mnut OF mewcTioN 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 fOLUNTEEPvS'SiD MILITIA 
 
 .OF T H K 
 
 STATi: OF TEXAS. 
 
 MKEN FROM GILHAM'S MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR 
 THE VOLUNTEERS AND MILITIA OF * 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 »MK1) AT THE ' ' NEWS " OFFICE, BY RlCHARD.SOS A' CO. 
 
 1861. 
 
<^ 
 
FREF^CE. 
 
 
 Having had repeated calls made upon us to furuish a Manual of 
 Instructions for Military Drill, in a cbeap pocket form, we have, at 
 the recommendation of Gen. Sherman and Gen. McLeod, of this 
 city, undertaken a reprint of " The School of the Soldier," from 
 Gilham's Manual, which is generally admitted to embrace all that is 
 necessary for the use of Volunteers and Militia, and which we offer 
 at a price that will be within the range of all who wish to furnish 
 themselves with a copy. 
 
 RICHARDSON & CO. 
 
 (lALVESTON, Mdif ;»///, ISGI. 
 
 Galveston, May dth, I86I. 
 The undersigned recommend the republication, in cheap form, of 
 "The School of the Soldier," from Gilham's Manual of Instruc- 
 tions, for the benefit of the Volunteers, now being called into ser- 
 vice in Texas, and aid in establishing uniformity of drill throughout 
 
 the State. 
 
 H. McLEOD, 
 
 S. SHERMAN. 
 
4 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIEE. 
 
 ( ; E \ I-: R A L RULES. 
 
 TiiK object of this School is the individual instruction of the 
 sohlier ; it sliouhl be tauglit with the greatest possible care and 
 l)recision, as on it depends the efficiency of the instruction of the 
 company, which is again so necessary to that of the battalion, and 
 from tliat of tlic battalion to the evolutions of the line, where an 
 entire army is nnmoeuvred with as much precision as a single coni- 
 
 I'-'iiy. 
 
 Tlie instructor sJiould never require a movement to be execute! 
 until he has fully explained it, and joined example to precept by 
 IH-rfonning the movement in person. He should ■accustom the sol- 
 dier to take lor himself the position required, correcting him when 
 necessary, and should labor to prevent the fornuition of a habit of 
 carelessness in the execution of the movements. 
 
 Each movement should be thoroughly understood befoic i)assing 
 to another. After tliey liave been properly executed in the order 
 laid down, the instructor sliould no longer confine himself to that 
 order. The men should be allowed to rest for a few moments, fre- 
 quently, in the earlier stages of their instruction, and as often at 
 otiier times as the instructor may think necessary to prevent weari- 
 ness, which is tlie prelude to carelessness. When they are at atten- 
 tion, however, he should not alloAv any looking to the right or left; 
 no changing of position, or laugliing, or whispermg, etc., so co)nmon 
 among volunteers and militia. Here is the place to nvAke the indi- 
 vidual soldier, to give him habits of attention, teach him subor- 
 dination, etc. If he does not acquire them in this school, it Avill be 
 too late when he is advanced in the company. 
 
 At the conunand bkst, the soldier is no longer required to pre- 
 serve immobility, or to renuiiu in his place. If the instructor wishes 
 merely to relieve the attention of the soldier, he commands, in 
 p'ace — hkst; the soldier is liien only required to keep one of his 
 f«*et in Dlace ; if he wishes to move that foot, the other is first 
 oits proper position. 
 
MAM'AI. rOR VOU'NTEER^ ANT> MILITIA. 
 
 The school <if the soldier is divided into three parts, the first com- 
 |trchending wiiat oufrht to be taufrht to reeruits witliout arms: the 
 second, the manual of arms, the loadinjrs and firinjrs: the thinl, the 
 prineiples of alignment, the march liy the front, tlie ditlerent steps, 
 the march by the tlank, the principles of wheeling, and those of 
 cliange of direction. In this school, the company is brcdvcn up into 
 >niall scpiads, the number of men in each squad being i)roportioncd 
 to the number of instructors; the squads for the first and second 
 l»art should be as small as possible, and the men placed in single 
 v:mk ; for instruction in the third part, two or more scpuids of about 
 ' <inal proliciency should be united. 
 
 I'Airr FIKST. 
 
 1)1 this i)art, the men should l>e without arms, and abimt oiie]>ace 
 apart. 
 
 Position of the Soldier. 
 
 Heels on the same line, as near each other as the conformation of 
 the men will permit; because, if one were in rear of the other, 
 thi- shoulder on that side would be thrown back. 
 
 The feet turned out equally, and forming with each other sorae- 
 tliing less than a right angle ; because, if one foot were turned out 
 inoi'e than the other, a shoulder would bo deranged, and if both 
 feet V)e too much turned out, it would not ])e practicable to give the 
 body iU proper position. 
 
 The knees straight, without stiffness; because, if stiHened, con- 
 straint and fatigue would be unavoidable. 
 
 The body erect on the hij)s, inclining a little forward, because it 
 gives stability to the jjosition. Soldiers arc at first disposed to pro- 
 ject the belly and throw back the shoulders when they wish to hold 
 themselves erect, from which result many inconveniences in march- 
 ing; it is, therefore, important that the instructor should bo par- 
 ticular to enforce this rule at the begiiming. 
 
 The shoulders square, and falling equally; if the slKjulders are 
 advanced beyond the line of the breast, and the back arched, (tlie 
 defect called roioid-shoiddered,) the inan cannot align himself, nor 
 use his piece with skill. Jn correcting this defect, the instructor 
 will take care that the shoulders ai-c tiot thrown too much to the 
 rear, causing the body to project, and the small of the b^' -'' 
 
SCHttOL OF THE SOI.MER. 
 
 The arms lianging naturally ; elbows near the body ; palms of the 
 hands tm-ned a little to the front, the little fmger behind the seain 
 of the pantaloons. These positions are important to the shonMer- 
 arms, to prevent the man from occupying- more space in ranks than 
 is necessary, and to keep the shoulders in proper position. 
 
 The head erect, and square to the front, without constraint ; the 
 chin slightly drawn in ; the eyes fixed straight to the front, in order 
 to prevent derangement of tlie shoulders, and strikiug the ground 
 at the distance of about fifteen ])aces. 
 
 The instructor having given the s((uad the i)ositi(in of the solditn- 
 without arms, will now teach tlie turning of the head and eye'i. He 
 will command. 
 
 1. Ei/ea—lUcnr. 2. Fisont. 
 
 At tlie word right, the soldier will turn his liead gently, so as to 
 bring the inner corner of the left eye in a line with the buttons of 
 the coat, the eyes fixed on the line of the eyes of the men in the 
 same rank. At the command Front the head will resume the 
 direct or habitual position. The instructor will take care that the 
 movement of the head does not derange the squareness of the 
 shoulders, and that the men do not acquire a habit of thi'owing 
 down the head in dressing. 
 
 The movement of Ki/fi^ — Lkkt will be executed by inverse mean-;. 
 
 Facings. 
 
 Facing to the right and left will be executed in one linu-. oi' pause. 
 The instructor commands: 
 
 1. SqiKvL -1. Right (f.r left)—VMK. 
 
 At the Avoid Face, raise the right foot slightly, turn on the left 
 heel, to the right (or left), raising the left toe a little, and then re- 
 ])lace the right heel beside the left, and on the same line. The face 
 should always be through a right angle, and should be executed by 
 the feet and legs, the body moving around to the right (or left,) 
 without twisting or constraint. The instructor should labor to keep 
 the 1)ody steady, and to prevent the formation of the habit of bend- 
 ing the knees, or springing. 
 
 The full face to the rear is ahvays to the right, and is (.'xeculed in 
 ..^0 i' ^use<. The instructor commands : 
 
MAMAT. FOU \OI.rNrKRR.'^ AND MlLiriA. 
 
 1. Sijuatl. '2. Ai'.orr -Fack. 
 
 First nio/i<»i. At the word olioitt, tlio soldier will turn far enough 
 on the left heel to hrin*; the left t(.e directly to the front, at the 
 same time earrying his right foot to the rear, the ludlow opposite to. 
 and full three inches from the left heel, the feet sijuare to each 
 other. The back of the ri.uht hand is placed a little ahove the right 
 hip, anil the body is turned to the right sufficiently to give ease to 
 tlie position. 
 
 Second motion. At the w<n-d ,/Vut. the soldier raises his toes a 
 little, turns ujion l)oth heels, faces to tlic rear, keeping his legs 
 straight, and draws back the right heel by the side of the left, at 
 llie same time dropping his i-iglit hand l>y his side. 
 
 I'xihtucc Sli'j,. 
 
 Before commencing the march, the soldier should always be in- 
 structed in the balance stej), the object of which is to teach hiui the 
 fre<' movement of his limbs, while he at the same time preserves 
 ]ierfect s(piareness of the shouldeis, with the greatest steadiness of 
 the body; no labor should be spared to attain this object, which 
 lies at the very foutidatiou of good marching. 
 
 The squad being at attention, the instructor ef»nimands: 
 
 Left Foot — FoKWAKi). 
 
 At this command the soldier will throw his left foot gently for- 
 wards, about twenty-four inches, balancing his body well on the 
 I'ight foot without chauging the position of the shoulders, and with- 
 out the body losing its erect position. The toe should be turned 
 out as in the position of the soldier, the foot about three inches 
 from the ground and very nearly parallel to it, the toe being very 
 slightly depressed. 
 
 At the command: 
 
 Left Foot~\Xv.\\{. 
 
 The left foot is brought gently back, tlie ball of the left foot close 
 1() the right heel, the leg straight, toe raised, and heel depressed. 
 
 As soon as the soldier becouies steady in the new nosition, the 
 instructor re])eats the command, left foot fonrt(rd, then left foot 
 /■ear, for several times, and then commands: 
 
KUHUUL of the SOLliUiill. 
 
 Halt, 
 
 at which the left foot, either advanced or to the rear, is brought to 
 the right, as in the position of the soldier. 
 
 The instructor then causes the soldier to balance on the right foot, 
 by advancing and retiring the right, as has been directed for the left. 
 
 The Direct Step. 
 
 After the soldier is sufficiently instructed in the balance step to 
 execute it on either foot without losing his balance, the instructor 
 will proceed to instruct him in the mechanism of the direct step. 
 For this purpose he will command : 
 
 1. By the nuniJjers — Forward. 2. One. 
 
 At the command one, the soldier will throw forward the left foot 
 as in the position of left foot forway^d, the instructor then com- 
 mands : 
 
 Two. 
 
 At this command, the weight of the body is thrown forward, the 
 left foot striking the ground without shock, at the distance of twenty 
 eight inches from the right; the body assumes the perpendicular 
 position, and the right foot is brought up to the position of right 
 foot rear. 
 
 The right foot is then brought forward at the command one, and 
 the step completeJ at the command two ; thus the squad is made 
 to advance step by step. The halt is executed as in the balance 
 step. 
 
 When the squad is sufficiently instructed in the mechanism of the 
 direct step, the instructor will cause it to take up the march in conj- 
 mon time ; for this purpose he will command : 
 
 I. Squad Forvmrdr— Common Time. 2. Makch. 
 
 At the commaud/orwTjrd, the soldier will throw the weight of 
 his body on the right leg, without bending the lefi knee. 
 
 At the command march, he will smartly, but without a jt-ik, carry 
 straight forward the'left foot twenty-eight inches from the right, the 
 sole near the ground, the leg extended, the toe a little depressed, 
 and botl' '*^ '-^(l the knee slightly turned out; he will at the same 
 time f' s'oight of the body forward, and plant flat the left 
 
 I 
 
MANLAL POK VOLLNTESKS AM) iULlIlA. 
 
 foot, without shock, precisely at the distance where it finds itself 
 from the right when the weiglit of the body is brought forward, 
 the whole (if Avliirh will now rest on the left foot. The soldier will 
 next, in like manner, advance the right foot and plant it as diroit -d 
 for the left, the heel twenty-eight inches from the heel of the lift 
 foot, and thus continue the march without crossing the legs, or 
 striking one against the other, without turning the shoulders, and 
 always preserving the face direct to the front. Common time is 
 executed at the rate of ninety steps to the minute. 
 When the instructor wishes to arrest the march he commands : 
 
 I. Squad. 2. Halt, 
 
 The command halt should be given just as one foot has come to 
 the ground, and the other is rais;?d for making the next step ; the 
 soldier instinctively completes the pace with the raised foot, and 
 brings the other tirndy to its place beside it. By careful attention 
 to this rule a large command may be as readily halted at the same 
 instant, as a single individual. 
 
 The principles of the step in quick time are the same as for com- 
 mon time ; it is executed, however, at the rate of 110 steps per 
 minute. After the soldier is well established in the length and 
 sv/iftness of the step at common time, he should be practiced in 
 quick time, as it is the pace best adapted to marches, the manceu- 
 vers, etc. 
 
 The instructor wishing the squad to march in quick time, com- 
 mands : 
 
 I. Squad forward. 2. Maucu. 
 
 Principles of the Double Quick Step. 
 
 The length of the double quick step is thirty-three inches, and its 
 swiftness is at the rate of 165 steps per minute. This step is de- 
 signed especially for light troops, such as light infantry and riflemen, 
 and to them it is indispensible ; its utility hn-, hoM-ever, been soi 
 frequently demonstrated of late years, as to make it proper that itj 
 should form a part of the instruction of all infantry troops. 
 
 The instructrr wishing to teach his squad the ijriuciples andj 
 mcclianism of the double quick step, commands : 
 
 I. Double quick step. 2. March. 
 
 At the comma.nd. doiihle quirV sf-ep, the soldier will nu'sp 'li^ h,i< 
 
8CnuUl. OF THE SOLDIER. 
 
 to a level with his hips, the hands closed, the nails towards the body, 
 the elbows to the rear and well drawn in towards the body. 
 
 At the command march, he will raise his left knee as high as 
 possible without derangement of the bod^-, keeping his leg from the 
 knee down in a vertical position, the toe depressed ; he will then 
 replace his foot in its former position. At the command two, he 
 will execute with the right leg Avhat has just been prescribed for 
 the left, and the alternate movement of the legs at the commands 
 one, two, will be continued until the command : 
 
 1. Squad. 2 Halt. 
 
 At the command halt, the soldier will hiing the foot which is 
 raised by the side of the other, and at the same time dropping his 
 hands by his side will resume the position of the soldier Avithout 
 arms. 
 
