'M *~ '4 K DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Glenn Negley Collection of Utopian Literature Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Duke University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/originalworksofw01king T HE ORIGINAL WORKS I N VERSE AND PROSE © F DR. WILLIAM KING. V O L U M E I. THE ORIGINAL WORKS O F WILLIAM KING, LL.D. ADVOCATE OF DOCTORS COMMONS ; JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT OF ADMIRALTY AND KEEPER OF THE RECORDS IN IRELAND, AND VICAR GENERAL TO THE LORD PRIMATE. NOW FIRST COLLECTED INTO THREE VOLUMES: WITH HISTORICAL NOTES, AND MEMOIRS OF THE AUTHOR. VOLUME THE FIRST. His eye was keen, With fweetnefs aptly mix'd. LONDON, PRINTED FOR THE EDITOR; AND SOLD BY N. COffAHT SUCCESSOR TO MR. WHISTON, IN FLEET-STREET. MDfccLXXVI. /em THE PHILANTHROPIST,^./ WHO READS WITH A DISPOSITION TO BE PLEASED? AND SUCH IS THE PATRON OUR AUTHOR WOULD HIMSELF HAVE CHOSEN; THESE VOLUMES ARE INSCRIBED, IN FULL CONFIDENCE OF THEIR MEETING WITH A LIBERAL PROTECTION, THOUOH USHERED INTO THE WORLD BY AN ANONYMOUS EDITOR. I vii ] ADVERTISEMENT, TH E Editor of tliefe Mifcellames will not tref- pais on the Reader's patience by expatiating on their value. The peculiar vein of humour which diftinguifhed Dr„ King, receiving frefh graces from the benevolence of his heart, as it fecured him the- efleem of fome of the beft and greateft of his con- temporaries, needs no better recommendation than an appeal to his Writings. From the fcattertd manner, however, in which they have been hitherto publifhed, but few of his admirers have been able to obtain a complete copy. That inconvenience is here reme- died ; and fome pieces are preferred, which, though they add greatly to our Author's reputation, were in clanger of being loft to the world. For the Notes, indeed, fome apology may be ex- pected : yet the Editor will rather trufl to the candour of the Reader, whofe convenience he hath endea- voured to confult, than meanly alt for applaufe under a pretence of pointing out their defects. If, in fom~ few infiances, he hath faid too much, let it be undcr- Vol. I. b 2 flood viii ADVERTISEMENT. flood as his idea, that every book fhould contain within itlclf its necefTary explanation; and if (by giving in the compais of a few lines fome dates or in'.erefling events in the life of a reniorkabe perfon) the Reader is faved the trouble of fearching through many volumes, he flatters himfelf he hath performed a fervice not wholly unacceptable. March 30, 1776. M EMOIRS [ U ] MEMOIRS O F DR. KING. OUR Author was the fon of Ezckiel King, gentleman, of London ; and had the honour of being allied to the noble houfesof Clarendon and Rochefter 8 . He was born in 1663, bred with the llricleft care from infancy, and, at a proper age placed, as a king's fcholar, under the tuition of Dr. Bufby, at Weitminfter fchool ; where his natural good talents received fuch improvements from cultivation, as might be exported from fo admirable a mailer. From Weft- minder he wa3 elected to Chrift Church, Oxford; and ad- mitted a fludent there, in Michaelmas term, 168 r, at eighteen years of age b . Happy in this fituation, he made ufeofthe advantages it gave him. He had a ftrong propenfity to letters ; and of thofe valuable treafures he daily increafed his itock. Early in life, Mr. King became poiTeiTed of a fmall pa- ternal eifate iri Middlefex. From his occasionally mention- ing " his tenants in Northampton and Leicefterfhire c ," his Biographers have fuppofed hiin to have been a land-holder alio in thofe counties ; but, as we have no other authority for a In his Adverfaria, p. a6i, of this volume, he calls lord Harcourt his coutin ; and fee what he fays, p. 244, of his great grandfather. b Wood, Ath.Ox. vol. II. col. 1064. c See p. 50, ef this volume. b 3 fuch x MEMOIRS OF fuch a fuppofition, it appears of little weight. They ai* mentioned only as inland places, and therefore adding greater ilrength to the ridicule that pafiage throws on Mr. Molef- worth. From the circumftance, however, of his going out Com- pounder A when he took his fir It degree, it is plain that he had a tolerable fortune, which enabled him to indulge his genius and inclination in the choice and method of hii ftudies; ranging freely and at large through the pleafant fields of polite literature, and ravifhedwith the fweet purfuit,. he profecuted it with incredible diligence and affiduity. He took his firft degree in arts, Dec. 8, 1685; proceeded regularly to M. A. July 6, 1688; and the lame year com- menced Author. A religious turn of mind, joined to the warmeft regard, for the honour of his country, prompted him to tefcue the- character and name of WicklitFe, our firit Reformer, from the calumnies of Monf. Varillas. The thing had been pub- licly requeued alfo, as a proper undertaking for fuch as were at leifure, and would take the trouble. Mr. King, therefore,, deeming himfelf to be thus called forth to the charge, readily entered the lifts ; and, with a proper mixture ol wit and learning, handfomely expofed the blunders of that French author, in " Reflections upon Monf. Varillas's Hiftory o£ " Herefy, Book I. Tom. I. fo far as relates to Englifh mat- u ters, more efpecially thofe of WicklitFe e .*' About this time, having fixed on the Civil T aw for his- profellion, he entered upon that line in the Univerfity. In 1690, he tranilatccl, from the French of Monfieur and- Madame Dacier, " The Life of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, ** the Roman Emperor; together with ibme feledt Remarks 44 on the laid Antoninus's Meditations concerning himielfv *• treating of a natural Man's Happinefs, &c. as alfo upon 11 the Lite of Antoninus f ." About the lame time he wrote " A Dialogue (hewing the way to Modern Preferment Ej" a droll fatire, which contains. d Wood, Fafti, vol. II. p. 226. e Mr. Edward Hannes, another young ftudent of Chrift Church, had alio a hand in this traft, which is. the firft in the. prefent collection. Sea vol. III. p. 29C f Athen. Ox. ubifupra. & Printed in vol. 1. p. iSi. Sua* DR. KING. x\ fome folid truths, under the difguife of a converfation be- tween three illuftrious perlbnages ; the Tooth-drawer to Car- dinal Porto Carero, the Corn-cutter to Pope Innocent XI, and the Receiver General to an Ottoman Mufti. July 7, 1692, he took his degree of Bachelor and Doctor in Laws ; and Nov. 1 2, that year, by the favour of Dr. Til- lotfon, archbimop of Canterbury, obtained a Fiat, which, admitting him an Advocate at Doctor's Commons, enabled him to plead in the Courts of the Civil and Eccleiiaftical Law. In 1693, he publifhed a tranflation of " New Manners " and Characters of the two great Brothers, the Duke of •* Bouillon and Marefchal Turenne, written in French by ** James de Langlade, Baron of Saumieres." The Tran- flator's Dedication, to his " honoured friend Sir Edmund " Warcup," is printed in this collection h . Either in this or early in the following year, appeared a very extraordinary morgeau, under the title of" An Anfwer " to a Book, which will be publifhed next week, intituled, 11 A Letter to the Reverend Dr. South, upon occafion of a " late Book, intituled Animadversions on Dr. Sherlock's *' Book, intituled, A Vindication of the Holy and Ever- " blefled Trinity. Being a Letter to the Author." What effect this had in favour of Dr. South, may be feen in Dr. King's own words'. In Auguft 1694, Mr Molefworth publifhing his " Ac- " count of Denmark as it was in the year 1692," our Au- thor took up his pen once more in his country's caufe, the honour of which was thought to be blemiihed by that ac- count ; Mr. Scheel, the Danilh Minilter, having prefented a memorial againft it k . Animated with this fpirit, he drew up a cenfure of it, which he printed in 1694, under the title of " Animadverfions on the pretended account of Den- " mark 1 ." This was fo much approved by Prince George, confort to the Princefs Anne, that the Doctor was foon after appointed fecretary to her Royal Highnefs '". * Vol. III. p. 2S8. > Vol. I. p. 219. k Sec vol. I. p. 5$. » Vol. I. p. 35. m Ar.li. Ox. vol. II. col. 914. b 4 It xii MEMOIRS OF It may not be improper to mention in this place, that Mr, Molcfworth's book underwent another examination, the fame year, in " Denmark vindicated, being an Anfwer to a late *' Treatife, called, An Account of Denmark a? it was in H the year 1693, lent from a Gentleman in the Country to ** his Friend in London." This Writer, who dedicates to Prince George, and ligns himfelf J. C. D. has taken up the matter in a very ferious point of view, and left the whole field of pleafantry and ridicule to Dr. King,, which, in his able hands, appears to have been the moft luccefsful method of attack. In 1697, he took a mare with his fellow-collegians at Chrift Church, in the memorable difpute about the genuine- nefs of Phalaris's Epiftles. His firlt appearance in that con- troverfy was owing to his being accidentally prefent at a conversation between Dr. Bentley and Mr. Bennet the book- feller, concerning the MS. of Phalaris in the King's Library. Mr. Boyle, when anfwering Dr. Beniley's Diliertation, ap- plied to our Author for the particulars oi what parted on that occalion ; which he received in the Ihortbut expreilive Letter" which Mr. Boyle has printed in his book, in 1698 °, with the » Vol. I. p. 141. As few controverfial pieces were ever written in finer lan?- guage, or more artfully, than this u Examination;" fo none per- haps ever abounded fo much in wit, ridicule, and fatire; the point being not io much to confute, as to expofc, the learned Differtator : for Mr. Boyle, in hrs Preface to the " EpifUcs of *' Phalaris," had fignified his own diitrutr of their genuinenefs, and, in efie£t, declared himfelf very indifferent about it. Bent- ley, on the other hand, who had nothing in view but to fupport what he had alferted, by proving the Epiltles fpurious, though he is tar from being deititute of flrokcs of humourous iatirc, abounded chiefly in argument and erudition} and by tbefe gained oyer all the Reafoners and the Learned, while the Laughers, who make an infinite majority, were carried away by the art of Mr. Boyle's performance. In fhort, though the haughtinefs, the in- folence, the rude temper, and pedantry, oi Dr. Bentley, made him juitly odious ; yet, to give him his due, his " Diliertation on the " Epifllei ot Phalaris,'' with Lib anfwer to the objections of Mr. Boyle, is one oi the mofl. illuftrious monuments of fagacity, nice dilcernment, fk.il 1 in criticifm, and depth of erudition, that ever vu creeled by a man of letters* If, to ufe the words of Mr. Boyle, DR. KING. xHi the teftimonics of Mr. Bennet and Mr. Gibfon (who had been employed as the Collator). Stung by thefe itubborn lads, Dr. Bentley, in the enlarged edition or his Diflertation, 1699, endeavoured to invalidate their force, by an attempt to weaken the credibility of the witnefTes. On Dr. King, in particular, he has condelcended to bellow near eight pages of his Preface, a fliort fpecimen of which is annexed to the Letter we have laft referred to. In a fecond letter to Mr. Boyle p, our Author, with great modefty, refutes the groundlefs ca- lumny, and proves that Dr. Bentley himfelf has confirmed his teltimony in every particular, but the having omitted the great Critic's beautiful limilitude of" afqueezed orange." In the progrefs of the controverly \ Dr. King publilhed his " Dialogues of the Dead r ," written (as he lays) " in felf- " defence," and replete with that admirable fpecies of banter which was his peculiar talent, and which muff have abun- dantly mortified his adverfary's vanity. How much Dr. King had this controverfv at heart, may be feen by the va- rious Memoranda concerning it which are fcattered up and down his works s . At the end of 169S, or early in 1699, came out " A " Journey to London in the year 1698, after the ingenious " Method of that made by Dr. Martin Lilter the fame 11 year 1 ;" which he delignedas a vindication of his country. This was a fpecimen of that particular humour in which he Boyle, in the Preface to his " Examination," he did " carry his " criticilm fo far a* to aflert, not only of Phalaris, but of his " Editor alio, that ihey neither of them wrote what was afcribed " to them," he went no farther than the difcerning, unprejudiced, and learned part of tin; public went with him. What fhare Mr. Boyle had in tlw edition of Phalaris, which no doubt he was. put upon to raife a little reputation in letter;,, is nor eafy to de- termine: hut many are of opinion, that the " Examination," though pubhflied with hi:, name, was in reality no part of it his. It was then, and has fince been, generally afcribed to Dea:i Al- drieh, Dr. Attcrbury, Dr. John Frcind, Dr. Stnalhidge, and other wits of Chrut Church, who contributed then quotas in this uork, for the lake of humbling the redoubtable Bentley, whom they heartily hated. p Vol. I. p- 141- °. Of which lee fome account, vol. I. p 13 5, and vol. III. p.296. ' VqI. 1. p. 144. '- particularly \a the Advetfaria. : Vol. I. p. 187. excelled xiv MEMOIRS OF excelled, and the charms of which proved irrefivtible. A Writer, it mult be allowed, is not always the moll unexcep- tionable judge of his own productions. But it is plain that Dr. King thought it better than any of his former works, as he frequently wrote afterwards under the name of " The *' Author of the Journey to London." It has been pretty generally allowed, that Dr. King, though he could not endure his bulinefs as an Advocate, made an ex- cellent Judge in the Court or Delegates, as often as he was called to that Bench u . The fatigue, however, oi a Civilian's duty was too great for his natural indolence; and he retired to his fh'dent's place at Chritt Church, to indulge his pre- dominant attachment at better lei Cure. From this time, giving way to that fitga itegvtii fa incident to the poetical race, he pifled his days in the purfuit of the fame raviilr.ng images, which, being aptly moulded, came abroad in manufcripr, in the form of pleafant tales and other pieces in verfe, at various times, as they happened to be finiihed. Many of thefe he afterwards collected, and pub- lifhed them, together with fome other pieces, in his " Mifcel- *' lanies," prefixing this remark in the Preface concerning them: " The remaining papers which are here mud feek " their fate: they were abroad in manufcript ; and I hope ** will not have harder fortune now they aie in print than *' they had in the opinion of fome friends before they were «' fo." In 1700, he published, without a name, a fevere fatire on the credulity of Sir Hans Sloane, intituled, '* The Tran- " factioneer w , with fome of his Philolbphical Fancies, in " two Dialogues." The irony in this traft is admirable; and it muif be acknowledged, notwithstanding the defervedly high character of that great phyficianand able naturaliit, that our Author has in many places difcovered the vulnerable heeL u All appeals from the Etclefiaftical and Admiralty Courts are (agreeably to Stat. 15 Hen. VIII.) determined by a Court of Delegates, confiding of three Common-law fudges, and five Ci- vilians ; from whole fentence there is no further appeal : but, upon good reafons afTigned, the Lord Chancellor may grant a commilTion of review. All the Advocates refiding in Doctors Commons, are occafionally members of this high court, his Majefty's commilTion ufually felcc-ting them in rotation. * Printed in vol. II. p. 1. bee the Preface prefixed to it. •f D R. K I N G. xr of Achilles, and that his fatirical obfervations are well founded. Thefe reflections, however fevere they may fall on the Se- cretary,, extend not to the sefpedtable body on which, at firlr. view, they may appear to glance. The " Tranfacfions," from the beginning to the year 1751, were always consi- dered as the publication of the relpecfive Secretaries ; and even fince that period, the Society, as a body, difclaims, in a public advertifement, the being accountable for any par- ticular paper which may appear in the work. It is acknow- ledged, that, lince their incorporation, April 22, 1663, the Royal Society has made a much greater progrefs in true na- tural knowledge, than had before been made from the be- ginning of the world. They have carried their refearches into every part of the creation, and have itill difcovered new wonders. It is true their minute enquiries have been occa- fionally the fubjeft or ridicule, as the belt writings are faid to be the propereft fubjecfs for burlefque ; but fcoffers fhould confide! , that the wings of the butterfly wt?e painted by the iame Almighty hand that made the fun*. Early in 1701, Dr. King was re-called to the bufy fcenes ©flite. His friend James the third earl of Anglefea (who had fucceeded to that title April 1, 1690), married, Oft. 2^ 1699, r ^ e l at ty' Catharine Darnley, aatural daughter to King James II, by Catharine countefs of Dorcheftery, and had by her one daughter. After living together little more than one year,, a difpute arofe between them, which ended not but in a feparation. Lord Anglefea folicited the affiitance of Dr. King ; and the force of friendfhip prevailed over his natural averiion to the wrangling of the bar. He complied with the requeft ; took abundant pains for his old friend, more than he was ever known to do; and made fuch a figure in the Earl's defence, as (hewed him to have had abilities in his proieilion equal to any occafion that might call for them, and effectually eitablifhed his reputation in the eha- lader of a Civilian, as he had already done in that of a polite Writer. His Biographers having been regularly miftaken in mentioning of this circumltance, by fuppofing it to have happened after his return from Ireland in 1708; we (hall add here a few dare , to alcertain the precife period* Feb. 25,. * See Mr. Granger's " Biographical Hiftory," vol. I. p. 81 j a work to which we gratefully acknowledge many obligations. > Of whom, lee voL III. p. 74,;, and Granger, vol. IV. p. 330. svi MEMOIRS OF 1700-1, the countefs petitioned the upper houfe of parlia- ment, " that her lord might waive his privilege* or that the '* might have leave to bring in a bill ot feparaftan, tor his " cruelty." Two days after* their kxdflups u ere pleated to direct the earl or Rochester, lord Ferrers, lord Harerlharo, ami loid Somers, to go to the lady Amlefca, and endeavour to perfuade ber to return to her hitband, and ro let her know that the earl declared he was ready Do receive her, and, upon her iubmilfion and good behaviour, would treat her with kindnefs ; and that, in all cafes, flic mould be fate trom any violence. March 3, the ear' or Rochelter gave the houfe an account of their friendly negotiation; which in the end proved fruit e-i's. The fame day, leave was given to bring in a bill for their feparation ; againft which lord Haverfliam z fingly * John Thompfon, efq; of Haverfliam in Buckir.ghamfhire, through the influence of his father, who had taken up arms againil the royal parts - in the civil war, was bred in republican principles, which took deep root in him from his acquaintance with Thomas lord Wharton; who introduced him to the friend- fhip and eiteem of Arthur Annelley, the firft earl of Anglefea of that name, then lord privy feal ; a great favourer of the DirTenters, and whofe daughter Mr. Thompfon married. This match brought him into die good graces of Charles I J, who would have preferred him, but that he fuund him unwilling to comply with the court meafures. However, he was created a baronet in 1673; but refuted a place. In parliament he was a cohftant uppofer of arbitrary meafures, and a ftrenuous promoter of the exclution bill. In 1 6 S f : , he was one of the fr.it who figned the aflbciati'oD, and was afterward- much confulted by king William. In 1696, he was created baron of Haverfliam, and made on; of the lords of the admiralty ; in which poft he continued tiil March 1701 ; when, the earl ot Pembroke bciny appointed lord liigh admiral, he was fo difgufted, that he took every opportunity of oppoOog the court. On die cleatli of king William, he was defirous ot being well with the new minillry .■ but, not rinding any good efTefts from his vilits to them, continued in oppofition. In 1706, he was violent againft. the Union. In 1707, he became a cohitant com- municant of the eftablifhed church, occalioned, as was laid, by the rigid l'leibyterian rainifters refilling him the facrament for living in too great fain liarity in his firtt lady's time with his houlekeeper Mrs. Graham, whom he married in May 1709. In 1709-10, he made a fpeech in defence of Saeheverell and the church ; and loon at';er had the Iacistaction to lee a total change of the nnniitry which he had Co warmly oppofed. — He died Nov. 1, 1710-11. entered DR. K I N . G. xvii entered a fpirited protelt, from arguments fuggeiled by the Civ ,iii)s ; moil probably from Dr. Kinv, on whom lord An- glefea lb much depended. The bill was brought in, March 6; and, after repeated hearings of counfel, civilians, and wit- nefles, and a fo'emn declaration from the eountefs, '* that " ihe thought her life would be in danger if (lie mould again ** live with theearl,"it waspaiTed, April 29, 1701 ; agreed to by the commons, May 14 ; and received the royal ail' nt, June 12. The earl died Jan. 21, 1701-2; and his lady was a fecond time manied, March 1, 1705, to John Sheffield, duke ot Buckingham and Normanby, who had before had two wives. She died March 13, 1742-3: her character, which is lbmewhat extraordinary, and is laid to have been written by herfelf, may be feen in Mr. Pope's works, vol. VIII. Notwithllandingthe reputation acquired by Dr. King in the progrefs or lord Angleiea's cauie, a caule which demonirrated his mining abilities; it muft be acknowledged, he never after- wards attained any finking eminence in a profeffion where conilant ailiduity and a long courfe of years are requifites for the acquifition of fame. Captivated by the Mufes, he neg- lected bufinefs, and, by degrees, as is natural to iuch tempers, began to dread and abhor it. Heedlcl's ot thofe neceflary iupplies which a due attention would actually have brought to hi= finances, they were fo much impaired by his neglect, and by the gay courfe of life which he led, that he gladly ac- cepted the offer ot preferment in Ireland; a fure fign that his praflicc was then not very coniideraUc, as he is perhaps the only Civilian that ever went to retide in Ireland after once having experienced the emoluments of a fettlement in Doctors Commons. The exact period of his quitting this kingdom cannot now be afcertained. It has been generally fuppofed that he went with lord Pembroke, who was appointed lord lieutenant in April 1707. But he was certainly in Ireland much earlier, as we have a correct copy of'* Mully of Mountown," in Z7C4 r , from the Author himfclt, with a complaint that, lefore that time, fome fpurious copies had crept into the world. It is probable, therefore, that his preferment was owing to the united intereils of the earl of Rocheiler, his relation, r Printed in vol. III. p. 203. — " The Remaiks on the Talc of " a Tub," (vol. I. p. 109) and " Orpheus and Eurydice," (vol. III. p. ;o?) were full publiftiecl at the fame time. (lord- xviii MEMORS OF lord-lieutenant or" Ireland from Dee. 12, 1700, to Feb. 4, 1702-3), and Iiis noble patron the earl of Pembroke (lord high admiral of England and Ireland from Jan. 18, 1701-2 to .May 1702). If this conjecture be allowed, the date is fixed clearly to the beginning of 1702, and the thread of the hiflory is properly connected •*. Dr. King was now in a new fcene of action. He was judge of the high court of admiralty in Ireland, fole com- mimoner of the prizes, and keeper of the records in Birming- ham's Tower. The latter, indeed, was rather a matter of honour than of profit ; the falary being at that time but ten pounds a year, though afterwards advanced to tour hundred. He had likewife the happinefs of being appointed vicar ge- neral to the lord primate, Dr. Narciffus Marfh. With thefe honours he was well received and countenanced by perfons of the higbeft rank, and might have made his fortune if the change of climate could have wrought a change in his difpohtion. But fo far was he from forming any de- hgn to heap up riches, or of treafuring up any of that money which was now in a manner thrown into his lap, that he returned to England with no other treafure than a lew merry poems and humourous efikys. During his refidence in Ireland, he entered into a parti- cular friem'fh'p with Judge Upton e , who was entirely of a congenial difpohtion with hlmfelf, delighting in retirement and poetical amul'e.nents. This gentleman having a beauti- ful villa, called Mountown, a fmall diitance from Dublin, Dr. King fpent moll ot his time there; neglecting all his bu- finefs, feldom attending the duties of his offices, and for- getting even to pay his court to the lord lieutenant. So much was he delighted with his indolent retirement and melan- * By Chamberlayne's " Prefent State for 1706," we find Dr. King was a&ually in liis offic.s. in Ireland in 1705; and, could a copy of that work of a liule earlier date he confultcd, we have no doubt but it would confirm what is above advanced. e Mr. Ambrofe Upton, of a good family in Devon (hi re, who was educated at Oxford, and tject-cl for being a Noncontormifr, and who afterwards retired into Ireland fecms to have been the judge's father ; and Hcnrv Upton, eh:; the prefent regitter of the court of delegates in Ireland, and deputy regifter Of the prero- gative court, is probably of the fame family, choly DR. KING. xix choly companion, that he feemed to have no other wi(h than of living and dying with his beloved Mully, the Red Cow that gave him milk, and the Subject of an admirable Poem f ; which, at that time, the Critics would have impofed upon the world for ■Apolitical allegory, the remote ii from the Doctor's intention ot any thing they could have deviled. But he would hardly think of attempting to undeceive them. The celebrated " Rape of the Lock" was, in 171 1, allegorized in the lame manner by a Critic (Mr. Pope himfelf), who, afluming as a p>jl/Jatum> that the Lock was the Barrier Treaty^ made out all the relt of the allegory very clearly and unexcep- tionably. Dr. King's poem, however, in fact, was no more than a grateful exprelfion of the happinefs he felt in his fequeSlered Situation, buried alive, as it were, with his beloved Mully. On the 25th of November, 1708, the earl of Wharton was appointed lord lieutenant; and Ins fecretary, Mr. Addifon, immediately on his at rival in Ireland, was made keeper of the records. We may reasonably fuppofe, therefore, that Dr. King returned from that kingdom about the end of 1708. On his ie-fettlement at London, he almoll immediate- ly gave the world thole admirable inftances of the humour to peculiarly his own, by publishing the efiays, diftinguiihed by the title of " Uletul Transactions in Philolophy and other *' forts ot Learning;" the firft number of which was for the months of January and February, 170S-9S; the Second, for March and April" ; the \hird, for May, June, July, and Au- guft '. It is necdlefs to give here an enumeration of the par- ticular Ell'ays, as they may be feen in the Table of Contents *; but we Shall jull mention, that the lu it of them, " containing " 3 Voyage to the island of Cajamai in America, giving a " brief Account of the Natural Rarities, Inhabitants, and " Difeafes of the Country, together with their Cures, after " the method ufed by JaSpef Van Slnnenbcrgi^&c." is laid to be " one of the fevered and menieir. lathes that ever was " written in profe." He now employed himfelf in finishing his " Art of Love, 11 in imitation of Ovid De Arte Amandi\ with a Preface ' Vol. III. p, 203. 8 Vol. II. p. en. !> P. 92. i !' 132. It P. 307, ! Vol. III. p. 103. M containing xx MEMOIRS OF 11 containing the Lire of Ovid ;" and a Dedication to Lord Herbert, eldeft ion to the earl ot Pembroke. This is fuch an imitation, that the Imitator and his Author ltand much upon the lame terms as Ben does with his Father in the Comedy", " What thof he be my Father, I am not bound *' prentice to him!" The Doctor's virtuous dilpofuion is no •where more remarkably diltinguifhed than in this piece; wherein both the iubject and the example ib naturally lead into fome lefs chafte image?, fome loofer love which ftands in need or a remedy. But there is no occafion for any remedy to be prefcribed tor the love here treated or, unlets it be the fpeedy obtaining or what it delires, fince it fs all prudent, honourable, and virtuous. It is divided into fourteen books, moll or them ending with fome remarkable lable and in- terelting novel. In 1709, he alio published his molt ingenious Poem, *' The " Art or Cookery, in imitation ot Horace's Art ot Poetry; ** with fome Letters to Dr. Lilter and others, occalioned ** principally by the Title of a Book publiflicd by the Doctor, '* being the Works of Apicius Cadius n , concerning the Soups ** and Sauces ot the Ancients. With an Extract of the *' greatettCuriolities contained in that Book °." Among the Letters is one, upon tbeilcntijcalps, or toothpicks, ot the An- cients p. Another contains a line imitation ot Horace, Book I. Ep. V. being his Invitation of Torquatus to fupper r .— And a third contains remarks upon*' The Lawyer's Fortune, " or Love in a Hollow Tree," a Comedy by Lord Grimfton h . Neither the Poem nor any ot theie Letters has a date ; nor has " The Art of Love." Whether we lhould impute this to our Author's indolence, or to affectation (tor he has treated fuch exactnefs in his " Dialogues of the Dead s " with fome contempt), is uncertain ; but he carried it to great excefs. Even the volume of " Mifcellanies," which he collected him- felf, is without a date, either in the general title-page, or in that of any particular tract. The circumflances point out m See Congrcvt'b Love for Love. n " De Opfoniis five Condimenti?, five Arte Cocpainaria, *» Lil>ri Decern. Amft$lod. 1709." Vol. III. p. 41. p r. 47- ' P. s 2 ' r p. 65. 6 Vol. I. p. 149. the DR. KING. xx! the true time of mod: of them ; but that is not the cafe with " The Furmetary," or with any of the finaller Poems. On the third of Augult, 1710, appeared the firlt number oiTbe Examiner, the ableft vindication of the meafures of the Queen and her new Miniftry. " About a dozen of thefe «♦ papers," Dr. Swift tells us S " written with much fpirit and " fharpnefs, fome by Secretary St. John, fince lord Boling- *' broke; others by Dr. Atterbury, lince bifhop ofRochefter; " and others again by Mr. Prior, Dr. Freind, &c. were pub- " lifhed with great applaufe. But thefe gentlemen being *' grown weary of the work, or otherwife employed, the de- *' termination was, that I fhould continue it, which I did ac- *' cordingly eight months. But, my fiyle being foon dif- H covered, and having contracted a great number of enemies, •' I let it fall into other hands, who held it up in fome " manner until her majefty's death." Dr. Swift began with N' 13, and ended by writing part of N° 45; when Mrs. Manley took it up, and finifhed the firft volume: it was af- terwards refumed by Mr. Oldifworth, who compleated four volumes more, and publifhed nineteen numbers of a fixth volvime, when the queen's death put an end to the work. The original inltitutors ot that paper feem to have em- ployed Dr. King as their Publifher, or oftenfible Author, berore they prevailed on their great Champion to undertake that talk. It is not clear which parts of the firft ten numbers were Dr. King's, though theji.xtb feems much to referable his manner; but he appears pretty evidently the writer of N° 11, Oft. 12; and N° 12, Oct. 19: and this agrees with the account given by the publifher of his Polthumous Works, who fays, he undertook that paper about the 10th of Octo- ber u . — On the 26th of Ocftober, no Examiner at all ap- peared ; and the next number, which was publifhed Nov. 2, was written by Dr. Swift. Our Author's warm zeal for the Church carried him na- turally on the fide of Sachevercll ; and he had a hand, in his dry farcafhc way, in many political eflavs of that period. He publifhed, with this view, " A friendly Letter from •« honeft Tom Boggy, to the Rev. Mr. Goddard, Canon " of YVindfor, occalioned by a Sermon preached at St. ** George's Chapel, dedicated to her Grace the Duchefs of «' Marlborough, 1710"]" and " A Second Letter to Mr. « Vol. XV. p. 34 . ■ Pofthumous Works, p. 7 I. w Vol. 11. p. 270. Vol. I. c « Goddard, xxii MEMOIRS OF *' Goduard, occafioned by the late Panegyric given him by " the Review, Thurfday, July 15, 17.10*. '' Thole were fuccceded by " A Vindication of theRev.Dr. " Henry Sacheverell, from the lalfe, icandalous, and ma- " iicious Afperfions, call upon him in a late infamous Pam- " phlet, intituled, " The Modern Fanatick :" In- " tended chiefly to expole the Iniquity of the Faction in ** general, without taking any conjiderable Notice of their " poor mad Tool Bisset in particular. Jn a Dialogue be- " tween a Tory and a Whig>'." This mallerly compou- tion had lcarcely appeared in the world, berore it was fol- lowed by " Mr. Billet's Recantation; in a Letter to the Rev. " Dr. Henry Sacheverell z :" a molt Angular banter on that enthuiiaftic madman; whom our Author once more thought proper to kfli, in " An Anfwer to a Second fcandalous Book " that Mr. Billet is now writing, to be publilhed as loon as " pouible 3 ." Dr. White Kcnnet's celebrated Sermon on the death of the firit duke of Devonihire occalioned, amongft many other publications, ajeu d\fprit of Dr. King's, under the title of " An Anfwer to Clemens Alexandrinus's Sermon, upon %ujs il Dives fah'tiur? What Rich Man can be faved r" Proving " it eafy for a Camel to get through the Eye of a Needle' ." In 171 1, Dr. King very diligently employed his pen; and publilhed that very uleful book for lchools, his " Hiftorical '• Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes, necefiary for " the underftanding of the ancient Poets ;" a work Itill in great efteem, and or which there have been feveral editions, the lad ot them in 1772. This piece he dedicated to Dr. Knipe c , then upper-mailer of Weftminfter fehool, for whom he had the greateft veneration. About the fame time he tranflated " Political Confide - " rations upon Refined Politics, and the Mailer-ftrokes of x Vol. II. p. 274. 1 V. 1 Si. Dr. King was undoubtedly afllfted in this Trca- tilc by Dr. Sacheverell; and there is good reafon to believe that they were alfo jointly Authors of " The Principles ofDeifm, " truly reprefenteel and fet in a clear Light. In Two Dialogues " between a Sceptick and a Dei ft, 1708," 8vo ; which was an admirable defence both of Natural and Revealed Religion. * P. 257. a P. 2 6l. *> Vol. III. p. 37. c This charadlciiftic Dedication is inferted, vol. III. p. 291. " State, 1 DR. KING. xxiii «* State, as praftifed by the Ancients and Moderns, written «* by Gabriel Naude, and inicribed to the Cardinal Bagni." This tranflation is dedicated to the Duke of Beaufort d ; and its defign was evidently to extol the earl ot Oxford as a confummate politician. At the fame period nlfohe employed himfelf on " Rufinus, " or an Hiflorical Eilay on the Favourite Miniltry under " Theodolius and his Son Arcadius c ;" with a poem an- nexed, called " Rufinus, or the Favourite f ." Thefe were written early in 171 1, but not printed till the end ot that year. They were leveled againif. the Duke of Marl- borough and his adherents ; and, it mud be acknowledged, are written with much afperity. Towards the dole ot the year 171 1, his fortunes began to re-afiume a favourable afpec't; and he was recommended by his firm friend Dr. Swift to an office under the government. " I have fettled Dr. King," fays that great Writer &, " in the •* Gazette ; it will be worth tivo hundred pounds a year to " him. To-morrow I am to carry him to dine with the Se- " cretary." And in another letter h , he tells the archbifhop of Dublin, " I have got poor Dr. King, who was fome time *' in Ireland, to be Gazetteer; which will be worth tivo hun- " drcd and fifty pounds per annum 1 to him, if he be diligent " and fober, tor which I am engaged. I mention this, be- " caufe I think he was under your grace's protection in ** Ireland." From what Swift tells the archbilhop, and a hint which he has in another place dropt, it fhould feem that our Author's finances were in fuch a fbate as to render the falary ot Gazetteer no contemptible object to him. " Pa- " trick is gone," fays Dr. Swift, " to the burial of an Iriffi *' footman, who was Dr. King's fervant; he died of a con- " fumption, a fit death for a poor ftarving Wit's footman k !" The office, however, was bellowed on Dr. King in a man- ner the molt, agreeable to his natural temper; as he had not even the labour of foliciting for it. On the laft day of De- d This is alfo preferred, vol. III. p. 293. « Vol. II. p. 280. t Vol. III. p. 218. 2 Journal to Stella, Dec. 31, 17 11. h Jan. 8, 1711-12. 1 It was worth three hundred pounds a year to his predeceflbr, Mr. Steele; and was much more confkierably augmented in fa- vour of Mr. Ford, who fucceeded Dr. King. See p. xxiv. * Journal to Stella, Dec. 19, lyii. c z cember, xxiv MEMOIRS OF cember, 171 1, Dr. Swift, Dr. Freind, Mr. Prior, and fomc other of Mr. Secretary St. John's friends, came to vifit him ; and brought with them the key of the Gazetteer's-office, and another key for the ufe of the Paper-office, which had jull before been made the receptacle of a curious collection of mummery 1 , far different from the other contents of that in- valuable repofitory. On the firfr. of January, our Author had the honour of dining with the Secretary ; and of thanking him for his remembrance of him at a time when he had almoit for- gotten himfelf. He entered on his office the fame day; but the extraordinary trouble he met with in diicharging its duties proved greater than he could long endure. Mr. Barber, who printed the Gazette, obliged him to attend till three or four o'clock, on the mornings when that paper was ptiblifhed, to correct the errors ot the prefs ; a confine- ment which his verfatility would never have brooked, if his health would have allowed it, which at this time began greatly to decline. And this, joined to his natural indif- polition to the fatigue of any kind of bufinefs, furnifhed a lufficient pretence for refigning his office about Midfummer 1 7 12; as we find, on the firftof July, his fucceffor thus pointed out: " I have made Ford gazetteer m ; and got two 4i hundred pounds a year fettled on the employment by the *' fecretary of itate, befides the perquifites. It is the pret- *' tielt employment in England of its bignefs ; yet the puppy " does not feem fatisfied with it ! I think people keep fome •' follies to themfelvcs till they have occafion to produce them. " He thinks it not genteel enough, and makes twenty diffi- ** culties. It is impoffible to make any man eafy. His fa- *' lary is paid him every week, if he pleafes, without taxes " or abatement. He has little to do for it. He has a pretty " office, with coals, candles, paper, ice; can frank what letters •* he will ; and his perquifites, if he takes care, may be worth " one hundred pounds more n ." 1 The figures of the Devil, the Pope, Cardinals, Sacheverell,&:c. which were intended to have been carried in proceffion on Queen Elizabeth's clay, but were feized by order of the Secretary of State. See Swift's Journal, Nov. 17 and 19, 1711. m Charles Ford, efq; many of whole Letters are printed in Swift's Works. n Journal to Stella, July 1, 17 12. Such D R. K I N G. xxv Such was the office which our Author thought proper to give up, through indolence, it is to be feared, rather than from any real grievance he telt in its execution. The late hours were only a temporary inconvenience, arifing from an infolvent aft having been at that time palled, which for a little while fvvelled the Gazette enormoufly with advertise- ments; But this, the Doctor muft have forefeen, could not be of long duration. On quitting his employ, he retired to the houfe of a friend, in the garden-grounds between Lambeth and Vauxhall ; where he enjoyed himfelf principally in his library; or, amidft felecl parties, in a fometimes too liberal indulgence of the bottle °. He llill continued, however, to vifit his friends in the metropolis, particularly his relation the earl of Clarendon, who refided in Somerlet houfe. A little incident, occafioned by the furrender of Dunkirk into the hands of the Britilh troops under Brigadier Hill, July 7, 17 1 2, is faid to have plealed the Dcftor highly ; who was at that time a perfect valetudinarian, and natundly out of the common road in his tafte for pleafure. Hearing that his Grace of Canterbury (Dr. Tenifon) was not plealed with the general rejoicings occafioned by that important event, and that he had ordered his gates to be fhut; Dr. King, determined to difFufe hilarity around him, invited the watermen and his poor neighbours of Lambeth in general to partake of fome barrels or ale, at a houfe near his little cot ; where the good- natured Doctor difpenled his favours with an equal hand in honour of his Queen and Country ; and the numerous com- pany allembled on this occalion returned to their reipective homes, neither mad, drunk, nor difappointed. We have two publications of Dr. King, in the courfe of this year, betides his " Rufinus" already mentioned. One was, ** Britain's Palladium ; or Lord Bolingbroke's Wel- " come rom France?." This was publiihed Sept. 1 3, 1712. The other piece was intituled, " Uietul Miicellanies, u Part I. 1 7 1 2 '." He feems to have intended a continuation, jVlr. Pope in that remarkable letter to lord Burlington which defcribes his journey with Lintot, puts this fingular character of Dr. King into the mouth of the bookfeller: " I remember Dr. " King could write verfes in a tavern, three hours after he could * k not Ipeak." P Vol. III. p. 230. 