervice among the Portuguefe, but with no other intention than to defert them upon the firft oppor- tunity •, he being intruited with a captain's commiflion, to command a company of Dutch foldiers forced to lift themfelves fi-om among the prifoners they had taken , was ordered, at the recommendation of Hoog- sJrate, Q.nd Albert Geuitz TVeddo , with the approbation of Vidal and John Vieira, to lye in ambufli for fome of our people in the Salines, with a detachment of 60 men, out of the four Dutch com^ panics in their fer- vice % and four more companies were order- ed for a referve, to aflift him upon all oc- cafions. The fupreme command of the whole body being comm.itted to him, he approached as near as he could with his Dutch to the (on Bruin, where he took the opportunity to pafs the river by break of day, and to go with them (they being all willing to follow) over to us to the faid fort. . Captain Nicholas Nichclfon had the command over the laid company confirmed to him by the council, they being all will- ing to enter into their fervice: But the enemy had no fooner notice of it, but they difarmed all the Dutch, and under pretence -.ot fending them to i\\t Babia, caufed them to be murdered by the way, with their wives and children. The 2' of November, the council had re- ceived advice from Mr, Linge from Parayba^ th3.t Andretv Vidal had entred that captain- fhip v/ith 200 men, and that Kamarcn had by letters ftrongly follicited Peter Potty, to defert our fervice v/ith his Brafilians , but had received a fm.art refufil ;, the council fent him tv/o pieces of fine linnen cloth as a rev/ard of his fidelity. For it ought to be cbfcrved, that the Porti'-guefe when they firft" began to take up arms againft the go- vernment, did with letters and great pro- mifes, tempt ih^t Regidors or commanders of the Brafilians to join with them, but they were fo fir from hearkening to them, that they fent all the letters written upon that account, both by Kamaron and the reft" of the rebellious ringleaders, without opening to the council, thereby to avoid all fufpi- cion of keeping any correfpondence with the enemy, Peter Potty being a near kinf- man of Kaynaron ; and ever fmce that time they have behaved themfelves fo well upon all occafions, and have done fuch confide- rable mifchiefs to the Portuguefe, by plun- dering and killing them , wherever they could meet v/ith them, that we had not the leaft reafon to miftruft the fincerity of their intentions. The faid Mr. Linge did alfo fend word November the 4'^ that the enemy had at- tempted nothing as yet ; and from Novem- ber 14, that a party of 300 of our people being joined by fome Brafilians of Parayba, had engaged 800 of the enemies troops, wliom after a fmart engagement they put to the rout, with the flaughter of a good number of their men. The Braflians being encouraged by this fuccefs, did over-run all the flatcountrey, and meeting with a good number of Portuguefe, who were merry- making upon St. Martin^?, eve in the fugar mill oi Andrew Dias de Tigeireda, zhty at- tackt them fo furioufly, that after a (lender refiftance they put them all to the fword, even the fon of the faid Tigeireda himfelf, and a prieft, without giving quarter to a- ny body, except to a very beautiful mai- den who though almoft diftraited at the death of her father, and fome of her other relations, that lay wallov/ing in their ov/n blood, had fuch a powerful influence upon the hearts of xhtft Barbaiians , that they brought her a prifoner fafely to the fort of Parayba. The 2 1^' of Nove7nbcr towards the even- ing, 360 foldiers (20 of whom were taken from the Receif) fet fail in fmall boats to the bay of Traican , and continued their march the fame night, under the command of lieutenant Berge , juitice Hoek , and the receiver-general of Pernambuko , towards Kunhao, in order to attack the enemy that were lately come into Rio Grande from Pa- rayba ; but thefe enemies having got Jome intel- 164^ The Dutch defint the Portu- guefe. The Tapo- yers kill many Por- tuguefe. Ue Dutch attack the Portuguefe near Kun- hao with- out fuccefs. T RAVELS B R A S 1 L 105 1645. The Brafi- lian com- manders fummoned. Advice that all the Dutch mere killed by the Por- Juguefe. Four com- panies of fufiliers e- reited. incelilgence of our defigns, v/ere retired from Kiinhao to a retrenchment among the bogs, which being accefllble but in one place, they fo warmly faluted our forces that would have forced them from thence, with their fhot, that they were obliged to retreat with the lofs of fome dead and wounded , to the caftle of -Keulen , partly to refrefh their men, partly to prevent their pene- trating deeper into the council. The 4'". of December it was fefolved to fend the fhip the Overyjjel^ and the yacht called the Sjjre a letter dated the 1 5^*" of January, gave no- tice to the council, that they had fent a body of 60 foldiers and 100 Brafilians abroad, as far in the Aldea by Oubus, and from thence to the fu gar-mill Arraripe, but did not meet with any enemies in that part of the coun- " trey, tho' they had feveral guns difcharg- ed at them from among the woods fo that they return'd to Itamarika by the way of Tapafma. Mr. Linge not long after fent advice by his letter dated the 22'' of January, at the fort of St. Margaret in Parayba to the coun- cil, that Peter Potty with 1 50 Brafilians had attack'd the enemy 400 ftrong in the Al- ^^^^^f'j dm of Magrebhe, and put them to flight with the lofs of 20 killed, and many wound- ed, whereas they loft but one Brafilian. The 29'" of January it was refolved in -j, council, to bring the ftiips the Elias, Orange- .. --l T ree, Deventer, Omlandia and the Swan, in- ' to the road of the Receif, to be ready upon all occafions, in cafe the enemy ftiould a- gain appear at fea. ^ Mr. Bas, purfuant to his letter from the caftle of Keulen in Rio Grande, dated the 23'* oi January, could not, by reafon of a Mr. Bas tempeft, land his forces at Kunhao, in or- S^'"^^ on der to join them with thofe under captain "f^^,"^^^ if Rhinehurgh ; but was forced to land his cejfngs. forces the 1 4"" and 1 5"' near Peringi. In the mean while Kamaron having found means to break in through the Matt a, had fur- ' . prifid many of the inhabitants in their Fa- zendas, and kill'd them without diftindion of age or fex : He had fince pofted himfelf with his forces, confifting of 400 foldiers, as many Brafilians, and 80 T" apoyars, under the command of Antonio Jacomo Beferro, at a houfe of Henry Hamrne in Mompabou, to cut off the provifions from us. Our forces confifting of about 1000 foldiers, Brafili- ans and -Tapoyars, march'd the 23"* of Ja- nuary to a houfe of John Lefian Navarre^ to attack the enemy, and to force them to quit the captainihip of Rio Grande. Be- fides thefe Jacob R.abbi and the fons of king Duwy, were the 19"* paft, by the fort Keu- len, at the head of 60 I'apoyers, and were daily follow'd by others, that c^me to our aiTiilance. Mr. Bcis follicited alfo forae fupplies of provifions, of which they ftood in great want, there being above 1 500 Bra- filians and Travels to B R A S I L; I07 Confulta- iions held thereupon , Their re- [ulu Colonel Garfman Jent to Rio Grande. 7?&^^/J,"Tften, women and children, lodged under the caftle. He defired alfo fome money, ammunition, linen and filks to pre- fent to the Brafil'ians and Tapoyers •, all which, together with fome pieces of red- cloth, was fent him by the council. According to this advice, it being much to be feared the enemy would fcarce ftand the brunt in Rio Grande, but retire into Parayha, it was taken into ferious confide- ration the 201'^ of J anuary , \^\itt\itr it would be advifeable , in cafe the enemy Ihould be forced by our troops, or volun- tarily retreat into Parayba, to purfue them thither, and thereby endeavour the recove- ry likewife of that captainfhip : But con- fidering that by reafon of the weak nefs of our garrifons, ' we were not in a condition to fend any further fuccours from the Re- 'ceif, Itamarika or Parayha, without run- ning a manifeft hazard to our troops there ; whereas, on the contrary, the enemies did not vvant opportunity to relieve theirs from the adjacent places of Parayha, and that we lived in daily hopes of fuccours from Hol- land, it was judged the beft way, that the welfare of the whole Duich-Brafil ought not to be put to the hazard by fach an en- terprize as this. Accordingly orders ' were fMt to Mr. Bas and the reit of the commanders of our •troops there, to ad with all imaginable caution, and rather than expofe our men, in following the enemy into Parayha, to be contented with the recovery of the cap- tainfhip of Rio Grande. The 30"* of M^rc/j, colonel Garf7nanvf2t.% by fpecial order from the council lent a fe- cond time with fome Troops to the cap- tainfhip of Rio Grande, to inform himfelf, whether any troops of the enemy were poll- ed in that captainfliip, and in what num- ber •, his inftruftions were, that fo foon as he had received intelligence of the enemy, he fhould, with what forces he was able to bring together, endeavour to flop their progrefs. But if he found himfelf not ftrong enough to oppofe them, he fhould fend fpeedy advice thereof to the council, that they might fend him fpeedy fuccours, and •that he was to take all imaginable care not "to engage the enemy, before the arrival of the faid fuccours. But if he found the e- .'nemy already fo ftrongly entrench'd as to •be mafter of the countrey, without any hopes of forcing them from thence, the de- fence of the fort Keulen fhould be his chief- eft care, as likewife of the Brafdians, with their wives and children , and fince, in cafe the faid fort of Keulen fhould be in danger of being attack'd by the enemy, it would be of ill confequence, to have thefe women and children enclofed within the fortifica- 1645. tions, for fear of want of provifions, he was ftriftly ordered to tranfport them in time, to fome place of fecurity, fuch as Siara, or the like, where they might be able to fubfift, and be fecure againft any attempt from the enemy. He was order- ed alfo in his return to the Receif, to take en pajfant (if it could be done without in- Gonveniency ) a view of the fortifications of Itajnarika and Parayba , in order to give an account of their condition to the council. But to return to Mr. Bas : According to his letters dated the 30"" of January from the fort Keulen, captain i^^f^zf^^T^^ had with his body made fix feveral attacks upon the Dutch enemy, who was retired from Mompabou "''"'^'l and Kunhao into a bog, without being able ^iihom to force their entrenchments ; we loft about fuccefs. 100 kill'dand wounded in this a6lion, and retreated to the houfe of John Leytan with order to get fome cattle, which was very fcarce thereabouts, our forces feeding moft upon fifhes, which they caught by the help of two large nets ; 28 of our wounded men were brought to the Receif, with advice that notwithftanding this unfuccefsful attack on our fide, the enemy were retreated into Pa- rayba. Mr. Bas alfo follicited fome frefli fupplies of men and Ammunition, in order to purfue them into Parayba, but the refo- lution upon this head was deferr'd 'till they fhould hear further from Mr. Bas. The of February it was refolved by the coun- cil with the approbation of admiral Lich- than to equip the Hollandia and the Swan together with the yachts, the Fltght, the Haniel, Bulleftrate and Lichthart for crui- fmg. By letters from Mr. Linge , dated Advice the 11"' of February at the fort Margaret from Mr. in Parayba, the council was advifed, how L-nge. that, according to the depofition of a ne- gro deferter, Kamaron was come with all his troops into the city of Parayba, with an intention to attack our forts on that fide an anfwer, with what was thought necefTa- ry for this prefent purpofe, was immedi- ately fent back in a bark by the councih By another bark fent by Mr. Bas from Rio Grande, they were advertifed, that he lay ftill encamped with his troops near the houfe of John Leftan, where with much ado he could get provifions for them, the enemy being ftill pofted at Momguappe, and guarding all the avenues into the coun- trey ; that he had fent feveral fpies abroad, to get intelligence concerning the prefent pofture of the enemy. The 17'^' of Fe- bruary the fhip the Swan and the yacht calPd Bulleftrate were ordered to gp out a cruifing ; the i S"' the yacht the Flight, and the 20"^ the fhip Holla^idia fet fail for the fame purpofe. The fhip the Overyjfel was alfo io8 Mr. John Nieuhoff^^r Voyages Parties Jent a- broad •without Juccejs. "News from Parayba. 1645, alfo ordered to go out, to ferve for a fpie U/'^V^ fiiip on the coaft of Parayha, The 2 1 ft of February the council receiv- ed a letter from Mr. de Linge^ dated the i S"', in the fort of 6'/. Margaret, intimating that he had heard nothing fince of the enemy. Yet that he wifli'd the forces he had fent to Rio grande might be returned with all convenient fpeed, to make ufe of them for the defence of his forts, in cafe of an at- tack. The 24'" of February a. party under command of captain Killion 'Taylor and cap- tain Nicholas Nicholfon, were fent abroad towards the ifiand of the Barette to get fome prifoners, but they return'd the 20''' to the Receif, having met with no body except with a man, at a confiderable diftance. Another party which had taken their way towards OUnda and Bracco de SL J ago, but with the fame fuccefs, the enemy having only fhewn himfelf at a diilance, as they were returning to the fort Bruin. The 27*" of February the enemy appeared with a ft rong body in the Salinas, but being faluted by fome cannon-fhot from the fort Bruin, retired without attempting any thing.j In the mean while, according to Mr. Lingt^s letter, from the 2^ of March, three barks with foldiers were arrived in Paray- ha from Rio Grande, fo that the reft, un- der the command of Mr. Bas, being 500 in number, might be hourly expelled at the Receif. He further advifed, that he had feen no enemy of late, but being informed that a confiderable body lay encamp'd in a valley near the village of Magarebbe, he had ordered thither 120 foldiers, and 100 Brafi- lians, to beat up their Quarters, and to get fome prifoners. In eife6t the 4"" of March, he, with his troops confifting in 500 Men, arrived from Rio Grande at the Receif, and the 5"^ of March gave the council an ac- count of his expedition. The 9"" of March in the night, the ^ne- my appeared in three bodies near the fort Prince William, and gave us feveral volleys ol fmall fhot, but being anfwered with our cannon retired immediately. The fame day a party of 50 men were fent abroad under lieutenant Mos to get intelligence •, being met by two companies of the enemy, a ftiarp encounter enfued, our forces retiring without any confiderable lofs, under the fort JVardenbiagh, and the enemy retreated at the difcharge of fome of our cannon. By letters from Mr. Linge, dated the 8"' of March at fort St, Margaret in Parayba, the council received the unwelcome news that the enemy in Rio Grande had by a pre- tended flight drawn the 5"" of March lieu- tenant John de Vael with 48 foldiers, who were too eager in the purfuit of them, into an ambufli, where they had kill'd 30 of 1645. 'Several jkir'mijhes. them, tho% according to the report of fome deferters that were prefent at the engage- ment, not without confiderable lofs alfo on their fide ; Kamaron, Andrew Vidal and fome other Portuguefe officers of note were alfo prefent. About the fame time 1 5 Brafili- ans furprifed five men, fix women and eight children, in an entrenchment feven leagues above Iguaracu, called Papeku. In the mean while the T apoyers, who ac- cording to their cuftom, come once a year, about midfummer, from among the moun- tains, fome hundreds ftrong, into the cap- tainftiip of Rio Grande, were, after they had carried away all the horfes and mares they could light on, retired to the hills ; a thing very fortunate for us, for without it our garrifons would not have been able to fubfift there. Provifions growing every day fcarcer in the Receif, it was agreed the 6"" of March by the council, to fend the Brafilians raifed in Rio Grande with a com- pany of fufileers to Itamarika, to eafe our magazines of that burthen , whilft they might provide themfelves with farinha roots in that ifland. Much about the fame time the two majors Bayert and Piftoor, appear'd before the council, intimating, that being in- formed that the citizens began to murmur at their ftaying at home, pretending that tney were fufficient to guard the forts •, for which purpofe, as it was reported adm.iral Lich- thart had offered 300 men, they were come on purpofe to offer their fervice, and were ready to take the field with thofe few forces they had left in the garrifon ; the' they at the fame time protefted, that they were of the fame opinion, which had been approv- ed fome days before, to wit, that this un- dertaking, by reafon of their fmall num- ber, would be full of danger, and yet not anfwer the end of bringing provifions into the Receif. Admiral Lichthart being there- upon ask'd whether he had made any fuch offer, he declared not to have fpoken any thing like it, his ftiips being fo ill mann'd, that he could fpare no men for any other fervice. The night before the 13*'' of March, the enemy appear'd both on the other fide of the river and the dike leading to the fort Bruin, difcharging their mufquets and blun- derbuflxis at our centinels, but upon the firft falute from the cannon of the fort re- tired. The fame they did near the fort of Affagados. The fame evening betwixt nine and ten a clock they made an attack upon the wooden fort, built betwixt tht Ajfaga- q-f^^-pot dos and the ^linquo.ngular-Fort, for the de- fence of the plain, which they continued 'till one a clock, cutting down fome pali- fadoes, and bringing great ftore of dry reeds, in order to fet it on fire, but in vain, Propofiti- ens about the taking of the fitld. tugaefe at- tack a wooden fort near being md Travels to B R A S I Lc. lo^ 1645. Good Jiore of fkrinha roots brought to Itamarika. Ships fent cut a crui- being forced co retreat with the lofs of fome of their Men •, on our fide two were kill'd, and four or five wounded, among the laft was lieutenant Cafper Ferdinand van GroU who received tv\'o dangerous wounds. The next morning the broken palifadoes were repaired, and another row ordered to be fet beyond the firfb, and footangles to be laid betwixt both. The 1 7'" of March the bark cali'd the Parayha coming from Siara, brought advice, that the Brafdians were gone from Siara to Koniefi^ having re- fufed to reuirn to Rio Grande,for fear they fhould be cali'd to a fevere account there for the murther of feveral inhabitants, com- mitted by them before. By the fame bark Mr. Linge fent advice from the 14''' of Matrh, that the enemy had appeared of late in a confiderable body near the northern fort, but v/as retired now, but whether to Rio Grande or St. Andre^ he was not able to tell. They had fpoil'd all the farinha-root fields in die Al- deas Magareble, and thereabouts ■■, fo that the Brajilians being for the future to be furnifhed with provifions out of the maga- zines, he defired a fupply of wine and oil : Immediately advice hereof v/as fent to Dort- commander in chief of Itamarika, and fome ammunition, befides 1000 gilders in ready money. The fame fum was tranf- mitted to Mr. Linge in Parayha, and a bar- rel with oatmeal , a pipe of wine, a hog^ fhead with oil, and another fill'd with dry peafe, befides good ftore of ammunition. He was alfo ordered to fend the Brafdians back to Rio Grande for defence of that captainfhip, and to get intelligence whe- ther the enemy had dire6led his march thi- ther, in order to oppofe his defigns. In the mean while admiral Lichthart (pur- fuant toliis letter of the 2ifL o\ March to the council) had embark'd fome foldiers and Brafdians in Itamarika, and taking his courfe to the north-entrance of the river, was got up as far as to the ifle of fapefco, from whence they had brought back a great quantity of farinha roots, for the ufe of the Brafdians in Itamarika, and of the magazines there. The 30''' of March it was refolved, with the approbation of admiral Lichthart, to fend the following inips a cruifing before the Bahia ; the Uliffngen, the TcT Veer, and the yachts, the Greyhound, the Heemftede, Sprew and Bullefirate ; and on the 6'*' of Apnl the Swan, the Zouteland, the Flight, and the yacht the Lichthart, were ordered to go a cruifing before the Cape of St. Aiiftin, and fet fail the lo"" of ^^n7 accordingly. The 3 1 ft letters were brought to the council, dated the 25''' of March in Rio Grande, Vol. II intimating, that Faulo de Kunha and Kamaron were entred Kunhao with Soo men, among whom were 300 mufqueteers, to carry away the cattle from thence to Pa- rayha. But, according to colonel Garfman's let- ters to the council, upon his arrival, which was the 4'" of AprU, the enemy were al- ready retired out of Rio Grande, without undertaking any thing againft our people, who confifting only in 400 foldiers and 300 Brafdians lay encamp' d near the houfe of John Leftan, yet they carried off fome cattle. About the fame time they received let- ters from Mr. Linge, that the enemy had made- feveral falfe alarms near the forts, v/ithout attempting any thing. And in effeft in June, they did not appear any more thereabouts. In the year 1646, the 5"" of Aprd in the night, Jacoh Rabhi was at the inftigation of lieutenant colonel Garfman, near Potofi, about three leagues diftant from the caftle of the fame name, villainoufly fhot with two bullets, as he was going home from one John Miller''^ houfe, where he had been entertained that evening in company with colonel Garfman. Rabhi had a confidera- ble time before (as he had declared to his friends) fufpeded the treachery of Go,rf- man, and was for that reafon juft upon his departure out of Rio Grande, in order to flielter himfelf among the fapoyers. The council refented this villainy to the higheft degree, fince, confidering that this Jacob Rabbi was in great efteem among the f a- foyers, and his wife a Brafilian, it was to be feared, that this v>^ould exafperate both the f'apoyers and Braftlians againft us. So that Garfman returning the 19*'' of March to the Receif, after he had given an account of his expedition co the council, was by their particular order, the 24"^ of March, taken into cuftody, and fent on board the HoUandia, major Bayert being ordered in die mean time to fupply his place. This Jacoh Rabhi 2l native of Germany, had been employ'd by authority of the ftates ge- neral, his highnefs the prince of Orange, and the company, to engage and keep the 'Tapoyers in the intereft of our government ; in which com.mifTion he had acquitted him- felf fo well, that he brought thefe 'Tapo- yers feveral times, out of the mountains (their habitations) to our afliftance. His dwelling-place was in the fort Keiden in Rio Grande, where he had married a Bra- fdian woman. Gafper Honyhoufe, command- er of the Brafdians in lta?narika, being flain in the laft engagement in that iiland, Mr. Vincent van DriUenbergh, was, at their re- queft, conftituted their commander by the council. F f ' ■ f • The Nezcs from colonel Garfman. 1 646', Jacob Rabbi treache- roufy killel Garfman fccured. 110 Mr. John Nieilhoff'i" Voyages 1646* The iy'-^ of April, fome papers werede- IXV^ liverecl to the council, which had been dif- perfed by the enemy, to debauch our fol- diery ; in return of which, they fent abroad their fummons, upbraiding fuch of their fubjeils as v/ere in the enemy's fervice, with treachery, ahd exhorting them to return to their duty. It was alfo agreed to publifla a copy of a letter delivered by the Portuguefe ambaffador at the Hague to the itates general from the king his mailer ; with the anfwer of the flates to the faid letter: For fince the king of Portugal in this letter did difown the war, and the pro- ceedings of Antonio T'elles da Siha, and his fending of his troops into the Dutch- Brafil, they did not queftion but by this means to open the eyes of the Portuguefe .inhabitants, not to flatter themfelves with vain hopes of afliftance from Portugal •, be- fides, that v/e were in hopes thereby to fow the feeds of miftruft betwixt them and the Portuguefe commanders from the Bahia.- " The 24"' of April, two Porliguefe com- panies commanded by captain Lawrence Karnero and Peter Kavalkanti, confifting of about 40 men each, marched from the Vargea and the city of Olinda to Iguarafi. They were headed by Vidal and Hoog- Brate in perfon, who having got intelli- gence that admiral Lichthart and John Ni- chvlfon -wtrt gone to- Itamarika, to get fome 0»?Mars farinha roots. The 25"" of April, as they taken pri- were marching from Iguarafi, a certain Ger- fmer. ^^^^^ chirurgeon, named Chriftopher Mars, w-ho was formerly taken prifoner by them, happening to ftay fomewhat behind, whillt he was piffing, was furprized by one of our parties near Tapafmo. Upon examination by Mr. IValbeck, he declared, that not long Bii defo- ago there were nine companies of the ene- fit'ioiu. jpies forces quarter'd in the Baretta, the city of Olinda, and in the mills of Bierhoom and Brito ; each company confifting of be- twixt 40 or 5a men. That there were five companies more, much of the fame ftrength, pofted in the Salinas, and Plenry Dias with 200 mulats and negroes in Gaf- par Cox""?, houfe, but they had then no forces in the V argea. . That after Nicholas Nicholfon was come over to US' with his troops, Martin Scares Moreno had caufed 260 Dutch, both fol- diers and inhabitants, (among whom were fix women and two children) to be killed by a company of the country militia, in the woods of "Tabatinga, betwixt Sibero and Deriba^ in their way to the Bahia, befides thofe killed by his order in other places, amounting in all to 300. By this time there began to be great fear- city of meat in the Receif, notwithftanding -ft^hich, the garrifons in the outworks^ as well as the B'rafilians in Itamarika, with 1646, their wives and children, were to be fup- ' -'^•./■"^J plied from thence ; and the farinha roots '^-'-"■'^^'-ifcfi being either all taken up before bv our ov/n ""[Jl^ people, or clle deitroy d by the enemy, in ha with- the iHand Itamarika : To fupply this pref- out Jucccjs. fmg neceffity, it was refolved by the great council, to fend a detachment of 4O0 men in barks to St. Lawrence de Praja or fT nju- kapa, to fetch mandinka or farinha- roots from thence. This detachment was eom- pofed out of thefe following troops. Out of captain Nicholas Nicholfon^ com- pany 9 men. From the ^inquangidar-fort 25. - From x[\Q ylffagados 25. ■ Out of the company of captain IVilliam Latnbartz 50, 1 ' Yohmittts from Itainarika 20. Br af Hans 150. The 29"" of April the council was, by letters from Itajnarika, advertifed, that our. forces being fent abroad to fetch fome fa-^ . rinha, had chafed the enemy out of two or three entrenchments •, but they retiring in- to another, furrounded with a deep ditch, they were there alfo with, more courage thari conduct attacked by our troops , being forced to retire with the lofs of i6kill'd and 26 wounded, among whom was cap~ tain JVilliam Lcmbartz: The enemy had likewife not a few kill'd on their fide. Mr, jyortmundy commander in chief of Itamari- ka, therefore deiiring to be fupplied with, meal, his magazines being quite exhaufted, the council fent thither the firft of May.^ 20 barrels with meal, two with oatmeal^ two with dry peafe, befides a pipe of wine and brandy, and 1000 gilders in money, for the ufe of the Brafilians. The 3'' of May the council received ad- vice by a letter dated the 2" of May from Mr. Dortmund, that the enemy had can i;d away ten Negroes, four belonging to the company, the reft to one Mr. Seulin, and four other men from Itamarika ; and that the Brafdians there had been fo far de- bauched by their intreagues, that they re- tired into a wood, and being twice fum- mon'd to rejoin our troops, had refufed fo to do. That at laft-, Mr. Apprifius, (Mi- Mutiny of nifter of the Brafdians) having been fent to the Brafi- reduce them to their duty, either by per- ■''•^"^ j^/- fuafions or threats, his arguments were fo ^''^■^^ " prevailing, that they return'd quietly, al- ledging for their excufe, that they were forced to fly thither for want of fubfiftance. Hereupon Dortmund defired frefh fupplies for his magazines, that a perfon of autho- rity might be fent thither, and that ano- ther company mught be put in place of that of captain Vcfterman, his men being ready to revolt. 2 ' ■ " To Md Tray£lS- id B Hi 1646. Mr. BuUc- ftrate feitt to Itama- rika. Miin accoufit of hii pro- ceeditm. To remove all chefe obftacles, kwas re- folved immediately to difpatch thither Mr. Btillefirate^ a member of thc' great council, who was to agree with certain private per- fons, to provide our garrifons with filTi, and to ?.dL in every thing there, as he fhould find it moft expedient for the fervice of the company. Accordingly Mr. Bidkftrate fet fail the 4"" of May, in the yacht the Greyhound^ and arrived the fame day in the afternoon in Itamarika, where having executed his commiflion, he return'd the lo"" of May to the Receif^ and gave the follov/ing account to the council: That- he had taken a view of the city of Sboppe, and the fort Orange, both which, he had ordered to be ftrength- ned •, as alfo, to fortify the old brick- houfe, formerly the Stadthoufe, with palli- fadoes, againft. any fudden attempt-, that he having call'd before him all the com- manders of the Brafdians, had reprefented to them that we were in daily expectation of a powerful futccour irom Holland, exhort- ing them to remain ftedfaft in their duty, and to keep their foldiers under the beft difcipline they- could ■, he had alfo prefent- ed their commander with clodi for a fuit of clothes, and the refl: with fome wine and money, which they very thankfully accept- ed : He had En Pajjant taken a view of the plantations of Conradi Pauli, where he had found about 1 60 cocoa-trees cut down by the BrafiUans, being forced by famine to feed upon the fruit ; the like they had done in feveral other places ; that he had endeavour- ed to treat with feveral private perfons for a certain quantity of filli to be delivered at the Receif, but could meet with none that would accept his oilers ; they alledging, that moft of their negroes being either run away or taken by the enemy, chey did catcfi no mxore fifh but what they could readily fell in the ifland, without the charge of fait and tranfportation that he had like- wife propofed to the commander in chief of the Brafdians, to give them for the fu- ture money inftead of meal and that they were to be furnifhed v/ith three nets to catch Jifli for their own ufe that the comman- der promifed to propofe it to the reft, and gave him. fome hopes that they would ac- cept of the faid offer. To fapply the prefent want of provi- fions, which began to be fcarcer and fcarcer every day in Itamarika,P arayba, Rio Grande, and the Receif, by reafon that the expect- ed fupplies from Holland were not as yet arrived, and we wereclofely block'd up by land ; it was thought fit to give all imagi- nable encouragement to the fifhing trade ; for which purpofe the two members of the great council, Mr. Hamel and Mr, Bas, or- dered the ,7"" of May, to buy up as much yarn as poiTible could be got to make fifh- iv^/^ ing nets of, which afterwards flood us vcJ'p^n en- goodftead. A certain Portugiiefe, who had commit- ted manflaughter in Angola, and v/as fled from thence to the Receif, having accufed John Vi- John Vieira d'Allegoas, he was by order ^j" f/'''". from the council taken into cuilbdy. , 'fin^" "''^" This Portugiiefe declared, that the faid Vieira had delivered to him a certain piece of parchment, written in characters, and a box, wherein were feveral other pipers, in order to carry them to the enemy, which parchment and box he produced in the prefence of the members of the coun- cil. John Vieira denying the matter, was put to the rack, but continued refolute in his denial ; till at laft, the key of thefe chara£ters being found among his papers, and a certain Jew having unciphered thefe letters, it appear'd, that he had given art account of the whole pofture of oar aftairs to the enemy, with directions how to make themfelves matters of the Rece f ; fo that finding himfelf difcovered, he confeft that he had written and delivered thefe cypher- ed papers to the Portnguefe, and was exe- ted. cuted the 29 '' of May. Tlie magazines being by this time ai- moft exhaufted, there being fcarce provi- fions left for a few weeks, it was propofed by the council to the majors, Beyert and Piftoor, that confidering it was not advife- able to exafperate the foldiery at this jun- cture, by retrenching their allowance of q^.^^^^ bread and other eatables, whether inftead concenmg ^ of a pound of meat, they might not be pre- the alhw- vailed upon to take fix-pence, by this means ^f" f to preferve that fmall ftore of flefli they had left, which thefe two majors undertook to propofe to the foldiers, not without hopes of fucceeding In their projeCt, and that nobody might be excepted from bearing his fhare in the publick calamity, it was ordered that the loaves which ufed before to weigh a pound and half, fhould be re- duced to one pound weight, and that each citizen and others depending on the com- pany, nay the members of the great coun- cil themfelves, fhould have an allowance only of two loaves per week •, the fj-une was tC! be given to all feamen, captains, lieu- tenants and enfigns •, but the reft, from the ferjeant to the common foldier, fkould have three pounds of bread allow'd them per week. Mr. Linge advifed from the i^' of May^ out of Paraiha, that the enemy had not at- tempted any thing againft the forts, and that a party of Brafilians was gone abroad towards T" apoa, in hopes to take fome pri- foners. Much about the fame time the council received advice, that colonel Garf- / 112 Mr. John NieuhofF'^ Voyages /l>e Ta- poyers ■ioithotit orders. 1646. man, v/ithoiit orders from the council, had their wives Cind children (in all about 1200) ' ^/NJ endeavoured by fome prefents, to draw the to Rio Grande, where they might fubfift G-trfman ^apoyers into Rio Grande, under pretence of fome time upon what the country afforded. lammoiu j^g^pj^g them at hand, to enter into a con- Accordingly they writ to Mr. 'Dortmund federacy v/ith the nev/ members of the great the i''' of May, and fent Mr. Walbeck thi- council that were expefted from Holland, ther in perfon, to perfuade the Brafilians The council being not a little furprized at to fend at leaft 500 women and children, this undertaking, fmce by the coming ot with a certain num.ber of their men, to rhc Ta.poyers into that captainfhip, they Siara znd. Rio Grande, there being at that Ihould be difappointed of a confiderable time in all near 1 500 Brafdians, men, wo- part of thofe fupplies they received from men and children in that ifland, among thence •, they fent word to Riidolph Barro to whom were only 500 fit to bear arms, un- leave no itone unturned to draw the Tapoy- der the command of Cafpar Honyhoufe, who ers by fair means back to their habitations, had each fcarce a pound of bread allow'd but that if they would fend fome of their them per week, commanders to the Receif, all imaginable 1646, Tbc corfe- quencii Grande to ■t fatisfoftion fhould be given them concern- ing the murther of Jacob Rahbi ; and the more to engage Barro to do Jiis utmoft, a prefent of wine, brandy, and fome toys, was ordered to be fent him. For as the cafe then ftood, it was abfolutcly neceifa- ry for us to remain mafters of Rio Grande, Dutch, till the arrival of the fuccours from Hol- land ; the vafi: numbers of Brafilians that were tlc:d to Ita?narika, having confumed all forts of provilions there to that degree, that that ifland could not only not fend any fupplies to the Receif, but moil of the wo- men and children of the Brafdians muft be fupplied out of the magazines there ; fo that Rio Grande was the only place left from whence they received a confiderable quantity of Farinha and cattle, which in fome meafure abated the fcarcity of provi- fions in the Receif, and by the prudent con- du6l of the council, was the chief means Provifions, as I told you before, grow- ing daily fcarcer and fcarcer, by reafon the fuccours from Hollandv^crt detained beyond all expedation, by contrary winds ; a ge- neral council was call'd, where the three numbers of the great council Mr, Hamel, Mr. Bullefirale and Mr. Bas, being prefent, as likewife admiral Lichthart, and the two majors Beyer-t and Piftoor, the following points were taken into debate. Firft of all, the fending of the Brafilians from Itamarika to Rio Grande, being look'd upon as unavoidable, immediate orders were given to get the neceffary tranfport veffels ready for that purpofe. It was alfo taken into confideration, whether it v/ere not fea- fible to gather a fufHcient force out of the forts, who in conjunftion with the Brafi- lians, might attack fome place or other, from whence to provide ourfelves with Farinha ; but to this it" was objefted by the majors Beyert and Piftoor, that the garri- Confulta- tions about the fcarci- ty of pro- vifions. that the place continued in tolerable good fons of the forts could not be weakned by health till the arrival of the fuccours, which without it, it would in all humane proba- bility have been impofTible to be done ; and no queftion but this captainfhip might for a confiderable time after, have furniflied the garrifons to the fouth with neceffaries, had it not been for the following accident. The expefted fuccours from Holland be- ing detained by the winter feafon and con- Ti'ary winds, the Brafilians Gojana, who with their wives and children had fheltred themfelves in Itamarika, were reduced to the greateft extremity for want of food ; for after they had confumed all what the ifland could afford for their fubliftance, and any detachment, without running a great hazard ; befides that it was a hard matter to pitch upon any place where there was any ftore of Fa}'inha, the enemy having either confumed, fpoiled or carried it a- way before ; fo that we mufl expofe our men to an apparent danger, without a fure profped of interefl ; for, fuppofing we fliould be fuccefsful, the quantity that might be got, would not be fufHcient to maintain our garrifons for any confiderable time. It was however agreed to take an exacfl ac- count of all the garrifons, to fee whether upon an occafion fomething might be un- dertaken for the fervice of the ftate. Ac- all the avenues by land being block'd up cordingly thefe two majors, Beyert and Pi- by the enemy, they had no other fupplies floor, having prefented a lift of thefe forces but what they received from our maga- zines : Thefe being now exhaufted to fuch a