 When the squad iias learned to execute the step properly, the 
 instructor will repeat the words one, two, in more rapid succession,' 
 and will finally drop them, leaving the files to execute the step in 
 their own time. The instructor will see that the step is taken in 
 rapid succession, and that none of the files lose the step. 
 
 The soldier being sufficiently established in the principles of this 
 step, the instructor will command : 
 
 1. Squad forward. 2. Double quick. 3. MAntai. 
 
 At the commnm^ forward, the soldier will throw the weight of his 
 body on the right leg, without bending the left knee. 
 
 At the command double quick, he will place his arms as indicated 
 above. 
 
 At the command march, he will carry forward the left foot, and 
 plant it, the toe first, at the distance of thirty-three inches from the 
 right, the leg slightly bent, and the knee somewhat raised ; he will 
 then execute with the right foot what has just been prescribed for 
 tlie left. This alternate movement of the legs will take place by 
 throwing the weight of the body on the foot that is planted, and by 
 allowing a natural, oscillatory motion of the arms. The feet siiould 
 not be raised too much, a common fault with beginners, and the 
 body should incline slightly forward. 
 
 The double quick step may be executed with different degrees of 
 swiftness. Under urgent cii'cumstances. the cadence of this step 
 
MANUAL KOK VOLL.NTEERS AND MILITIA. 
 
 ay be increaseJ to 180 per minute. At this rate a distance of 
 4900 yards would be passed over in about twenty-five minutes. 
 
 The men should be exercised in runninp; ; the principles are the 
 same as for the double quick step, the only difference consisting in 
 a greater degree of swiftness. 
 
 It is recommended in marching in double quick time, or the run, 
 that the men should breathe as much as possible through the nose, 
 keeping the mouth closed. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 General Rules. 
 
 The instructor will not pass the soldiers to this second part until 
 they are well established in the position of the body, and in the 
 manner of marching at the dilTorent steps. 
 
 In the manual of arms each command Avill be executed in one 
 tinie (or pause,) but this time will be divjded into motions, the bet- 
 ter to make known the mechanism, and to secure uniformity and 
 precision in the movements. 
 
 The rate (or swiftness) of each motion, in the manual of arms, 13 
 fixed at the ninetieth part of a minute; but the instructor will, at 
 first, look more particularly to the execution of the motions, with- 
 out requiring a nicq observance of the cadence, to which he will 
 bring the men progressively, and after they have become a little 
 familiarized with the use of the weapon. 
 
 The motions relative to the cartridge, the rammer, and to the 
 fixing and unfixing of the bayonet, cannot be executed at the rate 
 prescribed; or even with uniform swiftness; the instructor will, 
 however labor to have these motions executed with promptness and 
 regularity. 
 
 The last syllable of the command will decide the brisk execution 
 of the first motion of each time (or pause.) The commands iiwo, 
 Z/iree, and four, will decide the brisk execution of the other motions. 
 As soon as the men comprehend well the positions of the several 
 motions of a time, they will be taught to execute the time without 
 resting on its motions ; the mechanism of the time must, however, 
 be observed, as well to give perfect use of the weapon, as to pre- 
 vent carelessness or slighting of the motions. WImmi tlif ' 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIEK. 
 
 acquired suflScient proficiency to execute the times without resting, 
 the instructor must be careful to have the proper cadence observed ; 
 gi-eat promptness in the execution of the motions is not incom- 
 patible with an observance of a pause between them, so that they 
 may be executed at the prescribed rate — that is^of ninety to the 
 minute. Those instructors who insist most upon the strict observ- 
 ance of this rule, are those whose squads execute the manual in the 
 best manner. 
 
 Principles of Shouldered A}~ms. 
 
 Each soldier being in the position of a soldier, the instructor will 
 cause him to turn up the left hand without bending the wrist, the 
 left fore-arm only acting. The instructor will raise the piece per- 
 pendicularly, and place it as follows : 
 
 The piece in the left hand, the arm very slightly bent, the elbow 
 back nea%the body, the palm of the hand pressing on the outer 
 flat of the butt ; the outer edge of the latter on the upper joints of 
 the fingers, the heel of the butt between the middle and fore-fingers, 
 the thumb on the front screw of the butt plate, the remaining fin- 
 gers under the butt, the butt more or less kept back, according to 
 the conformation of the man, so that the piece, seen from the front, 
 shall appear perpendicular, and, also, that the movement of the 
 thigh, in marching, may not raise it or cause it to waver; the stock, 
 below the tail-band, resting against the hollow of the shoulder, just 
 within the joint, the right arm hanging naturally as prescribed in 
 the position of the soldier. 
 
 Soldiers on first bearing arms are liable to derange their posi- 
 tion, and particularly to distort the shoulders, which, causing the 
 musket to lose its point of support, they drop the left hand to pre- 
 vent the musket from falling from the shoulder, which again causes 
 that shoulder to droop, a curvature of the side, spreading of the 
 elbows, etc. The instructor will be careful to correct all these faults 
 by continually rectifying the position ; he will avoid fatiguing the 
 men too much in the beginning, but labor to render this position so 
 natural and easy by degrees, that they may remain in it a long time 
 without fatigue. 
 
 The instructor will also take great care that the musket be not 
 carried too high or too low; if too high, the left elbow would 
 spread out, the soldier would occupy too much space in ranks, and 
 '111' niu';1coi would bo unsteadv : if two low, the files would be too 
 
MAM.AI. FOR AOLINTEEKS AND MILITIA. 
 
 close, the man would not have the necessary space to handle his 
 musket with facility, the left arm would become too much fatigued, 
 the shoulder would droop, etc. 
 
 The manual of the musket will be taught in the following order : 
 The instructor commands : 
 
 Support — Akms; One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. With the right hand seize the small of the stock 
 briskly, four inches l)elow the lock, raising the piece a little, but 
 not turning it. 
 
 Second motion. Take the left hand from the butt; extend the 
 left fore-arm upward across the body, and under the hammer, the 
 left hand flat on the right breast. 
 
 Third, motion. Drop the right arm smartly to its position. 
 
 The squad being at support a')'m,s, the instructor commands : 
 
 Carry — Arms. One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. Carry quickly the right hand to the small of the 
 stock. 
 
 Second motion. Place the left hand under the butt, as in the 
 position of shoulder arms. 
 
 Third motion. Let full smartly the right hand to its position, 
 and drop with the loft, at the same time, the piece into the position 
 of shoidder arms. 
 
 Present— Abms. One time and two motions. 
 
 Fi7'st motion. Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock out, 
 and seize the small of the stock at the same time with the right 
 hand, the piece perpendicular and detached from the shoulder, the 
 left hand remaining under the butt. 
 
 Second nution. Complete the turning inwards of the piece, so 
 as to bring it erect before the centre of the body, the rammer to 
 the front, the right hand under and against the guard; seize it 
 smartly at the same time with the left hand just above the lock, the 
 thumb extended along the barrel and on the stock, the left fore-ai*m 
 resting on the body without constraint, and the hand at the height 
 of the elboiv. 
 
 Shoulder— Anus. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel 
 to the front, raise and support it against the left shoulder with the 
 
SCHOOL OF THt; iSOLDlKR. 
 
 right hand, drop the left under the butt, the right hand resting on 
 without grasping, the small of the stock. 
 Second motion. Drop quickl.v the right hand into its position. 
 
 Order — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Drop the piece smartl}^ by extending the left arm, 
 seize it at the same time with the right hand, above and near the 
 tail-band ; quit the hold of the left hand, and carry the piece oppo- 
 site the right shoulder, the rammer to the front, the little finger 
 behind the barrel, the right hand supported against the hip, the 
 butt three inches from the ground, the piece erect, the left hand 
 hanging by the side. 
 
 Second motion. Let the piece slip through the right hand to 
 the ground without shock, and take the position about to be des- 
 cribed. 
 
 Position of Order Arms. 
 
 The hand low, the barrel between the thu nb and fore-fluger ex- 
 tended along ths stock ; the other fin3;ers ext.Mided and joined ; the 
 muzzle about two inches from the right shoulder ; the rammer in 
 front; the toe of the butt against, and in a line with, the toe of the 
 right foot, the barrel perpendicular. 
 
 When the instructor wishes to give repose in this position, he 
 commands: 
 
 Rest. 
 
 At this command the soldiers will rot be required to preserve 
 silence or steadiness. They, however, will not quit their rank with- 
 out special permission. 
 
 When the instructor wishes the men to pass from this position to 
 that of silence and steadiness, he commands: 
 
 1. Attention. 2. Squad. 
 
 At the second word, the men will resume the position of order 
 arms, and remain firm and silent. 
 
 Shoulder — Akms. One time and tico motions. 
 
 First motion. Raise smartly the piece with the right hand, carry 
 . >ii»^ainst the left shoulder, turning it. so as to bring the barrel to 
 
 w 
 
Iti MANUAL FUK VOLLNTEEKs; AND MILITIA. 
 
 the front; at the same time place tlie left hand under the butt, and 
 slip the right hand down to the lock. 
 jSecond motion. Let the right hand full briskly to its position. 
 
 CJiarge — Bayonet. 0)ie time and two motions. 
 
 Fv'st motion. Make a half face to the right on the left heel, 
 bring the left toe directly to the front, at the same time place the 
 right foot behind, and at right angles with the left, the hollow of the 
 right foot opposite to, and about three inches from the left heel ; 
 turn the piece with the left hand, the lock outwards, and seize the 
 small of the stock at the same time with the right hand, the musket 
 perpendicular, and detached from the shoulder, the left hand under 
 the butt. 
 
 Second motion. Bringdown the piece with the right hand, let- 
 ting it fall firml}' into the left, the latter seizing it a little in advance 
 of the tail-band, the barrel up, the left elbow nca'r the body, the 
 right hand against the hip, the point of the bayonet as high as 
 the eye. 
 
 SJioulder — Arms. 07ie time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Face to the front by turning on the left heel, bring 
 up the right by the side of the left U,ee! ; at the same time bring up 
 the piece with the right hand to the left shoulder, and place the left 
 hand under the butt. 
 
 Second motion. Let the right hand fall promptly into its 
 position. 
 
 Load in ten times. 1. Load — One time and tico motions. 
 
 First m,otion. Drop the piece by a smart extension of the left 
 arm, seize it with the right hand above and near the iower band ; 
 at the same time carry the right foot forward, the heel against the 
 hollow of the left foot. 
 
 Second motion. Drop the piece Avith the right hand along the left 
 thigh, seize it with the left hand above the right, and with the left 
 hand let it descend to the ground, without shock, the piece touch- 
 ing the left thigh, and the muzzle opposite the centre of the body; 
 carry the right hand quickly to the cartridge-box and open it. 
 
 2. Handle — Cartkidge. One time and one motion. 
 
 Seize a cartridge with the thumb and the next two fingers, and 
 place it between the teeth. 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIEK. 1. 
 
 3. Tear — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 
 
 Tear the paper down to tlie powder, hold the cartridge upright 
 between the thumb and two next fingers, near the top; in this po- 
 sition place it in front of and near the muzzle, the back of the hand 
 to the front, 
 
 4. C/i«r<7e— Cartridge. 
 
 Fix the eye on the muzzle, turn quickly the back of the right hand 
 towards the body, in order to discharge the powder into the barrel, 
 raise the elbow to the height of the wrist, shake the cartridge, 
 force it into the muzzle, and leave the hand reversed, the fingers 
 closed, but not clinched. 
 
 o. Draw — Rammer. One time and three motions, 
 
 ^irst motion. Drop the right ejbow smartly, and seize the ram- 
 mer between the thum and fore-finger bent, the other fingers shut ; 
 draw it smartly, extending the arm, seize the rammer again at the 
 middle between the thumb and fore-finger, the hand reversed, the 
 palm to the front, the nails up, the eye following the movement of 
 the hand, clear the rammer from the pipes by again extending the 
 arm. 
 
 Second motion. Turn rapidly the rammer between the bayonet 
 and the face, closing the fingers, the rammers of the rear rank gra- 
 zing the right shoulders of the men of the same file in front, the 
 rammer parallel to the bayonet, the arm extended, the butt of the 
 rammer opposite to the muzzle but not yet inserted, the eyes fixed 
 on the muzzle, 
 
 Ihird motion. Insert the butt of the rammer, and force it down 
 as low as the hand. 
 
 6. Ram — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 
 
 Extend the arm to its full length to seize rammer between the 
 right thumb extended and the fore-finger bent, the other fingers 
 closed; with force ram home twice and seize the rammer at the 
 small end between the thumb and fore-finger bent, the other fingers 
 closed, the right elbow touching the body. • 
 
 7. Return — Rammer. One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. Draw the rammer brisklv, re-seize it at the mid- 
 
18 MANUAL FOR VOU'NTEKHS AND MILTTIA, 
 
 die between the thumb and fore-finger, the hand reversed, the palm 
 to the front, the nails up, the eyes following the hand, clear the 
 rammer from the barrel by extending the arm, 
 
 Second motion. Turn the rammer rai)idly between the bayonet 
 and the face, closing the fingers, the rammers of the rear rank gra- 
 zing the right shoulders of the men of the same file in front, the 
 rammer parallel to the bayonet, the arm extended, the little end of 
 the rammer opposite to the first i)ipe. but not yet inserted, the eyes 
 fixed on that pipe. 
 
 Tliivd motion. Insert the small end, and with the thumb, which 
 will follow tiie movement, force in as low as the middle band ; raise 
 the hand quickly, a little bent, place the little finger on the butt 
 of the ranimcr, and force it down : lower the left hand on the barrel 
 to the extent of the arm without depressing the shoulder. 
 
 8. Ca.^f — About, One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. With the left hand bring np the piece verticaliy 
 against the left shoulder, seize it smartly with the right hand at the 
 small of the stock, and slide the left hand doAvn as low as the 
 chin. 
 
 Second motion. Make a half face to the right on the left heel, 
 bring the left toe to the front, place the right foot at the same time 
 close behind, and at right angles with the left, the hollow of the 
 right foot against the left heel ; carry the piece opposite to the right 
 shoulder; bring doAvn the piece with the right hand into the left, 
 which will seize it at the tail band, the thumb extended on the 
 stock, the butt under the right fore-arai, the small of the stock 
 against the body, and about two inches under the right breast, the 
 muzzle at the lieight of the eye, the left elbow supported against 
 the side, the right hand grasping the small of the stock. 
 
 0. Phimr. 0)i,e time and one motion. 
 
 Place the thumb of the right hand on the hammer (the fingers 
 remaining und^r and against the guard,) and half-cock the piece ; 
 brush off the old cap, and with the thumb and first two fingers of 
 the right hand take a cap from the pouch, ])lace it firmly on the 
 cone by pushing it down with the thumb, and seize tlie piece by the 
 small of the stock. 
 