9 P. I. if Mcvi ITE'M O P'R I OF if his Irfe had been prolonged. But this was the lait pro- duction he lived to pnblifh. As autumn advanced, the Dottor drooped infenfibly, *fld :'■■ neither cared to fee, or to be Teen by, any one: and, winter drawing on, he (hut himfelt up entirely from his nearer! friends; and would not lb much as fee his noble re- lation, tiil his lordfhip, hearing ot his weak condition, lent his filler to retch him in a chair to a lodging he had pro- vided for him oppofue Someriet-houfe in the Srrand, where, next di-\ about noon, being Chriftmas-day, 17 12, he yielded up his breath, with the patience and relignation ot a Phi- lofopher, and with the true. demotion of a Chriitian Hero: but would not beperfuaded to go to reft the night before, or even to lie down, tiil he had made fuch a will as he thought was agreeable to the inclinations of Lord Clarendon. After his death, this noble Lord took care ot his funeral ; and had him decently 'interred in the North Cloy iters ot Weftminller- abbev r , where he lies next to his matter Dr. Knipe, to whom, as we have already mentioned, he had a little before dedi- cated his " Hiftorical Account of the Heathen Gods." In 173.1, his " Remains," with an Account ot his Life and Writings, were publifhedj with a Dedication to John Earl ot Orrery s . Thele are incorporated, in the prefent edition, in fuch places as were molt fui table to the connexion ot rhe respective pieces. They were re-publifhed in 1734, under the new title of ' : Poithumous Works," and with the ad- dition of the Editor's name, " Jofeph Browne, M. D." who purchaltd the original manufcripts from Dr. King's filter 5 and again, with a title to the fame purport, in 1739 l . The moil itriking parts of our Author's..character are thefe: In his morals, he was religious and Itrictly virtuous. He was a man of eminent learning and fingular piety, Itrictly confeientious in all his dealings, and zealous for Vie caufe rather than the appearance of religion. His chief pleafure confuted in trifles; and he was never happier than when he thought he was hid from the world: vet beloved company, provided they were fuch as tallied with his humour (for r See Dart's Weftminfter, vol. II. p. 139. There isno monu- 1 tj or grave-ftone, to his memory. » Prcierved at dje end of thefe Memoirs, p. xxxi. 1 It fliouhl he acknowledged, that this manufacturing of Title- 7 -great credit on Dr. Browne ; though the cenfure toil pi ; ■. . ■ ni his booklcller, Edmund Curl. few DR. KING. xxvii few people pleafed him in converfation). His diiccvirle was chearful, and his wit pleafant and entertaining. His phi- lofophy and good fenfe prevailed over his natural temper, which was fallen, morofe, and peevifh ; but he was ot a timorous difpofition, and the leaft flight or : . mid throw him into a melancholy flate of deipotuency. He would fay a great many ill-natured thing?, but never do one. He was made up ot tendernefs and pity, and tears would tall from him on the fmallelt occafion. He has defcribed himfelf in the following verfes, tound in his pocket-book at his death, being then nefh written with a lead pencil : " I ling the various chances of the world, " Through which men are by tare or fortune huri'd; " 'Tis by no fcheme or method that I go, " But paint in ver'.e my notions as thev flow : ** With heat the wanton images purfue; " Fond ot the old, yet itill creating neu'. *' Fancy myfelf in lbme fecure retreat ; " Refolve to be content, andfo be great !" It appears from his loofe papers, termed by him " Adver- " faria," that, betore he was eight years (landing in the Univeriity u ,hehad read over,and made reflections on, cu . nty- two thouland and odd hundred books and manuJcrpts ; a ipe- cimen ot which we have given the Reader in this volume, which will let him into the humour and talte ot our Author in relation to all kinds ot literature, both claflical, polite, and ferious, better than the moll formal description of them. It fhould at the fame time be acknowledged, that this method ot making remarks upon the authors he read is by ho means peculiar to the Doctor; it is the general way ot every fludent. But nothing difcovers thetafte and temper of his genius more than the turn and nature of his " Adverfaria " Theie (hew how freely he ranged in the fields of polite learning, and what fet of flowers moft pleafed his fancy. It is very evident that nothing ot the humourous kind e leaped his notice. u In cur third volume, p. 283, Dr. King fays, " he bears the " relation of a Son to the two moft ftouriffiing Univerfuies in " the world, though peculiarly obliged to one of them J or k is " education." As> it no wheie appears that he had any con- nexion with Cambridge ; he perhaps alludes to the univeriity of Dublin, to which, in bis. ojiaal capacity, he might in feme meafure be related. As xx.Iii MEMOIRS OF As his education had been very ftrict, lb he was naturally of a religious difpofition; and would never enter upon any bulinefs or* the day till he had performed his duties, and read ieveral portions ot Scripture, out or the Pfalms, the Prophets, and the New Teftament ; on which he would often make his remarks, taking a frefh piece of paper every morning in his hand, on which he always began Zi» ©eov, m By God's per- ** million." And this paper he kept at hand all day, to write down whatever occurred to his mind, or pleafed his fancy ; thefe he called bints % which he could refer to at pleafure. Accordingly we find feveral ot thefe upon the fubject of re- ligion and the church, as well as on virtue and morality. The " Adverfaria" alfo furnilh us with an ample proof of his regard for the reputation of his country. We find him anxious in recommending luch " criticifms and remarks iu *' poetry, &c. as might tend to the honour of the Britifh " name and literature w ." To encourage a collection of this kind, he recommends a prodigious number of oblervations on books, manuferipts, and what elie he had met with to promote luch a work. Moil of thefe obfervations are ex- ceedingly curious ; and the great number of the fmaller poetical pieces referred to and mentioned in them are a con- fpicuous proof ot his judgement as well as diligence. Among other rare pieces, he mentions the " Polemo Middinia,." a macaronic poem by Drummond of Hawthornden, which, afterwards was publifhed by Dr. Gibfon, bifhop of London". He takes notice alio of the Bilhop ot Lichfield's technical verfes tor chronology, as a ftupendous work, comprehending that learning through many ages fo fhort, that nothing can be a greater inttance, ** memoriam in artem polFe redigi - v ." In the fame view, having afterwards mentioned the technical verfes ufually found in the little manuals of Logick, he fays, " it were to be wifhed that the memorial verfes in all ici- *' ences were to be collected together z ;" and his judgement in this particular has been confirmed, and the defign here hinted actually put in execution, by the learned Dr. Richard Grey, in his " Memoria Technica." Our Poet is particularly inquilnive after any of the pieces of Hudibras. " If that author," fays he, " has left any Latin •' behind him, it would be the beit in that kind; his thoughts * Vol. I. p. 235. » P. 236. y P. 239. » P. 24'- 44 are DR. KING. xxix ** are fo juft, his images fo lively, fuch a deep infight into the *' nature of mankind and the humour of thole times, that no *' true hiftory could be written without ftudying that Au- " thor a ." — *' It is pity," continues he, " that the fineft of " our Englifh Poets, etpecially the divine Shakefpeare, had '* not communicated their beauties to the world lb as to be " underftood in Latin, whereby foreigners have fuftained fo " great a lofs to this day ; when all of them were inexcufeable " but the molt inimitable Shakefpeare. I am fo far from " being envious, and delirous to keep thote treafures to our- *' felves, that I could wifh all our molt excellent Poets tranf- *' lated into Latin, that are not fo already." This hint of the Doctor's was not loft. Among other things, we have fince feen not only a Latin tranflation of Prior's " Solomon ;" but even of Milton's " Paradifc Loft," excellently performed in verfe by Mr. Dobfon, Fellow of New College, Oxford : not to mention the admirable verfions of fome lighter eflays by thofe truly claflical ornaments of Weftminfter-fchool, Vincent Bourne and Robert Lloyd. To conclude this account of our Author. He was a civi- lian, exquilitely well read; a Ikilful judge; among the learned, an univerfal fcholar and able critick; expert in all languages and fciences ; in poetry, an Englifh Ovid. In con- versation, he was entertaining, without levity or fpleen. As an Author, his character has been thus concifely fummed up: " Read here, in fofteft founds the keeneft fatire ; " A pen dipt deep in gall, a heart goxl-nature; " An Englifh Ovid from his birth he feems, " Infpired alike with ftrong poetic dreams: *' The Roman rants of heroes, godf, and Jove ; ** The Briton purely paints the Art of Love." a Vol. I. p. 241. Vol. I. A Copy [ XXX ] A Copy of Dr. King's Will, made the Night bcfoie he died. u I N the name of God, Amen. I William King, of " Chriit- Church, Oxon, Doctor of Laws, being of per- " feci mind and memory, and hoping to be fared by the " merits of Jefus Chriit, do make this my lail Will and " Teftament. " I conititute and appoint my loving filler Elizabeth " King my fole executrix and reliduary legatee of all my " eftate or eftates, real or peribnal, in poifeiTion or reverlion : " to which I fet my hand and feal, this twenty-fourth day " of December, in the year of our Lord 171 2, and in the •f prefence ol the witnefles hereunto fubferibed ; who were *' requeited to be witnelles to the fame, and who fubferibed " their names in the prefence of each other, being requeued «' fo to do by the Teftator ; who read the fame twice, and " audibly, before he fubferibed the fame. " WILLIAM KING. (L. S.) " Signed, fealed, and delivered, in the prefence of • " us the fubferibing Witnelles; who were re- " quelled by the Teftator to do it, in the prefence " of each other; and did fo accordingly. " M. B. Son of J. B. " R. B. Servant to Lord Cornbui v. " J. B. of London." PEDL [ xxxi 1 Dedication-, prefixed to Dr. King's " Remains.'* To the Right Hon. John Earl of Orrery. MY LORD, THE hi<-;h arid molt exalted reputation your noble name and family bear in the learned world, is a very juitifiable pretence for the Editor of thefe Remains to lay them at your Lordlhip's feet: but there is Hill a more prevailing one, which gives your Lordlhip a juit claim to them; and that is, the intimacy between the Doctor and your Noble Father, then a young Nobleman at Chriit Church in Oxon, where he made 1 o ccnliderable a figure in the belles lettrcs. The controverfy with Dr. Bentlev about Phalaris's Epiltles, taken notice of in our Author's Remains, and in his Letters to the then Honourable Charles Boyle, evidently teitiry his worth and learning; which made the Author or the Poem called ' ; The Difpenfary" fay, " « And to a Bentley 'tis we owe a Boyle." I am too mutsh a ftranger to your Lordfhip, though not fo to your character, to aim at what the world calls flattery. And as I have little inclination tor writing of panegyrick, lb I have lefs ability to attempt it : your Lordlhip's gcodnefs cannot give me vanity enough to think I can p'.eale a man ot quality of your refined fenfe and reafon with bombaft eio- giums and rhetorical flourlfhes. I doubt not but your Lord- lhip has heard of the man and his manners; and that voitf Lordlhip will be pleafed with thefe Remains, and have at leaf! that charity for the dead, according to the Proverb, '* De Mortuis nil nili bonum." I had not undertaken to pubiiih this Account of the Life of the Author and his Writings, but to refcue the work out of worfe hands, purely in regard, to the memory of Dr. King, for whom I had the greatell* eileem : and I am verily perfucded your Lordlhip will think' thefe Remains worthy your perulal, and be acceptable to men that have any taite for learning, religion, or virtue. d 3 The xxxii ] The Works of our Author, hitherto printed, have been well received by the Public ; and he hath been allowed, by fome of the bell judges at that time of day, in his '* Account •* of Denmark," to have fhevvn great reading, perfpicuity, and judgement ; great wit and humour in his u Art of «• Cookery; and a true Spirit of Englifh Poetry, with the greatefr. natural modcfty, in his " Art of Love," which was written at the perfuaiion of a very great Statefman, in imi- tation of Ovid de Arte Amandi, and may be read to the chatted ear; for I believe our Author was never heard to fpeak an immodeft word, or known to write a lewd one. I muft own, as I had a great value for Dr. King, i'o I re- tain the fame efteem for his memory; and the only favour I fhall beg of your Lordlhip is, that your Lordfhip will forgive the Editor tor the fake of the Author. I am, with the utmofl deference and fubmiffion, MY LORD, Your Lordlhip's mofl obedient humble fervant, i 732 . THE EDITOR, REFLEC- REFLECTIONS UPON Mr. VARILLAS'S Hiftory of Herefy, BOOK I, T O M E I. As far as relates to English Matters ; More efpecially thofe of WICKLIFF*. — Cum primum animum ad fcribendum appulit, Idfibi negoti credidit Jolian dari, fofulo ut placer ent, quas fecijfet fabulas. Terent. Andria, Prologus. a Thefe Reflections contain fome memoirs of that great man, who was as it were the morning-ftar of the Reformation. It were to be wifhed, that, from the many volumes of his Works itill remaining, a Hiftory of Religion of that time were compofed, .which would give great light into the affairs of England. Dr. King's Preface to his Volume of Mifcellanies inProfe and Verfe. Vol. I. % % '' Antojne Varillas was born at Gueret in 1624, and died June 9, 1696. He was the author of man)' works, chiefly of the historical kind. That which occafnned thefe " Reflections" of Dr. King was publifhed at Paris in 1686, and after re-printed. Defcribing the revolutions in matters of religion which have hap- pened in Europe, he utterly ruined his reputation abroad, as it expoled him to the criticifms of able men in each country ; for infbmce, Dr. Burnet and Dr. King in England, Brunfman in Den- mark, Pufendorf and Scckendorf in Germany ; who copioufly de- tected and expofed his falfehoods and mifreprtfentations concern- ing the ftate of religion in their refpe&ive countries, and made a wondeiful revolution in the opinions of thofe who had been ufed to believe Varillas upon his own bare word. The criticifms of Bayle, occafionally made on this author, jn various parts of his Dictionary, fufficiently prove him to have been not only inaccu- rate, but unworthy of all credit. His own countrymen have ac- knowledged, with regard to his " Hiftory of France" and " Flo- f rentine Anecdotes," that his frequent profeffions of fincerity prejudiced many in his favour, and made him pafs for a writer who had penetrated into the inmof't recefTes of the cabinet ; but that the publick were at length undeceived, and were convinced that the hiftorical anecdotes, which Varillas put off for authentic facts, had no foundation, being wholly his own inventing; though he endeavoured to make them pafs for realities, by affected citations of titles, inftructions, letters, memoirs, and relations, all of them imaginary. See fome further particulars of his life and writings in the Biographical Dictionary, Svo. art. VaRULas. [ 3 ] DR. KING'S ADVERTISEMENT. IT having been publicly delired, that thofe, in whofe way it (hould lye to expofe Mr. Varillas, would put themfelves to the trouble ; the Author of thefe Papers was willing to contribute his (hare, in the part concerning Wickliff 2 , having formerly a This illuflrious Reformer was "born in die North of England about i3H> an d educated at Oxford. About 1365, he was chofen by the fcculars head of a college, founded at Oxford for the fcholars of Canterbury ; but the monks, who had been newly ad- mitted into that college, had a mind to prefer a regular to the headship ; and after a long conteft, Wickliff and his followers were compelled, bv Pope Urban V, to quit the college. He re- tired to his living of Lutterworth in Leicefterfhire, which he had fome time poiTefTed ; and, his difgrace having prejudiced him againft the court of Rome, he fought revenge, by oppoiing the authority of the pope, the temporalities of the church, and the jurifdiction of the bilhops. The doctrine he taught being favourable to the king, to the barons, and the people, he found many affiftants and protestors. In 1377, he was cited by Archbiihop Sudbury to a ■council at Lambeth ; where he appeared, accompanied by the duke of Lancafter and manv other lords, and was difmilfed without any condemnation. By order of Pope Gregory XI, he was cited to a fecond council at Lambeth; where he appeared, and again avoided condemnation. His doctrines continuing rapidlv to fpread, Archbifhop Courtney, in 1382, called a council, in which he con- demned twenty-four propofitions of Wickliff or his difciples ; ten as heretical, and fourteen as erroneous. The council ob- tained alfo a declaration of King Richard II, againft all who ihould preach the new doftrines ; and many were feverely punifhed. Whilft thefe matters were agitating with great confuf.on and warmth, Wickliff died at Lutterworth in 1384. He wrote many work?, both in Latin and Englilh, few of which have been printed. The principal treatife which has appeared is called Trialogus, a ue between Alcthaa, Pfeudis, and Pbrevefe. He fuffered B j mapy 4 DR. KING'S ADVERTISEMENT. formerly laid together fome obfervations conducing to fuch a defign. Mr. L'Arroque indeed has gone before him in the attempt ; but that ingenious gentleman was not well advifed to meddle in a ftrange country, till time had inftruc~ted him more fully in the conftitutions and language of it. Our pre- fent redeemer has made ufe of the Amfterdam edition, not being able to procure that of Paris. He has given Mr. Varillas all the law imaginable ; he has made no advantage of miftakes, which with any Reafon could be charged upon the printer; he has contradicted nothing without exprefs proof on his fide; and in things highly improbable, which feem to have no foundation in hiftory, unlcfs he can confront thein with pofitive and authentic testimonies, he lets the Author alone, and fuffers the boldnefs of the affertion to be its own fecurity, La ft of all, he intreats the Reader's pardon, if the language and expreffion are without choice and ornament; his profeffed bufinefs and neceffary occafions not allowing him any fuch leifure, A. D. 1688. many anathemas after his death ; popes and various councils con- demned him repeatedlv ; and that of Conltance, in 1414, before they proceeded againftthe perfons of Hufs and Jcrom, condemned the doclrincs of Wickliff, and ordered his bones to be dug up, if they could be difcovered, and thrown out of holy ground. REFLEC- C 5 3 REFLECTIONS UPON MONSIEUR VARILLAS. TH E enemies of the Reformation, as they feem refolved never to leave off writing controverfy, and being con- futed by our divines ; fo they are not wanting upon occafion to turn their ftyle, and furnifh out matter of triumph to our Hiftorians. Sanders and Cauflin heretofore, and of late Monfieur Maimburg and Monfieur Varillas, have thought them- felves qualified for this kind of employment. Above the reft, Mr. Varillas has ufed his pen with fuch a partial extravagance, and with fo little regard to modefty and truth, that he has not only provoked the Learned of the Reformed profeffion to chaftife his impudence in their public writings, but has alfo drawn upon him the fcorn and indignation of ieveral gentlemen of his own communion ; who, in a fenie of honour and common ingenuity, have taken fome pains to lay open the fmooth impoftor. Mr. Hozier, Genealogilt to the King of France, in his Epiftle, declares himfelf to have dilcovered in him above four thoufand errors. Pere Bouhours, in a difcourfe of his, makes it his bufinefs to ex- pofe him : even his old friend Mr. Dryden feems to have for- faken him, and gone over to his adverfary Bouhours j from whofe original he is now tranfiating the Life of St. Xavier. To be free, there is almoft as manv faults in every fingle page of Mr. Varillas, as in a printer's table of errata : and if the archbilhop of Paris would do his dutv, he would find himfelf bound to put a holy* cenfure upon his penfioner ; and as he was latelv very forward to compel thofe of the Religion to a recantation of their faith, fo he ought here to oblige Mr. Varillas to an abjuration of his Hiftory : which we now come to confider. B 3 1 " It 6 REFLECTIONS UPON I. " It was then in the year 1374, that Herefy began in England, " by occafion of the biflioprick of Winchefter. John Wicklift, par- " fon of Enthlerod, in the tlioccfeof Lincoln, pi etended to the faid " biflioprick, and thought he had fo well taken lib meafures, that " it could not otherwife efcape him, than bv fuch an extraordinary " accident as human prudence could not forefee," pag. 11.] It might he rational to expect that a French Hiftorian would have taken a particular care to inform himfclf about the chronology of Edward the Third's reign ; a prince, whofe actions France above all countries has reafon to remember : but Monfieur Varillas takes leave to be altogether ignorant of it, not doubting perhaps but he mould meet with gentlemen and readers that would not be fo uncivil as to contradict the firft word of an Aau- thor. But a plain Englifhman, that has been taught to aik for truth in hiftory, and not to believe a thing only becaufe another has affirmed it, whatever may be the confequence, and though he is fure to be called " the rafheit of all men," will however dare- to tell him, that it was not " the year 1374, that Herefy began in " England, &c." For firft, John Wicklift' had publifhed his opinions, and gained a fame by die year 1360 b . Secondly, he was never " parfon of Enthlerod ;" nor is there any fuch parifh in " the diocefe of Lincoln," or in the king of England's domi- nions. If he means Lutterworth, he has fo disfigured it, that even a Leiceftei mire-man could not know it again. Thirdly, what defigns could the parfon of Lutterworth have upon a biflio- prick that was full, and had been fo for fcveral years before ? For, if William of Wickham was in difgrace, muft his biflioprick be therefore void ? or would Wicklift' grow difcontented for a pre- ferment not vacant, and raife a herefy becaufe the bifliop would not die for him? After this, unlefs it appear that Wicklift", amongfl his other meafures, had intended to difpatch my Lord of tVinchefter, it is plain, he had not laid his defigns fo deep as Mr. Varillas would perfuade us. Fourthly, an Author of equal credit with Mr. Varillas, Harpsfield, has imputed WicklifF's ill hu- mours to the lofs of the biflioprick of Worceftcr : from whofe Latin, Florimond de Raymond has falfely tranflated it tlie bifliop of Wiorn ; and Varillas, more falfely, Winton. II. He goes on (in page la.J to give a character of the herctick : '• That he under Mood the theology of the fchools, which he *> Dr. James, in WicklifFs Life, after the Apology. " iaugh: MONSIEUR VARILLAS. 7 '* taught publicly in the Univerficy of Oxford, in quality of s ' Regius Prqfejbr : That that place had commonly been a ftep to " a bifhoprick : That at prefent Wickliff found his ambition, " oppofed by the Pope's officers, either becaufe they had enter- " tained a fuipicion of him, ©r favour for another."] 1. It miift be confefTed, that Wickliff might deferve the title Mr. Varillas lias beftovved upon him ; but It is fomething ftrange, that he ihould ftand poil'eiTed of a dignity which was not founded till about 150 years after, by the magnificence of Henry ths Eighth ; before whofe time there was no Regius Profejfor ever heard of in Oxford. In the paragraph before, Mr. Varillas made Wickliff fo vain as to defne an impofftbility; and in tlu3 he has pur him in real poffeflion of one. 2. The Pope's officers, and what fol- lows, Mr. Varillas will lay no great ftrefs upon, as being only si flourifh inferted by a figure of the modern rhe*iorick, which the wits have called batitler. III. We are told, that '* Wickliff, thus difappointed, refolves '* to revenge himfelf upon the Holy See. In expectation of a fit " opportunity, he fets himfelf to reaie£t of that does not anfwer our Author's character. 3. That William the Pint affected the name and advantage of a Conqueror, and defigned to ule the Englifh not as fubjetls Z Suppofcd to be the oldeft public record exifUng in the world. The xnolt f.uisfadtory account of it hitherto given is prefixed to " Hutchins's *' Hiftory and Antiquities cf Dorfet," in a Diflert2tion for which the publitk is indebted to the able author of u Anecdotes of Britifh Topogra- " pby." This valuable record is at length, by the munificence of parlia- ment, committed to the prefs. but MONSIEUR VARILLAS. 13 but as flaves, will never be granted by the molt impartial of our Hiflorians. 4. Leaft of all will it be allowed, that that prince did ever pre- tend by the right of conqueft to the revenues of Holy Church ; the confirming of which, in all its privileges, was the firft folema aft of his entrance 5 and the increafing of it with the foundation of a goodly abbey h , was what he chofe to be the pious and lift- ing memorial of his viclorv. VIII, What follows is fo grofs and unpardonable, that I fhall refer him to be corre&ed by the Almanack, or the man thatihews the kings at Weftminfter. If the Compofitor does not ftcp in tq relieve the credit of the Author, and bring him out of this incon* venience, as he calls it, by taking fhame to himfelf, no man here- after will endure his books, but in fuch a library as Don Quixote's, or in fuch a catalogue as Mr. Langbaine's. He gravely tells us, " That the two Stephens of the houfe of Blois, who fucceeded " the fons of William, took no care of the unwritten laws, &c." Sure he penned this paffage at a certain feafon, when, they fay, men are ufed to fee double ; otherwife, how is it poflible for him to make us two kings of one ? Who ever heard of king Stephen the Second of England ? who was his wife ? what children had he ? what did he do ? which king of France did he beat ? where was he buried ? It is a miracle that all this mould efcapc the svorld ; and whilft we, the ignorant, thought there never had been any more than one Stephen, Mr. Varillas mould produce an- other. However, it will be hard for him to prevail with the wary citizens of London, amongft the ftatues royal erefted in the Exchange, tq raife an effigies to the memory of the fecond king Stephen. IX. " To the Stephens," he fays, " fucceeded the Houfe of " Anjou ; who were reduced to implore the authority of the " Holy See, to put them in their pofieihon of England. In them " the prerogative was weakened," by fome reafons no man but Varillas would give ; " and firft the clergy and nobility, and f* after that the populacy, getting the afcendant of the crown, the " parliament took its birth. The power of which, during its f feifion, was fo great, as to leave almoft nothing but the title to ff the king. Henry II. was the fiift that would have fhook oft" 4» Built on the fpot where he had been victorious, and called Battle-abbey. t* the 14 REFLECTIONS UPON "the yoke," p. 20, zi.] 1. The Houfe of Ariou was f» formidable in Maud and her fon Henry, and the people fo well difpofed to receive them, that he had no need of any fuch affiftance from abroad. 2. How could the Houfe of Anjou bring a par- liamentary yoke upon themfelves, which Henry II. fhould be the firft that endeavoured to fhake off, when before Henrv II. the Houfa of Anjou never reigned in England. 3. It is a fhamc Mr. Yarillas ihould know fo little of that auguft aflembly, the Parliament, as to date the rife of it from Henry II ; whereas at leaft it ought to have been carried as high as his grandfather K 4. He may think perhaps to make it amends by another miftake, having falfely raifed them in their felTion fo far above the king, as in a manner to annihilate his power for the time. One that reads this in a Frenchman, would think he was. difcourfing of the doge of Genoa ; and not of a monarch, who, as his prefent majeftv has been pleafed publicly to obferve, " has " enough power by law to make him as great as he can wim ' ;" though he fuffers his parliament to maintain their ju't privileges at another rate than the long difufed eftates of a neighbouring kingdom. And here it is probable our Author may think hirrw felf fafe behind a quotation fetched from Bologna ; and it is likely he will be fo : for a fubjeft of England will not prefume to inter- pofe, becaufe the matter is of fo high a nature ; nor a prince con- descend fo low, as to take notice of an affront, when the Author is Varillas. X. He gees on to tell us, " That Henry the Second';, defigns " were prevented by Becket*s murder ; which happened by two " indifcreet foldiers explaining in too great a latitude fome words " let fall by the king in relation to the archbifhop. So this pro- K This affertion will perhaps not readily be granted. Whin the com- mons were firft reprefented, is a queition which has been much agitated by many able writers j fome of whom have thrown great light upon a fubir ct, which, 45 Dr. Syrifl has well obferved (vol. xxiii. p. 438.)) is perplexed by the word Parliament being ufed promifcuoufly by our ancient wri- ters, for a general affembly of nobles, and for a council of bifhops, or fynod of the clergy. It Is certain, however, that, under whatever denomination they may have paffed, there were aflemblies of the people under the Saxon government, which probably were almoft coeval with the firft civilization 01 this ifland. J It does not appear when James II. made this declaration. <«je$ MONSIEUR VARILLAS. j 5 f je£l was fet on foot no more till Edward the Third's time, who, ; " taking up the fame defign of depreffing the ftates of parliament, ■ began with that of the clergy, which by Wickliff's proceedings " he was in hopes to mortify," p. 22.] 1. Thofe tivofotdiers of his were four knights, Sir Hugh Merville, Sir William Tracy, Sir Richard Brittain, and Sir Raynold Fitz-Urs. An Hiftorian ought to underftand fo much blazon, as to know a knight from a foidier ; and not to fuffer himfelf to be fo much in hafte, as to leave half his number behind him : but Mr. Varillas may think he has done the gentlemen no wrong, in giving them a name fo much admired in modern France ; and I am the more willing to excufe him for being too fhort in this account 1 ", beeaufe he allows for kin the two Stephens. 2. He told us in p. 18, 19, B That " the reafon of king Edward's defigns upon the clergy, was a " defire he had of revenging himfelf upon the popes, who had " done him, as he thought, fo many injuries there recounted." But here that refolution is made to proceed from an intent of his, to bring down the power of parliaments. Now I begin to have fome hopes of our Author j for I fee he knows himfelf fo well, as not to rely upon his own relation laid down before ; and Mr. Varillas will not believe Mr. Varillas. He gueiTes again ; and thinks it is here as in arkhmetick, where two falfe fuppofitions may produce a truth. XI. After this long deduction, in which it feems as though he had been refolved to fpend at once all the little flock of know- ledge he ha^ in the Engliih Chronicles, he returns to WicklifF; " who, finding himfelf thus fecure, taught openly, that the Eng- u lifh lords might refume the goods given by their anceflors to " the church 5 that neither pope nor biihops might excommuni- cate ; that facraments adminiftered by wicked priefts were in- " effectual," p. 23.] Mr. Varillas having framed to himfelf a notion, that WicklifF was only ufed as a ftate-inflrument againft the clergy, he has accordingly picked only thefe out of his many doctrines, as appearing moil proper to ferve his hypothefis ; as if thefe three miireprefented articles were the only or the chief tenets by which Dr. Wicklilf grew to be fo confiderable. It was m This period of Engliflj Hiftory has been difcufied in a very mafterly manner by the late lord Lyttelton. his ( 6 REFLECTIONS UPON his great eftccm for the Holy Scriptures, of which his tranflation ftill remains a memorable inftancc -, his right notion of the blelfed Eucharilt ; the oppofition he made to the encroaching mendicants in behalf of the fecular clergy ; not to mention his confcfTed ex- cellences in polemic divinity and philofophy ; with a itric"tnds of life, which his acquaintance revered.; which his adverfaries, amongft all their accufations, have never pretended to call in qucftion ; and which engaged in his favour the major part of the Univcrfity where he lived, and particularly the chancellor and both the proftors of the year 13S2. It would be too large a work, and not becoming fuch a pamphlet as this, to enter into a defence of that great man and all his particular opinions, and to fhew how induitrious the Friars have been to blacken him fince his death ; when even in his life-time he was charged with tlie fancies and errors of other men, which, when in open -court, he declared never to have been bis. This his rcrnonCrance has by fome fince been pleafantly termed a recantation. For the pre- fent, the diligent Dr. James may be confulted by the curious, for their farther fatisfacnon, till fome generous pen fhall appear more fully in the caufe of Wickliff, and do juftice to fo eminent a con- feffor. XII. He keeps us ltill in the year 1374. " And in that it " was," as he tells us, " that pope Gregory XI, hearing of the li novelty, wrote to the archbiftiop of Canterbury and bifhop of f* London, by any means to fupprefs it. They cite Wickliff; ** who appears ; but in the pofture of one that expected a reward, *' and not apunifhment. He pleaded, That he had never defigned " to alter the Christian truth j that, if any thing offensive had «' efcaped him, he revoked it fincerely, and fubmitted to penance " and public correction. Upon this, they put into his hands a " billet of the three errors he had taught ; which having ex- " plained to their content, there was nothing left for the two " bifhops, but to al)fo]vc him, upon promife made never more to M maintain in publick any equivocal propofuions," p. 23, 24.] At the firft reading of this narration, drawn up with fo much ferioufnefs and formality, it would look like confidence to fuipect it ; and yet, upon fearch, it will be manifeft that it is falie and fophiiticate in almoft all its parts. Having made this general ob- servation, how cautious our Author has been, in avoiding thofe unlucky M <3 N S I E U R VARILLAS. #j Unlucky things called dares n , as not having hitherto fpecified fa much as the month in which any adventure fell out ; we muft hot expett he fhould tell us what was the date of the pope's bull, of the epifcopal citation, or the time of Wickliff's appearance $ all which would have been looked for in an exafr. hiftory ; and* if they had here been fet down by Mr. Varillas, would have fup- plied us with matter for a confutation. 1. All our Annals and Regifters place this hearing two years later, about the nineteenth of February, 1377. 2. That Wickliff's behaviour there was con- trary to what Mr. Varillas has reprefented it, I will at prefent take no other care to demonstrate, than by fetting down the words of Knighton ° : " Cumque die ftatuto ad objecta refpondere deberer, " omncm prajacYitatam cordis audaciam fine mora dimifit,"&c> 3. I mail afk of Mr. Varillas, whether it be the way of the French law, or any other he has ftudied, for a man to plead before his indictment be known, and to anlvver an accufation when it is not yet preferred againft him. If WicklifF did fo, yet this we know, that he made no fuch harangue ; that, after that, he had no fuch billet of three articles prefented him ; that the expofition our Author afcribes to him is fictitious ; and, in fhort, all that: follows : for, a tumult happening, the court was obliged to break up abruptly before nine of the clock in the morning ; and never came to give fuch an abfolution, or to receive fuch a pro- mife. 4. If he had ever read any writer upon the prefent parti- cular, he could never have made fo defective a difcourfe of it, in which he has not told us fo much as that this trial was at Lon- don ; that the great duke of Lancafter and Henry marfhal of England appeared in favour of the criminal, and finally were the occafion that the bifliops left the court fooner than was in- tended. XIII. We are acquainted, " That, after this, Wickcliff re- " lapfed. The fame pope, hearing of it, complained of the Eng- " lifh prelates ; and, to lhew what they ought to have done, con- " demned the propositions of Wickliff himfclf. The prelates, M being aihamed to be out-done, affembled themfelves at Canter- *' bury in the form of a council ; and pronounced, by the mouth of u the archbifhop of the place, who was their primate,, an anathema * See the cenfure on Varillas above, p. >. Lib. V. Vo U I, C »• agairrft jg REFLECTIONS UPON H againft his doctrine." And all this in king Edward's reign, and the year 1374, p. 25. I. To fet him right in his chronologv, this fecond convocation is on all hands affirmed to have fallen out in the reign of Richard II, which began June 21, 1377. 2. Whereas he makes our bilhops fo complaifant, as immediately to fall about what the pope had hinted to them by his example ; it is evident, by th e original a£h ftill remaining,, and to be feen in their proper archives, that he was forced to oblige them to it by formal letters, bearing date from Rome, " 1 1 cal. Jun. anno 7 pontificatus ;" though not'put in execution till after the death of king Edward. Why does Mr. Varillas mention nothing of this bull ? or is not the pope's letter of as great moment, and as well deferving to be taken notice of, as a love-letter or a lampoon? 3. He is very unhappy in de- fending to particulars, and not keeping aloof in generals, and at a due diftance : for, as in the firft convocation he afligns us no place for their feffion, fo here he hath given us a wrong one, and Lambeth is many miles from Canterbury. 4. The bifhops met at Lambeth were fo far from M pronouncing an anathema againft " WicklifP s doctrine," that they found reafons not to give any definitive fentence; which had they done, it would have appeared on regifter, amongft other acts we have remaining of the fame council. XIV. This 1374 has been a very long year, and at laft " king -" Edward dies in it;" who, however, I am well fatisfied, was on the throne above two years after. " In his life-time he had ten- " derly loved the duke of Lancafter, and had given him outward *' demonftrations that he would leave him the crown ; neverthe- "lefs, when he was dead,, a will was found, written and figned "with his hand, which rendered juftice to the prince of Wales, in " the perfon of his fon Richard, then but twelve years old, and "*' declared him fucceffor, in exclufion to the duke of Lancaftcr, ■ and the dukes of Gloucefter and Cambridge, his brothers. ■** The parliament of England approved this will." p. 25, 26.] 1. Mr. Varillas is the firff difcoverer of any demonftrations given by Edward III. to the duke of Lancafter, that mould put him- in. hopes of the crown. On the contrary, WalfingliamP tells us in exprefs words, " Eo tempore, nondum finito parliamento, P H/podigmata Neuftr. " dominufc MONSIEUR VARILLAS. i$ " dominus Edwardus, princeps Wallise, 8 die Julii in die S. Tri- " nitatis defungitur. Dominus Richardus de Burdegalia, filius u dom. Edw. principis, in hoc parliamento faftus eft comes f Ceftriae, ec non multo poft dux Cornubia: et princeps Walliae M eft creatus. Edwardus in fefto S. Georgii apud Windelefhores ** contulit Richardo de Burdegal' hseredi fuo ordinem militarem." From hence any man of inference will fee what reafon the duke of Lancafter had to enlarge his hopes, and promife himfelf that prince Richard was not defigned for the crown by his royal grand- father. Here is a will produced, never known in the world till Mr. Varillas printed his Hiftory : nothing of this in any of our Authors, but counterfeited by him, who is one of the firft men that ever forged a teftament without hopes of getting by it fd much as a legacy. It is fomething obfervable, that he mould deal fo by a prince, who is the firft in England that has made a ftatute about pillories. 3. A man that goes about a cheat mould not be in hafte, but let his invention tarry for his judgement. This will is fo awkwardly contrived, that it betrays itfelf at firft fight. The duke of Cambridge (as he calls him) is put after his younger brother ; neither was he ever duke of Cambridge, but earl only, in which character he continued till 1386, when his nephew created him duke of York. Thomas of Woodftock is yet more beholden to Mr. Varillas, for having excluded him by the name of " the duke of Gloucefter;" whereas he had no title when his father died, nor did he arrive to this dukedom till the abovenamed year 1386. Now it is a pretty hard conceit to fup- pofe that the king did not know which of his fons was the elder, or that he fhould put by from the crown two dukes he had never heard of; or laftly, that, prophefying of the future honours of his children, he Ihould guefs right about one, and be miftaken about the other. 4. Not to harrafs him any more ; as for what concerns the parliament after the king's death, I defire to know who fhould call it, if the new king was not yet approved, as he i9 pleafed to term it. And about the act of approbation, I requeft of him to tell us where it is to be found, that fo it may be put into the next edition of Keble. XV. He informs us, p. a6, 27, " That the unfortunate Alix " Perez avoided the punifhment prepared for her, by embarking ** with what (lie had moft precious upon a Flemifti veflel, which C a " carried 25 REFLECTIONS UPON " carried her to the coafb of Galich. And the tutors of the u young king forbore to feek after her, either becaufe they " thought her below their anger, or that they were perfuaded the " king of Caftile would not abandon her to their difcretion, *' becaufe of the riches which flie brought from England into " Spain, or of the pretenfions which the duke of Lancafler had " upon his crown." Thus far our Romancer. His friend Ta- citus has begun his Annals with a verfe; and Mr. Varillas, im- proving the humour, and advancing upon thofe grounds, has made his whole Hiftdry into a poem. Had he lived in the days of knight-errantry, he would certainly have been invited over to the honourable employment of imperial hiftoriographer in the court of Trebhond, and deferved a peniion extraordinary from his highnefs Don Alphebo. Having here to do with a female, he has acquitted himfelf extremely civilly, and much like a gentle- man, to re-conduct the ftrange lady to her own country, with all her jewels and other ftolen accoutrements. But our rough Hifto- rians deal more unkindly by her, and tell us, that, by a parlia- ment at Weitminfrer, Alice Pierce had all her goods coimfcate, and herfelf banifhed, fo as really to be left " the unfortunate Alix « Perez." XVI. We are now coming on to Tyler's rebellion ; ar.cl here our Author has given a mafter-ltroke of his fancy, and has found a contrivance to draw rn WicklifF for the author of the whole commotion : " Wicklift, taking advantage of the king's mino- " rity, palled on from the clergy to vent his doctrine againft the " lay-nobility and magiftracy; and at length came to a con- 4< c!ufion, that there ought to be no inequality in goods, but a " community of all things. Having thus difpofed the people's " minds, he received into his party one 'John BaUc, a man the " moft turbulent and feditious of all England : he was a prieft " by profefllon ; and had efc.iped out of priton, where his ordinary *' had fecured him. He, fearing to be re-taken, and not having u means of fubiiltence bevond the feas, found there could be no " fafcty for him without kindling a civil war. So, having often " conferred with Wicklirf, he preached and improved his opi- " nions, fo as to draw after him to the number of two hundred " thoufand perfons, pretending to eftabliih an equality, but indeed f to put himfelf into the dignities of Simon de Subcria, arch- 4 " biflrop MONSIEUR VARILLAS. tx ** bifhop of Canterbury, and Ion.! chancellor of England," p. 27, 28, 29.] 1. I love an hiftorian of a great foul and free thoughts, that fcorns to be beholden to former accounts, and will go no farther than hirafelf for his relations : it is au argument of a •vulgar fpirit, to be content to take up with what is written al- ready, and prefentthe world with nothing that is new. Wickiiff's preaching had no more relation to this rebellion, than the edition of Confucius in France had to the fufferings of the Hugonots, or than Mr. Varillas's conclufions are ufed to have to his pre- mifes. It is well known by all men of judgement and reading, that Wickl iff always defended order and diftinftion ; that lie him- felf took his degree of Doftor, and that his friends and patrons were of the nobility; and that all his troubles took their rife from his zeal in maintaining the iupremacy of his prince ; fo far was he from being author of this tumult againft him. To pals by our Author's forgetfulnefs, who, having (p. 12.) brought in Wickliff as defigning nothing but to revenge himfelf upon the pope's officers and the clergy for a fuppofed affront received from than, does here undefervedly, and without reafons affigned, fet him as hotly againft the laicks and nobility. All agree, that the rebellion proceeded from the feeming opprefhons, and from the taxes, the greateil that had ever been in England, thought to be unreafonably impofed, and infolently exacted in Kent and the neighbouring parts. 2. Now for John Ball, the feditious ecclefi- aftick, he was clapt up for tenets of his own ; and was fo far from having efcaped prifon, to go and enter into frequent con- fults with Wickliff ; and from thinking it ncceffarv, after that, to raife the people of England for the fecuritv of himfelf, an in- confiderable curate ; that the peafantry was firft in arms ; and amongft their other extravagances, having broke open the pri- fons, they fet free with the reft this John Ball, who then indeed joined with his deliverers. XVII. " The multitude (he fays) marched on to the palace " of the archbifhop ; where forcing entrance, thev find the pre- " late upon his knees, and, with all the circumstances of horror, " cut off his head. The tioubles were renewed foon after in the " provinces of Effex and Kent, and quickly paffed into thofe of " Norfolk, Suffolk, Erfolc, and Cambridge. Thence the Wick- M liffifls advanced tcw^rds London in a body innumerable : they C } " were as REFLEAIONSUPON " were a charge to no man j they paid for what they had, and " punifhed with death any that were convicted of having ftolen. " When thev were arrived at Eloquet, king Richard fent to de-> " mand the reafon of their taking arms; but received an anfwer " full of infolence : and when the mayor wouh. have fhut the " citv-gates againft them, he was hindered by thofe of the ordi- " nary fort. The feditious enter London, burn the count of " Lancafler's palace, and throw the goods of the count into tho u river : then thev invert the Tower, whither the king and court " had fled for refuge, gain entrance, and murther the chancellor, " treafurer, and other officers, hid in the Tower, and ieveral " other churches of London," p. 29, 30, 31.] 1. I would have been glad if Mr. Varillas would have told us where this " palace " of the archbifhop" flood, and whether it was not that at Lam- beth, near Candamart f It is fure, that the archbifhop was not maffacred in any palace he had ; and before I end this paragraph, I will undertake that Mr. Varillas himfelf fliall tell me fo. 2. Amongft the provinces concerned in the tumults, we meet with Erfolc for one : Mr. Camden and Mr. Adams knew nothing of fuch a place ; and if Mr. Varillas will come over hither, and difcover where this county lies, I engage mv honour that at leaf! the freeholders of it fhall chufe him knight of the fhire. 3. That the rebels were fo exa£l in paying for what they had, I muft beg his pardon, if I believe a miftake, not only by their aftings, but alfo by their principles, which, Mr. Varillas told us before, were to make " all things common." But let us follow them to Bloquet; which however we cannot do without a guide ; for it h impofhble to find any fuch place, unlefs by that name he means to underftand Black-heath, or Barnet, or rather Mile-end. 4. The mayor not being fuffered [" to change the city locks," or fo much as] " to fhut the gates," the peafantry came on, and plundered the earl of Lancafler's houfe in the Savoy. Sura one would think, they had deprived him of his dukedom too : for otherwife how comes it to pafs that he who has hitherto been all along " le due " de Lancajlrer fhould be now on a fudden diminifhed into " le " conte de Lancaflre ?" By this figure of Varillifm it was, that the lord Darley was brought down into a private gentleman, and the knights of king Henry into foldiers. If there were nothing elfe to be faid about, the prefent rebellion, this fingle paflage were enough MONSIEUR VARILLAS. 23 enough to evince the rebels not to have been the difciples of Wickliff; for if fo, this illuftrious patron of his muft needs have met with another fort of ufage at their hands : though farther yet it may be noted, that Jack Straw in his laft confefiion declared, a their defign was to fave the Mendicant friers ;" an order of men, who had alwavs (hewed themfelves the mod violent enemies to Wickliff. 