c^ PERKINS LIBRARY Duke Universitj Rare Uooks Ten Pradical DISCOURSES CONC ERNING Earth and Water, fin ant3i ^ir. As they relate to the Growth of Plants. WITH A Collefl:ion of New Difcoveries for the Improvement of Land, either in the Farm or Ga rden. By R. B^R JD L ET, Profeftbr of Botany in the Univerfity of Cambridge^ and F. R. S. WE STMINSTER: Printed by J. Cluer and A. Campeell, for B. Creake at the Bible in J-crmyn-fireet, St. Jameis. m dcc xxvii. THE PR EFACE. Oncernim the Groisuth and I Management of Plants, dnd the Improvement of Landy we have al- ready many Tieces 'which have been made {uhlkk'y but fltll I find that the Bufinefs of Gardening admits of more Reafoning than has yet been ^ublijh'd. Botany is a vafl Fields which affords every T)ay new Matter jor Contempla- tion ; and the more curious we are in that Study J the more Variety we find The PREFACE. in it : The Knowledge of Plants is, and always has been thought worthy the Regard of the greatefl 7 hilof others, and when that Kno^wledge began to be w)eU enough underflood to improve Land and Eftates by it, what Efieeniy and what Honours did the firfl Im" {rovers gain by their Skill. The Jslames akne of thofe Men who are famous in Hiftory on A-C* count of their Ep^cellencj in this Study, wfould fill a Volume, we may trace* them io the firfl of Times, 'when Knowledge was • confind to a fmdl Vart oj the World*, and we are obliged to the Greeks and Romans, for di^ flributing to us their learned Rerrkirks and Obfervations u^on it, and from whence indeed is derived the Tafie, which The PREFACE. which now moft of our Gentry fall into ^/Agriculture and Horticulture, Studies fo profitable and ufeful as thefe are J furely cannot emfhy too^much of our Time, fince Wealth and Health are the Confequences : ^Tis therefore I have deftgrCd the following Sheets to injlruB fuch as lend their Mind to- "wards thefc profitable 'Diverfions in the Principles of them^ and have t alien care that nothing fioould be want- ing to render thofc Arts eafy and fami^ liar to the meanejl Capacity. T HE THE CONTE NTS O Discourse I. f the Improvement of Land in general, p. i Discourse II. Of the Princifles fif Water, and the Necejfity of it in Vegetation. ij Discourse HI. Various Methods relating to the draining of Lands. Discourse IV. Of the feveral Parts of Plants, and their reffeSlive Ojfces with regard to Vegetation^ 53 ^ Discourse V. Of the Anatomy and Motion of fuices, in Plants. 69 Discourse VI. Of the diffi rent Ways of ftofagating of Plants by Seeds ^ Cuttings^ &c.. 9$ Discourse VII. T%e manner of making Plantations^ either for flea- fwe or Profit, '^9 Dis- The CONTENTS. DiSCOUSRE VIII. Rules for Pmmng of WaH-Trces, Dwarfs, and fuch others as are fubjeB to the Knife. 132 Discourse IX. Of the Diffofition of a Kitchcn-Carden^ and the fartkuUr AdAfiagement of Vines and Figs^ 148 Discourse X. Ctncerning the Difpofition of a Flower-Garden, with fome new Obfervations rela'ing to the improvement sf Flowers and Exotic Plants, 166 l^ISCOURS [^SE [ I ] Discourse I. Of the Improvement of Land' in General. J^Ltho' tlie* Arts of Husbandry and Gardening have been accounted in all Ages worthy the Study of the greateft Philolbphers, yet we do not find any of tJieWritersof thole Subjects have given thenifelves the Trouble of lay- ing before us the Principles or Rudiments upon which thofe" great and beneficial Works are found- ed, for want of which, I conceive the falfe Realbn- ings and Ading in thele Particulars has proceeded, B and [O and the manyMifcarriages which we daily oblen'^e are owing. Ill Order therefore to aft wjth Ibme Certainty in our Undertakings of this Kature, it will be ne- ceiTary to confider the Uie of Earth in general, with Regard to Vegetation ^ and let forth the fe- veral Sorts of Earths, which are moft common with us in England : From whence it will follow. That I treat of the Enriching or Improving one Soil by another, or by fuchCompofts orMamires, as are ulcd by the moft expert Husbandmen or Gardeners; The Ufe of Water liJcewife, as fiir as it relates to Vegetation, will not be unworthy our Regard : To which I /hall add lome prafticai Obfervations concerning tlie raifing and forcing of Water to fuch Places or Eminences where it is wanting. I ihall in the next Place, treat of fiich Lands as are drown*d, or lye continually under Water: To which I iliall add an Account of the jnoft ap- prov'd Methods for draining off the Waters, and blinking ilich Land into a fruitful State. Ilhall [3] I fhall then proceed to explain the Ules of the leveral Parts of Plants, and lay down feme Proofs of the Sap's Circulation, and alfb explain the Manner how Plants generate : From whence it will naturally follow, that I mention die various Methods of Encreafing Plants by Seeds, Layers, and Cuttings, and then fliall prelcribe the Man- ner of making Plantations either for Plcaiiire or Profit. To which I ihall add theAdvantages of Pruning Wall-Trees, Dwarfs, Elpaliers, &c. from which I fhall proceed to treat of the Dilpofitions of a Kitchen-Garden, and lay "down proper Rules for the Culture and Improvement of Plowers, and fhall conclude with proper Directions for the Cul- ture of Exotic Trees andFlower^with lome Con- fiderations concerning the building of Green-hou- fes. Stoves and other Confervations, in wi^ich Work will be contain'd all the Princ'ples upon which both the Arts of Husbandry ai>dGardenJiig are founded 4 According to thefc Propofiticn?, I am firfl to tnter upon the Subjed of Soyles, that wc may B i know / [4] tnow the Ufe of Earth in Vegetation, as theFoiiri- dation of all our Work ^ for nnlefs we can judge rightly of this, we cannot have any Certainty of what we undertake, either in the Field or Gar- den. In this Cafe it will be neceffary to enquire into the Particulars j firft to examine into the Nature of the Soil, whether it be heavy or light, clofe or open ^ and lecondly, to know the Depth of it. As to the firft Point which we are to enquire? into, liz,. the Nature of the Soylc, whether it be heavy or light, dole or open : I mean whether it be heavy or dole as Clay, or light and open as Sand ; for upon one or other of thefe depend the Sorts of Soyl that have hitherto been oblerved. Sand is the Principle of every Soyl, which feems to vary only as the Sand is more or lefs mix'd with the Parts of decayed Vegetables or Animals, from whence it is render'd fi"uitfui in leveral Pro- portions, and has its Parts more clofely united, as the Parts which are mix'd with it, abound in viix:ous or oily Juices. Again , [5] Again we may oblerve, That Sand is of two Sorts ^ either confifting of round Parts or angular Parts : We may alfo take Kotice, that Sand is of various Colours, as grey, white, yellow, orange or red, blue, and black, and if any of thele Sands, iiippoling them to confift of round-Parts, happen to be mix'd with a due Proportion of the Paits of Vegetables and Animals, they produce a fertile Soyl, which is more or lefs pinguid as the vifcous or the oily Matter abounds in them, thus have we Earths of all thefe Colours, and of va- rious Degrees of Fertility, Strength and Stiifnef? ^ thofe wh'ch have their Parts the moft ciolely uni- ted by this means we call Clay, and thofe Earths which are lefs binding, and are in the Micidle De- gree between Sand and Clay, we call Loam ^ and &om thele we may reafon upon all the reft, As a Demonftration of what I lay down, if we take Clay of different Kinds, and lay every Sort in fo many different Panns of Water, till they dif- iblve, either of them lei ves or by Force, we fhall find, either a vifcous or oily Matter fwimm^'ng upon the Surface of the Water; and upon examin- ing the Earthy Parts, we ihall find its Principle Sand connex'd with ilich dufty Parts as I have B 3 nientioa'd^ in irent'on'J, as will appear by the Microfcope \ wh'ch will plainly difcover them to be broken Parts, either of Vegetables or of fuch Th'ngs as have had proper VefTels for their Juices to move in, Hich as cannot be found in Sand or any kind of Stone. It is oblervable in Clay-Lands which lye upon a Defcent, that by great Rains fome of the Parts of the Glay lying next the Surface, are frequently carried by Drifts into Hollows, which by a vio- lent daihing of the Waters, loole thevifcous or the oily Matter which bound the Parts together \ lb that when this is dry'd it will become likeDuft, open in its Parts, but without liichwaihing would become hard by drying, as all Clays or Bodies, confining of fine parts, of Vegetables or Animals mix'd with oily or vifcous Matters will do by In- iblation. This we may oblerve in Meal and Wa- ter when they are mix'd together in Pafte, where the Parts of Jie Vegetable being vilcoii?, they bind clofely when the Water is put to them, and become of an extraordinary Hardnefs, when the Mafs is thoroughly dry, and if wc mix Flower or WJiiting with Oyl, and let fiich Mixtures remain till they are dry, they become hard as Stone. Again, Again, if we put Oyl or any vifcoiis Matter to Sand^ which has been wafli'd clean from the Ve- getabmr Animal Parrs, we ihall find that this Maf^, ¥ffien it is dry, may be freely broken •, but if we mix iijch Mould wi;h it as proceeds only from rotted Leaves, it will become of a very binding Kature, even as tough as any of that Soyl which we call natural Clay. The Soyl which we efteem the rnoft, is that which we call Loam, becaufe its Parts are not too much reftrain'd or bound together like Clay ^ nor are lo open and forcible as Sand, this Soyl is pleafant to the Husbandman, for that it does not want fo much Force to tijrn it up as is required m the ploughing of Clay- Land ^ and in the next Place, in once ploughing, the Loam I fpeak of will bx-eak and fall hne^, when a ftrong Clay mull b^ plough'd three or four times before it will be mellow and even, then the vilcous Juices abound- ing in it will occafion it to bind as hard as it di4 before, unlels we overpow-gr thole Juices, by mix- ing a good Qiiantity of liich Sand as is fliarp and confifts of angular Parts, which one may fiiid on the fides of Rivers, and on the Sea ihoar, or in Ditches, by the fides of great Roads that are gra- velly, 5 4 It [8] I If wc inidcrtake to reduce Clay to this middle- flated Soyl, which I call Loam, it is the cheapeft Way to do it at once \ for confidering how labo- rious it is to plough a llubborn Clay, as it jTiould be, and how much more atLiberty Hich Land will be to dilpence its Riches, when its Parts are o- pen'd by a due Qiiantity of fharp Sand, we fliall prefently find our Account. The beft Rule I can lay down for this Manu- ring of Clay with Sand, is to let theSandbelpread upon the Ground two hiches thick, provided we do not plough all together above fix hiches deep, which will be enough for any Annual Crop j but tliis iliouid have two Ploughings before we low upon it, in order to mix the Sand and the Clay together. Or, Secondly, we may reduce our Clay-Ground to the Temper of the Loam I mention, by Ipread- iag Hich black landy Soil upon it as is commonly found in Heath-Ground, v/herein are many woody Parts of the Heath andftringey Roots, which will very much help to open the Parts of the Clay, and being mix'd with it will become a fruitful Soil. Tmrdly [9] Thirdly J we may reduce our ftubborn Clay by Sea-Coal Afhes,fiich as we may make out of wafte of Coal-Pitts, lay'din littleHeaps upon the Groimd, and burnt with Furze. Fourthly, our Clays may be open'd and fertil- liz'd by Lime, elpecially fiich as is call'd Stone- Lime j this is frequently pradis'd. fifthly, by Lime and Dung mix'd, when it has been lay'd fbme time together, S. S. S. we may ufe with this rotted Wood, and rotted Leaves, which will ftill help our Defign ^ for Wood, Leaves and Roots have leldom any vifcous Matter in them. Sixthly, the burning of ftiff Clay is a great Help to cold Clay Grounds^ by burning it in littleHeaps • and fpreading the burnt Parts upon the unburnt Ground. ^ for this becomes, by burning, iharp as drift Sand, and fo keeps the Parts of Clay open, ib as to luffer the Richnefs of the 'Clay to help in Vegitation :^ whereas, when the Land is overbound ' or ftiffjthe Vegetable Qiiality is ib much confinM, that the tender-rooted Plants, which happen to be ftation'd in it, cannot receive liifficientKouriili- mentfromit, otherwile it is certain, there is no richer [lo] richer Ground in the World than Clay, if its Parts on be laid open enough for them to diftribute their Riches j for we lee plainly, that if we, by tranfpl anting a young Timber Tree upon fuch a Soil, can but preferve it a few Years, till it can gain Strength in its Roots to penetrate fuch ftiff Soil, and make its Way to its Nouriihment, it will iiouriih extremely, the Gak elpecially ^ but if iinall tender Plants which are not of a robuft Na- ture, be let upon liich ft'fF Land, we may ex- ps£t a very poor Account of them. Virgil y whenhefpeaks of the RichneP of Soil to be cliolen by the Husbandman, oblerves, with a great deal of Juftnels, that a pinguid Soil is the raoft profitable; but by no means can I agree with him in delpifmg il light Soil, and making it bar- ren : Indeed as the Cafe was with him, in a Cli- mate which had as much Share of Heat in the Summer, fiich as about Naples, as any Part of £«- rope, fb no light Land could be very profitable there, bccaufe hich Earth has not Tenacity enough to hold Moiflure, fiifficient for the Nourifhmcnt of Plants, and in that Senfe may be faid to be un- profitable ; but in fijch a Climarc as ours, which is not exposed to liich violent Heats, we find the light light Soil preferable, upon many Accounts ^ but it muft be obferv'd, that when I fpeak of light Soil, I do not mean fimple Sand, but fiich as par- takes of Vegetable or Animal Parts, as I have men- tion'd above : But then they muft not be too much impregnated with vifcous or oily Parts, for when we come to conliderthe leveral Degrees of Growth and Strength of Plants, we find that fome Plants grow beft in a very light Soil, others delight in Soil fbmewhat heavier and cloler in its Parts, and the more robuft Plants rejoice in the more pinguid Soils ^ fo that we muft be always care^U to give every refpedive Plant its proper Soil, that is, when we have Soils of different Sorts, we muft contrive to cultivate Hich Plants upon every one as are nioft natural to each Soil. But as it is impofTible to find every Variety of Soil upon one Eftate, fo it will be beft to bring our Grounds into ftich a Poftur^, as to imitate the middlc-ftated Soil, which I call Loam, for both the tendereft and the moft robuft Plants will profZ per in a Soil of that kind. So if we have fandy Ground, which we account too lightjwe muft give it Strength by a Manure of Clay Clay or fbme rich Marl, or by lowing it with iuch Plants as are of a vilcousNature, and making a Manure of them, for the lame Ground they grow upon. ColumalU gives us a Chapter upon this SubjeO:, where he recomm^ds the Lupine for a great Improver of light Land, as it abounds in vilcous Juices, he direfts us to cut the Stalk of the Lupines in Pieces, and plough tliem in about 2 or 3 Inches deep, and I have found that a Crop of Turnips Ibwn pretty thick to be fed with Sheep, or only to be mow'd down, and after a Week or ten Days to be plough'd in, will be of extraordi- nary lervice to Hich Land. Or if Iuch landy Land happens to lye near the Sea, it is a common Cuftom to manure it with Fiih, and Sea- Weed of any Sort, which brings the Farmer extraordinary Profit. It is pra^tic'd about Dunfiahle^ to manure their » Clay Grounds with. Woolen Raggs chopt Imall ; and in other Places, to lay the Hair of Animals upon fuch Ground, both which proves advanta-: geous to the Farmer. It [ 13 ] It is necefTar)^ however, to make a general Com- poil of every wafte Thing about a Farm, r/z.. the Dung of Poultry, the Dung of Sheep, the Dung of Horfes and of Kine, Aihe?, rotted Wood, Leaves, Litter, Straw, Grains if they happen to be Ipoil'd, and luch like, to be lay'd together in a Pitt, and mix'd with Earth, and it may be lo contriv'd, that the Drain of the whole Yard may run into it : We may alfb add Fern and \^"eeds if we hif.ve not Hiffer'd them to Flower ^ all this when it is well mix'd will make an excellent Com- poft for any Ground. About thelfle of r/Z^ the Farmers ule Abundance of Pidgeons Dung, which they low upon the Groimd^ it is fiill of Salt, and is of a very hot Nature, but their Land is cold and fliiT^ fo that it is mended by this Manure. But if it fh6uld happen, that we have a Traft of fimple Sand, which is accounted unprofitable, let us not delpair, fince it may be cultivated for Liquorice, Carrots, Parlhips, Turnips, and Po- tatoes^ and fiich Ground, will, without any IVla- nure, bring thefe Crops to great perfeOrion j or if we defire a more durable Crop upon ir, the Firr- Trce Tree may be fown or planted there, with great Advantage. Wc are alfb to oblerve, that Gravel and Sand are nearly the fame in Nature, and what will grow in one will commonly grow in the other. Thefe are both liibje£t to Springs, and when they hap^ pen to be ib^ they are then only proper for Hich Plants as are natural Inhabitants of the Waters, llich as Alders, Willows, Ofiers, &c. but when they lye dry, they may be improv'd both by the lame Means. But I come now to confider the Depth of the Soil, and how far it is neceffary to oblerve that, before we begin to fet it in Aftion. When we find our upper Stratum of Earth, but two Inches deep of a ftiff Earth, and the Stratum below it Gravel, we may then, by Plowing, make t Coat of tolerable Soil four Inches deep, to which if we add fome of liichCompoft as I have directed, it will bring Corn, and after that Turnips and Peas and Beans, or any Thing which takes a ihal. low Root in the Ground. , 2d. If [15] 2d. If we find a tolerable Mould, about three Inches npon a Clay, wc may work thofe toge- ther about fix or ihyen Inches deep, if we have the Benefit of the Ingredients which I have mention'd as Manures for Clay Ground ^ and this will bring good Corn or Pulle j but generally where the Surface is very Shallow, that Ground is beft for Grafs, Clover, St. Foyer, and liich hold- ing Crops. If our Bottom be Clay of a great depth, and we have a fhallow Surface, it may lerve to make a Se- mm'dvy of young Oaks, or any Timber Trees, with Taproots, or to be ibwn with A^, Keys, Hazle, &c. for Coppice Wood, but where the Clay is fo near the 1 op, it is hazardous to plant Trees in it of any confiderable Magnitude, efpe- cially the common way which is pra£lic'd by moft Gardeners when they make Plantations in Clay Grounds, the Hiperficial Stratum of Earth o: Mould perhaps not being more than three Indies deep, they look'd upon it to be of fo little Vahie, that 'tis generally loft or thrown away, and tlie lecond Stratum of Clay not being though': good neither, the Places where tlie Borders are to be, or the Trees are to fc«nd arcTrcnch'd, and tlis Cl:y [ i6] Clay taken out two or three Foot deep, whiclt Trenches are to be repleniih'd with fine Mould, brought thither at great Expence,the Confequence is, that upon the firft great Fall of Rain, the fine Mould lodg'd in thele Clay Trenches, becomes Mud, and chills the Roots of the Trees, there being no Way for the Water to run off, which brings the Canker firft, and then Death to the Trees j but to avoid this Inconvenience, and lave Expence, let the fuperficial Stratum of Mould Be par'd off the Clay, efpecially where the Walks are to be, and let that Molud be lay'd upon the Borders, to raife them to a convenient Height, without digging at all into the Clay, the Walks or Spaces between the Trees may be fill'd up to them with Rubbiih, or any ordinary Soil ; with this Management Trees will prolper, their Roots are at Liberty to leek Kouriihment where theycarf bell find it. Discourse [ ^7] Discourse IL Of the Principles ofWAXER^ and the NeceQicy of it in Vegeta- tion. i\i -4' jj'jjMi forth the leveral Opinions con- ]j ecrniiig Water as an Element, or is it nccelTary I obferve any more of it Philofbphically, than barely taking Notice, That it is generally allovv'd to confift of Globular Parts ^ from whence proceeds its Fliiedity, as appears by its Currency, when it is put upon »nyfmoorth Surface which has theleaftDecIenfion? ^ Ar>d t 18 ] And Sphserical Parts, of which all Water is com- po.s'd, are capable of being render'a more light or volatile, or of being mere rarify'd by a greater Share of Heat, fo as to fwim in the Air •, or, as one may fay, mix it lelf with it j or of becoming more Dewe, even to be fixt as Marble by a greater Degree of Cold, fuch as it is in Ice : This is chiefly what I fliail have Occalion to touch upon concerning the Principles of Water, in this Dif^ courfe. The V^Q of Water in the Education or Koii- riihment of Vegetables, feems from Experience to have a much greater Share than Earth it felf ^ becaiife we find, that befides the Advantage it is of to Plants when it is thrown near the Roots of Vegetables, which thofe Roots imbibe with the Salts or nourifhable Parts of the Earth, the Va- pour arifmg from it aflifls the Plants in fb great a Degree, as to give them a double Vigour 3 as may be oblerv'd by fetting a Qiiantity of Plants in Pots upon a Stone Pavement, and keeping them duly water'd -^ thefe will fcarce have half tliQ Strength of Growth in a Summer, that Pots with the fame Sorts of Plants will have, that have food upon the naked Ground, where the Earth about [19] kbout them has had Opportunity of Dilchargi'ng its watry Parts in Vapour ^ for the Leaves, Bark, Flowers and Fruit of every Plant receives Kou- rifliment from Hich Effluvia, very near as much as the Plants do by their Kouriihment drawn in by the Roots. But this is in General, for fomc Plants which arevery Hicculent, Vv'ill endure many Years in a State of Life without either Earth or Water, feeding upon the watry Parts only which Iwim in the Air j iiich as the Scd-um-arhorefccuSy and feveral other Sorts of Sedums or Cotyledoms, when they lay them up in the Houfe, will even put forth Roots when the Air becomes moift v but thefe have very few of thofeSap-VefTels which draw Kouriihment from the Root, and therefore if we give them much Water, when there is not rieat enough to exhale it, quickly it ilagnates a- bout the Roots and rots them : Therefore, where this is the Gate, never give fiich Plants Water,, but when you are Hire of Sun or Heat enough to evaporate it quickly. But Trees v/hich have many Sap-VeffeliS, which are fed by the Roots, require more conftant Waterings, as 1 ihall have Occafion ' to explain in another Place. We may obferve too. That the more fucculent a Plant is, the fewer Koots it has in Proportion ; and fo it is a certain G 2 Rule, Rule, That the more ilicciilent Plants miift have the leaft Share of Water. o We are in the next Place to conlider, How Plants m General are affefted by Water, and what are the vifible Signs of their want of it. Every Plant, whether it has a bulbous, tube- rous or fiberous Root, receives its Nourifliinent by means of the watery Parts in the Earth, at the Extremities of its Fibers-, for all Bulbs are nou- riih'd, as well as tuberous Roots, by the Mouths of their Fibors ^ as will be defcrib'd in the Ac- count of the Structure of Plants. For tliis Reafon, it is neceffary when there is an Occalion for watering a Plant, that we pour the Water where we can reafonably Hippofe the extreme Parts of the Fibers lie, which in large Trees may happen to be at a confiderablc Diftance, even fix or eight Foot from the Body or Stem of the Tree : But if we water fiich Trees, as is the common Practice, clofe to the Stem, the moft of the Fibers are not benefited by iiich Waterings, and the Tree ftill fiiffers : Neither ihould we alone confider the NecefHty of watering immediately, where [.I ] where we may judge the Mouths of the Fibers arc lituated, but refreih the Ground plentifully a Foot or two beyond that Place, that the Water may not be too fbon exhaled, but have Time to lie and noiiriih the Tree as well by the Roots, as by continuing its humid Vapour about the Stem, Leaves and Friiit, to nourifh the m.ore fpiingy Parts of them, while the Roots are gathering con- venient Subfillence for their Offices. The Signs of a Phmt's Want of Water are many, but it is dangerous to wait till they ap- pear, for Our Remedy may come too late. We are acquainted with the Diftreis of Plants by the Shrinking of the Leaves, by their turning ydlow, by their flagging or hanging down •, and by the dropping of the green Fruit in Trees : So that when ever any of thele Tokens declare their Wants, we muft not delay to give them good Waterings, as 1 have before mcntion'd. A Day or two, if the Weather be veiy hot (as one may realbnablc Hippofe it muft be, when this happens) is likely to occafion the Death of the Tree ^ or if it be a finall Plant, we may be Hire of its De- ftruftion by a Day's Kegled. C 3 Wq [ " ] We ought in this ^ale to conflder our Soil, whether it be Sand or Clay, or light open Ground, or ftrong lliff Land j if it is the former, watering of our Fruit-trees will be neceflary more fre- quently than in the ftrong holding Soil ^ a Fort- night or three Weeks dry Weather in Sandy Land is enough to truffc a Fruit-tree without Water, efpeciaUy if it happens to be in a warm Situation j but if it be a ftiff Soil, a Month's Drought will do it no Harm, but longer than that it will hard- ly do w^ell without watering : At the ilime time we iliould ftir the Surface of the Earth we defigu to water, which will keep it from binding too hard j v/hich it will be apt to do, if it is tending to a Clay. I cannot help obferving, that it is an Error to lay the Flower-beds in Partere-works high in the Middle, or round, as the Gardeners call it ^ I would rather adviie that liich Beds be made con- cave, f3 as to lie hollow in the Middle, for as thcfe ihculd chiefly be furniili'd with annual Flowers in the Summer, and the mofl fiberous rooted Plant?, and perhaps Ever-green likewiie, . by th's Means the W'atering they may require in the [23 ] -the fcorching Seafbns, will be effe£tiial to them ; whereas if they were to lie in a Convex Manner, the Water would run off, and thele Plants receive little or no Benefit from it. When I Ipeak of the Concavity of thele Beds, I mean only, that there ihould be a very gentle Declenfion from the Sides to the Middle, as much only as will keep the Water from running off. There is indeed Ibme Beauty in the Roundnels of a Bed, and .that Roundnefs is necelTary when we defign a Bed only for our fineft Bulbous-roots, becaule their chiefeft Growing-time is in the moi- i\er Seafons of the Year ^ and therefore this Con- vexity is a necefTary Provifion to carry off the Water, and thereby prelerving our Bulbs from rotting : And as thefe have done their Office be- fore the extreme Droughts begin, fo this Fashion