SOHUOI. OF THE SJOLUIER. IH 
 
 10. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Face to the front by turning on. the left heel; at 
 the same time bring the piece briskl}^ with the right hand to the left 
 shoulder, and place the left hand under the butt. 
 
 Second motion. Let the right hand fall smartly into its position 
 at shoulder arins. 
 
 Ready. (From the position of jjrwue.) One time and one motion. 
 
 Place the thumb of the right hand on the hammer (the fingers 
 remaining under and against the guard,) cock the piece, and seize 
 the small of the stock. 
 
 Ready. (From the position' of shoulder arms.) One lime n'nd 
 four motions. 
 
 First motion. Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock to the 
 front, seize it at the small of the stock with the right hand ; at the 
 same time make a half face to the right on the left heel, bringing 
 the left toe to the front, and placing the right foot beliind, and 
 at right angles to the left, the hollow of the foot against the left 
 heel. 
 
 Second motion. Bring the piece with the right hand to the middle 
 of the body, place the left hand just above the lock, the thumb ex- 
 tended along the stock at the height of the chin, the counter (or S) 
 plate turned towards the body, the rammer obliquely to tlie left and 
 front. 
 
 Third motion. Place the thumb on the hammer, the fore-finger 
 under and on the guard, the other three fingers joined to the fii-st, 
 the elbow at the height of the hand. 
 
 Fourth motion. Close the right elbow smartly to the body in 
 cocking, without bending the wrist, seize the piece by the small of 
 the stock, let it descend along the body in the left hand to the tail- 
 band, which will remain at the height of the shoulder. 
 
 Aim. One time and one motion. 
 Raise the butt to the shoulder, the left elbow a little down, shut 
 the left eye, direct the right along the barrel, drop the head upon 
 the butt to catch the object, and place the fore-finger on the 
 trigger. The rear rank will at the same time, carry the right foot 
 about eight inches towards the left heel of the man next on his 
 right. 
 
-0 MANUAL i-OK VOLUXTt^KS ANU MIHIIA, 
 
 Fire. One time and one motion. 
 
 Apply the fore-fiuger with force to the trigger without further 
 lowering or turning the head, and remain in that position. 
 
 Load. (From Wiefire.) One time and tiro motions. 
 
 First motion. Bring back the piece quickly with both hands, 
 depress the butt strongly by extending the right arm, and carry it 
 with the arm thus extended to the left side, the barrel to "the front 
 and oi){)Osite to the left shoulder, the left hand at the height of the 
 chin, the back of the hand to the front, the left fore-arni touching 
 the stock; at the same time face to the front and carry the right 
 foot forward, the heel against the hollow of the left foot. 
 
 Sccondmotion. Let go the handle with the right hand, let the 
 piece descend through the left to the ground, without shock, and 
 take the position of the second motion of load. 
 
 /S7iou/der^ARMS. (From t\\Qfire.) One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Bring back the piece with both hands, face to the 
 front, carry the piece against the left slioulder, and place the left 
 hand under the butt. 
 
 Second motion. Let the right hand fall smartly to its position. 
 
 The squad being in the position of aim, the instructor, to habituate 
 the soldiers to wait for the vrord Jlre, sometimes commands: 
 
 Recover — Arms. One time and one motion. 
 
 Withdraw the finger from the trigger, throAv up the muzzle smartly, 
 and retake the position of the fourth motion oi ready. 
 
 The men being in this position, if the instructor wishes them to 
 come to a shoulder, he commands: 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. 
 
 At the word shoulder, the squad will face to the front, and bring 
 their pieces to the middle of the body again; the left thumb at the 
 height of the chin, the little finger just above the lock; next place 
 the right thumb on the head of the hammer, support the fore-finger 
 on the trigger, sustain the hammer carefully in its descent at the 
 same time, to the position of half-cock, then seize the small of the 
 stock with the right hand. At the word arms, carry the piece to 
 the shoulder smartly, and take the position of shoulder anns. 
 
SCHOOL OF TUE SOLDIKK. 'li 
 
 To load ill four times (or jMunes. ) 
 
 The instructor commands : 
 
 1. Load in four times. 2. Load. 
 
 Execute the first time of loading, handle cartridge, tear cartridge, 
 charge cartridge. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Draw rammer, enter it as far as the Jiand, and ram twice. 
 
 Three. 
 Return rannner, cast about, and prime. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Execute the tenth time of loading. 
 
 The soldiers being at a shoulder, when the instructor may wish 
 to return baj'onets, he commands : 
 
 Unfix. — Bayonets. One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. Drop the piece by a smart extension of the left 
 arm, seize it with the right hand above and near the tail-band. 
 
 Second motion. Drop the piece with the right hand along the 
 left thigh, seize*it with the left liand above the right, lengthen out 
 the left arm, rest the butt on the ground, without shock, and carry 
 the right hand at the same time to the bayonet, with the thumb 
 lower the clasp against the stop, and then seize the bayonet at the 
 socket and shank. 
 
 Third motion. Wrest off' the bayonet, return it to the scabbard, 
 place the little finger on the butt of the rammer, lower the left hand 
 along the barrel in extending the arm, without depressing the 
 shoulder. 
 
 Shoidder — Arms. One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. Raise the piece with the left hand along the left 
 side, the hand at the height of the chin, the fore-arm touching the 
 piece, the barrel to the front; drop at the same time the right hand 
 to seize the piece a little above the handle, the fore-finger touching 
 the cock, and the thumb on the counter-plate. 
 
 ^cond, motion. Raise the piece with the right hand, drop the 
 left, and place it under the butt, bring back the right heel to the 
 
I- .M.VMAL KOK VOLl.NTKKKS AND MUJTIA. 
 
 side of the left, and on the same line : support the piece with the 
 right hand against the shoulder, in the position prescribed for 
 ahovlOer arms, the right hand resting on , without grasping, the piece. 
 Ihird motion. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position 
 by the side of the thigh. 
 
 Fix — Bayonkt. 
 
 First and second motions. As the first and second motions of 
 n)ifix bayonet, except that at the end of the second motion, the 
 right hand will go to seize the bayonet by the socket and shank, so 
 that the lower (now upper) end of the socket shall extend about an 
 inch above the heel of the palm. 
 
 T/iird motion. Draw the bayonet from the scal»bard, carry and 
 tix it on the muzzle, turning the clasp towards the body with the 
 right thumb ; place the little linger on the head of the rannncr, 
 lower the left hand along the barrel, in extending the arm. 
 
 Shoidder — Arms. 
 
 The same as from the unfix bayonet. 
 
 Secure — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Seize quickly the piece with the right hand, tlie 
 thumb on the counter-plate, and the fore-finger against the cock ; 
 detach the piece from the shoulder at the same inst^pt, the barrel 
 to the front, seize it at the tail-band with the left hand, the thumb 
 extended on the rammer, the piece ei'ect, opposite to the shouldei^,'? 
 the left elbow^ on the piece. 
 
 Second motion. Reverse the piece, pass it under the left arm ^ ' 
 tlie left hand remaining at the tail-band, the thumb on the rammer 
 to prevent it from sliding out, the little finger resting against the 
 hip, and the right hand falling at the same time into its position. 
 Skonlder — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Raise the piece with the left hand, but not too 
 suddenly, lest the rammer should fly out ; seize the handle Avith the 
 right hand to support it against the shoulder^ quit the hold of the 
 left hand, and place quickly this hand under the butt. 
 
 Second motion. Let fall smartly the right hand into its position;^, 
 drop at the same time the piece into the position of sltoxddered armSt 
 Trail— Amis. One time and two motions. 
 
 First laotion. iVs the first motion of order «nn.s. 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIETJ. iJ 
 
 " Second motion. Incline a little the muzzle to the front, the butt 
 to the rear, and about three inches from the ground; the right hand, 
 supported at the hip, will sustain the piece so that the men of the 
 rear rank may not toucli with their bayonets the men in front of 
 them. 
 
 SJionJder — Arms. 
 
 At the command shoulder, raise the piece perpendicularly in the 
 right hand ; at the command arms, execute what has been jn-e- 
 scribed for the shoulder from the position of order arms. 
 
 To the right shovlder, shift — Arms. One time and one motion. 
 
 Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock to the front, sci/.e it 
 at the same time with the right hand at the handle, place it on the 
 right shoulder, the left hand not quitting the butt, the lock-plate 
 upwards, the muzzle up ; sustain the piece in this position by plac- 
 ing the right hand on the flat of the butt ; let fall the left hand by 
 tlie side. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. 
 
 Raise the piece by extending the right arm, seize it with the left 
 hand above the lock, carry it against the left shoulder, turning the 
 barrel to the front, the right hand being at the handle, place the left 
 hand under the butt, and let the right fall iuiJ its position. 
 
 Arms — At will. One time and one motion. 
 
 Carry the piece at pleasure on either shoulder, or with one or both 
 hands, the muzzle always up. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. 
 
 Retake smartly the position of shoidder arms. 
 
 Inspection of Arms. 
 
 F The squad being at ordered arms, and having the bayonet in tlie 
 scabbard, if the instructor wishes to cause an inspection of an^is, 
 he will command : 
 
 Inspection of— -Arms. One time and, three motions. 
 
 First motion. Face to the right once and a half on the left heel, 
 carrying the right foot perpendicidarly to the rear of the alignment. 
 
21 MASl Al. 1*>K VOl.lSTEEK.S AND MII-ITIA. 
 
 about six inches from, and at right angles with, the left foot; seize 
 pronii)tly the piece with the left hand a little above the middle band, 
 intMine the muzzle to the rear without displacing the heel of the 
 butt, the rammer turned towards the body, carry at the same time 
 the ri.L'ht hand to the bayonet and seize it as has been prescribed. 
 
 Secoud motion. Draw the bayonet from the scabbard, carry and 
 fix it on the muzzle ; seize next the rammer, draw it as has been 
 explained in londin.i,' it twelve times, nnd let it glide to the bottom 
 of the bore. 
 
 Third motion. Face promptly to the front, seize the piece with 
 the right hand, and retake the position of ordered arms. 
 
 The instructor will then inspect in succession the piece of each 
 man, in i)assing along the front of the rank. Each, as the instruc- 
 tor reaches him, will raise smartly his piece with his right hand, 
 sfize it with the left between the tail-band and the feather-spring, 
 the lock to the front, the left hand at the height of the chin, the 
 piece opposite to tiie left eye ; the instructor will take it with the 
 right hand at the handle, and, after inspecting it, will return it to 
 the soldier, who will receive it back with the right hand, and re- 
 place it in the position of ordered arms. 
 
 When the instructor shall have passed him, each soldier will re- 
 take the position prescribed at the command ww^^ec^/oj? of a?-?)>,'?, and 
 return the rammer ; after which he will face to the front. 
 
 If, instead of inspection of arms, it be the wish of the instructor 
 only to cause bayoneVi t« be fixed, he will command : 
 
 Fix — Bayoxut. 
 
 Take the position indicated, (first motion,) fix bayonets as has 
 been explained, and immediately face to the front. 
 
 Bayonets fixed, if it be the Avish of the instr\ictor, after firing, to as- ' 
 rertain whether tlif pieces have beendischavged. he will command: 
 
 Spring — RAM\rEHs. 
 
 Put the rumnu-r in tin; l)arrel, as has been explained above, and ; 
 immediately face to tlie front. J 
 
 The instructor, for the purpose stated, can take the rammer by ' 
 the small end, and spring it in the barrel, or cause each man to make '■ 
 the rainmor ring in the barrel. 
 
 F.nch man. after tin- instruftor passes him, will retm-n rammer. 
 jik) lacf In tl)c front,. 
 
SCHOOI, OK THK SOLIULK. 25 
 
 Annfi — Port. One time and one motion. 
 
 Throw the piece diagonally aci'oss the body, the lock to the front, 
 seize it smartly at the same instant with both hands, the right at the 
 handle, the left at the tall-band, the two thumbs pointing towards 
 the muzzle, the barrel sloping upwards and crossing opposite to the 
 point of the left shoulder, the butt proportionally lowered. The 
 palm of the right hand will be above, and that of the left under the 
 piece, the nails of both hands next to the body, to which the elbows 
 will be closed. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Bring the piece smartly to the left shoulder, plac- 
 ing the left hand under the butt. 
 
 ■Second motion. Drop the right hand smartly by the side. 
 
 MANUvVL OF ARMS FOR THE RIFLE. 
 
 Principles of Shouldered, Arms. 
 
 The soldier standing in the position of the soldier, the instructor 
 causes him to bend the right arm slightly, and places the piece in it, 
 in the following manner : The piece in the right hand — the barrel 
 nearly vertical and resting in the hollow of the shoulder— the guard 
 to the front, the arm hanging nearly at its full length near the body; 
 tlie thumb and fore-finger eml) racing the guard, the remaining 
 fingers closed together, and grasping the swell of tlie stock just 
 under the cock, which rests on the little finger. 
 
 Support — Arms. One time and, three motiojis. 
 
 First motion. Bring the piece, with the right hand, perpendicu- 
 larly to the front and between the eyes, the barrel to the rear ; seize 
 the piece with the left hand at the lower band, raise this liand as 
 high as the chin, and seize the piece at the same time with the right 
 liand four inches below the cock. 
 
 Second motion. Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel 
 to the front ; carry the piece to the left shoulder, and pass the fore- 
 arm extended on the breast between the right hand and the cock; 
 support the cock against the left fore-arm, the left hand resting on 
 the right breast. 
 
 Third mofio)). Drop tlio right hand by the side. 
 
'It) iiA.M Al. Htl; \Ul,lMKKK> AN'i) MII.ITIA. 
 
 Shotikler—\\\y,i^. One tinie and three motions. 
 
 First motion. Grasi> the piece with tlie rif^ht hand under and 
 against the left fore-arm ; seize it with the left hand at the lower 
 band, the thumb extended : detach the piece slijrhtly from the 
 sliouldcr, the left fore-arm alon;^ the stock. 
 
 Second motion. Carry the piece vertically to the rijrht shoulder 
 with both hands, the rammer to the front, cliauge tlie position of 
 the riglit liand so as to enibrace the ;i;nard with the thumb and fore- 
 finger, slip the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the finger* 
 extended and joined, the right arm nearly straight. 
 
 Third motion. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 
 
 Present — Arms, (hie time and tn'0 motions. 
 