4. We are now come to the bufinefs of Simon de Suberia. Mr. Varillas mentioned above, that the archbifhop was beheaded in his palace j and now allures us, that the chancellor is murthered in tbe Tower : either forgetting what he had told us before (p. 28.) that both thofe dignities were in one perfon, Sudbury ; or defigning to deter people from ambition and a defire of plurality in high offices, by (hewing that a man mud undirgo as many feveral deaths as he holds preferments ; and in this ex- ample, that the fame perfon was firft put to death in his fpiritual capacity of archbilhop, and again mailacred fome time after for his temporal qualification of ftatc-minifter : for that a man may be two-fold, was formerly feen, in the cafe of Charles V. The truth is this : Sudbury from the firft beginning of thefe difturbanc.es had followed the fortune and perfon of the king, and was at pre- fent retired with him into the Tower, where the multitude feized and beheaded him. So died a prelate, of whom our authors have given us a very honourable mention ; and yet Mr. Varillas has been pleafed to affign him fo ill-natured and unjuft a cha- racter (p. .23. 28, 29.), that one who reads it would think he had miftaken his man, and was defcrlbing the heretick Wickliff, in- ftead of Sudbury the legate of the holy fee. 5. Befules the chan- cellor, he tell us, more of the king's minifters were killed in " the " Tower and other churches." Really Sir, if the Tower be a church, it is one of the largeft and heft-fortified churches in Europe. I have lo good an opinion of his friend Mr. Sorbiere 9, as q Samuel Sorbiere, a Frenchman, was bred firft to divinity, and after- wards ftudied phyfick. He publifhed in 1664 a relation of his voyag« into England, which brought on him much trouble and difgrace. For his unwarrantable liberties againft a nation whom France at that time thought it good policy to be well with, he was dripped of his title of h'.ftoriographer, and fent into bani/hment. His book was difcredited by a piece publifhed againft it in the very city of Paris j whilft Dr. Sprat ex- C 4 pofei 34 REFLECTIONS UPON as to think that, out of the little knowledge of England he pickt up here, he couhl have informed our Author, that the Tower 18 never looked upon by us as a cathedral, but as an arfenal : whi- ther by this paper I invite Mr. Varillas to come over, and fee the famous cannons with which Henry VIII. of glorious memory took Buioign. XVIII. " Upon a pardon proclaimed, great numbeis deferted ; " but a confiderable party flill kept together in a body, under the biere d put his name to a fcandalous defcription of England ; though he relates feveral paffages altogether as inconfiderable and ridiculous as that the Defcriber of Denmark tells us, p. 95, " That, " being a great lover of green geefe, he could get none of the "country people; till a fuperftitious old woman told him, me c Robert Molefworth, efq. of Edlington in Yorkfhire. On the Revo- lution, he diftinguifhed himfelf by an early and zealous attachment to liberty; and in 1 63 9 was fent by king William envoy extraordinary to Den- mark, at which court he redded feveral years ; and foon after his return publifhed, in 1694, his Account of that kingdom, a work much talked of, tranilated into many foreign languages, and almoft immediately fol- lowed by thefe Animadverfions. Mr. Molefworth wrote many other pieces in defence of liberty and the common rights of mankind. A difcourfe of his, on Agriculture, is much commended by Dr. Swift, vol. ix. p. 363. He was member of the privy council in Ireland to queen Anne till, in January 1714, he was difmiffed on a complaint from the lower houfe of convocation. He was reftored to his place at that board by king George I j who made him one of the commiffioners of trade and plantations, and created him vifcount Molefworth and baron of Philipftown, July 16, 171 6. He had publifhed, the March preceding, a volume of Poems, in- fcribed to the Princefs Caroline, in a Dedication contorting of 47 pages ; in which he forefaw it would be objected that he had publifhed a little Book for the fake of the Dedication, as he had done once before [in his " Ac- *« count of Denmark"] for the fake of a Preface. The Draper's Fifth Letter was addreffed to his lordfhip Dec. 14, 1724 j and he died on the 22d of May following. d See above, p. 23. D 3 "had 3 3 PREFATORY LETTER " had four at his fervice, imagining that otherwife the kite would •' have them;" or rather, otherwise, being an old woman full of bowels (as hofteffes ufually are), being afraid that the gentleman ihould lofe his longing. Betides, Sir, what man of fenfe can think that a Gentleman of your parts would write fo tedious a Preface e , that has fo little relation to the defcription pretended, would fpend three or four pages to perfuade the world, that " Liberty is eafy," and " Health " is valuable ;" things that were granted by the Author's great- grand-mother ; would fling away four or five pages more, to in- form the world, that thinking men may improve themfelves by converfation and travel. Whereas if that Author, inftead ot his important fcraps of Latin, as " Toto divifos orbe Britannos ;* " Res eft ridicula et nimis jocofa f ;" had given us thefe two verfes of Horace ?, " Die mihi, Mufa, virum, capts? poft tempora Troja?, " Qui mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes ;" We ihould have framed a greater idea of that advantage from Homer's character of Ulyffes, and perhaps have found that he im- proved as much by vifiting the monfter Polypheme, as any of this Author's Difciples may do, whom he would fend for maxims as far as China and Japan, and to fearch " for fuch regulations of " government as are fit for models to the moft civilized Euro- " peans amongft the man-eaters and favage Americans;" who, being great pkilofophers, muft, in purfuance of this Author's ad- vice, become -very excellent tutors . Farther, Sir, I am not of opi- nion that you would have our Two Universities to reform their ftatutes, and direct their ftudies according to iome new methods of modern learning ; for, as their habits are the fame 4< which " they wore in Harry the Eighth's time," and yet are ftill very decent and becoming, fo their old Philofophy has likewife its peculiar ufes. We fee by experience, that fuch as neglect and defpife the difputations of the Schools, who laugh at the dark terms and fubtilties of Ariftotle and his nice Commentators, when they once come to writing, find the want of their Logick (for that and Grammar generally revenge themfelves upon their adverfarits). They trifle inftead of arguing; their method is con- e Dr. Swift fays, Mi/efw>rtb\< Preface is full of dale profligate topkks, iind ihe Book itfelf written out of fpite. Vol. xiii. p. 150. 1 Altsred from Catullus liv. 1. g See Ep. I. ii. 19. fuiedj TO MR. MOLESWORTH. 39 fufod ', and, wlien they fhould urge any fingle point, they run from one thing to another ; and their difcourfe is as lax and un- digested as the Preface of that Author we are treating of. Neither, Sir, can I imagine that you would have the nobility and gentry of any country " commit the education of their chil- " dren to Philofophers, and not to Priefts ; and by the former " have moral virtues preached up to them, fuch as fortitude* " temperance, and contempt of death 5 their inftru&ors uhng " pious cheats, as Elyfian fields, &c. and by thofe methods even " deceiving their hearers into greatnefs ; thefe Philofophers thus " excelling the managers of our modern education." For I fup- pole, Sir, you are ieniible of the great benefits that youth receive, by l)eing bred up under grave and religious Clergymen 3 for, though Tolly's Offices be a very good book, vet the Bible, in my opinion, is a better. Befidcs Morality, which youth ought to be inilrutted in, they are likewife to be taught how to be good Chriftians ; and there is, to my knowledge, an eminent fchool in this nation, where the youth are not trained up " onlv to the un- " derftanding cf words and languages" (though at the fame time thofe are taught there with the greateft accuracy) ; where they are kept in a fenfe of duty and obedience to their fuperiors, by a certainty of future punilhments to them that tranfgrefs, and ever- lading happinefs to fuch as do well .- where they are conftantly called upon to give a fenfible and rational account of their faith, I mean that contained in the Catechifm, Homilies, and Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England ; where there is no dav pafles without their reading a considerable portion of the Holy Scriptures in the original languages : and a better foundation is laid for a greatnefs of mind and contempt of death, from the example of our blelled Saviour, than can be framed from any pattern amongfl the Grecian and Roman heroes. However it comes to pah-, the Author, among all the Roman heroes, has unfortunatel . pitched upon Brutus, " as the true pattern and model of exact virtue :" and yet, in relation to the death of Csefar, all circumftano s con* fidered, a youth that is bred up to a fenfe of gratitude, honour, or common juftice, will look upon him as ungrateful, and a bale aria Hi natc ; and will neceifarily defpife him, when he fees him deferting that virtue which he pretended to admire, and in a fullen defpair exclaiming againil it as an empty name. A very fine D 4 inotU-1 4 o PREFATORY LETTER model indeed for a man of quality, and which muft ?ffe£t him much more when he fhall " find the practices of perfons ofthe " like {lamp, in this particular, founded upon reafon, juilice, and " truth, and unanimouily approved of by molt of the fucceeding "wile men which the world has produced." I mould be- glad to fee a lift of thofe wife men who were of his opinion, that I may be fatisfied whether our Author has done juftice to Ravilliac h and fome other heroes of this latter age ; and that our Author's own name (if his courage be equal to his inclination) may be added to it upon occafion. - Moreover, Sir, there are feveral obfervations and political maxims throughout the whole Preface, which favour very much of a commonwealth, and would not well become any perion that has had the honour to ferve their Majefties *, or that heartily con- fults their real intereft or the glory of the Engliih nation. For in the firft place he fays, " If we look backwards, it is a true **. reflection, that our late kings half undid us, and bred us up ** narrow-fpirited fo long, till the world had almoft overlooked '*. us, and we feldom were permitted to caft an eye farther than *• France or Holland." If peace, eafe, and plenty, could be faid to undo us, we were indeed undone ; and then as for our igno- rance of the affairs of other nations, we muft necelTarily be in a moft profound one, when we had our minifters at Cologne, and afterwards at Nimeguen ; when the King of England's medi- ation was accepted by all the princes then in war, and the preten- tions of the moft confidcrable ftates in Europe left to his Ma- jefty's arbitration. But it feems at prefent we are in a better con- dition j and the Preface, to our comfort, tells us, " that we make " a greater figure in the world than formerly, and have a right to V intermeddle in the affairs of Europe." And here a true Englifh- man may think that fomething has been faid to the honour of his country : when, alas ! if he reads but the next page (for the Author cannot write confidently two pages together), he will find, '_' that we do not live up to our poft, and maintain our character ; " that we are infulted on our own co&#» our trade endangered, ' " and in apprehenfion every year of an invafion and a French con- " queit." Not in fuch difmal apprchenfions neither, Sir ! for, as h The affafiinator of Henry the Fourth of France. j » King William and Queen Mary. TO MR. M O L E S W O R T H. 4.1 our u ancient yeomanry and commonalty could draw the long " bow, and handle the brown bill," lo their fons will charge a mufkct, or draw a fword, in'defence of the public liberty and the right of their Majefties, againfl any commonwealth's-men or foreigners that fhall dare to invade them. The Author feems to have inferred thefe palTages to fhew himfelf impartial, and to let the Danes fee that they have no great reafon to complain of ill ufage, fince he is as fcurrilous upon his own countrymen. In the fecond place, to come to ibme other of his observations ; it may very polTibly be proved, in contradiction to what he has advanced, " that the jus di-vinum of kings and princes was a no- " tion in the Northern parts of the world, long before thefe later " ages of flavery ;" that is, before Milton ever wrote, or Eng- land fullered under the tyranny of a commonwealth. Even pafTive obedience, however unintelligible to this Author, as dated by reverend and learned Divines, though it fhould flill be main- tained by them under their prefent Majefties, would be more fuit- able to fovereign authority, and the welfare of thefe nations, than any doctrines lince coined : for the Ecclefiafticks eftablifhed by the laws of this realm are fo far from " having an intereft feparate " from, and oppofite to, the publick," as our Author would in- fniuatt, that no perfons have defended the true conititution of the Englifh government with greater temper and hazards. Now the conititution of England, as fet forth by them, is, That the King's prerogative be kept facred ; the Lords Spiritual and Temporal have their authority and honours lupported ; that the privileges as well as properties of the Commons be inviolably preferved. When any of thefe have been encroached upon by the other, the Englifh clergy have in all ages made a vigorous ftand ; and the public liberty has been fo dear to them, that many of them have facrifked their own freedom to it. Sir, I fhall not trouble you much longer ; only tell you, that a principal reafon why we ihould not take this Book to be yours, is a remark which may be found in authors that treat concerning Ambaifadors, •viz. that he ought " to be no detractor or fpeaker- " ill of any king or Hate, but more efpecially of him or them " with whom he remains." The reafons are plain, becaufe de- traction is beneath the honour of the Prince whofe character he fuihuns j and then luch attions would make Ambafiadors from fuch 42 PREFATORY LETTER fuch a Prince be treated for the future rather as fpies anc! ene- mies, than as men whole perfons are to he held lacred. We are of opinion, that nothing could make you fwcrve from this rule; and that no provocation could force you to if. However, there are two things that happened in Denmark, which to another man might give fome fmall occafion, and are as follow. It feems, an Envoy there, who had been above three years in the Danifh court, where at full he was very welcome, became at laft to be very dif- agreeable, by boldly pretending to fome privileges, that by the cuftom of the country are denied to every bodw There is throughout all Sealand a double road ; one is common to all people ; the other, called " tie King's Road," is referred to his Majefty of Denmark and attendants; this is lhut up with feveial gates, and has great ditches on both tides of it. The Envn \ travelling one day to Helfingor, was refolved to pafs this way in his chariot, and accordingly did fo, after he had broken down the gates; which action as it would have been a great mifdemeanor in any Dane, fo it was refented by the Court as a rudtnefs in a foreigner. At another time, this fame Envoy went to the iile of Amack, near Copenhagen, where abundance of hares are kept for the King of Denmark's game, and that with fo much care, that any man is feverely puniihable who prefumes to kill one of" them, unlcfs in the king's company; however, this Gentleman was refolved to have a courfe ; but, in his way thither, was accolled by one of the King's huntfmen, who defired him to fend his dogs back, other- wile he was in duty obliged to (hoot them. Inftead of any rcpl\ r to this, one of the Envoy's footmen cut the keeper over the head with his fword : the man, all bloody as he was, went prefently to Count Re\ er.tlaw, great mailer of the game, and made his com- plaint to him. Thefe actions being reprelented to the King, his Majefty was extremely offended at them, and (hewed it b Cold reception the Envov afterwards met with at coutt ; who was likevvife given to underftand, that he was not very welcome there. Upon this, pretending bufinefs into Flanders, he retired thither without any audience of leave, and from thence went home, whei : his Mailer would have had him return, and perform that cere- mony ; but he rather chofe to lofe the prefents given upon thof; occafions, than vifit a court again that had biea fo juflly offended x with TO MR. M O L E S W O R T H. 41 with him : and yet pretended to be angry, becaufe he hid not this ufual prefent for Envoys, which his own rudenefs and abfence deprived him of. Even thefe things con Id fcarce ever four a Gentleman's tem- per, fo far as to make him beipatter a whole country, as the Au- thor of the " Account of Denmark" has done ■ to conceal feveral things that would have been for the credit of that nation ; to fct truth in fuch a light, as to appear quite different from itfelf in the relation 5 and to advance a great many particulars in which he may be plainly contradifted. I would not, Sir, believe anv thing like this of you ; and there- fore fhall proceed with the more freedom in examining the book itfelf. ANIMAD- C 44 ] ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE PRETENDED ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. "/W*^^ CHAP. I. Of the Territories belonging to the King of Denmark, and their Situation. DENMARK has always had a particular intereft with England : our very anceftors came originally from one of its provinces ; it has once been our mafter, and we are now governed by princes whofe great-grand-mother was a daughter of it ; nor can there be any dearer pledge of the Danifli affection to us, than that the only brother to its King refides amongfl us, and has made us happy in a young Prince, who promiies one day to equal the great families from which he is defcended k . Whilft 7000 Danes are fighting for us in their Majefties fer- vice, it is very ungenerous in the Author of the " Account" to reflect upon them ; who, if he muft have been malicious, fhould rather have chofen an enemy's country for the fubjett of his fatire. k Prince William was born July 24, 1689, and nominated duke of Gloucefter; but died, before his creation, July 30, 1700. In 1696, the day he was feven years old, he was inftalled knight of the Garter. In 769S, his houfehold was fettled ; the Earl of Marlborough being appointed his Governor, and Bp. Burnet his Preceptor ; who fays, " he ufed all en- * l deavours to excufe himfelf j" but, after he had entered on his charge at the King's exprefs command, gives an ample account of his royal pupil's progrefs in literature. See his Hiftory, vol. iii. p. 290. 340. 1 ANIMADVERSIONS, &c. 45 If we confider the frequent applications that have been made, both by the Confederates and the French King, to have the King of Denmark declare in their favour, we fhall be apt to look upon him as a Prince that is very confiderable, and not agree with this Author, who tells us, p. 2, " that, if he were put in balance " with the King of Portugal, he would be found lighter." This is a comparifon no reafonable man would be guilty of making ; for the armies, navy, and ftrength, of the former will certainly very much overpoife the latter : and then Denmark lies fo as to be able to make ufe of thefe advantages, either to the offending of its enemies, or relief of its friends : and though Portugal has a good Eaft India trade ; yet the commodities of Denmark and Norway, efpecially thofe that relate to fhipping, make its trade neceffary to Portugal itfelf and moft other countries in Europe. Betides, the kingdom of Denmark, with all its provinces, is very large, infomuch that the firft words of this Author's book are, p. 1, " That if we confider the extent of the King of Den- " mark's dominions, he may with juftice be reckoned amongffc " the greateft princes of Europe." For though Schone, Halland, and Blegind, by treaty remain to the Swedes, yet I cannot allow this Author what he fays, p. 3, ^that they were the heft provinces " belonging to Denmark." Nor do I really think that he has a fufficient knowledge, which provinces are the moft confiderabk ; for he feems only to have been in Copenhagen and thereabouts : the reafon is, becaufe what he fpeaks as to the nature and con- ftitution of Denmark, in relation to the fertility of the country, or the common life of the people, can in no manner be applied to any other part but to Sealand only, where Copenhagen ftands, and is not above a fourth part of Denmark. Now this ifland, lying under the difadvantages of a particular law, is not in fo good a condition as the other provinces ; though that, and a great deal of Jutland, is ftill better than either Halland or Ble- gind ; and though Schone be a fine province, yet it does no way excel Funen, as well as other parts ot Denmark. However, this Author fays, p. 3, " that thefe three provinces are ftill looked " upon by the Danes with a very envious eye ; and for this " reafon it is reported that the windows of Croneborg caftle, H whofe profpeft lay towards Schone, were walled up, that fo " hateful 4& ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE •' hateful an object might not caufe continual heart-burnings." Very well, Sir ; pray did " your own knowledge or experience «* confirm this to be a truth ?" (p. 2.) or did fome of your *' feniible grave peribns," p. 2, impofe this filly ftory upon you? For, when you was at Croneborg, you might have found that fome windows were indeed walled up for the advantage of the ibrtrels, but not to hinder the fight of Schone ; the fituation of Croneborg being fuch, that now thole windows are clofe, yet Schone muft be feen from the apartments of both the other fides ; fb that, to make this fuggeftion true, all the rooms muft be quite darkened; and then, Sir, it would be a fit place in which vou might employ your fancy and invention in framing more "fuch ftories : nay, this fable is lb ridiculous, that, if the King of Denmark Ihould avoid the pretended " heart-burnings occasioned •« by feeing Schone," p. 3, he inuft not only forbear coming to Croneborg, but alfo leave Copenhagen and that fide of Sealand oppofite to Schone, and muft alfo chufe his refidence in Jutland, or fome other remote place, where he could be free from that hateful object. Though, indeed, were Denmark, as he reprefents ir, p. 4, (com- prehending all its Hlands), " no bigger than two thirds of Ire-, « land ;" the lofs of a'province or two would be of a very tender concern to it. But, Sir, where people have any knowledge of geography, and underftand how to meafure a map, they will find that Denmark, as it now remains, has much more ground than There is in all Ireland. It is indeed a needlefs trouble that I have given m\felf to confute thiS remark in the Author's fourth page, becaufe his firft hath already contradicted it to my hand. Poor Norway falls next under his cenfure, p. 4, as having a very dangerous and unhofpitablc more; we muft look for no- thing there but wrecks ; for when the night, or a ftorm, over- takes poor mariners, the cte;p feci and high rocks never fail to ac- complish their ruin. And this difmal relation may be very true, for any thing this Author knows to the contrary. The coaft of Norway is indeed high and rocky ; but all along the fame there are ports very near to one another, fo that, with a very little knowledge of that fca, you may every where find a harbour be- hind the rocks, and flicker from the grcateft ftorms : and any in, who is acquainted with that voyage, will tell you, that M ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 47 he would ten times rather venture amongft the rocks of Norway in a florin, than the lands of England : the reafon is, becaufe he may there find fhelter in every place, hut here are not fo many entrances between the fands. What he fays, " that there is no *' anchorage for mips," p. 4, is another proof of his exact in- formation ; for in feveral places there is anchorage half a league and more into the lea : and where there is no luch before the land, there js, as has been mentioned, a fafe entrance between the rocks, to anchor there. However the Author mav have fireightened the King of Pen- mark as to his dominions in Europe, yet he has given him a prodigious fort in the Eaft-Indies, which he calls Tranquebar, p. 6 : and this is another inftance of his extraordinary accuracy; for, if it be a fort, it is of a great many miles extent. The ccair. indeed, upon which tiie Danes have built, is by the Indians called Tranquebar ; but the fort itfclf has never had anv other name than Daneborg. But to come to a general character of the King of Denmark's dominions. According to the Account, p. 6, " they all lie under t* this great inconveniency, that they are mightily disjoined and 4( leparated from each other j and that to this principally the " conquefts which the Swedes have gained upon them may be " afcribed." Firlt, the Danifli provinces are not fo mightily feparated as this gentleman would pcrfuade us, fince a found of 4, 5, or 7 leagues is the greatefl diftancc between any of them : only Nor- way, indeed, is further off 5 but then it can maintain and defend itfclf. Secondly, this pretended inconvenience is a real advantage, efpecially againn the incurfions of any foreign enemy : and this truth was demonstrated in the famous war with Sweden ; for, had not the fignal difpolition of Providence froz.cn up the Belt to that degree as was never remembered, before nor happened fince, the Swedes could not have befieged the capital city of that kingdom ; for the nreams which divide the provinces of Denmark afford them this fecurity, that, fo long as the royal navy is fafc, Copenhagen, which is the main ftiengrh of that country, can fear nothing. CHAT. 48 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE CHAP. II. Of Denmark in particular, and the If and of Sealand. BUT to what end have we laboured hitherto, in the fore- going Chapter ? Let the country be never fo large, if" at the fame time it be barren, the extent of it fignifies little. Sealand is that unhappy province, " whofe fertility cannot be commended" by the Author, it having no " bread corn (p. S.) except rye," which he owns * to be in good quantity." I hitherto thought that, when a field was fown with grain, if the crop anfwered the utmolt expectation of its owner, the field might be commended for its fertility ; and if, upon the Author's arrival, he did not find wheat got ready 0:1 ptirpofe for him, it was becaufe, rye bread being more acceptable to the Danifh nation, and agreeing better -with their health and contTitution, the farmer hoped to make a better market of his rye arapngft his countrymen, than lie fhould do of wheat to fatten green geefc or cram capons for his Worfhip. And indeed we fhall find as little reafo'n for his being difgufted at the air of the country which, he fays, p. 8, " is but indif- " ferent, efpecially in and near Copenhagen, occafioned by fre- " quent fogs, and its low fituation." Any body who has been in Sealand mull: allow the air to be very good. Copenhagen has only the inconvenience which all populous cities are fubjccT: to, in not having it quite fo clear as in the country ; though the wholefomenefs of it appears by the healthinefs of the inhabitants : and as to fogs (which they are feklom troubled with), no man ought to complain of them, who may very probably have lived in Dublin. . He is juft to the country for fix lines, in telling us, " the face " of the land is pleafant," &c. p. 9 ; and " that there is a rnoft f* excellent port belonging to Copenhagen :" but he prefently comes to himfelf, and fays, " they have no other ports in the f* kingdom ; nor indeed much occafion in Sealand, fince they " have no commodities to fhip from them." Notwithstanding this Gentleman's intelligence, there are very rood fea-ports throughout all Denmark, of which I fhall men- tion the following only, each of them capable of harbouring veiiel? ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 49 veffels of 200 tun or more. In Sealand ; Corfoer, Cailundborg, Holbcck, Wordingborg, &c. In Funen ; Nyborg, Aliens, Kier- feminde, Sec. In Jutland ; Aalborg, Aarhus, Horfens, Rinkio- bing, Sec. In Falfter ; Laland, Sec. Nakfkdw, Nykiobing, &c. too many hereto enumerate. And then From Sealand there is a confnlerable quantity of corn fent every year to Norway ; and the laft year but one, viz. 1692, abundance likewife was carried to Holland. Tbe reafon why there may not be fo much ex- ported at ptefent as lias been heretofore is becaufe, contrary to what he affirms, p. 10, " That the number of the inhabitants " are not encreafed," the inhabitants of Copenhagen are twice as many as they were twenty years ago. Corn indeed would be much fcarcer, if the King's game were fo arbitrary as he pretends, p. 9, to make them ; and thofe " facred things might range the fields, and no man dare to touch *' them." The countrymen, I will allure you, Sir, are not obliged to you for the law you have newly made them ; fince they have in Denmark hitherto had an equal liberty as in other countries, to difturb their entertainment. Come we now to the bufinefs of their eating, in which the reflector feems to be extremely curious. Some one burgher of Copenhagen has undoubtedly dilbbliged him with an ill dinner, which was a wonder; for their way of eating and drinking is fo far above mcannefs, that it rather inclines to luxury ; three or four diihes of feveral meats is but a common dinner for the middle people, and generally their fupper equals it. Nay, the very boors throughout all Denmark and Norway will not be fatisfied, if they have not their three meals a day, and thofe com- monly of warm meat ; fo that, when the countryman in England is contented with his bread and cheefe to fupper, the Danilh and Norm peafants mult have their pot on the fire, or elfe they will go to their feather-beds (than which, our Author fays, no man can have better, p. S8,) with great uneafmefs. It is true, meat and fifh when falted is more acceptable to the Danes, as well as other Northern people, and agrees better with their con- ftitution ; and it would be a hardfhip inllead of a delicacy to them, to have fo much fielh meat as is cultomary in England. But, were the diet of the burghers even as hard as he defcribes it, yet I am credibly informed that the terrains of a public Miniitex Vo L. I. E there 5 o ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE there (who mail be namelcfs) would have been very glad to partake of it ; fince their mailer's houfe-keeping was fo far from abounding, that they found too frequent occafions to complain openly. And whereas the Author of the Account fays, p. 10, ii, that, " if the infpeflors of the Engliih market mould come »' to thole of Copenhagen, they would find the victuals bad »« enough to be fent only to the prilbns ;" thofe poor iervants would have been infinitely obliged, mould they in pity have com- manded an officer to ftop and let his balkei down now and then at his Excellency's. Their peafants live as plentifully as in other countries ; they have good flclh and fait fi(h, white meats, roots, &c. But what dignifies all this (according to our Author, p. n) fince neceffary " frelh filh is wanting ?" I could heartily condole their con- dition, if my tenants in Northampton and Lciceftermne would not take exception; for, if they found me once io indulgent to the peafants of another nation, they would certainly expect a double barrel of Colchefter oyfters by the next carrier j and with- out a cod's head, fmelts, or turbor, I might e'en go to plow myfelf for Hodge and Sawney. But what is moft admirable to me is, that there can be any thing fit to eat throughout all Denmark, fince, according to this Author's defcrintion, p. n, it feems to be exempted from part of the common promife which God made to Noah and mankind, " that, while the earth reinaineth, feed-time and harveft, and " cold and heat, and fummer and winter, and day and night, " fhail not ceafe r ;" for he fays, p. 1 1, " that at Copenhagen, " and in all Denmark, they never have fpring, and fcldom au- " tttmn." This allertion could proceed only from fuch a one as in his Preface he calls " a very traveller, or at lcaft an ill- ** natured and unthinking perion," fince fo many people are able to confute him as have ever lived there but a twelvemonth. Then for thofe three months of June, Jul,' and Auguit, which he catls lummer, he ha provided fumcierit plagues for them ; firft, " the interpofition of thick vapours," &c. p. 1 1 ; which, upon examination, will be found to be only clouds in his own underHanding. Secondly, his plague of flicsj of which he has 1 Gen. viii. zz. « feen ACCOUNT OF DENMARK 51 " feen whole bufhels fwcpt together in one room,p.i2." Abulhel, fir ! (if of Winchefter meafurc) will hold a great many flies : and what makes this feem more incredible is, that Domitian the imperial fly-killer, though in Italy (a very hot country), when he had taken his half-peck, thought he had had very plentiful game. The citv of Copenhagen does not more abound in flies, than it is on the contrary wanting in fifli ; for the Author, p. 12, " never knew a fea town of that confequence worfe ferved with " it." The Baltick indeed is not fo well ftored with filh, as fome other feas.; but yet in Copenhagen there is fea filh, as cod, flounders, &:c. brought from other places, and fold there very- cheap. The reafon why it is not ftill cheaper, by being brought thither as it might be in greater plenty, is becaufe their frefh- water filh is in vaft quantities, and, as he fays, p. 92, " makes full " amends, there being the beft carp, tench, perch and crawfifli j " that are to be found any where." He now leads us to a defcription of the city of Copenhagen, p. 12; " for (it feems) when he has done that, he fhall have " little more to fay of any other in the King of Denmark's do- " minions, there being no other belonging to him much better " than our town of St. Albans." Perhaps the Gentleman did not travel much in the country, and fo fpeaks only as to his own knowledge ; but other people, who have feen more, are of opinion and think that Ribe, Aarhuus, Aalborg, Odenfe, &c. betides feveral cities in Norway and other of the King's dominions, as Bergen, Trundhiem, Chriftiania, Gluckftadt, Flenlborg, Ilader- fieben, &c. if they were allotted an impartial furveyor, would appear to be much better than our town of St. Albans, which at prefent Hands (o fair in this Author's good graces. But, though Copenhagen is the beft place belonging to the King of Denmark ; " yet it is no ancient city, nor a very large "one; it comes nearelt to Briftol, and increafes in buildings " daily," p. 12. Copenhagen was founded in the twelfth century, anno 1168 ; and as to its largenefs, it may moll properly be com- pared with Dublin, which is the fecond city in the King of England's dominions. He is jujl to the port of Copenhagen, in about a page and an half, p. 13, 14; but it is, that he may find the greater faults with the other things that belong to it. E z " Ths cz ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE " The air," he fays, " is bad, by reafon of the ftink of the chan- " nels which are cut through the city," p. 14. In the 8th page, he attributes the badnefs of the air " to the fogs and low fitua- " tion ;" but here to the channels, which are indeed rather an ornament and convenience to it than otherwife. Heretofore there might fome fmall otfence proceed from them, when they were in the nature of Fleet-ditch in London : but now, by the order of his prefent Majefty, they are cut quite through the city, the fea going in on one fide, and out at the other ; and arc fo very large, that a flout man of war may rkle crofs the city and round the caflle. " The works of the town," he fays, " are only of earth and " fods," p. 14. So much tlie better ; Hone walls, we know, are of no great ftrength againft cannons : and when he tells us, " thefe works are in tolerable good repair;" he mould in common juftice have faid fomething of the extraordinary good order they are kept in. " The buildings," as he defcribes them,, "are generally mean being cage-work;" not confidering that cage-work is more in efteem there than plaifter, as being more convenient and durable, and contrived generally fo as to appear very handfome ; not but that there arc abundance of very good brick houfes that are built by the citizens, as well as others more magnificent belonging to the nobility. " As to the public buildings, King Chriitian the Fourth did * more than all the fucceeding princes" (lavs our Author). It is very Grange, that King Chriitian mould do more " than all " his fucceflbrs put together," p. 15; which all (after this Mutter), if added together, will amount to but ttuo only, the father and fon ; of which the fan has augmented the beauty of the city very confiderably. The great objection againft them all is, that they have " forgot or delayed the building of a palace, the King's " houfe of refidence being the wortt in the world," p. 15. As for new buildings, the prtfeut King is content with the garden- houfe of Rofenborg,and with the delicious-cailleof Fredericktlurg, till his affairs will permit him to finiih a p.ilace, that has been long defigned to be built by the feafule, near this King's new market. In the mean time the old caftle is acceptable enough to their Majefties, by reafon 'of that affection which is naturally borne to things that !i ivfc been p'efTeficd and are left by fcveral anceltoti. ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 53 anceftors. This cattle is venerable for irs antiquity, part of it having been the firft houfe that was built in Copenhagen. Cer- tainly this palace ought to be preferved, at leafr. to (hew the citizens how much they are at prefent advanced, and to what height his Majefty has railed them; fince fubje&s now are not fatisfied with fuch buildings and apartments as are thought fuf- ficient for .the royal family, and were fo for their predeceflbrs. This figoal inftance fhould have been brought by our Author,, to prove the pride of abfolutc monarchs, and the mifery of the Danifh nation j viz. in his own words, p. 15, " That feveral of *' tlie noblemen, as his high excellency Guldenlew, the great *' admiral Juel, with others, are infinitely better lodged than the " whole royal family." Had the Author been refolded to do Denmark the lead favour or juftice, he might as well have fpoken a little of the curiofities that weie in Copenhagen, as, without reafon, have fpent his time in blaming its air, buildings, and fortifications. For cer- tainly in Copenhagen a traveller may find many things worth hi* obfervation ; the Exchange is none of the word: ; the arfenal one of the bell in Europe; the qanals very fine ; the round tteeple of Trinity church, built according to the directions of Chrifiian Longomontan, the difciple of Tycho Brahe, and profefibr of rnathematicks in Copenhagen, is without queftion a moil noble piece of curioiity, the like being not to be found elfewhere ; for ?. coach and horfes may afcend to the top, and yet the height of it comes very near that of the Monument of London. This fieeple contiils of arches ; and over the church, which is all of brick without any timber, is the library of the Univerfity as large as the church. But as for the Univeriity of Copenhagen, he never io much as takes any notice of it. Here politicks and fatire tool; up his time fo much, that he had no leifure for the Belles Lettres, " or gentceler learning," p. 255. So lie gives us no account of the King's library, nor of feveral others belonging to the Univerfity; which, as thev an: very confiderable for other things, lo particularly for the preservation of the antiquities of thole Northern nations : nor of the admirable Mufeum, be- longing to the King of Denmark, which is in the fame palace M'ith the royal library, full of all the moft exquiiite rarities of ffl and uatuie; and which, after the death of the learned Olaus E 3 Wpfcaiysj 5+ ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE Wormius, was confiderably augmented with his famous clofet, one of the beft in the world for the many curious antiquities it contained, which he bequeathed to the King, and of which the learned world has a printed account in a large folio. He fpcaks nothing of the beauty, largenefs, and magnificence ? of the churches both within and without; nor of the extra- ordinary height of the two fteeples belonging to the churches of the Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas ; nor of the fine organs, efpccially that of St. Mary's church, lately made by a Danifh matter; which, for its prodigious largenefs, is fcarcely to be paralleled any where amongft the Proteftants. Neither doth this curious Gentleman mention the King's' new market, a very fine and large place, in the middle of which ftands the King's ftatue on horieback, very artificially caft in lead; and is furrounded with the fineft palaces of the town, as Count Guldenlew's, Ad- miral Jucl's, &c. But moft of all this Author's negligence is to be admired, that he difdains to fpeak a word of the great new work on Chriftian's-haven ; which is a new city by itfelf, lying on the ifland of Amack, but joined to Copenhagen. This new work is a vaft fortification oppofite to the citadel of Copenhagen., which is fituated near the cuftom-houfe and entrance of the harbour ; fo that on both fides thefe two fortreffes command both the port and almoit all the city round about, and render the fortifications of the city itfelf fo much the ftronger, and in a manner impregnable. And in this new work of Chriftian's- haven, two things are very confiderable : firft, that all the grounc} contained in the fort is, by incredible labour and induftry, made out of the midft of the water; and then, that this ground is of fo confidcrable an extent, that a town may be built upon it : and it is faid that his Danim Majefty hath appointed this to be the dwelling-place of the Jews of Copenhagen. i y thefe inftances (which yet are not all that are worth a man's curiofity in Copenhagen) the impartial Reader may guefs, how unjuft the Author has been in his defcription of this anticnt and royal city, and how far he may rely upon the reft of his, Relations of thefe two Northern kingdoms and annexed provinces : feeing when he pretends to defcribe Copenhagen, he mentions pothing of Chritu.mVhaven ; juft as if he fhould fpeak of London t and forget Southwaik. CHAT A C COUNT OF DENMARK- 55 CHAP. III. Of the Sound. THE Author fay?, p. 11, " The two principal things in Sea- " land, and indeed of all Denmark, are the city of Copen- " hagen, and the paffage of the Sound." Having done with the city, he comes to this ftreighr, which lies hetween the firm land of Schonc and the ifland of Scaland. The King of Denmark, claims a toll of all mips that pafs through it,except the Swedes, who are exempted from it bvtreatv; yet this writer, according to the freedom which men of his prin- ciple generally ufe with the crowned heads, pretends to quefti-on the King of Denmark's title, p. 21, and fays it is ** {lightly " grounded." I fhall not enter upon matters of ftate, nor pretend to give a particular account of the original Records that contain the imme- morial continuance and fuccefiion of claims which die Kings of Denmark have made to this fea, and right of toll in it. The King who pretends to and enjoys this toll is able enough to give rea- fons for it, and to maintain his pretenfions. However, I cannot but remark, that there are fevcral paffages in this chapter, which I cannot well imagine to have fallen from the pen of an Er.glim- man : as, where he fays, " The title to the toll is precarious," p. 23," as founded upon a breach of trull, it being at firft only to " provide lights for fecuring the paffage of merchants through " the Sound. That it is a kind of fervile acknowledgment of the " King's fovereigntv of thofe feas,"p. 22. " That the title is not i'o " firm as the Danes could wiih for ; not being mailers of the land " on both fides, they may have the right, but not the power to " allert it," p. 17. For an Englifhman knows, that although our King is bound to protect all ftrangers that pais through his Nar- row fcas, yet his fovereignty does not arife from thence j but, "becaufe of his fovereigntv, he is therefore bound to protect them : fo the King of Denmark, being lord of the pallage of the Sound, ought to provide for the lafery of fuch as fhould lail thorough it ; his dominion not being founded on that, but that being a necei- fary conlequence of his dominion. In the lecond place, acknow- ledgement has always been reckoned by Englishmen to become .'