degree, that each citizen had but one pound of bread allowed him per week (which however at that rate would not hold out above fourteen days longer) the council was under an abfolute neceffity to have it propofed to the Brafilians, to retire with the next day to the council, it was con- cluded that no troops could be fpared out of the forts, except it were out of the ^Iffa- gados, but they v/ere but few in number. At the fame time it was refolved to fend captain Niger his company of Brafi- lians to Rio Grande, and the Omlandia and Greyhound yacht were ordered forthwith to . r. - fail / and Travels io BRASIL, ,113 1546, fail to Itamarika, to tranfport the Brafi- •sL/VXJ Hans to Rio Grande. Turtherde- The 30'" of May the council, the admi- ^ilTattlck majors, entred into a fecond ^ debate, whether it were poffible to attack enemy. the enemy, and in what place : Againfl: which it was alledged, that their chiefeft : force was at prefent in the Vergea but fuppofing it was not, no Farinha was to be ; got there, becaufe they were fupply'd with -it themfelves from far diftant places. That the Farinha fields neareft to the Receif were . about 6"^. Lawrence, at leaft five leagues . from thence •, that the neareft Farinha fields ,.to the fouth were about St. Antonio and Moribeka, where by reafon of the ftrength .of the enemy, and the great diflance from ■•■ . - ius, there was no probability of encompaf- • -fmg our defign •, and that the Farinha fields ■ ; ,to the north were likewife at fuch a di- ' ■ , ftance from the fea-fide, as could not in any „likelyhood anfwer our expedtation. It was . farther taken into confideration, whether •fome forces might not be fpared in Itama- rika, but it was carried in the negative, becaufe fince the Brafilians were ready to deparc for Rio Grande, it was not advife- able to expofe the reft of our troops there to a hazard. After ferious deliberation, what forces poiTibly could be raifed out of the forts, (their places being in die mean .. while to be fupplied by the inhabitants) it was found that the Affagados could fur- . nifh about 70 or 80 men, the quinquan- gular fort, and Maurice''s town the fame number, and that of St. Antonio Vaez about 50. But, confidering that the city militia - of the Receif confifled only of fix compa- nies of 70, or at the molt 80 men each, and that they were obliged to be upon the ^- guard every night there (the place being • without a garrifon) if a confiderable num- ber of them fhould be employed in the / forts, this muft needs expofe the capital • place, which the enemy chiefly aimed at, . to an imminent danger. The feamen being • not above 250 in all, could likewife not - be employed in that fervice, unlefs we could leave our fhips quite unmann'd and ufelefs. So that after many arguments on both ; fides, it was agreed to chufe the fecurefl way, and according to the orders of the council of XIX in Holland, to expedl the ■ fuccours from thence with patience, and in the mean while to provide for the fecurity . of our forts, ; The fame day the council received let- ; ters from Mr. Walbeck, that fome of the ■ Brafdians of Ita?narika had deferted, a ru- mour being fpread among them, that we intended to leave them to the mercy of the ■ Portuguefe, which had put all the refb into a great conflernation, but that Mr. Dort- ■\ VoL.IL mund had convinced them to the contrary, i 6a.6. Mr. JValbeck zndi'Dortmund had in the mean ; ../"srsj while reprefented to the Brafilians, that they being many in number, and confequent- ly very ill provided for at this jundure, v/hether it were not beft for them to go for fome time to Rio Grande. They were at firfl averfe to his propofals, for fear of be- ing deferted by us, neverthelefs the urgent ^'^'^ Brafi- neceffity of providing for their fuflenance, ^.'^"^^ and to fnew their compliance with the go- kave Ita- vernments orders, M^ere fo reconciled with mirika them, as to refolve to go to Rio Grande, provided they might be turnifhed with con- venient tranlport-fhjps, provifions, and fome ammunition for their defence, and fifty men of regular troops, Mr, Dortmund having again folliciced for provifions, fome were fent (fufHcient for fourte;;n days) immediate- ly, with fome gunppwder, bullets, and o- ther ammunition. Accordingly p.bove 1200 Brafdians, moft women and children, whofe huibands and fithers had been (lain in our fervice, em- bark' d aboard the Omlandia and fome yachts, a pound of falt-cod fifh being al- low'd to each for the whole voyage with- out bread. At their arrival in Rio Grande they were fo emaciated by famine, that they appear'd more like dead carcafTes than living bodies, and laid hold of every thing they could meet with to fatisfy their greedy ftomachs, fo that in a little time they confumed all the Farinha that was left there. Mr. Linge, by his letters from the 25'" . of June fent advice to the council, that there appear'd no enemy at that time in Parayba, but that ttn^'^apoyers, vafTals of king John Vuwy, being come into Ria Grande, had fhewii themfelves extremely diflatisfied at the murther of Jacob Rabbi, whereupon it was refolved to reconcile that king to our interell by the following pre-' hng John Duvvy- 200 gilders in ready money. Prefents 1000 Ells of Ofnabrugh linnen cloth. f >it to^ ICQ gallons of Spanifij wine. Two caflcs of brandy, 40 gallons of oil, and a barrel with pow- dered beef. The Brafdians in garrilbn in the fort, the Bruin, the ^linquangnlar, and fome q-j^^ ^^^^^^ other forts, being diffatisfied at their being ihns detained there for eight months lafl pafc, part from petitioned the council the 12"^ of June, to ^^O^''^/ be lent back into Rio Grande. Receif. The opinion of the two majors being afk'd thereupon, they advifed, that confi- dering they did no extraordinary fervice there they might well be fpared ; fo that it was refolved the 14"" of June in council, to pay them their arrears, and to fend them G o- back 114 Mr. John NieullofFs Voyages 1 646. b:ick to Parayba and Rio Grande, to inha- Ky\r^ bit their villages as before. In the ^nnquangular fort, the company of Inmanuel Barros was order'd to keep guard infbead of the Brafilians, who were commanded to depart the 20'" of June. The i 2'\ 13*'' and 14"^ of June, the enemy fliot in the night-time very fiercely againil the fort de yljfagados, a redoubt call'd Kirk, and the houfe Boavifia. The 1 5'" of June it was propofed to the council by admiral Licbthart, and the two majors, Beyert and Piftoor, to beat up the enemies quarters in the houfs of hnmanuel Kavalkanti, and in the Baretta, with the following troops. The company of captain IQllian 'Taylor, 40 men. The company of captain Nicholas Ni- cholfon, of 70 men, which were to be joined by captain de Niger with 30 men out of the fort Frederick, with lieutenant Mos from the fort Ernejlus with 10 men, and lieute- nant Katnar from the fort Prince PFiilia?n with 20 men. In all 200 men. About 1 00 volunteers were fuppofed to ^ . he raifed from among the citizens, under r /'"f'^l ^^'^'^ colonel IValbeck, and hnmanuel Baros to beat up . , , . . ^ ' ^ ,, . the enemies ''^itn his JNegroes, conlilting in 50 men, quarters, thefe joined with the other 200, would make up a body of 350 men, to be com- manded in chief by major Piftoor, and to be condufted by fea by admiral Lichthart to their landing place, viz. the regular troops CO- the fouth of the Baretta, and the Negroes upon the ifland on the north-fide, from whence they might break thro' the marfhes to the Affagados, and fo further to the houfe crofs the river, where they were to make a falfe attack, whilft the troops landed at the Baretta, affaulted them from before-, the admiral, with his tranfport vef- fcls, to lay ready all this while to receive them, and to fecure their retreat upon all occafions. This propofition being appr-oved of by the council, partly to animate our foldicrs, partly to get at leafb fome pro- vifions for the fick, it was refolved to be put in execution the next day, but the wind proving contrary, and afterwards the tides being unfeafonable tor the convenient land- ing of our men, this projeft was laid afide, efpecially when inftead of 100 volunteers, fcarce 25 offered themfelves for this fer- vice, notwithftanding the council gave them • - all imaginable encouragement, by promi- fing them to receive the fame treatment as the other fervants of the company had, in cafe they fhould be wounded or come to fome other misfortune. In the mean while, the enemy having been informed by fome of our defertcrs, that by the departure of the Brafdians froiti 1646, Itamarika, the garrifons there were much L/'VNJ weakned, they thought fit to lay hold of this opportunity, to kind fuch a force there, as fhould be beyond our power to drive 7;. . from thence. The 15"" of June, with the '" ^^ break of day they furprized our fpy fhip there, call'd the Sprew, with feveral barks and boats at the entrance call'd Pajfoos, (Markers) they got three prifoners, the reil efcaping with the lofs of two of their com- rades kill'd. The fliip before Tapafmia was fet on fire by our own people, leaving the galliot, that lay hard by, to the enemy, after they had taken out all her men, who went a- board the yacht call'd the Golden Doe, ly- ing before the north entrance. They land- The ?ot: - ed with about 2000 men in chalops and o- tiiguefe ther tranfport vefTels, ^nd Andrew Fidal and ^^'^^ John Ferdinand Vieira, writ the fame night the following letter to Mr. Dortmund, com- mander in chief of Itamarika, which they fent by a boy they had taken prifoner in xkitSprem. 'Their letter to Mr. Dortmund, Moft honourable and moft brave, YOU are doubtlefs not unacquainted ivitk the refolution of the inhabitants of this country to retrieve their former liberty ; to ef- fect which they neither want power nor any other means hut their chief aim., being to en- compafs their defign without effufton of bloody we thought fit to let you know that we are ready to attack you in this ifland with all our forces, unlefs you will prevent it by a treaty. For being fenfible that you are pafs'd all hopes of relief, we were willing to advife you to treat with us, according to the cuftom of war^ ufed in fuch cafes % that, in cafe hereafter things Jhould fall out coritrary to your expe- Nation by the fury of the conquering fword^ you may not lay the fault thereof at our doors \ for which reafon it . is, that we offer to you and the reft of the cojnmanders there, all their * arrears due to them fro?n the company. Where- upon we expeB your anfwer to-morrow. From our head quarter, Andrew^ Vidal de Negreiros, June 15, 1646. John Ferdinand Vieira. The 17"' of June the council received advice from Mr. Dortmufid of their land- ing, defiring prompt fuccours, without which he would not be in a condition to maintain the ifiand againft them. It was therefore taken into debate, whether it were polTible for us to bring together fuch a force, as without much hazard might be able to force the enemy from thence, buc 'twas carried in the negative. For and Travels to BRASIL T646. For it was alledged, that without ma- L>^/'^ nifeil danger, not above 200 foldiers could Confulta- taken out of the forts of the Receif\ ^therdief number was not fufficient to attack oflii-rca- enemy, who had already entrench'd aika. himfelf there, with hopes of fuccefs : And, confidcring that thefe forces muft be tranf- ported thither by fea, v/e wanted fhips (there being at that time not above two barks at the Receif) both to convoy them thither, and to cut off the communication with the continent to the enem.y. Befides, that at leaft fourteen days provifions were required for this expedition, in cafe the enemy fliould Hand his ground, which at this jun6ture was not to be done, unlefs we would leave the magazines of tlie Receif c\mx.Q empty j there being then no poflibility of attempt- ing its relief, the next thing under confide- ration was, whether the entrenchments on the hill might be defended or not? Againft Whether the maintaining of it was objecfled •, that the fort on without frefh fuppliesof provifions this fort the hill QQ^\^ i^Qj hoici g week, eipecially fmce tuas to be . . , ^ . r i defended, the enemy, by cutting ort the pipes or the fpring that furnifhed them with fre(h water, would foon put them under a necefflty of coming to furrender \ when it was evident, that they might poll themfelves betwixt the fort of Orange and this hill, and confe- quently prevent their receiving any fupplies from thence, Befides that the hill being of a confide- rable compafs, was the more difficult to be mention'd by our forces, the fort itfelf be- ing irregular, and but (lightly fortified on that fide, eipecially where the old church- wall, making up part of the courtain, v/ould not be proof againft the enemies cannon, . and confequently expofe the whole fort, with the garrifon, to the mercy of the ene- . my : So that it being beyond all difpute in the enemies power to cut off all communi- . cation with the fort Orange^ it was unani- moufly refolved and ordered, to leave the faid entrenchments, and to retire with the garrifon, and what provifions and ammu- nition they had, into the fort Orange, be- fore their retreat was llopt by the enemies troops ; it being paft all doubt, that in cafe they could maintain themfelves in that fort, they could at all times, if they were mafters of the field, recover the hill and the whole ifland. The council were the more forward in coming to this refolution, becaufe they had ^ome gun- received certain inform.ation, that the ene- ^t^aitn-^'^ my, who knew the importance of the fort Orange, had gain'd fome of the gunners and volunteers of the fort by prefents, who ^ had engaged to affign them a place where it was eafieft to be attack'd, whereabouts they were to charge the cannon with gun- powder only, to facilitate their attack : Two 1 646. of the gunners were hang'd the 23'* oijune Ij^'V^ for this treachery, the reft made their e- ^'''''^ . fcape to the enemy. For the better pre^ f^^^s^i- fervation therefore of this fort, our people left the entrenchments upon the hill the 2i'' of June, v/here the enemy polled a ftrong body of their troops immediately after. The council likewife ordered the yacht the Heemfiede, to cruife in conjunftion \Vith the Golden Doe, before the north en- trance of the ifland, to keep open free com- munication for us with our garrifon, and to prevent the eneriiy from receiving any fuccours that way ; and at the fame time fome provifions were fent thither for the ufe of the garrifono But whilft things were thus tranfafting with various fortune, tho' for the moft part to our difadvantage, and the fo long ex- pected fuccours from Holland not arriving, ' the want of neceffaries encreafed more and more every day in the Receif, to fuch a degree, chat whatever was found fit for fu- ftenance, either in the publick magazines, or v/ith private perfons, was apply'd to the common ufe; which hot/ever amounting to no more than one pound of bread a week for each fingle perfon, many died for hun- ger their legs beginning to fwell firft^ which was the forerunner of certain death : Cats and dogs, of which v/e had great quan- tities, were iook'd upon as dainties at that time and you might fee the Negroes dig- ging the half-rotten bones of dead horfes out of the ground, and to gnaw them with incredible eagernels ; neither was the want theKtcdu of frefti water lefs infupportable, by reafon of the heaC of the climate, and the conftant ufe of fait meats, all fpririgs that were dug being brackifli. The poor flaves, who had the leaft ftiare of what was left, Iook'd fo gaflily and wild with their eyes and jaws funk, as appear'd terrible to the m.oft un- daunted of men. At laft (notwithftanding all the care taken by the council) things came to that pafs, that the allowance of one pound of bread per v/eek was fain to be taken away from the inhabitants, and al- lotted the foldiers •, who, by the entice- ments of the Fortuguefe beginning to defert apace, had two pound of bread allow'd them, as long as there was any left ; but when all was fpent, and no remedy was to be found againft this lingring evil, it was propofed by the council, and unanimoufly refolved, rather to die bravely than to ftarve, and to fight their way through the enemy. The foldiers were to lead the van, the women, children, fick, and other un- able people to keep in the middle, and the members of the great council, with the inhabitants to defend the rear : The Jews were ' Il6 Mr. John NieuhofF^^ Voyages ■1 646. were above all the reft in a defperate con- lyy^ dition, and therefore refolved rather to die with fword in hand than be burnt alivCj which is their doom in Portugal. But when we were juft reduced to the laft gafp, all horfes, cats, dogs, and rats being confumed, and a few quarterns of Farhiha fold at the rate of betwixt 80 or 90 gilders per quartern, which however could not fuffice for above two days lon- ger, on the 22'' of June, (a day never to be forgotten) we faw two veffeis with Dutch colours making all the fail they could to- wards the Receif : They had no fooner caft there anchors, and giving us the fignal by the difcharge of three guns each, that they came from Holland-^ but you might have read in all our faces the fudden joy we con- ceived at this relief in our laft extremity : ''^he Receif inhere was no body that could ftand upon relched. his legs for want of bread, but did crawl to the harbour, where you might hear the cries of the people weeping for joy at a great diftance. Thefe two ftiips, calPd the Falcon and Elizaleth^ were freighted for the chamber of Amfterdam, and had left the 'J^exel the of April \ they brought us the welcome news, that we might hourly expe£l the whole convoy. The captain of the Elizabeth told me himfelf, that having a very fair wind one day, he faid to his crew, / am fure they are in great extremity at the Receif, God fend us fair wind and weather to relieve thetn in time, which hap- pened thus accordingly. The captains were each prefented with a golden medal, with the follovv^ing infcription 'The Falcon and Elizabeth did relieve the Relief. Mr. Bas The 23'' of June, Mr. Bas, a member fent u I- of the council was fent to Itamarika, to af- tamanka. jj^ defence of the fort •■, by his let- ters of the 28"" he advifed, that the enemy continued ftill in his poft on the hill, and that he had fent abroad fome fpies to get intelligence. The 7"' of July, the faid Mr. Bas return'd to the Receif with the companies commanded by captain Blewcock and Cunrad Held, leaving the two compa- nies of Reinard Sikkema and Dignus Byfter- rnan there in garrifon. The enemy had fome days before, after having blown up the fort on the hill, and fet fire to their camp, left the ifland, carrying along with Tiii? Porta- them all the cannon, and among them two %utkhave brafs ones. For when they faw that we ItamanLi. were reinforced with feveral fhips from Holland, they did. not think fit to abide there till we ftiould ftop their paffage back by our veflels ; neither were they infenfi- ble, that without being mafters of the fort Orange, they could not promife them- felves the pofieffion of the illand, the fouth entrance being commanded by the. faid fort, and the north paftage by our 1646° yachts. c^'V^ The 29'^ of June, the council received- advice from our head quarter at the houfe . . ;\ of John Left an, in Rio Grande, that two ' '''f^ fons of king John Duwy, with 23 Tapoyers,, ". were fent thither by their father, to afllire our people of his good inclination and fer- vice-, but they refufed to come into the fort Keulen, before they had fpoken with Ru- dolph Baro, who had been fent for upon that account. About this time feveral mer- chants fet out fome privateers, but as this could not be done without great charge, and there were but few fhips at fea of the Portuguefe, this turn'd to no great account,, and confequently continued not long. A very odd accident happened to me much at the fame time : For fome of the labou- ' ' rers, who were employed to unload a vef- fel belonging to the company, were got fo drunk, that they had kill'd a man, and ■ hurt feveral others, by letting a pipe of wine fall upon them : I went thither to pre- vent any further diforder, but was no fooner An acd- entred the fhip, when on a fudden I found ^^^^ ^"p- die filver galoons upon my coat turn black, -^^^^^^^ and m^itXi bereaved of my fight, which however I recovered by degrees in a few days after, the caufe of which I attributed to the ftrong exhalations of the wine, that . had been ciofed up for a confiderable time before. Much about the fame time a dif- ference arofe betwixt the officers of the ar-- ■ my and the city militia, about the chief, command of the head guard in the Receif^ which the city officers laid claim to. But to return to our fo long expeded fuc- cours. The reiterated letters from the council of the Dutch Brafil to the ftates general, and the directors of our company, wherein they prefented their dangerous condition to them, had had fuch an influence upon the firft, that they advifed the dire6lors of the company, to fend us a reinforcement of 5 y or 6000 men, and a good fleet •, for which purpofe they fent them 25 companies of their regular troops, and gave leave for the raifing as many more, as in all mount- ed to 4000 land foldiers, befides feamen and ^ volunteers. This fleet confifting of a good number j feet e- of brave fhips, was ready to fet fail in No- guipt in veniber 1645, but by reafon of a fudden and hard froft, were detained in the road "^S^^gr^] of Ulyffingen, till February 1 646. One Mr. fj, Bankert, admiral of Zealand, had the chief command of this fleet, and at the fame time ' ' ' the following five gentlemen, who were ap- pointed members of the great council of the Dutch Brafil, and were to relieve the old ones, were fent to their ftations there and Travels to B R A S 1 L. 117 1646. to wit Walter Schonenhirgh prefident, Mi- chad Van Goch Penfionary of Vlyffingen, Si- mon Van Beaumont fifcal of the city of Dort^ Henry Hacks^ and Mr. 