 First motion. With the right hand bring the piece erect before 
 the centre of the body, the rammer to the front; at the same time 
 seize the piece with the left liaud half-way between the guide sight 
 and lower baud, the thumb extended along the barrel and against 
 the stock, the fore-arm horizontal and resting against the body, the 
 hand as high as the elbow. 
 
 Second motion. Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand 
 below and against the guard. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms, One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Bring the piece to the right shoulder, at the same 
 time change the position of the right hand so as to embrace the 
 guard with the thumb and fore-finger, slip up the left hand to the 
 height of the shouldei-. the lingers extended and joined, the right 
 arm nearly straight. 
 
 Second mot/on. Drop the left hand cpiickly by the side. 
 
 O/y/cv— Akms. One time and two nvMons. 
 
 First motio)i. Seize the piece briskly with the left hand near the 
 upper band, and detach it slightly from the shoulder with the right 
 hand; loosen the grasp of the right hand, lower the piece with the 
 left, re-seize the piece with the right hand above the lower band, I 
 the little linger in rear of the barrel, the butt about four inches from 
 the ground, the right hand supported against the hip, drop the left 
 Ijand by the side. 
 
 Seoond mofinn. Let the i>iece slip tluougli the right hand to tht 
 
KiHOOl, (»J- TllK SOI. Ill KK. '27 
 
 ground by opening sliglitly tlie lingers, inul take the pusition about 
 to be described. 
 
 Foiiitit>n of order arms. 
 
 • The hand low, the barrel between the thumb and fore-tiuger ex- 
 tended along the stock ; the other fingers extended and jomed; the 
 muzzle about two inches from the right shoulder ; the rammer in 
 front ; the toe (or beak) of the butt, against, and in a line Avith, the 
 toe of the right foot, the barrel perpendicular. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First nwti<m. Raise the piece vertically with the right hand in 
 the height of the right breast, and opposite the shoulder, the elbow 
 close to the body ; seize the ])iece with the left hand below the 
 right, and drop quickly the right hand to grasp the piece at the 
 swell of the stock, the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard ; 
 press the piece against the shoulder with the left hand, the right 
 arm nearly straight. 
 
 Stroud motion. T)ro]) the left hand quickly by the side. 
 
 Load in nine times. 
 1. Load.* One time and one motion. 
 
 (irasp the piece with the left hand as high as the right elbow, and 
 bring it vertically opposite the middle of the body, shift the right 
 hand to the upper band, place the butt between the feet, the barrel 
 to the front; seize it with the left hand near the muzzle, Avhich 
 should be three inches from the body : cayy the right hand to the 
 cartridge box. 
 
 2. Handle — Caktridgk. One time and one motion. 
 
 Seize the cartridge with the thumb and next two fingers, and 
 phicc it between the teeth. 
 
 ;}. Tear — Cartridgk. One time and one motion. 
 
 i far the paper to the powder, hold the cartridge upright between 
 tlie thumb and first two fingers, near the top ; in this position place 
 it in I'ront of and near the muzzle ; the back of the hand to the front. 
 
 'Whenever the loadings and firings are to be executed, the instructor 
 will cause the cartridge boxes to be brought to the front. 
 
'IH MANUAL KOK VOLfNTEKKs; ANU MIMIIA. 
 
 4. C'/wtrye— Cartkidgk. One fime a til one viotiun. 
 
 Empty the powder into the barrel ; disengage the ball IVom the 
 pajier with the right hand and the tluunb and first two fingers of the 
 left; insert it into the bore, the pointed end npperniost. and press, 
 it down with the riglit thumb ; seize the hcail of the rammer with 
 the thumb and fore-finger of the right hand, the other lingers closed, 
 the elbows near the body, 
 
 ."). Ih-air — Rammkk. One that and three motions. 
 
 Fird 7notU)n. Half draw the rammer by extending the right 
 arm ; steady it in this jjosition with the left thumb : grasp the ram- 
 mer near the muzzle with the right hand, the little finger upper- 
 most, the nails to the front, the thumb extended along the rammer. 
 
 Sei'ond motion. Clear the rammer from the i)ipes by again ex- 
 tending the arm ; the rammer in the prolongation of the pipes. 
 
 Third motion. Turn the rammer, the little end of the rammer 
 l)assing near the left shoulder ; place the head of the rammer on 
 the ball, the back of the hand to the front. 
 
 C. liain — Caktridue. One time and one motion. 
 Insert the rammer as far as the right, and steady it in this posi- 
 tion with the thumb of the left hand ; seize the rammer at the small 
 end with the thumb and fore-finger of the right hand, the back of 
 the liiiiiil to tlie front; press the ball home, the elbows near the 
 iMKiy. 
 
 7. Juturn — liAMMiiu. One time and three motions. 
 
 Flrd motion. Draw tiie rammer half way out, and steady it in 
 this position with the left thumb ; grasp it near the muzzle with the 
 right hand, the little finger uppermost, the nails to the front, the 
 thumb along the rammer ; clear the rammer from the bore by ex- 
 tending tile arm, tlie nails to the front, the rammer in the prolonga- 
 tion of the bore. 
 
 Second motion. 'Www. the rannuer, the head of the rauimer pass- 
 ing near the left shoulder, and insert it in the pi[)es until the right 
 hand reaches the muzzle, the nails to the front. 
 
 Third motion. Force the rammer home by placing the little I 
 linger of the right hand on the head of the rammer ; pass the left 
 hand down the barrel to the extent of the arm, without depressing j 
 the shoulder. f 
 
SC'llOOl- OK THK .^Ol.llIKi;. '-"' 
 
 8. Prime. One time and fAoo inotiontf. 
 
 First motion. With the left Iiaiul raiVe the piece till tiie liaiul is 
 as high as the eye ; grasp the small of the stock with the right hand : 
 half face to the right ; place, at the same time, the right foot bchiml 
 and at right angles with the left ; the hollow of the right foot against 
 the left heel. Slip the left hand down to the lower band, the thumb 
 along the stock, the left elbow against the body : bring the piece to 
 the right side, the butt below the right fore-arm— the small of the 
 stock against the body and two inches below the right breast, the 
 barrel upwards, the muz/^le on a level with the eye. 
 
 Sacond motion. Half cock with the thumb of the right hand, the 
 fingers supported against the guard and the small of the stock- 
 remove the old cap with one of the fingers of the right hand, and 
 with the thumb and' fore-finger of the same hand take a cap from 
 the pouch, place it on the nipple, and press it down with the thumb: 
 seize the small of the stock with the right hand. 
 
 9. Shoiddei' — Arms. One linie ami tiro motiinf. 
 
 First motion. Bring the piece to the right shoulder, and su})- 
 port it there with the left hand, face to the front ; bring the right 
 heel to the side of and on a line with the left ; grasp the piece with 
 the right hand as indicated in the ])Ositiou of sJioitlder arm.i. 
 
 Second, motion. Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 
 
 Rk vdy. One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. Raise the piece slightly with the right hand, mak- 
 ing a half face to the right on the left heel ; carry the right foot to 
 the rear, and place it at right angles to' the leit, the hollow of it op- 
 posite to, and against the left heel; grasp the piece with the left 
 hand at the lower band and detach it slightly from the shoulder. 
 
 Second motion. Bring down the piece with both hands, the bar- 
 rel upwards, the left thumb extended along the stock, the butt be- 
 low the right fore-arm, the small of the stock against the body and 
 two inches below the right breast, the muzzle as high as the eye, 
 the left elbow against the side ; place, at the same time, the right 
 thumb on the liead of the cock, tlie other fingers uuder and against 
 the guard. 
 
 Third' motion. Cock and seize the piece at the small of the stock 
 without deranging the position of the butt. 
 
vixMAl. i.ii; VCU.rNTBKKS AM) MII.ITIA. 
 
 Aim. 
 As ill the manual for tlu- niujiket. 
 
 A> ill tlie JiiJimial for tlu- imiskct. 
 
 Load. One time a/id one motion. 
 
 Hriiig (i(»\vii tlie picrc with both hands, at the same time face to 
 tlie-front and take the jiosition of food. Each rear rank man will 
 Iniiig his riglit foot by tlu' side of the left. 
 
 The men heinp in this position, the instructor will cause the load- 
 ing to be continued by the commands as before. 
 
 Shoiihhf — .Vkms. One time and one motion. 
 
 Throw u|» the i)iece briskly with the left hand and resume the 
 l)ositioii of nhjiihhr armj>, at the same time face to the front, turu- 
 iiig on the left heel, and bring the right heel on a line with the left. 
 
 Rtfocer — Akms. 
 
 The siuiif ys in the manual for the musket. 
 
 Tlie soldiers being in the position of the third motion of n'<tdy. 
 if the instructor should wish to bring them to a shoulder, he will 
 cojnmand : 
 
 ISliouldei- — Akms. One tinu and one motion. 
 
 \i the command shoulder, place the thumb upon the cock, the 
 fore-finger on the trigger, half-cock, and seize the small of the stock 
 with the right hand. At the command arms, bring up the piece 
 briskly to the rightshonlder, and retake the position of shoulder arms. 
 
 The recruits being at shoulder arms, when the instructor shall 
 wish to fix bayonets, he will command : 
 
 /V.c— Hayonkt. One time (Uid three mutlon.s. 
 
 First motion. (Jrasp the piece witii tiie left hand at the lieight 
 of the shoulder, and detach it slightly from the shoulder witii the 
 rigiit hand. 
 
 Second motion, (^uit the piece with the right liand, lower it witli 
 the left hand, opposite the middle of the body, and place the butt 
 between the feet without shock ; the rammer to the rear, the barrel 
 vertical, the muzzle three inches from thcbodv: seize it with the 
 
sciioui. Of rnK soi.oiKK. :{1 
 
 light hand at the upper band, and carry the left hand re\ eised to 
 the handle of the sabre-bayonet. 
 
 ThirO. motion. Draw the sabre-bayonet from the scabbard and 
 fix it on the extremity of the barrel ; seize the piece witli the left 
 hand, the arm extended, the right hand at the upper band. 
 
 Shovlder — Akms. One time and tv)o motions. 
 
 First motion. Raise the piece with the left hand and place it 
 against the right shoulder, the rammer to the front; seize the i)ifece 
 at the same time with the right hand at the swell of the stock, the 
 thumb and fore-ftnger cjubracing the guard, the right arm nearly 
 extended. 
 
 Second motion. Drop briskly the left hand by the side. 
 
 ('/targe — Bayonei". One time and tico motions. 
 
 First motion. Raise the piece slightly with the right hand and 
 make a half face to the right on the left heel ; i)lace the hollow of 
 the right loot opposite to, and three inches from the left heel, the 
 feet square ; seize the piece at the same time with the left hand a 
 little above the loAver band. 
 
 Second motion. Bring down the piece with both hands, the 
 barrel uppermost, the left elbow against the body ; seize the small 
 of the stock, at the same time, with the right hand, which will be 
 supported against the hip; the jjoint of the sabre-bayonet as high 
 as the eye. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Throw up the piece briskly with the left hand in 
 facing to the front, place it against the right shoulder, the rammer 
 to the front; turn the right hand so as to embrace the guard, slide 
 the left hand to the height of the shouldei-, the right hand nearly 
 extended. 
 
 Second motion. Drop the left hand smartly by the side. 
 
 Trail — Arms. One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. The same as the first motion of order arms. 
 
 Second motion. Incline the muzzle slightly to the front, the butt 
 10 the rear and about four iuches from the ground. The riglit hand 
 .supported at the hip, will so hold the piece that the rear rank men 
 mav not touch with their l»ovonct^ the men in the front rank. 
 
:\2 M vM U. 10|{ V(»l.t NTKKKS AN1» .MII.IilA. 
 
 At tlie roininaiul shonhler, raise tlie pieco perpendicularly in the 
 right hand, the little (in.orer in the rear of the barrel: at the com- 
 mand arms, execute wliat has been ])resrrilted for the sliOKhler 
 from the position of order amis. 
 
 Unfix — Bayonkt. One time and three rnotioim. 
 
 First and second motions. The same as the first and secoiul mo- 
 tions of fix bai/onet, except that, at the end of the second command, 
 the thumb of the ri.trht hand will be placed on the spring of the 
 sabre-bayonet, and the left hand will embrace the handle of the 
 sabre-bayonet and the barrel, the thumb extended along the blade. 
 
 Ihird motion. Press the thumb of the right hand on the spring, 
 wrest off the sabre-bayonet, tmn it to the right, tlie edge to the 
 front, lower the guard ui\til it touches the right hand, which will 
 seize the back and the edge of the l)lade between the thumb and 
 first two fingers, the other fingers holding the piece ; change the 
 jiosition of the hand witlu)ut (juitting the handle, return the sabre- 
 bayonet to the scaltbaiil. and sci/c the pii'ce with tlie left liand. the 
 arm extended. 
 
 Shon/dcr — Akms. ('hie time and liro mo/ions. 
 
 Fir.<it motion. The same as the first motion from fix bayonet. 
 Seao'nd motion. The same as the se(?ond motion from fix hai/onet. 
 
 Secure — Ak.ms. One time and three motions. 
 
 First motion. The same as the first motion of support arms, ex 
 cept with the right hand seize the i)iece at the small of the stock. 
 
 Second motio7i. Turn the piece with both hands, the barrel to 
 the front ; bring it opposite the left shoulder, the butt against the 
 hip, the left hand at the lower band, the thumb as high as the chin 
 and extended on the rammer ; the piece erect and detached from 
 the shoulder, the left fore-arm again.st the piece. 
 
 Third motion. Reverse the piece, i)ass it under the left arm, tlie 
 left hand remaining at the lower band, the thumli on the rammer to 
 prevent it from sliding out, the little finger resting against the hip, 
 the right hand falling at the same time by the side. 
 
 Shoidder — Ahms. One time and three motions. 
 
 /•7/-S/ niotiou. T?aiso llic pjccf with tli(> loft hand and soi/e it 
 
k SCHOOI, OF THE SOLDIER. Jo 
 
 With the right hand at the small of the stock. The piece erect and 
 detached from the shoulder, the butt against the hip, the left fore- 
 arm along the piece. 
 
 Second motion. The same as the second motion of shordder arms 
 from a support. 
 
 Third motion. The same as the third motion of shoidder arms 
 from a support. 
 
 Right shoidder shift— Av.yi». One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Detach the piece perpendicularly from the shoul- 
 der with the right hand, and seize it with the left between the lower 
 band and guide-sight, raise the piece, the left hand at the height of 
 the shoulder and four inches from it; place, at the same time, the 
 right hand on the butt, the beak between the first two fingers, the 
 other two fingers under the butt plate. 
 