.'i c , in recompencc of fuch protection and conveniences afforded; E 4 and <6 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE and therefore our Kings demanded contribution for the (hips that defended the fifhing of foreigners. And where is the fcrvility any more in paying a toll to the King of Denmark for palling his Sound, than in that acknowledgment which all fhips, according to the law made by King John to maintain it, mull make to thofe of the King of England, by ftriking a flag when they fail through Ins Narrow feas, or in the paying anchorage, or for the lights to the Trinity-houfe ? Thirdly, as to the cafe between Sweden and Denmark (though Denmaik has no reafon to imagine there will be fuch a pretenfion from th-jnee, or to fear it if there fhoukl), it is the fame with France and the Engliih. For King Edgar and King Cnute, who were as great defenders of the fovcreignty as any of our princes, had their dominions many ages before any of their iucceiibrs laid claim to France. And the French, notwithstanding all their power, have nqt pretended to the fovereignty of the Narrow leas becaufe they live upon one of the coafts of them. The Author would infmuate further, " That the Engliih pay " this toll, through the connivance of King James the Firtl, in ** prejudice of his own fubjeiEts, who favoured the Danes upon " account of his marriage to a daughter of that crown," p. 22. If King James favoured them upon his alliance to that crown, our Author (liould on the fame account, if he had any manners, lave done fo too; but, letting afule this reflection on the memory of Kingji'.mes, it is certain, the Kings of England have fuccef- hvely paid this toll in the Sound, and have been fo wife and juft, riot to encroach fo far upon a fovereign head as to prefcribe him, laws what to do in fuch feas as aie his unqueftionable dominions. In the other particulars of the account which he gives us con- cerning the Sound, he feems not tp know what kind of paffage it He fays, p. zi, " It is very well known, that the paflage of •■ the Sound is not the only one to the Ealtick lea, there being two " others called the greater and ltlTer Belts ; and that of the greater •' Belt lo commodious and large, that, during the late wars, the " whole Dutch fleet ehofe to pais through it, and continue in it ■' foi tour 01 five months together." Whereas, in truth, the Sound is the only convenient one; the leffer Belt is unpayable for iarge (hip. ; and the greater is fo full of rocks and fands, that no- thing can be more dangerous. To be furc, had the Dutch found itticable to ufe tin, paffage, which it fo large that it cannot poilibly ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 57 poffibly be ftopt with a fortrefs, they had done it long ago. It is very true, the Dutch fleet did continue there four or five months together, but it was much againft their will : for, coming into it, they were fo endangered by rocks and ftorms,that they were forced to make fo very flow a motion, in order to their efcape with greater fifety ; neither does the Author rell us what lofs and damage they received, which indeed was very confiderable. In the fame page we are likewife informed, " that the breadth f of the Sound, in the narrower!: parr, is four Engliih miles over, " and every where of a fufficienr depth, fo that the King of Den- " mark's caftles could not command the channel when he was " mailer of both fides ; much lefs now he has but one." This Gentleman is refolvcd never to meafure right ; for, if he had, he would have learnt that the Sound is but three Englim miles broad, when it is truly meafurcd ; befides, had he afked any ikipper that ufually pafies that way, he would have found that it is fo far from, being every where of a fufficient depth, that on the fide of Swedea the water is fo ihallow, that it is impolTible for a fhip to pafs, unlefs it be within the reach of the caflle of Croncborg. What he delivers in the next place, p. 23, " that the Spaniards " may with as much right lay claim to the Streights of Gibraltar m ; « or the Swede, who is now mafter of one of the coafts of the " Sound, demand another toll of lhips," is altogether ridiculous. The iolemn treaties of Rofchild and Lund contain formal pe- rflations againft anv pretenfions to a double toll; and by them the King of Sweden hath been obliged to demolifli the caflle and fortifications of Helfingborg : befides, it would be impoifible for the Swede effecluallv to demand it at Helfingborg, fince that town is fo fituated, that no (hip is able to come within half a league of it. Neither is it eafy for any one to imagine how he will make out Ids companion between the Sound and the Streights of Gibraltar ; fir.ee the former, being commanded by a ftrong caflle, is very narrow, and palfable only within the reach of cannon- mot ; whereas the latter is fo broad, that feveral fliip: maypafi? in the middle of it, without fear of cannon from either fide, ana not commanded by any caftles belonging either to the Moors or Spaniards. He concludes in a great huff, p. 26, " that all other petty *? princes and ftates pay this toll without murmur whillt we and t. Wiiich, it may be needlcfs to obfsrve, at that time belonged to Spain. « the 5 8 A N I M A V E R S I O N S ON THE •' the Hollanders do it ; but the Danes muft have a care left we " grow angry." So it feems France and Poland, whcfc fhips pafs this Sound, are petty princes and ftates ; and the Author may think he has authority enough to make a crowned head ftard in awe of him : but, to fhevv him the contrary, I fhall proceed with my former freedom to confuler his next chapter, though he him- felfjhould chance to gro-zv angry. •as ■» v vr v »■ itf CHAP. IV. Of the other I/lands, and Jutland. IT would be tedious to the Reader to recount all the contra- dictions that are ro be met with in the defcription of thefo countries. I mall begin with Sealand ; where lie favs, " there are u few meadows," and yet " no want of good hay," p. 8 ; that " the air is but indifferent," and yet " there are no colds," p. 8, 9; that "the cattle are lean,"' p. 10, " becaufe their feeding, u when in the houfe, is partly hay, and partly brewers grains and t* roots," &c. p. 10. So having given an account of the miferable ftate of Sealand, he proceeds to let forth that of the other iilands in this manner. " Funen has plenty of corn, hogs, woods," &x. p. 27 ; and yet has nothing " for the merchants to export but a few horfes." As it is certain and notorious, that abundance of corn, bacon, and other commodities, are. lent from thence to Holland, Norway, and other places ; fo it is as certain likewife, that theft things muft go to Holland or Norway from this ifland by land-carriage, unlefs the Author will give them leave to be exported. What does he think of the apples, which yearly are the fole lading of feveral mips ? Their cyder, and their mead (which is the beft in the world), is likewife carried abroad ; and more especially a fort of wheat, called in Danilh boghuede, in Latin fagopyr us (of which the Danes make their fo-much-talked of grout, that refembles the Englifh hafty-pudding), which is in very great plenty throughout the whole ifland. Now it cannot pofllbly enter into my head, that the people who have corn, bacon, apples, cyder, mead, and bog- /.'ued?, ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 59 hude, to be exported, fhould, have u only a few horfes to be ex- " ported." " The chief town is Odcnfee, formerly a flourifliing little city, " but now fallen to decay," p. 27. It is not fo flourifliing now, as when the king refided there ; but it is in a very good condi- tion ftill. He takes no notice of feveral other good towns that arc in the ifland, as Nyborg, Aflens, Middltfart, &c. which are all bigger than St. Albans ; I fuppofe that he might make his Reader imagine that nothing but villages were to be found in Denmark, except thofe few towns he mentions. This ifland is obliged to him for declaring the true name of its Jiifts-ampt-m&Tid, or chief governor, which is Mr. Winterfelt, whereas in Laaland and Jutland he is miflaken in the names, and has given us none of thofe in Sealand : whether for want of information, or other more prevailing reafons, he can belt inform his Reader. Laaland has met with better quarter from this Author than oth -r places, and is commended for its plenty of corn; however, he has forgotten the great abundance of extraordinary good peafe which grow there, and for which it is famous. I hope it is no reflection upon Copenhagen, that it is " fupplied with wheat f* from thence," p. 28 ; and it may the rather be excufed, becaufe the Dutch, in the midlt of their plenty and liberty", come hither for it too. So London is at prefent fupplied from the North, as Rome heretofore from Sicily and iEgypt. He is miflaken in the governor's name, which is Mr. Gioe ; and this fmall error is the more to be taken notice of, becaufe lie fays he refided a long time in England in a public character, and fo probably his name might be the better known there. Nor is he lefs miflaken in the name of another perfon, which, jf he were any ways inquifitive, he might have known ; for he places Monfieur Edmund Scheel among the f:ifts-amft-mand of Jutland ; this, I iuppofe, he does only to let his countrymen fee that they need not go fo fat as Denmark to find out his errors : for Monfieur Scheel, a perfon coniiderable for his parts, learning, and the characters he has fuftained at home and in foreign courts, betides that of England where he lately refided as envoy extraordi- nary, in that very memorial he gave in to the King of England about this Author's " Account," has written his Chriflian name Magnus, as he doth without any abbreviation upon all occafions. After 6o ANIMADVERSIONS O N THE After having named tliree Jlifts-ampts-mand in Jutland, an Gff, comes in for the fourth ; which the Author, upon the kaft in- quiry, might have found to he Mr. Mejercrone, now the King of Denmark's envoy at the French court. The four principal governments which he has not mentioned are called Ribe, Aarhus, Wihorg, and Aalborg. It contradicts itfelf, that " Jutland wants good fea-ports towards u the ocean," p. 3c; and " vet the Hollanders tranfport a great ' c quantity of cows and oxen from thence ;" which makes it unneceilary to repeat the fca-towns mentioned elte-wheie, be- iides which there are icveral others by the Wcftern iflands, Silt, Lifter, and Homme, near tlie cities of Ribe and Tender, where the Hollanders fmacks an] o.'.en-fhips (as they call them) enter without difficulty, and to export thole commodities, which, though the Writer calls " lean cows and oxen," p. 30, yet they are not fo in themi'clves, hut only in regard of that extraordinary bignefs they '^row to when they come into the Dutch foil.. Qtherwife the cattle of Jutland, as of moft part of Denmark, is not of "' - h it be left in its own country; nor ::. inhabitants of this plentiful province defire any fatter -an have when thev ptaafe at home. Jutland alfo " affords corn, not only in fufficient quantity for "■ the ufc of its own people," p. 30; hat in fuch a fupcrabundance, that all the want of Norway in this cafe is yearly fupplied in the grcatoit meafure from this province : neither ran th; out be a vail quantity, considering the many populous fea-towrjs yiag ill along upon the fhores of that country; nay, in tine very year 1692, in which this Author pretends to defcribe thjs eountry, there was fuch a crop reaped there, that, upon frequent .iefhes, it was allowed to the Hollanders, by the King of Den- mark, to export no lefs than thirty thouland barrels of corn (each Danish hand containing four bufhels), belides what pri- vately under this pcrmiffion was llolcn out, and belides die r.ecefTavy provifions for Norway. Let 1 ow the Reader judge, if no more cm lie faid ot Jutland's fertility, than that it affords *' corn in fufficient quantity for the uie of its own people." But what is the reafon of this plenty and fertility ? does it pioceed from the goodnefe of the foil, and the induftiy ot the inhabitants f or from aoy natural, moral, or ejfe fpme political ^ccouui. f ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. * 2 account ? Why indeed the reafon that they have fo manv oxen to fell is, " becaufe the King keeps his court far from thence : " Procul a Jove, procul a fubnine" favs our Author, p. 30. Corn grows in any country, where the farmer is careful, and die foil agreeable : and where the meadows produce good graft, there will be good cattle ; and this Nature will do, whether it be in monarchies or commonwealths. I have referved the ifland of Amack, or Amager in Danilh, to conclude with, becaufe it is the Author's darling. " This ifland," as he fays, p. 28, 29, " is very plentiful, and " therefore commonly called the kitchen-garden of Copenhagen;" but the inhabitants are not all of them North Hollanders. There is but one parifh and village, which is called " the H01- " landers village ;" the red of the people, although they wear a fingular drefs, to fhew their primitive extraction, yet ia every thing elfe they are Danes; fo that " their not mixing with that " nation," p. 29, is a meer fable. But hence arifes a great con- fternation in cur Author ; it is to be feared that " thefe North " Hollanders by degrees will be treated like the other fubje£ts of u Denmark." My heart really bleeds, upon the contemplation of thefe poor North Hollanders ; for they feem perfectly to have been trepanned, or, as one may fay, kidnapt into Denmaik. I warrant they had letter upon letter, invitation upon invitation, before they could leave their own country ; and efpecially con- fidering what they were, perfons of fafhion and credit, gardeners and dairy-maids ! Now it is very hard, that a free people, bred in a common- wealth, as North Holland is, where they lie under no impofitiorcs, have no excifes, mould be betraved into a country, where there is a necefhty of their paying taxes ; that they mould be reduced to poivdereJ beef andjlubb/egeefe, like common Danes ; whereas, at home, in the feat of liberty, they couk; have regaled tbem- fclves and families with a red-herring one day, lubiie-herrvug another, and pickled-berring a third, for greater char.ge and CHAP. 62 A N I M A V E R S I O N S ON THE CHAP. V. Of the reft of the King of Denmark's Countries. THE Author, to keep up an old cuftom, begins this chapter with a contradiction; for in Slefwick " the commodities for "exportation are in no great quantity;" and yet "it affords " corn, cattle, horfes, and wood, to its neighbours, over and *' above a fufficieht flore of each for its own inhabitants." When it is his btrfinefs to defcribe Denmark, he runs out into an elaborate description of the duke of Holftein's re.uience, and fets forth " the romantic fituation of his caftlc," p. 32. It is cafy to guefs at the Author's rcafons for this digrcfTion. Gottorp is a very plcafant and magnificent feat ; vet in moll: things it is not to be compared with Frederick (burg, belonging to the King of Denmark. The palace at Gottorp may have run to fome decay, by the late troubles in Holftein ; but thofe who told the Author " that the improvements were pulled down and " deflroyed by order," p. 33, were lo far from being " fenfihle " informers," that they were falffi and malicious. Neither does it ftand with common fenfe, that fo generous a piince as the King of Denmark would give fo ungehteel an order, 01 revenge himfelf upon the palace and gardens, for anv injury which the mafter of them firight have done him. And, after all, the Author " found a library," p. 33, at Gottorp ; which was more than he was pleafed to do at Copenhagen. The Holfleiners are 10 much this Gentleman's friends, that he {trains a point in their favour, p. 36, viz. " The Danes, when u they travel abroad, chufe to call themfehes Holfteiners, think- " ing it more honourable to be born in the confines of the *' empire than otherwile." Which, in a rational man's opinion, is more honourable, to be born in a little dutchy (as Holftein is), and a fief hol.'.en of the empire, or to be a native ot one of the moft anticnt kingdoms in Europe ? I cannot tell v. : ..it they may do in other countries ; but, when they travel in England and converfe among us, thev never diffemblc their country, nor »kfire to be called any utherwife than Danes. It is to be noted (according to this Account, p. 37), "as a ** great natural defect, that the King of Denmark has not in all ** his ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 63 " his dominions one navigable river for veffels of confiderablc " burden." This can be no great defect in fuch iilands as Den- mark confifts of, where there is no need of great rivers (as the Thames, Humber, &c.), the fea being on all fides fo near at hand. Yet thefe iflands have fome rivers proportionable enough to their bignefs, as that in Sealand, which goes up to a town called Nefted, and has formerly been capable of carrying brave (hips. As for the continent, Jutland has fome pretty good rivers ; but the defect which it may have in that particular is abundantly recompensed by Nature, with many friths which the fea forms, and run far into the countrv ; as that called Lime- fiord by Aalborg, which paffes almoft into the middle of Jutland. What he fays, p. 37, concerning the defign of the Danes, during this war, to eftabhih the toll at Gluckiiadt, is rather one of his own fuppofitions, than any of their real intentions. He complains, p. 38, of the " Horie's of Oldenburg, as not able " to laft long, or endure hard labour :" whereas thefe that have flull in horfes account them the ftiongeft of any; and they are at prefent generally fought after, to recruit the cavalry in Flanders. Come we now to the kingdom of Norway, " of which" (if we may believe this Author, p. 38.) " little can be faid ;" or rather in truth he fhould have turned it thus, " of Norway I can fay but " little." For certainly it is more his ignorance of the country, than any want of curiofities in it : elfe thofe gentlemen who have written whole volumes concerning the defcription of it have made a great buitle about nothing. The hiftory of it has been fet forth by feveral eminent authors, as Albertus Crantzius and Snorre Sturlefon (whofe great hiftory of the lucceffion and actions of the Norway kings, written firft in Iflandiih, and then tranflated ir.to Dar.ifn and Swedifh, in a laro-e quarto or folio, is as valuable apiece of hiftory as any'where is to be found). Saxo-Grammaticus, in his Danifh Chronicle, has a great deal about Norway ; as likewife Jonas Arngrim, in his " Crymogaealflandicaj" and lately one Jonas Ramus, a Clergyman in Norway, has put forth an ingenious trait called " Norwega " Antiqua et Ethnica." Peter Clauffon (another of the fame nation and profellion) has written a great book of die defcription of that country in the Danifh tongue ; -who is followed by feveral others, that have dil'courfed of that either in general, or fome of i i:s 6+ ANIMA VERSIONS ON THE its provinces in particular ; and moft of the Danifii and Swedifh Hiltorians fill up half, their books with the transactions and af- fairs of Norway. Olaus Worm i us, in his " Fafti Danici, Litera- " tura Runica, et Monunienta Danica," has given us as many rarities and antiquities of Norway, as he has done of Denmark. This may fliew the Reader, that, contrary to what this Author affirms, there is enough to he laid of this vail kingdom. Now to {hew you, in that " little he has faid of Norway," how much a man may be miftaken. This Author has an excellent faculty at crowding a great many errors in a iinall compafs 5 as for exam- ple, " It is fubdivided into four flifts-ampts, p. 38,39, or prin- " cipal governments, viz. Dronthem, Bergen, Chriftiania, and " Larwick. The governors are voung Guldenlew, Mr. Stock- " fleet, Set." So it feems, that Norway has of late loft zjiifts- ampt, or chief government; for the Norm themfelves hitherto reckoned that they had five. The names of them arc Chriftiania or Aegerfhus, Chriftiamfand, Bergen, Trundhiem, and War- dohus. As for Larwick, which this Author would advance to be a fifts-ampt, it is hut a county, belonging Separately to his high excellency Count Guldenlew, as Tonlborg is another belonging to Count Wedel. Truly, Sir, had we taken your account, Larwick had been but a final 1 equivalent for Wardohus ; and Chriftianfand, though a principal government, had been quite embezzled. Little indeed may come to be faid of a country, when a Writer will omit fuch principal parts of it. V\ hen he comes to tell us who are governors, he names Guldenlew and Mr. Stock- fleet, and pafles the reft over with an &c. Sir, I fhould be glad to know from you a little more of this matter, and whether this &c. be put here for brevity fake, and to fpare your readers trou- ble, or elfe to palliate your own ignorance ? Had you named us 'four governors, we fhould have been content ; and not have been fo hard as to put you upon affigning a Jiifts-air.pt to the fiiih pro- vince of Norway, which never came to _\our knowledge. '* It is a very barren countrv, Ike." p. 36. Norway hath never pretended to be fo fertile in corn as Denmaik. However, it is ob- servable, that, where the ground is fit to be tilled, it yields a greater crop than the foil of the richeft countiies. If Norway had not fo many fea towns, very populous and full of ftrangeis, the corn growing there would be iufficienr, without anv importation, to feed ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 6 S feed its own inhabitants. There are fome diitridts up in Norway, as Hedemarken, Todten, Gulbrandfdalen, &c. which, in fertility and good corn, do not yield to any part of Denmark. It will not be improper here to remark two things, which the Author formerly advanced, in which Norway clearly convinces him to the contrary. Firfr, p. n, " There is no other town or city belonging to the V King of Denmark much better than St. Albans :" whereas Nor- way is full of large fea towns, fuch as Bergen, Chriftiania, Chriftianfand, Trundhiem, Frederickftadt, &c. Secondly, he fays, p. 34, " That the King of Denmark has not " in all his dominions one navigable river for veiTels." But in Norway are abundance of great rivers and friths, running far into the country, as Sarp near Frederickftadt, Dramen, Lomen, Ag- gers-elf near Chriftiania, Nideren near Trundhiem, &c. One might have expected likewife that one who treated of Norway fhould have fpoken fomething of the great frefh lakes which are every where in that country : one of which, called Mios, is a league broad, and near twenty leagues long. And I fhould the , rather have fuppofed that he would have mentioned thefe lakes, becaufe he feems fo mightily taken with the places where the countrymen have good ftore of " frefh fifh;" for in thefe lakes there is fuch abundance and variety of fifh, that the peafants there- about have enough, not only to fait, dry, and carry down to the fea-fide, but likewife to eat frefh as often as they have a mind to it. He acknowledges there are filver mines in Norway ; but he " queftions whether they turn to account," p. 39. He needed not to have queftioned it ; for he might have been informed, that they have of late years yielded more than they did formerly, or could reafonably be expected from them. There is indeed, p. 36, an account of the commodities from thence exported j but he forgets the many furs and fkins of mart, zobel, beavers, &c. which are fent from thence yearly : as alfo copper, and fmall nuts, of which quantities are fhipt out, and come towards the end of winter to London. The beginning of the character he gives the Norfh is very well ; viz. p. 39, " that they are a hardy, laborious, and honeft fort of " people ; and that they are efteemed by others." Yet for all this, alas ! they muft have their fhare of fcandal too, and the vice of Vol. I. F felf- 66 A N I M A V E R S I O N S ON THE felf-conceitcdnefs is laid to their charge. " Vincit amor patriae,'* it feems, may be their motto, as well as our Author's ; for lie fays, p. 39, " they efteem themfclves much fuperior to the Danes, " whom they call upbraidingly Jutes." Were fuch a thing true, as that the Norfh thought thenv.elves- fuperior to the Danes, it might be apt to breed fome difcord between them. On the con- trary, no two (ifter nations can love one another better. Any one who has been in thofe Northern countries knows that none is welcomer in Denmark, than a Northman, or in Norway than a Dane : fo that it is wonderful to fee two nations not conquered one by the other, but joined by the marriage of princes, agree fo very well together. As for the name of Jutes, it was given the Danes as a fpiteful nick-name bv the Swedes in the late wars; but the Norm no more call them upbraidingly Jutes, than the Danes when they travel call themfelves Holfteiners. " Ifland and Feroe," he fays, p. 39, *• are miferable iflands ; for ** corn will not grow there." Mifery confifts not always in want of corn ; fince they may have that from other places. Fifh and cat- tle they enjoy in great abundance. We fee Holland, which is a moft happy place in this Author's opinion, fetches all three of them from Denmark and Norway. The inhabitants of thefe iflands are great players at chefs ; and our Author fays, p. 40, V it would be worth fome curious man's enquiry, how fuch a *' ftudious and difficult game mould get thus far Northward, and *' become fo generally ufed." So we fee that, notwithstanding their mifery, they have leifure for their fports, and have parts able to furmount that game, which, being difficult, muit require ftudy. This curious man need not make very far inquiry about their play- ing at chefs. It is eafily known, from reading any of the Northern antiquities (which the Iflandifh Writers abound with, and have them the moil plain, fimple, and uncorrupted), that chefs has been the proper game of the three Northern nations. Now the Jflanders having preferved the old tongue and manners of the Goths, old Danes, Norfh, and Swedes, it is no wonder they have alfo kept this Gothic game ; and their eafe and plenty, together with the great colds in the winter, inclining them to fedentary lives, make them follow it, and from thence arrive to its perfec- tion. There is a book printed in Englifh, tranflated from the Danifb> written by a Minifter, concerning the iflands of Feroe, which ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 6? which gives a very particular defcription of the wonders of Nature in thofe Northern regions. " As to die King's factories in both Guinea and the Indies, " they are efteemed of little confederation," p. 40 ; yet " he has " feen feveral Eaft India fhips return home well laden : but whe- " ther the lading were the lawful product of trade, or acquired by " other means, will in time be worth the enquiry of thofe king- " doms and flares whofe intereft it is to preferve in the Indians " and Perfians a good opinion of the honefty and fair-dealing of " the Europeans." I fhall always think that fuch factories as fend home fhips well laden are both of good worth and confedera- tion ; and I am the more confirmed in thefe thoughts, " becaufe," p. 40, " mofl of the men of quality are the adventurers." The looking into the fairnefs of their traffick and merchandize may be let ^alone at prefent ; for I fuppofe no European Prince will concern himfelf with the affairs of Afia, fo far as to engage in a war with the King of Denmark for that reafon. At leafl, Holland and England will very probably remain quiet, till the world has in fome meafure forgotten the proceedings with the Mogul and the King of Bantam 11 . At laft, the Author comes to fum up what he has been fayino- concerning the King of Denmark's dominions ; and, from what he himfelf has delivered, p. 41, infers, " that they produce but a " moderate plenty of neceffaries for the inhabitants, but few com- " modities for the merchants." However, from the very worft reprefentation that can be given it, which is this Author's, I fhall endeavour, from his own words, to evince the quite contrary. For " Sealand," p. 7, 8, " has rye in good quantity, no want of « good hay, the grafs ihort and fweet ; great number of fine lakes " fufficiently flored with fifh ; beech-wood, which is excellent for " the purenefs of its tiring ; much game, as flags, wild-boars, " roebucks, &c. The face of the land is pleafant, in many places " abounding with little hills, woods, and lakes, in a very agree- " able diverfity. For fea-ports, it hath that moft excellent one '* belonging to Copenhagen, &c. one of the befl in the world, " &c. — Funen," p. 17, " is fecond to Sealand, whether its bignefs n The facts here alluded to, fo little to the honour of this country and of Holland, may be feen at large in Ralph's Hiftory of England, vol. ii. p. 3 1 6. and Modern Univerfal Hiftory, vol. x, Fa " w 68 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE «' or goodnefs of its foil be confidered : it has plenty of corn, ** boos, lakes, and woods, and fotne few horfes to be exported by ** the merchants. — Laaland," p. 28, " is a fmall but plentiful •< iiland, producing all forts of corn in abundance, and particularly »" wheat, wherewith it fupplies Copenhagen and all other parts of 1* Denmark. The Hollanders buy yearly and fhipolf great quan- " tities of corn from thence. Falftria, Langland, and Mune, are " fertile iflands ; the two firfl export yearly fomecorn. Arroe and " Alfcn abouud in annifeeds, which are much ufed, &c. — Born- " holm, Samfoe," p. 28, ** with the other iflands, nourifh cattle, " and afford corn for the ufe of the inhabitants. Amack deferves ** to be particularly remembered : this little ifland is, as it were, *« tl>e kitchen-garden of Copenhagen, and fupplies its markets «< plentifully with all forts of roots and herbs, befides butter, '* milk, great quantities of corn, and fome hay. — Jutland," p. 29, " is a plentiful country, abounding more efpeeially in cattle. ** The Hollanders tranfport yearly great quantities of corn and " oxen from thence, to their more fertile foil ; where in a fhort *< time they grow prodigioufly. The horfes and fwine of this ** country are excellent, and in great numbers : it affords corn in, *' fufficient quantity for the ufe of its own people. '" The dutchy of Slefwick," p. 32, «' is in general a very «' good country ; its convenient fituation between two feas, the "' Ocean and the Baltick, rendering it confiderable for trade : " fome corn, cattle, horfes, and wood for firing, it affords to its * neighbours, over and above a fufficient ftore of each for its own * ( inhabitants. — Holftein," p. 35, " is a country very fruitful and ** pleafant, excellently wellfeated for trade, between two feas. — **. Stormar and Ditmarfh," p. 38, " are for the moft part low and " rich countries; their foil being fat,and in moft places refembling " Holland, as well in its fertility as manner of improvement.— " Oldenburg," p. 37, " abounds in cattle, and has a good breed of * horfes, which are much fought after for coaches. — Delmen- " horft," p. 30, '•' is pretty well wooded. *' Norway," p. 39, " has filver mines j the commodities which ** it yields, fit for exportation, are timber of all kinds efpeeially *< fir, ftockiifh> marts for fhips, and iron; of thefe k has a tolerable *♦ ftore. — Ifland and Feroe," p. 39, '•' have good flocks of cattle.— '* The King of Denmark," p. 37, " hath factories in Guinea, and !• the Eafl and Weft Indies. Several Eaft India fhips return home « to ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 69 « to Copenhagen well laden with the merchandize of thofe coun- " tries." Thus I have given you, from the Author's own words, the qualities of all the King of Denmark's dominions, only abating the malicious infinuations of the defcriber j and leave the indif- ferent Reader to judge, which deferves to be thought moll con- temptible of, fuch a Country, or fuch a Writer ! •'••.i'\fj"t' C II A P. VI. Of their Form of Government. WE come now to his darling topick, which is that about government : in the very beginning of which Chapter, he fhews himfelf very ungrateful, in reflecting upon the Northern countries ; " to whofe ancient inhabitants," he fays, p. 42, * we " are fo much indebted, as to owe the original of parliaments." The conftitution of a government bv a parliament is a hgnal blefiing ; but for the moft part, thofe who make the greatci; bluiter with it are men who would leave out the principal part of it, and commit the greate ft errors about it. The word Parliament ° is very equivocal, and confequently there muft be feveral differences as to the original of it in divers Countries. It is very probable, that the original of parliaments in general is not fo much owing to any particular nation, as to nature iri'clf. And for the due and firm conftitution of the go - vernmenr, as I take that to be by King, lords, and commons ; I look no further than the body natural, viz. that of man, the moft divine part of the creation : and there I find the head dignified with exceeding power, command, and honour ; there are other members, which, being moft uleful to the principal part, are ev- alted to a particular preference; and a third fort, inferior and let's uleful, which, through their weaknefs, £.c. fee.rn liable to con- tempt and neglect, and coniequently to grievances ; fo it is but meet for them to have recourfe to their fuperiors, to fct forth their wants, and likewife to declare their willingnefs, fo far as La them lies, to contribute towards the fupport of -the whole; and it See above, p. 14, F 3 feems 7 o AN I M AVERSIONS ON THE feems not unreafonable that it mould be thus in the ftate, fince we find St. Paul, to the Corinthians, moft admirably defcribing it to be fo in the church ; where, having firft made Chrift the head, and fecondly conftituted apoftles, prophets, and teachers ; he yet farther, in the third place, makes every particular Chriftian come in for a fhare as a member, " That there mould be no fchifm in ** the body ; but that the members mould have the fame care one " for another. And whether one member fuffer, all the members " fuffer with it : or one member be honoured, all the members " rejoice with it P." To take the word Parliament in this fenfe, it may agree to feveral nations ; but elfe (as was before faid) it is very equivocal, and differs according to the feveral countries it is found in ; fo that, when the Author joins the Parliaments of Poland and Great Britain together, the Reader mutt not imagine that there is any likenefs or refemblance between them ; for there the King has fo little power, the cities fcarce any, and that of the nobility is fo exorbitant, that the greateft councils, upon the moil preffing neceffuies for their fafety againft the Turks and Tartars, end in nothing, if one deputy ihall think fit to make his proteftation againft it : this Parliament being no more like ours than the Venetian Senate. And yet he tells us with great pomp, p. 43, " that Poland alone has preferved its parliament :" whereas every- one mud acknowledge, it would be a happy country, if it had the opportunity to lofe it 1. " As for all other countries whatfoever, except that and our " own," he tells us, " they have loft their parliaments within this " laft age." This cannot be true ; for, though Denmark has loft its diet, yet Sweden retains it ftill ; and fuch a one was fummoned but the laft year r . Spain and Portugal have the fame fort of go- vernment they have had this feveral hundred years. How can he then fay, " that all kingdoms in this laft age have loft their parlia- " inents ?" Bcfides, as for Bohemia, Hungary, and the reft of the Emperor's hereditary provinces, although the government is P 1 Cor. xii. 25, 26. q Thefe remarks, if applied to the modern ftate of that fertile but de- populated kingdom, appear prophetic. 1 In 1693. The conftitution of Sweden has lately been very materi- ally changed, pretty ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 7* pretty abfolute on the prince's fide, yet there is every where a convocation of the ftates of the countrv. But I would fain know of him, whether he believes there is fuch a place as Ratifbon, and whether he thinks the Germans fend their deputies thither for nothing. England had indeed been happy, if this Gentleman's ■opinion had been true, that its parliaments had met with no inter- ruption in this lafl age. But, whatever his thoughts may be, our parliament was properly loft for feveral years together ; from before the death of King Charles the Firft, till the reftoration of his fon ; for it is impoffible in nature to have that affembly in its true perfection, without a King in his full prerogative and fplendour. Denmark has fome years fince, upon very important confuta- tions, laid afule the affembly of the ftates, and given their King a greater extent of power, in that particular, than his predecefibrs formerly enjoyed : not but that the King did before enjoy very fignal prerogatives ; and throughout all the Northern Hifrories, it is eafy to fhew, that ftricl: obedience, and an entire fubmiffion to their Prince, hath been reigning there from immemorial times ; nor hath it ever fo much as been known what a republick was. There has indeed a controverfy been ftarted by Hiftorians, whe- ther in remote ages the kingdom of Denmark has been hereditary or elective. There are weighty reafons for the inheritance, at lead if cuftom and prtfeription be fuch ; feeing fucceffors of the royal family have come always to the crown : jnfomuch that, if we look back as far as Saxo's fabulous times, we /ball always find the fon fucceeding his father.; or, if the fon has been wanting, another of the fame race has been made King. Upon the death of a Prince, •the efrates conftantly met together ,• but it was with their voices to confirm the next heir, and not to elect another, of any other family whatfoever : for there cannot be one inflance given through all the Danifh Hiitory, where the royal family was excluded, and a private man, though endowed with ever fo many excellent qualities, exalted to the throne. The example of Hiarne, recorded by Saxo, does not argue ; for, thofe times being fabulous, the ftory cannot be much relied on ; and it is likewife to be obferved, that it was even then fuppofed, that the prince and heir was killed in RulTia. Befides, it is more improbable, becaufe they fay lie was made King for his poetry j poets being perfons that i'ekloni arrive at fuch riches and preferments. It is not to be denied but that die Danes luuietimes may have renounced their allegiance co F 4 It ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE their King, or rebelled againft him : but thofe inftanccs are ex- tremely few, in comparifon of fuch as may be found in the Englifli or other Hiftorics. When thefe facts have been committed, they have been fo far from being juftified afterwards, that the Danes have ever looked upon them as their greater! misfortunes. And nothing can more evidently demonftrate to an Englifhman that faith which the Danes naturally bear to their prince, than the hatred they have expreiTed againft the villainous act of the Regi- cides, who committed the horrid murther of King Charles the Firft. The book called " England's Black Tribunal," being tranflated into their tongue, has, by feveral editions, given them fuch a fufficient account of it, as to make them univerfally detefl it. In the alliance between the two crowns, February 13, 1660, it was agreed, in the 5th article, that if any of thofe Regicides v/ere found either in Denmark or Norway, they mould prefently be delivered up to the King of England. Nay, if a Dane would pretend to fix any crime upon the Englifli, it is this, " You have " killed your King." And as all nations have fome word or other of reproach, their higheft paflion can give an Englifhman no worle than that of Rump. But to come yet nigher to our Author : let us confider what a rebellious fort of people he would make the Danes ; and, in order to this, let us wait upon one of his Danifli Kings, from the election to the fcaffold. It feems, when a former prince was numbered, <( a King was prefently chofen by the people of all " forts ; even the boors had their voices," p. 43. " They were to ft elect fuch a perfon, as to them appeared perfonable, valiant, affa- *' ble, Sec. and adorned with all other virtues." A very peculiar method! The boors undoubtedly weie made judges of his ci- vility and breeding; and the citizens wives were brought in, to con- fider his perfon : as to his inward qualifications, it was impofTible for the mob to look into them on the fudden ; and if the former we're admitted, thefe were thrown into the bargain. " Regard " was generally had to the family of the preceding Kings ; and " fometiines they pleafed to chufe the eldeft fon, becaufe the " greatnefs of his paternal eftate might enable him in fome degree «* to fupport his office." So that, if the father died in debt, the fon was fure to be difinherited ; but, if he had kept his eftate toge- ther, then the young man might poflibly get into the throne, and, h.aving a tolerable fortune of his own, with that, together with fome ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 73 fome few perquifites of the crown, he might pay his tradefmen; and, as this Author lays of the King, p. 46, " might live, like " one of our modern noblemen, upon the revenues of his own " eftate." After the good-fortune of his promotion, if they found them- -felves miftaken in their choice, " and that they had advanced a " cruel, vicious, tyrannical, covetous, or wafteful perfon ; they " frequently depofed him, oftentimes banifhed, fometimes de- " ftroyed him ; and this either formally, by making him anfwer " before the reprefentative body of the people; or if, by ill prac- " tices, levying of foldiers, or contracting of alliances to fupport " himfelf in oppofition to the peoples rights, he was grown too " powerful to he legally contended with, they difpatched him, u without any more ceremony, the heft way they could," p. 44, 45. We fee here that there were five crimes, for which the Kings of Denmark, by this Authoi's. laws, were to ftand corrected. Defofing being but a (light punifhmenr, that was made ufe of fre- quently ; therefore we will fuppofe ten or a dozen gone that way. Baui/bment he puts in the next degree, and that he fays they were fevteneed to oftentimes ; from whence we may rationally conclude, the baniflied will amount to very near the forementioned number ; " the more incorrigible were fometimes deftroyed." There are five or fix fent that way, I warrant you ; others were either formally executed by the fentence of a high court of juftice, " or " difpatched, without any more ceremony, the beft way," for en- deavouring to fecure themfelves againfl the infults of their own fubjecSts. A very moderate computation ! And here how few kings are left to end their days in peace ! One would think an election would not be much contended for, where a crown is ten- dered upon fuch ticklifh conditions. Yet he tells us, p. 45, " they " always elected a better man in his room ; fometimes the next of u kin, fometimes the valiant man that had expofed himfelf fo far '* as to undertake the cxpuifiun or the killing of the tyrant ; at " other times a private perlon of good reputation, who poffibly " leaft dreamt of fuch an advancement." I fuppofe the next of kin were fcldom fo defpernte as to venture; and therefore they oftcner threw their voices away upon fome private perfon, who, according to this Author's description, might poffibly be fome honcft drunken fieepv fellow, that had a crown dropt into his inouth as he lay yawning. But generally the murtherer was likc- wif« T+ ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE wire the chief, and the villain who had difpatched his prince fuc- ceeded him ; hence there arofc a well-ordered government, and all men hecame ambitious of imitating their new King; the meaneft fut>;e£ts duly weighing the faults of their fuperiors in their own brcails (the proper tribunal), the iervant foon ftabs his cruel naafter, the tenant (hoots his iit nobles have not the former eagernefs for buying up the land as before, and fhipping is Jo much increaled of late, every one rather chuics to employ his money that way, than to purchafe lands ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. -7 •lands at fuch an extravagant rate as formerly. And vet it is to be obferved, according to the relation of a gentleman lately ar- rived out of Denmark, the value of land is now raifed consider- ably ; fo that, in a little time, it will come to be verv near equal to what it has been heretofore. For it is to be confidered that, Denmark and Norway being fince the alteration become matters of a very great trade, their money muft increafe likewife. la other reigns, it was a rarity to fee fome few mips, from Copen- hagen and the molt confulerable cities, go to France and Spuin. Now Copenhagen alone has above fifty large mips, that trade to France, &:c. ; and other parts have them proponionably, beildcs thofe bound for Spain, the Streights, Guinea, and the Eaft and Weft-Indies, &c. And in Norway little fea towns, that formo ;.