is proper enough for Hich Kinds of Roots. In watering of Plants we are to obferve, that the Evening in the hotter Sealbn is the mofc pro- per Time for that Operation, becaufe that the Water will then have Time enough to mix it lelf with the Earth, before the too Icorching Heat of C 4 the the Sim can exliale it, or occafion it to Icald the Roots of the Plants *, which will be the Cafe if we water Plants in the Heat of the Day, I am to be underftood thus far only of water- ing Trees, and liich Plants as are growing in the natural Ground j but the watering of Pots rcr quires fbme flir-ther Confideration. The Earth in every Pot ought to be rifing a little about tiie Stem of the Plant, and fall gently to the Edge?, that fb the Water may rather fall t;o the Parts of the Pot among the fine Fibers of the Plant, than lye loaking about the Stem. , At ey^eiy 3d or 4th watering of a Pot, the Sur- face of the Earth ought to be Hirr'd j which 0- therwife would bii3d toQ hard about the Plant, and not admit the Water equally to the Roots of the Plant : Or elfe, we may lay on an Inch thick of frefh Cow Dung upon the Surface of the Pot when the Beats begin, which will prevent the Sun s fcorching of the Roofs, which otherwif? frequently liappens. WllQH When we have Trees or Plants in Pots that require a great Share of Water, they ihould be fet in ihady Places during the great Heats of the Summer ^ or elfe the Bottom of their Pots may be let two Inches in Pans of Water-, from whence, through the Holes at the Bottoms of the Pots, the Plants would draw what Water they require, and fo will remain in good Condition a Fortnight in the hotteft Weather with flipplying the Water- Pans : This is much the beft Way of treating Myrtles in the Summer, as well as other vigorous ihooting Plants, which are not fiicculent. Itisalfoof great Advantage to all Sorts of Plants in Pots, to let Tubs of Water, oi*Tubs or Cafes of Water Plants among them in the hotter Sea-r Ions, becaule there is continually exhaling Hich Vapour from thole Bodies of Water, as the Leaves, Bark, and Ipungy Parts of the potted Plants im- bibe and are aflifted by. I have alio found it beneficial to Orange-ti^es, and other Green- houie Plants,to let Pans and Cales of Water among them when they were in the Con- Itrvatory ^ and eipecially when the W^eather is too Il26] too £'vcre to open the Houfe, or let in freih Air amongfl the Plarlts : For thefe Cales of Water, by their continual Exhalation, keep the Air of the Hoitfe from growing llagnant, and conle- q^ucntly prefer ve the Plants from a-o wing mouldy j befides it keeps tlie Bark and fpungy Parts of the Trees fiillj and prevents the Trees from that dan- gerous Diftemper of being Hide-bound : Such Fans 'and Cafes I alio find neceirary to be placed in forcing Frames for forward Fruits ^ the Water HI them noufiilies both the Trees and the Fruit, efpecially if the Seafon be too brisk to allow them much Air : And I am of Opinion,, when the Sum- mer is very dry. Pans of Water would very much lielp our Wall-fruit-trees to be let near them ; for tliQ Fruit of ?:very Plant confifting chiefly of Ipungy Parts, is chiefly nourilli'd by the Moi- ftlire in the Air, the Sap-VefTels being very few i}i Number, which conveys theNourifhment from the Root to the Fruit. In Holland they have a particular Way of wa- tering Melons, by placing Pans of Water near the Plants, and having dipp'd a Yard of the Lift of Woolen Cloath in Water, they lay Part of the Lift in the Pan of Water, and the other End of it I [ 27 ] it is laid over the Root of the Melons, by which Means the Melon-plants draw to themielves the Qiiantity of Moifture which is neceflary for their Support, and in 3 or 4 Days the Pans will have loll all their Water, tho' one of them which has not had a Lift in it, will not be dry'd up in three Weeks, fo that we cannot fay the Water is ex- hal'd by the Sun. But as I have directed the Time of watering in the Summer to be in the Evening, fo on the other Hand our Potted-plants which are prelerv'd in the Confervatories during the Winter, muft at that Seafon be water'd when they pofTefs the greateft Share of Sun, or rather about Koon than in the Evening ^ tliat the warm Air in the Houfe inay prevent the Water's chilling the Roots of the Plants : For I find, that the Air in a Green-houfe, whether the Sun ftiines or not, will be warmer in the Day-time by feveral Degrees of the Ihermo- meter, than the Air of the Night. When I dired Tubs and Pans of Water to be let among Plants, there is an Advantage we may receive from it, which I have not yet taken No- tice off, That this Water, when it has ftood a Day [.8] Day or two, will 'e equally warm with the Air of the Houfe \ but to keep it from Putrifaftion, put fome Earth a ^he ^'ottom of the Tubs, and when we ufe an o'^ it, fill up t'l e Tubs with frefh Water, the E rth wUl enrich it and foften it, and its Situation for a Day or tw will temper it io as to affift the Vegc ation of the Plants in the fame Climate with it. ■ But the Ule of Cnide-water to Plants is re- jected with as good Reafbn as the lowing Seeds upon Crude-Earthy which is liich Ground as lias been taken from Ibme h'dden Part, where the Air has not had any Opportunity of Free- dom with it, both the Water, and the Earth I Ipeak of, muft have Time to mellow or mix with the free Air, before we find them qualify 'd for Vegetation •, fo that Pump-water from a deep Well is not proper for Plants, till it has been ex- pos'd Ibme Time to the Air and Sun, or elle has had a little Earth, fucli as the lighted Loam, thrown into it, which will corrcd its Rawnefs, fb as to foften it, and render it mellow enough t:o be ufed with Soap : So we find River-water and Pond-water much more affilling in Vegetation, and more generally ulcful than our comimon Pump- Pnmp-water ; and it is the earthy PartSj as well as the Air that make them fo, for all Rivers come from Springs which are hard and crude, if we were to ufe the Water at the Spring-Head, but their PafTage thro' Earth and Air renders them fbft, and capable of mixing with the oily Parts of Soap ^ and fuch Water is to be coveted for Plants : For in flich Waters great Variety of Plants will grow, as is evident in every River and Pond, bur leldom any Plant of more worth than Mofs, is found about a Spring-Head. In the Education of Water-plants in Tubr, Cales or Pots, I have try'd both River-water and Pump-w^ater, and I found that fuch Plants as were railed in Pump-water were finaller than thcfe that were fed by River- water, and v/cre the apteft to bloffom. Our Pots, Calcs, or Tubs, muft be made very light, fo that none of the Water cc.n run out, and each of them muft be hll'd fo fuii of Earth, as to leave Room encuuh for a Dep^h of Water, according to the Plelghth which tiie feveral Plants miiy require wh cii we fhall plant in them : And as there will be a great Exhalation of Vapour from thefe Water-tubs in the Summer, we raufl be mindful to fill them np with freih Water f 3o] Water from Time to Time, as the Water in them decreafes. And as I have let forth the Ule of Water in the Education of Vegetables, fo in the next Place I ihall mention the moil pra£lical " Methods of conveying it from one Place to another, where Forcing is required, lb as to raife it firom Tops of Hills, or fuch Eminences where it is wanting. In every Undertaking of this Nature, we fhould firft dulyconlider what Force is required to carry a Column of Water to a certain Heighth, and then what Powers are capable of being employ'd in liich Force, and particularly, to contrive that all the Parts be of ilifficient Strength to hold out againft the required Force. Thele are Confiderations abfolutely necefTary 111 every Undertaking of this Kind -^ for I have too often icQii very ingenious Contrivances fet on Foot, which have milcarried in Ibmc Branch or other, as loon as they were fet to work. As for Example, When the Force had anfwer'd the End it was defign'd for, the Pipes of Conveyance have been fo little conlider'd, that they have burft and given [31 ] given way, at the firft ietting the Machine to work. In other Cafes, fiich Pipes have been well guarded, and the Engine has done its Office for fome Time, but throw tbe Multiph'city of Parft which composed it, the Friftion has been fo great, that fbme one Part or other has been cut of Order, and the whole has flood ilill. Others again, where the Motion has depended upon Tides, have at firft done their Duty, but for Vv'ant of a luFH- cient Guard againft higher Tides than ordftiary, have been blown up, as they call it. In this Cafe therefore, I am of Opinion, Thar where cur Movement depends upon the Current of a River or upon Tides, we ought not only to know hov/ high fijch Waters has been known to rife, but provide againil its rife, 3, 4 or 5 Foot higher fhfin ever it was known to do ^ for unlefs \vq could command the Tides, the Rains and the Fountains, we can have no Certainty : Therefore the faying that the Waters of fiich a River were never higher than fuch a Point, is nothing t6 the Pi;rpoic. And we find that many great Works have beerf deflroy'd for want of this necef ary Caiuicn. Again [32] Again, tho' we have Mathematical Demonftra- tions, that fuch a Force will raife luch a Weight' of Water to a certain Heighth, yet I am not for trufting to the Extreme in Prafl:ice ^ becaufc in Praftice there are, for the moft part, fome un- fbrefeen Accidents which were not provided a- gainft in the Theory, and oftentimes occafions a Mifcarriage, even in the bell laid Defigns. It is much fafer and furer, if a Man is to remove a great Weight, which, perhaps, may put him to the utmoft of his Strength, rather to move it at twice than at once ^ the firft is at the Hazard of his Health, the other without any at all :.So if I was to force Water two or three hundred Foot high, and I could have a Force that would do it, conlidering the vaft Friftion and Wear of all the Parts (for there will be fome Obflruftion, do what we can to the contrary, and perhaps Hich, as by this extraordinary Force may break and demolish our Works when we leafl expert it) it is my O- pinion, that in fuch Cafes it is far more reaion- able to raife the Water at twice than at once j there will be lefs Strength required, and lefs Ha- zard in every Refpe^l j and if our Engines are not too much croudcd with Contrivance, we may expe^ [33] expeft to find our Account in the Undertaking •, but where an Engine confifts of a great Number of Parts, we muft expe^ it to be frequently out of Order. This particularly 1 obferv'd in the Attempt of railing Water at Torl^uUdlngs^ by the Engine for • raifing Water by Fire j where Captain Savory the Inventor of it, was concern'd in the letting of it up. That Gentleman, tho' he had before let np his Engines with good Succeis in leveral Places, elpecially at Cambden-honfe^ near Kenfngton, was not content with the Plainnels of them, when he undertook ib great a Work as flirniihing the Pub- lick with Water, but doubled every Part in the Tork'buildings Engine, and by that made it im- practicable for one Man to work it ^ and it was liable to Co many Diforders, if a fmgle Miftake happen'd in tlie working of it, that at length it was look'd upon as an ulelels Piece of Work, and rejefted. And after this it had as bad Succeis from others who endeavour'd to mend it, or im- prove it, as they calFd it, by altering the Cap- tain's iirft Methods j lo that thele, in fome Mea- ilire, loft the Credit which his firll Engines had got him : His firft Sort, indeed, was not with- D out [34] out a few Inconveniencies, fuch as, That the In- ftmment, or Regulator of the whole Motion, de- pended upon leveral Parts ^ and in cafe that hap- pened to be out of Order, the Engine was liable to blow up : But conlidering to how great Per- fe^ion he brought it, when he had the greatell ' Difficulties to reconcile, it is admirable that it anfwer'd the Defign (b well, as his lirft Works demonllrate : But as, always, the Stander-by hiay fee more than the Gamfter himfelfj I did not think it impoflible to mend this Engine, by flill making it more limple \ and therefore direct- ed in the Place of his Regulator, which confifted of many Parts, fuch an one as was plain, and could not by any common Accident be render'd incapable of Service, till it had done Bufinefs enough to be worn out •, and even then, fliould not have any Danger attend it. This was done to the Purpofe, as I have hinted in my A^^tp Jm- provements of Gardetjingy where I have given a Fi- gure, with an Explanation of the leveral Parts of the Engine ^ from whence it will appear. That an Engine io order'd, without making any Varia- tion, will be of real Ufe. But I mufttakeKo- tice. That the Pipes thro' which the Water is forced, muft be of Elm, as well as what is there .^ call'd [35] call'd the Engine-tree, for ne'ther Copper nor any other IVjettal will do, as too many have ex-> periencd, and is ealy to be denioniira.ed. In great Works, two or three liich Engines ihoiild be employed at once j which will not only raile a g. eater Qiiantity of Water w'ch Sa-.ety than a large double Engine (i it cciud be brought to Ule) but if, thro' conftant Ule, one iiappens to want Repair, the whole Work need rjot flop, which it muft do, i: any Part of a double En- gine be out of Order. But to explain this more fully, Let us flippofe that we are to raiie Water from the River of Thames at Chelfe^.^ to the higheil Part of oxford* Square near St. M^^iryU-hone^ which at an Hazard one may guefs^ lies above too Foot h^'gher than the Level of the River, and near three Miles from C'jelfea : l:>ow, as there is no Ground at Ci.elfea which is high enough to make a Relervoir upon the lame Level ot'Oxfcrd-fcjuare, then muft either a Relervoir ra's'd by Art at Chilfe^i, of loo Foot higii,. to feed the Pipes which mitft be laid from thence to Oxjord-fqiiare, or elie there muit be a Force lufficient to draw the Water from the Ri- D 2 vcr [36] ver to the laid Square : Both which may be done, but the Expence will never countervail ; as to the iirft, the raifing an artificial Relervoir of the K eight before-mentioned ^ there is an Inftance of it at Ferfailes, joining to the Gardens : And that it is podible to drive Water up a Hill, whofe Perpendicular is more than 500 Foot, we fee it done at Marty, by continued Chains of Pumps, which are always working, by Means of large underihot Wheels, which are let in Motion by the River from whence they draw the Water : There are very good Prints of thefe among the Profpefts of the Kin^ of France^s Palaces^ but this would be a prodigious Expence : Therefore let us Ibppole we employ fome other Means, fuch as the Machine which flings up Water firom the River of Than.es to the Top ofWindfor-Cn^le-y the firft Mover is turn'd by the Stream of the River, by which the Water is forc'd about half the required Height, and lodg'd in a Well ; and from thence by Cyphons, which are work'd by a Man, it is convey'd to a Ciftem, which is plac'd near as high as the Caftle. There is alfb an In- ftance of an underfhot Wheel, which by work- ing throws up Water to an Eminence of 70 F.>ot Perpendicular, at Mr. Stafford's Seat at Pynes [37] Pyms near Exeter •, but die Diftance from the Ri- ver to the Releryoir is not above half a Qiuirter of a Mile. Thefe I bring as Inllances of what can be done, and to fuew the NecefTii:y, where the Length and Heiglit of the Way is confideiv able, of making proper Stops ^ for I find in th.Q laft nicntion'd Work at Mr. Stajforas, it was \yith Ibme Difficulty the Undertaker could g€t Pipes that were ftrong enoijgh to rehfl the Force and Weight of the Water : And in the great Work at Marlyy nothing lefs than Pipes of Caft-Iron were found- capable of conveying the Water from thence to the Refetvoir at Verfailesy and thole too of a very confiderable Subftance. For thcle Realbn^-, I think it would be advifeable in fiich an Undertaking, as that for railing Water from the River 01 'Thames at Chelfea to Oxford-fquare^ That firft there be a Reservoir made or built near the River, fb that ijts Bottom may lie be!:ween 40 and 50 Foot above the Sides, or rather be kept by Tan Wheels, which iliould continually lie under Water, which would be influenc'd by the dc- creafing as well as the increafmgTides, and could never be put out of Order by any great Flood, the Figure of which I have publiili'd in r^iy Monthly Writings. D 3 By [38] By this Means our firft Relervoir being full, wc have no reafbn to doubt but that the Wa- ter in it will rife thro' the Pipes of Con- veyance- to its Level, at a remote place, which we will fuppole may be about fbme of the liigher Grounds in S'c Jamcs^-? nrk j where, if the Ground Jiappens not to be landy or gravelly, a Rclen'^oir may be made without much Trouble, from whence, either by a Chain of Buckets, or two or three of Captain Savory's Fire Eng'nes, the Water may be thrown up 'nto a Refci'voir 40 or 50 Foot h-glier, into a Imall Refervoir, which would carry it to fjme Eminence of the fame He'ght, fuch as fl'emstobe the highefl Ground about St. Mi?.ry-le^hone^ or vulgarly, Mmry-bone^ where fliould be the grand Relervcir, wh-chl flip- pofe might be made at little Expencc, the Ground, thereabout be'ng for the mbft part a ilrong Clay, by whxli Method I conceive fuch an Undertak- ing may be compofed at no great Expence, and be free from the Hazards which too frequently attend flich large Works. But in Affairs of a higher Nature than th\s^ where W^atcr is only to be rais'd ten, twenty or thirty 139} thirty Foot, if we have a River, we may do this with either one of the P erf an Wheels, which at the fame Time it is turning by the Stream, the Buckets orTroughs with which its Circle is drefs'd willbefiHing, and emptying themlelves continu- ally, the full ones dilcharging themlelves at the Top of the Wheel ^ which Wheel may be 20 Foot Diameter, and confequently the Buckets may dilcharge the Water at 10, 12, 16 or 18 . Foot above the River, according as the Axis of the Wheel is plac'd, higher or lower ^ or elfe ^ common underfhot or overihot Wheel may work a Chain of Buckets fb as to lift the Water 30 or 40 Foot high upon a Frame, and difcharge them- felves that Height above the River or Pond, into a Receiver : Such a Wheel may be made to work Pumps to fling Water near twice that Height, but if a Stream is wanting, thele Move- ments may be made by Horfes j but thefe Devices m.uft have Ciftcrns or p^efervoirs neiar at Hand, to render them ufeful. Where a Canal or Pond happens to lie higher than a River 8, 12 or 1 5 Foot, and is in want fbmetimes of freih Water, the Stream of tlie River may let one of the Ferfian Wheels at work, and by having only a Trough fpr the Buckets to empty their Water into, which P4 b^ C4o] by Pipes has a Communication to fbme Part of the Canal or Pond, to be difcharged above the Surface of fuch Canal or Pond, and an Outlet for the Pond-water to run out, direfted to a cer- tain Height, in a Week or Fortnight's Time, ac- cording to the Bignefs of the Pond, we fliall find our Pond which was muddy before, become clear and pleafant, by Means of the continual Flowing of the River-water into jt, by the Wheels con* ftant Supply. Dis- [+l] I Discourse III. Various Methods relating to the Draining of Lands. S in the laft Dlfcourfe I treated of the KeccfTity of Water in Vegeta- tion, and of the leveral ways of flipplying luch Places with it as are Wanting of it ^ lb I ihall now explain the feveral Methods which are ufed for draining oft" the Water from fiich Lands as are rendered iifelels by too great a Qiiantity of it. In [4^3 In the Profecution of this Difcourfe, it will be necelTary tliat I confider two Things, viz.. Whe- ther our Lands are overflow'd by Fre/h-water or by Salt-water, by Rivers or by the Sea ^ for the Management of flich Lands, when they are dii^ ciOver'4, is very different one from the other ; for the Ground which has been overflow'd with the Frefh-water, may be much Iboner brought into a State of Fertility than a Piece of Land which has been overflow'd by the Salt-water ^ but both of theie, when they have had lufficient Time to mellow, are not only'extremely vigorous in their Produ^ions, but luch Land alfb ierves as an ex- traordinaryManuijc ibr fcaley or gravelly Groimd, one Load being worth two Loads of Dung. The overflowing of Land by Rivers, proceeds either from fbnie Breach in the Banks of the Ri- vers, or from Land-waters, which falljn Abun-: dance from the Hills after great Rains, which joining with the River-waters, caii,fe them to overflow their Banks j or elle, fucli an Overflux may happen by extraordinary Tides. From [ 43 ] ■ From whence one may judge how necefTary it is inthedifpofing of Rivers, to male them na- vigable •, that particular Provifions may be made to lecure the Banls, in fixh Manner, that they may have Strength enough to refift any extraor- dinary Torrent \ and that they may be high enough to prevent any fiidden Guih of Land^ Waters from overflowing rhera, or to be above the Reach of extraordinary Tides. As to the Firft, We are to obferve particularly where the Ground of which the extraordinary Banks of the River is the mofc looie or tender ^ and in fuch Parts, to line them well with Chalk or Ciay, and to allow the Bale of the Slope next the W\iter to be broader than in. other Places, and plant Hich Slopes with a double Row of Willov/- Piles or Stakes, fo that their Tops may appear only a Foot out of the Ground : Thele Scakes may be from ten to twenty Foot long, according 1^ as the Height of the Bank requires : Thefe Stakes may be planted about 8 or lo Inches apart, and will in a few Years (uho' they, lie for the moil Part under Ground) grow to tjiat Thicknels, as almoU to touch one another, while their Fibers will [44] will be. entangled to that Degree, that they will be capable of refifting the g eateft Force of the .Waters, But thefe Stakes I rather advile to be planted in an oblique Manner, than upright ^ the firft Row leaning one Way, and the fecond Row leaning the dire£l contrary Way j fo that by croiiiing one another, the Spaces will be of the Figure of a Loz^enge : By this Means the Stakes will fiipport one another. But when we^re to confider the Height of the Banks, in order to prevent an Overflux of the River upon Hidden Gufhes of Rain or Land-wa- ters, it will be iieceiTary to fiitisfy our felves what (Quantity of Ground has been laid under Wat^r by "Overflux of the River, and what Depth of Water fuch Land lias had upon it j that io whqn we make any of oyr new Cuts we ipay allow ^p'ace enough in them to command luch an extra- ordinary Qiiantity of Water, when it may hap- pen to come a Ipconci , Tim.e : And iii this we ought like wife lo allow ilill more Space than ap- pears'necejdi^ry from our Calculation, in cafe grea- ter Floods may happen, or that Tides may flow higher than they have done before : For it is not ci^ougli to fay, Tiiat the grcateil Floods that have [45 ] have been known in the Memory of Man, or the higheft Tides, never exceeded liich a Height ^ becaule we find every Day produces fomething new, and the higheft Rife of Waters that have been known, were not expelled or thought pof^ fiblc till they happen'd ; and therefore Proviiions were hot made againft them. 