 Second motion. Quit the piece with the left hand, raise and place 
 the piece on the right shoulder with the right hand, the lock plate 
 upwards : let fall, at the same time, the left hand by the side. 
 
 Shonhler — Arms. O^ie time and tico motions. 
 
 Fir.<it motion. Raise the piece perpendicularly by extending the 
 right arm to its full length, the rammer to the front, at the same 
 time seize the piece ^n ith the left hand between the lo^er band and 
 guide-sight. 
 
 Second motion. Quit the butt with the right hand, which will 
 immediately embrace the guard, lower the piece to the position of 
 shoulder arms, slide up the left hand to the height of the shoulder, 
 the fingers extended and closed. Drop the left hand b}' the side. 
 
 The men being at support arms, the instructor will sometimes 
 cause pieces to be brought to the right shoulder. To this effect, 
 lie will command: 
 
 Right shoulder shift — Arms, One time and two motions. 
 
 First motion. Seize the piece with the right hand, below and 
 near the left fore-arm, place the left hand under the butt, the heel 
 of the butt between the first two fingers. 
 
 Second ^notion. Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock-plate 
 upwards, carry it to the right shoulder, the left hand still holding 
 the butt, the muzzle elevated; hold the piece in this position and 
 place the right hand upon the butt, and let fall the left hand by the 
 side. 
 
■ U MANTAL I-OIJ ViM.l'NTKKKS AND MILITIA. 
 
 Siippnrt — Akms. One tt me anil tiro motlmiK. 
 
 First rnotioh. The same as the first motion of sliotihler onnx. 
 
 Second motion. Turn the piece witli both liands. tlie liarrcl t(t 
 the front, carry it opjjosite tlie left shouhlcr, slij) the right han»l to 
 the small of the stock, place the left fore-arm extended on the 
 breast, and let fall the ri^ht hand l»y the side. 
 
 .l^v/».s" At NN'ii,!.. (hte timv (tn(.l one nuitini. 
 
 At this eonnnand, carry the piece at pleasure on eitlu'i- shoulder, 
 with one or hoth hands, the muzzle elevated. 
 
 S/innlilrr -\nM^. One time and om' motion. 
 At this eoimuand. retake (Hiickly the iiosition of sliouhler arms. 
 
 !iiii(M'rtinn nf Anns. 
 
 The soldieis heini;- at ordered arms, and ha\ iiiu tlie sal^e-hayonet 
 in the scabbard, il' the instructor wishes to cause an insjtection of 
 arms, he will comnutnd: 
 
 fnsi)egtio)i — A U.MS. One time and tn-<> motiona. 
 
 First inotion. Seize the piece with the left hand below and near 
 tlie upper band, carry it with l)oth hands opposite the middle of the 
 Itody, the butt betMcen the feet, the rammer to the rear, the barrel 
 vertical, the muzzle about three inches from the body; carry the 
 left hand reversed to the sabre-bayonet, draw it from the scabbard 
 and fix it on the barrel : grasp the piece Avitli the left hand below 
 and near the upper band, seize the rammer with the thumb and 
 fore-finger of the right iiand 1)ent. the other lingers dosed. 
 
 Second nioiion. Draw the nrnnner as has Iteen explained mload- 
 ing, and let it glide to the bottom of the bore, rejtlace the i)iece with 
 the left hand opjiosite the right shoulder, and retake the position of 
 ordered, arm.'i. 
 
 The instructor will then ius]iect in succession the piece of eaidi 
 man, in passing along the fr(nit of the rank. Each, as the instructor 
 I'eaches him, will rais(» smartly his ])iece with his right hand, seize 
 it with the left between the lower band and guide sight, the lock to 
 the front, the left hand at the height of the chin, the piece opposite 
 to the left eye ; the instructor will take it with the right hand at 
 the handle, and. after inspecting it. will return it to the man. who 
 
?!CHOOI, OK THl'; SOLPIKK. o5 
 
 will receive it back with the right hand, and rephice it iii tlie pui^i- 
 tion of ordered arms. 
 
 Wlien the instructor shall have pas-^ed him, each soldier will retake 
 the position prescribed at the command inspection arms, return the 
 lammer, and resume the position of ordered arms. 
 
 If, instead of inspection of arms, the instructor shoidd merely 
 wish to cause ba,vonets to be fixed, he will command : 
 
 Fix— HXYOSKT. 
 
 Take the position indicated above, fix bayonets as has been cx- 
 plr^ined, and inmiediately resume the position of ordered arms. 
 
 If it be the wish of the instructor, after firing, to ascertain whether 
 the pieces have been discharged, he will command : 
 
 .Spring — ^Ram.mk}:s. 
 
 This is done as in the manual for the nuisket. 
 
 To load in four times. 
 
 The first time will be executed at the end of the command ; the 
 three others at the commands, two, three, and/o»<r. 
 The instructor will command : 
 
 1. Load in four times. 2. Lo.vn. • 
 
 Execute the times to include charge cartridge. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Execute the times to include ram cartridge. 
 
 Thrp:k. 
 
 Execute the times to include prime. 
 
 FOUH. 
 
 ExecHite the time of .shoulder arms. 
 
 To load at will. 
 
 The instructor will next teach loading at will, which will be exe- 
 cuted as loading in four times, but continued, and without resting 
 on either of the times. He will command : 
 
 1. Load at will. 2. Load. 
 
 'Ihe instructor will habituate the soldiers, by degrees, tu load with 
 
30 MANLAL tOK VOLUMEERJs ANU MlLIllA. 
 
 the greatest possible promptitude, each without regulating himself 
 by his neighbor, and above all without waiting for him. 
 
 Firings. 
 
 .The firings are direct or oblique, and will bo executed as 
 follows : 
 
 The direct Jire. 
 
 The instructor will give the following conunands : 
 
 1. Fire hi/ s<]uafl. 2. S<]uad. 3. Rkaoy. 4. Aim. .i. Fikk. 
 6. Load. 
 
 These several commands Avill be executed as has been prescribed 
 in the Manual of 2irms. At the third command, the men will come 
 to the position of ready as heretofore explained. At the fourth 
 they will aim according to the rank in which each may find himself 
 placed, the rear rank men inclining forward a little the upper part 
 of the body, in order that their pieces may reach as much beyond 
 the front rank as possible. 
 
 At the sixth command, they will load their pieces, and return 
 imilediately to the position of ready. 
 
 The instructor will recommence the firing by the commands : 
 
 1. Squad. 2. Aim. 3. Fiuk. 4. Load. 
 
 When the instructor wishes the firing to cease, he will command : 
 
 Cease firing. 
 
 At this command the men will cease firing, but will load their 
 pieces if unloaded, and afterwards bring them to a shoulder. 
 
 Oblique Firing. 
 
 The oblique firngs will be executed to the right and left, and by 
 the same commands as the direct fire, with this single difference — 
 the coraiiiand aim will always be preceded by the caution, Hght or 
 left oblique. 
 
 Position of the two 7'anks in the Oblique Fire to the right. 
 
 At the command ready, the two ranks will execute what has been 
 prescribed for the direct fire. 
 At tho cautionary command, right oblique, the two ranks will 
 
SCHOOL OF THK SOLUIEK. '., i 
 
 throw back the right shoulder aucl look steadily at the object to 
 be hit. 
 
 At the command aim, each front rank man will aim to the right 
 without deranging the feet ; each rear rank man Avill advance the 
 left foot about eight inches towards the right heel of {lie man next 
 on the right of his file leader and aim to the riglit, inclining the 
 upper part of the body forward and bending a little the left knee. 
 
 Position of the two ranks in the Oblique Fire to the left. 
 
 At the cautionary command, left oblique, the two ranks will 
 throw back the left shoulder and look steadily at the object to 
 be hit. 
 
 At the command am, the front rank will take aim to the left 
 without deranging the feet; each man in the rear rank will advance 
 the right foot about eight inches towards the right heel of the man 
 next on the right of his file leader, and aim to the left, inclining 
 the upper part of the body forward and bending a little the riglit 
 knee. 
 
 In both cases, at the command load, the men of each rank will 
 come to the position of load as prescribed in the direct fire ; the rear 
 rank men bringing back the foot which is to the right and front by 
 the side of the other. Each man will continue to load as if isolated. 
 
 To fire by File. 
 
 The fire by file will be executed by the two rauks, the files of 
 which will fire successively, and without regulating on each other, 
 except for the first fire. 
 
 The instructor will command : 
 
 1. Fire by file. 2. Squad. 3. Ready. 4. Commence firing. 
 
 At the third command, the two ranks will take the position pre- 
 scribed in the direct fire. 
 
 At the fourth command, the file on the right will aim and fire ; 
 the rear rank man in aiming will take the position indicated in Aim, 
 page 19. 
 
 The men of this file will load their pieces briskly and fire a second 
 time ; reload and fire again, and so on in continuation. 
 
 The second file will aim, at the instant the first brings down pieces 
 to reload, and will conform in all respects to that which has just 
 been prescribed for the first file. 
 
•)N MAM AL KOK VUl.lMKKKS AM) .Mll.lTIA. 
 
 After the tirst fire, the front and roar rank iiu'u will iiDt be re- 
 ijuired to fire at the same time. 
 
 ?]ach man, after loading, will return to the position of ready and 
 continue the fire. 
 
 When the instructor wishes the fire to cease, he will coniuiand : 
 
 Cease— ViRi^fi. 
 
 At this couiuiaiid the men will cease firin.u. Jf they have fired 
 they will load their pieces and bring them to a shoulder; if at the 
 position of ready, they will half-ccck and shoulder arms. If in the 
 position of aim, they will bring down their pieces, hall-cock, and 
 shoulder arms. 
 
 To fire In/ Uank. 
 
 The fire by rank will be executed by each entire lank, alter- 
 nately. 
 
 The instructor will comuuuid : 
 
 1. Fire by rank. 2. Squad. 3. Ready. 4. J^ear rank. .5. Aim. 
 , (J. Fire. 7. Load. 
 
 At the tliird command, the two ranks will take the position of 
 ready, as prescribed in the direct fire. 
 
 At the seventh command, the rear rank will execute that which 
 has been prescribed in the direct fire, and afterwards take the posi- 
 tion of ready. 
 
 As soon as the instructor sees several men ol' the rear rank in the 
 position of ready, he will command : 
 
 1. Front rank. 2. Aim. ;{. Fikk. 1. Ijoad. 
 
 At these commands, the men in the from rank will execute what 
 lias been prescribed for the rear rank, but they will not step off' 
 with the right foot. 
 
 The instructor will recommence the firing by the rear rank, and 
 will tlius continue to alternate from rank to rank, until he shall 
 wish the firing to cease, when he will conm\i\in\, cease firing, whichj 
 will be executed as heretofore prescribed. 
 
 To fire and load Kneeling. 
 In this exercise the scpiad will be supposed U)aded and drawn wp 
 
S(!HOOL OF TllK SOLDIKR. 'A'.l 
 
 in one rank. The instruction will be given to each man individually, 
 without times or motions, and in the followinp.' manner. 
 
 The instructor will command : 
 
 Fire axd loat) Kneeling. 
 
 At this command, the man on the riglit of the squad will move 
 forward three paces and halt ; then carry the right foot to the rear 
 and to the right of the left heel, and in a position convenient for 
 placing the right knee upon the ground in bending the left leg ; 
 place the right knee upon the ground ; lower the piece, the left 
 fore-arm snp])orted upon the thigh on the same side, the right hand 
 on the small of the stock, the butt resting on the right thigh, the 
 left hand supporting the piece near the lower band. 
 
 He will next move the right leg to the left around the knee sup- 
 ported on the ground, until this leg is nearly perpendicular to the 
 direction of the left foot, and thus seat himself comfortably on the 
 right heel. 
 
 Raise the piece with the right hand and support it with the left, 
 holding it near the lower band, the left elbow resting on the left 
 thigh near the knee ; seize the hammer with the thumb, the fore- 
 linger under the guard, cock and seize the piece at the small of the 
 stock ; bring the piece to the shoulder, aim am} fire. 
 
 Bring the piece down as soon as it is fired, and support it with 
 tlie left hand, the butt resting against the right thigh ; carry the 
 piece to the rear rising on the knee, the barrel downwards, the 
 butt resting on the ground ; in this position support the piece with 
 the left hand at the upper band, draw cartridge with the right and 
 load the piece, ramming the ball if necessary with both hands. 
 
 When loaded bring the piece to the front with the left hand, 
 which holds it at the upi)er band ; seize it at the same time with 
 the right hand at the small of the stock ; turn the piece, the barrel 
 uppermost and nearly horizontal, the left elbow resting on the left 
 thigh ; half-cock, remove the old cap and prime, rise, and return to 
 the ranks. 
 
 The second man will then be taught what has jnst been prescribed 
 for the first, and so on through the remainder of the squad. 
 
 To fire and load lying. 
 In this exercise the squad will be in one rank and loaded ; the 
 instruction will be given individually and without times or mo- 
 tions. 
 
4'» VAM'AI. FOK VOLrNTKKR:« ANT) MILITIA. 
 
 The iiistrnrtor will command : 
 
 Fire and load i,yi.v(;. 
 
 At this command, the man on the right of the sqnad will move 
 lorward three paces and halt; he will then bring his piece to an 
 order, drop on both knees, and j)lace himself on the ground flat on 
 iiis lielly. In this position he will support the piece uearl}' hori- 
 zontal with the left hand, holding it near the lower band, the butt 
 end of the piece and the left elbow resting on the ground, the bar- 
 rel uppermost : cock the jjiece with the right hand, and carry this 
 hand to the small of the stock ; raise the piece with both hands, 
 press the butt against the shouldor. and resting on both elbows, 
 air/i and_/??v;. 
 
 As soon as he has fired, bring the jiiece down and turn upon his 
 left side, still resting on his left elbow : bring back the piece until 
 the cock is opposite his breast, the butt end resting on the ground ; 
 take out a cartridge with the right hand ; seize the small of the 
 stock with this hand, holding the cartridge with the thumb and two 
 lirst fingers ; he will then throw himself on his back, still liolding 
 the piece with both hands : cany the piece to the rear, place the 
 ])utt between the heels, the barrel up, the muzzle elevated. In thi.s 
 position, charge cartridge, draw rammer, ram cartridge, aud return 
 rammer. 
 