< had either one, or two, or no fhips at all, but fold their timber to the Englifii and Dutch that came thither (the Dutch efpe- ciall3 r , being as it were their factors, carrying out their goods, and fupplying them with all forts of French and Spar.iih ware;, which the inhabitants never fetched themfelves) — tliefe \li-j towns, which are not one or two, but moft fea-towns in Norway, being in abundance all along the fea-coafls, now fend yearly^ to England, France, and Holland, • 10, 20, 30, or 4.0 large fly-boats and fhips of other building, as can be tellirled by the merchants who trade to thofe parts. With this increafe of trads^ the reputation of Denmark, in refpecl of its intereft with othsar princes of Europe, is of late years fo fat - advanced, as that crowa: never yet made fo great a figure in Chriftendom as it dee* sc prefent ; not even in the time of Canutus, when we may fuppofc it in its greateft profperity. So that, although an abfolute monarchy, with the additional; term of arbitrary power, founds harfher in the ears of an Engliih- man than moft other nations; his prefent Majcfty of Denmark {hews us that, even in an abfolute monarchy, which in its on nature may be under fcveral inconvensencefi in refpe£t of tJ.sc people, and temptations of encroachment as to the prince ; yrz a wife and good King may fo order his conduct, as to make Ms fubjecrs eafv, and himfelf glorious. To conclude , I rake this Chapter to be our Author's mafter- piece, particularly his character of an old Danifls King; it gives us the very image of the dtferibcr's own thoughts and incili- BXttHB; 78 ANIM AVERSIONS ON THE nations ; and (hews us what fort of King a commonwealth's-inan may perhaps condefcencl to make, and then how many particular ways and means he can find out to difpatch him. CHAP. VII. The Manner Ixiiu the Kingdom of Denmark became Hereditary and Abjolute. «TT is aftonifhing to confider," fays our Author, p. 48, *' how J. a " free and rich people (for fo the Danes were formerly) *' mould he perfuaded entirely to part with their liberties." It is more aftonifhing to me, to fee a man write without confidering : for in what did " thefe former riches confift ?" In a " country " exhaufted by the taxes," p. 50 ; or in the " want of money to " difcharge the arrears due to the army," p. 49 ; or in the " miferies attending the war, which had in a manner ruined the " people ?" In the next place, where was their freedom ? when the fenator Otto Craeg tells the commons, p. 52, they " were no «' other than (laves ;" and thefe very words made them deli- berate how to get rid of fuch an odious name and character ? Laftly, how were they perfuaded " entirely to part with their « c liberty," when they gave this power to the King, on exprefs purpofe to gain it ? " For the King, upon the nrfr, news of the " refolution of the commons, did often openly promife that he *« would, in gratitude and recompence, declare them all free, as ** foon as it lay in his power, by the gift they were about to " make him," p. 58. Which promife he performed accordingly; and put the commons of Denmark into the ftate they are at prefent, which is far from flavery. It will be necellary here to fhew how all forts of people flood ia Denmark before the alteration ; which will eaiily make the true grounds of it appear, and how it came to be effe&ed with a confent fo general, and with fo little trouble. The King had his power curbed by the nobility to a great meafure, p. 54; and as the Kings found thefe encroachments, they did endea- vour to prevent them : to fecure their prerogative therefore (in the latter aceO they often made their fons be elected and fworn (whence ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 79 (whence they were in Daniih called hylded) during their life-time,, and have homage done them both in Denmark and Norway- Frederick the Third, who was King at this conjuncture, had done fa by Prince Chriftian the prefcnt King; he was then ad- mired by his fubjccts for his conduct and valour, p, 54. " They " had feen him with an admirable patience and conftancy bear " all his calamities : he had often expofed his perfon for die " fake of his fubjecls ; and they therefore thought they could * never do enough to fhew their gratitude towards him." The nobility were very numerous and diffuiive : all the lands were in their fole poiTeiTion ; the'rr eftates refembled out manors, of which they were lords, and took their titles from thence ; and as they increaied in wealth, and confequently in lands, they had additional titles from thence ; and thefe accrued either by purchafe (which, as has been faid before, none could make hue themfelves); or elfe by marriages, which they always contracted among one another; for, when a nobleman died, his pedigree was declared to the eighth generation upwards, both by father's and mother's fide, to have been noble. To them alone belonged (and does belong) the honour of a coat of arms. Others may make ufe of cyphers and rebufes for diftinclion : but they do not deliver them down to pofterity ; nor have they any farther mark of honour in them. Among thefe nobles there were twenty four perfons of the chiefell families, who compofed a {landing council, called rigens raad, or the council of the kingdom ; upon the death of one of thefe counsellors, his fuc- cetfor had a patent from the King to conftitute him fo ; but he was always approved, if not firft chofen, by the nobility. This council had by degrees fo enlarged their authority, as to inter- pofc in mod of the great affairs of the kingdom. The entire body of the nobility, though {landing poifcHed of the lands, looked upon it, p. 50, as their " ancient prerogative, to pay " nothing by way of taxes.'* The reft of the people of Denmark confifled of the clergy, the burghers or citizens, and the peafants, who were either in the nature of our farmers, or el'.e the fornede, who refembled the villeins in our law, who were fo called ({uafi "villts adfcripti 7 and fo were thefe. \Vhec So ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE When a diet was to meet (which it did not do of courfc, or at certain periods, hut upon great occafions (as doing homage, or to raife taxes), the nobility afilmbled together in the palace, and fat bv themfelves, the King feldom coming among them ; «dl were fummoned, and as many appeared as could with their con- venience. The clergy and burghers, who were fent in propor- tion by their feveral diftrifts, fat in the Brewers-hall ; and the peafants, who had their representatives likewife, fat in fome other hall belonging to fome of the companies. When the nobility had deliberated concerning a tax, the clergy, burghers, and pea- fants, were fent for to their houfe, to hear what was to be laid upon them, and not to debate the matter, or to pretend to control them. This was the condition of the kingdom and the Danifh parlia- ment, when the war with Sweden was ended : and it was this prerogative of the nobility, that made the other ftates fo willing to devolve a power upon the king, by which he could make the nobility pay their proportion, and either clergyman or citizen be able to purchafe ; and fo the peafant, who before could be a farmer only, if he could get money, might have licence to become a free-holder : and the foldier was no doubt likewife dehrous of it, becaufe he had a profpeft then that his arrears ihould be paid him. There being fo many advantages likely to accrue to the King, whom they acknowledged by his valour and conduct to de- ierve them ; to the whole royal family, and indeed to all the reft of the Danes ; and no damage to any, except that which the nobles received in contributing towards the defence of the lands which thev polTelfed : it is not fo very ftrange, that an alteration fliould be perfected in fo few days, all things not only being ripe for, but neceffity itfclf requiring it. The fpeech of Otto Craeg made the commons eager to obtain this alteration, efpecially being headed by their Prefident Nanfon, who was a man of vigour. The fuperintendant Swan was at the head of the clergy, who were no lcls delirous of it. Seheftede was prime minifter, and concurred to their intention ; and feveral of the nobles themfelves, who were iu court, were not difpleafed at it ; and the queen, being a woman of fpirit, thought herfelf bound to her poflcrity to advance it. It was night when the com- mons parted from the nobles ; and that gave them time the better to concert their retaliations. The next day they come again, and 1 declare ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. Si declare their fixt defign, concerning the power which they in- tended to place in his Majefty's hands. The nobility defired far- ther time to deliberate concerning it, and to do it with greater caution and folemnitv. Finding a delay in the nobles, and that they would not come up to equal refolutions with them, the com- mons go the fame morning to the palace ; where, being introduced to the King, they tender him an hereditary and fovereign domi- nion. His Majefty in anfwer tells them of the necerhty there was for the concurrence of the nobility, before he mould be willing to accept the power thev defigned him ; affuring them of his pro- tection, and eafe of grievances ; difmiiling them with advice to continue their feffions till matters might be brought to greater perfection. The fame day Monfieur Scheel, a fenaror, was to be buried with much magnificence, and all the nobility invited to a great entertainment, as is ufual there upon fuch occafions : in the mean time the gates of the city were fhut ; and whereas two or three of the nobility had gone out the night before, there was no opportunity left for the reft to do fo. Now, being all together upon the forementioned occafion, they began to deliberate more ferioufly upon the affair, and to fend news to the court of their compliance with the commmons, and their unanimous agreement with them. Three clays were thought requifite for an intermediate fpace before the confummation of this ceremony, which was per- formed before the caftle ; the King and royal family being placed there in chairs of ftate, and receiving the homage of all the fenators, nobility, clergy, and commons. So an affair of this confequence was difpatched in four days, without any farther trou- ble than what has been related. We-muft allow our Author, in his defcription of thefe proceed- ings, to ufe forne of his own ornaments ; and particularly that in- ftance of his fubtle genius to dive into the hearts of men, which he gives us, when he fpeaks, p. 56, about the King's feemingreluc~tancy* " through doubt of the event, or fenfe of the difhonefty, and crime " of the ailion :" whereas the King was all along willing to re- ceive the proffer of the commons ; but declared that he thought " the concurrence of the nobility neceffary," that the confent might be univerfal. He is very particular as to the fums of mo- ney that were given, p. 74. " Hannibal Sehefted had two hun- " dred thoufand crowns : Swan the Biihop had 30,000, and was Vo L.I. Cr " made 82 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE u made Archbifhop : the Prefident Nanfon had 20,000." Ons might think he fpoke with the perfon tl.at paid the bills. This is a piece of fecret hiftory, which may perhaps be revealed to foreigners : but the Danes know nothing of it ; and it feems to carrv the lefs probability, becaufe Swan has an Arch- bifhoprick, and ten thoufand crowns more than Nanfon, who ap- pears all along to have done equal fervice. Befides thefe three perfon s, " the Clergy, who always make " furc bargains, were the only gainers in this point," p. 74. What ! are their revenues enlarged 5 do they pay no taxes ? or what have they gained more than the burghers : Why even juft nothing. There are no taxes raifed upon the burghers, to which the clergy muft not pav their quota : and whereas, before the alteration, the clergvman paid, as ic were, no taxes, through the connivance of the nobility ; now he bears an equal (hare with any man of any other profelTion in the kingdom. " The commons have fince experienced, that the little finger of 4< an abfolute prince can be heavier than the loins of many nobles. " All the citizens of Copenhagen have by it obtained the in- " fignificant privilege of wearing fwords j fo that, at this day, not " a cobler or barber furs abroad without a tilter by his fide, let hi* " purfe be never fo emptv." The privilege of wearing fwords was granted to the citizens before the change, to encourage them to 3 vigorous defence of Copenhagen ; " when the clergy not only adhered to the intercft " of their country, but the burghers like wife valiantly defended it," p. 51. Before that time none might wear them but the nobility, unlefs they were fohliers ; and amoi.g them, a commoner very fddom rcfe higher than a captain. In the public calamity of their country, all appeared fccalous for die defence ot it. The works of the town were vcr. indifferent ; but they were raifed in a little time by an incredible induftry : not only the ftudents of the univeifhy appeared in arms, and the citizens of condition did the fame; but the meaneft of the people got fcythes and fuch other infiruments, to perform what was in their power upon an occafion fo abfolutely neceffary. Indeed all forts of people fhewed that they were worthy to wear their fwords, fince they knew lo well how to ufe them. Afier the alteration, the privileges granted them were far from in fignificant. Several, for the benefit of trade, kc. are fixt by a large chatter. Befides the fiberty to purchafe any ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 83 any lands and lordfhips whatsoever, they are to be burthened with no impofuions but fuch as the nobles bear ; and they have the comfort (which before they had not) to fee their children admitted to all honours and public offices, to employments civil and military (according as they can deferve them), equally as well as the fons of the greatelt noblemen. Barbers indeed in Copenhagen wear fvvords, as being principal citizens ; for thev are at the fame time very fkilful and able furgeons, and much refpecled : but coblers flalking about with filters by their fides are as rare a fight there as roalted green geefe. When he told me, p. 74, " the people had the glory of forging " their own chains," I took the Danes to be like his favagti Indians, and that they wore fetters and manacles initead of other ornaments ; and that all their cold iron was rather employed that way than for filters : for, by the bye, afivord is the foolifheft inftrument in the world for a prince to put into the hands of fuch fubjects as he defigns to make abfolute leaves of. •$•$••$•$•$• CHAP. VIII. The Conditions, Cuftoms, and Temper of the People. THIS Author's Book would be very plaufible, if people would oblige themfelves, in the reading of one Chapter, not to remember what may have been faid in another. His Eighth Chapter is long enough of itfelf to require the fame dif- penfation ; for the Reader will be at a lofs if he makes ufe of his memorv, or if he hopes that the middle fhould be agreeable*to the beginning, or the end not be contradiclory to them both. As he has hitherto been partial in reprefenting the nature and change of the Danifli government, fo it is no wonder if he be miftaken in the confequences he draws from thence : " The " condition, cuftoms, and temper of the people," he fays, " are M influenced by the change of government." Whatever alter- ation they may have undergone, and whatever new fafhions may by chance or humour be brought in, as to cloaths ; yet ftill the cuftonvs of the people are the fame they were before : and more G z especially 84 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE cfpecially they continue their free and merry way of living, their hofpitality, and their liberality ; all which the Danes and Norm have always looked upon as their native qualities. Thefc make " the condition of people of all ranks" to be very far from deplorable, p. 75 : for they know, that what he calls "habitual " flavery" in them is nothing but a due obedience to fupreme powers, not interrupted by any mutiny or rebellion; his " lazinefs" is in them a contented mind ; his " felting them beyond hopes f and fears" is their defiring not to intrench upon the power lodged in their prince, nor creating needlefs jcaloufies and mif- trufts left he fhould mifufe it. For it feem?, the Danes have •'mortified ambition, emulation, and other troublefome qualities," which freedom begets, and wliich ill men may indeed admire, but common morality has fet forth to them as vices. From hence they are fo far from finding thcmfelves in " a ficklv conftitution," that, on the contrary, they have evident and fcnfible proofs that their obedience makes the conftitution of the Danifh go- vernment ftrong and vigorous ; fo as to be able to fling off any ill humours that may be bred within, and to repulfe any acciden: from without. Nay they fee it not only healthy, but gay and florid, proceeding on from ftrength to ftrength, in greater degrees than it has done heretofore, either within their own memories, or the records of their ar.ceftors. And indeed the government is fo much the ftronger, becaufe the nobility now ailift to the fupport of it. It is eafily imagined, that the nobles were in ibrne greater power before tlve alteration; am! that they were richer when they contributed nothing toward the public neceffities of their cuuntry than they are now. How- evkr, they are not " dimtnilhed, or grown fo low," p. 75, as this Author would infinuate ; that proportion winch they pay to the public taxes for the defence of their country being only de- ducted, th.v are in the fame condition which they were before, and live very great and nobly on their feats in the country ; fome of which, though ancient, are very decent, others built after the modern architecture; and, delighting much in gardens, they have them in very good perfection. This is the utmoft difference, that whereas formerly only the ancient families called edelen, or the nobility, lived fo (becaufe then no others could purchafe lands) ; now any one of the burgher-ftate, that cart afford- ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 85 afford it, may keep his country-feat, as well as the nobility. What the nobles pay in taxes is fufficiently re-paid to feveral of them by the profitable employments which they have in civil affairs ; and as they help towards the maintaining of an army, fo they reap the benefit by being general officers in it. Thefe employments our Author complains of, as " grievous" to the nobility, p. 7S ; whereas it feems much better than living at home ufelefslv, and it is no more than what they do in all other courts of Europe. Nor are the " civil employments" fo feiv, or of fo fmall value, as he would make them, ibid. For, though the long robe has not places of fuch vaft profit as elfe- where ; yet, every government having its governor and leveral officers fubordinate, there muft be abundance of employments, whofe names cannot be fo properly expreffed in the Englifh. Our Author has given us a very odd account of the nobility ; and begins with affirming, that " ancient riches and valour were " the only titles to nobility formerly in this country :" whereas not he that was rich and valiant became confequently a noble- man ; but the nobility, having got all the lands to them- felves, might eafily engrofs the reputation of being brave and valiant. " None," it feems, " then took their degree or patents f 4 of honour from the King." Firft, if this were true, it could not be for the good of any nation, where, for an encouragement to glorious actions, there ought to be fome fountain of honour, and the King certainly is the mod proper one ; but, in the fecond place, it is evident that, as well before as after the alteration, the King of Denmark made noblemen, and gave patents of honour to them that deferred well, as can be proved by feveral inftances, in the reign of Chriftian IV and Frederick III (before he was made abfolute), as alio in the reigns of their predeceffors. " Of if late years," he fays, p. 79, " fome few titles of Baron and Count, u and nothing higher, have been given to favourites, who enjoy '* not the fame privileges by thofe titles which our Lords in Eng- ** land do, but content thpmfelves with a few airy infignificant M ones." There is no neceffity that the nobility of another coun- try mould in every thing corrcfpond with that qf England. Sup- pofc the Counts and Barons in Denmark not to be juft the fame, are therefore their titles airy and infignificant ? On the quite con- trary, there is no country in Europe where Counts and Barons have fiich a pre-eminence as in Denmark. When the King there G 3 gives 8S ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE gives " ftiield and helm" (as they call it), that is, a nobleman's coat of arms, with a patent of nobility to him; then fuch a man is difHnguifhed from the common people (and fuch as thefe only were made before the alteration, except fome few Counts created by foreign Monarchs and Princes). But, when the King will pro- mote a perfon to a degree higher, which he never does unlefs he has fo great an eftate as is requilue to fuftain his honour and character, then he gives the titles of Baron or Count (for Dukes there are none in Denmark, that title of old time properly be- longing to the foyal family). This honour is far greater, and has feveral privileges above the reft of the nobility, as may be iecn in the Daniih law. And yet it may more eafily be imagined that that honour muft be fo much the greater, by reafon of the rarity of fuch titles, there not being twenty in the whole king- dom. The following paragraph, that '.' it is only this kind of nobility J* with titles that have libeity to make a will, and thereby to dii- " pole of any eliate otherwife than as the law has determined, un- '• lets fuch will, in the life of the teflator, be approved of and 44 figned bv the King," has more than one miitake in it ; for not only tins kind, but all the nobility, have titles from the lands they poliels and are lords of : thefe indeed have the higheft titles of Count and Baron; and then not only they, but all the nobility, any one among the clergy and citizens, can make a will ; unly i' is [ o be obferved, that it is required to every fuch telta- lisem, from whomfoever it comes, that it be approved and ligned by the King, to render it of force and valid, fo as that the eftate . v go otherwife til an the law hath determined. Neither is it Hue, p. 81, " that the King aflurnes, to himfelf the power of dif- ■• poling all heirs and hcirelies of any confederation." Sometimes the. King may interpofe his mediation for the marriage of fome of the chief nobility: but it is far from being his ufual cuffcom ; much Ids does lie aliiimo any power to conftrain them, or caulc then} who do not hearken to his recommendations '• ro lie undei the pain of his difpleafure, which is too weighty w to be borne," p. Si, The nobility being forced to endure the fore-mentioned hard? ftiipsj " it is poflibh ," p. Si," moftof the prefent poffeffors would •• quk the country tlie firft opportunity, if there were not fuch a " fevere law agaiuft alienation, that, if any one would tranfport " himfelf. ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 8 7 u himfelf, the third part of his purchafe-money fliail accrue to '•■< the King." This law is not more hard than it is necefTary ; for, there heing " no huying and felling of land in Denmark," p. 80, the King's third part of purchafe-money will amount to hut little; and where " eltates are a charge," and the proprietors can fcarce obtain the favour of the King to be " fo gracious as * to take their eftates from them," p. 77, one would fancy that all landed men would lay the key under the door, and be fcamper- ing. Now, to mend their condition, and to get free from mo- narchy and taxes ; I would advife them to haften to a neigh- bouring commonwealth, the feat of liberty, where the chief miniltcr of their date has not above five hundred pounds falary, and where their exciie and taxes laid on their eftates amount often to above their yearly income. After all, the law, as it is reafonable to prevent the fubjeel: from following his own humour to the prejudice of his native country, fo it does require but a fixth part to the King, and a tenth part to the magiflrate of the place; both which, according to my arithmetick, will not amount to a third part, as u reported by our Author with his geometrical txa£lnefs. Land being worth nothing, how mufl the Counts and Barons do to live ? Why, " they arc obliged by all manner of ways to **- keep in with the court ; as indeed all are, who have a mind to ** live, and eat bread," p. 79. What then will become of the reft of the adelen, or native gentry ? Why, " military employments f* are mightily coveted by them," p. 81 ; " almoft as much as the '* civil, and for the fame re a foil that the prieiVs office was •" among the Jews, viz. that they may eat a piece of bread." Bread! bread 1 is the univerfal cry; and our Author feems to have borrowed his images, not from the Jews, but rather from the jEgvptians, calling upon Pharoah towards the latter end of the feven years of famine. Want of bread is not the only misfortune ; it comes at- tended with other miferies : for he fays, that " the King of " Denmark," p. 81, " imitates the French praftice in this par- >' ticular, to make the gentry poor, and render traffick unpro- " fitable and diflionourablc. Men of birth mult live ; and one ** half of the nation, by giving themfelves up to flavcrv, will '-' contribute their alliitance afterwards to put chains upon the G 4 M otlur. 88 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE l< other. Yet in Denmark natives are confidered lefs than " ftrangers j and all forts of places civil and military are filled " more by foreigners than gentlemen of the country, &c." Were all thefe things true, they would be very great evidences of a corrupt government : but I fhall beg leave to fet the Reader right as to thefe particulars, and the condition of the people. The plenty of the whole country has been fufficiently defcribed ; and in the miiltt of this, the chief nobility enjoy the governments of the feveral provinces, and the chief offices of the kingdom •. the reft of the adelen, or nobility, have fubordinatc governments and offices, fome at court, and others in the countries where they have their feats of refulence : fome Germans are in the court j but the native fubjects are in greater number, as the Counts Guldenlew, Rantzow, Reventlaw, Ahlefek, Friis j Baron Juel; Meffieurs Hogh, Moth, Harboe, Scholler, Luxdorf, and a great many more, too numerous to be here inferted : and natives likewife are in all the governments throughout the provinces. '** Men of birth" breed up their fons to feveral employments ; fome to civil affairs, fome to ftudies, and fome to trade and traffick, which is as profitable and honourable there as mer- chants can defire : it has all encouragement from the King, and many of the higheft rank intereft themfelves in it continually. Some gentlemen apply themfelves to arms, and endeavour that way to be ferviceable to their country ; there are abundance of thefe in commifiion. Foreigners there ate indeed in fome number; bur it muff be confidered, that they came thither in the late war, and took pay in Denmark, cither of their own account, or hired out by their princes. Thefe are by birth Germans, French, Scots, Poles, Pruflians, &;c. Yet thefe very men are naturalized, married, and fettled in Denmark ; and fo are now to be accounted Danes. The inhabitants do not "pay the foldiers;" nor are " conftantly plagued with infolent inmates, who lord it where " they dwell," p. 87. For the Dane, lying under a neceffity from his neighbourhood to maintain an army at home, does it after the manner that may be molt ealy to the people, which is this : Soldiers are fcattered universally all round about the countries. The officers there often take houi'es, and live with their families. their companies quartering round about them. The foldiers are quartered upon the inhabitants, who are to find them bed, fair, and ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. S 9 and four, or vinegar. If the landlord find his foldiers difagree- able, he may hire them a lodging elfe where for a finall matter : but the foldier is generally defirous to oblige his landlord ; which he does by feveral offices and labours that he performs for him, and is rewarded with his diet, which otherwife he muft find for himfelf; fo that by that means he may have the King's pay clear for his pocket. And hence it proceeds, that a foldier comes to be as defirous in a family as a fervant ; their arrears are fmall, the pay being as conftant, and the discipline as exaft and fevere, as any where can be, both for officers and foldiers. Strangers find themfelves fo well entertained in Denmark and Norway, that it is no wonder they flock thither : great civility, courtefies, and hofpitality, are fhevvn towards them; which if our Author will have to be a fault, is certainly one upon the beft-natured fide. A man would hardly have thought to have found any people in Denmark (according to our Author's defcription) that could get out of it ; much lefs to have found ftrangers there ; and that perfons, " honoured by being born within the confines ," of the Empire," or " Poles who have parliaments," would venture thither. But I fee at lalt that there is in Denmark fome- jhj&g worth getting, and leaving one's own country to become matter of. Come we now to an unexpected paragraph, and which is be- yond all credibility. By what has been faid before, one [would have thought the Danes went on foot at leaft, if they did not £0 bare-foot j when, on a fudden, p. 8j, he acquaints us with their " expenfivenefs in retinue, cloaths, &c." and of " a pro- t* digality, not only in the gentry, whofe condition is more eafy, f but likewife in the burgher and peafant." It is not denied but that the Danes have always been, and are now inclined to a handfome way of living, and to the free er.joyment of what they are lawfully pofililed of. It is the generoufnefs, p. 83, of their temper and nature, which makes them do it; and not our Author's reafons, viz. " the difficulty of procuring a comfortable fub- " fiftence, and the little fecurity of enjoying what fliall be ac- f quired through induftry ; the fenfe that they live but from " hand to mouth making them live to-day, as the poet advifes, f not knowing but what they now have, may be taken from '■ ihem to-morrow." They ail kr.oiu the quite contrary; and whatever 9 o ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE whatever the poet may fay, they are certain the law fays, that what they have to-day, (hall not be taken from them to-tnorrotu. As for their fpending prodigally becaufe they come by it dif- ficuhlv ; Sancho may teach him. that it is rather, " Lightly come, *' lightly go;" and I look upon this proverb to be as true as his affertion. Being in a merry humour, and in with his poets, he gives us a bit of Latin, u Torva lc?ena Jupum ferpiitur, lupus ipfe capellam, " Florentem cytifum fequitur lafciva capella r ." The admirable application, and the ufe he makes of his learn- ing (according to his modern education) as he gives it us, is this, p. 24. " That the gentleman fpends prefently on himfelf ** and pleafures all that he can get, for fear his money be taken *' from him by taxes, before he has eaten or drunk for it : the ** peafant, as foon as he gets a rixdollar, lavs it out in brandy, " left his landlord fhouhl hear of it, and take it from him." Thus, " Torva letena," &c. — Little could Virgil imagine, when he wrote thofe verfes, that future ages would make " florentem cytifum" be bv interpretation a brandy-bottle. Pray, Sir, to be ferious, do they in Denmark fnril fearch for what a man has by him, and then lay on the taxes? or rather, as in other countries, proportion them to his way of living, his eftate and employments ? What man in Eng- land would fet up his coach, to avoid the poll tax, by which he is to pay five pounds more for keeping it ? Come we now to the merchant and burgher. Thefc, he fays, p. 84, " fubhft purely upon credit, there being very few that " can be called rich, or worth a hundred thouiand rixdollars." Lefs than a hundred thoufand rixdollars by far will give a man the denomination of rich in Denmark or Norway ; an eftate of 10, ;o, or 50 thoufand will lie called riches there; for we mud conhder, that a rixdollar will go every way farther there than a pound fterling in England. Nay the Author himfelf, p. 107, when he is to fhew the grievoufneii of the taxes, af- firms, that " a rixdollar, confitlering the fcarcity of money, ought -• to be computed to go farther than three crowns with us." A.ni.1 ••; this rat< 'inte are not fo few wealthy men as he would t V«E'l, jT.n, i. 78 pei(Yi:tdc ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 91 pcrfuade us. That trade mould be managed by credit, is no won- der : it is punctual payment which maintains it; and their credit would foon be loft, if they had not wherewithal to pay their creditors. " Manufactures have been endeavoured to be introduced, not f fo much with a defign of benefiting the publick," p. 85, u as li private courtiers and great men, who were the undertakers ; " but in a little time all came to nothing. For it is a fure rule, *' Trade will not be forced, where property is not fecured." It is apparent from hence, that trade is not " difcouraged" in Denmark, p. 81 ; fince, bv his confeffion, " courtiers and great men become " undertakers." It is certain likewife that in Denmark feveral manufactures have fucceeded ver) r well ; others indeed have not had the fame fuccefs, not becaufe property is not fecured, but becaufe they can have the fame commodities cheaper from Hol- land, Spain, or England. The making oijllks and drinhing-glajfti (though thefe latter are made in great perfection in Copenhagen) " did not turn to account, becaufe there is no property in Den- " mark '." Should you, Sir, take Sir Robert Vyner's u houfe in Lombard-ftreet, and fet up a manufacture for the making tacks at three-pence a thoufand, and employ about five hundred fmiths to furnifli London with them ; and this projett fhould not tura to one ptrcetit. ; muft I attribute this misfortune to the unfecure- nefs of the Englifh property • or rather to the difcretion of the ironmongers, who can have them about eleven pence in the lhillino- cheaper if they will but fend to Birmingham ? Who thinks his eftate to have the worfe title, becaufe he fe«s people dailv fling their money away in flock-jobbing ? There being an impofiibility of having manufactures introduced jnto Denmark, p. 84; " trading towns and villages are all fallen V to decay. Kioge, once a flourifhing little fea-port town; lent " Chriftian IV two hundred thoufand rixdollars ; but, upon oc- f* cafion of the late poll tax, the collectors were forced to tax ** feather-bed?, brafs, pewter, &c. in lieu of money." That trad- i.. towns lliall fall to decay, when trade increafes, will fcarce gain belief. As. for Kioge ; that town lying within four leagues of Copenhagen, it is no wonder if the trade is in fornc mcafure dc- u A principal goldfmith of thofe days. He was lord mayor in c leafed, 5 ; ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE creafed, fince the flouriihinc;of that citv. We have this Author's word for it, that Kiorge railed fo much money " in four and * twenty hours time." Two hundred thoufand rixdollars (and thofe, as was faid before, equivalent to Englifh pounds) is a good round fum for a little town to lend in a day's time ; they lent fo much then, that it is no great wonder they have no great plenty now. However, it was no fuch great fight in England (even in King Charles's time) to fee a fturdy fray between a col- lector of chimney-money and an old woman, in behalf of her porridge pot and battered pewter di/h, the only ornament of her cupboard. And yet, I luppofe, the Author does not take us to have been undone then ; though fuch an inftance (which he has only by bear-fay, p. 8;.) is enough to prove all the Danes to be ruined. " If this be the cafe of the gentleman and burgher, what can " be expected to be that of the poor peafant ?" p. 86. What in- deed ! " In Sealand they are all as abfoiute flaves as the Negroes " are in Barbadocs ; but with this difference 7 , that their fare is not •* fo good." For indeed every body knows that there is great care taken by the planter, throughout all the Weft-Indies, to provide dainties for their Negroes, which confift of — pork very feldom — and potatoes always. The Author is to be excufed for his miftakes in this paragraph, becaufe they cannot fo eafilv be rectified without the Daniih law, which I fuppofe he never con- fulted. It muft be known that, from immemorial time, in Sea- land, there has been a law about fornede, as they are called in Denmark, that is, vaffals ; the fum whereof is. that a boor born upon a landlord's land is obliged to ftay there, and not to leave his fervice, except he is freed by his landlord. But firft, what he fays, " that neither they nor their poftenty to all generations can f* leave the land to which they belong," p. £6, is far from being true : for the landlord may make them free when he pleafes, which is often practifed ; or they mav obtain their freedom for a fmall fum of money, which is done commonly ; or, if it happens that a valfal comes away, and ftays ten years in a city, or twenty in the country anv where, without his landlord's ground, lie is free from his claim. Secondly, that " gentlemen count their " riches by their ftocks of boors, as here with us by our ftocks of " cattle," p. 86, is of the fame (tamp. As we fay, fuch a gentle- s' nun ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. e ? man has fo many tenants, by which we mean fo many farms ; fo throughout all Denmark they fay, he has fo many boors j not that he has fo many bead™ of boors, as we would fay of cattle. Thirdly, " that, in cafe of purchafe, they are fold as belonging " to the freehold, juft as timber-trees." — In England, when a manor is fold, all the fervices due to the manor are fold with it ; and it is no otherwife in Denmark. Further the landlord cannot go ; for the law fays, the landlord may make his vaffhl free, but he muft by no means fell him to another ; if the vafial be fold, then he is free both from him that fold and bought him. Neither, fourthly, do " the boors, with all that belongs to them, appertain " to the proprietor of the land :" for fuoh a vallal owes nothing more to his landlord, than that he ihall ftay on his land, till his ground, and pay him his rent ; which when it is done, reafonably the landlord can require nothing more of him ; fo that this law of vallate in Sealand was principally introduced, that the landlords might not want tenants. Thefe vaffals may be tranfplanted from one farm to another. The iiornede are only in Sealant ; and the King would have given them freedom there, fince the alteration, but that he was fhewn there would have been fe T . eral inconve- niences attending it. As to the condition of the country people throughout the reft of Denmark and Norway, it is juft. like that of the farmers in England, paying their rent and due to the land- lord, or leaving his farm when they cannot agree together. They do indeed " quarter fokliers ;" but it is in the manner before de- fcribed. And they are " bound to furnifli horfes and waggons " for the King's baggage and retinue when he travels." Thefe are provided by an officer in the nature of our conftable ; who takes care that there (hall be an equal fhare for every peafant throughout Sealand and other provinces where the King of Den- w This would be nearer the truth, if f r oken of modern Ruflia. A nobleman of that great empire was mentioning one day in converfation, that he could have no idea of the grandeur of an Englhh peer, if he had no liases. " I," faid he, v/iih great enjoyment, * have two thoufand " flaves, whom I can fcourge when I pleafe." — When fuch an one wants to raife money, he felJs a certain number of them to the government for foldiers or failors, at as good a price as he can get; and fometimes bruihes up the old ones to mis with the younger, in order to put them off like light coin. mark. 94 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE mark, travels ; fo that it does not come to the fame boors turn above once a year ; for not only they that live near the road, hue thofe likewifc who lie farther off, muft attend in their order. This feemed to our Author to be " the greateft haidfhip impofed " on thefe poor peafants. He has feen them fo beaten and abufed " by lacqueys, that it has often moved his pity and indignation " to fee it," p. 90. Tender-hearted Gentleman ! there was no provocation on the boors' fide, I warrant you ! they are generally better bred than to give ill language ! If you were fo touched with this, how would your pity, Sir, have been moved, had \ou feen a Dane's head broke in a violent pallion, becaufe he could not let a draw-bridge down foon enough ; or had you feen one of the King's huntfmen cut over the pate by a footman ? Men may talk of Barbadoes and Negroes ; but the Dane? are never ufed fo much like flaves as when they meet with fome fort of Envoys. According to the account hitherto of people in all Rations, one would imagine the beggars to be innumerable ; but it feems you will fcarce fee a beggar in the flicets of Copenhagen, except before fome burgher's door, who that day gives alms to the poor of his parifh : for all the poor people of a parifli go about, one day to one, another 10 another citizen, who knows his day when lie is to give them meat or money both for dinner and lupper. If any other beggar is feen in the ftreer, an officer carries him im- mediately to prifon or punifhment. After what has been faid concerning the ftate of all forts of perfons, even to the meaneft, who do not appear to want a comfortable fubfiflence ; what man will not prefently agree with the Author, when he fays, " Denmark at prefent is but com- " petently peopled," p. 88; " vexation of fpirit, ill diet, and " poverty, being great obftru£tions to procreation ; and the pea- " (ants, who before ufed to have a large piece of plate or two, "gold rings, filver fpoons, &cc. not having them now, or indeed u any other utenfil of value, unlets it be feather-beds, whereof " there are better and in greater plenty than in any place he ever " faw." I fhould have imagined feather-beds to have been as pro- lific a piece of furniture as gold rings and filler porringers. However, the people have continued much about the fame num- ber for thefe two or thre* hundred years. As to the multitudes tliAt have been there heretofore, this may be obferved, th3t, fince from ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 95 from all the three Northern kingdoms, Denmark, Norway* and SwccLn, and the adjacent provinces near the Elbe and Wefer, Co many (warms went out fo often to conquer and inhabit other more fertile and Southern countries, it is probable at laft fo great deductions might exhauft the number ; as Saxo-Grammaticus, in his Eighth Book, in the Life of King Snio, fays, " that, when 4t the Lombards went out of Denmark, in the great famine and. " dearth that reigned then, the kingdom was fo deferted, that " great woods and forefts grew up in many places where before " had been fertile ground ; and to this day, the figns of the " plough are to be feen among the trees." Another great reafoa is attributed to the plague, called the black death, that ravaged all the Northern kingdoms in the year 134.8; when fo man v died, that fcarce the tenth man was left to till the ground. Our Author gives another reafon why thev are net fo numerous as formerly; for " difcontent kills them;" and it is ufual to have thein die of a /latch, which is " an apoplexv proceeding from " trouble of mind." The falling-ficknefs is more common in the Northern kingdoms than with us ; but not to that degree that our Author talks of, p. 90. And their apoplexies are not half fo fatal as they have been in England within thefe few years. It is fcarce reconcileable, that people mould die in fuch number for difcontent, whom, in the beginning of the Chapter, he de- fcribes, p. 75, as taken up with a dull plealure of being carelefi and infenfible. Let us proceed to the defcription of their diet, in which the Reader may expect exadtnefs ; feeing our Author all along feems to have been a good trencher-man. " Their tables are ufually " well furnilhed with dimes ; yet he cannot commend their " chear," p. 92. Other Englifhmen have mightily commended their chear, and never complained of " the leannef* of their " meat." The truth is, the Danes like it the better for not being very fat ; the greateft fault which they and other ftrangers find with the Englilh meat is, that it is too fat, which difagrees \vith, molt of them. This may be one reafon, and perhaps a better than that of " property not being fecure," why they have not been over diligent to introduce " the fattening of tame fowl ;" it being " an art not known to above two or three in Copenhagen." And yet fat capons were in Denmark and Norwav long before any Eng-lifhman brought in the cramming manufacture, p. 92. 