'Trowens^ two great merchants of Amfterclam^ and Mr. Heremite a lawyer of Dort, their fecretary. One Si- gifinund Shoppe, formerly under count Mau- rice^ and who had commanded the land for- ces of DutchBrafil, was now fent in the qua- lity of commander in chief of thefe forces he was a moft experienced captain, and who always kept a ftrid difcipline among the foldiers. Never did any fleet fent from Holland to Brafil meet with fo many unfortunate acci- dents as this , during the fix months they were at fea. For within two days after they had left the Dutch coaft: , they were forced to caft anchor in the Downs oppo- fite to Newport , where they loft tv/o of their fhips by ftrefs of weather. After a ftay of three days , the winds being fomewhat allayed, the fquadron under Mr. Van Goch fet fail again, but was two days after again forced into 6"/. Helens in the ifle of Wight : Three days before their arrival a rich Dutch Ihip, valued at two millions of livres, then lately come from Brafd , was loft among the rocks, fo that of 30operfons, no more than 30 were faved. Here they were de- tained by foul weather and contrary winds feven weeks, when another Da/ci? fliip com- ing from Brafil^ chanced to call anchor near them, and told them, that their countrey- men in the Receifv7txQ drove to the laft ex- tremity ; nay , that perhaps the place was furrendered by this time , they having no more than two months provifions left at the time of his departure. Hereupon it was refolved to continue their voyage with the v/hole fleet, notwithftanding the winds were againft them ; but on the coaft near Port- land were again overtaken by a violent ftorm, in which they faw a Scotch fhip with 200 perfons in her perifh. The fleet under Mr. Van Goch came with much ado to an anchor behind a rock, where they ftaid till the fiercenefs of the tempeft being allayed, they profecuted their voyage. But fcarce were they got through the channel, juft as they were entring the Spamjh fea , but a difference arofe betwixt Mr. Van Goch and Mr. Beaumont about the flag, the Zelanders (in a council of war held for that purpofe) allotting the precedency to Mr. Van Goch ; whereas the Hollanders pretended the fame to belong to Mr. Beaumont •, but Mr. Van ■ Goc^ perfifting notwithftanding to claim the precedency, Mr. Beaumont gave a fignal to Some Jhlps the Holland fhips to follov/ him, and fo bid arrive adieu to Mr. Van Goch , who after a trou- {and ^^f' ^Is^o"^^ tedious voyage, in which he the Receif many of his men by ficknefs, and e- VOL. II. fpecially by the fcurvy, he arrived the 14'^ 1646. of July with his fhip in the road of the Re- LO/^ ceif, being the flrft of the five new lords of the council that arrived in the Dutch Brafil. The 3 1 " of July 1 6^6, the iliip the Bluecock, and the Vlyjfingen of Zealand, came likewife to an anchor there; in the firft. came Mr. "Trowens, and in the laft colonel Sigifmund Shoppe. The 6"" Augu^ the faid colonel gave an account to the members of the council, how purfuant to their orders, he was ad- vanced with 450 men as far as the fort of Olinda, to difcover the countenance of the enemy , and to take fome prifoners ; that they had made a fhew of attacking us, but after fome flight fl Peter Bas , had krs^f'the called them together, to lay down in their old council prefence the reins of the government , and jurrendcr to furrender the fame to Mr. Schonenhurgh the govern- j-j^g j.^^]- ^[^^ XoxdiS. appointed by their ' high and mightineifes, by his highnefs the prince of Orange , and the council of XIX. for the fupreitie management of the govern- -r^mentof the Dutch Brafil ; returning them ■ '■''their hearty thanks for the fervices -each . ■ in his refpedive ftation had done to the go- .: vernment, and for their conftant fidelity ' ■-.during thefe in teftine commotions, exhort- ing them td perfevere in the fanie obedience 1646, to the new council •, whereupon the new pre- {yY^ fident and other members, having received the congratulations, firft of the old council, and then of the other colleges , they from thence forward tranfaded every thing by their own authority, tho' they in all affairs of mom.ent took the advice of the faid members of the old council, during their ftay in Brafil ; for which purpofe they de- fired them the 20'" of Juguft, to appear e- very day at eight a-clock at their affembly, and to affift them with their counfel for the better management of the affairs of the company. The ig'^ of Juguff Mr. 1'row- ens died late at night. The 3'' of September was appointed for a A general general mufter of all the forces in garrifon review. in the forts near the Receif, Mr. Heck and commiflary Zweers , were ordered to take a review of thofe in the fort Erneftus, War- denhurgh and Boavifla. Mr. Beaumont and Moucheron in the fort of Anthony Vaez and Maurice's Town, Mr. Van Goch, Hamel, and , ■ Alrich at the Receif, and of thofe belonging to the artillery. Mr. Raetsfield and Crow- vanger at the Baretta and adjacent quarters. Mr. Folbergin and commiffary Stricht in the forts William and Frederick Henry. Mr. Bul- ie^trdte and de Witt in the fort Bruin and the land and fea fort. The 4"" of September, a pardon being a- greed upon by joint confent of the old and new council, the fime was the 6"' day fent by a drummer to the enemy, with a letter to the Portuguefe commanders from the Ba- hia, defiring themto withdraw their forces. The lo"" of September being appointed for a review of the militia of the Receif ?ccA Maurice's Town , the fame was found to confift of 700 men ; they received the thanks of the old council for their faith- ful fervices during the prefent inteftine war, and then returned their thanks to them for their prudent management of the govern- ment. The 1 3* of September the letters written by the Portuguese colonel the 1 1"" of Septem- ber, in anfwer to ours of the 6"', were read , in the great council , filled with untruths and fictions of their own invention. They pretended that they were prevented by the inhabitants from retiring to the Bahia, be- fides that they wanted tranfport veffels, their ; fhips being detained in the bay of Taman- dare, and that they muft exped the king's orders for that purpofe. They took alfo a great deal of pains to magnify their ftrength. The 1 2"" and 13"" of September feveral letters were difperfed - ■ ? abroad by the Portuguefe, diredled to juftice Daems, to Matthew Bek, Balthafar de Fon- ■ ' ., feca^ Duarts Sarayva, Cafpar Francis da Co- R A TE L S S I Ld i J fid^ being all merchants , and written by Joirn Fernand Vie'ira \ in which they again exaggerated their own number, and fpoke very defpifably of ours, threatening, that in cafe they fhould be forced to quit the coun- trey;, they would deftroy all with fire and fword , as they had already done in fome parts of Parayha. The contents of thefe letters were as follows. A letter from Vieira to fome merchants in the Dutch-Brafil. Xperience has without quejlion convinced you fufficiently of the reafons that moved us to undertake this war, and the fuccefs we have met with is an ample tefiimony that God was pleafed to infli^i this punifiment upon our enemies^ for the many outrages committed a- ■gainfi the inhabitants of this countrey. "This is however in a great meafure to be attributed to the general confent of the faid inhabitants, who having ?:oiv forced themfelves from the ty- rannical yoke of their opprejfors, ought to ex- pert from me, who, tho" unworthy, am ap- pointed the chief manager of this war, to be back'd in fo brave a refolution. I would not have you be ignorant of our ftrength, which, in comparifon of yours, exceeds all that can le faid upon that head ; I zvill only tell you that as by our quitting the captainJJoips of Pa- rayba and Goyana, we are confiderably en- creafed in number, fo it is moft evident froin thence, that the inhabitants chofe rather to lofe their poffeffwns, than to endure any longer the indignities that were put upon them, which was the true caife of their infurrcElion, and not (as it is given out among you) becaufe they were unable to fatisfy their creditors \ becaufe they left more than what would have paid their debts. But if it ftoould happen fo, that the faid inhabitayits fhould not be able to maintain themfelves by force of arms, they are refolved to lay all the other captainfoips deflate in the fame manner. Having therefore well tveighed the reafons which fecm to promife us a good iffue of this war, I thought myfelf obliged as a fiend, to advife you that that party is back'd by reafon and the unanifnous refolution of many thoifands ; for, I can affure you, we are at leaf 14000 frong befides the negroes and Ta- poyers, difperfed in fever al places from Rio Grande as far as Rio St. Francifco. Ka- maron commands 600 mvfqueteers , Henry Dias 800 negroes, 200 Minos and 700 Ta- poyers and thofe of the Sertan are at our devotion, whenever we are pleafed to call for them ; but above all the reft we have God on our fide. We are 7tot ig?iorant, that before the arrival o/il^iV.Sigifmund Shoppe jc?z/r whole force confifted not in above 600 men, and that theficcoufi come along with him do not a- mount to above 1200 more; moft of which 1645, are boys, and the reft either dead or fick. Ton ^i^/nJ fee I am well acquainted with your ftrength, having killed and taken prifoners about 2600 of your beft foldiers, and 500 Brafilians, be- fides the wounded that were carried to the Re- ceif ; when our troops had no other arms than pointed fticks and clubs. Theft are blejfings from heaven, for if we were able to perform thefe things without powder and ball, what 7nay not be expeEled from our forces, now they are ftrengthened with good troops, _ and pro- vided with fuffcient arms and ammunition ? All which I confir?n to you upon my word, to be nothing but the real truth, and had it not been in refpe^ of thofe colonels ft nt from the Bahia^ a'nd of his majefty of Portugal, I had by this fme been mafter of the Receif, or fome of the forts, or at lea ft I might have dlone much great- er miftheif : But if matters are not brought to a happy conclufion, I am refolved to act like a defperate man, and not to leave any fugar-mills, cattle or negroes in the countrey, but will rather turn all to ruin and deftru6lion, before we will be com- pelled to fubmit again to your obedience. As thefe prefents mo.y ferve as a warning to you, fo, I hope you, and the reft of the 7ner- chants will not delay to enter with us into fuch articles of agreement, as may b,e moft condu- cing to the prefervation of your Poffeffions ; for I would have you call to mind that there are many ingenios (mills) reduced at pre- fent to fuch a ftate, as not to be likely to be in a condition to be ufed thefe ten years next to come. The Vargea is in no better condition than Parayba and Goyana, and the cattle (without which the mills cannot fuhfift ) dc- ftrofd in moft places. ■■ ' Colonel Sigifmund Shoppe, I fuppoft, pre- tends to keep the field againft us, as he did in the lafti war, but he will find himfelf egregi- oufty miftaken, becaufe the inhabitants will not be of his fide, for if 1 fJoould hear of one that was, I would caufe him to be hanged imme- diately. Toil alledge that we a,re vaffals of the co?npany, but when was ever any conquered nation treated thus as we were, worfe than the vileft ftaves, of which you are fenfible as well as we; fo that being forced to break our chains, we don't owe you any further obedi- ence. If we had not been in hopes of this op,-^ portunity, we would long before have implored the affiftance of the king of Spain or France •, and if thofe had failed us, to have had re- ,^ courfe to the Turks and Moors. I defireydu not to throw away this letter, becaufe experi-, ■ ence will convince you of the truth of it ; and that we fhall purfue the fafne methods here, as ' we have done in other places ; wherefore I would have you not give credit to any body, except to thofe that come inperftn fromthofe places; Jhav- ingtold thm nothing but the bare truth, which " you S20 Mr. John NieullofF'^ Voyages 1646. you will find in effe^ thus: In the profiecu- tion of this war, I hope you will confider, what is mojl for your interefl, in which I am ready to ferve you ; for thd* your governors don't dire^ their letters to me, 'tis I that have the chief management of this war, and under my command the power of the colonels came from the Bahia, extending no further, than over thofe troops they have brought along with them. A Reyal de bon Jefus September 1 1 1 646, On the 10"^ of this Month, the before-men- tioned colonels having fent an anfwer to a let- ter direEled to them from your council, by one of our captains ; feveral enfnaring quefiions were ask'd him concerning the prefent war, which he perhaps not anfwering according to their expeolation, they replied more like drunk- en cowards than foldiers ; if they will be pleafed to come out and tell me thefe things, I will try whether their fwords are as nimble as their tongues are, and teach them what refpecl is due to the mejfengers of thofe perfons who have the fupretne comtnand here. This I write to you at prefent, but fhall not fail in due time to make my words good by the fword, of which your people feel the daily effects as often as they dare to come out of their forts. Pray be not deceived, for Brafil is not allotted to you •, not quefioning hut that God will blefs our arms, and if we happen to die, we fhall lofe our lives in the defence of our holy religion and liberty •, and all thofe that haverefufed to accept of our offers, will pay for it with the lofs of their lives, pojfeffions and debts. A Reyal, Sept. Signed, 12, 1646. John Fernand Vieira. The 1 4'^ of September a. m^n of war, call'd the T ?r Feer, equipped by the chamber of Zealand, (aboard of which was colonel Hin- derfon) arrived before the Receif, after a voyage of 14 weeks. The 24"^ of Septem- ber the enemy caufed fome pamphlets to be difperfed, promifingin very haughty terms a general pardon , and a compofition of their debts, in cafe we would leave the ifland. The 2 of September colonel Shop- pe returned with fome troops from Goyana, by the way of Itamarika ; I had not met with any enemy, but had found all the fugar-mills burnt in the firft place, but the fugar-reed and farinha fields in a pretty good condition •, we received afterwards further information, that the fugar-mills of Goyana, were not quite burnt down. The 2 7"" of Offober a conference was held betwixt the old council and Mr. Fan Goch, unto whom they imparted their advice concern- ing feveral matters relating to the ftate of the Dutch-Brafd, and efpecially to the planting of the mandioka or farinha roots. Colonel Shoppe returns from Go- yana. A confe- rence be- twixt the old council md Mr. Goch. meeting with and the killing of cattle, v/hich they ad- vifed to be done with great circumfpeftion, Brafil being not able to fubfift without a confiderable number of oxen, which were continually employed in carrying of fugar- reeds, wood and other necellaries to the mills. For the planting of farinha roots they propofed Itamarika, Rio Grande and Pa- rayba, v/hich countries were thought fuf- ficient to fupply their prefent occafions •, provided it were done before the feafon was elapfed. In the mean while colonel Shoppe having made feyeral, but for the moft part, unfuc- cefsfiil attempts upon the enemy ; our for- ces were thereby fo diminifheei, that we were not in condition to made h.ead a- gainfi: the Portuguefent?iX the Receif; which made our council take a refolution to en- deavour the recovery of Rio St. Francifco, the execution of which being com.mitted to the management of colonel Hinderfon, pro- ved more fortunate for us, h little refiftance thereabouts. Accordingly the 24"" of O^ober the fol- lowing fhips ; count Eano admiral, Loanda vice-admiral, the Jrms of Dort rear-admi- ral, the Bluecock, the JFatchful-Dog, the Greyhound, Eagle, the Star, Heemftede and the Flight, with eight barks, fet fail under the command of admiral Lichthart, and colonel Hinderfon to the fouth. The 17"" of November the council received advice, that our troops under colonel Hinderfon were fafely landed at Korafippa, and marching from thence to Rio St. Francifco and the fort St. Maurice had met with no oppofition from the enemy, who had begun to raife the faid fort. That they had been fecond- ed by the fmall veffels, which had follow- ed them up the river, which our forces had pafled, and were marched to Seregippe del Rey, having left fome behind to repair the fort ; and that four Portuguefe had requeft- ed their pardon, which was promifed them. Whilft our forces were employed there- abouts, I was ordered thither to take care of the neceffiiry provifions (of which there was great plenty) for our troops having accordingly caufed my cargo to be embark- ed aboard a fhip call'd the