'Tis therefore ne- celfary that in all Works of this Nature we arm againft Accidents •, and in making of our Banks, tho' we can be certain that the Waters we are to fence againft, never exceed five Foot high, yet it is Prudence to llippofe, that they may rife upon Ibme new extraordinary Occafion, a Foot or two higher than what has been oblerv'd before, which accordingly fhould be guarded againft. Then may we enjoy Tranquility of Mind, when we have lb well confider'd our Undertakings j that according to the Rules of Reafon we have made liifficient Defence againft fiKh Accidents as may happen : And I am perfuaded, that the Want of Thought this Way, has not only been the Occa- fion of many Mifcarriages in great Works, but has been the Ruin of many Families. I come next to confider the Loftes which wc may fuftain by the Erruptioo of Rivers or of the 1 46 3 Sea, when ever this rude Element is not dilcreetly guarded agamll, and gams an Advantage over us, by breaking thro' our Works. All the level Grounds, as well as thole which lie below it, mull confeqiicntly be loft or bury'd in Water : Such was the Cafe at Dagenham in Ejfex, when the Breach was made there by the River Thame s, and many thouland Acres ofgood Land were drown'd, by which thofe Gentlemen, which the Minute before enjoy'd all the Affluence of Fortune, were in an Inftant reduc'd to Beggery j for upon the firft breaking in of the Water, when the Bi each was frnall, and it might have been eafily ftopt, the Coiifufion among them was lo great, and at the fame Time it was the Bulinefs of fb many, that no Body undertook to put a Stop to it j fo tliat it grew wider by Degrees, till at laft it over- power'd the Skill of the bcft Artifts •, till Captain Tarry teok it in Hand, by whole Skill it was at length ftopt ^ and the Land is now for the moft Part recover'd. We are to Note, That in fuch a Work of railing a Dam againft the River that has broken its Way thro' its Banks, one muft have Regard to the Back-waters, v/hich in fuch a Cale, are of a Weight, at leaft, equal, if not fuperiour to the Prelfure of the River ^ lo that one [47] one muft not only have Regard to kefcp out thxC River at high Tides, but to have Strength enough in our Works to withftand the Back-waters, till they are ail run out thro' the Flood Glates, which ihould be provided for that Purpole at Low-tides. In this Cafe we are alfb to obferve, that the Ground was overfiow'd by fuch Water as one may rather call Salt than Frefli- water. In Holland, Where the Country generally lies lower than the Sea, and when the Sea is only kept from overflowing it, by Means of flrong Banks or Dams, there is great Care taken in flich Places, where the Sea drives in an extraordinary Manner againftthem,to keep off the Force of the Surges by large Piles of Timber, which they drive a conveni- ent Depth into the Sands -, {b that the Tops Hand leveral Foot above the higheft Tides, by which Means the Violence of the Sea is broken before it can reach the Banks: But yet fometimcs the Tides are ib high, and the Sea fb ilrong, that neither the Piles nor the Banks are able to refift the Fury of the Waves, but they are forced to iiibmit, and the Country is overfiow'd, to the Loft of many Lives : But always upon the Fall of Hich a Tide every Man within Reach of the Place attends, to [48] to repair the Damage •, and in a Tide or two the Breach is repair'd, by driving down Piles of Tim- ber, and fining up the Vacancies between them with Carts or Carriages fill'd with Stones, or fiich like heavy Bodies. But when this is done, we are to coniider that the Country ftill remains overflow'd, and there- fore our next Bufinefs is to drain off the Water, which may be done feveral Ways. The firft Me- thod which is moll generally praftis'd, is by a Wheel, which is let to Work with a Wind-mill : This Wheel is about 1 3 Foot diameter, relem- bling a Wheel with Spokes only ^ but in lieu of Spokes they are Boards of 14 or 16 Inches wide : This Wheel turns between two upright Plains of Boards, fo that there is not an Inch Space on ei- ther Side between the Wheel and the Plains of Boards ^ fo that as the Wheel turns in the Wa- ter, the flat Boards which Hand in the Room of Spokes, bring up the Water as high as the Axle- tree, and dilcharge it over the Banks j ib that whenever the Mill goes, it carries off a large Stream of Water without IntermiUIon ; This Engine is chiefly in Ule among the HoUandersy and 1 have alfo leen tjie fame in the LwcohJJiire Fens. Or [49] Or, if the Banks are very high, che'Win'd-niills may work either Pumps or Chains 6f Buckets, t6 dilcharge the Water. But let us fiippofe oiir'Cale to be the men dif- ficult that can be, liich as having a great Qiian- tity of overflowed Land encomp'ali'd with Hiils, fo that our Wind-mills can be of no XJle'^ nor Pumps, nor Chains of Buckets can reach to diA charge the Waters over the Hills : In this Cafe, I know no better way thai! to ufe the Crane, which is infallible, if we can find a lower Grbimd'ori the Out-fide of the Hills i for if our Hills we're never fb broad, we might bring a Crane to ?.d: lo as to dilcharge the Water over t'hcm. I^or this End we may uie either Elm or Fir Pipes, of'three or four Inches Bore j placing at the very higheft Part of them a Turn-Cock, by Means of which, the Range of Pipes which make up the Crane, may be fill'd with Water ; firft flopping them at each End. When this Range of Pipes is once full, and the Turn-Cock fhut clofe, we muH firft unftop that End of the Crane which lies in the E Water, [ 50 ] Water, and then the other •, To will the Water flow in a continued Stream from the Crane, as long as it has any Water to difcharge. But let us confider in the next Place, that, tho' by Flood-Gatcs, or Mills, or Cranes one may lay dry an overflow 'd Ground in Ibme Sort, yet perhaps Ibme of the lower Parts of Hich Land may hold a Handing Water •, ib that we muft go another Way to Work to bring the Ground to Uie j which muft be done by cutting of Canals, Dykes or Ditches of fuch a Depth, Length, and Breadth, as may contain the Water, and give tin eafy Communication to every Part of the Ground. " In this Work we ihall find, that befides the Room which we make to hold Water in iiKh Canals or Dykes, the Earth which we take take out of them will raife the other Land in fuch Proportion, as yet to give more Room for the Water, as it is the Cafe in Holland and other Parts, where Wa- ter is in too great Abundance, Our Land being once drain'd, we come next to confider what Methods ought to be taken to improve [51 ] improve lucli Ground, and make it produce pro- fitable Crops. I oblerve, that when we iirll difcover Land which has been overfiow'd for a great Number of Years, it is generally black for a good Depth, and confining of very fine Parts, which being tiirn'd up, and lying expos'd to the Air and Sun for ibme Time, it becomes mellow and fit for A^ion : But if it has been overflow'd with Salt- Water, the Salts will rife to the Surface by the Heat of the Sun ^ and then we may pare off the Surface when it is throughly dry i This Surface will be well worth our while, to be carted to fbme of our Ground which is the leafl fertile : It is excellent upon a Clay or upon a Scaley Ground ♦ but fhould be always more moderately uled upon light, than flifF Soil : But tlie. Ground, where this is put, muffc be plow'd twice or thrice, m order to mix the natural Soil and the drown'd Earth together. When this is done, we may fbw it firfl with Turneps, and it will afrervvardi bring excellent Corn. But our new drain'd Land will be much too luxuriant for Corn, till ic E 2 has has had Time to fallow, and has brought a Crop of Cole or Rape, or liich like ftrong growing Vegetable. Dis- [S3] H ^M Discourse IV. Of the feveral P arts of Plants and their Refpedive O f f i c e s^ with Regard to Vegetation. ^^^^^^ T fs neceiTary, m the firft Place, to 3 confider that every Tree confifts of '^' two principal Parts, 'viz.. The Root, and the Body. TJie Bufinels of die Root is- to a£l: in the Ground, while tlie other is to act in the Air : And both thele PaJFts are ca- pable of being alter'd and chang'd, by iliifting their Stations. The Roots being expos'd to the E 3 A^'j [54] Air, will produce Buds, Leaves, Flowers and Fruit ; and the Branches, which arc now enjoy- ing the Air, being bury'dorlay'd into theGround, will divert themfelves from their prefent Method of Growth, and produce Roots and Fibers : This is Evident from the Experiment I have publiih'd leveral Years ago, relating to the reverfing of a Tree •, by firft laying down the Head of a Tree in the Ground, and letting it fb remain till it has taken Root 5 and then digging tip the original Root, and expofing it to the Air, while the Head, which has now taken Root, is capable of nourishing the whok Plant. This Experiment ihews us, That the fame Prin- ciples of Vegetation are in the Roots and in the Branches, and that their different Miumer of Aft- ing proceeds only from their different Situations, the one being governed by a Body, light as Air ^ the other by a Body clenfe as Water or Earth. Every Root, as well as every Branch of a Tree, confifts of two prir.cipal Parts, viz. Sap-Veffels, v/hich cxtpnd themieives through the whole Body; and ipongey Parts, which enclofe theSap-Veflels: The(c in tJie Trunk, or Brunch, or Root of a Tree [55] Tare, are lb diipos'd, as if one was to flick Qiiiils jor Straws in a Spunge, the Qiiills or Straws re- p relenting the Sap-VefTels, thro' which the Vcr getable Kouriihment circulates, when it is taken in by the Root from the Earth, or from the Leaves by the Air. The Ipungey Parts have alfo a Communication with thefe Vefiels, lb as to keep them open in liich a Manner, as to continue them in a Capacity of receiving the Sap j for without theie Ipungey Parts, the Sap-Veifels would ihrink and dry up ^ fo that no Juices could move in them : The one is necelTary to maintain the other, as the leveral Coverings are necelTary in Animals, to liipport and defend the Blood Veflels. The Ipungey Parts of Plants are moft aparent in the Pith and Bark of Trees j the Bark, by being of this Texture, is capable of receiving its Nourilhment from the Air, ao well as of dilcharg- ing Hich Hiperfiuous Moifture or excrementatious Juices as are neceflary to be voided, to keep the Plant in Health j ^nd as the Bark has a dole Communication with the Pith of a Tree, fo luch Juices as are naturally requir'd to be dilcharged from tlie Pith,, have a Freedom of PalTage thro' E 4 th§ ^■- •* [ 56 ] the Bark •, or the Benefit which the Bark receives from the Aii", is communicated to the Pith. The Bark and the Pitli are fo much of the fame Nature, that while the Bark is tender and full of Juices, ib is the Pith •, and when the Bark grows hard and woody, lb does the Pith like wile *, ib that we never find the Pith of any Moment or Ule, but in young Shoots, where the Bark is ten- der J and we leldom can oblerve any Pith, but what is. tending to Rottennefs, in a Shoot of three Years old. .L-~ The Ends of Trees have their firfc Rile in the Pith J tliey are there fram'dj and as they become fit for A6b;on, by being furnilh'd with every nc- celfary part for Vegetation, they are forced along certain regular Ghanels, till they meet the Air at the tender Bark, thro' which they make their Way ; ^and. would drop to the Ground, if they were not rellrain'd by a -Number of Sap-VelTels, which fer-vc as 16 many Roots to nouriih/them from the Body of the Tree. The Euds^fe^^gafc- ]gf.are,.i]^i evfry Relpeft, as perfect as a Seed, or • ' leather ;mor,e f^ ^ fpj: a Bud contains a whole Plant roli'd up in it, and has, ;for the moll Part, its Ai _ . Jii'-ces "I [ 57] Juices fo well digcfted, as to come fboner to bear Fruit, thaii that Plant which is wrap'd up in a Seed. We are to oblerve, that the Difference between a Bud and a Seed is, that a Seed con- lifts of Lobes or Ear-Leaves, which include the young Plants, and ferve to give the little Plant, tlicy indole, the fitft Stamp ^ by teaching it what Kinds of Juices it ought to draw from the Earth for its Nourifnment : But a Bud has no Occafion of llich Ear-Leaves, becauie it takes Root ircn me- diately in the Body of the Tree, where the Juices are already fit for it : So a Seed takes Root in the Earth, and a Bud takes Root in the Tree, and both thele are produced by the fame Tree, but in different Manners. As they are to be of Diffe- rent Ules, Seeds are to multiply the Species, and within the Corapafs of certain Laws of Kature, have Liberty to Iport, and produce their own Species with Variety of Completions ^ while Buds, are conftant to tliQ Mother-Tree, and are exad Reprefentatives of the Plant that produced them.,J(|frhis leems^aBIoIiofelylieceirary in Xa-^ ture, as v/ell when we coniider the Offspring of Plants from Seeds, as when we have Regard to Animals, that they ihould not all have exactly the lame Faces : For as the Fjices arc fo made, as [S8] as ^0 be capable of being touch'd with Variety, fo are they recreated and refreih'd by it, and re- main longer pc.fed, than u each of them was continually to be employed npjn a fingle Objeft. As for luch Plants as are prO' liic'd from Seeds, they ai'e all of the.Ti fomeWay (i"nerentfrom one another, either by Ibrae Kcjle Variation in the Colour of the Fiowcr, the Tafte, or Time of ripening qf their Fruit, the Flower or Figure of it, or lome Diifercnce in the Shape and Coloiu* of the Leaves : So in Animals, we fiijad that the lame Female will produce great Variety, her Off- Ipring differing from one another, either in Co- lour or Marks, and Ibme more tradable than o- thers, fbme more lively and brisk, &c. But none of this Offspring will bear exaftly the Frcc of the Mother, or be exa£lly like the Sire : But the Rea- son of this we iliall examine in another Place. ^ B«^i»4-hav^laid thus much of the Seed,/-«m next to let forth the Benefit Nature has given tq Plants, to make up their Deficiency in the Want of local Motion: And this is particularly inftanc'd as in the Produftion of Buds in Trees, which may be transferr'd from one Tree to another ^ and by Inoculation will take Root in the Tree they C 59] they are fixt upon j and ft"ll the Shoots of the Buds will produce the lame Fruit as the Mother- Tree which they Iprung from : So that what ^ c^ fcfc¥eH3erore obfcrv'd, of the Creation of Buds, and Difference between them and Seeds, is here confirm 'd ^ and ihews us, that they were made on Purpofe to liiport the Reputation of the Mo- ther-Plant, any Where, and every Place, pofTef- fing ftill the fame Qiialities : So that one might lay, the lame Plantjmay be every where at the lame Time'Ij^iJoi^ if we bring an Example from -y--, the Golden-Pipin, which is a Plant well known, the Seeds of it will bring Trees, that will pro- duce different Sorts of Applesv^ but the Buds of the fame Tree, if they are grafced upon either a wild Crab, or any other Sort of Apple, thele , Buds will Hill produce the lame Sort of Fruit | with the Tree they were taken from. And ^o the 1 iVfipz»^fo;?-Peach, or any other good Peach, is \ budded or. inoculated either upon an other Peach, or upon a Plumb, or fiich other Plant whole Juices are natural enough to it, to feed it welU it will prelerve its original Virtue. What/ ihall *f ^ remark from thele Oblervations is. That a Bud Of a Tree is the Means by which a particular Faiit, or Tree of Merit, may come to poffels the whole [ 66 } ifihyle World at one Time, whicli is a fiiflficicnl Kecompence for fts Defidenc/ iti the want of Lilierty of moving from Place to Place, as Ani- siaf-s do. - But BikIs are of feveral Sorts, and are ibchy as are eitlier ijniiiediately profitable, or iinprofitable,' ».^. Either Leaf-Buds, or BIoffom-Buds. We msy hmw tJie Difference beti^eett thefe Birds j'n^ Jiioll- Sorts Gff Fruits, before they op6n, by obler- ifiEFg tliat the Lcaf-Biids are long, tliin,- aftd poin- ted 5 Ircit the Bloflbin-Bwds areiliort and titrged : Tlie Jrrfces int tJ'ie firfl are more fluent and aqiie- "^ €K«5^ aend the latter are more digefted and gummry: Biit:both thx:{t Sorts o'f Bqd-s -proceed from the' Fithrof idle yoimg Wood, and are dilposM for ''different Offices, as the Pfent oi* 'the Brandies which produce them, are more or lefs vigoroi^si' It 15 oWervable, tiiat the moRf Vigorous bring LeaP-Fnds ; and thole that ;are J&iialler, and lecm to be lefs nooriili'd, produce BIolfora-Buds. The Buds of Trees are put into A£lion, and arc explained into Branches, when the Temper of the' Air is inch, as to tender die Sap or Joices of thcPlcn':, of liich a I)egree of Fluidity, as that' it [61 ] it may pafi through tb^ Veffels without Inter^ 27 niption : And this Sap, in different Plants, is of very different Kinds j in Ibme it is fet at Work with a very Ihiall 3hare. of Warmth j in others, 'tis of that Nature, as to require extraordiaiarji Heat to put in Motion ; The Conlequence how- ever is, when th?. Sap is fufficiently fiiient, d^ct it Jills the Buds, and hy Degi^ees ;are 'explain^'d mto, Shoots and Branches -, every one of which-, is properly a Tree growing upon an otlierTree^ which makes it prafticable to ciit off Branches from any Tree, where we pleafc, without deilroj- ing the Tree : But if a Tree was one cntlic Bodj, as the Body of an Animal, the cutting of the Branch would endanger the whole. All Buds of Trees arc guarded wldi L^vfs, & which are yieful to help the Bud in its G-ermina- tion ; for we find; t-liat if weilrip a Shoot of its Leaves, the Buds will not , grow, ^ the . L-caves of a Plant are. por-epus and Ipungey, and imbibes a Moifturc frprQ th& Air, wli^qh helps to nouriwi both the Buds, a;id the Plants, th-ey grow upo^ 2 hi ibme Pl§?^s^'diole Leaves are.Anuual^ in c- ther Perennial ^ in thofe Plants where thciixaves are Perennial, the Juices arc of that Kature, as even <^ [60 even to aft upon their Plants in the colder Sealbns and occafion them to grow in Winter : But whereto the Leaves are Annual, they fall from the Plants^ aiToon as the Juices of Hich Plants are conduced by Cold, and have finifhcd their fealbnable Shoot- ing. The Account we have of the Tree in the Madera Iflands, which has Water continually droping from its Leaves, even in fo great a Qiian- tity as to furniih the Inhabitants with Water, leems to determine, that the Ule of the Leaves of Plants is to conduce, the Air ^ and perhaps this Tree, in a particular Manner, may be ©f a col- der Nature than other Plants, and therefore the Air about it may be condenfed much quicker than that about "other TreeSi It is remarkable, that Co^untries which abound in Wood, are more fiib- jeft to Rains than bare plain Countries ^ and that Leases ferve to nourish the Tree they grow upon, is certain, becaufe we may kill the moll vigorous Tree, if we ftript k of its Leaves while it is growing ^ for the Leaves help to keep up the Cir- culation of the Tree ^ they are like Feathers to Fowls, andvHaIr or Wool to Cattle, which if we were to ftrip them off entirely, we ikould cer- tainly dcflroy them. Bu6 [65 ] /f^ But as it has been oblerved, tliat Buds are t!ie Occafion of increaiing the Parts of die Tree un- der Ground ; they are fram'd in the Pith of tlie Root, as well as m the Pith which we find in the Parts of a Plant above Ground ^ thole that are fbrm'd in the Root, are impreft with the Form of the Root when they are put in Action ^ and ib thofe Buds which are form'd in the Branches are alfb Inodel'd for Branches, when they begin to atk, but in their Principles are both the laffle : For if we expofe the Roots of a Tree to the Air, after allowing it Ibme little Time to be ac- quainted with the Element, it will put out Its Buds in liich Sort, as they will produce Leaves : And if we lay down a Branch of a Tree in the Earth, after it has had a due Time to reconcile it Iclf to that Station, thofe Buds form'd in the Pith, when they begin to move, will, inftead of Leaves, or Flowers, or Fruit, which they would have produc'd if they had rais'd in the Air, will now bring forth Roots, and from them others. Kow, as I have obferv'd before, that Pith, of Confequence, is only found in the younger Shoots •, ib, if we would increale a Tree by Layers, thole Layers muft' be of the youn^ Shoocs, Shoots, where this Pith is perfect ^ or elfe there will be wanting thofe Seeds or Buds which are fo necefTary to produce Roots ^ and not only our Labour will be to no Purpole, but onr Time will be loft in the Disappointment, r^ When our Roots are fram'd, we find them to confift of two principal Parts, as I have men- tion'd, viz,. The Sap-Veffels, and the Spungy- Parts. .,, Thele Roots, like the Branches above Ground, bi anch themlelves ; in the Earth : And 'tis njy Opinion J that every Tree , has the like Qiiaiitity of Roots, that it has Branches-, and that every Root has a particular Branch, which has Conne£lion with it. The extream Parts of the Roots are not much unlike Earth-Worms in their Make -j they are always lir>aller than the reft, and are diflinguiili'd by the Name of Fibres t Thele arc the Mouths by which every Plant ig fed, and receives it^ourifhment. ffpm the Earth, And in every Plant, which is in a-natui'^l State of Growth, it is obfervable, the Roots always fhoot before tiie Buds above Ground ^ and in the time of their Growth, draw in Nourilliment for. the Plant they are to maintain. A^ [ 65 ] As I have now fet forth the leveral Parts ot a Plant, with regard to its Increafe of Stature j fb it would be neceflary I ihould lay ibmeLhing concerning its Circulation of Juices ^ which in General I ihall hml at in this Dilcourfe, and leave the particular Inftances of it to the next^ where I fhall fhew the Ufe of that Do£li ine. As I have already defcrib'd the principal Parts of a Tree, it appears. That the Fibres of the Roots draw Hich Kourifament from the" Earth, as is after- wards diflributed to the lower Parts, through the Sap-VefTels ^ which are fo many Arteries and Veins thro' which the Blood is circulated in Ani- mals : But.thele VefTels are fo fine, that nothing which is fb denle as Water, can pafs thro' them, iinlels fuch watery Parts as are receiv'd by the Ipungeous Body which enclole them, and have a Comjnunication with them, ars rarify'd to a very fine Degree j and then the Tree is render'd ca- pable of Growth, and is in Adion every where : For we find by Experience, that if we take a Tree in the coldeft Part of Winter, and lay its Bran- ches clofe to a Wall which is artificially warm'd, the Parts which lie clofe to that artificial Heat, F will [66] will begin to open and explain themfelves in a few Days, and by their Motion will let the Juices of the whole Tree in Motion : Which, parti- cularly, I jTiall explain in the Difcourfe where 1 treat of artificial Heats. It remains, however, that I Ipeak of the Flowers and Fruit of a Tree in this Dilcourle, in order to delcribe all its Parts. The Flowers or Bloflbms, I have laid before, are form'd in the Buds, while they are in the Pith j and confe- quently, fo is the Fruit or Seed : The Flowed which includes the Fruit, is a Plant growing upon another Plant ; for whether a Flower be Male or Female, or Androginous, it is liire to fall from the Tree when it has done its Office, as a Male, by impregnating the Female Parts j or, as a Female, by producing a Fniit with Seeds. What I call Male Flowers, are fuch as the Catkins upon the Hazel, C^c. which only bring Stamina with their Apices j and whole Apices, when. they open, difcharge a Dull or Powder, which [67] which ierves to fecundate the Female Flowers^ and when that Office is performed, drop from the Tree. What I call Female BloiToms, are Hich as contain the Ovaries or Egg-Nefts, or Seed-Keils, which, when they are impregnated by the afore- faid Duft or Powder, bring perfed Fruit : Thele Female-Parts are, for the moft part, more adorn'd than the Male-BlofToms : Both thefe, as far as I have oblerv'd, are always to be found upon the fame Tree. Thole Flowers, which I call Androginus, arc partaking of Male and Female Parts ^ earh Flower contains both thofe Paits which are Male and Female, and have a proper Defence from the Weather, while the Female is perfe&ly impreg- nated ^ and then all the Parts which have finiilied their Office drop off : Such a Flower we fuppofe a Lilly or a Tulip, it confills of Petalls or Flower Leaves, which are to Shelter the more nice Parts j they have vifible Roots, which take .hold, or take Root, on the Summit of the Foot-Stalk, F 2 and [68] and upon them the Stamina tdke Root, and the Refiilt or Sum of the Stamina, are the Apices which produce the Male-Duft •, all which Parts, drop afToon as they have perform'd their Office of Generation : In the Center of thefe is plac'd, either the Pifiillum or Stylm. Dis- [69] Discourse V. Of the Anatomy and Motion of Juices in Plants. S the preceding Dilcourfe treated of the feveral Parts of Plants, and their relpedive Offices, with re- gard to Vegetation, ib it will be my Biifinefsp in this, to explain the Ule of that Knowledge. We have obferved, that every Plant has' a Continuity of Vc/Tcls throughout the whole Body, as v;cll adapted to the Circulation of F ^ juices [7ol Juices, as any Animal whatever ^ and that all Plants have Juices which flow in them, when they are duly rarify'd by a proper Degree of Warmth, is beyond ContradiOrion ^ and there- fore the Obfervation I have offer'd concerning the Reyeriing a Tree, and making the Branches become Roots, and clianging the Roots into Branches, is a capital Evidence, that the Sap does circulate : As alio confirm'd in another Experi- ment I made nine Years ago, by inarching four Branches of an old Dwarf Pear-Tree, into four young Pear-Stocks, which being well join'd and united, I fawM off the old Tree near the Root, ;and Hipported it by Wedges for a Year or more, and by thele Means, every Part of my old Tree, wh'ch before was fo fickly as to bring its Fruit little larger than Hazel-Nuts, had now gather'd fo much Strength from the young Pear-Stocks, as to ihoot freely and bear large Fruit •, thus by the Circulation of the vigorous Juices of the young Pear-Stocks, through the whole great Pear-Tree which was decay'd, it recover'd its full Strength and Vigour, notwithftanding I- had dif- engag'd the old Tree from its own Pvoot. Thus, without more Inilances, we are fure of the Sap's Circulation ^ unlels I may oblerve enpaiTant, tbnt [ 71 ] that the Diftemper wJiich i]iews itfelf in the yellow and white Variegations of the Leaves of the common white JeJlamine, and leverai other Plants, may be communicated to every Plant of the lame Tribe, by inoculating only a lingle Bud of the other variegated Kind into the others, which have plain 'green Leaves ^ and tho** the Bud does not live yet barely by the Application of it to the healthful Tree, we ihall find the yellow Blotches, or Variegations of the unheal th- ful Bud, communicated to every Part of the healthful Plant. Juft as it happens, when a Man has had the Small-Pox inoculated upon him, his whole Mais of Blood will become in- fected with the Poilon. The Circulation of the Sap being thus certain, as the Circulation of the Blood, it next follows, that I oblerve. That Ibmc Plants which are ever-green in the Winter, arc Analogous to thole Animals which enjoy all their Faculties the whole Year about ^ and diole which die down to the Ground, or drop their Leaves at the Approach of the Winter-Sealbn, and re- vive again in the Spring, are like thole Animals which lleep during the V^inter -^ but yet there is Life in all thele throughout the whole Courle of the Year tho' not the lame Degree of Active F 4 Life % [7^1 Life ^ and it is even to be underftood by the Touch, when the Leaves are fallen from a Tree, whether it is Alive or Dead ^ the live Tree will feel cold and foioth m the young Shoots, and the dead Tree will be rpugh to the Touch. In fuch Plants where the Juices are the moft condens'd in cold Weather, the Sap becomes Glutinous, or of a Gummy Nature, in llich Sort, as to preferve the Plants fi-om Putrifadion, and ib is feeming Analogous to the Juices in thofe Animals which ■fleep in the Winter, which are not fubjefl: to pu- trify : For I have had an Opportunity of making the Experiment with the Kalcion or King-Fiiher, in the hotcft Weather in the Summer, which for a Week after it was dead, had not the leaft Sign of Putrifaftion, or any ill Scent, tho' it was dif- ficult at that time, to keep any kind of Flelh a- mong the Butchers, or Poultery 24 Hours, with- out becoming rancid : And as the King-fiiher is afleep, as well as the Plants I Ipeak of, fo I fiip- pofe its Juices, as well as thole of all liich Crea- tures, as are lay'd up in the Winter, are in a par- ticular Manner disposed .