9 5 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE Beef and the common people are " inclined to grofs " cheating;" they have the general reputation with other men of being fair dealers. Firft, " An old fupcrflitious woman would '• not fell him any green geefe." This filly ftory (as he relates ' r > P- 95» 9*>.) " gives him a more lively idea of the temper of the " common people, than any description he could make;" and ia mine it raifes a much brighter image of the Author : efpeckllv when he proceeds to tell me, " that, in their markets, they will «' afk the fame price for ftinking meat as for frefh, for lean as " for fat, if it be of a kind," p. 97. We will fuppofe the butchers fo mad as to do fo. But how came he to know this curioficy ? did he cheapen lean meat and ftinking meat ? Some frugal people go towards the latter end of a market, to buv the refufe cheap : perhaps our Author did fo too, and makes his complaint in print, becaufe he was difappointed of a penny- worth. Where he lays it clown, " as a fure way not to obtain, to feem * to value, and to afk importunately," p. 90 ; it is that way which I would advife no man to follow : for certainly the Danes are not fuch fools as to keep their wares, when they find the buyer fo forward as t.o overvalue them. " No lodgings in Copenhagen for ftrangers. In taverns one " rnuft be content to eat and drink in a public room," p. 9.7. It is fo iji all Germany ; but in Copenhagen perfons may have tables or rooms to themfeives when befpoken; and no ftranger need or does want convenient lodgings, both in public and pri- vate houfes. " Their feafons of jollity are very fcarce," p. 97. Perfons of fafhion have their diverfions at feafonable times, as mufick, come- dies, retreats into the country in fummcr; as well as their fleds ia th£ ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 99 the winter : whereas he fays, " they content themfelves with " running at the goofe on Shrove-Tuefday," p 97. One would think that men of quality ran at this goofe ; but it is only a paftime of his beloved boors of Arnack, and performed by them : only fometimes, becaufe of the odd frolicks of thefe peafants, perfons of better character condefcend to be their fpectators. Perhaps it may be thought too nice for him to remark, '* That " nobody prefumes to go in a fled till the King and court has " begun; that the King paffes over a new bridge the firft; and " that the clocks of Copenhagen ftiike the hours after the court " clock," p. 97. Jf thefe remarks were but as true as they art nice, they would be admirable : but, as foon as the fnow comes, every one prefumei to ufe his fled ; the diverfion of it indeed is become more fafhionable, when the King and court have done it one night through Copenhagen. As for new bridges, fome of them might drop down again without any paffage over them if no one were to go till the King had done it : in the mean time our Author mull provide ferries for the paffengers. The clocks of Copenhagen mult be the moft complaifantin the world'; other- wife, if fome traiterous clocks fhould chance to go too fait, they might make an exception to a rule fo univerfal. I like this ac- count our Author gives us of precedency in fuch ridiculous mat- ters moft extremely ; becaufe, having been fearching, according to his advice, among the Barbarians, I find fomething like it at the Savage court of Monomotapa, where the Emperor* having dined, commands a trumpet to be founded, to give notice to the refl of the princes of the world, that they may go to dinner; The language, he fays, " is very ungrateful, and like the Irifh " in its whining complaining tone," p. 98. He may be as free with the Irifh as he pleafes. But the Danes and Norfh fpeak more like the Englilh in their accent than any other people; and therefore thefe two nations moft cafily learn to read, fpeak, and underftand, one another's languages, upon occafion. There is " a great agreement between their monofvllables," p. 98 ; which, being generally the particles and ftrength or finews of a language, fhew that the Englifh has not only incorporated the old Saxon, but the Danim likewife, to bring it to its prefer.c perfection. At court, High Dutch and French are much ufed, and alfo Italian. Though converfation often palTes in thefe ; yet, if " any mould boaft that he could not fpeak Danifb/' p. 98, he H 2 would, ioo ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE would render himfelf ridiculous ; and an Englifhman might think him not worthy to eat Danifh bread : and indeed with reafon ; for, among the living tongues, there is none that, for its abundance, the propriety of the expreflion, the htneis and agreeablenefs to poetry and numbers, can pretend to furpafs it. 1 (hall finifh the remarks upon this chapter with a recapitu- lation of what the Author has delivered in it. Was ever any man fo planet-ftruck as this Writer, to pronounce a people the " moft miferable" in one page, and to fill the next with " the " grandeur and equipage, p. 83, of the gentry, the plenty of " their tables," p. 92 ; their retreats for pleafure " in fruitful *< and delightfome gardens," ibid. ; at the fame time declaring *' that the burghers, fcrvants, and even peaiants, have change of " linen, and are neat and cleanly," p. 93 ? What country can boatl of more than plenty and neatnefs ? He begins with telling us, " that, in former times when die " nobility and gentry were the fame thing," p. 76 ; that is. during the times that the nobles had ** an excels of power," p. 76, in their hands ; " they lived in great affluence and prof peri tv," ibid, which he takes much pains to describe, and every body will .eafily be induced to believe. " Then the commons were willing "in a great meafure to be directed by them," ibid, j that is, ** becauie they depended on them," ibid. ; were forced, " like *' (laves, " p. 54, to truckle to them whether they would or no, *' But, in procefs of time, the liberties of the whole country were " loft," p. 76. By which alteration, the nobles were reduced to fome bounds, and the commons delivered from a tyrannical aiiftocracy, p. 73. This change forfooth " creates in them all % 4i kind of lazineis and idle defpondency, letting them beyond "hopes and tears; infomuch that even the liability are now ,; defirous," p. 78, " to procure employments civil (ftraiige ') and "military (wonderful!)" — Civil, 1 fuppofe, without hopes ; and military, without fears. Under thele ciicumft.inccs, " it is eafily Unaginedj the prefeDt ** condition of fuch a people in all ranks is moll deplorable," p. 75 ; u their nobility and gentry funk very low, and mminilh- " ing daily both in number and credit," p. 76 ; " they arc forced "to live meanly and obfcurely in fome corner of their ruinous. " palaces ; and patiently endure their poverty at home; their u fgirits ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 101 " fpirits (for there was not fo much as a fong or tune made in " three years, p. 96,) as well as eftatcs grown fo mean, that " you would fcarce believe them to be gentlemen by their dif- u courfe and garb." The truth of all which foregoing aflbrtions is feen in nothing more plainly than in what he fully delivers to us, concerning the extravagant expenees which the Danes are at, in " coaches, ** retinue, cioaths," &c p. S3. They. ride abroad, it fecms, poor gentlemen ! in " their coaches with great equipage," to mew ** how patiently they endure their poverty in fome obfeure corner. " of their ruinous palaces '" They go fo " very fine in their drefs, *f after the French rnede," p. 93. and are fo • prodigal in their " cioaths," p. 83, " that you would fcarce believe them to be >' gentlemen by their garb."-*-" Their tables are fo well furnilhed " with diflies," p. 92, and their gardens afford them fruit in " fo great perfcclion," that they are forced to feek employments, f* that they may eat a piece of bread,*' p. 79. 81. But, if they have a mind to caroufe, or be excefHve in their drinking, they have " Rhenifh and French wines," p. 93, to do it with : and upon a merry bout, even a boor can drop a rixdollar, for a chiruping dole of " brandy," p. 84 ; and, though he has neither plate not " filvcr fpoon in his cottage," p. SS, yet can be as merry as a prince, and has " clean linen," p. 93. (poor Have!) p. 86; and a good feather-bed, (poor Negro!) p. 88, to go home and lye down on. To conclude j when any of the gentry dye, they leave fueh eftatcs behind them, as that their children think themfcives obliged to make " coflly burials," and raile " fumptuous monu- f* ments," p. 94, to their memory. Suc'n is their mifery when living ; fuch their ignominy wlie:j dead ! H 3 CHAP. 102 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE CHAP. IX. Of the Re-venue. IET us in this Chapter follow the Author's advice, p. 102, -J and " meafure Hercules by his foot." If what has gone before does not fuffice, let us at lead from hence take the height of his fancv, and the level of his underftanding. He does indeed throughout the whole purfue his tirft defign j which is, to mujtiply the taxes, and yet afterwards to leffen the revenue. With what art he does it, and with what refpett to truth, the following inftances may ponvince the reader. Confumption, or excife upon things confumable, is the firfr. tax he mentions, p. 100. The Danes perhaps took their pattern for this from Holland. But here the Author, to multiply the taxes, makes three of one ; for he fays, " There are befides *' fmaller taxes ; as, thirdly, upon marriages, where every couple P marrying pay fo much for their licence, according to their f* qualities ; this is pretty high, and comes in fome cafes to 30 " or 40 rixdollars." This is only a branch of the confumption; where it is decreed, that every couple that marries mall pay a fmall matter to the King ; nor is this pretty high, for it feldonv amounts among the common people higher than from half a rixdollar to a whole one. But paying for licences for marriage is quite another thing. People of quality, that will not have the public bans thrice proclaimed in the churches, and befides defire to be married at home in their houfes privately, buy licenfes, and commonly pay 10 rixdollars for them. That tax for " brewing, grinding, <^:c." is nothing elfe but the confump- tion paid by brewers or millers. " Poll-monev," he fays, p. 101, " is fometimes raifed twice a " year." This is more than the Danes know of (or, if it might have happened, is extremely rare) ; and in raifing this tax, more proportion is obferved in Denmark between the fubftance of one and another than any where elfe : wherefore it is very far from truth, that " it is only gueffed at." ** Forritication-tax, or money raifed for or upon pretence of ** making fortifications," p. 10 1, was never raifed but once, wliich Was three years ago; nor was it done then upon pretence, ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 103 but expended upon the fortifications of Croneborg, Renfborg, &_c and then, to cafe the fubjeft, the poll-tax was not gathered that year. Marriage-tax for a daughter of Denmark is raifed upon occafion (as in other places) ; but that " under this name " occafion is taken to raife more than the portion," is more than any one can pretend to demonftrate. " Trade-money," p. 10 1, " where every tradefman is taxed for *' the exercifing his trade, and moreover obliged to quarter " foldiers," is a tax never heard of ; except what a tradefman pays to his company in the cities where he begins to exercifc his trade, and this is very unjuftly called a tax to the King ; and then he is obliged to cpaarter foldiers, not as a tradefman? but a burgher. " Ground-rent," he fays, p. 102, *' is paid for all houfes in •' Copenhagen, or any other towns in Denmark ; which are " taxed by the King when he pleafes." This is called bjjkat, or town-tax, and is contributed towards the city-ftock, and is a very fmall matter: nothing near 4 per cent, as he afterwards, p. 103, would perfuade us. In the other cities of Denmark, this tax was never known to be paid to the King : but in Copenhagen fuch a thing may have happened once, inftead of another tax which then ceafed. We come next to fix very edifying pages, viz. p. 103, 104, •105, 106, 107, 108; where any one that is curious may know the excife upon muftard-feed, eggs, tripe, and coleworts ; alfo upon eels, foap, and herrings : which fheet of his Book can be no where more acceptable, nor of greater ufe, than for the more careful prefervation of thofe commodities, when they are to be carried from Leaden-hall or Newgate market. " Public-mills," it feems, " there are," p. 109 ; « where all the " inhabitants of Copenhagen are bound to grind, and to pay the " fums above-mentioned for grinding." There are fuch mills; but they caufe no new tax : and what is paid for grinding there, is as cheap as it would be done any where clfe j they being ap- pointed only, that fp the confumptiontax may not be avoided. Having gone a fecond time over his taxes, and given an ac- count of fome that had never been, and others that have feldom been; he comes at laft, p. 213, to one "that had like to have * l been : for, if the King's only daughter had been marrjed to H 4 « the io + A N I M A DYERSIONS ON T H E " the Elector of Saxony, as flic was about to be, a tax had cer- ** tainly been levied." Perhaps there might ! In the mean time what does this tax do here ; especially when (in the very nexj words) he i'uppofes that, by this, an Englifh Reader has taken a furfeit of his account of taxes ? For, if he muft have fur- feited us, it might have been with fomething to the purpofe. I confefs no tax the Danes lie under forfeits me half lb much, as the having paid three millings for fuch a narrative. '»: er all that he has faid, it is eafily imagined, that a fleet and army cannot be maintained without taxes, which are railed either upon land, by poll-money of exciie. His prefent Majefty has with great wihiom caufed " a valuation of all houfes in cities, "and an admeasurement of all lands in the country," p. no; from whence every man pays in proportion to his eftate, and " each tarni is taxed higher or lower, according to the fertility " of the land, ieafonablenefs of the year, or ability of the land- 41 lord," p. 10 1. "So there is an equality of the taxes, and the ■ manner of taxing," p. 247. This makes the people both wil- ling and able to bear them : and as the contrary, viz. unequal taxation, was the caufe of the alteration of the government, fo this is the prefervation of it! Were Denmark in " a profound peace," as the Author imagines, p. 114; then he might have cried out with lome rcafon, " Pax " k-ivientibus gravior ell, quam liberis helium." But, when the greateft princes in Europe are in anus, during the noile and tumult of war, the peace of Denmark cannot be lo " profound." And 1 believe that it is no ill maxim for a neuter prince to take care, whilit his neighbours are in war, that the conqueror (hall not be able to hurt him. Denmark endeavours to do this, and accordingly keeps up a fleet and army ; fo that, '.? if a war (hould f happen," he need not be in fufpenfe " whether his iuljecls " could pofiibly bear a greater burthen," p. no; for there would not he a neceffity for much more towards maintaining them ; and then, befides the difciplining of the men, there would be all that charge laved, which attends upon the levying ot new foldiers. From this account of taxes, the Author brines us to a cata^ logus of other miferies : "The number of tiading (hips is de- •' . aied, and does not come up to what it did within thelc « thirty ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 105 u thirty years," p. 116; "and the foreign trade of Norway Is *' confiderably diminifhed fincc their late quarrel with the Dutch," p. 1 15: whereas, in truth, the trade never was greater than it is now ; and the Dutch can fo little he lupplicd with their wooden commodities from Sweden, that they are glad to re-fix their commerce with Norway again. He gives us, p. 117, his computation of the fliips that trade thither, and that pals the found yearly : but I never liked his computations, becaufe 1 have before found him wrong in his arithmetick ; and at prefent there is a difference that I cannot eafily reconcile. In his Chapter of the Sound, p. 13, 24, 25, he recites " a letter from a very underflanding perion, March 31, " 1 6 g 1 , " which gives him to understand, " that, fince the peaci " with Sweden, the Sound has not yielded above 80, ceo rix- " dollars per annum ; and the laft year paft, it did not reach to *' full 70,000." Now, if J mould have believed his " underltanu- '•' ing friend," what a miftake I might have run into ! For, when the Author himiclf comes to give us his opinion of it, p. 115, he fays, that, " in the years 1690 and 1691, it -amounted not to *' much more than 65,000 rixdollars, at which rate we mav judge " it likely to continue." Seeing this difagreement between him and his " underflanding friend ;" what credit can we ftrangets give to the letter of advice, when there are at leaft 4000 n x- /uollars, in the account between them, which he will no: take his friend's word for ? "There is another branch of the King's revenue," p. it-, P which is leaft conliderable, and arifes from the rents of the V crown-lands and connfeated eftates. The latter arc in the " King's hands, either upon account of forfeiture for treafon and " otlier crimes, or by rcafon of debt and non-pavment of taxes; " but, notwithstanding this addition of lands, the King is fo far " from being the richer, that he is the poorer for it." And were the thing true, " that eftates fell in to the crown rather f than pay taxe^," it would be great pity that the King lhould receive any advantage by them ! But fuch Surrenders are a« imaginary as his confifcations for treafon and other crime, : to: Denmark is that happy country, where, according to his own words, p. 139, "you never hear of anv perfon guilty of the jf* crime of treafon againft the King; there are no clippers and '• re..' . . ro6 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE " coiners, no robbers upon the high-way, nor houfe-breakers." So that if he, being an exact arithmetician, will put together the rents of eftates given to the King rather than pay taxes ; the rents of eftates confiscated for treafon ; rents of eftates for- feited for coining, robbing, and houfe-brcaking, to the money arifing to his Majefty from " the tax which might have been," p. 113; the fum total will probably bejuft nothing. But farther, as for this fort of land, " it generally turns to *< foreft, and contributes to his diverfion, though little to his " purfe," p. u 8. It is a fign his purfe needs no fupply, when he can afford fo much ground for his diverfion. " And then " the roval palaces run to decay," ibid. ; and fo they do in all countries, when the prince is better pleafed wiih another Situa- tion. As for Several of the King of Denmark's palaces, they are old uncouth buildings, ufed by former Kings, difufed now, and therefore not kept in 10 good order as Frcderickfborg, Jageif- borg, and others, where the King paffes fome part of the year. The Author, it fcems, has met with another " understanding «* perfon," p. 119, who has informed him in feveral things ; as, firft, " that it is very difficult to make any rational computation " of the running cafh of thefe kingdoms," or indeed of any kingdom befulesthis; and fo his labour might have been Super- ceded j " certainly it is but very little, and not near the hundredth *' part of that of England," ibid. When he is able to give a rational computation of the running cafh of England, then it will be time enough to guefs what proportion that of Denmark may bear to it: but, till I find that underftanding perfons agree in the computation of that of my own country, I fhall deipair of finding them exacl as to that of another. If " they have no " cafh by them, and are indebted over head and ears to their u creditors at Amfterdam and Hamburgh," ibid, how comes it to pafs that the Danifh merchants have fo good credit in both thofc cities, and how come they to have it in London ? ** But " the officers of the army tranipoit their money to other coun» " tries." This may be true in fome very few inftances ; but, for the moft part, thefe officers are Danes, or married and fettled in Denmark, as has before been intimated. ** That few or " none of the minifters of ftate purchafe any lands," p. 11S, is as true as other of his remarks ; for there is no public minifter, be ACCOUNT OF DENMAR K, 107 be he Dane or not, that has not one, two, or more feats, with lands appertaining to them, in the country. " That thefe kingdoms " confume more of foreign commodities than their own product " can countervail," ibid, cannot certainly be faid of Norway, nor of feveral provinces of Denmark, as Jutland, Laaland, &c. ,• and any perfon who has the lealt knowledge of their traffick will eafilv confute this alTertion. As for " running of brafs-money f* amongft the common people," it is a? farthings amongft us. Their Tilver coin is very good in refpe£t of feveral other nations, al- though not equal to Sterling ; but, whether the goodnefs of coin be a way to preferve running cam in a kingdom, may perhaps hereafter come to beconfidcred by the Englifh. Under thefe circumftances, I cannot think this " tmderftand- *' ing perfon" a competent judge of the running cafh of Den- mark ; any more than I take the Author to be of the King of Denmark's revenue, though he is fo very particular as to make it " two millions two hundred twenty-two thoufand rixdollars," p. 122. And I arn the more confirmed in this opinion, becaufe, the taxes not being every year the fame, the revenue received by feveral officers, and no account given but to the King himfeif, the calculation of the revenue can hardly be made by thofe who are moil employed in thefe affairs at the court, much lefs b v a foreigner. " To conclude with Norway : the revenue of the Southern part " amounts to between five and fix hundred thoufand rixdollars, f and of the Northern to between two and three hundred thou- " fand ; and fo the total may be, communibus anr.is, 8oo,oco "rixdollars." So fays the Author, p. 117. Bat, when he comes to fum up the whole revenue, p. 121, there all the revenue of Norway comes but to 700,000 rixdollars. Were their loiYes in Denmark to be fo great, " the natives," p. 120, f* might well think that it was impoffible for the taxes to con- " tinue ; and wifli for an invader, fmce they have little or no f' property to lofe." For you were pleafed, Sir, to drop four thoufand rixdollars in the cuftoms of the Sound ; and here vcu defalk a hundred thoufand rixdollars more. Might I advife, whatever foreigners may be preferred in the Danifh court, vcu fhould never come into the ncafury, if you can make up your accompts no better. CJI A P. ioS ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE CHAP. X. Of the Army, Fleet, and ForlreJJes. TH E Author begins this Chapter with bewailing the mifery of Denmaik, that the revenue is expended upon a Handing army, and upon the maintaining or a fleet and fortreifes : and if Denmarkhad not fufficient reafons for the maintenance of all thefc, they would have juit caufe to complain. But it fcems it is " the King of France, that gre3t mafler of the ta art of reigning, that has inftruclcd the court of Denmaik," p. 123 ; " and the King is his pupil," p 124: and in purfuance to fuch a character, he has taught him " the pernicious fecret of making one " part Of the people both the bridle ami fcourgc to the other." This is not 1o great a lecret, but that it has been known and praCtiied in all ages and countries ; that, when one part of a nation is factious and mutinous, the more honed and fober part mould bridle them ; and if part of a nation rebel, the other, that is for quietnefs", Should endeavour to fcourge and correct them. But, God be thanked ! Denmark has no occafion for an army, upon thefe ac- c >ants, nor neceiTuy of going to France for fuch a maxim. In the next place, " France has taught him to raife more men " than his country can maintain," p. 124. Very well ! and then his own prudence teaches him to difband fuch as he thinks un- necell'ary or burthenfome to him, as he has done feveral times, But the great thing that he has taught him is," that foldiers aie " the only true riches," p. 125 — 127. The thing that the Au- thor would here reflect upon is, that the German Princes often receiva money, before they will lend their troops into a foreign ferrice ; and hence he would infer, " that at prefent foldiers are " grown as faleable ware as mccp and oxen," p. 125. What a fbrange country mult this be, " where the foldiers are (heep and "oxen, and the peafants timber-trees!" p. 86. But the King of Denmark citecms his foldiers to be his wealth, only a Ik can make them lerviceable to his allies, or as '.hey preierve bib iub- Jefts from any foreign attempts, and lu are the eaule ot quiet, and . onfequently of " true riches." \ ex, whatever the matter is it happens, p. 127, that the p - 1 : • 1 1 i n n vet but ill upon the example which the French King has :,.. Tl toad maj emulate the ox, i ;e fweU ; but he ■ « IhaU ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. 109 " fhall fooncr burft than equal him," p. 127. Truly a very de- cent fimilitude for > a couple of crowned heads! I find the Author mightily taken with this kind of animals ; for, fpeaking with reference to, and commendation of, the laws of Denmark, p. 232, he fays, " there is no plant or infect, how " venomous or mean ioever, but is good for fomething." Upon winch, a friend of mine obferved, that there may be a creature in the world, that has as much venom and malice as any vermin, and yet be good for nothing. It were to be wilhed that there could be a remedy found fo.r keeping up fo great a number of foldiers as are at prefent in Europe. But his own words, p. 126, " that none of the King'. " or Princes, though endowed with a more peaceable fpirit and " better judgement than the reft, dares lead the dance and clifarm, " for fear of his armed neighbours,'' excufe not only the King of Denmark, but thofe other Kings whom he obliquely would blame upon this occafion. To give a lift of the Danifh officers, would be too nice, and is continually variable. However, the King of Denmark may be faid to have above twenty thouland men in pav, betides thofe that are in the Emperor's ami the King of England's fervice. I have before given an account of the loldiery ; only I muft add this farther, that when he fays, " the troopers are maintained by their " peafants," p. 135, the Reader muft know, that there are parti- cular pealants living on lands in the country, that are appropriated to this uie ; fo that fuch a peafant as contributes to the main- taining of thefe troopers pay the lefs, both rent and taxes. " That " thefe troopers are none of the beft foldiers," ibid, is reported by this Author; becaufe lie confeffes " they are generally na- " tives," ibid. Yet King William has judged far better of the three regiments of horfe that he had from Denmark ; the half part of which behaved themfelves fo well in the battle of Landen (for the other half was with the Duke of Wirtemberg), that his Majefty was pleafed to compliment their colonels particularly upon the bravery and valour of their troops. The Author gives us a reafon, p. 135, why there are not more natives in the army ; "becaufe the landlords, whole ilaves they " are, can hinder them from entering into, the Kju.g's fervice, " and remand them if any ihould offer fo to do." This is true ' only ol the -zorncJc, whofe condition has heretofore been de- scribed - no ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE fcribed : but it is an apparent proof that the King of Denmark is not fo arbitrary as he would make him, and that the Danes have not entirely loft their property ; fince they have fuch an autho- rity as to be able to deny their King the taking of men fiom their farms though they are to be employed in the fervice of their count ry . : As for the French officers, which he fays are in the army ; the moft part of them are fuch as have been forced to leave their. country for the fake of religion : and Denmark thinks it a duty and honour to be able to grant them protection. In his account of the fortifications, p. 143, inflead of faying that Nakfkowis of no defence, he might have faid, that Nakfkcw is a good fortrefs ; which it fhewed in the w?r with Sweden, when it longer refilled the enemy than moft of the other towns. He fpeaks as flightly of the fortifications of Copenhagen in this place, p. 144, as he did before ; although that, and not Renf- burg, ibid, is the moft confiderable place for ftrength that the King of Denmark has. Neither is Nyborg fo much out of re- pair ; nor Fredericks-hall, which is the ftrongeft place in Norway by natural fituation, fo much commanded by the neighbouring hill as he would infinuate. In the account of the fleet, which he makes to confift of but two and thirty fhips, p. 14 r, he has omitted feveral ; and as to what he fays, " that it was never fet to lea thus equipt," p. 14;, the late wars with Sweden may fufficicntly confute him : and yet the King of Denmark had much fewer fhips then than he has at prefent. The Danes and Norfli are very good feamen : the Dutch are mightily defirous of them, and confequently have feveral in their fervice ; vet not fo but that they would return upon occafion ; and indeed all the feamen are fo ready to be em- ployed in the King's fervice, that there is no need of preffing, to man the fleet. To make this the more eafy, the fea officers are kept in pay during a peace as well as in time of war ; and fo are the feamen, who have a falary, and are employed in the Bremer holm, in working upon all mateiials neceffary for the naval fervice. At for the fea provifion of the Danes, which he fays is very bad ; the contrary will eafily be evinced by any that have experience of it. " The mutiny of the feamen," p. 138, and " the hefieging the King in his palace," p. 139, is a mere ftory ; for " in Denmark are no mutineers," p. 246. But it may have happened ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. hi happened that the feamens wives may have had complaints to the lords of the admiralty : now, the admiralty being oppofite to the caftle, their flocking thither, perhaps to this over-curious Gentle- man, who is troubled with feveral " active qualities which liberty " and freedom beget," p. 75, and has his head always full of com- motions, may have feemed to have been a mutiny- CHAP. XI. Of the Court. TO give characters of living princes and public minifters of irate, muft be a thing very difficult : it is not eafy for tire man who would make them to fet afide pallion or partialkv; and, mens tempers, humours, inclinations, and interefts, daily nay hourly varying, it is hard to fix a lading character upon a man, till we fee the whole thread and tenour of his life and actions. This is one reafon why I do not defer fo much to the characters which the Author gives in this Chapter. Bc-fides, when I have found him miftaken in his account and description of things which are fenfible and permanent, I ihall be much more cautious how I truft him as to his notions of men, who are mutable and various ; efpecially when he would make his fearch into the re- cedes of their mind, and there difcover their very thoughts and " iincerity," p. 168. For, if the Author's converfation belike his writing, a man might be very free and open in his temper, and vet appear referved to him; for it is the opinion taken of the man which makes one dilclofe one's felf to him. And I am the more confirmed in not relying upon thefe characters, becaufe, in the fame Chapter, when he is to give us an account of fo con- fiderable a court, he telh us things fo very ridiculous — as, that I muft go " for an idea of the Danifh court to fome Englifh "noblemen," p. 159. Methinks, " the horfe and foot guards, and " trabands, the kettle-drums, the trumpets, which are in perfection, " and, being ranged in a large place before the palace, proclaim " aloud the very minute when he fits down to table," declare to me that there is fome difference. — " That few or no gentlemen •that have no employments come to court," p. 159. I cannot imagine whither men Ihould go, or where they fliould fooner pay their ii2 ANIMADVERSIONS ON T H E their attendance, for the obtaining of preferment, if they have any hope? or merits to deferve it. — " Thar the Kind's children, domef- " tic and foreign minifters, officers of the army and houfehold, " who appear in the anti-chamher and bed-chamber, fcldom "amount to above the number of- twenty, or thirty," p. 159. I cannot think the number icldom to exceed thirty, when the royal family is fo numerous as to make leven of them ; and methinks courtefy, duty, or intcreft at lead, might bring four and twenty- more, to make above thirty. — " That there is a plentiful table, but "the meat is drefl after their own manner," p. 158. Ridi- culous ! Is not the King of Spain's dref: after his own manner? — There are abundance more of the like particulars, which I (hall omit; only this one, where he fays, '* That King Frederick had " once the thoughts of making the prefent Count GuHenlevv " King of Norway ; which has been remembered to his preju- " dice," p. 155 : for it is what was never heard of in Denmark ; nor could that thought have been confident with fuch a King's great wifdom. I mull, for thefe rcaions, beg the Author's par- don, if I do not give an entire belief to his characters ; and the Readers, for my not giving any of the fame perfens mvfclf : but with a very iho;t defcriptioo of the couit conclude this Chapter. The King of Denmark's great and royal qualities make him univerfallv beloved bv his people ; and the Queen, by her good- nefs, obliges them to the fame affe£tion, and makes her difference in opinion from them fcarce difccrniblc. Frederick the Prince Ro^al, in his late travels, where-ever he came, appeared acconi- plifhcd and very gracious ; and at home he ii admired, tor having fuch a temper as will follow his father's example, and purfue his defigns for the eafe and prpfperity of his fubjefts. Prince Chi illian has all the vigour and gaiav of youth ; and the two younger •Princes Charles and William give great hopes, agreeable to their relpctlive ages; and the Princefs Sophia {Jedewig has all that beaury and fweetnefs, which will one day render fpme voting Prince luppy. The minifliprs of ltate, who compofe the council', as Guldenlew, Reventlaw, &c. are perfdns of honour and fide- lity to their mallei ; by whole advice affairs are fo managed, that he has love at home, and honour abroad. Though the cpurl not all that luxury which mav he in fome moie Southern climates, yet there is decency and a fuffieient grandeurs nor is it flramje that a warlike Prince and nation mould exjprefs their magnifi Account of Denmark; . ,13 by things fuitable, as the attendance of horfe and foot guards, kettle-drums, and trumpets ; and confequently that the King's diverfions mould be the reviewing of his troops, or hunting in its proper feafon, as an cxercife becoming a foldier. Thefe occafiort frequent removals of the court ; which can go no where to a finer place than Frederickfburg, which, though it be not built after the modern architecture, yet .may be efteemed one of the plca- fanteft palaces in Europe. The ladies likewife have their diver- fions ; not only in the hunting of deer and fwans, but the nicer ones of their fleds, mufick, mafquerades, and comedies. To in- creafe the grandeur of the court, the King has two orders of knighthood. The firit, being that of the Elephant, is given only to foreign Princes, or fubjects of the higheft deferts and qualities. The other, which is the order of Danebroge, was inltituted long ago ; but not, as our Author fays, " by one King Dan, who " faw a white crofs with red edges defcend from heaven, and " and thereupon instituted the order," p. 178. For Kin^ Waklemar II, fighting againfl the Inlanders in the year 1*19, faw, or pretended to fee, this banner defcend from heaven, which was followed by a great victory ; and in remembrance of this, the order of Danebroge was instituted. This was laid afidc a. great while, but revived by his prefent Majefty. The knights are inferior to thofe of the Elephant ; yet they are both fewer in number, p. 179, and greater in honour by far, than the baronets in England. As to the rank and precedency of all great officers and other perfons, the Author has given us an ordonnance in French con- cerning it, which was published in 1680. It is true that his ac- count is to rcpreferft Denmark as it flood in 1692. However, ic is itrange that fo curious and exact a man mould have no cor* refpondence there from 92 till 94, when his Book was publiflied; for then he might have known that, by a new ordonnance, dated nth of February, 1693, this old ordonnance of our Author's is" altered in abundance of particulars, fo that he has nine whole pages of hi* Book, that, by his negligence, are entirely good for nothing. r o i.ti I C H A P, H4 AtflMADVEHSIOtt S ON THE CHAP. XII. The Difpofiticn and Inclinations of the King of Denmark toward bis Neighbours. THIS Chapter fcems to labour under the fame difficulties with the former r for, as we fte the intercfts of Princes arc changeable, fo are their inclinations ; upon which reafon I (hall leave him to dive into the hearts of' men and the cabinets of Princes, and only fee whether his rrstter- of faft be abfolutely true : for, that being the foundation, according as that appears, we (hall \x able to give our opinion of "his fuperftru&ore. Firft, as this Author is a mighty lover of feditions within a kingdom, fo he is of animofities and quarrels without : there- fore his prefage is very common, and often repeated, N That " there-will be a frefli war between Denmark and Sweden." Bur; on the contrary, they rather grow greater friends every day than other ; nor has there been a ftri&er alliance between thofe crowns than is at prefent, which has been lately renewed by folemn treaties. Secondly, " Whenever," fays he, "we pleafe to carefs the one ** at the expence of the other, this feeming knot will difcover the " weaknefsof the contexture, and probably diifolve of itfelf," p. 192. T-hefe two- Princes are not to be fuppofed to break folemn oaths imd trearies for a little intereft that may be proffered them by England and Holland : and we faw this laft year, when the Dane? ftopt the Dutch (hips in the Sound, the Swede, although never ft) much careffed, could not be prevailed with to go off from the King of Denntark's intereft, or take any other party ; but con- tributed what he could, to procure a fatisfa£tion for his confederate. Thirdly, ""That- the alli2hce, by the King of Sweden's having " married the other's fifter, is not of any moment towards a good ** correfpondence," p» 192,. is not altogether fo certain; for ttih Queen, whilft me lived, was the greateft tie between thefe twe nations. She was the delight of them both; and "that not without reafon, for fee had all the accomplishments of piety, wifdom,- g'oodnefs, and all other virtues : fo that Sweden loves Denmark for nothing more than the having received from thence a Queen for whom they had fo great a veneration. Fourthly, he wrongs the King of Sweden, when he- fays, p. 193, u that he (hewed colclnefs and indifference enough to his Q^jeen."' He " a virtuous Prince," ibid, and (he " an accomplifiicd M Princely ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. ir 5 *' Princefs," ibid. ; and yet ".coldnefs and indifference !" What is this but a contradiction ? But the matter of fact is this, that never a greater love and efteem could be had for a Queen, than this King had for his ; which was manifestly enough fhewn by the deep affliction her death threw him into, fa that he would fcarce admit of confolation : and Sweden never heard of fuch a fumptuoufnefs and magnificence as that wherewith her burial was accompanied. Fifthly, whatever he ominates concerning " the Swedes avoid- " ing a farther matrimonial tie with Denmark," p. 193 ; yet it is true, that the general report of the world is concerning a double marriage, between the Prince Royal of Denmark and the Princely of Sweden, as alfo between the Prince Royal of Sweden and the Princefs of Denmark. If fo, where is this Gentleman's aflu ranee of the impoffibility of a farther matrimonial tie 5 or the certainty of the Prince of Holftein's being contracted to the Princefs of Sweden, whom he falftly calls, p. 193, " the only daughter of the " King of Sweden;" this King having two Princerles living by the lately deceafed Queen ? Sixthly, as the Author is pretty near, in gueffing that " the " King of Denmark would not fit down with the Duke of Zcll's ** thrulting himfelf into the Dutchy of Saxe Lunenburg ;" fo he is out of the way, when he fays that f' the King of Sweden " would uphold the Lunenburg family, though fecretly :" for the Swede was one of the chief mediators that made the Duke of Zell demolifh Ratzeburg latt year, and give the. King of Den- mark the fatisfaction which he defined. Seventhly, when he fays, " that the Duke of HolRcin has, by '.' the lifter of the King of Denmark, illue, a very hopeful Prince ;" one mould think he has no more iffue than this only Ion : yvher^s the Duke of Holftein has feveral children of both iexes. CHAP. XIIT, The Manner of diffojfeflng and rejloring the Duke of HoIJcin Cottorp. ANY one whe reads this and the foregoing Chapter will fee the Author's penality for the Duke of Holftein. Hz £scms to have undertaken his caufe, and to difplay it in all its I z beft tttf ANTMADVERSiaNS ON THE befl colours and brightnefs. It were an eafy thing, in anfwer W all this, to tranfcribe the King of Denmark's manifefto upon this occafion ; which thofe who are curious may confult if they pleafe, it having been fpread about all Germany. But I fhall avoid meddling with any justification of the King of Denmark upon this account : the reafon is, becaufe there is at prefent an entire reconciliation between the King and his brother-in-law the Duke ; and laft year they met together with great friendlhip in Holftem. Now reconciliation clears up a thoufand things, which diftruft, jealoufy, or Hiifunderftanding, may have caft before one 1 : what heretofore- may have feemed unkind or unjuft, then will ap- pear to have been neceflary ; but, efpecialiy upon the renewing of friendlhip> there fhould be no j unification of former proceed- ings made by either party ; for fuch julhfication fhews as if the breach were not thoroughly repaired, and will give a handle for future difputes and difficulties : fince no reconcilement will be perfect, but fuch as carries along with it an entire oblivion of paft differences and all their circumftanees. CHAP. XIV. The Inter ejls of Denmark in relation to other Princes. I SHALL be very fhort in relation to this Chapter, becaufe it is of the fame nature with the former. What hd fays of Denmark, that " it refemBTes' a'monfter', that *' is all head and no body, all fo'ldiers and no fubjecls," p. 224, has been fufficiently confuted. However, if I were to have a monfter, Twouhf rather have One that is all head and no body, than fuch a one as he would make, which is all body and no head. Neither am I of opinion that Denmark bears no greater pro- portion to France than " the little republick of St. Marino does Jaco- baaus, Olaus Romerus, Paul Vindingius, John Brunfmannqs, ant? many others ; who tleferve no lefs praife than the ucccalcd, it their modefly would permit it to be given them. Their learning is preferved and cultivated among them, by their public examinations, difputations, and lectures in all arts and fciences j and their want of printed tranflations fhews their very great improvement : for the Danes, generally understanding Latin, Englilh, French, Italian, and German languages, have no occafion for them ; and yet in the public library there are abundance -of tranflations of all forts, of both ancient and modem authors. Printing is indeed much dearer than in Holland and Germany, which is the reafon why the " Atlas Danicus" of Petrus Rcfenivis lies fairly written in the library ; the nobility and gentry have likewiie their libraries in very good order ; and there is nothing that I can find wanting, but fatirical pamphlets and feditious libels. The Author fays, " there is no invention here, or tolerable " imitation of what is brought in to them by ltrangers," p. 255. But I cannot believe it, when I hear that Thomas Bartholinus- e h*s November r66o, to Oflober 1666, he fperit'erit'irely on his travel', through •Germany, Holland, England, France, and Italy ; and contra&ed an in- timacy with the moil eminent men in each kingdom. On his return to Denmark, he relumed his profefibrihip ; was made a counfellor in the fupreme council of juftice iri 1686, and of the royal chancery in 16S9. He died Oft. 3, 1690. « Born at Copenhagen, Oft. 20, 1616; he died Dec. 4, i6go. — His father (named Cafpar) was eminently diftinguiihed both as a phyficia'n and a divine. He was born Feb. 12, 1 585, and was remarkable for his early capacity. In his thirteenth year, he cornpofed Greek and Latin ©rations, and pronounced them publicly. He was offered rive profetfor.fhip of anatomy at Naples, and of Greek at Sedan ; \n\t refuted k>th. He took his doctor's d*grpe in phyfick *t P*iua 1q r6ri. On his -re coxvinsed of the contrary by the harp of Signor Arnoldo. But what need I fpeak farther of the Danes ? The verv Jflanders, whofe country was the Thule of the ancients, are not without their learning. Their Law-book in their own language Iwjs- feveral things conformable ro the great wifdonro? the Imperial laws, as Angrirr.us tells us. " Konunga Sagurnc 1 ' contains their Hiffory. **. Edda and Scalda" gives an account of their ancient philofophy and poetry, ffcew; the art and fable of the one, and the mifery of the ether. They have likewife cluonology frorrt 740 to 1293. Nor are they wanting in the more refined art& of* Copenhagen, he was appointed profefibr of the Latin tongue, and in t6ij profjflbr of medicine; which having held eleven years, he was feizect with a fevere fit of illnefs ; in which he vowed, if he mould recover, to> apply himfelf to no other ftudy than divinity; and he kept his promifc. He was appointed profeflbr of* divinity, March 12, 1624; and had the canonry of Rofchild. He died July 13, 1629. * This was Caiu: Gabriel Cibber, a native of Holbein, who czmz inta> England fome time before the Reftoration. He was the fon of a cabinet- maker to the King of "Denmark, and was bcrn at Her.fbury in tbe ye2r 1630. Difccvcring a talent for fculpture, he was fent to Rome at his - Sovereign's cxpertce. After his arrival in England, he worked for John Stone. He had the appointment of carver ro the King's clofet ; and. died in the year 1700, near the age of 70, leaving amonjft oth=r children the late Poet Laureat Colley Cibber. The moit capital of his Works are the two figures of raving and melancholy Madr.efs, before the front of Bedlam. The bat- reliefs on two fides of the Monument are of his hand, as is one of the two fine vafss at Hampton Court, faid to be done in competition with a foreigner who executed the other ; but nobody has pointed out Gibber's. He alfo carved mcf- of the fcitic cf the Kings - round the Royal Exchange, and that of Sir Thomas Gremam in the Piazza beneath. The firit Duke of Devon/hire enrployed him much at Chatfworth, whtre a great many of his performances are to be fe«n. H^ alfo built the Danifh Church in London ; and was bured there hirv. :»). >ith his fecond wife, fcr who-m a monuTiem: was erected in 1696, fc pa-r'-.v: ti8 ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE poetry and comedy, as rriav appear by the " Drama Eroticon ;'* and the verfes made in the IflanJifh tongue, and about the begin- ning of this century, upon Chriftian Frirs the chancellor of Den- mark. Runolphus Jonas, having ftudicd the Iflandim language, found it fo fulh proper, and cxpreilive of the Latin, efpecialTy the thoughts and beauties of Virgil and Horace, that he thought him- fclf bound in jirftice to compofe a Grammar for the more cafy at- taining of it ; which he printed, and has been fince re-printed at Oxford with Dr. Hickes's Saxon Grammar. But to go yet far- ther : even Greenland has its annals ; and the parts which are fartheft North are not without fomc pretentions to the Bella Lett res. When he comes to the Uhivcrfity of Copenhagen, he com- pares it, p. 253, with thefe of England; which may exceed it. However, in refpeft of other foreign Univerfities, it yields to few, either for its buildings, revenues, ot ftudents. The auditories, Colleges, and other edifices, belonging to this univcrfiry ; - are as good and fubftantnd as any houfes, except the palaces, in Copen- hagen ; and the p'rofcflbrs have fine and convenient houfes al- lotted for their rcfidence. The revenues likewife are confider- abfe, both for the maintaining of fcholars that fludy at home, or travel abroad. There are feveral colleges, as that called Col- legium Regium built by King Chriftian IV, where a hundred iti'.dents have their lodgings, to which belongs anothef houfe, tailed Cornmunitas Regia, where as many have their diet; and during their meals have frequent exercifes. There is alfo Collegium Walkendorphiariu'm, founded by a Daniffi nobleman ; and Collegium Medicxum, founded by Dr. Borrichiu's ; fplcndidly endowed for fixteen fellows in each of them. There arc fevefal exhibitions likewife for fcholars, fomc to refule and fome to travel, which they call StipettJia, as Stipen- dium FriJJanum, Scheclianum, Winjlrupianum, Hopnerianum, &c. With thefe alliftances, the Univerfity flourilhcs ; and it receives encouragement from his Majcfty, who was particularly pleafed to be prefent at an aft performed upon his birth-day, in the year 1 69 1, when the Reftor Dr. Oligerus Jacobaeus made him a fpcech, to thank him for fome favours conferred upon the Univerfity^ For, fince Pliny and Pacatus's time, panegvricks have been thought due to good Princes j and if a King will do great things, he mult pardori ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. r 29 pardon his fubje&s when gratitude makes them eloquent in the relation of them. There was formerly another Univerfity, at Sora ; but, p, 456, " the King hat! occafion for its revenues ,- and in its ftead there is u only a fmall Grammar-fchool erected." It was ruined by the Swedes in the late wars, and pillaged of its libraries and all things elfe that belonged to it ; fo that the King of Denmark has thought fit to let it be a fchool only, and in its room has erected an academy in Copenhagen, where young gentlemen and perfons of quality learn riding and feveral exercifes, as well as other fciences. This has its profeilbrs, and was folemnly inaugurated upon the King's birth-day in 1692. The provifions for the poor are regular and confidcrable. Holpitals there are in every city, very good and fufficient : nor ihall he fhew many examples of iuch as have been diverted to other ufes, p. 257 j and efpecially " not public ones." The Author concludes this Chapter with a very great enco- mium of the Danilh people, p. 257; " where every one keeps " the ordinary beaten road of fenfe ; and you fee no madmen, " natural fools, fanciful folks, or cnthufiafts ;" for thefc are the people that generally create uneahnefs and diflurbances. And I will allure the Author, that, ever fince I firft read his Book, when I have been troubled with " a fanciful fool" that I could not in good manners get rid of, I have often wiihed myfolf in. Denmark. ^&&& THE CONCLUSION. THE Author's conclufion is a panegvrickupon Popery, France, and Turkev. Popery has this to fay for itfelf, " That it is not the only re- " ligion that introduces flavery j for he is perfuaded that other " religions, and particularly the Lutheran, lucceed as effectually " in this defign," p. 258. Belides, Popery has a farther plea, " That King James's attempt to bring it into England was the " principal thing which refcued our liberties from being fwal- u lowed up," p. 259. But the third thing excellent in it is, " becaufe the dependence which the Romifh clergy have on the " church of Rome caufes often a claihing of interefts, and dero- " gates from the entire obedience the fubjec~t owes to the prince," Vo L. I. K p- 260. 