BrotvnfifJj, Fran- cis Frantz mafter. I fet fail the 24'" of November. We were carried with a brisk gale as fir as the mountains call'd by our people the Saddle- hills from their ihape, the coaft all there- abouts being white find downs. About half an hour after fun-fet we faw our felves off of the Bay of I'amandare, and from thence continued our courfe with a fair wind, which in two days after brought us happily to the entrance of that great river, which 1640. T/a^ Dutch attempt the reco- very of Rio St. Francifco. Mr. Nleu- hofi' order - ed hither. and Travels U B R A S I L, igf 1646. is fo broad at the beginning that a fix- pounder can fcarce reach crofs it •, it falls with a very foft current into the fea, its , waters being low in the winter, but encreafe in the fummer, perhaps by reafon of the fnows that are melted by the heat of the fun. About 50 leagues from its mouth is a great catara6l- or water-fdl, furrounded by a great many iflands the fea at its en- trance meeting in tempeftuous weather with the current, are fo boiftroUs, that they ftrike terror into theftouteft mariners, and carry away great pieces of the continent along with them. We entered the faid river, but were forced to caft anchor im- mediately after fun-fet, for want of an eaft wind to carry us higher up, which com- monly begins to blow thereabouts at three in the morning. The countrey appeared very pleafant on both, fides^ and we faw abundance of wild beafts near the river- fide, and feveral huts made of ftraw. We • were detained near 24 hours upon a fand- bank, which after we had pa fled, we came at laft to the village called Penedos, fituate upon a high hill ; here we landed with our boats, and found a few houfes which were rebuilt by our people, the reft being burnt by the enemy before their flight. In the ■fort was formerly (in the time of the Por~ tugnefe) a church, which we turn'd into a ^ magazine ; it was furrounded with a good- ly wall, the river pafling by it on the north- fide, where the hill is very fteep. Ad7n'iral The 30"* of November admiral Lichthart Lichthart was feized with a fudden and violent ill- dies. j^gfs^ occafion'd by his drinking too much cold water, after he had over-heated him- felf before •, he was carried into a boat with three foldiers under the command of an officer, lower down the river, but foon after loft his fenfes, and in my prefence expired. The next day his corps being put in a cof- fin was carried aboard the Golden-Star, being conducted by the chief officers there prefent, and four companies of foldiers to the river- fide, who gave three falvo's with their muf- quets, as did the cannon from the fort and fliips, in order to his interment at the Receif. Ml- Nieu- Towards evening as I was going aboard holF in our ftlip the boat overturned by the fwift- danger of ncfs of the Current, and had i not been a ^""^ good fwimmer, I had infallibly been drown- ed ; the mafter threw out a great cable over-board, by the help of which, and God's mercy I got fafely into the fhip. The fol- diers in the mean while fcower'd the coun- trey, and brought 700 oxen, (of which there was great plenty) and 300 calves into our quarters, having been at pafture in one of the adjacent Iflands of the river, under the guard of fome foldiers they were not extraordinary fat, but tolerable good meat. The foldiers huts were for the moft part 1646. planted on the north-fide of the hill, which ' .^"^/'XJ being compofed of branches and leaves of ^fi''.^ trees took fire accidentally the f of Be- cemher, with fuch fury, that in a quarter ten. of an hour the whole quarter was in a fiame^ notwithftanding that the alarum was given immediately, by the beating of drums and- the founding of trumpets •, fome foldiers that were then fwimming in the river, loft all their cloaths by this accident. It was well it happened by day for if it had been, in the night it would have put us under a great confternation, it being generally re- ported, that it had been done by treachery. There was at that time a plentiful crop of tobacco upon the circumjacent fields, but was not quite fit for reaping, which muft be done at a certain feafon, before the low grounds overfiow'd. The colonel de- fired me to provide thofe v/ho had loft all^ with new cloaths, and to dcdudl it Out of their pay but I told him, that I being only a factor, could not do it without fpe- cial order from the council, fome having but little pay due to them. The 25"" of December we received intelligence that the enemy began to appear in a confiderable body, whereupon the companies of captain Coiifin, Schut, Gyfelingi la Montayne, and of a Brafilian captain, call'd To?nee, were fent in queft of them, with orders to fet their fta- bles on fire, and bring the cattle to our quar- ters. The next following MoW^_)' word was ^ brought us, that our troops were fo nar- rowly enclofed by the enemy, that it was feared fcarce one of them would efcape with life. Whilft we were in a great confterna- tion, not knowing what refoluriori co 1 Jce, a Brafilian brought us the unwelcome news^ that our whole body was routed and dif perfed, and captain Schut, Coufin and La Montayne, kili'd upon the fpot. He hid fcarce finifli'd his doleful relation before a German foldier, who had efcaped the fight, by his bleeding wounds and his words gave us a confirmation of what had been told us before, with this addition, that captain Gy- feling's lieutenant. La Montayne's enfign, and one KUmet, belonging to captain Schut, had fought their way through the enemy, with about 30 foldiers^ and would foon be here. This miffiap was chiefly attributed to the fool-hardinefs of our troops, who contrary to colonel Hinderjon^% command, ^ having at once difcharged all their muf- quets againft the enemy, fell in pell-mell, without any regular order, with fword in hand upon the enemy, which the enemy perceiving, retreated iDack and drew them into an ambufla. Towards night we faw feveral foldiers miferably wounded with darts come 10 our quarters, fome who had £i ■ thrown. 22 S O Y A G E S Air. Nieii- hoffV re- turn to the Receif. 1646. thrown away their arms, were forced to \y-^r^ caft lots for their lives, the misfortune of The Dutch which fell upon a Dutchman and a Brafi- Franciico. death , were however pardon'd by the colonel. Captain Gyfiling''^ lieutenant, who came without his arms to the fort, was fent immediately to the Receif ^ where his fword v/as broke over his head, and he declared incapable of ferving the company for the future, notwichftanding he had done them faithhil fervice for feven years laft paft. By this time I was fent for to the Receif, fo that after having taken my leave of the colonel and Mr, Dames , I embarked on board the Bat the i b^^ of December, and v/e were the fame evening with a fair wind and ftream carried to the mouth of the river. It being a fine moon-light night we catch'd abundance of Zaggers as we call them , a filh of a very good tafte, and continued our courfe with a brif!<. gale : Not far from the rivers mouth we met with four of our fiiips, who told us they were to fetch provifions, but in cafe they could not, were to return forthwith to the Receif. The iS'*" we ad- vanced but little , the fbips being not out of fight of us, near the rivers mouth, but did catch more fi.lh. than we were able to eat. Tlie 20'" we were likewife becalmed, and we perceived the moon to be half ec- lipfed for the fpace of two hours. The next following day we failed fo near to St. Antonio , that we could fee them walking along the fea-fhore. Towards night we difcovered Porto Calvo, about 30 leagues from Rio St. Francifco. We were often be- calmed, but catched abundance of Xing' s- f fjj and Codds , and faw fires in many pla- ces along the coail. The 24"^ of December we came fo near to the cape of St. Auftin that we difcovered five fhips and feven row- barges in the harbour ; we might have reached fome of thofe that went afliore with our Ihot, had it not been for the fmd-bank which hindred our nearer approach. About noon we came before the Receif, but it was fo foggy that we could fcarce difcover the v/ater fort, neverthelefs v/e ventured in, and I got afliore immediately, with an intenti- on to give an account of the ftate of affairs in Rio St. Francifco to Mr. Schonenburgh, be- ing condudted thither by colonel Shoppe, who happened to meet me immediately af- ter my landing. The 27"' of Ortoher the enemy had laid two anibuilies in the way to the fort Prince IViUiani, beyond the redoubt Kuk._ They did not itir till towards noon , when per- ceiving a company of our foldiers marc'i- ing along the dike, they fired fo briikly upon them, that they killed 11, wounded 1 2 , and took three prifoners yet not with- The enemy Ij-il nn am- hjk. out the lofs of fome on their fide. ' ■\- In the mean while xk^tTapoyershtva^^ much exafpe rated at the murder of the before- mentioned Jacob Rabbi their commander, had left our party the council did what they could . to appeafe them , imprifoned and banifiied Garfman the author of it, and confiicated his eftate , notwithftanding which, the 'Tapoyers could not be prevailed upou to join with us as before. The 1 8'" of November Mr. Van Goch en- tred into a conference with the members of the old council , whether it might not be feafible to embark what forces we were a- ble to fpare on board our great fhips, and to attempt to make a powerful diverfion to the enemy by attacking them in fome place or other. But thofe of the old council ha- ving reprefented to him the danger of this enterprize if it fiiould mifcarry, whilft they were blockt up in the Receif, the further de- bate thereof was deferred till the next day. It was then propofed, upon fecond thoughts,, that in cafe we could bring all our forces together, fomething of moment might be undertaken without manifeil hazard, where- by to oblige the enemy to withdraw his forces from the Receif; but Mr. Van Goch apprehending no fmall danger in cafe we mifcarried, they came to no refolution for that time. It being found by experience that all our promifes of pardon had proved inefiediual , it was propofed by Mr. Van Goch the firft of December, whether it were not moft expe- dient to give no quarter for the future ; un- to which it was anfwered, that very feldom quarter had been given by us, and few pri- foners were taken, and that the enemy had likewife killed moft of our people that were fallen into their hands, but they judged it not convenient to refufe quarter to all with- out diftinftion, which would induce fuch of the inhabitants as had remained quiet hi- therto , to betake themfelves likewife to their arms. The 23'' of November we laid an ambufh for the enemy near the fort of Ajfagados, who being by fome few fent, out for that purpofe, engaged in a fkirmilh, and pur- fuing our men with great eagernefs under the cannon of the fort, were fet upon by thofe lying in ambufii, who killed and wounded many of them. The 1 2''' of December the corps of tlie late admiral Lichthart was interr'd, one compa- ny of the city militia , and two of foldiers appearing in arms upon that occafion, gave him three falvoes with their mufquets. The 30'" of Decetnber the Eagle yacht brought letters to the council , dated in Rio St. Francifco the 4"* of Decetnber , inti- mating, that in an ifland a little above the fore 164.6, The Tapo- yers leave our party. Debate concerning an enter- prife a- gainji the enemy. Another eh bout refu- fing of quarter. "News froti Rio St. francifco.' 164.6. Shoppe re- turns from Goiana. Confultaii- cns con- eer?ung the Jiate of Parayba. R A ¥ E L S fort, one colonel Rebellia was arrived with 200 men from the BaMa ; and that they cxpefted another reinforcement; as v/ell from thence as from the Vargea ; that our people being fent higher up the river, had attackt fome of the enemies troops , but they made theil' efcape to the other fide, leaving their arms and clothes behind them. The 1^ of Janiiary 1647, colonel Shoppe who had been with 300 fufileers in Goiana, returned to the Reveif, giving an account that he had taken a view of all the rivers thereabouts, but met with noenemy; The 5'" of January the council received an account of the beforementioned a6tion in Rio St. Francifco:, viz. Five companies of our forces being fenc to Orajnhou , to beat up the enemies quarters, they met with a body of 100 men, whom they attackt and put to flight ; but foon after our forces were atta!ckt by a much ftronger body, who put them to the rout, with the lofs of 150 men ; of our officers one captain v/aS killed, and five taken prifoners , viz. captain Samuel Lamhart., La Montagne, Gerrit Schut, Kili- an Taylor., Daniel Koin , and three lieute- nants, Joo^ Koyman , Anthony Baliart, Je- ronytntis Hellemen, and one enfign. The %'-^o{ January Mr. Van Goch, in the name of the new council, advifed with thofe of the old, that it being refolved amona them to fend for a confiderable number of their forces out of Parayha, in order to ga- ther a body of troops for fome important defign , they defired to be informed con- cerning the prefent condition of the fiid captainlhip •, and whether the city of Pa- rayba and St. Andrew might be defended by 'a fmall garrifon whereupon thofe of the old council replied , that the town of Fre- dericia had no frefli water but what they muft fetch at a miles diflance, and confe- quently might be cut off by the enemy j the fame thing might be done at the paf- fage leading to the river-fide •, befides, that there was no fortifications belonging to the place but the monaftery^ which was of no great confequence , and the Gtiarte Domai- ges church, which had been fortified by the enemy in this war. As to St. Andrew it was no more than a fugar-mill about four hours diftant from the city ot Parayba., fituate up- on the bank of the river-, that the commu- nication of this place with the fort of St. Margaret might eafily be cut off" by the e- nemy, as being likewife about four leagues from thence, but it might be relieved from the water-fide , and yet not without great difficulty. Mr. Van Gocb told them he would make his report thereof to the council; The 1 2"* of January the council received advice, that the enemy were with a ftrong body of troops entred Parayba^ and advan- Jdvice fnm Pa: rayba. cing very near to the fugar-mill of St. An- 1647. drews., had in the night time furprifed fome L/'^/-^J Dutch and Brafilians., to the number of 50 men, women and children, of v/hich they had killed fome , and ript up the women^ bellies. The 13"' January ihmt pamphlets were again difperfed by the enemy, containing, in fubflance, that fince the inhabitants of the Receif v/ere now beyond all hopes of further relief, it would be their fureft way to come to an accommodation; for they refolved to venture all before they v/ould lay afide their defign ; but if all filled they would deftroy the whole countrey, and fo leave it: They exhorted them not to be deceived by the infinuations of thofe who belonged to the company, and called them rebels they being no more to be filled fd than the Dutch themfelves, who had affert- ed their liberty againft 5/?^/;/: The 1 7"^ of January four negroes belong- ing to one Ifaac de RajJ'ier, who had been taken prifoners fome days before in Paray- ba., came over to us into the Receif^ and brought advice, that the enemy, after ha- ving tarried but a little time in that cap- tainfliip, where they had killed five Dutch men and fome Brafilians., were retired from thence. The 22'' January early in the morning, the enemy began to batter the v/ooden fort near the Baretta-^ from a battery on the bank tered. of the fouth fide of the river which he con- tinued the whole day, but defifted at night •, • the garrifon having been reinforced about noon with five companies of foldiers , and forrie provifions ; becaufe Mr. Hamel , one of the members of the old council, did re- prefent to Mr. Van Gocb, that tho' the fort itfelf was fo inconfiderable, as fcarce to be worth the trouble of defending it by a good garrifon, yet at this junfture, when the e- nemy had made his firil attempt upon it, it would not be advifeable to defert it, for fear of giving encouragement to the enemy to attack the other forts-, but that on the contrary, as long as they did meet with a brave refillance here, they would not be fo forV/ard to attempt others -, efpecially fmce we had the conveniency of relieving them with boats at high-water, with low -tide by land by the way of the fmdridge -, and that we might annoy the enemy with the can- non from our ^nichts in his trenches, as we had done that day. About the fame time a map was ordered to be made , flicwing the true fituation of the Receif, with the turnings and windings of the adjacent fi- vers and marflies, as fir as the Baretta, for the better inftruclion of the council. The 2^'^ January in the morning, news ^^-J^ ^^'^ was brought that the enemy had railed the The zuood- eii fortbat- fiege 3 124 Mr. John Nieuhoffs Voyages 1647. fiege of the fort of the Bard t a the night before, and carried oft' all their cannon, be- ing fcnfible that as long as they could be annoyed from the fea-fide, and we be able to reinforce them daily with frefh troops, they could promife themlelves but flender fuccefs : But befides that our people were to fi:ruggle againit the enemy and famine, they were frequently troubled with defer- tions, many of our foldiers , nay even to the fergeants and other officers, who begun to defpair of our eafe, running over to the enemy, even at that time when the before- mentioned fliips the Faulcon and Elizabeth were in light of the Receif. Now the members of the old council be- gan to prepare in good earneft for their re- turn to Holland, they had already in Decem- ber 164.6^ follicited Mr. Scbonenbin-gh prefi- dentof the new council, to order fome Ihips to be got ready to tranfport them thither, and the Vlyffingen had been appointed for that purpofe •, but the fame being not as yet returned from crufmg , they applied them- felves the 25''' of January 1647, to Mr, Van Goch , and told him, that whereas ac- cording to their commiffion, one of them Ihould return after the expiration of three years, they had continued in Brafil thefe fix years, Mr. Kodde having indeed been ordered to return about that time , but his place not being fupplied by another, he di- The mm- before his departure : That they had be-s of the for thefe three years laft paft, follicited their 0/1^ counci Jollkit their re- turn. I return, and had two years ago received pro- mifes of being relieved by others which had not been performed till within thefe few months, to the great prejudice of them- felves and their families: Mr, Van Goch promifed them to take effedual care to have the fhips got ready , and to fend for the fhip the VlyJJingen, in order to their re- turn home. At the time of the accelTion of the new council to the governm.ent, and the departure of Henry Haniel., Adrian Bui- lefirate^ and Feter Bas, late members of the great council, the following forts remained ftill in the poffeffion of our JVeJt-India company. The fort Keulen at the mouth of Rio A cata- Grande, provided with 28 brafs and one i- logueofthe ron cannoH. ^''vid^rf' redoubt of St. Antonio, on the north- ilTDutch. ^'^^^ nwtx of Parayba, with fix iron pieces of cannon. The fort Refiangues in an ifland of the lame name within the river Parayha , with four brafs and five iron pieces of cannon. The fort Margaret on the fouth