-to preferve them from putrifying, while they are at Reft ^ which Reft, is fo like Death, that one muft have good Judg- nitnt to diftinguifli between one and the other : And [73l And it is with thefe Animals as it is with Plants, that if^ in the cold Sealbn when they are lay'd up, we bring them near a Fire, or put them into Ibme warm Place, the Heat will put their Juices in A£tion, as they are naturally in the Summer- Seafbn : This we find in the Snake, the Batt, the Urchin or Hedghog, and the Tortoife. But we have Ibme Plants, whole Juices are flowing as well in Winter as in Summer j tlie Ever-greens efpecially, are growing, and flowering, and ripen- ing their Fruit even in the coldefl: Time of the Winter, and are the neareft at a Stand aboutf Mid-Iiimmer^ and, indeed, fo are moll Plants. What I mean by this Stand, is, that they have about Mid-liimmer finifli'd their firft Shoot, or Summer-Shoot •, that is to lay, the Fund and Nourishment which the Root had collected from fche Earth in the preceding Autumn and Spring, is now expended in the new Shoots ^ and fb the Roots are now encreafing themfelves, and are preparing to take in frcfli Supply from the Earth, in order to flioot afrefli in the Autumn. At this Stand, it is much the l^ft Time to remove Trees -^ becaule they will then llrike frefli Roots in two or three Days •, whereas if we traniplant them late in the Autumn, when the Juices are thicken'd, they [74] they will not make any new Roots till the Spring following j and then the Plant is employ'd in making new Roots, when fuch Roots ihoiild be already made and ftored with a Fund of Kouriih- ment to feed the Shoots which are to be made above Ground : When this is the Cafe, t-he Siioots of that Summer are always poor and weak ^ but by Summer-planting, our Trees pre- lently take hold of the Ground, and their Roots are plentifully furniih'd before Winter, and 16 are capable of producing ftrong Shoots the Spring following. We may learn alio, by the Knowledge of the Sap's Circulation, in the Manner 1 have fet down, that no Time is fo proper to tranlplant any Tree, as when its Juices are active, and Jiave a Tendency to a£t particularly in the Root ^ but then we mull take efpecial Care to prelerve the Roots from drying, while we remove our Plants from one Place to another j and likewile we mull oblerve, that the Earth we plant them in, be clofely fix'd to the Roots at the Time of Tranfplanting j for otherwile, the Air, which will get into the Cre- vifes of the Earth, will dry and harden them •, to [75] to prevent this, lee the Difcourle eoncerning the traniplaiiting of Trees. Another Thing, which we may learn from the Syftem of the Sap's Circulation, is, that when we remove any Tree, we are not immediately to rob it of its Head and Branches, as is commonly pradifed ^ for while a Tree with its Branches conlifts of ipimgey Paits, which imbibe Moi- flure from the Air and Dews j the Moifture and Nourishment which the Tree receives by thole Means, is aflifting to the Support of the Tree, and to the framing of new Roots 3 and when that Work is over, after tranfplanting them, it is necelTary we may thin the Head, or lop off Ibme of its Branches, that the reft. may be better nou- riih'd. In this Operation we mull have regard to what I have mention'd concerning the Buds of Trees, that they are, as it were, fo many Seeds which are to grow upon the Trunk or Body of the Tree ^ ^nd the Cafe is much the lame, as if we were to fow Seeds upon a Piece of Ground ^ that is, if we Hjffer the Ground to be overftock'd with Seeds, the Plants will be weak thro' the Want of Kourilhm.ent ^ but if we low the Seeds at a due Diftance from one another, they will then then have a fiifficlent Share of Kourifliment, to make them ftrong Plants. So the Buds of a Tree, if they are too many in Number, will, for want of Nouriihment, become weak : But when the Judgment of a Gardener can prune a Plant, io as to leave a proportionable Kumber of Buds upon it, to be well fed by it, they will then be vigorous in their Growth : Which in Forreft-Trees is to be defired, but in Fruit-Trees it is other wile *, for, as I have obfei^v'd before, the luxuriant 3hoots are fed by the more watery Parts of the Tree, and luch indigefted Juices are unfruitful, and by pruning, many of thofe watery Juices are loft, and the Remainder is ufetiil in the Pro- duction of fmaller Branches, but then they are liich as bear Fruit. Wc are to oblerve, all this while, that the cutting off a Branch from a Tree, while its Juices are in vigorous Aftion, does not hinder the Circulation of Juices in the other Parts, no more than the cutting off a Leg or an Arm from a Man would prevent the Circulation of the Blood in the other Part^ of the Body. But I have, in the former Difcourle, given fbme Ac- count of the Difference between Animals and Vegetables in this Relpe^. I may obferve how- ever, in this Place, that- we have fome ShelUFiili which [77] which have the Power of renewing a lofi; Limb, as well as Vegetables ^ I mean the Lobfter, and Sea-Crab, which, according to the Accounts iii the Memoirs of the Royal Accademy at Paris, will, in a few Weeks after they have loft one of their great Claws, renew it again * which is the reafbn (thofe Gentlemen tell iis) that we fb fre- quently find the large Claws of Lobfters unequal in their Size and Figure. But the tranlplanting of Wall-Fruit-Trees, without pruning off their Tops till they have ftruck Root, is yet a common Pradice among Gardeners, and they find their Account in that Way of planting j but yet when they make Plantations of Forreft-Trees, tliey as fijrely cut off their Heads at the Time of tranf- planting : And tho' they are almoft as frequently convinc'd of their Error in the Death, or lan- gui filing Condition ot fuch Trees, yet they pro- ceed on in their Way, without confidering how much their Practice is contradidory one Part to the other. If they find a Benefit, by planting Wall-Fruit-Trees with their Tops on, why ihould they not expeft the fame Advantage in planting Standards with their Heads on ? By the one Way we have rarely a Mifcarriage, and by the other we fcarcely meet with any thing elle : For [78] For if fuch lopp'd Trees happen to live, they are fb long before they recover themfelves' to ihoot vigoroufly, that to fow Seeds at the Time when Hich Plantations' are made, the Seedling- Plants will outilrip them in leven Years Time, or Ibme Sorts of Trees in five Years, as I have experienc'd : But it is quite different with thole Plants which are tranfplanted in the Summer with the Heads on, which flourifh the following Year, as if they had not been remov'd at all, and in the hotteft Weather have no more need of watering than Trees that have been planted three or four Years ^ for while the Sap is fluent, the whole of it which is in the Body, as well as in the Branches of the Tree, is turn'd to the fram- ing of new Roots, to fupply the Deficiencies of thole which are loft by the taking up of the Tree, all which while the Buds above Ground ftand ftill, and only have bare Subfiftence to keep them alive till the Roots are Hifficiently ftrengthen'd, and are in a Capacity of filling themlelves with fuch a Fund of Nouriihment, as is convenient to furniih them with flill Allowance. Thus the Autumn-Shoot is generally prevented, and 16 the Tree is in a Capacity of fhooting ftrong in the Spring. But [ 79] But fuppole thefe Trees I fpeak of, are luch as I may compare to the Animals which deep in the Winter, then one would flippole, that the pru- ning of them is bell at fiich a Seafbn when their Juices are moft at reft ^ and it certainly is foj if we Gan guard the wounded Parts from theFrofts ^ for tho' the Juices at that Time are thicken'd in Plants in fome Degree or other, yet their Cover- ings are flich, as will prevent their receiving In- jury from the Froft ^ but when they are laid open by pruning, and become fiibjed to the Froft, fuch a Branch or Limb as is wounded, is always lub- jecl to decay by Severity of Weather ^ tlierefore it is neceffary where the Wound is great, to plai- fter it with fuch Gums as I ftiall Ipeak of in the Difcourfe of Priining. I tis obfervable, that fueh Trees as are Natives of England ^ or were brought to us from Countries which were not of the wat- meft Latitudes, liich as Pears and Apples, are commonly prun'd in the Winter \ biit thofe Fruits which come from the warmer Cb'mate, fiieh as the * Stone-Fruits, which are fubjedltoGum by woimd- ing, are left unprun'd by our Gardeners, till juft be- fore their Sap begins to move towards Germina- tion in the Spring, fo that Frofts may not have Power [8o] Power over them, and the Flux of the Sap ?m- mediately following, may heal their Wounds: We muft obferve too, that the Realbn why Apples and Pears are not fo fubjeft to mortify by Win- ter Pruning, as the Stone-Fruit, is, becaufe their Juices are not fo unaftive in the Winter ^ for it is common to lee them fling out their BlolToms in the colder Seafons, but we never fee this in the Stone-Fruits, unlefs they have artificial Heats. Upon the Foot of what I have laid concern- ing the Buds of Trees in my former Di(courle, I now come to Ipeak of Inoculation which may be perform'd either in March, April, or July, in luch Plants where the Bark will rile, and the Sap is fluent at thole Times ^ but while the Stock which we are to inoculate upon is making its Shoots, it is by no Means proper, becaule the Shoots which have already begun to grow, draw away all the Sap from the Strange Bud, and fo it cannot be liipported till it can join with, or take Root in the Stock. Thus the Motion of the Juices in the Stock is to be conlider'd, when we defign to inoculate a Bud into it. In [81 ] In Grafting, it is necelTary to perform tliat Operation a little before the Juices in the Stock are beginning to move fluenrly, that the Buds in the Cion, and thofe in the Stocky may be work- ing together •, for the lame Reaibn that I have given in the Article of Inoculation. And \vc muft^mark, that thofe Plants which abound in Aquedus Juices, and cohfequently have their Sap conftantly, in Ibme Degree of Flliidityj firch as Apples and Pears, will beft beat Grafting early, and the Stone-Fruit, which have more Gummy Juices, will beft prolper by Inoculation; It is likewilB to be remSrkM, that all Cuttings of Plants, which abound in Aqueous Juices, will fboner ftrike Root in the Ground, than the Cut- tings of iiich Plants, as have their Sap of a more Gummy or Rozinous Nature. I have obferv'd before, that when a Plant aboittids in Wahy Juices, its Shoots, will be Luxuriant j and, on the contrary, when the Juices are Gumm.y, it will produce Hich Shoots, which, tho' they are frnall^ will be fruitful : This is remarkable in mxany kinds of Fruit-Trees ^ Apples and Pears, for Example*, G for [ 8i ] for the moft Part, muft have Shoots of one Year, before fuch Shoots can form their Buds for Blol- ioms or Fruit \ but Peaches, Apricocks, and Phimbs, bring their Fruit upon the Shoots of the laft Summer, through the Gumminefs of their Juices. So that it is difficult to raife Cuttings of fiich Trees, whofe Juices abound in Gum \ but the Cuttings of liich Trees, as confift chiefly of Watry Juices, ftrikeRoot prefently, and put forth their firfl Fibres, for the moftPait, at thole Places where the Buds are which we bury in the Ground, provided they are Leaf-Buds ^ but where liich Buds are ripen'd into BloiTom-Buds, there is no altering of them, and the Cuttings will not ftrike Root ^ for they are too much perfefted, in every Reipeft, to alter their Property ^ the Pith, as I have obferv'd in the former Diicourfe, has done its Duty, and is incapable of altering its Work. But we have yet this Advantage, where the Juices of Plants are m.ore inclining to be Gum- my, we may lay the young Shoots into the Earth, where, after a due Courfe of Time, the Moifture of the Earth will alter their Property, and difpofe them to ftrike Root j the Mother Plant, [83] Plant, all the while, keeping them alive, 'till they can undergo this great Change. This is another Confequence of the Circulation of Sap. The Seafon of planting Cuttings of Trees, or of making Layers from them, which bring the hardeft young Wood, is always when the Juices are moll at Reft j becaule the Buds, which we bury in the Ground, being then una^tive, have Time to be prepar'd by theMoifture of the Earth, and to be chang'd inlenlibly, i/. g. before the Sap is fluent, and thole Parts which a£led before as Roots to the Buds in the Tree, are reconcil'd, upon the firft Motion of the Sap, to do their Office as Roots in the Earth, the Spongey or Fungous Part of the Cuttings, Hipplying the Office of the Lobes or Ear-Leaves of the Seed, viz,, to feed them ^till they can be wean'd to re- ceive a Nourilhment from the Earth j and the Parts which are under Ground, may be the firll in Aftion, becaule they are fhelter'd from the cold Winds, which often happen when the State of the Air is warm j and confequently, when the Body of Air is warm, the Earth, which confills of Parts contegious, mull be warm likewile '^ >vhich one may belj judge by the following Ex- G 2 periment •, [84] periment. In Germany^ there is a large Room warm'd, by having the Vault, underneath it, lin'd with Pieces of h'on, which are fb laid to- gether, that every one touches another ^ fome of thefe are Pieces of broken Cannon, which are pretty large, others are as ffnall as Hob-Kails or Horfe-Kails : At one End of thefe, is a Fire, which by heating the Irons next to it, the Heat is communicated to all the reft, which^ in a Bo- dy, hold the Heat for a long Time, which is communicated to the upper Room : So when the Surface of the Earth is heated, we fuppolc the next Parts below it are concerned, and the next below them, and fo on, in fome Degree or other. But we lay, the Buds of a Plant will preferve its firft Qiialities, tho' it is apply'd to a Tree of different Qiialities ^ that is, that the Bud taken from a Golden Pippin-Tree will produce a Branch which i]iall bear Golden-Pippins, tho' it be ino- culated upon a wild Crab-Stock, whole Juices are lower an J harih, and far different fi om thole o^ the Golden-Pippin, which are fweet and high ilavour'd. This is no more ftrange, than tiiat leveral OfF-Sets from the lame Auricula, or Ran- unculus, or Tulip, Hiall bring the lame Flower in all [85 ] all its Properties, tho' they are planted in dii!e- rent Soils : For I have obfeiT'd before, that every Bud, of a particular Tree, has the particular Stamp of tJiat Tree in it, which is unalterable \ and this Bud, whether it is growing on the Mo- ther-Tree, or is join'd with a Crab of the fame Tribe, has its Veifels, which a£t as Roots, ino- culated into the VelTels of the Stock it grows up- on \ io that when the Sap of one is let to work, the Sap in the other mull neceifarily be moving at the flime Time \ and, one may fay, there is a general Circulation of the Juices in the Stock and the Bud of the llime Sort, as in Animals, where the finer Juices are feparated from the Blood, Hich as Urine, Milk, &c. which only change their Colour, Flavour, and TJ fe ^ as the VefTels, thro' which they pafs^ happens to be differently form'd, lo the Bud, which enclofes the Heredi^ tary Virtue of the Golden-Pippin, will flill be the l?ime, tho' it receives its Nouriihment from a harflier Apple, its Parts are made to filter its Kourifhments in fiich a Manner, and no other. But when thele Juices are once receiv'd by the Bud, they cannot be returned again into the Body of Sap, from whence they were lirll drawn, no more than the finer Juices, in fbme Parts of Ani- G 3 mals [86] • mals^ can be return'd back into the Blood, but miift circulate in thofe Bodies which have receiv'd them j and, without they can difcharge them- lelves ibnie Way or other, will occalion the Parts, which contain them, to fwell and grow larger, from the continual Addition they receive from the great Body of Juices, which is the Occafion of a Bud's fwdling into a Branch, and the Rea- Ion why a Bud, of any particular Tree, pre- ierves its original Virtue, tho' it be made to grow upon a different fort of Tree. While I am ipeaking of Buds, I cannot help oblerving, that all Bulbs are improperly call'd Roots ^ for, in Reality, they are only Buds, which include the Image of the Mother Plant, which they fpring from Fibers, which they pro- duce when they are put into the Ground, are the Roots which properly nouriih fuch Bulbs. But I am, in the next Place, to ipeak of the Multiplication of Plants by Seeds, and to ac- count for the Varieties which the Seeds that are gather'd from one Plant will produce. WJiat [87] What I have remarked in my former Diicourfe concerning the Generation of Plants, may give us to underftand, that the Farina fecujidans, or Male Duft of a Flower, may be convey 'd from one Flower to another, by Means of the Wind ^ and if the Flower be a Yellow Tulip, for Exam- ple, from whence the Male Duft is blown, and the Flower, which it is blown upon, be a Red Tulip, fo that the Ovary of the Red Tulip be impregnated with the Dufl of the Yellow Tulip, then the Grain, or Seed, which is fo impregna- ted, will produce a Tulip, which ihall partake of both the Colours, Red and Yellow, and not be ilri£tly like either the Mother-Flower or the Sire : This we find certain from Experience. So if we plant a White Cabbage near a Red one, the Seed of each of them will produce Varieties par- taking of both Colours, feme quarter'd v/itli Red and White, fome vein'd with Red, &c. which I have alio ejjperlenc'd. As like wife the fowing the Seeds of a particular Sort of Fruit, which, by growing among Varieties in a Garden, fuch Seed has brought almofl: as many Varieties as there were Seeds put into the Ground j fo that where we have many Varieties of the fame G 4 Tribs [88 1 Tribe of Flowers, or Fruits, or Herbs, growing in one Garden, the Seed of any one of them will produce Plants, which will be different, in fome- thing or other, from the Mother-Plant, they were gather'd from. And this, I fuppole, gave the Ancients Room to believe, that Corn would degenerate in Three or Four Years, becaufe it is ^moft impoffible to low a Buihel of any Corn, which ihall be all of one Sort of Grain. Again we oblerve, that when we have a Flower of a Umple Colour, fuch as a Black Auricula, for Ex:anple, and that we If eep this Flower remote firom others of the fame Tribe, which are of dif. ferent Colours, then the Seeds, which we gather from the Black Auricula will bring Plants that fhall only produce Black Flowers. So if we have a Breed of White Cattle, their Offspring will be White, 'till we mix them with Cattle of another Colour, and then we fhall have a Py'd Breed j but in the Affair of Generation, iJSIature will, in Ibme Cales, permit .of the Produftion of diffe- ring of Plants or Animals to Couple with fuch as are not direftly of the fame Species. So the Afs and the Mare produce a Mule •, but then to prevent the Increafe of fuch mcnftrous Produdir bns. Mules, whether Male or Female, are not capable p [ 89 ] capable of continuing their Species by Generati- on. The fame is the Cafe among Vegetables, as we find in the feveral Plants, which have been rais'd fiom fuch Carnation-Seeds, which have happened to be impregnated by the Farina of the Flower call'd the Carnation and 3weet-William but the Seeds of fiicli Plants, tho' thefe will fomcr times feem perfeO:, yet will not grow no more than a Male and Female Mule can produce any Offspring, tho' no Creatures are more addicted to Venery. There feems to be the fame Diiference, in Ka- ture, between the Carnation and Sweet-William, which produce a Third Sort of Plant, as there is between the Horfe and the Afs, which pro- duce the Mule. From hence we may learn, that when we have a Mind to preferve any particulai- Qiiality in a Plant that we dcfign to increafe by Seed, we fhould never fuffer any Plan^ to grow near the Plant we propolc to fave the Seed from, which may have Power of debafing or adulterating the Seed, and then we may expe£l: flich Seed to be good, or to inherit the Virtues and Qiialities of the [9o3 the Mother-Plant ^ which is a very necefTary Ob- fervation in the faving of the Seeds of Annual Plants, becaufe there is no other Way of raifing Annual Plants, but by Seeds. On the other Hand, if we have a Mind to produce Variety by Seed, fuch as one would wiih for in the Production of Flowers, our Hopes will depend upon the Number of different co- loured Flowers of the fame Tribe which are grov/ing together, for then there will be an Op- portunity of the Farina, or Male-Duft, of one Sort, to impregnate the Egg, or Seed-neft, of another : And it would be well worth our Care •to make our Experiments with that Exaftnefs, that one may come to know what Properties are prelerv'd of the Mother, and what of the Sire, whether thole of the Male, or of the Female, •are predominant. There are yet many particular Obfervations relating to the Generation of Plants which I have mentionM in my printed Works of Husbandry and Gardening^ which may be con- fider'd J but I judge, that the Inftances I have here produc'd may be lufficient to render that Syllem intelligable. It I- [ 91 ] It remains now, that I Ipeak of the Seed of a Plant, and what ought principally to be obferv'd in its Management. All Seeds whatever, which have been perfectly- impregnated, contain the Image of the Plant in Miniature, from whence they Ipring. This Image is the Confequence of the Impregnation, which is abfolutely neceilary for the Multiplica- tion of the Species in Plants j as the Cock's Tread is neceifary in the Egg, to render it prolifick by Incubation. The Incubation of Birds, or Fowls, is Analogus to the Burying the Seed of Plants in the Earth, that it may hatch into a Plant : The Oftrich, as a Fowl, and the Tortoife, and many other Creatures befides, which are Oviparous, take the fame Way of Hatching their Young ^ that is, they bury their Eggs in the Sand or Earth, where they happen to be when they lay their Eggs. In all Seeds or Eggs, we find Hieh Parts as are proper to nouriih the little Plant 'till it can Ihifc for itfelf, and draw its Nourifliment from the Earth ^ fuch Parts are tlie Lobes, or Ear- Leaves, [90 Leaves, which join with the yonng Plant and indole it : They are Spongious or Fiingaus Bo- dies, which, by gentle Degrees, receive Nourifli- ment from the Juices of the Earth, and after they have filter'd, and altered them, according to the different Textures they may happen to be of, the little Plant, which is lodg'd within them, receives its firft Nourishment from them, and their Juices begin to circulate in the little Plant they contain •, 'till, at length, the Radicle be-* coming, by Degrees, more acquainted with the Diet it can receive from the Earth, begins to ' ihift for itfelf, without feeding any longer from the Lobes or Ear-Leaves, from whence it firft receiv'd its Support \ and then, as conftantly the Ear-Leaves fill from the Plant, as they are then of no further Ufe to it. I might add, that all Seeds are cover'd with Coats, which are fine- ly and clofely wrought, the better to keep the Moifture of the Earth from coming too fiidden- ly upon the Lobes, or the little Plant, which might occafion their rotting -^ and we find, that almoft every Sort of Seed, by Means of thefe Coverings, muft pafs different Lengths of Time in the Earth, before they begin to Germinate : Some will not Ipring in the Ground 'till the Se- cond , [ « ] '■ cond Year after they are bury'd, while others will begin to fhoot in Three Days after lowing. This being conlider'd, we are next to obferve> that Seeds, as they are of different Textures, of different Modes, and of different Sizes, they re-^ quire to be fbwn in different Depths of Earth 5 and, confidering their TenderneG at their firll j^^ routing, it is alio necelTary to prepare the Earth very fine and light where we fow any Seed \ but the moll robuft Seeds may be fown in the heavier Land. The Seeds which are the longeft coming up, fuch, I mean, as will lie without Motion a Year m the Ground, may be fown full Two Inches deep in light Soil, or of a proportionable Depth, as the Soil is heavier ; and the Irnaller and lighter the Seed is, fo it rauft be Ibwn ihallower, and in lighter Earth, than other Seed. We are foj-c'd, in Ibme Cafes, to fow the very lighteft of Seeds in rotted Earth of Willows, or other light Woods, and then on- ly to rake that Earth finely, fb that it may lie looic, and (owing them upon the Surface, preis it down, or flat it, with a finooth Board. This is the Method of fbwing Auricala Seeds^ and the Seeds of Ranuncuhis, are no- to be cover' J much deeper. J^rom [ 94 ] From thefe Obfervations, we may know how to regulate any Seminary ^ either if we have a Mind to preferve the particular Virtues in any Annual Plant or Flower, or to produce Varieties, or to raife any Plant from Seed, with good Suc- cefs. I ihall conclude with remarking, that what we call Corn, or Grain, i« not properly a Seed, be- caufe no Sort of Corn brings Ear-Leaves, but Iproiits dire£tly with a Leaf at its firil Germina- tion ^ which Leaf, Dr. Crew, in his Anatomy of Plants, calls an Acrofpre. This is like what we call, commonly, a Bulb, which is, properly, a Bud ^ as I have accounted for in this Dif^ courfe. Dis- [95] Discourse VI Of the different Ways of propaga- ting of Plants, by.SEEDs> CuTTINGS;, b'c. H E Contents of this Dlfcomih as they relate to the different Ways of propagating of Plants^ U fo are they depending upon the former Chapters, which treat of the Anatomy of Plants, and of the Motion of Juices in Plants • to which we mull have a ftria: Regard in the Pradice of every LelTon I ihall liere fct down. I [96] I ihall beg'*n with .increafing of Plants by Cut- tings : By a Cutting, I mean a young tender Twig, of the lafl Growth, to be cut from a Plantj in order to make it ftrike Root, by burying Part of it in the Earth, by which Way many Sorts of Plants may be increas'd j efpecially thofe whofe Shoots are the moft Juicy, or Succulent, or con- tain the moft watry Juices : For, as I h^ve ob- ferv\i before, fuch Plants as are fiird with Gum- my or Rozinous Sap, will rarely take Root from a Cutting. When we find fuch as arc for our Turn, we muft cut them from the Mother-Plant, either in the Spring, juft as the Sap is beginning to move in them, or elfe about Midfummer, when they have juft finiih'd their firft Shoot j always ob- ferving that they are tender. For an Example, we ihall propofe the Myrtle, whole Cuttings, at thefe Sealbns, are tender, and little inclining to be Woody. The Cuttings of this Sort may bei about Four inches long, becaufe there will be as many Buds in that Length of a Myrtle-Shoot, as one may find in a Shoot of a Vine, and other ftich like Plants of a Yard long j and tJie more Buds t97] Buds we bury, Co the more Roots we fhall have, and the greater Number of Roots will gather a greater Quantity of Kouriiliment j and, confe- quently, the Buds above Ground will be better fed, and be more vigorous in their Growth, The Myrtle Cuttings will prefently ftrike Root,, if the Earth we plant them m be made very fine, and well clos'd about them, both by the Hand and by watering ; but it muft be oblerv'dj that the Leaves muft be taken off with a Knife care- fully, from that Part of the Cutting which is to be bury'd in the Ground, which, in a Myrtle Cutting of Four Inches long, ihould be near Three Inches, that we may leave little more than an Inch above the Surface of the Earth* In planting of Vine-Cuttings, I prefer the French Way before the common Method praftis^d by our E^gllJJ) Gardeners. TIiq French never plant Vine-Cuttings lefs than a Yard in Length, and then leave only Two or Three Buds out of the Ground, lb that the firft Shoots are always ftrong. Their V/ay is to open a Trench about Ochber, and let their Cuttings in it about a Foot diftant from one another, and then f 11 in the Earth, and tread it down hard *, of thefe Cutiings, H perhaps C 98 1 perhaps Nine or Ten Buds of each may only be bury'd for making Roots •, but in England, our Vine-Cuttings are icidom longer than a Foot^ and, perhaps, not above. Two or Three Buds of each are cover'd with the Earth •, fo that the firft Shoots are weak, and will require feveral Years to gain Strength enough for bearing. In making Cuttings alio of JelTamin, and the Honyliickle, whole Wood is tough and hard, it. is the common Praftice to let their Leaves drop before we prepare them for Planting. In thcle the Buds ftand wide allinder, and therefore their Cuttings fliould be