1 j15 A N I M A D V E R S I N S ON THE p. a6o. So that whereas he fays, p. 136, " Popery has bo " darling of many monarchs, upon the account of introducing " (lavery; it is this Author's darling, becaufe it railcs ** ware " and tumults." Fiance is put next into the fcalfe with Denmark, and made to cAitweigh it, " becaufe that Ki: lis are better treated j " and there is a Name of a parliament at Paris, and a formal 14 demand of a benevolence, which thev have not the power to " deny," p. 261. But the true reafon is, "becaufe, the King of «■* Fiance having quarreled with the coin'' of Rome, bis clergy " (if he were reduced to a lower ebb) might produce divitionn "and diftuibances." So, in this Author's Opinion, France is happier than Denmark, becauie there is greater probability that it may lie under the misfortunes of a civil war. Then comes Turkey ; which has fuHercd bv fame writers, but, lie fays, will fcarce feem to dciei \ e it, if compared whh Denmark; ** for the Turks have conquered the Chrillians, and have a fort, ** off barbarous right to ufc them ill : vet thev never perfecute " them upon account of conicicncc. Tliey fuffer them for the " moil part to inhabit their own lands j it is true, the propriety " of all lands is in the Grand Seignior ; but whether it be no: " better to be only a farmer at an eafy rent, than to have the name. " of a proprietor without a comfortable fubfiftence, he loaves the " Reader to judge," p. 262. The Alcoran, or Turkiih law, declares the barbarous right which our Author mentions, in thefe words: " When you meet \vith infidels, cut off their heads, kill " them, take diem prisoners, bind them, till cither von think ** fit to give them liberty, or thev pay their ranfom." Sir Paul Rycaut is an Author of credit, who dcicribes to us that fort of toleration- which the Turks give the Chriftian religion : " Thcy ** know they cannot force mens wills and confeiences, nor cap- " tivate their minds as well as bodies : DUt what means mav be •' ttfed to render them contemptible, to make them poor, their ** lives uncomfortable, and the ihtefieft of their religion weak and " defpicable, are prattiled with divers arts and tyranny; their ** toleration of C'hriilianity is rather to afflict and perfecute it, " than any grant of favour and difpenfation." The Grand Seig- nior may take their efhucs from them if he pleafes whilft they live ; and all people know there is no fuch thing as inheritance of land in Turkey at their death. Let therefore the Reader jud^c,, 1 ACCOUNT OF DENMARK. i.i judge, what Chriftian would not rather live in Turkey, than enjoy the tree ufe of rhc Protectant Religion, and have hif. property fecured inviolably to hi i rile If and heirs, as he may do in Der.mark ! " Children are indeed in Turkey forced r.v.av from their poor '• CluifHaa parents;" but, fays the Author, " it is fci " worldly profit : and fo, bating the point of religion, it is a far f* lei's mifcliief to deprive parents of their children, rh.m to leave " a charge upon their hands after having taken away the pof- " fibility of nourilhing and educating them," p. 263. I profefs, upon reading this paragraph, I enquired how many children were ftarved every week in Copenhagen ; and whether there were not greater quantities that died for want throughout all Sealand. I alked whether there were not abundance of famifned infants, that their parents would be glad to part with for fkeletons upon reafonable terms. But, being refolved, that there was pap and milk-porridge, and the like, in tbofe places ; and that the chil- dren, when they cried, had as much bread and butter as is ufual in other countries ; I refolved with myfelf, that my children mould rather go to Denmark, with all its inconveniences, than be circumcifed or made eunuchs, upon the hopes of coming one clay to be calmacan, or grand vilir. I wonder mo ft how our Author ever came to like Turkey ; fince I do not find that lie has any hopes or ailurances from the mufti, that any rebellion fliall be railed there fpeedily. Come we now to the grand querv, " Whether matters are like *' to laft at the fame rate they are now at in Denmark t" p. 2(4. Our Author would willingly have it refolved in the negative ; and gives important reafons why it fhould be fo : and more important why it fhould not be fo. Let us fee his felf-encounter at pro and con, and the mighty tumults and buftles raifed in our Author's " fallacious judgement," p. 264. Firft, " That natural love of liberty, eminent in the antient ¥ Goths and Vandals, pcrfuade him to think of a change," ib. But, alas ! the love of liberty (which was that of knight-errantry and rambling to feek their fortunes in foreign countries) b.ing now quite extinct in the North, they find fufficient conveniences at home, where obedience to their prince fecures their cafe, and is preferred by them before " thofe brifk traverfes" (as he calls them) which " commotions would occafion," p. 267. So love of liberty might do fomething, but that duty prevails. Well, K t but i 3 2 ANIMADVERSIONS, kc. but again, " may not the frelhnefs and ncwnefs of this alteration "of their condition produce an alteration in the government?" p. 265. Why, truly no ; becaufe he tinds it to have little or no influence upon the people, who are wonderfully well pleafed both with one and the other. So that, if the father ihould pro- pole any methods of change to his fon, " he would not be heard " bv him with patience," p. 268. But, however, to try again : " What mould hinder the Swedes, who have their eye upon " Denmark, from introducing liberty ?" p. 266. Why truly, " they ufe their own fubje&s fo ill, and there is fuch a fixt " hatred betwixt thefe two nations, that the Danes are refolved to «« keep them out as long as they are able," p. 268. The lait hope then is " in the numeroufnefs of the royal family ; for, there " being four princes, it will be rare if concord be maintained " anions; them all," p. 266. And thence fomething in favour of liberty might arife. It is a thoufand pities that matters mould not be brought to this pafs : but fuch is the wickednefs of this curfed ioil, " that thofe jealouhes which ufe to rtign in the fami- u lies of princes are not fo common nor fatal in thefe parts as u elfewhere," p. 270... Befides, there is a terrible thing, called " Unity of Religion," p. 268, which fpoils all manner of hopes, and " cuts away the very root of fedition." So then the fum of the grand controverfy amounts to this, That the government of Denmark might be fhaken, were it not fupported by a rum fe- curity from foreign attempts ; bv a mutual concord in the royal family ; by the cafe, content, loyalty, and religion of the fubjeft ; in a word, by all the bleilings and cements which make govern- ments " happy," and consequently will render this of Denmark *' hxt and durable." Since nothing hitherto will do the work ; what if this Author could get his " Account" tranflated into the Daniih tongue ? Might not that, when publifhed, have " fo *» bl-lltil an clil-ft," as to occafion a change, not only " in their ** condition, but alio in their matters?" Why, truly, whatever his aim may have been nearer home, and though it has been printed in Englifh, yet he has not perfuaded his countrymen to en- deavour an alteration in either of theirs. So that, if the prefent irate of both kingdoms be fixt and durable, then his Book (poor Gentleman !) has loft its dehgn, and he his labour! DIALOGUES DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD, RELATING TO The prefent Controver sy CONCERN I N G The Epiftlcs of P H A L A R I S: To which are prefixed, A Short Account of that famous Controve-rsv; And Two Letters from Dr. King to the Honourable Charles Boyle. To which is alfo annexed, ANOTHER DIALOGUE OF THE DEAD, of an earlier Date, and on a different Subject . The " Dialogues of the Dead, Sec." were written in felf-dcfence j and, I prefuipe, with modefty. Dr. King's Preface to his Mifcellanics. K 3 « Nee procul hinc partem fufi monitrantur in omncrn u Lugentes campi ; fie illos nomine dicunt. " Hie, quos durus 9m6r ciu.leii tabe peredit, " Secreti celant calles, et myrtea circum u Sylva regit. Cuue non ipi'a in morte relinquunt." Vihgil, Atoew. lib. vi. fer. 440. Nov far from thence, the Mournful Fields appear, So call'd from lovers that inhabit there. The fouls, whom that unhappy flame invades, In fecret folitude and myrtle fhades, Make endlefs moans, and, pining with defire, Lament too late their unextinguiih'd lire. D R Y D E n's Tranf. " File genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles, " Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis, " Iluique, Affaraculque, et Troja; Dardanus auclor. " Anna procul, currufque virum miratur inanes. '• Stant terra, defixap haftse, patsimque foluti " Per enmpum pafcuntur equi. Qua; gratia currum ** Armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura nitentes u Pafcere equo% eadem fequitur tellure repoftos." Ibid. ver. 648. Here found they Teucer's old heroic race ; Born better times and happier years to grace. Aifaracus and Ilus here enjoy Pferpetlial fame 1 , with him who founded Troy. The chief beheld their chariots from afar j Their ihining arms and courfers train'd to war. Their launces fix'd in earth, their fteeds around, Free fiom their harnefs, graze the flowery ground. The love of horfes which they had alive, And care of chariots after death furvive. DryDEN*. C 135 3 A SHORT ACCOUNT O F THE CONTROVERSY ON PHALARIS. ON the death of Mr. Juftel, Dr. Richard Bentley was nominated keeper of the Royal Library at St. James's : his warrant for that place paffed the Secretary's office Dec. 23, 1693 ; and he had his patent in April 1694. I f was about this time, and upon this occafion, that the famous difpute between him and the honourable Mr. Boyle, whether the Epiftles of Phalaris were genuine or not, in fome meafure, at firfr. took rife ; which occasioned fo many books and pamphlets, and made fo rtuch noife in the world. It mav be of ufe, therefore, to give an account of the motives and rife of this difpute. The zeal of Dr. Aldrich f , dean of Chrifl Church, in ad- vifiing the young ftudents to publifh editions of the daffies, is well known ; a zeal, which, however 1 it may have been cen- furecl, was undoubtedly on many accounts commendable, and was of fome ufe and credit to the y.>ung editors. Amongfl: other publications, he defired Mr. Boyle S to put out a new edition of Phalaris h , who readily fet about it ; but, wanting to confuk a Mf. Phalaris in the King's Library, fent to Mr. Bennet, Book- feller in London, to get him the Mf. by applying for it to Dr. Bentley in his name. After earneft folicitation, and great de- lays • for many months, Mr. Bennet at laft got poffeffion of the Mf. ; who, imagining there was no great hurry to return it, did not immediately fet the Collator [Mr. Gibfon] to work upon it. But Dr. Bentley being to go a journey into Worcefrerfhire at that time for fix months ; about fix days after the Mf. had been * See fome particulars of Dr. Bentley, vol. III. p. 297. t Of whom, fee vol. III. p. 297. S This young nobleman had already publimed « The Life ofLyfander,"-' from the Greek of Plutarch. See more of him, vol. III. p. 297. h See Boyle againft Bentley, p. 2. i In the Epiftles of Phalaris examined, the Doctor aflerts, he had it la a month alter he was Library keeper ; and that it was offered voluntarily, p. xviii. alfo p. 66 : and fays, he informed him how foon he Aould want it ; p. xxi. and 66. Vo L i I. K 4. delivered. i;6 A S H O R T ACCO U NT OF delivered, he called for it again, and would by no means be pre- vailed upon to let Mr. Bennet have the ufe of it any longer, though he told him the collation was not perfected k ; and denied his requeft in a very rude manner ', throwing out many flighting and dif- paraging exprelTions, both of Mr. Boyle and the work. This is the cafe as told by Mr. Bennet, Dr. King, Mr. Boyle, fcc. who, thinking hirnfclf ill ufed, toward the end of his Preface, where he is giving fome account of the edition of Phalaris, and the Mil", confulted in it, added the following words : Collatas e'.iam ( A mod admirable Differtation on the proper fubjecls for Dial^oe- wiiting, and the manner in which it fhoulJ be fuccefsfully executed, is prefixed to the Fourth Edition of Bp. Hurd's " Moral and Political Dia- " logues j" a work which is itfelf the beft proof of the propriety of ths rules it (o accurately delineates — Lord Lyttelton's M Dialogue? of the " Dead" have been alfo much and defervedly commended, Dl A- [ 145 3 DIALOGUE L INTRODUCTION. CHARO N L YCOPHRON, Lycoph. IITHY, Charon, what did you bring hither laft Y V week ? Charon. Ay* what indeed ! I am like to lofe my place for it. I hear there is fuch a ftir among the Criticks, that the three judges have much ado to ratify bonds of arbitration between them. But pray tell me what I have done ; for I am ignorant of my own crime. Lycoph. Why you brought over young Schrevelius ; and he had with him the Works of the fnarling Critick Bentivoglio. Char. I cannot tell whofe Works they were; but I am fure they were confounded heavy. They had like to. have funk my fculler. — But I hope the troubles are compofed on this fide the water. Lycoph. No, worfe than ever; it is a mercy that no blood can be fpilt among them j and, having no weapons, they cannot, come to daggers-drawing. Char. Pray what may be the reafons of their diffentions ? Lycoph. Why, fome are of your opinion, that indeed Ben- tivoglio is a keaty Writer ; and fay farther* " That he is too " bulky, and too tedious ; that he argues upon trifles with too " great gravity, and manages ferious things with as much light- u nefs ; that he has pillaged Authors to gain a reputation, but " has fo managed his contrivance that he has loft his end." In fhort, there are mighty deputations whether he has leaft wit, judgement, or good-manners. Rhadamanthus is their umpire j who, finding the cafe difficult, has taken a confiderable time to deliberate concerning it. Char. But pray, Sir, what do you fay to this affair ? Lycoph. Why indeed I am not wholly impartial in this matter ; for Bentivoglio has very much obliged m» throughouc his Works. He has imitated me even without reafon ; for, as it was njj choice, fo bis natural genius leads him to be unint&Ui- Vol. I. L glblc. i 4 6 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. giblc. A man may as foon undcrfland his Latin as his Eiigliih,. and his Englifh as my Greek : his profe is as fantaftic as my, vcrfe ; and my prophecies carry more light with them than his demon- ft rat ions. Char. Why then he may have more worrh and learning in. him than the generality of mortals can eafily comprehend. Lycoph. That is poffiblc : but it is harder to (larch for them than to dig in the mines of Potofi. The great Dionyfius has found his worth; I mean, the lame Dionyfius, who, from being* tyrant of Syracufc, became a fchool-mafter and a pedant. He, Upon reading Bentivoglio's Diflertation upon Johannes Antio- chenus c , wherein he had flatted a new observation about the mealur.es of Anap;efuc vcrfe, has called a hundred little youthful Shades, that had formerly mif-fpent their time through the neg- ligence of their fathers and the fondnefs of their mothers, to come ail under his corre&ion, where, brandi/Iiing his wooden autho- rity, he commands them to fcan Anapseftic verfes j and, if they find any vcrfe ending with a fhort Syllable, they are immediately, right or wrong, to correct ir, under the fevere penalty of com- mitting two pages of Bentivoglio's Works to their memory. Buchanan, who was likewife a fchool-mafter of great fenfe and parts, though of much pafiion, has fent for a detachment of School- boys from Grotius, and another from Scaligcr, which, with foim numbers from his own country, and the moderns, he has drawn* up again it Dionyfius : and this latter Squadron affirm, that th* lait lyllable of an Anapajftic verSe may be ihort, notwithstanding Bentivoglio's DiSfeuation. Proferpinc only knows the event of thefe troubles ; for, till this matter be decided, Poetry muft ly*~ ftill, fince in Such dubious times no perSon can make an Ana- paftic verfe with any Safety. Char. Very true, Sir; a ruiftake in fucb a quantity may be o£ fatal confequence. Lycoph. But, Charon, the heat of my difcourfe had almoffc made mc forget the very bufinefs I had with you. I have fom* requefts to you from the Emperor Claudius : he is extremely enamoured with the- Works of Bentivoglio ; and has fet forth hir edict concerning Some important matters, which, if you pleafe, 1 will read to you : « CLAUDIUS, To the lovers of the bel/es « See Benttey's Diflertation or) Phalaris, p. 131—14?. ' " Uttiss, DIALOGUE I. 147 w lettres, greeting. All the world know how much I was con- cerned, and what brave and valiant things I acted, for the grandeur of the Roman Empire. But my greateft glory was the adding of letters to the Roman alphabet ; and it (hall be the utmoft of my endeavours to eftablifli the purity of the languages, and the exactnefs of fpelling, throughout all nations. Therefore, confidering the great fervice which the mod famous; Bcntivoglio has done his native country, by raifing the credit of feveral admirahle proverbs ; I do order all perfons to ufe the fame as often or oftener than they have occafion ; for nothing can be more edifying than the following maxims — ThatLeucon carries one thing, and his afs another d — A man of courage and fpkit fhould not go with finger in eye to tell his ftory e — A bungling tinker makes two holes while he mends one f . — I like- wife, by the fame authority, order, that, in all Books and Pre- faces whatfoever, fuch words be ufed as have received the ftamp of that great Author j for I do declare and " concede," that we ought to " repudiate" whatever is " commentitious ;" but that to " aliene" what is " vernacular" is the " putid negoce of a timid idiom 8." I have moreover taken into my ferious conn- deration the duty of true fpelling; and do order and command, that no fchool-miftrefs, writing-maftcr, gentleman, young lady, or others, do, by virtue or under pretence of any Mctathefis, Syncope, Metaftoichie, Synecdoche h , or any other figure whatfoever, prefume to write " cruds" for " curds," " Delphos" for " Delphi," " ynuph" for " enough," " yf" for " wife '." But more particularly, that no one prefume to ufe " co- temporary" for " contemporary k ;" the letter N being in that place of the utmoft importance. But he may with delight and plcafure to his Readers tranfgrefs the rules of Orthography, and ufe the word " cogratulate '" in a jocoie fenfe, as it is ap- plied in the Writings of the molt excellent Author before men- tioned. All this I eftablifli, under the penalty of Bentivoglio's irrefiftible criticifm, and our utmoft difpleafure." — This edict Claudius defires may be fet up beyond the Stygian Lake, that th« Shades may know how to act when they come hither. d Diff. P . 75. c p. 39 . f p. 7S . g p. gj. h Faraaby's Rhetorick, ' Difl". p. 92. k P, S5, » Ibid, L 2 Char, S4» DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. Char. Sir, your requeft fhall be complied with : but I muft make hade away ; for you know I am expected with impatience. If thefe are the difputes of the perfons of belles lettres, I am fure an honeft fkuller lofes precious time and tide whilft he flays to hear them. DIALOGUE II. impudence: or, the sophist. PHALARIS — THE SOPHIST. Phal. T AM told lately, finee the coming over of Schreveliu?,. J- wherever I go, that you lay claim to my Epiftles, and fay they were written by you. SoPH. Perhaps I may have done fo, Sir, without offence. Phal. Without offence ! Shall a Prince be rifled of his honour by a Pedant ? be told to his face that his Works arc not his own g Daggers, bulls, and torments ! Soup. Not fo angry, good Sir: you know that here in the. Shades all perfons are equal. Befules, Sir, it was always my humour to plume myfelf with borrowed feathers ; and I never knew that the cuckow did not lye-in as decently as other birds, though fhe never put herfelf to the trouble of building her neft. And befides, Sir, though Bentivoglio took whole padages from Nevelet and Vizzanius r yet they make no disturbance amongft the Shades — but here is fuch a ftir becaufe I am pleafed to own your Epiftles ! Phal. Were you in the other world, you would not have dared to have talked fo to me. Soph. Nay, were you in the other world, Bentivoglio would not have fpoken as he has done of you. Phal. Impudence in perfection ! Could fuch a wretch as tho» waft be able to cxprefs fuch things as I have done ? That " ho- " nour of learned men and efteem of good," that " fcorn of my (: enemies," that " bounty to my friends," that " knowledge of (( life, and contempt of death » ?" Do not my thoughts flow with i" Sir William Temple's Efiays. 7 freedom, DIALOGUE II. 149 freedom, and my native fiercenefs give vigour to my words, and animate all my expreffions ? Soph. Thefe arguments might convince another pevfon ; and perhaps you wrote fuch a book indeed : but I have encourage- ment to take it upon mc ; and I will take it upon me. Phal. What arc the reafons by which you will convince other people that my Epiftles are vours ? Soph. Look you, Sir, I am refelved to own them ; and, how- ever improbable the thing maybe, I have a Doftor to ftand by mc. And then, Sir, I (hall endeavour to pacify you with reafons, if .that will do it. My arguments are from " die uncertainty of the " time" in which you lived ; and confcquently of fuch perlors who might be your " cotemporaries," b?:caufe you know there could never have been two of the fame name. Another argu- ment I draw from the names of Sicilian towns and villages j which, amongfl the variety of little commonwealths and changes of principalities, muff, needs be the moft certain rule imaginable to judge of time by, becaufe we know the greateft nations are in difpute concerning thdr own originals. Then you, who are a Dorian, pretend to write Attic, which is as abfurd as if a Berwick-man mould write Englilh ; and laftly, you have four ** layings," and fix <* words," thatwjre not ufed till feveral ages after you were born, as I am credibly informed. Phal, Well, have you any more arguments? Soph. Yes, Sir; I lhall throw you in one argument more, that mull confound you. Throughout all your Epiftles, " there «' is not one word relating to the old gentlewoman your Mother, ** which a man of your benevolence and affeclion to your family "could hardly have omitted ,• and in your Letters to your Son, -** there is no mention made either of the voung man's duty to his " grandmother, or of her love to him ; and in your Letters to «« your Wife, there is as great a hlence about the mother's kindnefs *•* to her daughter-in-law." Betides, " whereas all the ancients *' ufed to date their Letters, yours are without any note, place, or *■ time, that one cannot tell where or when they were written '." Phal. Radamanthus, grant me patience ! Soph. Stay, Sir; but one word more. — You fay the Epiftles are " your own :" I fay they are " my own ;" and that Bentivoglio has proved them to be iu, by arguments that are " his own." » Did", p. 523. L 3 DIA- 15© DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. DIALOGUE III. MODERN ATCHIEVEMENTS. BUTCHER— HERCULES. Butch. TXT" EL L, for all your bludering, were wc in the V V other world, I would not have turned my back to you ; and, if I had had but a quarter-daft", I would have ventured you with vour club for coming in with me. Herc. Did not I cleanfc the Augean dablc:, and conquer the bull of Marathon ? Butch. And I have flaved and tailed at the Bank-fide ° when the flouted He would not venture. Was itj not I that, when Tom Dove broke loofe, and drove the mob before him, took him by the ring, and led him back to the ftakc, with the univerfal fliouts of the company ? Bcfulcs, I qucdion whether you ever faw a bull- dog. Herc You talk of mean performances : but I fubdued the Laeftngons, who ufed to banquet upon man's flefh j and dedroyed horfes, that, after they had eaten the meat from a human body, would crafh the bones as other palfries do horle-beans. Perhaps, you never heard of thefe dories. Butch. Not L Herc. No, not you ! Do you know what Authors fay ? That " Phalaris longed to eat a child," and " at lad came to devour ** fucking children, taking them from their mothers breads to eat *' them;" and that " his own fon did not efcape his hunger P." Do you know in what Olympiad '* the famous Emperor Xerxes ** butchered the Empvefs AtolFa, fider to Cambyfcs, wife to Darius, " and his own natural mother, and then eat her 9?" No, not you 1 Your itature and drength of bod) makes you proud ; but your ignorance in Hidory renders you contemptible. Read the Works of the great Bentivoglio, that are lately come over, and be wifer. Butch. I do noi know any thing about your man-eaters ; but I know when and where the fellow ran for the great bag-pudding, and eat it when he had done; and I am lure, if this dory was well told, it would feem the more probable. ° At that time a principal amjihithcjtre, or bear-garden. p Dim j>. 512,515. 'i P. 53JJ. Herc, DIALOGUE III. t-i Hkrc. You enrage me ! Now, by the Gods, I have taken the Thcrmodoontiac belt from the Princcfs Thaleftris. Butch. Hold a little, good Sir; I have flung down the belt in Moor-fields, when never a Lincoln's-Inn-fklds r wreftler durft encounter me. Herc. What think you of Hyllns, Lycon, and Plato, the Wrcftlers, Cleanthcs the Cuffer., and twenty -more of them s ? Oh, the glory of the former ages ! what racing, what running, what wreftling, what boxing at the Olympiads, the Pvthic and Nemzan Games, wl>en the oak, the pine, and parilev garlands remained the reward of tlwir victories ! Butch. In truth, Sir, I believe the Cornifh hugg would have puzzled the art of your philofophers.; and that a prize at back- fword, with the other weapons, as dagger, faulchion, and the reft, may be as well worth admiration, as your hard-named Lympiads that you make fuch a rout with. Hereafter I -would have all the wenches that win the fmock at Aftrop c , and the fellows that get die hat and feathers throughout England by boxing and cudgel- plaving, to be put in the Chronicle, and take place above the b.igh-conftable. Herc. What can you have feen like the horfe-racing in Greece ; for, after the apene, which " was drawn by mules, and f.rft was u ufed at the Olympicks in the 70th Olympiad, was cried down " in the 84th Olympiad," the race of horfes was improved to ad- miration. Butch. This may be true; bur, as poor a fellow as I was, I could have laid my leg over a good piece of horfe-flefh, and, with a hundred guineas in my pocket, have ridden to New-market, Where Dragon, or Why-not, Honey-come-punclx, or Stiff-Dick, r To a modern Reader, this allufronwill appear ftrange. But Lincoln's- Inn-Fields, the largclt and in many rdpefts the more elegant fquare in Europe, was for many years, even in the prefent century, the rendezvous of every fpecies of vulgarity. Moor-fields ftill retains evident venijej of having been facred to the gymnaftic exercifes. s DifT. p. 52 — 54. t Still the famed fcenc of contention among the ruftic Virgins — for " That linen veil, which pendent ruffles grace, M Ot Indian muflin, or of Flanders lace ; *' White as the lily or the fkin it hides, <* Where charming Nature fhine?, and Love refides." Raps of 'Smelt, L 4 Jhould i S i DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. fhoukl have run tor it -> againft any Grecian Loife that you or any of your forefather* could have produced. Hkrc. You would full pretend to out-do the ancients; but let me tell you one thing which I did, which (I tnuft own m»- thanks to Dcntivoglio) is by him recorded to posterity. I had a mind to i'0 to Erythraea w , an ifland ia the Weftera Ocean ; and how do you think I got thither ? <( In a fhip," vou will fay. No ! *• In a brazen fhip ?" No ! " In a cauldron i" No ! " In a brazen "cauldron?" No! " In a golden bed:'' No! "How then," you will fay, " in the name of wonder?" " Whv, in fhoit, *' I got the fun to lend me his golden cup to fail in ;" and I feud- ded away as well as if I had had all the wind and fail imaginable. Butch. And no fuch great matter at laft ! I remember, as I was boafling one day of my exploits to a good jolly Mufcovite at the Bear-garden, he told me, that St. Nicholas * came to their u Thefe agiJe courfers of the laft century mult yield the palm, in the annals of Briufh Olympkks, to the ftill luperior fieetnefs of a Gimcrack or an Eclipfe. Whether the prefent age be indebted for this fuperiority to the condefcenfion of Senators converting ihemfeh es into Grooms, or fimply to the matchlefs excellence of Wildman as a trainer, impartial Pofterily muft determine. w Dill. p. 114, 115, 116. x The Ruffians are great wor/hipers of pictures ; and are affronted if the firft thii.^ tl -=7 throw their eyes upon, when they enter a hcufe, is not a faint. Si. Nicholas, as their favourite, is always in a confpicuous part of the houfe. To thi=, the fervints bow, and crofs tbemfelves, every iporning and night, and alw. ys when (hey enter. They are wretchedly daubed, without any attempt at perfpeclive. It is not uncommon to fee the Virgin Mary with three hands in thefe p;iftures, two folded before her, and the child Jefus in the third ; or to behold St. Jofeph, favving a great plank, and the child Jefus, with the glory round his head, and a broom ia his hand, fweep : ng out the chips and faw-duft. The doctrine of Domoi- vois is alfo very curious in Ruffia. The Domoivoi is the tutelar fpirit of the houfe; f&mctbinglike our Faiiie?, or rathrr 1 ke the Lars at Rome. When a fervant comes to a new place, the firft time he is alone, he walks about the room, (peaking to the walls, befceching the Dditio voi to be good to him, not to dii; leafe his mafter and nji.'iefs, not tp tie his hair in knots in the night, and not to dance upon him whtn he is in bed, 2tc. &c — It is amazing to think how ferioufly the lower cl-ifs of people wifl fpeak of fuch wretched ihing« ; a/id a mafter often lofes a goodfeiv Vint, becsufe " the Domoivoi plagues him!" Country DIALOGUE III. 155 country failing upon a raill-ftone ; which I thought as humour* ibme a paifage as your cup. But, to be fhort and plain with you, I have witnellcs both on this hcle and the other hde of Styx, that law me row invfelf from the Hoife-ferry to the other fide of the water, in my own trav, with a couple of trenchers ; and there it u a trav" and " a mill-Hone" for your " cup" and your " caul- II dron!" Herc. I find you will have the laft word. Butch. Wclh lince he is gone, I think I may fav, that the perfons vvlio have lived lately aie only wanting to themfelvcs: ; and that it ii she negligence of our Ballad -lingers that makes us to be talked of Jefs than others : for who almofl, bcudes Sr. George, King Arthur, Bcvis, Guv, aiid Hickathrifr, are in the Chroni- cles ? — Our great Scholars are fo much taken up with fuch fel- lows as this Hercules, Hyllus the Wreitlcr, Cleanthes the Cuffer, Phalaris and Xerxes the Man-eaters, that they never mind 1 " my* H actions," nor icvcral other of their own country-mens. DIALOGUE IV. SELF-LOVE; OR, THE BEAU. R IC A RDO- NARCISSUS. RiC. " A UGUSTUS died in a compliment, Tiberius in dif- JC\. " limulation, Vefpafian in a jeft, Galba with a ftn- " tencc, Severn in dn'patch, and Narcili'os in love Y." Nap.c. I thii.k myklf happy in my death, fmce it was in "pur - fuance of fo juftihable a pailian as that of Self-love j for all the world mult own that I was charmingly beautiful. RiC. Why, truly, I think that a Critick, as Bcnrivoglio for example, has as much reafon to value himfelf upon as vcm had, or rather more. And, indeed, are not his Works full of himfelf 1 ? And is he at all fparir.g in his own commendations »? Does he hlufli to hear himlclf pratfed ? or rather does he not (psead Us gayeft leather to the beft advantage) and then amplify, expatiate, and comment, u,">on fcmfftf, tliat beloved fubject b ? In fhort, y Lwdfcncon, in his EfTays. z DifT. Pref. p. i— cxii. a P. i— £49« b Pref. p. lxxx— Ixxxjv. Did', p. 59, Cs. has r ?4 DIALOG U ES OF THE DEAD. "has he not clone himfelf " true honour," by " his improvement " of the farodia of the the falt-cellar c ," and then " alTiiming that " warmth and haughtinefs" which are companions of fuch ai are conlcious of their own merit ? Well, I am fatisfied you could never have been fo handfome, as he is learned and ingenious in his own eyes. Narc. Might three pimples at once have feizctl my com- plexion, if you do not amaze a perfon of my fondnefs for mv own acbomplifhments ! Did not my perfections occalion me the envy of my lex ? Ric. And will not " even envy iffelf he forced to allow" that Bentivoglio's difcovcry concerning " Anapacfls is no incon- "■ liderable one d ?" And does not he fpeak truth, when he favs the Criticks tell him, that rnmpantur ut ilia codris <=, " although " the codri burft with fpleen, yet he will be eitcemed by all that a cultivate humanity i" Narc. All the nymphs addrelTed to me in the fofteft words* and mod languifhing cxpreffions. Ric. And can any thing be more terxler than what the Criticks tzll Bentivoglio, that " they keep his Epiftles more carefully than *' dried grapes f ," or preserved pine- apples ; that " Ik; arrives to " the palate as foon as tailed, and is the very oglio of all mufical *' dainties.S?" Narc. Did not fighs and tears attend my neglect ? and was not death the companion of mv difdain ? Ric. And does not Bentivoglio's all-corrccting-pen, when once drawn forth, make all the Criticks tremble ? Is Voffius fecure ? is Scaliger without his faults ? do not Stobauis and Pollux know their diftance ? nay, can even the Etymologicon or The Scholiaft be then fuppofed to be unblameable h ? Narc. Echo declares the force of my charms ; and, though a rniferable, vet is a lafting, monument of my conqucft Ric. Echo repeats only the laft and dying founds of fentenccs; vhereas Bentivoglio knows that he has the full voice of Fame. IIj has received " than!.:, hum ali the lovers of polite learning';" c.rref. p.ci.cii. l! Difl". p. 133. r Pref. p. xlvSj.lv. t Pief. p. liii. " Qui omnia tuo cuilodio diligentius Nigris Uvis." ? Pref: p. lxxx. " Videbis hie, Leftor ihuliofe, muficarum cupediarum « ct aliud (uiod tuo [>3lato fimul ac guftaris, Ut fcio arridebit mirifice." b P. 2%:— 281. 1 Pref. p. Ixviii, lx:x. an4 DIALOGUE IV. i-; ■and his worth has long ago reached thefe Shades, and has put the *i ©hoft of Reubenius" to an uncaGnefs, to know how to return the obligations received from him. Narc. The Gods took care that I fhouhl not be forgotten in the other world. Each Spring revives my flower, which pre- ferves my name, and is the greateil beauty in the garlands of all nymphs that lament ray abfence. RiC. But the great Bentivoglio has more fublime glory! What Emperors were flattered with when dead, that he lias gained defervedly whilft living. u He is a ftar already;" and, if he proceeds in his learned labours, may become a con ire] - lation. He is reverenced by all, for being the " new and riling *' ftar," and ** the brighteft light of Britain k ; whereas, Sir, for your flowers, a man may have a balket-full of yon in the market tor fix pence. Narc. Well, I will hide myfelf in the thickeft fhade of myrtles; there contemplate upon niy own perfections, and every now and then in iomc neighbouring fountain (Gnce I cannot fear a fecond death) gaze upon my own bcautv. Farewell, fond Cri- tick ! Languifli in thy misfortune ; fince thou doft not compre- hend, my worth, which I alone know how to value. Ric. Alas, he flies ! And now mcthinks I begin already to repent of what I have done. — How unfmccre are all human plea- sures ! Something flail intervenes, to tarniih the luftre of our triumphs. — I may have gained the better of Narciffus ; but then I grieve to think that, after his example, fomc day or other, even my friend Bcntivoglio's felf-love may chance to be put out of Countenance J $»$-<$"$"$' D I A L O G U E V. THE DICTIONARY. HES YCHIUS— GOULDMAN. Hes YCH. /^V H, Brother Gouldman ! I am heartily glad to meet V_y you. You muft have heard the news. Benti- voglio has eradicated the worth and honour of all Dictionaries, k Pref. p. kxix, lxxxi. Si i;6 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. He has rea d " half of me ;" and Ins made <* honourable mentio* " of me" in ail his Works ' : he lias " rtttored me" in " ten " thoufand phces," and " collated me" with all the manufcripts in the world but thole in the King of Poland's Library. Mc- shinks vou do not feem fo plealed with the news as you ought to be. Arc vou not concerned for the wit, reputation, and honour, of one that can write a Dictionary ? You leem as unconcerned as if vou had no opinion of the matter. Gouldm. Pr'ythee, Brother Hefycluus, do not trouble ma with the itory of a fellow that has read your labours ; for I am per- f uaded that he muft have a very ftnall library, and little to do, that leads a Lictionaiy. Hesych. Not read a Dictionarv ! Why I knew a man that read all the volumes of Stephens's Thcfaurus thrice over, Gouldm. I thought Dictionaries had been made, not to have hcen read, but turned to, Betides, iome are too voluminous. There came out in Arabia, fome centuries ago, a Dictionary of three or four Folio's, which contains nothing elfe but the ieveral parts of a camel, and the words tint are properly ufed in the dref- i";ng ar.d equipping of it. Do you think it would he worthwhile to make one :;f equal bulk .concerning horfes, for the ufc Of .he Europeans? Lew many grooms in T;,e Meufe, or jeekits in imithhehl, do you think would rea 1 it > Hcsych. You are the mod provoking fhade tilCtt walks. What! no wit, breeding, complaifa.ice, politicks, k •■■•ledge o€ men and manners, to be l.anied out of LuStionariesf Prove it, prove it. Hear him, hear him. Gouldm. I grant that a'l wit, arts, genteel and mannerly converfation, are contained in Dictionaries, jult as they arc in the Alphabet; and, in fome meafure, more properL, becaufe they contain words : buc then the joining of them is the art our Dictionaries will never teach a man ; fof, fuppofe I was to dif- courfe in Politicks : my firft word 1 find in your 119th page, the fecond in the 204th, and the third perhaps an hundred pages after. Js T o\v this as too much for mortal man to carry in his memory. Hesych. So then you would have a man put words toge- gethcr properly, to make I nc of them! Very fine! How then, could I or my friend Bentivoglio be Authors f But let me hear you as to the ivit of Dictionaries. ' Diflertttion on Phalaris, fajfm, Gouldm, r> I A L © G U E V. t 57 GoULDM. "Why, I believe that the perfon who pretends to have difcovered any wit, cither in mine or vours Brother, has found out more than ever we dcfigncd to teach him. Hesych Afionifhment ? Does not more of Homer's wit ap- pear in his Euftathius and Didymus than in his Ihad ? and is not " Clavis Homcrica" better than cither, and Seberus's Index a wifcr book than any of them all ? What man will not own that Erythnrus has done more fervice to Virgil than Ogilby ha3 by tranflating him ? Gouldm. At the fame rate, I fuppofe, you will compliment me, and tell me, that the proper names at the end of mv Dic- tionary arc a better Hiftory than Hollingfhed, Heylin, and Howell all together. Now you fee the ufe of my Letter H. Hesych. Why fo they arc! But can there be more wit than in any etymology, of which you are full from all languages ? Gouldm. Etymologies may indeed furnifh materials for quib- blcrs, purifiers, and conundrum-makers : but thefe forts of wit aie as much out of ufe as bammtred money m . Hesych. But I hope they will be in efteem again, when m^ Works are rcftored by the hand of the great Bentivoglio. — But rs not the order of a Dictionary admirable n ? has not Julius Pollux a mod incomparable fluency ? is not Harpocration an exquifitc- politician ? Meurfius's Gloffary of the Greek and Barbarous words mod harmonious ? does not Pafler contend with Schreve- lius, and Schrevelius with Pafler, and both deferve the conquefl. ? But you do net feem to have a juft efieem for your own Works — • Tanti eris r.liis quanti tibi fueris," as the Poet Cnhpin has it. Be fure, think as well of yourfelf for writing a Dictionary, as Bentivoglio does of bimfelf for reading one ; and the world muft think well of you. m Which few of the prefent age have ever feem. An aft paflcd, Jan. 14., 1697-S, to prevent the further currency of any hammered filvcr coin in this kingdom, and for recoini.ng fuch a; was then in being. Im ♦he preceding year, exchequer bills were fiift projfft« Calph. Oh ! Madam, " no man can be a Scholar without " being expert in the whole method of A the nanus's Cookery." What quarrels, Madam, do you think there have been between grave and learned men, about fpelling a Greek word, that has been only one fingle ingredient of a patty-pan ! Pray read Athe- aaeus, Madam j and you will be convinced of it. Bell. Surely, learned men will not quarrel about trifles ! Calph. Oh ! Madam, rather than any thing. Whv, as 1 have K.acl iu ieveral Authors, Timotheus, a Grammarian, upon a dif- putc concerning a Greek word, laid his bear J to a chechine1 t with the great Scholar Philelphus. The old Gentleman loft ; antt his adverfary was fo unmerciful as to cut it olf, and hang it upon his chair, as a monument of his viclory. Bell. A cruelty, in my opinion, too infulting. Calph. Oh ! Madam, I had forgotten one thing I I mofl heartily beg your pardon. Bentivoglio one dav (hewed me the name of a pudding in one of AriltophancVs plays* which, if it were written at its full length, would be as long as your Lady- ship's tipper. Bell. I fancy this outlandifh way of furnifhing your table was the reafon why perfons of quality avoided eating with you, cfpe- cially having company that difcourfed fo much above them. Calph. I was fo invohed in the Greek, that I proteit, Ma- dam, I had entirely forgotten the neceflary ingredients for lemon- cream and jelly of harts-horn. Bell. Perhaps that might be the reafon vou appeared io fcldom in the Park, and were fo very long before you returned a viiit that had been paid you. Calph. My day for the Ladies was but once a fortnight ; but every day for the Virtuofi. But, pray, Madam, how did you fpenil your time, and fit yourfelf for converfation ? Bell. Why, Madam, my own affairs took up iomc part of my time; mufick and drawing diverted me now and then; I had fosnetimes a fancy for work ; 1 now and then went to fee a play, when I liked the company I went with better than thole I ufually found there; I mad« myfclf as taiyas 1 could to my S Probably a Zechin, or Sequin, a piece of gold coined at Venice and- ioTie parts oi'the Eail : of about nine {hilling* yjJuc, acquaintance*. D I A L O G U E VI. j6i acquaintance, and I have /Trill the vanity to think I was not dif- agreeable to them. — And I did not find but fuch of us as made out in civility what we wanted in learning, might pafs our time well enough in the world. Calph. If you can fatisfy yourfelf with fuch trifles, 1 am your fervant, Madam ; and adieu ! DIALOGUE VII. CHRONOLOGY. W. LILLY' THE A ST ROLOGER— HEL VIC US. Lilly.TT T HY, as matters go now with Chronology, it ▼ » fignihes nothing what we do. There is no value for exadlnefs. To what end have we ftudied ? What becomes of our Decimals, Sexagefimals, Algorithms of Fractions, Parabo- lilms, Hypobybafms, Parallelopipeds, and Zenzes ? When we have flung away a dav, nay, fometimes a week, to preferve the leaft imaginary part of a moment, what honours are at laft con- ferred upon us ? Father Time may even beflow his hour-glafs upon what parifh-church he pleafes ; and next hay-harveft, for want, or elfe diverfion, mow his way down from Paddington to Cumberland. Helr. Why in fuch a paffion, Brother Lilly ? Lilly. Brother Lilly ! — You make very free with me. I am none of your Brother ! The great Bentivoglio may indeed call mc Brother, fince the publication of his eternal labours. He equals r Lilly, though known to be an impoftor, had a penfion of an hundred pounds a year conferred on him by the council of ftate. The Royalifts treated him with ridicule and contempt. He is the Sidrophel of Butler; and Sir John Birkenhead, in his " Paul's Church-yard," a facetious fatire- upon various books at that time well known, fatirizes his almanack, where he mentions " Merlinus Anglicus, the Art of difcovering all that never " was, and all that never (hall be." Gataker, who well knew the futility cf his art, calls him " blind buzzard." He feems to have been checked by no fcruples in promoting the rebellion ; and indeed tells us himfelf, that he " engaged body and foul in the caufe of the parliament." He w»3 korn in 1602, at Difcworth, in Leicefterfhire 3 and died June 9, i63i- Vol. I. M &• i6z DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. the Chronological Tables * that I yearly published ; and then he is fo exaft a man at the original of a Sicilian city, that, amidft never fo great variety of Authors, he can tell you the man who laid the firft flone of it. There was not a potter in Athens, or a. brazier in Corinth, but he knows when he fet up, and who took out a ftatute of bankrupt againft him. Helv. Why this is great learning indeed f Lilly. Why fo it is, Sir. Do you know whether Thericlcs < madcglafs or earthen ware, or what Olympiad he lived in ? Helv. Truly, not 1 ! But do the fortunes of Greece depend upon it ? Lilly. Thus you would encourage ignorance ! My Brother Bentivoglio and I have ftudied many years upon things of lefs importance, fome of which I fhall name to you \ as, that Carp and Hops came into England the fame year- with Herefy ; — that the firft Weather-ccck was fet up, on the tomb of Zethys and Calais, fons of Boreas, in the time of the Argonautic expedition j. that Mrs. Turner brought up the fafhion of .Yellow Starch u ; that the Sybarites firft laid Rofe-cakes and Lavender among their linen; — that Sardanapalus was the inventor of Cufhions, which never before this laft century have been improved into eafy Chairs, by the metamorphofis of caft mantuas and petticoats, to the ruin of chamber-maids. — And yet we thought our time well fpent, I muft tell you. Helv. Are any of thefe things in Ufher's "-Annals," or Simpfon's " Chronicon ?" Lilly. Perhaps not. But we ftand upon their moulders, and therefore fee things with greater exaftnefs. Perhaps never man came to the fame pitch of Chronology as the much-efteemed Ben- tivoglio. He has gotten the true ftandard by which to judge of she Grecian time : " He knows the age of any Greek word un- u lefs it be in the Greek Teftament ;" and can tell vou the time a man lived in, by reading a page of his book, as eafily as I could, * See the Diflertat'.on. £ DitTertation about Thericlean cups. *> Yellow fiarch for ruffs, firft invented by the French, ar.d adapted to the fallow complexions of that people, was introduced by Mrs. Turner, a phyficinn's widow, who had a principal hand in poifoning Sir Thomas Gverbury. This vain and infamous woman, who went to be hanged in a- juffof that colour, helped to fupport the fa/hion, as long as (he was able. It began to decline on her execution. See Granger, vol, ii. 8vo, p. 65- 4 havs DIALOGUE VII. 163 have told an oyfter-woman's fortune when my hand was croft with a piece of filver. Helv. This is admirable ! Why then, it feems, words have their chronology and phrafes, their rile and fall, as well as the Four Monarchies. Lilly. Very right ; let Bentivoglio but get a fentence of Greek, in his mouth, and turn it once or twice upon his tongue ; and he as well knows the growth of it, as a vintner does Burgundy from Madeira. Helv. For fhame, give over. You and Bentivoglio area dif- grace to Chronology— which is a fludy that has and does employ the care of the greateft men in Church and State. Nothing can be of more ufe than the periods they fix, both for the illuftration of Hiftory, and the fervice of Religion. But I muit own, thac the crockery-ware of Thericles does not fall under the notice of thefe grave enquirers. Confider farther, that men of true learn- ing will always be honoured, whilft their mimicks are defpifed. DIALOGUE VIII. THE IMPOSTURE. HERACLITUS — DEMOCRITUS. Her AC. A LAS ! alas ! the world, it feems, continues (till the -*J»- fame ! " Lies, miftakes, cheats, forgeries, and im- " poftures w ," are published and defended amongft the Learned, as much as ever ! — Alas ! alas ! Democ. Chear up your fpirits, old fpark. The world owes half its eafe, content, and happinefs, to deceit : " So to his cure we the fick youth betray, " And round the cup perfuafive honey lay ; " The bitter draught, thus by the boy receiv'd, " Prcferves his life for being well deceiv'd x ." A coxcomb is the object of envy, rather than pity. When you weep, to fee fharpers impofe upon his fenfe, bullies upon his courage, and pedants upon his underftanding ; he laughs at your tears, and I laugh at his follies. ,v DifT, 139. 