 When finished loading, the man will turn again upon his leftside, 
 remove the old cap and prime, tlien raise the piece vertically, rise, 
 turn about and resume his position in the ranks. 
 
 The second man will be taught what has just been prescribed for 
 the first, and so on throughout the squad. 
 
 Hanoi} et Exercise. 
 
 The bayonet exercise in this book will be confined to two move- 
 ments, the quard against infantry y and the guard against cavalry 
 The men will be placed in one rank, with two paces interval, and 
 being at shoulder arms, the instructor will command : 
 
 I. Guard, against Infantry. 2. Gvaim). One time and two 
 motions. 
 
 First motion. Make a half face to the right, turning on both 
 heels, the feet square to each other ; at the same time raise the 
 [lioce slightly, and seize it with the left hand above and near the 
 lowei- liand. 
 
,<('HOO], OK THE SOLDIKK. 41 
 
 Second motion. Carry tlie right foot twenty inches perpendicu- 
 larly to the rear, the right heel on the prolongation of the left, the 
 knees slightly bent, the weight of the body resting equally on both 
 legs; lower the piece with both hands, the barrel uppermost, the 
 left elbow against the body ; seize the piece at the same time with 
 the right hand at the small of the stock, the arms falling naturally, 
 the point of the bayonet slightly elevated. 
 
 Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. 
 Throw up the piece with the left hand, and place it against the 
 right shoulder, at the same time bring the right heel by the side of 
 the left and face to the front. 
 
 1. Guard, ngain^xf Cavalry. 2. Guard. One time and ttvo 
 motions. 
 
 lioth motions the same as for guard against infantry, except that 
 the right hand will be supported against th§ hip, and the bayonet 
 held at the height of the eye, as in charge bayonet. 
 
 Shoulder — AuMS. One time and one motion. 
 
 Spring up the piece with the left hand and place it against the 
 right shoulder, at the same time bring the right heel by the side of 
 the left, and face to the front. 
 
 MANUAL OF THE SWORD OR SABRE. FOR OFFICERS. 
 
 VOSITION OF THE SWORD OR SABRE, UNDER ARMS. 
 
 The carry. The gripe in the right hand, which will be supported 
 against the right hip, the back of the blade against the shoulder. 
 
 TO SALUTE WITH THE SWORD OR SABRE. Three times (or pauses.) 
 
 One. At the distance of six paces from the person to be saluted, 
 raise the sword orsabre perpendicularly, the point up, the flatof the 
 blade opposite to the right eye, the guard at the height of the 
 shoulder, the elbow supported on the body. 
 
 Two. Drop the point of the sword or sabre by extending the arm, 
 so that the right hand may be brought to the side of the right thigh, 
 and remain in thatposition until the person to whom the salute is ren- 
 dered shall be passed, or shall have passed, six paces. 
 
 Thre^e: Raise the sword or sabre smartly, and resume the posi- 
 tion first prescribed. 
 
*'^ MAM.AI. you VOI.rNTKKK*; AN'r» MM in I. 
 
 COLOR-SSAMTK. 
 
 In tlu' ranks, the color-bearor, wlietlior nt a lialt or in march, wilf 
 always carry the heel of the color-lance snppoi'tefl at the right hip, 
 the right hand generally placed on the lance at the height of the 
 ><houlder, to hold it steady. When the color has to render honow, 
 the color-bearer will salute as follows: 
 
 At the distance of six paces slip the right hand along the lance 
 to the height of the eye : lower the lance by straightening the arm 
 to its fullest extent, the heel of the lance remaining at the hip, and 
 bring back the lance to the habitiial jxtsition when the person 
 riulntfd -liiill tinvc pjfi-if'd. or «iliall hitvc |iit«fd. six i»iic(-i. 
 
 PAliT THIHI). 
 
 When the men are well established in fhe iir'niciple^ and meohaii' 
 i)<m of the sitep, the poailioit of the bodij, and the manual of arms, 
 the instructor will unite from eight to twelve iu a squad, in order to 
 teach them the i)rincii)les of alignment, the touch of the elbow In 
 marching to the front, the principles of the march by the flank, 
 wheeling from a halt, wheeling in marching, and the change of 
 direction to the aide of the guide. He will place the squad in one 
 rank ell>ow to elbow, and number the men fron right to left- 
 
 Al/gnnient)t. 
 
 Th«! instructor will at first teach the soldiers to i^lign themselves 
 man by man, in order to make them understand the principles of 
 alignment better: for this ])urj)0se, he will command the two men 
 on the right Hank to march two paces to the front, and having 
 aligned (or dressed) them, ho will can^cthe remainder of the squad 
 to move up, as may be succt^ssively called, each by his number, a^ 
 three, f o ur, GU\.,&n(\ align (or dress) themselves successively on 
 the line of the first two men. 
 
 Rach man, as desigmited by his mimber, will turn his head and 
 eyes to the right, as directed for ei/es right in the first part, and 
 march lico paces forirard in quick <m/f,' shortening the last step, ho 
 as to find himself about six i)iches behind the new line, which he 
 ought never to cross ; he will then move up steadily by steps of two 
 or three inches, the legs straight, to the s*ide of the next man to him 
 on the line, so tlmt. without throwlnji the head or the shoulder* oilJ 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIfcTJR 45 
 
 of place, he may find himself in the exact line with the tiles on his 
 right, and touching elbows with the nearest one without opening 
 out his arms. 
 The instructor seeing the line i)roperly dressed, commands : 
 
 Front. 
 
 At Avhich the men Avill turn their eyes to the front, and remain 
 firm. 
 
 Alignments to the left will be conducted on the same principles. 
 
 When the men .shall have learned to dress correctly man by man, 
 without deranging the head or shoulders, and without jostling, the 
 instructor will cause the entire squad to dress at once by the 
 command : 
 
 Squad right (or left)— Dukss, 
 
 At this the squad, except the two men placed in advance as a 
 basis of alignment, wMU move up in quick tinie, and place themselves 
 on the new line according to the principles just laid down. 
 
 The instructor will superintend the dressing, and when he sees 
 the ^eater number of the squad in their proper places, will 
 command : 
 
 Front. 
 
 The* instructor may afterwards order thin or that tile forward or 
 back, designating each man by his number (or name.) The file or 
 files designated, will slightly turn their heads towards the right (or 
 ^eft,) to judge how much they ought to move up or back, place 
 themselves on a line by moving an inch or two at a time, and then 
 turn eyes to the front, without waiting for any command from the 
 instructor. 
 
 Alignments to the rear will be executed on the same principles, 
 the men stepping back a little beyond the line, and then dressing 
 up according to the principles laid down for alignments ; the com- 
 mands of the instructor are : 
 
 Right (or left) backward — Dress. 
 
 2b march to the front. 
 
 The squad being correctly aligned, and the instructor wishing to 
 iiiHrch it to the front, he will place a well instructed man on the 
 
44 M.VNIAL FOK VOLINTEEKS AND MILIIIA. 
 
 right or left, according to the side on which he wishes the guide to 
 be, and command: 
 
 1. Sqnad forward. 2. Gfii/le right {or left.) H. March. 
 
 At the command march, tlie squad will step oflF smartly with the 
 left foot, and will take up quick timp, unless otherwise specially 
 ordered. This rule is general. The guide will take care to march 
 straight to the front, keeping his shoulders always square with that 
 line. The men will touch elbows lightly on the side towards the 
 guide, maintaining the shoulders square to the front, no matter on 
 which side the guMe may be ; they should be careful not to open 
 out the left elbow, or the right arm; that they yield to pressure 
 coming from the side of the guide, and resist that coming from the 
 side opposite ; that they recover by insensible degrees the touch 
 of the elbow, if lost; and if any files are before or behind the line, 
 that they correct themselves by shortening or lengthening the step 
 by almost insensible degrees. It is all important that tlie closest 
 attention should be paid to each one of the above directions, otherwise 
 the men cannot attain proticiency, and Avhen they are advanced to 
 the company drill, it will be impossible to secure promptness or 
 accuracy in the manoeuvers. 
 
 The men being well establislied in the principles of the direct 
 march, the instructor will exercise them in marching obliquely. — 
 The squad being in march, the instructor commands : 
 
 1. Bight (or left) oblique. 2. March. 
 
 At the command march, each man will make a half face to the 
 right (or left,) and will then march straight forward in the new 
 direction. As the men no longer touch elbows, they will glance 
 along the nearest files, towards the side to which they are obliquing, 
 and will regulate their steps so that the right (or left) shoulder 
 shall always be behind the left (or right) shoulder of their next 
 neighbor on the right (or left,) and that his head shall conceal the 
 heads of the other men on the right (or left.) The men should be- 
 careful to preserve the same length of pace, and the same degree 
 of obliquity. The guides must always be on the flank towards which 
 the oblique takes place. 
 
 The instructor wishing to resume the direct march, will com- 
 mand : 
 
 1. Fortmrd. ,2. March. 
 
SCHOOL OK THK SOUUKft. l) 
 
 At the command march, each man will make a half face to the 
 left (or right,) and all will march straight to the front, conforming 
 to the principles laid down for marching to the front. 
 
 To march to the front in double quick time. 
 
 Instructions in the principles of this step is recommended for all 
 infantry troops ; it may be omitted for infantry of the line, but in 
 no other case ; nothing but the imperative necessity for giving all 
 of the time at tlie disposal of the instrnrtor to instruction in the 
 principles of the quick step and to the manceuvers, should prevent 
 even infantry of the line from being thoroughly instructed in the 
 principles of this step. 
 
 The squad being at a march in quick time, the instructor com- 
 mands : 
 
 1. Double quick. 2. March. 
 
 At the command inarch, which will be given when either foot is 
 coming to the ground, the squad will step off in double quick time. 
 The men should be careful to follow the rules already laid down 
 for the march in the double quick step, and to preserve the align- 
 ment. 
 
 When the instructor wishes the squad to resume the quick step, 
 he will command : 
 
 1. ^luck time. 2. March. 
 
 At the command inarch, which should be given when either foot 
 is coming to the ground, the squad will retake the step in (piick 
 time. 
 
 If the squad is at a halt, and tlie instructor wishes to march at 
 the double quick step, he commands : 
 
 1. Squad forward. 2. Guide right {or left.) 3. Double quiok. 
 4. March. 
 
 The squad being at the march in double quick time, the instructor 
 will occasionally cause it to mark time ; the men will then mark 
 double quick time without altering the cadence. He will also 
 cause them to pass from the direct to the oblique march, and the 
 reverse, conforming to wliat has been prescribed for the oblique 
 march. 
 
 In marching at double quick time, the men will always carry their 
 pieces on the right shoulder, or at a trail. This ride «? gemral. 
 
»f) MANLAI, KOK VOLL N'l fc'KRS AND MILITIA. 
 
 It the instructor wishes the pieces carried at a trail, he will give 
 the commaiul (rail amis, before the command (hnihle quick. If, on 
 the contrary, this command is not piven. the men will shift their 
 pieces to the right shoulder at the' command fk)uble quick. In 
 either case, at the command halt, the men will bring their pieces to 
 the position of shouldered arms. This rule is ijmeral. 
 
 To face about in marchinff. 
 
 If the squad be marching in quick or double quick time, and the 
 instructor should wish to march in retreat, he will command : 
 
 I. Squad right abord. *2. Makch. 
 
 At the command inarch, which should be given at the instant the 
 right foot touches the ground, the soldier will complete the next pace 
 with the left foot, then turning to the right about on both heels, 
 will step off with the left foot. 
 
 To march by the flank. 
 
 The squad being at a halt, and correctly aligned, the instructor 
 will command : 
 
 I. Squad, rigM — Face. 2. Forward. 3. March. 
 
 At tlie command /rtce, the squad will face to the right ; the even 
 numbered men after tiling to the right, will step quickly to the right 
 side of the odd numbered men, the latter standing fast, so that when 
 the movement is executed, the men will be formed into files of two 
 men abreast, or doubled. 
 
 At the command march, the squad will step off smartly with the 
 left foot; the files keeping their dresfj, and preserving then* in- 
 tervals. 
 
 The march by the left flank will be executed by the same com- 
 mands, substituting the word left for right, and by inverse means ; 
 in this case, the even numbered men, after facing to the left, will 
 stand fast, and the odd numl>ered will place themselves on their 
 left. 
 
 When the instructor shall wisli to halt the squad, marching by the 
 flank, and to cause it to face to the front, he will command : 
 
 1. Squad. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 
 . At the second command the rank will halt, and afterwards no 
 
S<;H(H>f, or THE SOt.DIKK. 47 
 
 man will stir, although he may have lost his distance. This prohi^ 
 bition is necessary, to habituate the men to a constant attention to 
 their distances. ^ 
 
 At the command front, each man will front by facing to the left, 
 if marching by the right flank, and by a face to the right, if march- 
 ing by the left flank. The rear rank men will move quickly into 
 their places, so as to form the squad into one rank again. 
 
 The squad being on the march by the flank, the instructor will 
 cause it to change direction by commanding : 
 
 1. By fie left {or right.) 2. March. 
 
 At the command march, the first file will change direction to the 
 left (or right) in describing a small arc of a circle, and will then 
 march strait forward; the two men of this file in wheeling, will 
 keep up^the touch of the elbows, and the man on the aide to which 
 the wheel is made, will shorten the first three or four steps. Each 
 liie will come successively to the wheel on the same spot where that 
 wliich preceded it wheeled. 
 
 The instructor mMII also cause the squad to face by the right or 
 left flank in marching, and for this purpose he will command : 
 
 1. Squad l)y the right (or left) flank. 2. MA.Rcn. 
 
 At the command anarch, which will be given a little before either 
 foot comes to the ground, the men will turn the body, plant the foot 
 that is raised in the new direction, and step off with the other foot 
 without altering the cadence of the step. When the squad faces 
 to the front or rear in marching, the men who find themselves in 
 rear step to the right or left so as to form a single rank, each man 
 in his place as in the beginning ; this is called the undouhUng of 
 files. 
 
 If wh«;n the squad is marching to the front or rear, tfie instructor 
 causes it to march by a flank, the files will double ; when the squad 
 is on the march to the front, and is faced by the right flank, the 
 e!\3en numbei-s will step up to the right of the odd ones, as fin the 
 first instance effacing from a halt; when it is marched by the left 
 flank, the odd numbers should double on the left of the even ; if 
 the squad is marching to the rear when it is faced by the right 
 flank, the orW will double on the er.en as in the last case, but if 
 faced by the left flank iho even will double to the right of the oJr7 
 J- in the first case. 
 
t^ MAMAI. l"OK VOMNTEKRS AMI MILITIA. 
 