of Hich a Length, that we may bury them a Foot in the Ground, at the leaft : But I find, that if we plant our Cuttings in the Summer, as loon as they have finiih'd the firfl Shoot, they will anfwer our End much bet- ter ^ but then they muft be well foUow'd with Water, and be let in a fliady Place : Or, to lave that Trouble, we may open a Trench, and fill it with fre^li Cow-dung, and, upon that lay Three or Four Inches of good fifced Mould ; in this prepar'd Bed our Cuttings will prolper ex* ceedingly, for the Cow-dung will keep them con- ftantly moill, and keep tlie Air from them, and nouriih [99 ] tiouriili them. It is alfb to be oblerv'd, that Al hardy Ever-greens will do beft from Cuttings, if we plant them about O^ober or November, for then their Juices are in Motion. Again, we muft remark, that when we collect Cuttings of thole Plants which are veiy fucculent, fuch as the leveral Sorts of Cerens, Ficoides, Sedums, Indian Figs, and liich like, we mufl, in Propor- tion to the Succulency of fiich Cuttings, let them lie fbme Days expos'd to the Sun before we plant them, that the wounded Parts may be throughly dry, for otherwife, their own Moilture mixing with the Moifture of the Earth, would rot them. The Time of making Cuttings of thefe is always when we find them inclinable to grow, which is at different Seafons, as the natural Springs of their feverai native Countries happen to fall out ^ for Plants of every Country in the World will always preferve their natural Time of fhooting, wherever they happen to be ftationM. The great Point to be conlider'd in planting of Cuttings is, that we keep the Air from drying the Parts under Ground as much as polfible ^ and, in (iich as are very flicculent, to plant them rather upon the natural Earth than in Pots, for from the whole Body of Earth there will exhale continu^illy a H 2 Vapour [loo 1 Vapour gently moift, which will difpofc them fbf drawing Root ^ but in Pots we muft be oblig'd to water them frequently, which often occafions them to rot, and if we give them too little Wa- ter, then the Earth in the Pot will become fb dry at particular Times, that the Cutting will be put afide from the drawing of Roots, tho' by the Moifture it had at other Times, it was dilpos'd to make Roots : For, according to the following Experiment, it is a continued gentle Diftribution of Moifture to a Cutting, which will occafion it to ftrike Root, and when it is once in that Me- thod, if we liiffer it to dry, the Intent of making Roots is ftopt. The Experiment I mean is, that if we take a Branch of the Sedum Arborefcens, or Tree Houfleek, and hang it up in the Houle, vve ihall lee it put out Pvoots when the Air comes to be of a certain Denfity or Thicknels, and as fbon as the Air becomes dry, and more rarified thefc Roots grow dry, and ihrink away ^ but if we keep this Plant in Ibme Place where the Air is continually moift, the Fwoots will be conftantly growing as long as there is any Moifture in the Plant ^ but the Head, or Top Bud of the Plant, will not grow at all, for that the Roots cannot draw Nourishment enough from the, Air to fted it [ lo. ] it. What I have remark'd concerning the planting of Cuttings of Ficoides, Geraniums jCasreas, Indian Figs, Aloes, and flich like, in the natural Ground, I have experiene'd to be much the bell Way j tliey will loon draw Root, and make good Plants, lb that we may Pot them about the Middle of Augufi of the lame Summer, in order for the Green-houle, The Directions I have given for the railing of Plants by Cuttings, may, in a great Mealiire, ferve for the raifing of Plants by Layers ^ that is, we muft take Care to bury Buds enough in the Ground when we make Layers, provided they are Hich as are found upon a tender Shoot of the Jaft Growth ^ but the old Wood of Hich Plants, whole Subftance is hard, luch as Oak, and the like, will not make Roots, tho' we lay them ma- ny Years in the Ground. The Sealbn when we commonly make our Layers of Trees is in Se^-^ temhcr, October, or November^ becaule they may have Time enough to be acquainted with the Earth, before the Spring comes on •, that is, that their Gummy or Rozinous Juices may be, by Degrees, impregnated with the watry Parts of the Earth, and, by that Means, facilitate tlieir H 3 Change, [ loa ] Change. It is a Praftice among thq Kurlery- men, to cut off tjie Heads of lucli Trees as they defign to increafe by Layers, in order to make them produce young Shoots near the Ground, that they may be bury'd more ealily in the Earth- Thefe Mother-Plaiits they call Stoles •, fignify- ing a Shoot or Twig of a Tree Ipringing from an old Stock ^ fuch as, by fbme of the Ancients, was call'd an uprofitable Branch, becaufe it brought no Fruit, and 15, corruptly, the Gardiners uie the Word Stolo, for the old Stock which pro- duces liich Branches : But whatever Layers we make from liich Twigs, muft, when they are bent to the Ground, be carefully pinn'd down with hook'd Sticks, that when we have once fix'd them, they may not Ipring or ftart from their Places. In making of Layers to be taken from the Stocks, and tranfplanted without lo- iing of Time, I have praftis'd the drawing Shoots of Plants thro** the Holes at the Bottoms of Garden-Pots, and then filling the Pots with Earth, they will take Root in the Pots : But in the drawing fuch Shoots thro' the Holes of the Pots, we muft take Care, that we do not break, off the Buds from the Shoots. Thcle Layers, when [ 103 ] when they have taken Root in the Pots, may be taken from the Mother-Tree, and, with all their Earth, be tiirn'd out of the Pots, and let direct- ly in a Place for bearing. Some Sorts, as Vines, for Example, will ftrike Root in Five or Six; Months : We may lay them in November or Be- c ember J and we may cut them from the Vine when their Grapes are ripe ; but fbme Sorts of Plants require to be bury'd 'till the lecond Year before they take Root : And, indeed. Vines may be cut from the Mother-Plant much fooner, but then their Fruit will not be perfectly good, as if we let them feed from the old Stock, 'till their Fmit is ripe, and then we may bring the whole Plant, with its Fruit, upon the Table, before we plant it in the natural Ground. I cannot well pafs by an extraordinary Obfervation of Dr. Jgrico- las, a Phyficlan of Ratisbone, who was curious in this Way, relating to the railing of Plants from Cuttings, that our firft PvCgard ought to be how to prelervc them from ihrinking by the Air ; and he e^en propofes to plant Cuttings, and make Layers of Plants while they are Ihooting, and are in the moft tender State j for which End, he prcfcribes leveral Preparations of Gums, to dip that End of the Cutting in, which is to be bury'd H 4 ill [ 10+ ] in the Ground •, which, by Experience, I find, will nourifh the Cutting, will preferve it from fotting, and keep it from ihrinking by the Air, This I have try'd, as alfo to plaifter the Cuttings with Soap, and have found them both fuccelsful even in the Cuttings of Peach-Trees, Plumbs, Vines, and feveral Ever-greens in Summer. TJie Compofitions of Guips;,! ihall mention in anotlier Dilcourfe. There is alio a Method of encreafing of Plants by the Leaves, but then they muft be fuch as are ever-green, like thole of the Holly, Bay, Orange, Lcmmon, &c. v/hich being taken from the Plants when they are fully perfefted, without any Buds adhering to them, and then immediately dip'd in a Mixture of Gums, as I fhall relate hereafter, while the Mixture is Blood-warm, and put into the Earth as deep as the Compofition of Gums has cover'd them, which may be about an Inch, the Earth muft be prefs'd clofe about them, and very well water'd. This I have fesn praitis'd, and will bring us very fruitful Plants, for out of the extreme Parts of the Foot-ftalks of the Leaves, will Iprout a Bud that will bring BloiToms and Fruit, if the Leaves are taken from flich Places^ C '05 1 Places where the Buds adjoining to them has pro- duc'd BloiToms, This is one Reafbn why, I lay, that a Leaf is a perfect Plant, which grows upon another Plant. As to what regards the railing of Plants from the Fruit, concerns only the Indian Fig, whole Fruit, while it is green, being leparated from the Mother-Plant, and let in the Earth, will grow, as I have eXperienc'd j that is, after we have given it Time to dry in the Sun, it will produce a Plant as perfeft as that we took it from : But it is to be oblerv'd, that the Fruit of the Jndim Fig is always in its flill Growth before the BlolTom is open ; and yet this mull not be taken as an Inllance to contradict the Syftem of the Generation of Plants, becaule this is yet green, and the Seeds in it are imperfeft, ib that it has the lame Liberty of a£ling in the Ground as any other Part of a Plant. And it is alio ob- lervable, that thele Sort of Fruit, in our Climate, with the Shelter of a GreenThoule, will not change its Colour towards Ripening, 'till the Summer after the BlolTom : And it is alio ob- lervable, that this Sort of Fruit, in Summer, is befet with Buds on every Side. It [ xo6 ] It next follows, that I mention the Manner ot increafing Plants by their Roots, which is the laft Way we have Recourfe to, when we are not provided with the Seeds of a Plant. This is done by fevering, or cutting fome of the larger Roots, near the Surface, from the Tree, and without di- fturbing any of the Fibres which belong to fuch Roots, to raife the wounded End of the Root gently, 'till we can bring Part of it above Ground to ftand upright, the more of it the better. This, by being exposed to the Air, will, in Pro-i eels of Time, be dilpos'd to put forth Buds for Leaves and Shoots, and make a Plant, which may afterwards be remov'd •, but Ibme Plants are fo ftubborn, that after a Year or Two, fiich Roots will not iliew any Buds, tho' we may find them then alive. When this happens, we may graft a Cion from the Head of the Tree upon the Root thus prepar'd, and we fhall prefently have a Plant for our Purpofe : Or we may graft upon fuch Roots about Six Months after" they have been difciplin'd after the Manner above dire£bed. Thus have I gone thro' the Methods of increafing of Plants by Cuttings, by Layers, Leaves, Fruit, and Roots : It remains that I ihould fay fome- thing '[ I07 ] thing concerning the increafing of Plants by Off-Sets ^ but as that Way of Multiplication re- lates chiefly to the Improvement of Flowers, fo I ihall rather leave it for that Difcourfe. I ihall therefore proceed to explain the feveral Ways of Grafting, by which Trees are improv'd fi-om Wildings to bring good Fruit : In order for which Defign, our Garden ought to be ftor'd with Stocks of all Sorts ^ that is, with fuch as are Poeiiferous, or Apple-bearing •, Pruniferous, or Plumb-bearing ^ Bacciferous, or Berry -bear- ing \ Coniferous, or Cone-bearing j Nuciferous, or Nut-bearing ^ Glandiferous, or Mali-bearing j and Siliquiferous, or Cod-bearing ^ becaufe we may fbmetimes meet with a ftrange Tree, which will only be encreafed by Grafting : And as all Trees, that I can now think on, are of one or other of thele ClalTes, fo our Kurleries ihould be provided with Stocks of thele leveral Sorts, that we may graft the Apple-bearing upon the Apple-bearing, the Pruniferous upon the Pruni- ferous, and fo on. The Wilding which we are to graft upon, we call the Stock, and the Twig or Shoot which we are [ 'o8] are to graft upon the Stock, is calJ'd the Clon, or Graft : Every Cion, or Graft, when it is rightly difpos'd on the Stock, according to Art, will take Root in the Stock, and retain the Vir- tues of its Mother-Plant, as I have oblerv'd before. Some Sort of Plants will more readily join by Eneying or Inoculating, than by Grafting •, and there are others which will not take by either of thole Ways, but by Inarching only : -Again, there are fbme which will only join by approach- ing, all which we fhall confider in their Order j obferving, by the Way, that Nature gives us large Liberties in Grafting, Hich as that we may graft Apples wpon Pears, or Pears upon Apples, and both thefe upon the common White-thorn \ tipon which, likewile> we may graft Medlers, the Lazeroli, and Cervices, and upon the Pear- Grafts we may alfo graft the Qiiince : All thefe may be made to grow upon one Tree, by Whip- grafting, or by Cleft-Grafting, or Stock-graft-, ing, or by Inoculation, Eneying, or Budding. So the Pruniferous Fruits, fuch as Peaches, Ke^larines, Apricocks, Cherries of all Sorts, tind [ I09 ] and Plumbs of all Sorts, may be budded upon Plumbs, or upon one another : And what feems extraordinary, is, that the Lnnro CerafnSy which is our common Laurel and Ever-green, may be inoculated upon the Cherry and the Plumb, and be made a Companion for all thoie of the Pruni- ferous Race. An Inilance of this Sort is now in the Garden of Mr. WhkmiUf a curious Gardiner of Hoxton : By this we may oblerve, that thele Grafts, or Buds, are fb many Plants of different Kinds, which grow upon one Plant ; which is like one certain Sort of Soil, wherein we find growing many Plants of different Sorts ^ but we muft obferve, that one Kind will prolper bet-r ter than another. The firft Sort of Grafting, which I fhall men- tion, is that Sort which we call Whip-grafting, or Rind-grafting : This is perform^ by paring off Part of the Bark on one Side of the Stock, either after we have cut off the Head of the Stock, or elfe while the Head remains on the Stock j for it is done both Ways. If we cut off the Head of the Stock, tlien the Bark wq take off muft leave the Wood bare, about an Inch and half from the Place where the Head is cut off off downwards towards the Root, and as wide as the Cion, which we defign to join with it ; then we timft, with our Knife, flit the Stock down from a little below the Place where the Head is cut off, guiding it with the Grain of the Wood, 'till we have made a Tongue on the Side of the Stock where the Bark is parM off, about an Inch long. This being done, we are next to pare off the Bark from one Side of the Cion, and then, with our Knife, make a Tongue in the Wood of the Cion, of llich a Length as may fit exadly with that in the Stock, which when we have join'd together, fo that the Barks of both the Cion and Stock join together, we muft tye them faft with Bafs, and cover all the wounded Part with fine Loam, well mix'd with Cow-dung or elfe we may cover the wounded Part with the following Mixture, viz.. to Four Ounces of Bees- Wax add as much Tallow, and when thelc arc melted together, add about an Ounce and half of Rofm, which muft be ufed when 'tis Blood-warm, with a fbftBrufh,and then we need not tye the Ci- on and the Stock together ^ for thefe Coverings are only defignd to keep the Air and the Wet from the wounded Parts, 'till they join together, which they will foou do, if the Tongues of the Stock till] Stock and the Cion are well, wedg'd into one another. When we ufe this Sort of Grafting, without cutting off the Head of the Stock, we then take the Bark from the Stock in any fmooth Part of a Shoot, i. e. between the Buds, and fit- ting the Cion to it, as before with Tongues, we then cover the wounded Parts with fbme of the aforementioned Grafting-Wax. This laft Ope- ration may be done when the Sap is in its higheft Fluences ^ but the firft muft be done juft before * the Buds begin to ihoot. Qeft-grafting, or Stock-Grafting, is performed by cutting off the Head of the Stock, and then, with the Knife, flitting the Stock downwards an Inch or two, in Proportion to the bignefs of it, and of the Cion we are to put into it. W^e then cut the Bottom Part of the Cion Wedge-ways, of the fame Length we have made the Slit, and fo place the Cion in the opening we have made in the Stock, that the Bark of the Stock and the Cion both join, or match with one another. If the Stock happens to be very large, as fomc^ times it is, when we ufe this Kind of Grafting, fuch as an old Tree faw'd off, which may, per- haps [ i'5 3 haps, meafiire Three Foot in the Girt, then We rnuft be forc'd to open the Places, where we are to fix onr Grafts, with Chizzels, and keep them lo open with Wedges, 'till the Grafts are fix'd to onr Mind. In fuch Stocks we may place Three or Four Grafts, but Two are enough, if we could be fiire they all would take : In this Gale our Cions may be larger than if the Stocks were Irnall. In Worcefierjhire, it is common enough to graft Apples this Way, with Cions, which meafiire about Five Inches in the Girt, and they prolper very well : But we mufl oblerve, that our Cions may be larger, if they are of Trees that have tender Wood, than if they are of a hard Wood •, when this is done, lay on lome of the Grafting- Wax, as before direded, fo as to cover all the wounded Parts of the Stock and Cion. In this Cale, where the Stock is large, there is Vegetable Matter enough in it to feed tlie Cions to good Advantage, ib that the Third Year they will produce extraordinary large Fruit, tho' before the old Head was cut from it, the Fruit was hardly bigger than Hazle-Nuts. Here is another Example of a Tree's growing upon a Tree •, and as the Clift-grafcing is pra£licable up- on the oldeft Trees, fo is it to be done upon Plants, [ "3l plants which are not above Three Months old from the Seed. This I learnt &om Mr. Curtis of Tutney, a very curious Gerltletnan in the Know- ledge of Plants : His Method is, when he railes Orange-Trees from Seeds, that as loon as he finds they have got a Stalk aboiit Three Qiiarters of an Inch above the Ear-Leaves, he cuts off the Top, and making an Incifion crols that Stalk, bears his Knife downwards, towards the Part where the Ear-Leaves- join with it, and then choofing a tender Shoot of a bearing Tree, that will match with the Stock, he cuts the Bottom of it in the Manner of a Wedge, and places it as I have related before, fb that the Barks may join, and then appllies foine of the Graftingrwax warm with a fine Painting-Brujfh. This Operation may be done all the Summer long, and is parti- cularly explain'd in my Phiiolbphical Account of the Works of Nature; I am next to fpeak of Inarching, that is Inlay- ing the young Shoots of one Tree into another, which is the furefl Way of Grafting that I have yet mention'd 3 for here, if the Part wliich afts^ as a Cion does not happen to join with the Stock, it may ftill remain upon the Tree, To perform thi^ Workj wne m.uft have a Colle^'on of Stocks 1 ill [ "4- 1 in Pots, that when we have any particular Tree which we have a Mind to encreafe, we may bring the Stock to it, and then cutting off the Head of the Stock, we choofe out iuch a Shoot of the vaUiable Tree, as may, with the moffc Eafe, hp brought down to the Stock, and then we muft order both of thele with Tongues, as I have di- refted in the Whip-Grafting, only we mull leave that Part which is to aft as a Cion to join with the Tree in liich a Manner, that it may be well fed with the Juices of the Tree. I commonly, in thele Cafes, cut the Tongue of the Graft half way only thro' the Shoot : This being thus or- der'd, we are to tye our Two joining Parts very ciofe, and then cover them with the Mixture of Loam and Cow-dung, alio taking elpecial Carcf to lecure the inlay 'd Branch from iiying from the Stoek, which Ibmetimes it will be apt to do, if it is not well lecurM by Strings or Sticks ^ for tho' tliis is not a Work to be done in the Summer, when the Plants have their Sap in the greateft Fluency, yet the mildell Summer is not without its Storms, elpecially in June or July. It is to be noted, that Ibme Plants fhould remain thus joined 'till the fecond Year, before we cut them from the Bearing, or the defir'd Plant j elpecially thole who fe ijiarch'd Shoots are of a more hard or M or Woody Nature : But where we can inarch green Shoots, Hich as thole of Oranges or Lem- mons, if we do this Work in May^ we may cut them off in Augufl, if we find they have taken' hold of the Stocks; When we have cut our Plants from the Mo- ther-Tree, fet them immediately in fbme Place of Shelter, where the Winds may not get at them ^ for elle the new Heads, which are tenderly join'd, will be liibje^b to break from the Stocks ; or if the Stock be growing in the natural Ground, then when we cut the young Inarch from the Tree, we muil be careful to gitard them well with Stakes. Inoculation is the next linfirovement I fhall treat of. To Inoculate is the fame as to Encye, or to Bud ^ and is nearly the fame as the An- cients call'd Emplalleration ^ only their Empla- fleration was cutting oiit a large Piece of the Imooth Bark of a TreCj with leveral Buds upon it, and then opening the Bark of another Tree in Hich Manner as to lay the Bark of the bearing Tree clofe to the Wood of the Stock 5 they then cover'd the wounded Parts over with a kind of Mortar, or prepared Loam. This Method is i 2 rafct ["6 1 fafer and fiu'er in the way of Inoculation, than our inoculating with a lingle Bud, becaule the great Qiiaiitity of Bark taken off with the Buds, which may be about Two Inches Iquare, muft hold a good Fund of Koiiriihment to fiipport tlie Buds 'till they have join'd with the Stock : But, however, our common Way of inoailating with a fingle Bud is not inferior to moft of the modern Ways of Grafting, provided we take Care to be guided by the Vigour of the Sap : I mean, that we never attempt to Bud or Inocu- late any Tree, but when the Bark will rile freely from the Wood, as the Gardeners fay ^ or, ill ot-her Terms, will flip from the W^ood. Our Buds, in this Cafe, mull be luch as can be taken from the Tall perfect Shoot of a Tree, and c>{ the Bark in which this Bud happens to be pflac'd about half an Inch below the Bud, and as much above it, and on each Side the Bud about half an Inch , then ^laking the Incilion in the Bark of our Stock,- like the Letter T, we raifc that Bark on both Sides from the Wood, and then ftripping the Bud from the Woody Parts Which join to it, inlert it between the Bark and the Wood of the Stock, and tye it with Bals, fo that the Eud may not be hurt or cover'd j or cKq elfc Ibme of the Grafting- wax, being apply'd as directed in the formei" Grafdngs, will be fiiffici- ent without tying, I have now only to prefcribe the Method of approaching, or Grafting by Approach, which Ibme have falily taken for Inarching. The Ancients, in moffc of their Works, recommend it as the fiirefl Way, and I have had Experience enough to find it as they ITiy : I have mention'd it in my Monthly Writings, but I know no Gardener that has it in Pradice, at prelent, but Mr. Whitmill Qf Hoxto-a. It is perform'd in young Shoots, while the Sap is fluent, or in Shoots of the laft Growth, when the Sap is be- ginning to flow vigoroufly ; we then place Two Plants together, and paring off the Bark from one Side of a Branch of each of them, we ap- ply the wounded parts to one another, and tye them to.^ether with Bals ^ and if they are tender fliooting Plants, they vvillloon unite in their Woods, and n^ay be cut off in Three or Fo-U' AJonths : And when Plants are very different in their Nature, as the Fig and the Mulberry, or the Vine and the Pafllon-Tree, we may recon- cile them by this Mean?, as may be oblci v'd in %}i& Giiirden above-mention'd. As for the Me- I 3 thod [ ii8 ] thod ufed by die Ancients, of Ferebration, or bowing of Trees, it was no more than piercing thro' the Bark, and then preding the Inftrument downwards, between the Wood and the Bark, they made Room enough to receive the Foot of the CionTwo or Three Inches, by which Way the Cion was fed, and llruck Root in the Tree ; but the Foot, or Bottom Part of the Cion, muft be pruu'd a little, fo as to make it terminate in a Point, and when it is fix'd we muft dole the Orifice with Grafting-wax. This is now out of Pradice among the Gardeners, but I find it of good Ufc, efpecially in difficult Cafes : The Time I have try'd it with Succefs, was when the Bark would flip eafily. Thus I have gone thro' the Bufinels I propos'd in this Dilcourle, and I ihall conclude with ob- serving, that a curious Man, in this Way, may employ himfelf every Month in the Year, either in the Experiment of encreafing Plants by Cut- tings, Layers, &c. or in improving them by Grafting, c^c. I mean, if the Winter is not too fevere to ihut him out of the Earth. Dis- [ 119] Discourse VII. The Manner of making Plan- TATioNSj either for Pleafure or Profit. N a former Dircoiirfe, 1 have hint- ed at (everal neceflary Confidera- tions, when we are to make Plan- ^1 tations of Trees, viz,, that the bcft iJeafon to remove or tranlp!ant Trees is in the Slimmer, while they may have an immediate Opportunity of ftriking Root, ha the next 1 4 Place, [ I30 "J Place, that It is improper to cut off the Head of a Tree when we plant it, becaule the Juices while the Head is on, have a greater Power of afting upon, and aiTifting the wounded Root j for while the Brandies are on the Tree, the Circulation is better maintain'd than when they are taken off, for the Branches will imbibe a Moiilure from the Air and Dews, and while the Branches and Leaves I mention can have the leaft Share of Action, the whole Body, upon which they de- pend, mull be in Action to fix the Earth clofe about the Roots of a Tree, when we transplant it, and let as little Air as poilible come aX the Root in the removing it from one Place to ano- ther, for the Air dries and ihrinks the Roots, fo that they are a long Time before they can re- cover. I have alio touched upon the Necelfity of plaiftering the Wounds of the great Roots, if any of them have been cut, with Mixtures of Gums, fo that the Air and the Wet may be kept from having any Communication with the Sap-VelTels, which would either Ihrink them or rot theni : Befldes, when thefe VelTcls are llopt, the Juices in the Body of the Tree are more ca- pable of perfprming their Circulation regularly, in4, of difpenfing their Noiirilhipent to thole Buds C 121] Buds which are to a£l as Roots, which, with the Cautions abovemention'd, will do their Duty im- mediately, as they are already acquainted with their Office, while the Buds of Cuttings, or Lay-, ers from Trees, which had already been prepar'd for a8:ing above Ground, would be tedious in reconciling themlelves to the Change of making Roots. But it is neceflary, that I lay down Ibme ge- neral Rules for the preparing of the Mixtures of Gums to be uled as Plaifters to the Wounds of Trees, that they may ferve to nouriih the Plants as well as heal their Wounds. I have already mention'd the Benefit which Cuttings, and even Leaves of Plants receive from Mixtures of Gums in general ; but to be particular, one may rea- fbnably fiippofe, that fiich Gums as comes near- eft to the Juice of any Plant we are to iile th^ra to, will be more helpful to f;ich a Plant thaq Gums which are of a different Kature. Let us then confider, we have Pitch, Rozin, Turpen- tine, Gums of Plumbs, Cherries, Crc to which one may add Bees-wax, which is gather'd from the finer