fide of the river Parayha, with 14 brafs and 24 i- ron pieces of cannon. The fort Orange in the ifle of Itamarika, with 6 brafs and 7 iron pieces of cannon. ISoJfa Senhora de Conceptiano, an old bat- tery upon the hill of Itamarika , with tv»'0 brafs and eight iron pieces of cannon. The redoubt called Madame de Bruin , three iron pieces of cannon. The fort Wardenburgh, alias the Trian" giilar Fort, betwixt the Bruin and the Re- ceif; the firft provided with four brafs and five iron pieces of cannon the laft with 14 brafs guns. The Land Fort, alias St. John""?,, with 1 1 iron guns. The Water Fort, at the mouth of the ri- ver of the Receif, with leven brafs guns. The fort Erneftus , with 5 brafs and 3 i- ron pieces of cannon, and the battery with five brafs and two iron pieces of cannon. The Receif. Maurice's T own upon the ifland of An- thony Vaez. The fort Frederick Henry, alias the ^in- quangular Fort. The redoubt of ftone near this fort. The redoubt Kiik , betwixt the fort Fre^ derick Henry and the fort Prince William. The fort Prince William upon the river Affagados. The forts then in poffeffion of the Por- tuguefe, and taken by them from the Dutch, are thefe ; Seregippo del Rey ^ Rio St. Francifco , and Porto Caho, being reduced by famine, were rafed by the Portuguefe, being fenfible that our people could not maintain themfelves there without erefting of new ones, which was not to be done without a vaft charge. Near the point of 'Tamandare, the place where the Portuguefe from the Bahia firft of all landed their men and where after- wards their fleet was beaten by ours, the e- nemy laid the foundation of a fort for the fecurity of that harbour, where ffiips of great burden might llifely ride at anchor. The 1'^ oi January, M.r. Beamnont fent by the new council to confer with the late members concerning the prefent condi- tion of Rio St. Francifco, and what was befl to be done there : They anfwered him as before, that the fort as it was now, could do but little fervice , and that therefore it would be worth our confideration, whether the propofals made by them in writing, might not now be put in praftice. The faid Mr. Beaumont further propofed, whe- ther it would not be requifite to ere6t an earthen redoubt for the defence of the Ba- retta ; unto which thofe of the old council replied , that confidering the vaft charge and the fmall benefit which could be ex- pelled from it, the fame might be more conveniently built in fome place or other , to facilitate our paflage into the open coun- trey. Beaimont was of opinion, that there- by 1647. Forts in tht hands of the Portu- guefe. A eonfe- rence aiout Rio. St. Francifco, And the Baretta. dnd Travels 1647. by the enemy would be prevented from (✓"V^ advancing to the fort Frederick Henry ; but the old members told him, that notwith- ftanding we had now a fort on the Baret- ta^ we could not hinder the enemies com- ing upon that ifland near the fort, unlefs ■we would keep a confiderable force there for that purpofe j that we need not fear their tranfporting any cannon thither,, be- caufe their retreat might be cut off at high tide •, neither could they from thence do.any mifchief to the i?^'-?v 'the highelr. About.fiv£ or iix leagues to the weft of the houfe called tlie Befert\,\s the great fik- ,pit Karwaral-anm , which receiving its wa - ''ter from the fea, and ;being detained by ,^laices, produces very good fak in three weeks time. Five leagues further to the weft is the river Mcititouva^ the fecond in .rank in thofe wefta-n pvirts, but l,ias not a- jiove twelve foot wate.r at high-tide. On Its eaft point, not above half a league with- ;n the mouth, is a very convenient falt-pit: 'jThe/e fal,t-p,its ^l,re computed to be manage- ■able with the a^lftancc only of 10 or 12 ne- groes-, I o chr|i.ftians, and about 30 Brafili- "^ns, -^pcj to .^^ord 2000 tuns of fait J)er an- tiiim^ v/hich may be tranfportcd from thence ^nt,o' the other par;:s of the Dutch Brafil in Iniali barks, during the fun^mer feafon. About hajf way betwixt Rio Grande andi"z- ^ra^ as likewjle in Siara^ near the nvtvJVa- "j'^nien, ^T.e likewile feyeral Salma's or falt- pifa. gar, brafil-wppd, and iqch like ; as alfo in topacco, hides, preferves, ginger, and cot- ton, which grows wild here , fome indigo , was li|s.ewife plantec^ there b,efore my de- parture •, but among thefe , the fugar and %a.ril--yvopd are llapie commodities. For fince the tobacco began to be tranfported mto HGllfln4- fxom the y^ffiericm [(['^nds^ the planting of it was negledted in Brafil, where labourers wages being exceflive high, they could draw much more profit from the fu- gar, of which, according to computation, betwixt 20000 and 25000 chefts were year- ly made only in the iligar-mills of the Dutch Brafil^ if the harveft proyes very good. ^he peo- The inhabitants of Brafil may at prefent p/ing of be divided into free-born fiibjeds and flaves ; Brafd, and; thefe again confift of divers nations , both natives and foreigners. The free in- habitants of Brafil were the Dutch , Portu- guefcy and Brafillans^ the laft the natives of the countrey. But the Porlugucfe did not only furpafs all the reft, at leaft ten to one in. nytnberi during my abode in Brafil^ but alfo were in pofleffion of all the fugar-mills and lands, ex^cept what was, ppflefs'd by a very few iDutch^ who had applied themfelves to fugar-plantin.g , but were for. the moft part ruined by the inteftine war, being for- ced tojeave all behind them in the country : Beftdes thofe of the free inhabitants, who ^b'nnt's^of "^^^ ^^^^^^ bufincfs to manure the Brifil"^ grounds, there were many merchants, fac- tors, and handicrafts men : The merchants fold their comm.odities generally v/ith vaft profit, and would have queftionlels been rich men, had they not vented their goods upon credit to the Fortuguefe>^ who Were re- folved never to pay them ■, as the event has 1647,, fufHciently fhewn. The handicrafts men KyysJ v/ere able to get three , four, five , nay fix gilders a day, fo that many returned very rich to Holland. Thofe that kept publick houfes and chandlers ftiops were likewife great gainers here, and carried off abundance of ready money. The officers in the com- pany's fervice whether civil or military , were likewile pundually paid, which made many who had lived in the countrey before the beginning of the civil v/ar, and had ferv- ed the company before, take fervice again, ^ who were all entertained according to their refpe6live qualities and former ftations. Among the free inhabitants of Brafil that J^^^^- were not in the company's fervice, the Jews were the moft confiderable in number, who had tranfplanted themfelves thither from Holland. They had a vaft traffick beyond all the reft, they purchafed fugar-mills and built ftately houfes in the Receif. They- were all traders, which would have been of great confequence to the Dutch Brafil , had they kept themfelves within the due bounds of traffick. The flaves of Dutch Brafil were either ne- The Jlavei groes or natives of the countrey ; the laft e/^Brafil. of which v/ere either bought in Maranhaon being prifoners of war, or from the 'Tapa- yers, who likewife had made them captives, and otherwife , according to their cuftom, would have put them to death. For it be- ing refolved immediately , at the firft en- trance of the Dutch in Brafil^ that none of the natives fhould be made flaves (except they were either bought from the 1'apoyers or brought from Maranhaon ) the Brafilians were fettled in certain villages to enjoy their own liberty under certain limitations, and permillion was given them to afTift the Por- tuguefe in the management of their mills and grounds , for certain Wages appointed for that purpofe ; by which means many y^/f- cas or villages were filled with Brafilians in Parayha and Rio Grande^ who during the time of our government enjoyed the fweets. of a perfed: liberty. Vaft numbers of negroes of divers nati- ons, were entertained in the Receif and the ■'^^^2'"'^^^'" open countrey , for the manureing of the ground, and working in the fugar-mills of the Portuguefe , which could not be done without them, by reafon of the extremity of the heat of the climate, and the incre- dible toils they are fain to undergo ; fo that in my time near 40000 negroes were em- ployed in the fugar-mills betwixt Rio Gran-, de and St. Francifco. Moft of thefe negroes are brought hither from the kingdoms of . Congo, Angola., and Guinea ; a black fhining fkin, flat nofe, thick lips, and fhort curled hair, is their chief beauty. The luftieft and moft 5 Tr AVELs to B R A S I L, 137 itioft labcinous ufed in time of good trade, i^^/->>j to be fold in Brafil for 70, 80, or 100 pieces of eight, nay fometimes for 1400 or 1500 gilders, but thefe underftood fome- thing more than ordinary : But when trade began to decay, they were fold for 40 pieces of eight. There was fcarce a Hollander of any fubftance but what had feveral of thefe flaves. They are moft miferably and beaft- ly "treated by the Portugiiefe, though at the fame time it mufl: be confefs'd that it is ab- folutely necelTary they fhould be kept un- der a ftriil difcipline; for they are full of rogueries , fuperftitious to the higheft de- gree, and forcerers : They would often pre- tend to tell us what Ihips were at fea from 'Holland for Brafil , tho' they were yet on the other fide of the line, and how to re- cover ftolen goods. 1 remember I happen- ed T)nce to be at a friend's houfe of mine, when I faw an old negro enter the kitchen, who came thither to cure a negro flave of his -iHriefs, which he told us was occafion- ed by witchcraft. 'He made the patient rife -from his chan*, and taking a piece of ■^TOOd -from -the i&re -hearth, he ordered him to lick three times with his tongue that end which was burning hot with the glowing coals. The fame end of the wood he af- terwards extingaifh'd in a bafon of water, and rubb'd the coals in it, till it turn'd as black as ink. This he ordered the fick ne- gro to drink off at a draught, which he did accordingly, and was immediately feiz- ed with a flight griping in the guts. This done he rubbed both his fides, and taking hold with his hand of a piece of flefh and fat above the hip, he made an incifion there with a knife he pull'd out of his pocket, of two inches deep, out of which he drew a bundle of hair and rags, with a little of the black water that was left he walhed the wound, which foon after was healed, and the patient cured. They are very dextrous at fwimming and diving, and will fetch a fingle piece of eight from the bottom of the fea, where it is very deep. They are alfo excellent fifhermen, and get a great deal of money by it. They tie three or four great pieces of wood together, this they manage with one oar, and upon it go a good way into the fea, where they catch great quantities of fifh with their hooks, and fo return. It happened in my time, that a certain negro, who was very expert in fifhing, was fold three times in a little >whiie -, -this he. took-fo much to- heart, that tlie-next time he went, thus -Out a fi filing, -lie tied a fl:one to. his leg and drowned him- ■felf Another negro having ^conceived a • hatred againft; his mafter cut his throat, cut f-out his .tongue, and made a, houfe-of-office -of his mouth, according to his own con- Vol. II. fefTion ; he was broke alive upon the wheel, 1 647. which he endured with an incredible ob- >^^"VNJ ftinacy. A negro woman was brought to bed in my time of a child, the hair and ficin of which were not black, but red. I faw alfo a young lad born from negro parents, whofe fkin was white, and his hair and eye-brows the like, but curl'd, with a flat nofe like the other negroes. Sometimes I have feen old negroes with long grey beards and hair, which looks very fine. The natives of Brafil confifi: of divers fhe Brafi- nations, difl:ingui(hed by their proper names, Uans. to wit, the Tiihbwjnhos, 1'obajaras, Petigu- aras and 1'api/ijas, or Tapuyers, or Tapoyers, The three firfl: ufe one and the fame lan- guage, and diifer only in the dialecft but the lafl: are fubdivided into feveral nations, differing both in manners and tongue. The Brafilian men, which lived among us and the Portuguefe^ are middle-fized, ftrong and Well made, with broad fiioulders, Tliey have black eyes, a wide mouth, with black Curl'd hair, and a flat nofe-, the lafl: of which is not natural to them, but the pa- rents, looking upon it as a great beauty, fqueeze their childrens nofes flat, whilft they are very young. They paint their bodies, and fome likewife their faces with divers colours •, they have generally no hair about the mouth, tho' fome have black beards*, Their women are likewife of a middle fl:a- ture, well limb'd, and not ill-featur'd ; they have likewife a black hair, but are not born black, but by the heat of the fun-beams, acquire by degrees a yellow brown colour. The Brafilians come foon to maturity, and arrive to a great age, and that without di- fbempers j they alfo feldom become grey, which is likewife obfervable in many Eu' ropean inhabitants here, who come to the age of 100 or 120 years. This muit be chiefly attributed to the temperature of the climate, which is fuch, that in former times many Spaniards that laboured under fome lingring difl:emper, whether in Spain or the Eajl-lndies, ufed to come to Brafil to par- take of the benefit of that excellent air and water ; 'tis true, moft: of the children of foreigners are troubled with lingring fick- nefiTes, fo that fcarce one in three arrives to a ftate of manhood ; but this mufl: not be attributed to the air, but rather to the bad nouriftiment. Few cripples or crook- ed people are to be met with among the Brafiilians, they being generally very flraic and, nimble, whicli is the more admirable, becaufe they- never do their children .up in fwathing .cloths, except their feet, Jook.- .ing upon, it as unwholfome. . Before the Da/c^ got footing in. "5rfZj?/, tYitPortuguefehzdi made all the natives their fl.aves, and look'd upon it as the greatefl: N n piece 1647. r n NkubofF^^ Yoy ages / pifece -of policy quite to extirpat" them, which they did fo effeftually, thatwheieis about 100 years ago, the captainfliips of Rio Grande alone could raife 100000 fight- ing men, fcarce 300 were to be met with in 1645 and 1646, which had created a mortal hatred in the Brafilians againfl: the Portiiguefe ; the' it mufl: alfo be confefs'd, that the late war and fome epidemical di- ftempers did fweep away many of the na- tives. The remainders of them liv'd incer- t'Xin Aldens or villages affigned them for that purpofe, where they had their planta- tions; befides which they lerved the Por- iuguefe in their fugar-mills for a certain monthly pay, which furnifhed them with clothes and other necelfaries. Their huts are made only of wooden ftalks, covered with palm-tree leaves. They can't endure the yoke of flavery, nor any toil, efpeci- ally the 'Tapoyers ; they Jive very quietly among one another, unlefs they get drunk, when they fometimes fing and dance day and night. Drunkennefs is a vice belong- ing to both fexes here, of which they are .fo fond, as to be paft remedy, tho' this occafions often quarrels and other enorm-ous 1.54-7, vices among them. They are likewife much addidled to dancing, which they call Guau they have feveral ways of dancing, one of which is call'd Urukapi •■, they commonly fing whilil they are dancing. The children divert themfelves with divers forts of games, one is call'd Kuruprara, another Gualbipaie, and a third Guaibiquaibibuku. They will fleep fometimes a whole day and night, and would not ftir then if they did not want vi- ctuals. Near their hammocks they keep a fire day and night, in the day to drefs their vi6luals, in the night to allay the raw- nefs of the air, which here is colder than in mofi: parts of Europe, becaufe day and night is almoft of an equal length here through- out the year. The inland Brafilians of both fexes, go 'J'heir quite naked without the leaft covering. But (^°^^i"S^ thofe inhabiting nearer to the fea-fhore, who converfe with the Dutch and Portii- guefe, wear only a fhirt of linnen or callicoe 1 tho' in my time, fome of the chiefeft among them began to take a pride to cloth them- felves after the European manner. The wife coniiantly follows her hufband whereever he goes, even in the war. He carries no- thing but his arms, but the poor woman is Joaden like a mule or fumpter-horfe. For ' befides a great baiket which is tied to her backj (call'd by them Patigua ) flie has an- other upon her head, with all the houiliold ftuff in it, or a great bafket with floweri befides which feveral other fmaller veflels hang on both fides, wherewith they take up water for their drinking. The child is car- ried in a piece of callicoe, which is faftned s to \ ^647-, to her, an*,! hangs down from her right X/^y^ Ihoulder. It lies there with its legs wide open, one being ftretch'd crofs the mother's belly, the other over her Ihoulder. After all this, ilie carries a parrot or ape in one hand, and leads a dog in a firing with the other. Thus they proceed on their jour- ney, v/iihout any farther provifion except a frnall quantity of Farinha \ the hedge or o- p.en fields ferve inftead of inns, which fur- nifh them with necelTary food, as the rivers and fprings with drink ; and fo does the tree call'd Karageo.ta<^ which contains always fome rain-water within the hollownefs of its leaves, to the great relief of travellers, who in fome barren places, do often not meet with a river or fpring for 1 2 leagues together. Towards night they hang their ham.mocks on trees, or elfe fallen them to llalks neatly they make a fire to dixfs their viftuals, and againfl: the rain defend themfelves with palm-tree leaves. When they are at home, the hufband goes com- nionly in the morning abroad with his bow and arrow, to fhoot fome wild beaft, or catch birds, or elfe to the fea-fide, or next river a fifliing, whilll the women are em- ■;• . ■ ■• ployed in the plantations \ fome women go abroad with their hufbands and carry home . the prey. The wild beafls are caught by them in a different manner •, fome they kill with arrows, others they catch in pits dug for that purpofe, and covered with the leaves • of trees, under which is hidden fome car- rion, the fcent of which draws them to the pit ; this they call Petaku. They make alfo certain wooden traps, and ufe divers other ways of catching the wild beafls, each of which they diftinguifh by their pro- per names. To catch birds they ufe three forts of fnares or nets, call'd by them Ju- kana •, the firfb fort catches the birds by the feet, this they call Jukanahiprara % the fecond entangles them by the neck, which they call Jukanajuprara ; the third enfnares their bodies, call'd by them Jiikanapitereba. They kill the fifhes with arrows, or catch them with fifhing hooks, their baits being commonly worms, crabs, or fome fmall iifhes. They bait the water where they in- tend to fifh, with the leaves of Japikai^ or with '•Thnpotiana^ Tinguy, or with Tingiiiri ; fometimes with the fruit call'd Kururuape, the root Magui, or the bark of the tree Anda, which make the fifh fwim on the furface of the water like dead, when they take them with a kind of a fieve, call'd by t\itmUrupe7na, made of cane or reed, which , they call Uruguihoandipia. Their fea-fifh they ■ catch with iron hooks, the bait being Ibme , carrion ■, they go a good way into the fea, only upon three pieces of wood faftened