 The instructor will sometimes march by a flank wirliout doubling 
 files : for this purpose he commands : 
 
 In one rank, )'rjht~FxcK. 
 
 In marohin? at the (1o>ihIp qHwk, ht>\vever. the files will always be 
 doubled. 
 
 Qenernl principh'S of frJief^Iingi^. 
 
 Wheclinfrs are of two kinds; from a halt, or on fin^d pivots, and 
 on the march, or on a rnoreahle pivot. 
 
 In wheeline; from a halt, the pivot-man only turns in liis place, 
 without advancing or receding. In the wheelf>.in marching, the 
 jiivot man takes steps of nine or eleven inches, according as the 
 s(iuad is marching in (juick or double quick time, so as to clear the 
 w*heeling point, which is necessary in order that, in a column com- 
 posed of sections, platoons, or companies, the distances between 
 the ditterent parts of it shall not be lost. 
 
 The man on the wheeling flank will take a full pace of twenty- 
 eight, or thirty-three inches, according to whether the time is quick 
 or double (piick. 
 
 Wheeling from a Unit, or on a fixed pivot. 
 
 The squad being at a halt, the instructor will place a well-instructed 
 man on the wheeling flank to conduct it, and command : 
 
 1. Bij squady right v)heeL 2. March. 
 
 At the command march, the squad will step off with the left foot, 
 turning the head at the same time a little to the left, the ej'es on 
 the line of the eyes of tlie men to their left; the pivot-man will 
 merely mark time, gradually turning his body, in order to conform 
 himself to the movements of the marching flank ; the man who con- 
 ducts this flank will take steps of twenty-eight inches, and from the 
 first step advance the left shoulder a little, cast tlie eyes from time 
 to time along the rank, and feel constantly, but lightly, the elbow 
 of the next man on the right, but never push him. The other man 
 will feel lightly the elbow of the next man to his right, resist pres- 
 sure coming from the left, and yield to any coming from the right; 
 each man will c(jnform himself to the march of the men on the 
 left, sliortening his step m(jre aiid.more as he is nearer the right, 
 or pivot. 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. 49 
 
 The instructor will make the squad wheel round the circle once 
 or twice before halting, in order to cause the principles to be better 
 understood, and he will be watchful that the centre does not break 
 or get too far in advance. 
 
 He will cause the wheel to the left to be executed on the same 
 principles. 
 
 When the instructor wishes to arrest the wheel, he commands : 
 
 1. Squad. 2. Halt. 
 
 At the second command the squad will halt, and no man stir. 
 The instructor going to the left (or right, if the wheel has been to 
 the left) flank, will place the two outer men of tliat flank in the 
 direction he may wish to give to the squad, without, liowever, dis- 
 placing tlie pivot, who will conform the line of his shoulders to this 
 direction. Tlie instructor will take care to have between these two 
 men and the pivot, only the space necessary to contain the other 
 men. He will tlien command : 
 
 Left (or right- 
 
 At this tlie squad will place itself on the alignment of the men 
 fixed as the basis, in conformity with the principles laid down for 
 tlie alignments. As soon ns the men are aligned, the instructor 
 commands : 
 
 Front. 
 
 Wheeling in marching, or on a movable pivot. 
 
 When the men have been bi'ought to execute the wheel from a 
 lialt properly, they will be taught the wheel in marching. 
 
 For this end, the squad being on the march, when the instructor 
 shall wish to cause it to change direction to the flank opi)osite the 
 guide, he will command : 
 
 I. Right (or left) wheel. 2. March. 
 
 The first command will be given when the squad is four paces 
 iVoiii the wheeling point. 
 
 At the command march, the wheel will be executed in the same 
 manner as from a halt, except that the touch of the elbow will re- 
 main towards the left or marching flank, instead of the side of the 
 actual pivot; that the pivot man, instead of merely turning in his 
 I'lnre, will conform himself to the movement of the marching flank. 
 
50 MANUAL FOR VOLUNTEERS AN'D MILITIA. 
 
 feel lightly the elbow of the next man, take steps of full nine inches, 
 and thus gain ground forward so as to clear the point of the wheel. 
 The middle of the rank will bend slightly to the rear. As soon as 
 the movement shall commence, the man who conducts the marching 
 flank will cast his eyes on the ground over Avhich he will have to 
 pass. 
 The wheel being ended, the instructor will command : 
 
 1. Forward. 2. March. 
 
 The comman(\ fo?'ipard will be given four paces before the wheel 
 is complete. 
 
 At the command march, which will begin at the instant the wheel 
 is complete, the man who conducts the wheel will march straight 
 forward ; the pivot man and all the rest of the squad will retake 
 the step of twenty-eight inches, and bring the head direct to the 
 front. 
 
 Turning or change of direction to the side of the guide. 
 
 The change of direction to the side of the guide, in marching, will 
 be executed as follows : the instructor will command : 
 
 1. Left (or right) turn. 2. March. 
 
 The first command should be given when the Squad is /a?<7' paces 
 from the turning point. 
 
 At the command march, to be pronounced at the instant the rank 
 ought to turn, the guide will face to the left (or right) in marching, 
 and move forward in the new direction without changing the pace. 
 The whole squad will promptly conform to the new direction ; to 
 effect which, each man will advance the shoulder opposite the guide, 
 take the double quick step, turn the head and eyes to the side of 
 the guide, place himself on the line with the guide, from whom he 
 will take the step, touch elbows to the side of the guide, and resume 
 the direct position of the head. The men will arrive in their places 
 in regular succession. 
 
 When the men comprehend, and can execute the various wheels, 
 etc., in quick time, the instructor Avill cause them to be repeated in 
 double quick time, by the same commands, and according to same 
 l)rinciples as in quick time ; except that the command double quick 
 will preceed that of march. In wheeling while marching, the 
 
SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER 51 
 
 pivot man Avill take steps of eleven inches, and in the changes of 
 direction to the side of the guide, the men on the side opposite 
 the guide must increase the gait in order to bring themselves into 
 line. 
 
 The iustructor, in order not to fatigue the men, and not to divide 
 their attention, will cause them to execute the several movements 
 of wheelings, etc., first without arms, and next, after the mechan- 
 ism be well comprehended, with arms. 
 
A.B STRICT FROM 
 
 SCHOOL OF THE OOMPAjSTY. 
 
 MANNNER OF FORMING THE COMPANY. 
 
 The whole company being assembled on its parade ground, or in 
 the rendezvous, the first, or ordei'Iy sergeant, will command : 
 
 Fall in — Company. 
 
 At this command, the corporals and privates will form in one rank, 
 faced to the right, and in the order of heiglit from right to left, the 
 tallest man on the right, (now head of the company,) the next tallest 
 man immediately covering tlie first, and so on to the left or rear of 
 the rank, in which position will be placed the shortest man. The 
 other sergeants will take post in the rank of file-closers, two paces 
 to the right of the company, and assist the first sergeant in forming 
 the company : 
 
 AVlien the men have their places, the first sergeant will command : 
 
 Front. 
 
 The second sergeant, who is the left guide of the company, will 
 now place himself on the left of the company, and the orderly ser- 
 geant will promptly command : 
 
 1. In tico raiiks, form company. 2. Left — Face. 3. March. 
 
 At the command left face, the whole company will face to the 
 left, except the guide and a man on the left, who stand fast. 
 
 At the command march, the whole of the men who have faced to 
 the left, will step oflF together ; the second man, counting from the 
 
oi MANUAL KUK VOLUNTEERS AND MILITIA. 
 
 left, will place himself iu the rear rank, behind the man next to the 
 guide, and face to the front; the two following men will, in like 
 manner, on closing up, form the next file, tlie third man, in the 
 front, and the fourth in the rear rank behind him, and all the other 
 men will come successively to form files, two deep, to the right of 
 those already formed.* 
 
 The officers will now take their posts as follows : 
 Tlie captain on the right of the company , touching with the loft elbow. 
 
 The first sergeant, in the rear rank, touching with the left elbow, 
 and covering the captain. In the mana-uvres he is denominated 
 covering sergeant, or right guide of the comjjany. 
 
 The remaining officers and sergeants are posted as tile-closers, in 
 the rank of file-closers, two paces behind tlie rear rank. 
 
 The first lieutenant, opposite the centre of the fourth section. 
 
 The second lieittenant, opposite the centre of the first platoon. 
 
 The third lieutenant, opposite the centre of the second platoon. 
 
 The second sergeant, opposite the second file from the left of the 
 Kunpany. In the manoeuvres he is called the left guide of the com- 
 pany. 
 
 The third sergeant, opposite the second file from the right of the 
 second platoon. 
 
 The fourth sergeant, opposite the second file from the left of the 
 first platoon. 
 
 Tlie fifth sergeant, opposite the second file from the right of the 
 first platoon. 
 
 The corporals are posted in the front rank ; the tallest corporal 
 and the tallest man from the first file on the right, the next two 
 tallest men from the second file, and so on to the last file, which is 
 composed of the shortest corporal and the shortest man. 
 
 If the captain has to discharge the duties of instructor, the first 
 lieutenant will take his place on the right of the front rank, the 
 second lieutenant replacing the first behind the fourth section. 
 
 The instructoi' will then cause the files to be numbered, and for 
 this purpose will command : 
 
 In each rank — count Twos. 
 
 At this command the men count in each rank from right to left, 
 
 * When the company is in good discipline, the files may be formed in two 
 ranks at once, each man having his proper number in the company de- 
 pending upon his height, and being able to take his appropriate place with- 
 out creating confusion. 
 
SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. .).) 
 
 pronouncing in a loud and distinct voice, in the same tone, without 
 hurry and without turning the head, one, two, according to the place 
 each one occupies. He will also cause the company to be divided 
 into platoons and sections, taking care that the first platoon is always 
 composed of an even number of files. 
 
 To open ranki^. 
 
 The company being at ordered arms, the ranks and file-closers 
 well aligned, when the instructor shall wish to cause the ranks to be 
 opened, he will direct the left guide to place himself on the left of 
 the front rank, which being executed, he will command : 
 
 1. Company. 2. Shoidde)^ — Arms. 3. To the rear, op)en order. 
 
 At the last command, the covering sergeant, (or orderly sergeant,) 
 and the left guide, will step off smartly to the rear, four paces of 
 twenty-eight inches from the front rank, in order to mark the posi- 
 tion for the rear rank. They will judge this distance by the eye 
 without counting the steps. 
 
 The instructor will place himself at the same time on the right 
 flank, in order to observe if these two non-commissioned officers 
 are on a line parallel to the front rank ; and, if ilecessary, to .cor- 
 rect their positions, Avhich being executed, he will command : 
 
 4. March. 
 
 At this command the front rank will stand fast. The rear rank 
 will step to the rear without counting the steps, and will place them- 
 selves on the alignment marked for this rank, each man stepping 
 slightly behind the line, and tlien dressing forward as in the back- 
 ward dress. The covering sergeant will dress the rear rank on the 
 left guide placed to mark the left of this rank. The instructor see- 
 ing the rear rank aligned. avIU command : 
 
 .'). Front. 
 
 At this command, the sergeant on the loft of the ronr rank will 
 return to his place as file-closer. 
 
 Alignments in open ranis. 
 
 The ranks being open, the instructor will, in the first exercises, 
 align the ranks, man by man, the better to inculcate the principles. 
 
MANTAL FOR VOLUNTEERS AND MILITIA. 
 
 To efifect this, he will cause t^vo or four men on the right or left of 
 each rank to march two or three pace^' forward, and, after liavins: 
 aligned them, command : 
 
 By file, rigid (or ?^//)— Dress. 
 
 At this, the men of each rank will move up successivel}' on the^ 
 alignment, each man being preceded by his neighbor in the same 
 rank, towards the basis, b}' two paces, and having correctly aligned 
 himself, will cast his eyes to the front. 
 
 Successive alignments having habituated the soldier to dress cor- 
 rectly, the instructor will cause the ranks to align themselves at 
 once, forward and backward, sometimes in a direction parallel, and 
 sometimes in one oblique to the original direction, giving, in each 
 case, two or four men to serve as a basis of alignment to each rank. 
 To etl'ect which, he will command : 
 
 ]. Tii'jM (oYlefO—TtRV.fi^. 2. Front; 
 
 or, 
 
 1. Bight (or left) backward— Dkess. 2. Front. 
 
 In oblique alignments, in opened ranks, the men of the rear rank 
 will not seek to cover their file leaders, as the sole object of the 
 exercise is to teach them to align themselves correctly in their re- 
 spective ranks, in the different directions. 
 
 In the several alignments, the captain will superintend the front 
 rank, and the covering sergeant the rear rank. For this purpose, 
 they will place themselves on the side by which the ranks are 
 dressed. 
 
 In oblique alignments, the men will conform the Hue of thoir 
 shoulders to the new direction of their ranks, and will place them- 
 selves on the alignment as has been prescribed in the School of the 
 Soldier, according a^ the new direction shall be in front or rear of 
 the original one. 
 
 ?b close rankfi. 
 
 The instructor will command : 
 
 1. Close order. 2. March. 
 
 At the command march, ihe rear rank will close u]) iri (iirick titiii^ 
 each man directing himself on his lile leader. 
 
 I 
 
SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. il 
 
 Alignments in dosed 7'anks. 
 
 The ranks being closed, the instructor will cause to be executed 
 parallel and oblique alignments by the right and left, forward and 
 backward, observing to place always two or four files as a basis of 
 alignment. He will give the same commands prescribed for opened 
 ranks. 
 
 In alignments in closed ranks, the captain will superintend the 
 front rank, and the covering sergeant the rear rank. They will 
 habituate themselves to judge tlie alignment by the lines of the 
 eyes and shoulders, in casting a glance of the eye along the front 
 and rear of the ranks. 
 
 The moment the captain perceives the greater number of the 
 front rank aligned, he will command Fkont, and rectify afterwards, 
 if necessary, tlie alignment of the other men by ordering this or 
 tfiat file forward or hack, designating each by its number. The 
 rear rank will conform to the alignment of the front rank, superin- 
 tended by the covering sergeant. 
 
 The ranks being steady, the instructor will place himself on the 
 flank to verify their alignment. He will also see that each rear rank 
 man covers accurately his file leader. 
 
 In all alignments, the file-closera will preserve the distance of 
 two paces from the rear rank. 
 
 The alignments being ended, the instructor will exercise the com- 
 pany at the manual, and finish with stacking arms as follows : 
 
 To Stack Anns. 
 The men being at order arms, the iusti'uctor will command : 
 
 Stack — Arms. 
 