Parts of Flowers, without Difi:in£l:ion, which is alio a Sort of Gum. From thefe, o;ae may. may, I Hippofe, prepare fuch Coiripofitiohs as might agree with the Temper of any Plant, elpecially if we take in to our AiTiftance aiiy Juices or Infulion, Decoftion or Digeftion of Animal Parts, llich as Tallow, of fiich as may be incorporated with Gums. ' So, for Example, if we are to prepare a Mix- ture for Firs, Pines, Pinafters, and llich like Turpentine, may have the greater Share in the Preparation •, but with this we may put Bees- wax, and a Imall Share of Tallow, in fuch Qiian- ticies, as that the Tenacity of the Turpentine may not be loft *, but if we ihall happen by Ac- . cident to have put too much Tallow, we may then have Recourfe to Rofin, which, in a fmail Quantity, will bind the Parts of the Mixture. In preparing liich Mixtures, we niuft provide a clean Pipkin, well glazM, into which we fhould iirft put our fbfteft Ingredients, and by Degrees as they melt, break in the others, keeping them all flirring together^ 'till they are incorporated as much as poiliblc. We muft alio, while this Mixture is gently fimmering, let it on Fire, to let it burn Tw^o or Three Minutes : TJiis Burn- ing [ 1^3 ] ing will help to mix the Parts of the Mixture, and to eonlume the more Earthy or heavy Parts. We put out this Flame by covering the Pipkin with a Trencher, and we may renew it Four or Five Times ^ but as the making of this Prepui a- tion is Ibmewhat dangerous in a Houfe, it is beft to be done Abroad, where we may make it ^ith Safety. In the preparing of Mixtures for Trees of Other Kinds, we may ufe the AJhes of them in- fiis'd in Oil, and then mixing a foall Qiiantiiy of the Gil with Bees-wax, fome Turpentine, and a Proportion of Rofin, to bind the Parts, we fhallhave a Mixture to our Mind : Or for grolTer Plants, flich as Elms, and iiich like, I have ufed Pitch inllead of Turpentine with good Succels j for I find both Turpsntinc and Pitch are good general Gums for almcil any plants 3 but Turpentine, efpecially, is helpful to any Plant, as well as its own -^ and Bees-wax ought to be in every Mixture of this Kind, for the Reafon beforemention'd. When we ufe thefe Preparations, let them be melted, and when they are Blopd-wami, apply them C iH ] tbem with a Brnfh to the wounded Parts, cither of the great Roots or Branches, after we have fmooth'd them well with a fliarp Knife. This Operation ihould not be ncglefted a Minute, if . poifible, after aay great Part of a Tree is cut 9ff. In the next Place, I come to Ipeak of the tranl^ planting large Trees in Summer, which advan- tageous Dilcovery is owing to Mr. Secretary Jqhnfloun at Twittcnham, which Gentleman now has many Experiments of this Kipd in his Garr. den, viz.. of Trees of various Kinds planted in A fay, in June, in Jtdy, and in Augufl, which profpej: as well ag if they had not been rgr nioy'd, altho' they were very large at the Time of'tran(J3lanting. The Method is, to open the Trenches, or dig the Holes of a convenient big- neis, to receive as much Root of the Trees as poflible, and then to prepare a large Qiiantity of Earth well skreen'd, and made as fine as may be. We then iet about our Work in taking up the Trees with as many Roots as we can prelerve, plaiftering tht great Wounds as they happen to hp made : This freeing the Roots firom the Ground iliould be done as expeditioufly as pofli- ' bic, [1=5 3 bie, that the imaller Fibres may not dry, ahd tlien clearing the Roots from all the great Clots of Earth, convey it to the Pit or Trench wher4 it is to be replanted ^ firft having furnilh'd the Bottom of the Hole or Trench with a thin Mud made of the fine skreen'd Earth ahd Water, which miift be kept ftirring 'till the Root of the Tree is fet in it, and then immediately f)6ur iht6 the Hole or Trench as much Mud of the fame Sort as will fill up the Hole or Trench, which Mud triufl be ready prepar'd in large Tubs, arid kept flirring 'till we ule it : We mufl then, by Imall Parcels, fprinlde fbme of the fine skreen'd . Mould upon the Mudj daitirig it every how and then with Water, to fettle it, and fo continue this Work 'till the Mud in the Trench is well thicken'd. Our Trees, thus planted, muft be well fecur'd with Stakes, as thofe planted at other Seaifbns, and when this is done, throw on fome of the skreen'd or fifted Mould over the Surface, to prevent the Muddy Part from cracking, and letting in the Air to any of the Roots, which k will be apt to do in a Day's Time, as the Mol- flure of the Mud finks away. the I ia6 ] The fecond Day after jilantlng, we Jhoitld carefully ftir the Surface as well an Inch deep of the fettled Mud, as the other dry Mould upon it, arid daih the whole well with Water, to fill the Cracks, if there are any ^ and we may de- pend upon the Welfare of the Plant : But we muft be lure to oblerve what I have faid before, concerning the planting in Clay Grounds ^ we inuft not dig into the Clay, but raile the Surface. A Tree thus order'd may be prun'd, or have lome of its Boughs thin'd. Three Weeks after planting. I fwe did that Work at Midfiimmerj which is the beft Time of planting, we muft ob- lerve alfo, that after the fecond Day's Work is over, of ftirring the Surface of the new planted Ground, we muft lay Ibme Fern, or fuch like, upon that Surface, and there will be no NecelTity of watering fuch Trees afterward, unlefs the Earth be very light. We muft alfb be careful to apply fome of the Mixtures of Gums to the Wounds of fuch great Branches as We may cut off when we come to prune fuch Trees, and in the lopping of the great Branches, cut them clean to the Stem of the Tree ^ for if we leave any Stumps, they will make unprofitable Shoots, and [ 127 ] aiid rob the other Branches. After this Manner^. I haye liynowrn Elms, Limes, Chefiiuts, Oaksj Ilex, Firrs, Pines, Peaches, Apricocks, Keda- rines. Cherries, Phimbs, Vines, Goofeberriesj Currans, and almoft every Kind of Fruit-Trees, planted with Fruit upon them, which Fruit, for tlie moft Part, has ripen'd well, and the little Check, which the Trees received from this Re- ^jtioval, has brought them into a better State of bearing than they were in before. In my former Dilcourle, concerning the Circu- lation of Sap in Plants, I have given my Reafon why we ought not to take off the Head of a Tree when we tranfplant it, as the Gardeners do in all great Plantations : And befides what I have there oblerv'd, I may add, that the Timber will be Ipoil'd by it, for as it is the Stem of die Tree which is to produce the valuable Timber, fo if we cut off the Top of that Stem, the re- maining Part will be ilibje£t to rot at the Heart, and the Tree, if it grows, will be little better than Pollard. The Gardeners, however, when they plant Wall-Fruit-Trees, always leave their Tops on, 'till they have ftruck Root, and few of the Trees fo order'd fail to grpw well, therefore it It is iiirprizirig to find them a£t fo contrary tb this Praftice in planting other Trees, when it is plain that the Principles of Vegetation are the lame in every Tree. With the Method directed above for Summer- planting, I have rembv'd Peach-Trees, after they' have been trained againft Walls Six Years, and they have prolperM very well j and confidering the Time this Way of planting will gain in ma- king a Fruit-Garden or an Orchard, or a good Shade about an Houle, fo as immediately to an- fwer their Defigns ^ I litppofe that a little ex- traordinary Expence will not be regarded by thofe who truly confider what Tiine is. In the tranfplanting of Fruit-Trees of this Handing, t have found that the conveying them from one Place to another has been the greateft Difficulty, elpecially if the Places have been many Miles afunder. Jn this Cafe, I have provided large Tubs, litch as Pipes cut in Two j in one of which one might well enough put the Roots of Five or Six of thefe Wall-Trees, after having taken all the Clods of Earth from them, and then pour into them as much thin Mud as will cover their Roots, and lay Ibme Straw over C 12^ ], over the Top of it. In the mean Time, the Trees, with their Branches and Fruit, mull be lb ieaired as not to fall out ofthele Tubs, nor to be ftrain'd or torn by the Motion of the Waggon-, by this means we may bring them lafe to their new Station, and then preparing the Holesj or Trenches, as before, take them out of the Tubs for planting One by One, as we want them. In the Carriage of finall Plants of Curiofityj I have ufed Bladders hli'd with thittj Mud, prepared as before j and have kept JPIants in that Manner a Fortnight^ vv^ithout in- juring them ^ or we may convey fmall Trees lalely thro' a three Weeks Travel, with laying their Roots in frefh Cow-dung; But it is ncJcelTziry likewile, that we con- lider how great Plantations may be made to the beft Advantage^ with the lifnalleft Expence. It is certain, that there is no better or cheaper Way of railing Woods than by fovvirig the Maft or Nutts of Timber-trees, where they are al- ways to remain j but if we coilie to make Plantations, let us chole linall Plants^ of a Yard or Six Foot in free Shoot, rather than large Plants^ for in all my Experience, I find tht K Plants [ 130 1 plants, of Three Foot, will, in Five or Six Vears, be taller, and more vigorous, than flich Trees as are planted at the fame Time in the com- mon Way, of Fifteen or Sixteen Foot high. It is to be obferved as a general Rule, that in light Soils, if we follow the uflial Seafons of planting, it is befl to plant in Autumn, and in heary Soils in the Spring. What I mean by Autumn is, from the lafl Week of September inclulive, to the fecond Week in OMer ^ and by the Spring, from the Beginning of February, till the lafl Week in that Month j and, whether itiQ Earth be light or heavy, it mufl be skreen'd or fifted in the Holes where we plant the Trees, if we expeO: our Labours to be crown'd witli Succefs J and immediatly after planting e- very Tree, give the Ground, where it is plant- ed, fiich a Watering, as may fettle the Earth clofe about its Roots; i alfo lay it down as a Maxim, that in the planting of Grafted or Budded Trees, we muf^ not bury the Tree fb high as the Bud or Graft, for the Moifture of the Earth will rot the Foun- dation of it j and in tranfplanting of Trees, which which are neither budded or grafted, we muft Hot left them be planted deeper than they were before. In the planting of Trees againft Walls, we muft take Care, that we do not plant the Bottom of the Stem nearer the Wall than fix Inches, for, by planting it clofer to the Wall, the Roots are fiibje^l to canker, and infe^ the Branches. K % Dii i 13^ ] Discourse VIII. Rules for Pruning of Wall- Trees, Dwarfs, and fuch others, as are fubjeft to the Knife. S every Tree was • naturally deflgned to remain always in the lame Station, when its Seed was lirft bury'd, and where it firft began its Ve- getation j 16 in Nature there is no Defign of Pruning ^ but fmce by Art, Trees of any Kind may be removed froni one place to another^ and muft neceflarily loole Ibme of th^ir Roots by [133] by fucli Removal, to confequently Pruning be- comes necefTary, that we may keep a juft Bal- lance between the Roots and the Branches ^ for when a Tree looles any of its Roots, fome of the Branches, if not all of them, muft, on Courle, be influenced by the Lofs of Hich Roots, that is, the Stock, upon which ihch Branches grow, will not be able to receive Nourifhement enough to Support all the Branches, as it did before it loft fome qf its Roots ^ And there- fore, when we find fiich a Tree has began to make new Roots, it is then neceiTary to take as many Branches out of the Head as may be neceifary to counter-ballance the loft Roots, that the young Ones, which are now begin- ing to ihoot, may draw in Supply enough to nourifli the Buds which are to ihoot in th© Head, for 1 have obierved before, that Roots of every Plant, muft dhoot before the Buds or Branches, in Order to get Nouriihment before- hand, to feed the Head of the Plant. In Tim- ber-trees, we muft always Prune off the Wea- keft Branches, but in Fruit-trees, the contrary is pra^liied. However, where Pruning can be avoided, the Tree will fare much better with- oxit it j and eipecially fince the Ule of the K 3 Knile > C H\ 3 Knife is fo little underftood, I efteem it the moft dangerous Inftrument that can come into a Garden j for, I am perfwaded, that Three Fourths of the Wall -Fruit in England, is loft every Year by the Knife oply ^ lo few have we among thole who profels Gardening, that know any thing of the Matter. put however, the Knife may be well under- ilood by a few, yet there are common Inftan- ces to prove, that a Tree will prolper better, and bear more Fruit without Pruning than with it ^ Witnefs all Standard-trees in Orchards, that have been planted very young without Graft- ing -J luch as we may frequently meet with in Dcvonjhire. And alio the Peach-trees, which are rais'd firom the Nutt pr Stone in America^ or in Italy, and the South of France : Thole Trees bear plentifully, and are not apt to can- ker, as thele are which are fiibject to the Knife. Likewife it is oblervable, that Standards either of Pears, or Cherries, or Plums, &c. which have been Grafted or Budded, and carefully re- moved, will prolper well, and bear Plenty of Fruit, without any Pruning at all j lo in Stand- ards [ '35 ] ard-trees, that have been well managed at firfl. Pruning does not appear to be at all necef- fary. . But let us now enquire into the Realbn for pruning of Wall-trees: In Order to which, we mufl conlider, that all the Trees, which we plant againlT: Walls, are thus ilation'd, becaufc they are Hich as are Katives of the warmer Climates, and therefore require the Afliftance of a Wall to defend them againft the Severity of our Winter Storms, and alfo to receive fuch a Warmth from the Wall in the Summer, as may expediate the Ripening of their Fruit ^ for a W^all, heated by a few Hours of the Summer Sun, will remain with a Warmth in it a long time after the Sun has left it , and the Shoots of our Wall'd-trees being naifd to it, will be advantaged by that Warmth, fo as to find little Difference between the Warmth of the Wall, and tliat of its own Climate. Again, the nailing of thefe Trees dole to the Wall, lecures their Shoots, and Branches from being bruiled by Winds or Hurricanes. Thus we fee the Ocfafion of planting Trees againft Walls, and the Advantages we receive from it, is, that our Frviic-^t [ '36] pruits, againll our bell expoled Walls, will ripen near a Month Iboner than thofe growing upon Standards : If we fhould happen to have any Standards of the fame Ibrt, fb that befides the planting of Fruit-trees againft Walls, as ablb- lutely require them, it is thought advifeable tq plant others, in Order to bring them earlier tlian ufual to the Table. In this Ca^e it is iieceiTary to confider firft , that our Trees have their Branches Ipread in good Order, and that the Branches, which we lay to die Wall, be fuch as will bring Fruit : Alio we muft have Regard to the Kumber of Branches which we lay to the Wall, that we may leave Room enough for thole Shoots which will be made the Summer following •, and again, that we allow no Branches to lie a crols one another, nor llrain in any ^raneii, which happen to Ihoot forward in a Tree ^ thele are general Rules : And as to Particulars, we ihall begin with the Peach, and direct the Manner of Pruning it. In this, we are to obferve, that the Fruit-bearing Branches are thofe of the. lall Year, and no others. Thei Irnalleil Shoots, vy.l^ich have finilh'd their Growth the hift Midfiimmer, are thofe which will bear, and the larger Shoots will be unfruitful fpr. this [137] this Year •, but if we want to fill a Vacancy^ they will be of Ufe, by producing Bearing- Shoots for the following Year. Of the final), or Bearing-Shoots, we muft prelerve thole which will bsft come to the Wall, and may prune off their Tops, provided we leave Two or Three Leaf-Buds beyond the BlofTom-Buds, otherwifc the BloiTomSjtho' they may fet or knit for Fniit, will drop, and difappoint us. In the leaving of large Shoots, to fill Vacancies, we muft have Regard to their Strength when we Prune or Top them, viz., if they are a Yard long, and as thick a? one's little Finger at the Bottom, wc may leave them full Two Foot long j confide^ ring what I have remark'd before, that every Shoot is a Plant growing upon a Tree ^ and the more the Buds we leave, fo the Branches ' they make, will be lefs nourifh'd, and lefs vi- gorous, than if we were to "teave only a few : ' and, as I have mentioned above, 'tis the final- ler Shoots, in this Cafe, will bear Fruit at this Time of pruning, which is the Spring-prun- ing, and muft be perform'd when the levere XVeather is over. We muft be careful to ait cut all the dead or canker 'd Wood, and then nail tvery Branch in ics proper Place, rather with Li^ L'ft of Woollen Cloath, than Leatlicr ^ becaiile Leatlier, after it has been wet, grows hard, and is apt to bind too clofe about the tender Shoots, and occalion them to canker. Again, aboufe , Midiiimmer, when the Sunlmer-Shoot is com- pleated, we muffc lay up to the Wall, as many of the new Shoots as we can conveniently, in Order to be adjufted the Spring following. At this Time, we muft cut off all the llragling Shoots, which do not grow naturally, to be lay'd to the Wall j obferving to ait them cloie to the Stem, which they fpring from ; and, as it is in Peaches, fo it is alfo in Ncftarines, ne- 1 ceiTary to obferve the Direftious above , for the Manner of their Growing ^nd Bearing is the fame •, nor is the Pruning of the Apricock very different, only the Apricock is more apt to ramp, or ihoot into great Wood, than the Peach, or Nectarine, and is not to fiibjefl: to canker. When we find our Apricock fb, di(^ DOs'd, we mull bind dovm fome of its larger Shoots Horizontally to the Wall, ihortening them a little, and the Jamary following, wc iflity open the Ground about it, and cut off a great Root or Two, which will prevent its Vi- gour for the future, and difpofc if for Fmit- beariog. [ 139 3 bearing. In all thefe Primings, yve mnft Ipread Our Branches as Horizontally as we can, by which Means, the Bottom of our Wall will be fill'd, which too generally is left naked and ulelefs. The Pruning ofPlunabs againft Walls muft likewife be the lame with the Apricock^ for thele, as well as the Apricock, Peach, and Ncftarine, bring their Fruits upon the Shoots of the laft Summer j but we mufl: obferve, among the great Varieties of Plumbs that fbme will ihoot more vigoroufly than others, and there will be a confiderable Difiercnce between the Subftancc of the Bearing-Shoots of one Ibrt^ and thole of another : However they v/iii al- ways be known, by being the leaft Shoots of the Tree they grow upon, and for the others, which are Shoots for Wood, they muli, if we want them, be top't, in proportion to their Length and Subftance, as I laid before j a.nd it .is necelTary fometimes to leave, one of thele ' entire without pruning, to carry off the too. great Luxuriance of a Tre?. The other Stone- Fruit, which I ihall have Occalion to men- tion, is the Cherry, which alio brings its Fruit upon the Shoots of the laft Year, io that we. muft be tender how vre cut off tliole Shoots, efpe- [ Ho ] clpeclally of the y^^-Cherry and the Morello : Some Cherries are apt to bring their BIo/Tom- buds in Clufters, which one may always difco- ver at Midliimmer, but none of thele love the Knife. We muft obferve in their Pruning, to leave their Summer-fhoot as perfe£l as poifible; for all that is necelTary to take from them is the ylutumn-ihoot, for they do Harm, in expen- ding the Juices of the Tree to no Purpofe. There is one Remark which we may make wpon the Fniits before-mention'd, v/hich is, that the Fruit-buds ftand clofer together tJian the Leaf-Buds^ and I have faid in another Diicourle, are more turgid. But before I leave the Cherry, I am to take Notice, that 'tis the common Practife to top the Shoots when we lay them to the Wall ^ lb that we may ob- jterve, there is little Difierence in the Manage- ment of the feveral Sorts of Stone-fruit, which are thofe chiefly, which are cultivated againll Walls : the Peaches, Ne£larlnes, and Apricocks, againft fuch Walls as are exposM to the South Sun ^ the Plumbs and Cherries to the Weft and Eaft Afpe^ts ^ and alfo to thele Alpefts lome of the raoft fbrv^ard Peiiches may be coipos'd. It [ 141 ] It remains now, that I ihould prefcribe the Method of Pruning Pears againft Walls, for Sometimes it is thought neceflary to give them that Ailiftance becaufe fbme Sorts of them will not bring their Fruit to Maturity without ilich Help, but I cannot joyn with the common Practice of Planting Pears, which are hard to ripen againft Walls •, which are expoled to a KorthAlpeft, where they are more out of the Suns way, than if they were in Elpaliers, or in the open Ground, it is much more ratio- nal if they are fiich as want extraordinary Heat, to Plant them againft what we call a South Wall ^ that is, fuch a Wail as lyes expos'd to the South Sun, here they will have an Opor- tunity of ripening their Juices. But to be bury''d in Shade will only make their Fruit lager and their Juices harih : But let us confider what general Rules may be laid down for the Pni« ning of Pears ^ of this Fruit, I muft remark, as I have done before of the Stone Fruit, that we ihall find fbme Sorts will always be more Luxuriant than others, or more inclining to Run into great Wood, fome will make Shoots in a Swmmer above an EU long and near an Inch, [ H^ 3 Inch Diameter, at the Bottom of the Shoot, others will not produce Shoots of half the Strength, and in thefe the finaller Branches will fboneft bear Fruit, but the others are not to be defpiied, for a little time will inake them fruitflil J that is, that they will produce Fruit Branches without Pruning 5 as is evident in Standard-trees, it is to be confider'd princi- pally, in thefe forts of Fruit-trees, that Ibme Sorts will produce Fruit upon the Shoots of the lafi: Summer, even to the very tops of their Branches, other Sorts there are, which bring their Fruit upon the Shoots of two Summers, and fbme which only brings Fruit upon the Shoots of three Summers. This Difference hap- pens from the Juices of one Sort, that are more ealily digefted than others, thofe which are digefted the Iboneft bear Fruit the Iboneft ^ of thele Sorts we ought to have, at Pruning- time, as many Shoots as may be convenient to fill the Wall ealily, (6 as to leave Room for the ProduO: of the Summer, and cut all the reft away dole to the Stem. In thole other kinds, which bear upon the fecond Summer s Wood^ we mull be careful in the ordering our Branches: [H3 3 Branches, fb as to kt our Tree confift of im- mediate bearing Branches one half, and of fach as will come to bearing the following Year ano- ther half ^ ib we may expeS: a good Share of Fruit every Year, and in the Priming of thofe Trees, which bear upon the Wood of three Sunmiers, let there only appear at one time a third part of tlie Tree for immediate bearings one third for the Summer following, and ano-> ther for the Summ.er after that, obferving to take away that Wood which has bon"! FruiC every Year at Pruning-time, which may be any time in the Winter, but beft in Ncvcmher. By this means we fhall always have our Trees in a bearing fbate, and they will not lie under the Imputation of being bad iBearers, w^ich is the general Excule of bad Pruners. The bearing Buds of all Pears made 2it-Midfufnmcr^ afid they are then very .eafily diftrnguiihcd, becaiffe thtf are three times as large as the Leaf-Bud?*,' and very thick and ihort, fornewhat of the Figures of a Boys Top : And upon thole, which fhould remain for another Year, wc fhalJ fiiid at Midfummer two Ihiall Leaves iit each Joint Thefe Rules are not only to be obiervcd in th^ [ 144 ] the Pruning of Pears againft WallSj but in the ordering of thole which are planted in Hedges or ElpalierSj for they mull be managM the fame way, except only if we find our Trees unruly or over hixurient^ it is proper in Elpa- liers, to let a lingle Branch in the middle of every Tree grow up witliout Pruning, and as it riles above the Efpalier let it make a flem of about two Foot, and then allow it to grow into a Head j from this way of Management the luperfluous Juices in the Hedge-part of the Tree will be drawn off, and the Branches in that part will come to bearing much Iboner than they would otherwile do ^ and, at the lame time, the great Demand of Nouriihment below will fo model the upright Branch that it will come to bearing alio. An Inftance of this is at Cambden-Kou^ at Kenjingtorj, where I made the Experiment ten Years ago, and I am inform'd by Ibmc Perfons of Quality, who are my Friends, that the Year, 1724, thole Trees where ^o full of good Fruit, that they had not leen any thing of the lame kind equal to them. t r ft [i45l It is upon thefe Rules that we ought to Prune all Pear-trees, either againft Walls or in Ef^ paliers, and the Difficulty is only, that in El^ paliers we muft keep them in a regular Form, and of a certain HeigJit j but as long as we can lay our Branches horizontally, we are free firom the other Inconveniency or Reftraint. Mr. John Warner^ a very ingenious Gentleman of Rotherhithy or Rcdrijf^ as it is calPd, has Ibmething like this in the Management of his Dwarf -trees, with great Succefs : When he finds a Tree is inclinable to run into Wood, he leaves the moft fturdy Branch, which he can find in the Middle of the Tree, to run up, and carry off the undigeiled Juices j thefe he, very properly, calls the Wafte-pipes. And this Method, with his judicious Rule of Keeping always his Trees full of young Wood, brings him fo great a Qiiantity of Fruit, as is adjni- rable ^ but if we do not follow this Praftice in our Dwarfs, or Elpaliers, (and we cannot well do it on our Walls) and the Trees are yet too luxuriant, cut off Ibme of their great Roots in ^amary^ and it will bring the Trees into L a [ H6 1 a better State of Bearing. We miift obferve, that tho* Standard-trees, without pruning, bear more Fruit in Proportion than a Dwarf, or a Tree in Elpalier, yet the Fruit of the Two laft, as well as thofe of the Wall-trees, is generally larger •, the Reafbn is, becaule the Stock has not fo many Branches to feed in a Tree that is prun'd, as in a Standard ^ which agrees with what I have faid in a former Dilcourfe. 