together, which they call Igapeda, and the Portugurfe Jangada the wood is common- 1 647, ly of the tree Apiha. , ■ - i/V^J The Brafilians are not burthened neirhmf- much houfnold-fluff, their hammocks be- ""'^^djuff, ing their chiefefl care in this kind they call them_ are wrought of cotton like .. net-work, of about fix or feven.foot long, and four broad. When they are going to fleep, they fallen them either to two beams of their huts, or elfe in the open air to two trees, and fome diftarice from the ground, for fear of fome obnoxious creatures, and to avoid the peftiferous exhalations of the earth. The I'apoyers, call'd Ka?Hri, have very large hammocks, of 12 or 14. foot long, which contain four perfons at a time. The Portuguefe women make fome very Hne hammocks, wrought with divers figures in them. In lieu of difhes and cups they ufe the Kalahaffek, cut in the middle, which are painted without with a certain red colour, call'd Uruku, and within with black. Their, cans, cups and mugs, are likewife Kala- laffes of divers kinds, call'd Kidte^ Jaroba^ and Kribuka. One of the biggeft of thefe KalahaJJes hold 30 or 35 quarts-, this the Brafilians call Kuyaba, but when cut thro' the middle it is called Kuipeba. The poorer fort make certain knives they call Ituque^ of flone, as . alfo of cane, which they call 'Taquoaqula, but the better fort ufe Dutch knives. Their bafkets they make of palm- tree leaves, they call them Patigua \ they have alfo fome made of reed or cane, thefe are with one general name call'd Karame-, moa. They make alfo large broad bafkets of reeds and branches twilled together : Thefe they call Panaku, and are chiefly ufed for the carrying of the Mandioka root. In their journeys they always make ufe of the Patigua^ but the Panaku is ufed by th© flaves and negroes in the Receif for the con- veniency of carriage. The arms of the Brafilians are only bows, q-j^^ir me- arrows, and, wooden clubs. Their bows, pom. which they call Guirapara and Virapara^ are made of very hard wood, called Guira- pariba and Virapariba : The bow-firings are made of cotton twifled, and by them call'd Giiirapakuma ; the darts they call Uba, and are made of wild cane. The points of thefe darts are either of wood hardned, or of fifh teeth call'd Jacru, or of bones or cane well fharpned fome have feveral points, others but one. Being not in the leafl acquainted with Their way arithmetick, they compute the number of of account- their years and age by the chefnuts which '"^ ^^^"'^ grow on the fruit Akaju, which chefnuts they call Akaguakaya^ as likewife Akajuti and Itamabara, of v/hich they lay one by every year, this tree producing fruit but once each feafon, in December and Ja- 7iuar\K Mr. John NieuholF's V o y a g e s 1647. nuary. They begin the computation of Ky^Y^ their years with the rife of a certain ftar, caird by them '■Taku, or the Rain-ftar, which is always there in May ; they alfo call the year by the fime name. •mir re/i- The moft barbarous of the Brafdians in- habiting the inland countries, fcarce know any thing of religion, or an almighty be- ing. They have fome knowledge remain- ing of a general deluge, it being their opi- nion, that the whole race of mankind were extirpated by a general deluge, except one man and his own fifter, who being with child before, they by degrees re-peopled the world. They know not what God is, nay, they have no word exprefling the fame, unlefs it be Tuba, which fignifies as much as fomething moft excellent above the reft •, thus they call the thunder Tiiba- hiniinga, i. e. a noife made by the fupreme excellency, for Akiinu7iga implies as much as a noife. They are unacquainted with heaven or hell, tho' they have a tradition among them, that the fouls don't die with the bodies, but that they are either tranf- planted into devils or fpirits, or elfe enjoy a great deal of pleafure with dancing and finging in fome pleafant fields, which they fay are behind the mountains. Thefe fields are enjoyed by all the brave men and wo- men, who have kill'd and eaten many of tlieir enemies ; but fuch as have been idle, and never did any thing of moment, are tortured by the devil, unto whom they give many names, viz. Anhanga, Jurupa- riy Kurupafi, Taguaiba, 'Temott, Taubimama. They have however fome fort of priefts a- mong them whofe bufmefs is to facrifice, and to foretel things to come •, thefe are efpecially confulted when they are to un- dertake a war or journey •, they call them Taye and Pey. They dread fpirits to the higheft degree •, they call them KuripirUy T agiiai, Macachara, Anbanga, Jurupari, and 'Marangigona, tho' under different fignifi- cations : For Kiiripari implies as much as the God of the mind or heart. Macacha- ra the God or patron of travellers ; Jiiru- pari and Anhanga fignify the devil •, Ma- "rangigona implies as much as the Manes or remainders of the foul after death, which are fo much dreaded by the Brafdians, that fome of them upon an imaginary appari- tion of them, have been ft ruck with fud- den death. They don't perform any wor- fliip or ceremony to thofe fpirits, except that fome pretend to appeafe their wrath 'by certain prefents they faften to certain ilakes fix'd in the ground for that purpofe. Some of the Brafdians acknowledge the thunder for the fUpreme being, others the Lejfer Bear in the firmament, others fome other ftars. The Poti^uuras^ a nation a- mong the Brafdians, are accounted fuch 1647. forcerers, that they bewitch their enemies e- ven to death: They call this manner of witchcraft Anba?nombikoab. The Brafdians that lived among the Portiiguefe and Dutch, did in fome meafure follow the chriftian dodlrine, but fo coldly, that few, when they come to an- advanced age, ftiew much zeal for it ; becaufe the fundamental arti- cles of our faith are not eafily imprinted in them, unlefs in their tender years, and when they are remote from their parents. How- ever feveral of the Dutch minifters, viz, Mr. Dorejlaer, and after him Mr, "-Thoynas Kemp, have had good fuccefs in convert- ing many of the Brafdians in the Aldeas or villages where they preached, the laft of thefe two being well verfed in the Brafdiafi tongue. Neither were Dionyfus Bifcareta„ an honeft old Cajlilian, and Johannes Apri- cius, lefs remifs in performing their duty to inftruft thefe infidels. There were like- wife three Dutch fchoolmafters among them, who taught their young people to read and to write, but thefe were forced to leave their Aldeas or villages during the laft in- teftine commotions raifed by xhtPortuguefe. Many diftempers which are common in Their di- Europe are unknown in Brafil : They vXt fi^^P^''' nothing but fimple remedies, and laugh at ^Z^'"^' our compofitions. They are very dextrous in applying their remedies, efpecially their antidotes: They draw blood by luftion with horn cups, by fcarification, or open- ing a vein ; inftead of a lancet they ufe the tooth of a lamprey, call'd by them Kakaon, without which no body ftirs abroad. So foon as any one of their acquaintance is fallen ill, they all meet, each offering his remedy, which he has found good by his own experience : Then they begin to cut and flice the moft mufculous parts of the body, either with the thorns of the tree Karnaiba, or with fifties teeth, till they have drawn as much blood as they think fit, and for that purpofe fuck the wounds with their mouths, by which means they pre- tend to draw all ill humours from the af- fe<5led part. Vomiting they procure by means of the leaves Karnaiba, which being twifted together, they force down the pa- tients throat. When all thefe pretended remedies prove ineffedlual, they proceed to no others but after fome confultation, quite defpairing of his recovery, knock him ' on the head with their clubs, looking upon it more glorious to be thus bravely deli- vered from their mifery, than to expeft death till their laft gafp. They exercife as much barbarity upon the dead cafcafies of their friends as of 'their enemies Upon the firft out of love, againft the laft out of re- venge , for -they tear them to pieces with J their Tr AVE LS Thdr child- be ar- How they welcome their friends. poyers. their teeth-, and -e'at the fiefh like a dain - ty bit. , ; The Brafilian women are extremely fruit- ful, have very eafy labours, and rarely mifcarry : For no fooner is a woman deli- vered, but up flie gets to the next river, and without, any farther help wa flies her - fclf there : In the mean v/hile the hufband keeps the bed for the firft 24 hours, and is made as much of as if he had been lately brought to bed. The mothers lament the death of their infants With hoV/ling and crying for three or four days. They receive their friends after a long journey with open arms and tears, arid beat- ing their foreheads againft their breafts, in remembrance of the misfortunes they have undergone during their abfence, Tho' the Brafilians v/ere always fuppofed to be de- fcended from the race of men-eaters, yet by their converfation with us and other na- tions, many of them have laid afide their barbarity, and ^re become as affable and civilized as moft of the European nations. The Tapoyers inhabit the inland country of Brafil to the weft of thefe countries in the poffeflion of the Portuguefe and Dutch., betwixt Rio Grande and the river Siara, as far as Rio St. Francifco. They are divided into feveral nations, diftinguiilied both by their language and names: For the Tapoy- ers bordering upon the utmoft confines of ' Pernamhuko., are called Kariri, under their ' king Cerioukejou ; the next to them the Kaririv'afu, whofe Idng was Karapoto; then 'the Kariryou, and fo farther the Tararyou ; the laft of which were beft known unto us, . j^anduy or John Dwwy being their king ; tho' fome of them lived under the jurif- "di6lion of one Karakara. Divers were go- 'vern'd by other kings, viz. Prityaba, Ang- '^aygn., IVahafewcxjng., Ifering, and Dremenge. Thofe under king John Duwy inhabit to the weft beyond Rio Grande., but change 'their habitations pretty often : About No- ' njember, December, and January., when the ivxxxtKajou begins to ripen, they come to- ■wards the fea-fide, becaufe little of it fs to be met v/ith in the inland cotintries. The 'Tapoyers are vefy tall and ftrong of body, exceeding both the Brafilians and ■Dutch both in ftrength and tallnefs by "the head and fhoulders. They are of a "dark brown colour, black hair, which hangs all over their flioulders, they only fhaving it on the forehead as far as to the ears. Some £tre fhaved according to the Euro- pean faftiion' the reft- of their bodies they keep without hair, even without eye-brows. . Their kings and great men are diftinguifli- ed from the vulgar by the . hair oT their heads and their nails ; the firft their kings wear fhaved in the ftiape of a crown, and 'vVolIIv have very long nails on their thumbs ; but the king's relations or other officers of note, wear long nails on all their , fingers, except their thumbs for long nails is ac- counted a peculiar ornament among them, i'he Tapoyers are very ftrong prince Mau- rice being one time in a humour to try their ftrength and fkill in fighting v/ith a wild bull, caufed one to be brought with- in his outward court, which was furround- ed with pallifadoes, in order to engage two Tapoyers appointed for that purpofe^ There was a great concourfe of people to fee this fpeftacle, when on a fudden two Ta- poyers (the reft with their wives being only fpeflators) came in ftark naked, without any other arms but their bows and arrows. The bull faw them no fooner enter, but he made towards them, who being extremely nimble, avoided the ftrokes he niade at them with great dexterity, and in the mean while fo gall'd his flanks with their arrows, that the beaft roar'd moft terribly, and being all in a foam, fet upon them with all his vigour^ which they avoided by retiring every foot behind a tree that ftood in the middle of the court, and from thence continued to pierce his fides with their darts, till finding the beaft begin to lah- guifli by the lofs of blood, one of the Ta- poyers got upon his back, and laying hold of his horns, threw him upon the groiindj and being feconded by his comrade, they both kill'd the bull, roafted him under ground, with a fire above it, according to their cuftom, and feafted upon the meat,, with the other Tapoyers there prefent. The Tapoyers of both fexes, from the king to the common fellow, go quite na- ked, only that the men hide their privi- ties, by tying the yard in a little bag or net made of the bark of trees this they clofe up with a fmall ribbon call'd Tako- aynhaa; when they want to pils they unty it, and are more cautious in expofing their privities, than fome of the Europeans-: In the fame manner do the reft of the Brafi- lians inhabiting the inland countries. The woip.en of the Tapoyers cover their privi- ties only with a handful of herbs, or a fmall branch of a tree, with the leaves on them : This they thruft barely under a fmall cord or rope which is faftned round their middle like girdles : In the fame man- ner they cover their backfides, but fo care- lefly, that both before and behind, great part of both is expofed to view ; they change it everyday. The nien wear al- fo a kind of garland made of the feathers of the bird Guara or Kaninde^ upon their heads, from which certain feathers, of the tail of the bird Arara., or liamud., hang down behind upon the back ; fome only 164.7. ■ Their , clothing. 142 John NieuhoffV Voyages 1647. ^-^T^^ib of y "Tafoyarj tie a cotton firing round their hands, in whicli ibme red or blue feathers are faftned behind this they call Akanhuagaba. They have alfo cloaks made of cotton-thread, and woven like a net ;, in each of the holes they flick a red feather of the bird Guam, and intermix them with black, green, and yellow feathers of the birds Aakukaru^ Ka- zifida, and Araj-a, which lie as clofe toge- ther as filh fcales : There is a kind of cap on the infide of this cloak, which with the reft covers the head, flioulders, and the body, fomewhat below the middle, fo that it is worn both for ornament and conveni- encies foke, it being proof againfl the rain ; they call thefe cloaks in their tongue Guara Abuku. They alfo fallen certain combs of birds with wild honey to their foreheads, thefe they call Aguana. If their fathers or mothers die, they pull every hair out of their heads •, they have holes in their ears fo big, that you may thruft a finger into them •, in this ihey wear either a bone of an ape call'd Natnhipaya, or elfe a piece of wood, wrapt up in cotton-thread. The men have holes in their under lips, in which they wear ei- ther a cryftal, Imaragd or jafper, of the bignefs of a hafel-nut : This ftone they call ■ Metara, and if it be green or blue, Meta- ' roU ; but they are mofl fond of the green ones : They have alfo holes in their cheeks on each fide of the mouth in thefe the married men wear a piece of wood of the bignefs and thicknefs of a good goofe- quill : Sometimes they wear a ftone in it call'd 'Te?7ilekoareta : In the holes of their noftrils, fome have alfo fuch like flicks of wood, which they call Apiyati : Their bo- dies are all over painted with a certain juice of brown colour, fqueezed out of the ap- ple Janipapa \ this is even ufed among the women and children. Befides this, they flick feathers of divers colours with wild- honey or maflick to the fkin of their bo- dies, which make them appear at a diflance like large birds ; this they call Akamongui. Thus they adorn their arms with garlands made of red and yellow feathers of feveral birds, call'd Aguannranga ; fometimes they mix corals among them, which they call Arakoaya. They make alfo a kind of brace- lets of the rind of the fruit Aguay •, thefe they wear round their legs, and make a noife when they are dancing. Their fhoes are made of the bark Kuragua, and call them Miapakabas. Some nations of the 'Tapoyers ufe no bows or arrows, but throw their darts with their hands, but the Ka- riri have bows. Their clubs are made of very hard wood, are broad on the top, and full of teeth or bones, well fliarpned ■ • at 3 and Travels to B R A S I L. 143 1^47. at the end. Round the handle they wind a piece of callicoe, or fome other ftufF, and at the end a bufh of feathers of the tail of the bird Avar a ; fuch another buHi is faft- ned round the middle they call them At'i- rabehe and Jatirabebe. Their trumpets which they call Kanguenka^ are made of mens bones-, butthofe called Nhumhugaku, which are much larger, are of horn :, they have alfo another fort made of cane, called Me- Mmbrapara. The ^apoyers are not fo good foldiers as the reft of the? Brafilians, for upon any fmart encounter they trufl; to their feet, and run away with incredible fwift- nefs. They neither fow nor plant, not as much as the Mandioka root, their common food being fruits, roots, herbs, and wild beafts, and fometimes wild honey, which they take out of the hollow trees. Among all other roots they are extremely fond of a certain kind of wild Mandioka root, which rifes up to the height of a fmall tree. Its fbem and leaves refemble the other Mandi- oka root, but it is not near fo good ; the inland BrafiUans call it Cugua^uremia^ but thofe inhabiting near the fea-lTiore Cua- fumandiiha. They eat alfo mens fleflh ; for if a woman happens to mifcarry they eat the child im- mediately, alledging, that they cannot be- ftow a better grave upon it than the belly, from whence it came. The 'Tapoyers lead a kind of vagabond life, like fome of the Arabians, though they always remain with- in their certain bounds, within the com- pafs of which they change their habitati- ons according to the diiferent feafons of the year •, they dwell for the moft part a- mong the woods, and live upon hunting, in which perhaps they excel all other na- tions ; for they will fhoot a bird flying with their arrows. So foon as a woman has conceived, fhe abftains from her hus- band ; after fhe. is brought to bed, flie goes into the next wood, where flie cuts the child's navel-ftring, with a fhell, boils it afterwards with the after-burthen, and eats them both. She wafhes her felf and the child every morning and evening, nei- ther does her hufband keep her company, as long as fhe gives fuck, unlefs he has but one wife. If a woman be difcovercd to have had an unlawful commerce with another man, her hufband turns her away, but if they are catch'd in the a'fl, he may kill them both. The mothers take extraordi- nary care that t-he nuptials of their daugh- ters are not confummated 'till after they have had their monthly times, which they give notice of to their phyiicians, and thefe to the king, who then gives them licenfe to go to bed with the bridegroom, who pays his acknowledgment to her mother, for the care fhe has taken of her daughter. 