 At this command, the front rank man of every even numbered 
 file will pass his piece before him, seizing it with the left hand above 
 the middle band, and place the butt behind and near the right foot 
 of the man next on the left, the barrel turned to the front. At the 
 same time the front rank man of every odd numbered file will pass 
 his piece before him, seizing it with the left hand below the middle 
 band, and hand it to the man next on the left ; the latter will receive 
 it with the right hand two inches above the middle band, throw the 
 butt about thirty-two inches to the* front, opposite to his right 
 slioulder, inclme tlie muzzle towards him, and lock the shanks 
 of the two bayonets : the lock of this second piece towards the right 
 
MANUAL FOR VOLUNTEERS AND MIIJIIA. 
 
 ,11(1 its shank above that of tlie first piece. The rear rank mau of 
 every even file will project his bayonet forward, and introduce it 
 (usinfj both hands) between and under the shanks of the two other 
 bayonets. He will then abandon the piece to his file leader, who 
 will receive it with the right hand under the middle band, bring tlie 
 butt to the front, holding up his own piece and the stack with'the 
 left hand, and place the butt of this third piece between the feet of 
 the man next on the right, the S plate to the rear. Hie stack thus 
 fonned, the rear rank man of every odd file will pass his piece into 
 the left hand, the barrel turned to the front, and, sloi)ing the bayon- 
 et forward, rest it on the stack. 
 
 If the company be armed with ?*(/?es, or any piece without the 
 bayonet, arms will be stacked by the same commands, and in the 
 following manner : At the command stack anns, tlie front rank man 
 of every even numbered file will pass his piece before him seizing it 
 with the left hand near the upper band ; will place the butt a 
 little in advance of his left toe, the barrel tiu-ned towards the body, 
 and draw the rammer slightly from its place ; the front rank man 
 of every odd numbered file will also draw the rammer slightly, and 
 pass his piece to the man next on his left, who will seize it with tlie 
 right hand near the upper band, and place the butt a little in 
 advance of the right toe of the man next on his right, the barrel 
 turned to the front ; he will then cross the rammers of the two 
 pieces, the rammer of the piece of the odd numbered man being 
 inside ; the rear rank man of every even file will also draw his 
 rammer, lean his piece forward, the lock-plate downwards, advance 
 the right foot about six inches, and insert the rammer l)etween the 
 rammer and barrel of the piece of his front rank man ; with his 
 left hand he will place the butt of his piece on the ground, thirty- 
 two inches in rear of, and perpendicularto, the front rank, bringing 
 back his light foot by the side of the left; the front rank man of 
 every even file will at the same time lean the stack to tlie rear, quit 
 it with his right hand, and force all the rammers down. The stack 
 being thus formed, the rear rank man of every odd file will pass his 
 piece into his left hand, the barrel to the front, and inclining it for- 
 ward, will rest it on the stack. 
 
 The men of both ranks haviag taken the position of the soldier 
 without arms, the instructor will command : 
 
 I. Brpol- ranl's. 2. Mahch, 
 
SCHOOL OF THE COMl'AXY. 59 
 
 To Resume Arms, 
 
 Both ranks being re-formed in rear of their stacks, the instructor 
 will command : 
 
 Take^Amis. 
 
 At this command, the rear rank man of every odd numbered file 
 will withdraw his piece from the stack ; the front rank man of every 
 even file will seize Ids own piece with the left hand, and that of the 
 man on liis right with his right hand, both above the lower band : 
 the rear rank man of the even file will seize his piece with the right 
 hand below the lower band ; these two men will raise up the stock 
 to loosen the rammers or bayonets ; the front rank man of every 
 odd file will facilitate the disengagement of the rammers, if neces- 
 sary, by drawing them out slightly with the left hand, and will re 
 ceive his piece from the hand of the man next on his left ; the four 
 men will retake the position of the soldier at order arms. 
 
 The Firings. 
 
 To fire by company. 
 
 The instructor, wishing to cause the fire by company to be exe- 
 cuted, will command : 
 
 1, Fire by company. 2. Commence firing. 
 
 At the first command, the captain will promptly place himself 
 opposite the centre of his company, and four paces in rear of the 
 line of file-closers : the covering sergeant will retire to that line, and 
 place himself opposite to his interval. This rule is general, for 
 both captain and covering sergeant, in aU the different firings. 
 
 At the second command, the captain will add : 
 
 1. Company. 2. Ready. 3. Am. 4. Fire. 5. Load. 
 
 At the command load, the men will load their pieces, and then 
 take the position of ready, as prescribed in the school of the 
 soldier. 
 
 The captain will immediately recommence the firing, by the 
 commands : 
 
 1. Company. 2. Aim. 3. Fire. 4. Load. 
 
 The firing will be thus continued until the signal to cease firing is 
 sounded. 
 
00 MANUAL FOK VOLUNTKEKm* AM) MII,HIA, 
 
 The captain will sometimes cause aim to be taken to the right or 
 left, Pimply observing to pronounce rUjht (or left) oblique, before 
 the command aim. 
 
 To fire by fiie. 
 
 The instructor wishing to cause the fire by file to be executed, 
 will command : 
 
 1. Fire by file. 2. Company. 3. Ready. 4. Commence' firing. 
 
 The third and fourth commands will be executed as prescribed in 
 the School of the Soldier. 
 
 The fire will be continued by the right file of the company; the 
 the next file will take aim at the instant the first brings down pieces to 
 reload, and so on to the left; but this progression will only be ob- 
 served in the first discharge, after which each nnin will reload and 
 fire without regulating himself by others, conforming himself to 
 what is prescribed in the School of the Soldier. 
 
 The fire by rank. 
 
 The instructor wishing the fire by rank to be executed, will com- 
 mand: 
 
 1. Fireby7'ank. 2. Company. 3. Ready. 4. Hear rank. — Aim. 
 5. FiKE. 6. Load. 
 
 The fifth and sixth commands will be executed as is prescribed 
 in the school of the soldier. 
 
 "When the instructor sees one or two pieces in the rear rank at a 
 ready, he will command : 
 
 1. Fi'ontrank. 2. Aim. 3. Fike. 4. Load. 
 
 The firing will be continued thus by alternate ranks, until the 
 signal is given to cease firing. 
 
 The instructor will sometimes cause aim to be taken to the right 
 and left, conforming to what is prescribed for the oblique fire. 
 
 The instructor will cause the firing to cease, whether by company, 
 by file, or by rank, by sounding the signal to cease firing ; at which 
 signal the men will cease to fire. If they have fired, they will load 
 their pieces and bring them to a shoulder ; if at the position of 
 ready, they will half-cock and shoulder arms. If in the position 
 of am, they will bring down their pieces, half-cock, and shoulder 
 arms. 
 
.SCHOOL OK THE CO.MI'ANY. 61 
 
 The signal to cease firing will always be lolloAved by a bugle note, 
 or tap of the drum ; at which sound, the captain and covering ser- 
 geant will promptly resume their places in line, and will rectify, if 
 necessary, the alignment of the ranks. 
 
 The fire by file being that which is most frequently used against 
 an enemy, it is highly important that it be rendered perfectly fa- 
 miliar to the troops. The instructor will, therefore, give it almost 
 exclusive preference, and labor to cause the men to aim with care, 
 and alwaj^s, if possible, at some particular ol)Ject. As it is of the 
 utmost importance that the men should aim with precision in battle, 
 this principle will be rigidly enforced in the exercises for purposes 
 of instruction. 
 
 To fire by the rear rank. 
 
 The instructor will cause the several fires to be executed to the 
 rear, that is, by the rear rank. To effect this he will command; 
 
 1. Face by the rear rank. 2. Company. 3. AborU—F ack. • 
 
 At the first command, the captain, will step out and place himself 
 near to, and facing the right file of his company ; the covering ser- 
 geant and file-closers will pass quickly through the captain's inter- 
 val, and place themselves face to the rear, the covej'ing sergeant a 
 pace behind the cai)tain, and the file-closers .two paces from the 
 front rank opposite to their places in line, each passing behind the 
 covering sergeant. 
 
 At tlie third command, which will be given at the instant the last 
 file-closer shall have passed through the interval, the company will 
 face about; the captain will place himself in his interval in the rear 
 rank, now become the front, and the covering sergeant will cover 
 him in the front rank, now become the rear. 
 
 The company having faced by the rear rank, the instructor will 
 cause it to execute the fire by company, both direct and oblique, 
 the fire by file, and the fire by rank, by the commands and meaiis 
 prescribed. The captain, covering sergeant, and the men will con- 
 form themselves, in like manner, to what is prescribed. 
 
 The fire by file will commence on the left of the company, now 
 become the right. In the fire by rank the firing will commence 
 with the front rank, now become the rear. 
 
 To resume the proper front, the instructor will command : 
 
'52 M.VXIAL KOi: VOM'NTEEKi^ AND MILITIA. 
 
 1. ^ce by the fro id rank. 2. Company. 3. Ahuid—VM^v.. 
 
 At the first comniand, the captain, covering sergeant, and tile- 
 closers will conform to what is prescribed above. 
 
 At the third command, the company having faced about, the 
 captain and covering sergeant will resume their places in line. 
 
 In this lesson, the instructor will impress on the men tlie imjjort- 
 ance of aiming always at some particular object, and of holding the 
 piece as prescribed in the School of the Soldier. 
 
 The instructor will recommend the ca])tain to make a short pause 
 between the commands aim and fire, to give the men time to aim 
 with accuracy. 
 
 2'o advance in line of battle. 
 
 The company being inline of battle, and correctly aligned, .when 
 the instructor shall wish to exercise it in marching by the front, he 
 will assure himself that the shoulders of the captain and covering 
 sergeant are perR^ctly in the direction of their respective ranks, 
 and that the sergeant accurately covers the captain : the instructor 
 will then place himself twenty-five or thirty paces in front of them, 
 face to the rear, and place himself exactly on the prolongation of 
 the line passing between their heels. 
 
 The instructor*, being aligned on the directing tile, will com- 
 nujnd : 
 
 1. Company, Forward. 
 
 At this, a sergeaut, previously designated, will move six paces in 
 ;i(ivance of the captain: the instructor, from the position pre- 
 scribed, will correctly align this sergeaut on the prolongation of the 
 / directing file. 
 
 This advanced sergeant, who is to be charged with the direction, 
 will, the moment his position is assured, take two points on the 
 ground in tlie straight line which wcndd pass between his own and 
 the heels of the instructor. 
 
 These dispositions being made, the instructor will step aside, and 
 conunand : 
 
 2. March. 
 
 At tills, the company will step off with life. The directing ser- 
 geant will observe, with the greatest precision, the length and 
 
School ov the comaaxy. 63 
 
 eadence of the step, marching on the two points he has chosen: he 
 will take in succession, and always a little before arriving at the 
 point nearest to him, new points in advance, e.xactlj' in the same 
 line with the first two, and at the distance of some fifteen or twent}' 
 paces from each other. The captain will march steadih' in the trace 
 of the directing sergeant, keeping always six paces from him ; the 
 men will each maintain the head direct to the front, feel lightl>- the 
 elbow of his neighbor on the side of dii-ection, and conform himself 
 to the principles prescribed. School of the Soldier, for the march 
 by the front. 
 
 The man next to the captain Avill take si)ecial care not to pasft 
 him ; to this end, he will keep the line of his shoulders a little in 
 the rear, but inl^^^e same direction with those of the captain. 
 
 The file-closejiP will miirch at the habitual distance of two pace* 
 behind the rear rank. 
 
 If the men lose the step, the instructor will command: 
 
 To ^/je— Step. 
 
 At this command, the men will glance towards the directing ser- 
 geant, retake the step from him, and again direct their eyes to the 
 front. 
 
 The instructor will cause the captain and covering sergeant to ]>e 
 posted sometimes on the right, and sometimes on tlie left of the 
 company. 
 
 The directing sergeant, in advance, having the greatest influence 
 on the march of the company, he will be selected for the precision 
 of his step, his habit of maintaining his shoulders in a square with a 
 a given line of direction, and of prolonging that line without 
 variation. 
 
 7'o Jialt the company, marching in line of hattle, and to aliyii it. 
 
 The instructor, wishing to halt the company, will command : 
 
 1. Company. 2. Halt. 
 
 At the second command, the company will halt ; the directing 
 sergeant will remain in advance, unless ordered to return to the line 
 of file-closei's. The company being at a halt, the instructor ma> 
 
VIANLML VOh VOI.r.STKKa?? ANO MIIITIA. 
 . • * 
 
 (Ivance the first three or four filos on the Hide oJ .lirectiou, aii.i 
 aliirn the company on that basj;g, or he may confine Inmsolf to oau»- 
 nis the alignment to l)e roctitt9a. / in this last case, he will com- 
 niiind : Captain, reef if ij the aligittimU. The eapt^iin will direct the 
 covering serjreant to attend to the rear rank, wlxen each, glancinsf 
 his eyes along his rank, will itron»irtly rectify it. cnforjiuiiii- to what 
 I- |trpscril).-d in the School of tlic Soldier. 
 
 ohl!</i(f^ ntari^it in line of hott(f>.~ 
 
 « The company being in the direct march, when the instructor shall, 
 wish to canse it to march obliquely, he will command : 
 
 1. lii'iht (iw left) ()hli(iite. 2. MAiiisii. 
 
 At the command march, the company will take the oblique step. 
 Die men will accurately observe tlie principles prescribed in tlie 
 Scliool of the Soldier. The rear rank men will preserve their dis- 
 t.uices, and march in rear of the man next on the right (or left) of 
 their habitual tile leadeis. 
 
 When the instructor wishes tlie direct march to be resnmed,. he 
 will command : 
 
 \ 
 1. Fori'vr/;!. 2. Maiu'h. 
 
 At the command inarch, the company will resume' the direct 
 niarch. The instructor will move briskly twenty paces in fiont of 
 the captain, and facing the company, will place himself exactly in 
 the prolongation of the captain and covering sergeant ; and then, 
 by a sign, will move the directing sergeant on the sume line, if he 
 lie not already on it; the latter will 'nmiediately take two points 'o!i 
 the ground between himself and the instructor, and as headvinue- 
 svill take new })oints of direction. 
 
 In the oblique march, the men not having the touch of elbows, 
 the guide will always be. on the side towards which the oblique is 
 made, without any indication to that elfect being given ; and when 
 the direct march is resumed, the guide will be. equally without in- 
 dication, on the side whereit was previous t(» the ol)lique.