'Tis the Figure of a Dwarf-tree is generally more regarded by the Pruner, than the Fruit it ought to bear, which is the Rea- fbn it does not always produce Fruit : But take this as a Maxim, that in the Manage- ment of Dwarf-Pears, keep your Trees con- ftantly in young Wood j and be aflured, that all Branches, of more than Three Years old, are unprofitable, unlefs they be iiich as fuch Shoots Ipring from. As for the Management of Apples, they are the fame with that of Pears, but in Elpa- liers and Dwarfs j for I cannot find that our Walls need be troubled with them, and a 3SJorth-Wall , or a Wall with a North Afpd\, i.s [1+7 ] is in my Opinion, fit for nothing but flich early Sorts of Fruits as we have a Mind to retard in their ripening. There are ftill Vines and Figs, which arc to be conlider'd, but the Methods of Pruning them, I fhall treat of in the following Difcourfe^ relating to Kitchen-Gardens. L % Djs- [ h8 } Discourse IX. Of the Dilpofition of a K i t c h e n- Garden and the particular Management of Vines and Figs. Have thought it convenient to treat of the Management of Vines and Figs in this Dilcourle of the Kitchen-Garden, becaufe Vines and Figs ought, by no Means, to ac- company Peaches, or Nectarines, or other Wall-Fruit, for they are great Shooters, and the Drip of their Leaves docs Mifchief to other .W4^ [ H9 ] Wall -trees, fo that where they arc planted to- gether, one mull either be obliged to keep our Vine under by Piiining, and lofe half the Fruit it would produce, or elle to give it Li- berty, and lole our Peaches. The Vine is very different, in the Manner of its Growth, from other Wall-Fruits, and ib its Manner of Pruning is alfb as different. I have, in a former Dilcourfe mention'd the ieveral Ways of increaling of Vines, fo that it will be needlefs to repeat it "in this Place ; I '^ ihall proceed, therefore to lay down the propei? Rules for Pruning them. We are to know, that, all Vines bring their Fruit upon the Shoots of the fame Summer, and thofe Bearing-Shoots are always produced from the young Wood of the lall Summer, /. e. the Shoots which will be made in May, 1727, will bring their Fruit upon them, and thofe new Shoots wili always fpring from the Shoots made in the preceding Year, 1725, fo that old Wood is of no Ufe in a Vine, unlefs it be in the Cafe where we have a Mind to cover a high Wall : In that many Sorts of Vines, which we have? 1-3 i^ [ I50 ] in Frigland, we find various Manners of Ihoot- ing, fome will make Shoots of Twelve Foot long in a Summer, and others will not Shoot above Three or Four Foot : We generally find the largeft Shoots about Three Qiiarters of an Inch Diameter, towards the Bottom, and the Imaller Shoots, about the Thicknefs of a large Goofe-Quill. In the larger Shoots, the Joints, or Internodes between the Buds, are fometimes 8 or 9, or 10 Inches long ^ but to- wards the Bottom of Hicli Branches, the Buds iland much clofer together : Thefe which ftand tht clofeft together are fruitful Buds, but fiich as have long Joints between them, are not fruitful j and in thole Trees which are the linalleffc Shooters, the Joints between the Buds are :fliorter in Proportion, as well thofe which are between the unprofitable Buds, as thofe between the fnutful Buds : But this will be better explained by the Figure, as well as the Manner of Pruning, whereby we fhall find the Keceflity of leaving the larger Shoots fometimes. above a Yard long, or a Yard and half, when the Irnaller Shoots may not be left above half a ypd-d. We iliall alfb find there, how to to avoid Confufion in Pruning, and by One Example be led into the Method of Pruning all forts of Vines. I come next to confider the Fig, which is a Fniit, in my Efleem, of good Value, elpe- cially Ibnie of the beft Sorts, as the Vardone, the Brugiotti^ and Ibme others, which I have got from Italy i all of this Sort of Fruit, are apt to flioot with great Vigour, and prefently come into great Wood, if we have not a due Regard to prune them j in which Operation we muft have Regard to cut off fuch Bran- ches as are neceiTary in warm Weather, for wounding them in Winter, Ipoils the Tree. When the young Shoots of this Tiee begins to harden into Wood, we may exped them to knot for Fruit, but as the Fruit grows large, fb will the Top-Bud of the fame Shoot fprout forward very vigoroufly, and if vv'e fiiffer it to grow to any confiderable Length without nipping off the Top-Bud, our Fruit, however vigorous it may feem to be, will be fiibje^t to drop off before it is ripe. In the (loping of the young Sprouts, at the Ends gif L 4 the [ 15^ 1 the Bearing-Shoots, we may leave Four or Five Buds upon the green Wood of each of them *, and the Conlequence will be, that the Fruit will ripen well, and the green Wood, inllead of putting out ylutumn-'P ruky will put out as many Shoots as we left Buds upon the y9ung green Shoots that we prunM. Thefe lait Shoots will be ihort jointed, and bring Fruit the May following in great Abundance. We ihall find the nipping of thefe Buds neceflary about June, and 'till the Middle of July, but not later. When we nip off the Tops of thefe Shoots, there will flow a great Qiiantity of JVIilk from them, which may make fome be- lieve the Tree will be injur'd by this Expence of Sap •, but there's no Danger, thele Wounds will heal irj a few Minutes, and we fhall be Hire of Fruit. Some few of the lateft Sort of Figs may be nail'd againfl South Walls J but, for the moft Part, Figs will be befl: in Dwarfs or Standards. 1 have try'd above ^ Dozen Sorts without Walls, and they ripen very well j and, Ibmetimes, will ripen Two Crops of Fruit in a Summer. They love a very dry, rocky, or floncy Soil, as well as the [15? ] the Vine. We may propagate one Sort upon another, by approching, the Manner of doing which , I have let down in a former Dif. courle. But I come now to Ipeak of a Kitchen- Garden, and of the Manner of difpofing it tp the befl Advantage. A Kitchen-Garden ought chiefly to be the Place where we cultivate our choiceft Fruits, as well as Herbs and Roots, for the Ufe of the Table ^ it Ihould, if poflible, be WalPd about for the Sake of the tender Fruits, which we ought to cultivate there as well as for Security. This Garden ought, particularly, to be well expofed to the rifing Sun, and the South-Sun, to give the Contents of it the ' greater Perfe£Hon, and bring them to a due Maturity. Here we ought alfo to have the Command of Water, and there fliould be an ealy Connection between this and the Stable-r Yard, for the more eaiy bringing the Dung,, kor other Manure, and carrying out of Weeds, ^or other Incumbrances." The beffc Way for fiich a Garden to be diipofed, is to lay it in" [ 154] in large %iare Qiiarters, and to Fence in foch Qiiartcrs with Efpaliers of Fruit-trees, Hich as Pears, or Vines of the 'earlyeft rip Grapes, or Apricocks, or PUimbs ^ but thelb Fruits ihould not be mixt in one Walk, but let all the Pears be together, for the Sake of making the Walk all of One Face, and fo the others in the fame Manner ^ the Walks where I pro- pofe the Hedges or Efpaliers of Fruit, are thofe which ihould be the principal Walks for Plea- iiire j and when we have Fruit, to protefl: them, we fhall find no Lofs in allowing fiich a Diflance between the Hedges, as may prevent one Hedge from over-fhadowing the other y the Fruit of the Hedges will fiifficiently pay the Lofs of Ground in thefe Walks, and thefe are necelfary to keep a Correfpondence between one Qiiarter and another, befides the Pleaflire of them to Walk in, for a Walk lin'd with Fruit is none of the • mofl unplealant Sights. Particularly, we fhould contrive an eafy Cor- refpondence between one Part and another of pur Garden^ for when the PafTages of Commu- nication are not eafy, a Gardiner may lole Half his Time in going from one Place to another about his Bu(inefs, .which is tc)o much Lofs to [ 155 ] to the Mailer. For the fnine reafbn we iliould always contrive our Qiiarter for Hot-beds near the Stable- Yard, or fiich Place where the Litter for Hot-beds may be brought in Carts ^ for if this Spot happens to lie remote from fuch Places, the Dung muft be brought a loni; way in Barrows, to the Ipoiling of the Walks, and the extraordinary Expence of the Mens Time. The Place where thefe Hot-beds ought to be, fhould be fenced in well with Reeds, and be kept under Lock and Key by the Gardiner, that ^ none fhould have the Opportunity of loo'.ing into his Hot-beds but himfelf ^ for the lifting up a fingle Glafs, for half a Minute or lets, at an improper Seafbn, will deftroy his whole tender Crop, and befides he will then have no Body to blame but himfelf^ if any Milcariage happens. In this Place iliould be a Frame for Ripening Friiits artificially, if luch a thing is delired, and alio a Tool-Houle and a proper Place for drying of Seeds and Herbs, and prelerving of Fruit with Conveniences, if pol^ fible, for the Gardiner to re fide tJiat he may always be ready to liirvey his more Curious vWorksj and be in the way to defend his Trea- fitre of Fruit from Robbers, which iliould be con- [ 156 ] conftantly under his Care, if he be an Underftan- ding Man, that every Sort may be brought to Table in its proper Sea Ion j and not, as too frequently it happens, to fend a fine eating fruit to the Oven, becaufe they are lodg'd in liich Hands, where they are not underftood, and ofteij occafions either a Reflection to be caft upon the Kurlery-Man wlio proved the Trees, or the Gardener's Conduftjfor my own Part, I find it the beil way to have the Name of every Sort of Fruit that is planted in a Garden written at length upon a board, with the Seafbn of its Perfeftion ; and tliat Board placed over the Tree that every one may fee it : This Method will fiive the Lois of a great deal of Fruit in a Garden much fr-equented, m which Cafe it is too frequently praClifed, to gather harih unripe Fruit, and after the firft Taft to fling it away, and then in the firft Company decry the Fruit of the whole Gar- den, tho' perhaps it pofTefles the beft CoHeCli'. on in the World. As I have mention'd the leveral Sorts of Fruits which ought to be train'd againfl: Walls, and in Elpaliers, I come now to obl^rve that this [157] this is the Garden for Ralpberries, Goofeber- rles, Currans and Strawberries ^ the Ralpberries ihould be planted in Lines, a Foot a-fimder, and be free on each Side, the Strawberries in Lines upon Beds, at Ten Inches Dillance, and be every Spring ftnpt of their Runners -, or Goofe-berries and Currans may be planted at Four or Five Foot dillance, in fuch Places where there is no conllant Crop. There Ihould be, particularly, near the Kit- chen, Ibme Place planted with all Sorts of Sweet-herbs, as Rolemary, Lavender, Sage, Thyme, Sweet-Marjoram, Penny-Royal, &c. for extraordinary Ufe, when the Gardener docs nor happen to be in the Way. The other Parts are then to be dilpos'd either for the Leguminous Plants or Pulle, liich as Beans, Peafe, Kidney-beans, &c. or for the Olitary Herbs, as Cabbages, Colly-iiowers, Spinach, Alparagus, Coleworts, &c. and for Sallads, CrelTes, Chei-vil, Taragon, Lettice, Raddilh, Sellery, Endiff, Corn-Sallad, Fennel, 6^c. and of Roots, Carrots, Tar in ips, Beats, Turnips, Seor- [ rs8 ] Seorzonera, Sal fifie, Skir rets, Potatoes, Onions, Garlickj Efchalotts, Rocambole, Chives ^ And we may add Leeks as an Auxiliary : Thele make the Sum of a Kitchen-Garden. Now it is to be obferved, that Peafe and Beans have a very ihort Share of Life in the Year, they are Crops of Three Months, and then make Way for other s^ they are hardy enough, either to be fown in November or December, or may be fown in the Spring. The Beans v\^ill prolper in a heavy Soil, but the Pea-kinds rather chole a light Soil. The larger Sort of Peafe, fiich as the Dutch 'Admirals, Rouncevalls, and S^a- mjlj Morettos, muft have their Lines about Four Foot alimder, and be Hipported by Stakes, and the ieveral Kinds of Kidney-Beans, which are given to nm or twine, muft alfo be Itipported with Stakes, but there are fbme Sorts which we call Dwarfs which do not want Supports. Thefe Dwarfs have done their Bu- finefs of Bearing in 3 Weeks, or a Month ; but the twining Sorts of Kidney-Beans will bear Fruit many Months, and fbme of them, if they could be fhelter'd from our Weather^ would remain fruitflil for feveral Years. The Difference |i Difference that there will be in Beans that grow in light Ground and heavy Ground is, that the light Ground Beans will be fboner tough and old than the heavy Ground Beans. For fbwing or planting of Roots, we muft al- ways lay it down as a Rule, that tliey will be much fweeter in light Ground, than in heavy Ground, and be much larger, if tliey are of thole Sorts that run down deep in the Ground, for heavy Ground obftru^^ their Growtli. The Roots I have mcntion'd above, fiich as Car- rots, ParCiipes, Turnips, Skirrets, Scorzonera, Saliifie, Onions, and Leeks, muft be Ibwn in February. Skirrets, alfo, may be propogated hy dividing the Roots at that Time : The fmall Roots of Potatoes may likewife be then put into the Ground. Garlick, Efchallots, and FvO- combole, muft be put into the Ground in Ja- nuary, if the Weather be open, and Chives from that Time 'till May or June. Horfe-Raddiih, likewife, muft be increaled from Bits of Roots in fome of the Winter-Months, when the Leaves are off. The Carrots, Parfnips Tur- nips, Beats, and Onions, are Crops of a feiv Months, but Horfe-radi/h, Skerrets, Rocombole, and [ i^o ] and Chives, remain in the Ground a long Time j and Potatoes muft be carefully pickt out of the Ground, to get rid of them : As for Elchalots, they are to be taken up and dry'd, as fbon as their Green begins to decay. We muft Note, that Turnips are alfb to be £bwn the End of "July, for a Winter-Crop \ and alfo Carrots may then be fown, and fome Onions for the Winter. As for the Oletary Herbs, Hich as Cabbages, Colly -flowers. Savoys, Spinach, and Alparagus, we muft coniider them in their Order. Cab- bages and Colly-flowers may be Ibwn about the Middle of Ja/y, in Order to bring for- ward Plants in Perfection in May^ but the Colly-flowei*s Plants muft be flielter'd from the great Frofts of the Winter. We muft likewilc fovv thefe in February , to have Plants that will be fit for us at the End of the Sum- mer •, and alfb in ^pr//, we may low CoUi- flowers' to have them about Chriftmafs. All of thefe Cole-Rafe are great Lovers of Water, and are beft planted for Summer-Crops in moift Places. As for Spinach, it is an Herb, which, in the Spring, foon runs ib Iced, and then theh has an Earthy Tafte, but we fbw it at that Seafbilj becaufe we have no other boyling Herb but young Cabbage-plants, or Goleworts. In the Autumriy we alfb low it, becaule the Winter Weather reftrairis the Juices, and it is not fb much iiU'd with Earthy Parts ^ it theri has its true Talle, and a Crop of it will laft the whole Winter, for only the lingle Leaves of it fhould be then gather'd, . and the Plants will make new ones. In the railing of Alpa- ragus, the Time of fowing the Seed, is the Beginning of Mat^ch^ and when the Plants are one Year old, they Will be fit to plant cut : For this End, we mull prepare a frelh Piece of Ground, by Trenching it well, and, accord- iiig to the Gardener's Rule, bury about Eight Inches under the Surface, a good Qiiantlty of well-conlumed Horfe-Dung. We then mark out this Piece for planting about February , and is£ out Plants Ten Inches a-part in Lilies, al- lowing Four Lines for a Bed, and two Foot Space to be made iilto Alleys, the fecond Year after Planting •, for the firll Year we let the whole Piece lye Irnooth and even, and low Onions upon it : And the Third Year, we Hiall not fail of a good Crop, if our Plants Grow. M For [ l62 ] For we iKould not ait any till the third Spring ^ we mull obferve, in the ftiean time, to mark the Places with Sticks where any of the Alparagns-Plants happen to be deficient, that we may fupply the Defeats. We mull alfo take care to provide a rich Piece of Ground for Artichokes, which fhould be planted from Suckers in February or Beginning of Marchy at ' two Foot Diftance in Lines, and three Foot ipace between the Lines ^ this is a lafling Crop, but will now and than want a little recruiting with freih Plants in fome Places, where Plants happen to dye by too much Wet in the Winter , or extream Frofls. The Iweet Herbs which I have mention'd, liicli as Thyme, Rolemary, Lavender, Rhue, Sage, Hyfop, Pot-Marjoram, &c. they may all be rais'd fiom Slips or Cuttings, planted in Afrii or in Augufl -^ or wc may raife Hyltp, Rofemary and Thyme from Seeds fown in A^rllj biit by Cuttings is the quickeft way. But I am now to fpeak of Sallads, and the Management. The [ i63 3 The Lattice (firik) is of Various Soits, t^zz'* Imperial, SiUtia, Reman, Brown-Dtefch ^ all whidh Cabbage very well ^ we low tliefe thinly aittoti^ our Spring Crops, to Cabbage upDn the Spot ; and in Auguft and September we fow feme of the Brown-I>«fc^ Lettice, to be planted oiit for Cabbaging early in the Spring : We have allb what is call'd the Cols-Lettice ;, Which, as fbGfl as its Leaves are about ten Inches long. We ihould tie them together with BaG, in Orddr to Blanch or Whiten the middle Leaves. Let- tice is alio ufed in Winter, the linall Le.ivc.^ only. Sellery is another Herb proper for WJntcr- Sallads, and to be ftew'd or boyrd in Soups ; this is Ibwn in March and April, and wljen it has made four Leaves, it mull be planted out upon Beds of fine Earth ^ and about 'July we may dig Trenches to Plant it in, about ten inches deep^ laying the earth we taiie out of liich Trenches ori each fide, to fling into the Trenches at diftant times by Degrees, as the Plants ilioot to blanch them •, here the Plants; M 2 v\Ay [ IH ] ftiay be let 6 Inches afunder. 'Tis the keeping the Air from Plants which blanches them-, and muft be conftder'd when we have a Mind to blanch any Part. Radiilies are alfo neceflary for Sprii^-Sallads ; we ihould low them among our Spring Crops i^ February y in March, and in A^riL And alio about Michaelmas, to come early in the Spring. Remember that all Roots which Ihoot down- ward, love a light open Soil. Taragon is another Plant, which Ibme ufc in'Salladsj but it is very llrong, and not agree- able to every Taft j two or three Leaves is enough for a Sallad : This Plant is propagated by Slips from the Root in March. Charvile is rais'd from Seeds fovvn \n March, and again in Augufl for Winter "{J^q. CrelTes are generally ibwn in Lines upon the Natural Ground, from February till Novem- bcr J and then upon old Hot^Beds under Gla/Tes, to cut them in their firft Leaf ^ but we may have- Ibme CreiTes to Hand abroad in the Winter, Muftard I [ 165 ] Muftard and Rape, or Turnep and Radifh may alfo be Ibwn in the lame Manner, and muft be cut in the iirft Leaf. Corn-Sallad may be ibwn in March, and afterwards it will take Care to fbw it felf. Fennel myft be alio Ibwn in March, it will hH leveral Years ^ but dye to the Root every Year. Dill mull be fown like Fennel.- Sorrel ought alio to be rais'd from Seeds in March '^ and we ihould low Parfly then, and in yiugufl. As to what concerns the railing of Cucum- bers, Melons and Mulhrooms, I Ihall Ipeak of that in the Dilcourle that relates to Hot- Beds and artificial Heats. M 3 Dis- [ i66 1 Discourse X. Concerning the Difpofition of a F L O W E R-G A R D E N^ with foHie new Obfervations relating to the Improvement of Flowers and Exotic Plants. SFOR-E I enter upon' the particular Culture of Flowers, it will be neceiTary to fay fomething concerning the Dif^ y pofition of a Flower-Garden. The Piece of Ground, which we allot for this XJihj ought to be well ilielter'd from tempe- ftuous Winds, and yet enjoy the Sun ^ for tills .eiiid I prefer He%e3 of Hich Trees as lole their C 1^7 ] their Leaves in Winter, bccaule from the Fall of the Leaf to the Middle of yipril, they are naked, and do not hinder the Sun from in- fluencing the Ground; But as a Flower-Garden is generally a fmall Piece of Ground, fo if it was to be fenced with Walls, then would be eddy Winds which would help to blight and deflroy our Flowers. When I Ipeak of a Flo^ wer-Garden, I mean fiich a Spot tis is necef^ lary for our choiceft Flowers, and to try fiich Experiments in, as relate to their Improve- ment ^ this Garden therefore fliould be fenced from the publick Part of our Garden, that it may be fafe from indifcreet Hands, which do not know the Value of a good Flower, nor the Advantage which may arile by a good Ex- periment, This Piece of Ground iliould, if poffible, lie near the Green-houfe, becaufe it may Icrve to let our Exotic Plants in, after our princi- pal Show of Flowers is over : And befides, all our Rarities will be then together, and the Gardener will more readily take care of them, than if our Curiofities were flraggliiig in different Parts of the Garden. This Garden M 4 ought' [ 168 1 ought to be difpoled in Beds, for the Recep- tion of our fine Bulbous-Roots , and our Seedlings of Auriculas, Polyanthos, and the 'llj Seedlings of Bulbous-Flowers j the whole fhould confift of light Soil, even the Allies ihould be regarded as well as the Beds^ for a noifom Vapour coming from the Allies may vmder all Our Care in the Preperation of our Beds, if we are iituate upon a Clay, have regard to what I have mention'd in my Dilcourie concerning Soils, not to dig into it, but lay a good Qiiantity of light Soil upon it, as well where our Allies are to be, as where we delign our Borders j what I call a good Qiiantity is half a Yard thick, if it can be done, and the beft Part of it skreen'd j when this is done, I think Edgings of Box are preferable to Border-boards, for Box is continually increafmg in Value, while Border-boards are decaying. The Flower-Garden being thus in Order^ we are next to provide Boxes or Cafes of fcvcn or eight Inches deep, with Holes at theic Bottoms, thcfe are for railing fbme of the choiceft Seeds of Flowers : Such as thofe of Carnations, Auriculas, Renunculas, Anemonies, Polyanthos, Tulips, Hyacinths, Karci/Tus, and [ 169] and Rich like ^ for from the Seed is produced all the Variety we have of every Race of Flo- wers. It is a Remark I have made before, that where we have already Varieties of Flowers of the fame Tribe, flanding or growing together, we may expeft great Varieties from the Seeds of fuch Flowers, according to the Doctrine of the Generation of Plants, for the fbwing of the Seeds mentioned before, we mufi: provide different Sorts of Earth ^ for the Auriculas, Polyanthos, Renunculas, and Anemonies, we muft have rot- ted Willow-Earth, as we call it ; that is, llich Earth as we find the Heart of rotted Vl/illows, or, for want of that, the Bottom of an old Wood-Pile well lifted, will do. But we Ufe this only upon the Surface j for in the Bottoms of the Boxes we ufe frefh Sandy-Loam, if we can get it •, the Willow-Earth need not be quite an Inch thick, jufl enough for thefe Seeds to flrike their firfl: tender Roots in, and none of them mufl be cover'd more than the Thick- nefs of half a Crown j the old Method was, to lay the WilloW'Earth on very light, and after fbwing the Seed, to prefs the Earth and Seeds down clofe with a frnooth Board j and if we fovv them in the Spring, to give them frequP'*'t Waterinfis. and whf^n fh^ W^afer bpcr^'n*? [ I70 3 to grow warm, fet the Boxes in the Shade. It will happen ibmetimes, that the Auricula Seed and the Polyanthus Seed, nothithftanding this Care, will not come up the fame Seafon ; or, perhaps, but a few of them ; but the next Au- turmty or the Spring following, we may expe£l a good Crop, as I have oblerved. ' We may likewile low thefe Seeds in Sep ember ^ which I take to be the beft Way, becaufe they have the Advantage of a moift Sealon, to bring them up. But we muft defend them from the moil rigorous Frofts^ as for the Ranimculas, and the Seeds of Anemonies, they are very light, and fhould be fbwn fhallow in the lame Sort of Eaith in Seftember, rather than any other Sealon ^ tho' I have known them do well to be Ibwn in February. When we find thcfe Seedlings come up, we muft order them in the following Manner j the Auriculas and Polyan- thos mull be planted out on Beds of fine Earth about Midliimmer, and lliaded for Ibme time, as aJI new planted Flowers or Herbs ought to be •, and the Situation they delight in, is where they can Enjoy the Morning-Sun only. The Re- nunculas and Anemonies which we may rank among the dry Roots, Ihould rqnain in their Gales [ 171] Cafes till they Flower • and then we mufl mark thofe which are the moll delightflJ, and take their Roots out of the Ground as loon as the Flowers and Leaves are decay'd : When we have taken thele Roots up, it is proper to keep the Renunculas Roots in dry Sand ^ but the Sand mull be very dry, or the Root will rot ^ or, according to the common Method, keep them in Paper-bags in a dry Place : The Renunciilas and Anemonies will, for the moll Part, bloflbm the lame Year they come up, and Ibme the lecond Year, at which time we may expe^ Flowers from the Au- riailas and Polyanthes, and need not Icruple to remove fuch as we like bell into Pots, while they are in Flower. In the next Place, we mull provide Cafes for the Seeds of Tulips, Hyacinths, Tritti- laries, Narciifus, Bulbous Iris, Croais and other curious Bulbs. The Earth for thefe Ihould be very fine and light : and for the time of lowing the Seeds, it Ihould be as loon as they are ripe^ remembring the Rule I have laid down before, that all Seeds, in pro- portion to their Weight and Subllancc, muft I 172 ] be bury'd deeper or ihallower in the Earth ^ the Ughteft and weakeft of thefe will not bear to be cover 'd thicker than the eighth Part of an ^Inch, and the moft Subftantial of them not quite half an Inch. Thefe Seeds will come up the iirft Year, but we muft have a little pa- tience before they will come to Flower, as four or five Years, it may be j but then we are Hue of new Varieties, and our Labour will be well recompenced. When we have once begun to make fuch Seminaries, we ihould low of thefe Seeds every Year, to have a Succeffion of them ; and in the mean time we ihall be be amufed with our Seedling-Auriculas, Re- nunculas, Polyanthes, and Anemonies ^ belides the Varieties which "We may exped from Seed- ling-Carnations, which I /hall mention by and by -y but in thefe young Nurleries of Bulbs, we are to obferve, that the July after the Seeds arc come up, we Should plant them into other Cafes about an Inch and half afundcr, let them fland in fbme Place which is well expofed to the Sun, and where they may be ihelter'd from levere Frofts : The third Year, we may plant them in Beds about four Inches apart, and the year afiier that^ only take them up for a few Days Days, ifi hot dry Weather, in July • and wlicn a freih Bed is prepared for them, plant the Tulip-roots, NarcifTus, and Biilbous-Ii is fix Inches apart, and the Crocus four Inches ^ and let them iland to Flower. In the faving of the Seeds for thelc Seminarist the Seed mtifl: be perfeftly ripe and dry, when we gather it ; and if we fave it from fwch Plants as ftoad among a good ColleO:ion, we may expeft Va- riety enough from it, according to the Syfteni of the Generation of Plants. Samuel Trarrell, Efq y has had prodigious Succefs in his Un- dertakings of this