1 647. If a young maiden be marriageable, and yet 0^"\J not courted by any, the mother paints her with fome red colour about the eyes, and thus carries her to the king, who orders her to fit down near him upon a carpet, and blows the fmoak of tobacco in her face. After which he thrufts his yard into the v/oman's privities, and if any blood comes forth, he licks it up, which is efteem'd a fingular honour among them. For the reft of the Tapoyers, are the worft of all the o- ther BrafiUans^ being ignorant of any thing that relates to God or religion ; neither v/ill they receive any inftruftion of that kind. They have certain priefts or rather force- rers, who pretend to foretel things to come, and to raife fpirits, which they fay appear to them in the fhape of a fly, or any fuch like infed : When thefe fpirits diiappear, the women make moft horrible cries and la- mentations, in which confifts the main point of their devotion. They avoid night jour- nies, for fear of ferpents and other veno-^ mous creatures, neither will they fet on a journey 'till the dew be dried up by the fun-beams. Several nations of the "Tapo- yers, efpecially thofe under king John Duivy^ liv'd alv/ays in a good correfpondence with the Dutch, unto whom they afforded at di- vers times confiderable afliflance ; tho' they did not fubmit to their jurifdiftion, but were governed by their own kings. King John Duwy had 60 children by 50 wives, tho' fometimes he had not above 14 wives at a time ; thefe Tapoyers having a mortal hatred to the Portuguefe, ufed to kill them wherever they could meet with them. And thus much may fuffice concerning the man- ners, way of living, cloaths, ^i^c. of the natives of Brajil ; I will now proceed to give you an account of my voyage back into Holland. Being fenfible, as I told you before, that 1 649, things grew worfe and worfe every day l/v*\J with us here, I v/ith much ado got leave to depart, and accordingly the ag"* of Jtily ^^f////' 1 649 I went aboard the fhip call'd the Uni- Holland. on, mann'd with 80 failors, under the com.- mand of captain Albert Jants, a native of Gromngen. We fet fail the fame day in company of the Blue-Eagle, and a yacht call'd the Brajilian. We left the city of Olinda to the fouth-wcft in the evening; the 25"' we were under 3 degrees 6 min. v/ith anorth-north-eaftcourfe, we fail'd that day about 28 leagues. The next day we pafs'd the line, with very fair weather and wind •, we continued our courfe wiciiout any remarkable accident 'till the 1'' of Auguft, when about noon we found our ielves un- der 9 deg. 46 min. having fail'd 29 Leagues in the iaft 24 hours. The fame evening we ■ ^44 John Nieuhoff'i* Voya^'es 1 649, we faw the firft time the north-pole ftar, af- l.y^'\J ter we had pafs'd the line. The 2'' of y4u- gufi we fail'd 23 leagues with a frefh gale, and found our lelves under the 11"' deg. 1 3 min. We continued this our courfe with a fair wind, *till the 16"' of Angiift when we were becalmed, we did not advance a- bove 60 leagues that day, being under the 26 deg. we found it exceeding hot. The 20* of Auguft we had but a flender fouth- eaft wind, we found our felves under 29 deg. 45 min. we were much troubled with heat, for want of the cool winds, that the knives in the cabin were fo hot, that no- body could hold them in his bare hands, nor any one could touch the deck of the fhip with his hands or feet. We continued our courfe thus 'till the 29'", when being under 38 deg. 46 min. we made about eight leagues that day. The 3'' of September being under the 40'" deg. 1 8 min. we efpied a fail which we found to be a veflel bound for Virginias, Towards evening we were forced to ftay fometime for the Brafili- an yacht, fhe having loft one of her maftsi The next following day in the morning we difcover^d the ifland of Corfu, whither we direfted our courfe. ^he Fiem- Corfu and Florh afe two of the nine iflands, the Dutch commonly call the Flem- ^•^'"^ ^' ming Ifands. The biggeft is Tercera, be- ing about 1 6 leagues in compafs. It is very rocky, but fruitful, producing a confider- able quantity of oxen, and abounding in canary and other birds. Here is a fprihg that turns wood into ftone, and feveral hot- fprings, in v/hich you may boil an egg. The ground feems to be full of concavities, which is the reafon of the many earthquakes here, which over-turn and deftroy houfes, men and beafts. The ifland call'd the Peake has a rock which reaches to the very clouds, and which as fome fuppofe, may be paral- lel'd for its height to the peake of the Ca- nary Ifland itfelf Betwixt the coaft of Brafil and the faid Iflands, the compafs bears due fouth and north. We were gone eight degrees farther to the weft, than we intended. About noon we found our felves under 40 deg. and 34 min. We continued our courfe without any remarkable acci- dent, 'till the 16"' of Sept. when we fup- pofed our felves to be not far from land, v/hich we difcovered the fame evening to the north north-eaft of us. The 1 7"' we were becalm'd, and catch'd more fifli than we Were able to eat. The i S"" we difcover'd the Ifle of White to the north of us, whereabouts one of our fliips was feparated from us ; not tbe au- ^^^^"^ Poini^ of" Dover. The tborar- i9'\we pafs'd by Dunkirk and Ofe?idwkh rives at a brisk gale, and about noon fafely arriv- FlufTin- in the road of Fluffingen. I got m me- diately afliore, and after having refreflied 1 649„ my felf for five days, I v/ent to Middleburgh, (-/"V^J where I likewife continued five days. From thence I continued my journey over Dort, Rotterdam, Delft and Harle?n to the hmous -' city of Amfterda?n, from whence I under- took this Wef -India voyage 1 640. From He firrhes A^nfterdam I went to Zivell, the birth-place Ben- of my father John Nieiihoff, and fo to Bett- the7n^ my native countrey, where I met with my parents in good health, after fo many fatigues of a tedious voyage ; whilft I was at Benthem my father died 1 651, the 1 5'" of May, in the 85'" year of his age, be- ing lamented by all, by reafon of his good qualifications. Some troublefome people laid the iofs of the Dutch-Brafil at the door of the mem- bers of the great council, viz. Henry Ha- mel, Adrian BuUeftrate and Peter Jande Bas^ who left Brajil 1 647. It was alledged that the before-mentioned contracts made with the Portiiguefe had given them great op- portunity of a revolt •, for which it was faid the faid rnembers had received great fums of money but it being evident that the fucceeding members of the great coun- cil having taken cognifance of that affair before their departure, Nov. 6, 1 646, and in March 1 647, they were fully cleared of thefe accufations, the fame having been tranfadred by fpecial orders of the council of XIX. in Holland befides, that the re- volts which were about the fame time in a- gitation in Angola, Africa, and the ifland of Ceylon in the Eaft-Indies, where no fuch contracts were made, do fufficiently teftify that the foundation of this inteftine war was laid in Portugal, long before the contrails were fet on foot. What is more furprifing is, how the Portuguefe, confidering we were pretty well provided with forts and garri- fons, durft think of fuch an attempt •, but the reafon is plain, for what they wanted in ftrenghth or otherwife, they were fup- plied with from the Bahia. The motives that induced the Portu- What in- guefe to this revolt, were the recovery of their liberty, the difference of their Ian- ^^^'t^^g. guage and manners from ours ; but efpe- ^^// cially of religion, which oUr people endea- voured to eftablifli in Brafil % thefe with fome other concurring circumftances, fuch as our prefent weaknefs and the difpofitiori the ftates were in at that time, to be fairly rid of Brafil, gave them fufficient encou- ragement for this attempt. It has been the opinion of fome, that the firft fparks of this rebellion might foon have been quench'd by feifing fome of the heads of the Portu- guefe fadion ; but it being apparent from the records, that nothing was left unat- tempted upon that account, tho' without S any and Travels to B R A S I L. 1649. any confiderable fuccefs, the fame cannot {y^Y^ imputed to the negled: of the govern- ment j the true reafons of the lofs of Bra- fil were the (lender garrifon, and the incon- liderable number of Dutch inhabiting there nothing being more obvious, than that a con- quered country muft be maintained, either by a fufEcient military force, or ftrong co- lonives \ the kit of which was the conilant praftice of the ancient Romans^ who be- fides this back'd them with good armies to keep the conquered nations in obedience. Another way of eftablifliing themfelves in a conquered country, tho' a very barba- rous one, was introduced by the Spaniards and Portuguefe in America , who by dc- ftroying the ancient inhabitants, and plant- ing colonies of their own, faved themfelves the charge of keeping many forts and garri- M-eaf'-m fons for their defence. Neither of thefe , wZ'j Brafil was fufiicientiy obferved by the Dutch ^ af- Kas not ^-gj. jj^gjj. conqueft of the Diitch-Brafil ; for ^pMpkd 'b^ according to their agreement made with /i'^ Dutch, the Portugiiefe, the laft were left in the en- tire and quiet poffefllon of all the fugar- mills, plantations, and grounds thereunto belonging, whereby the Dutch fubjedrs were in a manner excluded from getting any con- fiderable footing in the open countrey, ef- pecially, fince fuch of the fugar- mills as happened to fall into the companies hands, by forfeiture or otherwife, were fold pro- mifcuoufly to both nations, and commonly at fuch exceffive rates, that the Dutch durft feldom venture upon them the taxes laid upon every thing belonging to the fugar- mills, and upon the fugar itfelf, being fo great, that little profit was to be reap'd from thence, unlefs the fugar fold at a very dear rate 1 whereas on the contrary, we ought after the example of the Spaniards^ to have endeavoured to draw our fubjedls into Brafil, by the granting of confiderable immunities of honour and other advanta- ges. The military force of the Dutch In 1649. Brafd^ was likewife not duely regarded L^/^nJ for whereas according to a juft eftim.ate made in 1641, by count Maurice, 7076 men were abfolutcly requifite to maintain tlie Dutch garrifons there, the ftates of Hcl- n.elrzvant ' land inftead of following his direftions, did of forces. after the conclufion of the ten years truce with Portugal, order the great council of the Dutch-Brafd , to reduce -their foi-ces there to 18 companies of 150 men each, and tho' feveral remonvlrances were made upon that head to the contrary, the truth of* which v/as verified by the event-, yet the fuccours fent from Holland arrived fo (low- ly, that after rny departute things grew worfe and worfj every day, and the Dutch had loft all their ftrong holds 1654. For the Portuguefe began to blow up the Receif by fea, with 1 6 fhips, and to befiege it by land 1 653, mDecanher,Wix.}\ fuch fuccels, that our people being conftrain'd by hunger, and Lafe all the garrifon refufing to fight, were forced BrafiL to furrender the place with all its circum- jacent forts to the enemy •, fince which time the Portuguefe have remained in the en- tire poffcffion of Braftl; the fame being confirmed to them by the peace made the 6"' of Aug. 1 660, betv/ixt Portugal and the ftates of the united pro'\ances, in v/hich, among others thefe following points were agreed upon. " ■ That the crown of Portugal fiiall be c- ■■ bliged to pay to the ftates the fum of 80 tuns of gold, either in ready money or fa- gar, tobacco or fait, or eife affign the faid money upon the Portuguefe cuftoms. That the places taken on each fide iliould remain to thofe, who were then in pofief- fion of them. And that a free trade fhould be allowed to tht Dutch in Portugal, Africa -mdBrafd-^ without paying any more cuftoms than the native Portuguefe, Vol. II. Mr. JOHN /• Mr. JOHN N I EU HO FF s REMARKABLE V o Y A G AND T R A T O T H E EAS'T-INDl The au- thor's de- farttire to the Eall- Indies. FTER a fliort flay in my native country, I refolved to take a view of the Eaft-Indies^ and according- ly embarked at Amfterdam^ on board the Ihip call'd the Calf, carrying 24 guns, under the command of Cornelius Juji. The 23'' of Aitgnft 1653, we fet fail from the T'exel, in company of four fhips more, viz. the Peace, the Lamb, the Golden Drake, and the Naerden, fleering our courfe to- wards the north of Ireland, not thinking it fafe to pafs thro' the channel of England. The 24"* we fteer'd our courfe north by weft, under 54 deg. 46 min. toward even- ing we caft anchor at 13, and in the night found 1 7 fathom water. We continued the fame courfe r.he 25''', under 55 deg. 59 min, 23 fathoms water, and from thence farther till the 29'", under 28 deg. 24 min. Then we took a north-eaft courfe with a brifk gale. The 3o'^ with break of day we dif- covered at about 6 leagues diftance Het- land, lying at the northern point of Scot- land, and found ourfelves about noon un- der 60 deg. 3 min. latitude, and 18 deg. 49 min. longitude. The i" of September we were under the latitude of 62 deg. 40 min. and 19 deg. 2 min. longitude: We fteer'd our courfe with a brifk gale to fouth- weft by weft, betwixt the Fairo iflands and Fletland. The 4"", being overtaken by a violent ftorm, we loft fight of one of our fhips call'd the Lamh^ under 60 deg. 11 1^53. min. We continued the fame courfe till / ^y^\rsj next day, when about noon we difcovered the ifle of Kilda^ under 59 deg. at 6 leagues Th,^ ip of diftance to the fouth-wefl of us, the ifland Kilda. lying to the weft of Scotland, Thus we purfued our voyage for the moft part with ftormy weather till the 13"", when we loft our fmall fail at the prow of the fhip : We found ourfelves about noon under 50 deg. I min. the weather continuing very ftor- my, but on the 17"', under 46 deg. 27 min. all our rigging was torn to pieces by a vi- , olent ftorm, in which we got out of iighc ' of all our company. The 19'*" we defcried two fail which we guefs'd to be our own, as one of them prov'd afterwards to be the Lamb. The 20*'' we continued our courfe with a brifl<. wind to the fouth-weft, and under 43 deg. 25 min. difcovered the Cabo Finis terrce, or the point of the lands end of Spain, at about 5 leagues diftance as we fuppofed. The fame evening we met with the fhip the Famb, which as the mafter informs us, had loft fight of the ftiip the Peace, in the laft., ftorm, and had her main- maft and all her fails brought by the board. Thus we failed forward with a ftrong gale till the 30"^, when we found ourfelves un- der the 30 deg. 20 min. and difcovered the African coaft about five leagues to the fouth- ' weft of us, with a variable wind. The 2* of and Travels to B R A S I L* 147 1653. of OBobir^ we continued the flime courfe \y^^f^ under the 28 deg. 51 min. of latitude, and 57 deg. of longitude ; all along the ifle of Lancerotta, one of the canary iflands, we defcried a fhip, but were not near enough to fee what Ihe was. The next day we found ourfelves about 40 leagues to the north north-eaft of the iilands Fretevanture or ForterentuMy under 27 deg. 45 min. and fail'd thus in 24 hours, 40 leagues among the Canary iflands. The 7"* a brifk. north wind carried us near 20 leagues forwards to the 19 deg. 14 min. In the evening we found but 14 fathoms water, and a fmall bird fettled upon our fhip, tho' we judged our felves above 1 00 leagues from land. The 9"" we were under 1 7 deg. 41 min. and to- wards evening faw land to the fouth-weft fhe tjle of of us. The 10'" with break of day we dif- cover'd the me of 5t. Vincent^ one of the fait iflands, about five leagues to the fouth- weft •, we fteering our courfe fouth-weft, be- twixt this ifland and that of St, Anthony, About noon we caft anchor in the bay of St. Vincent at four fathom water, in a fan- dy bottom, and provided oilrfelves the fame day with a whole boat full of frefh water and feven goats j I went in another boat to St Vin- cent the ifle of 6"/. Anthony^ to fetch fome frefh provifions, but could get none. The 15''' our fhips crew catch'd 10 tortoifes, and thofe of the Drake as many. The 1 8"" I was fent afliore to complement the gover- nor of St. Vincent^ who received us very kindly, and furnifh'd us with an afs to car- ry us back to the harbour. All this while we catch'd abundance of fifti ; and the 20'", fent fome on flaoar with fome toys, which they exchanged with the inhabitants of St. Vincent^ for oranges, limons, bekoras and pompions. The fame day the fliip the Rofe, bound for Brafil^ came to an anchor in the fame bay. Mr. Wiltfchut the elder, com- mander in chief of the land-forces, came on board us, being much furprifed to meet with me there. Being by this time provid- ed with as many neceflaries as we vv^ere able to get, we were ready to fet fail, but were detained by contrary winds 'till the 2 5'". The ifle of ,. Their gardens produce likewife olives, o- u^^Aj ranges, apricocks and peaches ; the fields grals and Ibme herbs and flowers j nay^ ;^ they would bear very good wheat, rye, ricej and barly, were they manur'das they ought ■ % to be. Their field herbs are great and fmall,- ;! ' ibme with knotty roots, houfleek and fome 'Ji^l other pot-herbs, befides tulips and white- % lilies, They have alfo here a certain root which the Hottentots roafl: and eat in- I fbead of bread, and fometimes make flour - of them; fome tafl:e like our potatoes or '[ chefnuts, tho' they have others that are ' much fweeter, not unlike our annifeed. The Dutch have planted many thoufands of vines on a hill adjacent to the fort, they bear f , very plentifully, but the wine is of a crab- like taft. The worfl: of all is, that the winds which arife from the clouds in the mountains, blow in the fummer, efpecially about Jz/Zy, with fuch violence, that they tear ' ~ up all by the roots, at which time it is ve- ry dangerous landing at the cape. For the reft the air is very wholefome here, being always clear, and neither too hot nor too cold. Their winter is in J// and T^i?//)', when it freezes fometimes, that you may fee Ice of the thicknefs of the back of a largejcnife. In Oflober, November, and December, there blows always a fouth wind, which produ- ces a cool air, as the north wind does in Holland and in this feafon they are trou- bled with violent rains, which however ren- der their ground very fruitful. This countrey likewife abounds in ail What ma- forts of wild and tame creatures: 'Jli^y tares ^dre have here birds they call Pinguwyns, Fla- Qpe*^ mingos, Antenayas,Alkatraces, Fayfons, Gavoy- toyns, Garagians, &c. The Pinguwyns are fliort legged, and may foon be taken, but are not to be forced from their neft 'without a good ftick, becaufe they will bite and de- fend themfelves there to the utmoft. They abound alfo in partridges and pheafmts, geefe, quails, crows, fparrows of divers kinds, rock-ducks with yellow necks, teal, wood and water fnipes, and a kind of demi- ducks ; there is alfo a fort of black birds here of the bignefs of a fmall goofe or large duck, call'd by us cormorants, wild pea- cocks, blue, white and black cranes. The v/hite ones are indifferently large, the black ones of the bignefs of our fea-gulls, living for the moft part in the marfhes \ they have a kind of reed-birds with red necks and legs, monkeys, hawks of divers kinds, ravens, magpies and very large dftriches, which can reach v/ith their long necks a man on horfe-back. They are gray, and run with their wings fpread as fwift as a horfe ; they live upon herbs, but fometimes devour likewife ftones, copper and iron. They I have ! i Travels to the EAST-INDIES. ^653. have likewife certain birds not unlike our U^/NJ geefe, which lay eggs without yolks, as big as a common goofe egg. TJiey are fo full, and tafte fo much like fifli, that they are not eatable. Another kind of geefe they have fomewhat lefs than ours, tho' their legs are larger, with grey fpots all over their bodies ; they are not to be tam'd, becaufe they kill any other bird that comes within their reach. fhe?mi\x- Formerly the fea-fhore ufed to abound ^^'7"s. -if/'iiYi certain birds call'd Pinguwyns^ both black and white their fl