Kind, in his Gardens at Poplar J elpecially. in railing of Tulips and Hya- cinths from Seeds : The Tulips particularly are remarkable, becauie he faved the Seed from one Sort of Tulip, call'd. The Triumph o^Ewopc, which has a particular Manner of flowering, vcr}' different from any others ^ but as this Flower flood among many other curious Tulips, 16 the Seedlings partake of them all, aiKl many of them out-do the very beft Tulips tint have yet appeared in the World ^ and his Hyacinths- iikcwifc are no lefs to be admired. The C 174 ] The Seeds of Carnations or Jully-FIowerg ought all to be laved from the bell variagated Flowers, which have ftood in a good Colle- ftion i The Earth to fow them in, Ihotild be fine landy Loam, well lifted, and the time of lowing Jhould be about the Beginning o^ May ; for if we fow them Iboner they will grow too much into hard Branches, inclining to be woody, and we Ihall hardly get any Layers from them the fecond Year, when they come to blow. We may low thele upon an open Bed, and plant them out the Augufi following, to Hand for flowering; the Beds we tranlplant them upon fhould be narrow, ^o as to hold only two Rows in each; letting the Plants Hand about a Foot afunder, for the better Convenience of making Layers offuch of them as happen to be worth Increafing. • The Cyclamens or Sow-beads, are only en- creafed by Seeds fown in Cales of line Earth, as loon as the Seeds are ripe. Having thus fct forth the Manner o^ raif ing our moll curiou^ Flowers from Seeds, 1 com: Earth, with a little Hook of Wood. Some- times we may do this Work in June^ and fbmetimes not till July, 'tis as the Layers are fit for it : When thefe have taken Root, which will be in fix or ihycn Weeks time, if we keep them water'd, take off the Layers, and plant tJiem in Ihiall Pots about four Inches over, in which we may let them remain till the Middle of February following^ and then turning them out, with the Earth about them, we muft plant them, but we mull take care to flielter them in levere Weather, in luch a Place where they may have Air enough. As fbon as thefe Plants begin to Ipindle for flowering, we muft let Sticks by every one of them, in order to lecure the Spindles from breaking by the Winds •, we tie thele gently to the Sticks, with Bals, and when their Buds appear, we take away all but two or three, that the BlolToms may be ftrong j one BloiTom upon a Stalk is enough, if we would have them larse. Having [ 179 3 Having now lay'd down proper Ryles for the Management of our choiceft Flowers, I fliall proceed to give Directions for the order- ing of thofe Flowers, which are calFd Viva- ceous i what I mean by vivaceous Flowers, are £ich, whofe Roots are conftantly laftiiig and increafing in tht Eaith, and which put forth Flower-ftems every Spring, which decay as ibon as^they have done Flowering ^ of thefe are tlie Peony, the Afters or Stanwort, and many others : The time -of increafing them is, while they are vacant of their Flower-ftems, and we may part their Roots fafely. This is a ge- neral Rule which lerves for all Flowers of this Kature. The fibrous-rooted Flowers, which are con- ftant above Ground ^ Hich as the Violet, &c. the beffc Time of tranlplanting or increafing them,is juft before they mate their Spripg-Shoot, or about September. The Stock-Gilly-Flowers, Wall-Flower?, and liich like, which will endure two or three N 2 Y^ar^ [i8o] Years only, muft be rais'd from Seeds fowrt in March ^ and we may alfo raile them by Cuttings in Jugufi^ or the Spring. It remains now that I fpeak of Annal-Flo- wers, which may be fown upon the natural Ground-, for the more tenderer Sorts, I have treat- ed of them in the Difcourie of Hot-beds and ar- tificial Heats. Thofe which I fhall mention here are the Lark-lpurs, Corn-bottles, Lobels, Calch-fly, Flos Adonis^ Poppies, Annal-Stocks, Candy-Tufts, Veni;s-Looking-GlaIs, Venus-Ka- vel-Wort, Lupines, Scarlet-Beans, Wing'd Peafe, Sweet-fcented Peale, and Hich like j we may low them all, but the four lafl, in March-^ and the other four will do better to be lown m A^ril. We muft be flire to Water evrey thing we tranfplant ^ very well, for a good Watering at that Time, fave a great many Waterings, And the beft Time of the Day to tranfplant ail Summer, is in the Aiternoon \ a little before the Sun is going down \ for the Dews of the Kight help the Plants. It is alio necelTary, if it can be done' conveniently, to ihade all Plants for three or four Days, after tranlplant- ing • I [ i8r ] \ now come to Ipeai: of Exotic-Plants : We mull firft confider every Exotic or Foreign PJant, is maiiitain'd by the fame Principles of Vegetation^ as the Plants of our own Country : We muft underftand likewile, that ail fuch Plants as are brought to us from Abroad, do not requii'e Shelter in the Winter j we muft jicarn the Countries they came from, and con- fider the Climates, in Order to give them fiich a Share of Heat or Cold with us, as they en- joy 'd when they were at Home. We iliould alio inform our felves of the Times when their Spring happens in every Country we receive Plants from. All which we eafily learn from the Name of the Country ^ for that being given, we have the Latitude in CoLirle from the Mapps, and then by finding out the Courle of the Sun, we know when that Country is the mofl influenced by the Sun, and may judge in what Degree flich a Country is heated by it. For the better Information of the Gardeners in thefc Particulars, I have publi^Vd a Table of Latitudes and Degrees of Heat, in my Monthly Works •, and have regulated Ther- JSI 3 mometer* [ i8. ] mometers accordingly, to aft with the niore certainty, when we apply any of our artifi- cial Heats to Plants ^ which Mr. John Fowler^ an excellent Mathematical Inftrumcnt-Maker, in SwithinS'AWy by the Boyal-Bxchangty has fo contrived, that all of his mab'ng are exa£l in their Motions one to another •, or, as one may lay, work together in true Proportions ; ib that thofe in Hot-Beds, Stoves, Green-houfes, or other Places, bear a juft Proportion to One ano* thcr, with regard to their different Degrees of Heat or Cold. It is nece/Tary however to know, that fifteen Degrees higher than his Degree of Heat, markM for the Ananas or Pine- Apple, is fuITicient to fupport Plants which are brought to us from under the Line, or ten Degrees Latitude on either Side of it. And I think it is impoffible to come nearer a cer- tainty, than by thisMethod j becaule we may always manar? our Fires fo, as to keep the Air in the Houle, within few Degrees more or lefs of the Point we aim at, as v/ill appear by the Spirits in the Thermometer. As for Plants which come from Places between ten Degrees, and two or three and twenty Degrees Latitude, [ 18^ "J Latitude, we muft keep the Air of our Con- servatory 16 warm, as that the Spirits in the Thermometer may rife to the Height where the Word Ananas is placed. The Plants which are brought from thofe Parts of the World, as lie between the Latitudes of twenty three and thirty fix, will require another Houle, where the Heats need not be fo great as the former ^ ^nd then a common Green-Houfe, which will only keep out Frofts, will be fufficient to pre- lerve fuch Plants in the Winter, as are Na^ tives of Countries lying between thirty fix and forty eight Degrees Latitude j and for all other Plants, growing in Latitudes from forty eight to the moft Northern Latitude, they will do beft abroad in our Climate ^ we ihould by no means give them Shelter in an Houfe, nor attempt to give them any artificial Warmth upon any account ^ for Warmth is quite con- trary to the Nature of fiich Plants, as are Na^ tives of the frozen Climates ; which I think necefiary to hint at, becaufe I have known fome ingenious Gardiners, who by applying artificial Heats to Plants brought from Hudfons Bay, have deftroy'd them. N 4 ■ With [ i8+ 1 With all die Plants which we receive from Abroad, we ought to have an Account of the Soil and Situation where they grew •, for it is re- markable, that there will be as much Diffe- rence between the Temper of the Air on the South Side of a Mountain and on the North Side, as one ihall find in fix or {even Degrees of Latitude upon a Plane. And again, we may remark that all Trees of the Firr-kind, or others of the like Sorts, which abound in Te- rebintine Juices, will bear to ftand abroad with US, tho' we find them naturally growing be- tween the Tropies ;, and as for the Soil, it is as necellary to be known, becaufe we find that {bme Plants are natural to Boggs, others to Rocks and llony Ground, and fbme which are Inhabitants of the Waters only ^ fb that if we were to attempt the Culture of fiich Plants in a contrary Manner from their natural Mode of Growth, we fliould certainly deftroy them. Upon the Foot of thefe general Remarks, the Culture of Exotic-Plants may be render 'd eafy and familiar, and without confidering them, our Labour muil always be uncertain. In [ '85 3 In Or^cr ilill to help us in our Defigns, with regard to the Culture of the moft tender Exotic-Plants, it will be neceffary that I lay down a few proper Rules to be oblerved in Building of Stoves and Green-Houfes, In all Edifices of this Kature, our firft Confideration ought to be the Situation ^ ib that the Front of our Building may receive the Benefit of the Sun, as much as pofTible in Wihter ^ it is there- fore we chule to lay our Front expofed to the South, or South- Eafl: ^ which laft I thinjc much the beft, becau(e our Houle then receives the Morning-Sun, which is of great Moment after the long Nights. In the Fronts of thcfe Conlervatories we cannot have too much Glafs, and, if pofiible, the whole Front fhould be Glafs, if the Roof of the Houfe could be fupport- ed. On the other hand the Back- Walls of fiich Conlervatories cannot well be too thick to keep the Cold Northern-Air from pene- trating into the Houfe •, and for the Eafi: and Weft ends^jf our Houfe fronts the South, it is nccclTary to have r lajcge Pannel of Glafs in each of them j for in the Winter, when our tender [ i86] tender Plants want the Sun the mofl:, and the Weather is moil commonly gloomy, then half an Hour's Sun is of extraordinary Benefit to Plants, in correcting the Damps of our Houfes, and no Opportunity ihould be loft of recei- ving the Sun at any time of the Day, when it has any power j for every Minute of the Sun's Prefence rariiies the Air in our Houfes, and puts it into a quicker Motion than it was tefore, till in a quarter of an Hour our Houles will be warm, and will continue nearly of the iame Warmth till lixteen or eighteen Hours afterwards, if we do not prevent it by letting in the cold Air upon it, when the Sun is gone off: The Oblervation I make concerning the Air's remaining warm fo long as lixteen Hours, if we do not open the Doors, is done by obferving the Height of the Spirits in the Thermometer, which one may perceive eafily thro' the Windows. But notwithftanding how necefTary it is, when we have only a iliort Gleme of Sun- shine, to let our Houfe remain clofe till the Morning following, yet it is as neceifary to refreih [ 187 ] refrefh our Houfes fometimes with Air fi-om abroad, which ought to be as frequent as poP- Jible, always having regard to the Cb'mate our Plants come from j and to judge, in lome Sort, what Degree of Cold they will bear without Injury ; I have therefore thought it ncceifary in all Confervatorles, which 1 have built for the Prefervation of tender Plants, to make the Entrances into them from Ibme Room, rather than to let in the open Air at once upon the Plants ; by which Practice, I found that my Plants profper'd, and flouriihed better than others, where this Conveniency was wanting. The Floors of thele Coniervatories ihould rather be laid with fquare Tiles than with any Hard Stone j becaule llich Stone, as it is very hard, is apt to condenfe the Air of the Houfe, and have a Dew lie upon them in moift Weather, which is no way healthful to Plants ^ but the Tiles I Ipeak of, are fo ipongey that they imbibe the Moifture of the Air of the Houle, and prevent thole pernicious Damps, which occafion Mouldinefs upon Plants which is very frequent in fuch Confervatories as [ i88 ] as are pav'd with hard Stone or Marble. Nor is a Floor of Boards proper in fuch a Place, becanfe by frequent watering our Plants, a boarded Floor will fbon rot. Again, we mufl obferve in building our Conlervatories for the moft tender Plants, I mean liich as are Natives of Places near the Line, or Ten, or Fifteen Degrees Latitude on either Side the Line j luch Confervatories ihould be very ihallow, that is, between the South-Front, and the Back, not above Seven or Eight Foot, provided that the GlaiTes in the Front are as high^ and fo in Proportion to the Height of the Glafles in the Front, we may make our Stoves deeper or wider. Some are of Opinion, that the Front Glades of fiich Houles fhould lie looping, fo as to drop about a Foot from the upright ^ but I do not lee any great Occalion for that Situation of the GlaiTes, if our Pront is all Glafs, there are good Examples of this Kind at Chelfea PhylickrGar^ dm. We fhall alio find it neceffary in Hich Strufliures to raife the Floor about Two Foot above Ground, becaufe under fuch Floors muft lie our Pipes of Conveyance for Heat, or what are generaly calj'd Flues, which never ihouia [ 189] ftiould be bury'd in the Ground, for the Moillure of the Earth damps the Fires. Thefe Flues ihould run from the Fire-place along the Front of the Conlervatories, and turn at the End with a Sweep, and then along the Back of the Houfe, and up a Chimney. The Fire- place ihould be large, like an Oven, and co- vered with an Iron-plate ; which Plate, being once heated, will keep the Air of the Houfe dry and warm a long time, with a linall Fire of Turfs or Peats, or ilich Cakes as are made by the Tanners of their old Bark. And it muft be obferved, that when we begin to make Fires in thefe Stoves, we muft continually keep them on Foot, till the Sealbn is warm enough to leave them off, which oiir Ther- mometer will inform us, as well as inftruct us when our Stove is too hot, which is as great a Fault as being too cold : If our Koufe fhould happen to be over-hot, the Air v/ilf conlequently be too dry, and the Plants will Ibffer by wanting the Nouriihment which they draw from a free, warm Air ^ but we may re- medy this, letting in frelli Air from the Room adjoining, thro' Pipes which one may place in [ 190 ] in the Wall for that purpofe. It would be well like wife to take care, that our Roof be well lined with Straw, to prevent the Cold on that Side ^ and I think that good Shutters to the Windows in the Front, would be neceffary in levere Weather, tho' fbme ufe Mats only to cover their Glaffes when the Weatlier is extream Cold. Thele are the neceffary Pre- cautions to be taken in building our Hot- Houfes ^ only to render them ufeful in Sum- mer as well as Winter, we may have a Trench in the Floor, about four Foot wide, and within four or five Foot as long as the Stove, and about two Foot and half, or three Foot deep> to be brick'd on all Sides : The Uie of ;this Trench is for Tanners-Bark in the Summer- time, into which we muft then plunge the Pots with our Ananas or Pine-Apples, and fuch other Plants as come from the hottefl: Coun- tries. But over Stove Fir-Plants, which require a lefs Share of Heat, we may allow it to be ten Foot wide, and ule our J^'ire-Flues with Gentlenefs, allowing more Air in this than the Plants [ 191 ] Plants in the former will bear ^ and our Green- Houfe, if the Front to the Cieling is 1 5 or 18 Foot high, then we may luffer it to be 1 5 or 18 Foot wide, and our Windows ihould be the iame Heighth •, oblerving alfo, that the Peers of Brick-work between the Glals, be as narrow as can be, for the iafety of the Roof 5 for if the Peers be thick, then we ihall never have the Sun full in the Houle, but at Noon 5 which is the Calc of many large, pompous Green-Houles, which have been built withiji the lafl twenty Years. 'Tis to be oblerved, that a large Green- Houfe will keep the leaft tender Plants, fuch as Oriinge-trees, and fuch like, much better than a imall one j becaufe the Qiiantity of Air which is contained in a large Space, will be longer nourifliing to Plants, than what can be enclofed in a Imall Houle j fbmcti'mes the Severity of the Weather will occafion the Gardiner to enclole his Green-Houfe for a Month or more, without giving any Air at all ^ and then upon admitting frefh Air , on fudden it will have as bad an Effed upon the [ 193 3 the Plants, as if wc were to let Plants want Water too long, and then give them a Flood to make good the Deficiency ; this would make them Ihed their Leaves, and make them diftemper'd j but in a large Houle, the Air cnclofcd for three Weeks or a Month, will remain flill nourifhing to Plants j and the Admiflion of freih Air upon Hich a Body of enclofed Air, will not fo readily hurt the Plants, as when it is to be let in upon a Imall Body of enclosed Air. The late Lord Capell had no Regard to Glafs in the Front of his Green-houfe, for Orange-trees, Myrtles, and fuch like, and in the place of it, put Canvas Safhes and Shutters to them ; for he well knew how necelTary Air was to Plants of their Nature, and^ as well knew the Igno- rance of the Gardiners of his Time, in judg- ing of the proper Seafbns to give Air to confine Plants ^ and therefore provided againft it by this Means, and againfl Froft by the Shutters. Our Our Pots and Cafes for Exotic-Plants ought to have the Holes at the Bottoms clear, that at the leveral Waterings which we give to the Plants, the Water may pafs eafily thro' ^ for if there is not a free Paflage, the Water will chill and rot the Roots -j as I have related in a former Dilcourfe, where I have alfo taken Notice of the Qiiantities of Water which fliould be difpenced to different kinds of Plants, in that Maxim , that the moft luccnlent Plants require the«Ieaft Share of it. And, it is neceifary to oblerve liiie- wife, that the very fucculent Plants of ail, fhonld have no Water from the End of Se^- umber to the Middle o{ March, if we do not keep them in our hotteft Houfes, where the- Air is kept dry all the Winter ^ for the com- mon Moifture of the Winter 'Air in Green- Houfes is fufficient to feed them. As for the Earth for Orange-trees and others, which are to undergo the Fatigue of the Houfe, it ought always to be indifferent- ly light, for the better PaJTage of the Water O . through [ '9+ 3 through the Pots ^ but it fliould be tenacioiu, enough to hold fome Share of Moifture ^ and for the moll fiicculent Plants, it muft be of a dry Nature, as I have related in a former Dilcourfe. For the Scalbns of letting our Plants out of the Confervatories, there is one general Rule, depending upon the Latitudes which they come from on this Side the Line, thole of the moft Northern Latitudes, which muft be houfed, may be let abroad firft, and let the laft into the Houle ; but it is dange- rous to let any be put abroad till the violent Frofts are over, and to leave them abroad till fmart Frofts begin •, for Myrtles, and liich Sorts, April h commonly the Sealbn of letting them out, and October of putting them into the Hoitfe •, but Orange-trees, and the Plants that accompany them, is better about the Middle o^ May, and Middle of September to let them out and in j obferving, if polHble, to let them Out in wet, and into the Houle in dry Wea- ther. Some others of the tcndcrcft Sorts, which may come abroad in Summer, muft ftay till the [ 195] the Beginning of Jaw, before they arc put out, and be returned in Augufi : But in the (etting out thofe Plants whicji fhould be the moft early abroad, we mull have Regard that they are not in their tender Shoot, becaufe a little Froft will hurt them. Up&n thcfe Founda- tions we may cultivate any kind of Exotic- Plants. FINIS. M U S I C K Engravd and Trinted for J. C L u E R and B. C r e a ke. And Sdd hy A^ Campbejlj- at the Trinting^Ofice in Weftminfter. A Pocket Coirl^anion for Gentlemen and Ladies : Being a ColIe£lion of the fineft Opera Songs and favourite Airs out of the moft celebrated Operas, compos'd by Mr. Handel^ Bomncint^ jittilio^ &c. in Englijh and Italian : To which is added, feveral choice Songs of Mr. BandeCs, never before printed (in two Volumes^ carefully corrected and figur'd for the Harpficord, alfo tranlpos'd for the Fhite in the niofl proper Keys. Price i /. 5 /. Medulla Mufica : Being a Colle£lion of Airs, 'Viz.. Allamands, Sarabands, Gavots, Jiggs, Mi- nuets, and other valuable Pieces, extrafl:ed from the Works of the mpffc celebrated Ma~ fters, viz,. Corelli, Bomporti, Torelliy Tibaldiy j4lbifiom, Bofjoncinij Fepufchj St.HeUnCy &c. In two Volume*;, Treble and Bafs, the Bafs fi-iiir'd for tliQ Harpficord. A Work of this kind never bcfjre artcmptied in two Volumes, lis, 6d. The k( 2 ) The Monthly JpoUos for July, Augufi and September, is. 6 d. Julius Cdfar for the Flute. 2 f . 6 d. T.xmerl(me^ Ditto l s.6 d. Diamonds cut Diamonds, or the Mwfes Afolh for the Year 1726". Being a Choice Colleftion of fiFcy two merry new Songs •, the Words and Muficic by Mr. Carey, is. 6 d. The firft and fecond Pack of mulical Playing Cards ^ on each Card there is a particular Song, let to Mulick, which is alfb tranfpos'd for the Flute ; each Pack 3 j. 6 d. The Tonometer, explaining and demonftra- ting, by an ealy Method in Kiunber and Pro- portion, all the thirty two different Notes, Ad- junfts, or Suppliments contain 'd in each of four Octaves or common Scale of .Muiick, with their exa£t Difference and DiftaraCe, whereby the Pra£litioner, on any key'd or fretted tnflrument, may eafily know how to tune the lame, and al- fo, with great Exaftnefs, how to tranfpole any Mufick from any one Key to another, iharp or flat, higher or lower, with proper Sharps or Flats thereto, never before publiiird : By Ambrofe Warren^ Lover of Mufick. 2 s.6d . A 'Choice Colle^lion'of Pfalm Tunes, Hymns and Anthems, for the Delight and Tn:p:c. c.r.cui:;. of all who are truly Lovers of 4^yi>i^ Mufick. . Y^y William Anchors. ^ s. 6 dy --••"'-- The Plalm-Singer's Guide, or an Inflruftion, to Plalmody, by plain, cafy and familiar Pvules, that any Perfon almoft whatfoever, tho' of the meanefl Capacity, may be direded how to ling the moft cCfficult Pfalm by Book, containing in the whole near fixty of the choicefl and neweft Pfalm Tunes for two Voices, namely Treble and Bafs ^ to which is added, a Scale of the icven Keys of Mufick, fhewing how to tranfpofe tranfpolc any »Tunc from one Key to ano- ther, and likcwile how to fmg or Sol-fa right in any of the Keys whatfocver. By Matthew Beb/tanty Singing-Mafler. i j. 6 d. The following whole Operas in Score, com- pos'd and figur'd by Mr. Handel : Julius C^ar. i$s. Tamerlane. 1 6. s Eodelinda. 1 8 s. Scipto. l8 J. yilexafider, i I. i s. BOOKS printed for B. C r e a k e at the Bible in Jermyn-ftreet, over againft St. James'j- Church. The Second Edition of DR. Keating s General Hiftory of Ireland : Containing an Account of the lirft Inha- bitants of that Kingdorn •, with the Lives of 170 liicceeding* Monarchs : The Original of the Gadclians, and their Travels : The Alfiftance the Iriji} afforded the Scots againft the Romans and Britons : A Dcicription of the Courage and Liberality of the ancient hijh ^ their Laws to preferve their Records and Antiquities j alfb an Account of their Royal Aifemblies at Tara : A Relation of their Wars with the Danes -^ and the Arrival of Henry IL King of England. To which is added an Appendix, collefted from the Remarks of the Learned Dr. Anthony Ray- mond of Trimy not in the former Edition. Hlii- flrated (\) ftatcd with above i6o Coats of Arms, and 42 Copper-Plate?. Price i /. 10 s. The famous Trial of John Hamfdett, Efq; in the great Cafe of Ship-Money, with King Charles 1. in which is the leveral Arguments of Council on both fides ;, with the Opinion of all the Judges on the Bench in the Exchequer- Chamber : Alfo Mr. St. Johns Speech in the Houfe of Lords, and Mr. Waller's in the Houle of Commons ^ likewile his Speech at a Confe- rence of both Houfes in the Painted-Chamber. To which is added the Trial of Thomas Harrifon^ with the Proceedings thereupon, and his Sentence by the Court. 1 1 s. Le£Vures of experimental Philofophy, wherein the Principles of Hydroftaticks and Opticks are demonftrated at large, by a great Number of curious Experiments. A Defcription of the Air-Pump, and the ieveral Experiments thereon ^ the Condenling Engine • the different Species of Barometers, Thermometers and Hy- grometers. With feveral Experiments to prove and explain Sir Ifaac Newton s Theory of Light and Colours, as perform'd in a Courfe of Me- chanical and Experimental Philofophy. By J. T. Defaguliersj M. A. and F. R. S. likiftrated with leveral Copper-Plates fiiitable to each Subjeft : To which is added, a Delcription of the Machine call'd the Orrery, 5 /, A Method of 'ftudying Phyfick, containing what a Phyfician ought to know, in relation to the Mature of Bodies, Laws of Motion, Sta- ticks, Hydroftaticks, Hydraulicks, and the Pro- perties of Fluids,' Chymiftry, Pharmacy and Botany, Ofteology, Myology, Splanchnology, Anology and Diifcction v the Theory and Pra- aice of Phyfick- Phyfiology, Pathology, Sur- gery, &c. The whole Praxis Medic ct'lmewa ; with with the Names and Chara£lers of the moft ex- cellent Authors on thelc leverai Subje£i:s in every Age. Syftematicks, Obfervators, &c. their beft Editions, and Method of reading them. 5^. De viribus Aledicamentorum: Or, A Treatiie of the Virtues and Energy of Medicines, con- taining an ample Account of all Medicines whatfoever, whether Phyfical or Chirurgical, Internal or External, with their Icveral Qualities and proper Dofes ', as alfo Mathematical Obler- fervations on the Nature of Solids and Fluids, with relpeft to human Bodies : With an accu- rate Account of the Properties of the Blood, of its Conliftency and Laws of Motion : The whole being interlpers'd with many curious Remarks, never before publiih'd ^ (thele two laft) by Herman Boerhaave, now Profeflbr of Phyfick in the Univerlity of Leyden. 5 /. Medicina Brevisj or a ihort Account of the primary Caufes of moft Difeafes. With a fuc- cinft Account of the original Caule of Plagues and peftileatial Diftempers, and the beft Expe- rimental Remedies for their Cure. By John Han- fell, Chymic. & Pharm. is. 6 d. Sefulchrorum Jnfcriftiones : Being a curious Col- Je^Hon of the moft remarkable Epitaphs in the Kingdoms of Great Britain, Ireland, &c. in £nglijh Verle, being the firft Number of the Second Volume. To be contmu'd eviery two Months, is. 6d. Variety : A Poem, humbly offer'd to the God of Change. To which is .annexed an Anfwer to ah Ovid's Epiftle. Dedicated to the Earl of Seafort. is. 6d. J Kii Seco. Mom Vai of Chi to ah Seafort. ^■^■T^yrvf''' r'>v«TT''* »>'*?",■ ;-7?r»' ^=^ '^ ;-*;,.>;SC' ^■')^-f^?->';