331, 339, 374, Sec. * Taflb, from Lucretius. M r. UkRAC. 164 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. Her ac. Who without concern will confuler that " Pythagoras " fhould write verfes, and put Orpheus's name to themy?'* That " Heraclites mould be fuch an impoflure as to counterfeit " Thefpis's riays, and impofe upon Clemens Alexandrinus, " Pollux, and Plutarch, all together 2 ■" Alas ! the very " Laws " of Charondas and Zaleucus are fpurious cheats and foul im- *' poftures a ;" whilfl Diodorus, Stobaeus, and others, have, as much as in them lay, contributed to the villany b . Democ. Defer your paffion. The other fide of thefe propo- rtions may chance to be true. Befides, you pafs no great com- pliment upon learning, when you would fiiew your learned men of antiquity to be either fools or rafcals. You may eafity guefs, by this fimile, what the generality of bye-ftanders will be apt to do upon this occafion. Her AC. But O! Phalaris ! Phalaris! Notwithftanding the Differtations of Bentivoglio, " the Sophift impofes his fpurious ** Epiftles upon the world under his name ;" and the Ex- aminer % who has Undertaken his Defence, has met with a kind reception from the world : whilfl none complain, but I and Bentivoglio. Democ. Whilft life, fpirit, and a great genius, fhine through- out the Epiftles; and whilfl wit, judgement, and learning, go along with the Examiner; men will read them. In the mean time, dry your eyes ; and affure yourfelf, your friend Bentivoglio will never be ufelefs fo long as there are any Grocers. — You feem more pale than ordinary all of a fudden ! What is the matter ? Herac. The ftone! the ftone f the ftone ! Democ. You cannot be troubled with that, fince yemr made can feel no pain. Herac. It is the marble — that is the thing that grieves mc. Democ. Pray, what has this marble clone ? Herac. Time has devoured it. Democ. If that be all, that is a thing common to all marble. Herac. Oh ! but this which is eaten is in the mofl material place for the purpoie. For, without a man can make fenfe of ... . pfotoni/ika .... d . . . . arfuho .... xoino-zv .... er . . . - y DifT. P . 35. ? P. 245- a p - 334* b DifT. p. 335—376. « See " Boyle againft Bentley," fnjfm. ■n&s DIALOGUE VIII. 165 tios &c d . and read whole lines where no letters can be feen, the age of Tragedy, which is " an important matter e ," can never be determined. Democ. You are much befide the mark, old Friend, if you would have a ftone legible. A huge marllj would " fell for " nothing," if it had above a dozen letters on it. " That is the # ftone for money f ," which requires fpeftacles, and an iron fefkew to make letters where a man cannot find them. It is not aCritick's buhnefs to read marbles; but, out of " broken pieces," to guefs at them, and then pofitively to reftore them. As the mifunderftanding of this at prefent has caufed you fome dif- turbance ; fo the contemplation of an Antiquary for the future may create you very good diverfion. Her AC. You feem not to have ajuft relifh of Antiquity, whilft I deplore thofe irreparable lolles which Time has occafioned. Not a mortal now breathing knows " the fhape of Neftor's cup, " nor what were the difputes of the Old Grammarians about it, " fince the many Treatifes which were written upon that fubject ** are now perifhed and funk in oblivion t.* J Democ. Well, I will procure you a Catalogue, from Benti- voglio, of u fuch Books as have been loft and are found, fuch as " have been loft and are not found; and, in fhort, of fuch as have " neither been loft nor found'' But my heart will not break fo long as there are fuch DifTertations remaining as, " The Hiftory " of Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and tobacco." — " The Theological " Collation, occafioned by the words Tirez, Mirez, Beuf, that " is, Take, Look, Drink, by the profound Scholar Adrian Vander " Blift." — " The Treatife of Northallerton Ale.' 1 — The Interlude " of Ale, Toaft, Sugar, Nutmeg, and Tobacco j with the Conteft f* of Toaft, for having rubbed himfelf againft Nutmeg." — " Learn ** to lie warm ; proving the Neceffity for a young Man to marry " an old Woman." — Thefe writings to rce fupply the place of " all Authors that have written about the fhape of cups" fince the reign of Saturn. Herac. Whilit, in the mean time, my grief is infupportable ! Democ. Come, put off your chagrin; and take a little of my good-humour along with you. I will rail with you h ; quibble with d Did. p. 108. « P. 389. ' Preface. g P. 115. h " If I fay that grafs is green, or fnow is white, I am ftill at the « Co«rt«fy of my Antagonift j for, if he fhould rub his forehead, and M 1 u icof 166 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. with you *j quote proverbs with you k ; dijpute with you 1 ; fun with you m ; cut Greek capers with you n ; tell a goffip's tale with you ° ; fing zfmutty catch with you P : — any thing to divert you ; and yet all fhall be according to art, and the exait method of your Friend Bentivoglio. I fee you look four, and begin to frown upon me.— How true a faying is it, " That one man may *' deny it, I do not fee by what fyllogifrn I mould refute him." Diff. p. 40S. > " In a body of laws, any metaphor at all makes but an odd figure." P. 361. — " Mr. Boyle is pleafed to call that Diflertation my foft Epiftle to *' Dr. Mill, which is ironically faid for bard; and indeed, to confefs the " truth, it is too bard for him to bite at." P. 277. k " Such a trade would have been as unprofitable as to carry fdphium u to Cyrene, or frankincense to Arabia, or coals to Newcaftle." P. 351. 1 n It is as if fome boy mould thus argue with his mafler : Pomam may " fignify malum, an apple ; and pr.mum may fignify cerafum, a cherry j " therefore malum, an apple, may fignify cerafum, a cherry." P. 297. m " Stratonicus the Mufician made a quibble about it ; for, as he once " was in Mylafa, a city that had few inhabitants in it, but a great mairy •' temples, he comes into the market-place, as if he would proclaim *« fomething ; but inftead of 'Axa'sh, Ar;ol, as the form ufed to be, he " faid, 'AxJflf, Nasi, which is fo good in Greek that it cannot be tranf- « lated." P. 203. n " Make room there ; for I am beginning a dance that is enough to t( ftrain a man's fides with the violent motion. Pollux fays of the dances « of women, they were to kick their heels higher than their fhoulders: " and, in Phrynichus's way, friik and caper, fo as the fpedtators, feeing «' your legs aloft, may cry out with admiration." [It is hardly to be fup- pofed that the inhabitants of the lately- difcovered Southern Iflands are con- verlant with Grecian manners; yet the females of Otaheite appear to have been well verfed in this fpecies of dancing.] — " With a Differtation " concerning an error in Auftophanes, which has continued ever fince, " Adrian's time, whether Phrynichus fneaks like a cock, or rather Jlrikes " I ke a cock. A very material queltion !" P. 264 — 260. " A certain goflip of old, as the ftory goes, would needs tell her fi comrades what Jupiter once whifpered to Juno in her ear. The com- " pany was inquilitive how me could know it then. But Mr. Boyle " would have anfwered for her, That they might as well a/k her how flie " came to know his name was Jupiter. Fame, that told her the one, " mufttell her the other too." P. 224. P " A Greek Song in Athenxus. They are the words of a woman to f« her lover, that he would life before her hulband comes home and catches " them. 1 ' P. 357. « ileal DIALOGUE VIIL 167 ** fteal a horfe with lefs clanger than another look over the hedge !" Should I do any of thefe things of my own head, I know how I mould be cenfured, and what would become of me. But, when I aft under the pretence of being " a great Scholar," and the open protection of fuch an authority as that of Bentivoglio, I dare be as fanciful as " any Differtator of them all." DIALOGUE IX. MODERN LEARNING* 3 . SIGNIOR MODERNO— SIGNIOR INDIFFERENTIO. Indiff.TTT HERE have you been, Moderno, in the namp ▼ ▼ of wonder ! You make fuch a hideous figure, and are fo dirty, that no gentleman would come near you ? What, has your horfe thrown you ? or what is the matter ? Mod. <1 Mr. William Wotton, an Englim Divine of moft uncommon parts and learning, was born Aug. 13, 1666. He difcovered a very extraor- dinary genius for learning languages at an age almoft incredible ; was ad- mitted of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, at lefs than ten years old 5 took the degree of B. A. in 1679; obtained afterwards a fellowfliip in St. John's ; commenced B. D. in i6e)r } was made chaplain to the earl of Not- tingham, fecretary of ftate, who in 1693 gave him a reclory in Bucks. The next year he published the " Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning," a furprizing work for a man of eight-and-twenty. A fecond edition of this book being published in 1697, with Dr. Bentley's Diflerta- tions annexed to it (as mentioned above, p. 139), Mr. Wotton was in- volved in the controverfy. Even Mr. Boyle allows, that " he is models: " and decent, fpeaks generally with refpect of thofe he differs from, and " with a due diftrult of his own opinions. His book has a vein of learn- " ing running through it, where there is no oftentation of it." (Boyle againft Bentley, p. 25.) It is well known, that he fell under the lafh of Dr. Swift ; which put him on writing " A Defence of his Reflections, " &c." re-printed, with a third corrected edition of the Reflections, in 1705. His firft publication as a divine (a fermon againft Tindal'g " Rights") appeared in 1706 j and in 1707 he obtained hisDoflor's degree. From difficulties in his private fortune, he retired into Wales in 17145 and acquired fuch (kill ia that language as enabled him to undertake the M 4 publication 1*3 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. Mod. The matter ! why " I have been in a ditch." Indiff. By fome accident, I fuppofe. Mod. Accident ! no, you know better furc than that. " Gen* 41 tlemen of my cftate, fortune, education, parts, and learning, do ** not ufe to go into a ditch by accident, but choice. There has *' been more true experience in Natural Philofophy gathered out " of ditches in this latter century, than Pliny and AriYtotle were 44 mailers of both together ; though One was of the firft quality in 41 Rome, and the other was matter to the founder of the third " Monarchy 1 ." Indiff. But what may have been your tliverfion in " this 44 ditch ?" Mod. Why, I have been " hunting for tadpoles" and have had very good fpjrt : only at laft the rain difturbed it, juft as I had found out the feat of their animal fpirits. Indiff. Is it not a little too foon in the feafon for tadpoles? Mod. Somethii g too foonj but a man is fo latiated with the winter-loom within doors, as rat-catcbing, ?noitfe -flying, crevice- jearching for fpiders, cricket-dijfeffing, and the like s ; that the fpiing leads us into the fields upon its lirit approaches, publication of the " Laws of Hoel Dha ;" which he did not live to finifli, dying Feb. 13, 1726, at Buxted. The book, was publiflied in 1730, by Mr. William Clarke (afterwards chancellor of Chichefter), who had married his daughter, and, by the Doctor's iutereft, had obtained the living of Buxted ; which is now enjoyed by his only fori, Mr. Edward Clarke. r " This is whai our age hus feen ; and it is not the lefs admirable be- " caufe all of it perhaps cannot be made immediately ufeful to human life. 44 It is an excellent argument to prove, That it is not gain alone which 44 biafles tUe purfuits of the men of this age after knowledge ; for here 41 are numerous inltances of learned men, who, finding other parts of " natural learning taken up by men who in all probability would leave 41 little for after-comers, have, rather than not contribute their proportion 44 towards the advancement of knowledge, fpent a world of time, pains, 44 and colt, in examining the excrefccnccs of all the parts of trees, «' flirubs, and herbs', in obferving the critical times of the changes of all 44 forts of caterpillars and maggots ; in finding out, by the knife and *' microfcopes, the minuteft parts of the fmalleil animals j examining every *' crevice," and poring*" in every ditch ; in tracing every infedl up to its; 41 original egg; and all this with as great diligence, as if they had had 44 an Alexander to have given them as many talents as he is faid to have « given to his Mailer Ariftotle," Rcfl.aiorjs, p. 313, 314, • P. 3", •■■ " Jndift, DIALOGUE IX. 169 Indiff. Pray, Sir, have you not fome diverilons peculiar to the fummer ? Mod Oh! yes! infinite, infinite! Maggots, files, gnats, buzzes, chaffers, humble-bees, ivafps, grafs-hoppers , and in a good year caterpillars in abundance. Indiff. I thought fome of thefe things did harm, efpeciaUy maggots and caie" pillars. Mod. How extremely a man may be miftaken that has not learning ! The molt ufeful knowledge imaginable may be ga- thered from them by a Philofopher. " Goedartius and Swam- " mtrdam became cminei.t for this bufinefs. Goedartius has ** given exa£t hiftories of the feveral changes of great numbers of *' caterpillars into butterflies and worms, and maggots into flies, " which had never before been taken notice of as fpecifically ** different '." > Indiff. You inform me of things I was not fo well verfed in before. Mod. A friend of mine has ftudied " all thofe excrefcences " and fwellings which appear in fummer-time upon the leaves of " tender twigs, fruits, and roots of many trees, fhrubs, and herbs, *' from whence feveral forts of infects fpring, which are allcaufed ** by eggs laid there by full-grown infects of their own kinds ." Another friend of mine has made " many obfervations upon in- " fe£ts that live and are carried about upon the bodies of other ** infects w ;" and oftentimes upon the bodies of rational beings: whence he has given admirable reafons, why idle dirty boys fcratch their heads, and beggars fhrug their moulders. " He has exa- rt mined likewife abundance of thofe infects which are believed " to be produced from the putrefaction of fleih ; thofe he found " to grow from eggs laid by other infects of the fame kinds x ." He told, me they were a very prolific and voracious fort of animal; r.nd that, as for their eggs, a butcher would net give a groat for ten millions of them. Indiff. So that, it feems, the Ancients eat their meatasfoonas they had killed it; but in after-ages the women, not being fo good houfe-wives, left the " maggots of putrified meat" to be chfeerned by the glaffes of their huibands ! t Refleaioor, &c. p, 310, 311, j P. 310. J» Hid. ? P. 3c Cj, Mod. xto DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. Mod. You feem to fmile. Indiff. I proteft, Sir, I am as grave as the things you dif- tourfe of will poffibly give nie leave. You may imagine I am better bred than to laugh at a man that talks ferioufly as you do, in my confcience. Mod. I am very glad to find you fo well difpofed. " For I ** think that all thefe excellent men do highly deferve commenda.- " tion, for thefe feemingly -ufelefs labours ; and the more, fincc *' they run the hazard of being laughed at by men of wit. For " nothing wounds fo much as jcft ; and when men once become " ridiculous, their labours will be flighted, and they will find " few imitators. Hor far this may deaden the induftry of the • Philosophers of the next age, is not eafy to tell fj* Indiff. I hope I (hall be no occafion of fo great a mifchief as " the deadening the induftry of the Philofophers" in a defign fo truly noble. But, pray, fince you have been fo kind to inform me, let me underftand fomething farther concerning the know- ledge of the Ancients ; for I hitherto took them to be " men of " letters." Mod. Scarce that, Sir; for I take Grammar to be neceffary In the firft place. Indiff. Certainly, Sir. Mod. Now I fuppofe it will be granted, that, if a J) ranger underftand the language of a native better than the native him- felf, ha ought to be preferred to him. Now I dare confidently affirm, " that the Scholars of latter ages, as Sanctius, Scioppius, " Caninius, and Clenard, have given evident proofs how well *f they underftood the Greek and Latin tongue. Befides, there " are abundance of Grammatical Treatifes, fuch as Scholia upon " difficult Authors, Gloffaries, Onomafticons, Etymologicons, " Rudiments of Grammar, and the like. From all which, there * feerhs feafori to believe that thefe Criticks may have under- «• flood grammatical conftrucYion of Latin, as well as Varro and " Csefar; and of Greek, as well as Ariftarchus or HerodianV Indiff. I had always fuch an honour for Caefar, that I rhonght he was beyond being compared with Scioppius. Buj, \f it is fo, I fliall reft contented. Mod. It cannot well be otherwife, feeing there has been extra- ordinary induftrv ufed in thefe latter ages ; infomuch that ? Reflections, &c. p. 27. 419. z P, 58. " volumes DIALOGUE IX. 171 " volumes have been written againft fome letters ; and in favour " of H and Z," that were in difficult circumitances. Indiff. lam glad thofe letters got the better; for I have al- ways had a particular refpe£t for them. Mod. As for Cxfar, poor gentleman ! he is not fo much to be blamed : for he did what he could, confidcring the age he lived in. But that age, which others think fo great for learning and empire, lay under feveral apparent difadvantages ; for I have often read Xenophon, Polybius, Tully, and Tacitus, to fee what rags might have been among the Ancients : but I cannot find (though I learn from Terence they had fome) what ufe they put them to. It is demonftration that they made " no paper of their *' linen rags a ;" and Czefar, when he had fubdued France, and wrote his Commentaries, could not have printed them, if he would have pawned his conquefts. Indiff. Were they fo unhappy in all other matters ? Mod. Yes, Sir; I really pity the Ancients, as to their opticas, divinity, tobacco, cyder, coffee, punch, fugar, and feveral other things, of which they were ignorant. Indiff. As how, Sir, I befeech you ? Mod. It is undoubtedly to be believed " that fpeclacles were <( not ancienter than Friar Bacon b ;" infomuch that it mull be a great lofs to learning, when old gentlewomen could not record their receipts to pofterity. Befides, it is certain " that Monfieur " Nuck firft found out how the watery humour of the Eve may " be and is conltantly fuppJied; for he difcovered a particular ** canal of water, arifmg from the internal carotidal artery r , " which, creeping along the fclerotic coat of the eye, perforates " the Cornea near - the pupil, and then, branching itfelf curiouflv " about the Iris, enters into and fupplics the watery humour c ." Indiff. The mofl ignorant may apprehend this very eafilv. Mod. Topafs by the ** Philological Learning of the Moderns ri ," I cannot but pity the Ancients as to their Divinity. " They did ** not make controverfies fo eafy as the Moderns ; and the Fa- " thers, cfpecially St. Chryfoftom, feem to have been but indif- " ferent Freachers." Indiff. Hold, Sir, I befeech you! Do as you pleafe as to other things : but do not intermeddle with Religion. I, who ara * Reflexions, Sec. p. 15. * P. 1S9, 190, c p. ZI p. " ^' 374- See chap. xxix. throughout, a Lay- t 7 z DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. a Layman, will as foon give you leave to publifh Apolloniui Tyan^us- Bur, pray Sir, to proceed, let me hear what you have to fay as to their tobacco. Mod. " Certainly, that tobacco ought here to be mentioned, •* can be qucflioned by none who know what a delight and re- «* freihment it is to fo many nations, lb many feveral ways. So ** that, from Virginia and Brazil, we may be affured that the *' modern hufbandry is a larger, if not a more exatt, thing than "the ancient 6 ." It is ftrange- to think what inconveniences they were put to : Socrates was forced to ride upon a hobby- fcorfe, and Scipio and Leelius to play with boundir.g-flones ; becaufe none of them had the happinefs " to blow a pipe with, •* their neighbours." Indiff. This was extremely hard for men of their quality ! Mod. It was the fault of their gardens. Indiff. I thought '.' their gardens had been extremely fine, • heing fpacious plots of ground, fitted and furrounded with ** ftately walks of plantanes, built round with portico's, finely " paved, noble rows of pillars, with fifh-ponds, aviaries, foun- •*• tains, and ftatues f ." Mod. This is true. But then, " where were their Auriculas, ** Tulips, Carnations, Jonquills, Narciflufes, and that almoft •'infinite divcrfity of beautiful and odoriferous flowers that now ** adorn our gardens ? Befidcf, we have no reafon to think they •* undcrftood much of that beautiful furniture which Dwarfs " and Ever-greens afford us E." • Indiff. Their gardens then could never have been pleafant ! Mod. Impoffible ; when, inftead of the fwcet-fmelling Hollv, the fhady Juniper, the beautiful Houfe-lcek, the moft fragrant Box-trees in pots, they (like our Engliih anceftors) had nothing but huge Walnut, Chefnut, and Warden-pear and Pippin-trees, in their orchards, as high as their garret window?. But to return to tobacco: their want of that fpoilt all their wit, judgement, and induftry ; for, confequcntly, they could have no tobacco- boxes, tobacco-jloppers, or fiitiff-boxes, all which are the tefts and indications of a man's genius. A large tobacco-box fliews a man of great and extenfive tra'dc and convcrfation ; a fmall one, well japanned, fhows a gentleman of good-humour, that would avoid ftnoaking for the fake of the ladies, anil yet, out of complaifancc, « Rtfleflions, &c, p. 29S. i P. 3c?. Z P. 304, 305. does D I A L O G U E IX. i-j sloes it to oblige the perfons he converfes with. So, as to flap- pers, if made of the Royal Oak, it fhews loyalty, G'aftonburv- thorn, zeal extraordinary; a piece of pipe, humility ; filver, pride; black-thorn, adverfity, and the ufe of the little-finger, if the pipe be well-lighted, great patience. Snuff-boxes were likewife want- ing to the Ancients ; fo that I cannot imagine how they could well have a beau among them. The largcnefs of a fnuff-bnx Is a great recommendation to a young gentleman. I knew a perfoa who got a great fortune by the merit of the fpring and joint of his fnuff-box j the charms of it were irrefiftible. I would fooneT take my character of a man from the engraving, painting, enamel- ing of his fnuff-box, and the choice of his orangerie and bergatnot, than from his difcourfe and writings. Indiff. I could not have thought the Ancients had been to barbarous ? Mod. Why then, Sir, I mull declare freely, that I take thera to have been the moft miferable people in the world. For as for coffee, the moft wholefome and pleafant liquor in the world, they had not " one drop of it ;" which was the reafon whv Caxo, one of their wifeft men, was fo often overtaken with " his wine h ." Indeed, what was an Emprefs without her tea-table? what con- verfation could (he have ? I have known ladies that would not have rivaled Statira in the favour of Alexander, if they might not have had their quart of chocolate in a morning. But then it was impoiTible for the Greeks or Romans to have had anv good Sea-commanders, fince they could not have had any aqua nnUe or brandy ; " for the Arabs firft extracted vinous fpirits from fcr- " mented liquors." Indiff. But then they had a vaft affluence of other delicacies for the ufe of human life. Mod. Truly but moderate as to them; for, in the firft place, " they had no cyder; a: leaft the method of chufing the beft ap- u pies, fuch as red-ftreaks, was unknown to them j ." Indiff. Why then I had rather have been Under-flierifF of Hcrefordfliire, than have had the univerfal votes of the R> . Senate to have been Proconful of Afia ! Mod. But I will fuppofe they had feveral delicious dainties. Yet what did they all fignify without " Sugar, wiiich they did h RefleiUuns, &c. p. 298, 299. - P. 296. - i-4 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. ** not know how to prepare k ." Apicius was a man that under- ■flood eating after their fafhion ' ; but it was coarfe and ungentecl. Nothing that could be called a fiveet-meat came to his table. Nay they were fo unhappy, that, when Cleopatra treated Antony with that which they then reputed to be luxury, " fhe was not " -able, when he came in hot, to make him a cool tankard ;" nay, ihc had not " an orange or lemon"' to her veal m ; not a good glafs of " finall-bcer or oat-ale" at the table ; no " rofe-water "to her codlings";" no " China orange" for her defcrt, nor ** orange-flower-water" to wafh with after dinner. Indiff. Thefe things would put any perfon into a paffion ! I mail endeavour to wait upon you fome other time, to learn more of fo kind an inftrudtor. Mod. I iliall be glad to communicate (though it were a large "Volume of this kind) to the publick upon occafion. In the mean time, I think I have demonstrated, from the ditches, crevice:, tadpoles, fpidefSf divinity, catterpillars, opticks, maggots, tobacco, files, oranges, lemons, cyder, coffee, and linen-rags, of the Moderns, that " the extent of knowledge is at this time vaftly greater than " it was in former ages •." DIALOGUE X. THE DISSERTATOR. MAC FLECKNOE— DECKER. Deck."V7" O U feem thoughtful, Brother Flecknoe. X Fleck. Yes, I am thoughtful. Deck. What may vou have been doing? Fleck. Doing ! Why the fame as other learned men do. I have been frudying a great while, and doing nothing ; for, to tell * Reflections, &c. p. 217. 1 This fubje£r. is prettily enlarged upon in Lord Lyttelton's Nineteenth Dialogue; between Apicius and Dartenevf, of famous memory as Epicures. * Reflections, So., p. 305. " P. 204, -05. 397. ° P. 405. you D I A L G G U E X. t*t\ you the truth, Brother Decker, I have been confidering why the world ihould think, ray Poems or your Works to be dull. Deck. Why, if I had had the advantage of French dancing- mafters, Italian eunuchs, and fine fcenes, my Plays might, for the fenfe of them, have taken as much as fome modern Operas. But, ** Our aged fathers came to plays for wit, u And fat knee-deep in nutfhells in the pit. M Coarfe hangings then, inftead of fcenes, were worn ; " And Kidderminfter did the Stage adorn P." And then Jonfon and the reft of the Criticks were all my ene- mies; but I took heart of grace, as well knowing that Criticks were the fcourge, and I the top : ** For, as a top will fpin the more you baite her ; " So, every lalh they gave, I wrote the fader 1." But what think you of the great Critick Bentivoglio ? Fleck. Why, I think my Epigrams to be as witty as thofc he has retrieved from " his manufcript Anthology :" only the fenfe is more obfeured by the Greek, and mine lies more open, becaufe they are in my native language. Would any one bu: turn my verfes into Greek, I would play them againft ever a Callimachus, Diofcorides, Simonides, or Noffis, of them all r . I have taken the pains to translate one or two of them that are mof£ admired by Bentivoglio. Deck. I have been upon the fame Author. I have read above a hundred pages of him, about " the age of Comedy and ** Tragedy :" and, as we Wits 3re apt to be fired with emula- tion, fo I have made fome few notes towards an Effay, endea- vouring at " a Differtation concerning Puppet-fhews : which Re- marks I will oblige you with, if you will pleafe to communicate «ne of your Epigrams to me. Fleck. You know, Bi other, I cannot deny you any thing. Sir, the cafe was this t Callimachus made an Epigram, as it was fuppofed, upon a Shipwreck. " The learned Madam Dacier •' was betrayed into this miftake, bv the Greek word epelibon ; ** and fo was the Cretick Bentivoglio *;" till at lair, by the faga- P Prologue to •« The Generous Enemy." ») Epilogue to " The Maiden-Queen." By a Pcrfon of Honour. « Pref. p. Hx. Diff, p. 809. 933. 302. 356, 355. 45 8 > 459- J Pref. p, lix, civ i 7 6 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. city of his parts and the ftrength of his genius, he found out that Callimachus did not write upon a Jbipivrck, but a fait- feller j and that " Eudemus mult not be fuppofed to be delivered from " ftorms at fea ; but that, owing a great many debts, he paid them *' off, by living fparingly upon bread and fait, the diet of poor " people ; and, in memory of it, he dedicated his fait feller to the " Sainothracian gods. The Epigram, he favs, is very ingenious ; " and the humour lies in the double-meaning ; and likenefs of fomc ** Greek words, and the whole is a paroilia." If you plcafe, you' Ihall have a trauflation that I have made of it : '« Eudemus, eating little fait, fet free " From great and dangerous ftorms of ufury, " To Samothracian gods, like honeit feller, « Preferv'd by fait, here offers hnfalt-feller." Deck. I fuppbfe Eudemus was a countryman ; and therefor© you ufe the word feller rather than fellow, out of choice, and not becaufe the rhyme conferained you to it. Fleck. You take me right. Deck. Well, if we were not of ncceflity to commend the wit of the Ancients, efpecially when reftored by learned hands, I could have admired one of your Epigrams as much as this. Since you have been fo obliging, I muft perform my promife, although I have made but a fmall fketch, concerning Puppet-fhews : " It is wonderful to think that we fhould have io little an account u among the Ancients of a matter of fuch moment : no periods ** of time fixed, no marble extant, nor any Manul'cripts,concern- " ing thefe little machines which approach human nature in die " next degrees to monkies r . I have often reproved the negli- " gence of the magiftrate upon this occafion, tliat no memorials " mould have been kept in their public archives : no, not (o " much as in the Pie-powder-court u at Smithfield. I am fenfi- " ble that, " when I print my DilTeitation, I fliall detain the " Reader very long upon this fubject, though I hope the pleafure " and importance of it will excufe the prolixity w ." When fair " Rofamond firft appeared as a puppet, there was nothing between " lier and the fpeftator, to hinder or amufe the cye-fjght x . Sandy's c Puppet-fhews. DifT. p. 309. Which was inft'tuud to regulate difputes in fairs and markets. v» Diir. p. 509. * Schol. Arift. Hcphf ft. " water- works D I A L O G U E X. 177 " water- works at firft had the fame fimplicity,- but the water " flowing perpetually gave the fpe&ators great diverfion. After- ■" wards firings were found out by Devaux, and feveral other " fcenes were introduced : the French court was reprefented, " farabands were danced ; and Punch appeared, with quick and " lively motion in his eyes, activity in his gefture, and vivacity " of wit in his expreilions V. Devaux increafed the ftature of " the puppets, to almofl the bignefs of children ; but that was " after he had reprefented that admirable defign of" Love in a "pipkin 2 -:" though I muft confefs that, after this* the Dutch " fight was reprefented, and feveral men of war were funk, with u their admiral, in an open ciltern. Afterwards, as the luxury " of the age increafed, they brought artificial butterflies upon " the ftage ; and ferpents illued from Punch's eyes, to the amaze- " ment of the fpeclrators a . Then Sedgemore came to the public " view ; guns in miniature managed the attack j and bells, of " the bignefs of thofe at horfes-ears, proclaimed the triumph. " Thus they ran on to excefs, and confequently to poverty and " lieentioufnefs b : till at laft the operator was forced to fnow " brown paper inftead of wlute ; and Merry Andrew, who managed " the mob without doors, was fent to Bridewell, for making " free with his betters. " All this I defign toilluftrate with infinite fcraps of loft Authors, and innumerable quotations. Fleck. The defign is moil admirable. When you publilh, I will be ready with a copy of encomiaftkks. In the mean time, let me repeat you another Epigram. Deck. You know at all times how to be agreeable. Fleck. There was one Noffis, a Poetrefs little known in the world, who might have lain ftill in obfeurity if Bentivoglio had not difcovered her. He found out, '* that ihe was a Locrian ; " that fhe lived about the hundred and fourth Olympiad. Her " mother's name was Theuphilis, and Cleocha was her grand- ** mother c ." Deck. Great discoveries ! of a greater family ! FLECK. Nay, farther, "fhe had a daughter called Melinna; 44 or fhe might not have a daughter fo called, as a Mf. Epigram " feems to fhew t for it is pollible fhe may mean there another's " daughteri and not her own." Thrs Epigram Bentivoglio com- y Suid.inPrat. « Schol, Tin. Tzct«, » Plut. b Athen, •JWff. p. 355, j 5 6. Vol. I. N meads r 7 3 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. mends for its fjngular elegance. 1 have endeavoured that it may flot lofe any fpirit by my vcrfion : " Meonna's fclf ! How charming is the face, '*' How (oft the look, how tender every grace ! *■ The daughter's features do the mother's fnikc, " How tine for parent's to have children like !" DECK. Why this is the common flattery of the midwife at ever} goihping f Fleck. Befides, the Epigram contradicts the known Proverb, " That boys mould be like the mother, and girls their fathers, if Cato de Re Ruftica. b Mr. Ray's Proverbs. « Verfteg, P Spel, G!oiT. N a " advantage i i go DIALOGUES OF THE HEAD. " advantage : and confcquently both were a£lcd in any place, a: " there was occafion. " Crifpin and Ciifpianus" coft fome more " trouble : the Princes could ever borrow their tools from any " journey-man (hoc-maker ; but then the robes and decorations of ** the Queens and Nobles were forced to be carried up and tl down in knapfacks. Notwithstanding the Stage had been fet- u tied for many years, yet the art of ftroling did and will Hill con- u tinue : nor has Shakefpeare thought it unfit to introduce it as a " beauty in his Play of " Hamlet." Nay, in thefe later times, the *' New-market company has diverted corporation after corpora- '* tion ; and, for the ufe of the Town-hall, placed die Mayor, hi3 " ladv, and offspring,, in the fide-boxes for nothing. Bateman " has not difdained to go from SmithfielU to Southwark, and " often down to Sturbridge. Nay, greater perfons have, from " the glories of the Theatre, retired into die country; where the " Kings of Brentford have been forced in the Rehearfal to come "• in the common way, for want of clouds to come down withal ; «« and the famous Othello, together with his father Brabantio in ■' a callico night-gown, have pleaded their caufe before a Venetian *' Senate, affembled in a place little bigger than a parlour-chim- 4t - nev." I have fhewn you my drauglit ; which I clefign to il- luftrate with the Chronology of each Play, and an account of fuch Interludes as have been ac~Ved upon the ftages of Mounte- banks ; which had infallibly been loft, if they had not been col- lected into one volume, by the induftrious Mr.-Kirkman'J, about the middle of this laft century. Deck. Very natural, I proteftl You will oblige the world extremely with thefe works. Fleck.. Well, Brother Decker^Iet us remain in hopes. Who knows what time may do, as to the retrieving or gaining a reputa- tion ? You have ufed hard words; and they may fur up the fpirit of fome perfen; in.times to come, to write a Scholiaft upon q Francis Kirkman, bookfslhr, and partner with Richard Head. H« was famous for publifh'ng plays,, farces, and drolls ; and dealt as largely in drollery of various kinds as Curl did in bawdry and biography. Kirkman,. indeed, had no objection to trading in the former commodity, if he thought it would turn the penny. He has given us Memoirs of his own Life, and probably led the way to John Dunton. He alfo published a book, called " The Wits, or Sport upon Sport," with his head prefixed. It is inferibed, " F. K, citizen of London," Granger, vol. IV. p. 58. you* DIALOGUE X. 1 81 you as well as Ariftophancs, and that may be a Rival to the labo- rious Tzetzes. Who knows but I may have the fate of Noflis ; and fome Library- keepers, among his duft, finding me out of print, may oblige the world with a new edition of my works, and difcover that wit and elegancy which was denied me by my eotsmporaries ? f N 3 D I A- C 18* 1 DIALOGUE XI r. SHEWING THE WAY TO MODERN PREFERMENT. SIGNIOR INQUISITIVO— DON SEBASTIANO DE5 LOS MUSTACHIEROS— SIGNIOR CORNARO— MUSTAPHA. Inq/F) RAY, gentlemen, have a little more patience with one X another j you do not imagine the danger that may be in quarreling here amongft the ihades below. Let me be fo happy as to compofe the difference. Seb. To take the right-hand of a perfon of my quality ! Corn. To affront, a perfon that has made fuch a figure in the other world as I have done ! In q^ Dear gentlemen, I believe neither of you knew the other's quality. It is ufual here,, where Death makes us all equal, and where I fhall be glad to make all friends. 1 long to know to what peifons I am about to do fo good an office. Seb. Then, Sir, I do let you know, that I was Don Sebafliano des los Muftachieros, a favourite and prime minifter to Cardinal Porto-carero, that great Prelate, who hath difpofed of fo large a ihare of the univerfe, and is the padrone of the greareft monarchs. Corn. Why then I likewife let you know, that I was Signior Cornaro. My friend was the prefent Pope Innocent XL He has been beholden to me for many good offices done him, both before and fince he came to the papacy ; nor durit any man in Rome have affronted me. In o^ Why then, gentlemen, we of this world may hope to hear fomething of importance from the other, when two fuch great minifters arrive here. Seb. I muff, own, I have received returns of gratitude from the Cardinal, for the fervices I have done, which were daily ; but the frequency of them did not make them the lefs regarded by his Excellency. O heavens ! how often have I fmoothed thofe hair:;, which the cares of fo great a monarchy had ruffled ! and s This is printed as a " Dialogue of the Dead," though of a different f^pecies from the preceding Ten. — It was published long before the others; but the precife time does not appear, any nearer than that it was in th* Pontificate of Innocent XI j which began in 1689, anil ended in 1691. how D I A L O G V E XT. i3 3 'how have I Stiffened and exalted the fame muftachios, to the terror of his enemies ! — I have eafed that mouth which is the oracle of the Indies ; and, when the mines of Potofi could not have fent relief, by the extraction of one fingle qfficle, too fmall to be called a tooth, I have railed new harmony in all his fibres. By fuch great actions I firit gained his efteem, till, being after- wards received into his privacies, I envied not the ftate of a Grandee ; who might cover before the king, but mull have been uncovered to me, if he hoped for any admittance to the Cardinal. Corn. It is true, Sir, you have done fervice in the world. But what is that like having been placed in Rome, the feat of empire ? By ray friendship, Cardinals have been able to tread the Vatican, and there undertake the prote&ion ef crowned heads ; which might have funk, had not I eradicated thole painful ex- crefcences which hindered the progreffion of their patrons. Am- Ltf.iTadors have often waited in the papal anti-chamber, till this hand had performed its due operation upon that toe, before which even their mafters in their utmoft grandeur muft fall down and venerate. In q^ How happy am I, after death ! In the other world, I might have fearched long enough before I might have found out Cardinal Porto-Carero's tooth-drawer and Pope Innocent's corn- cutter together at one interview. But, fince I have that good fortune, pray let me know which way, from fuch beginnings, you might rife to the height of empire, as I perceive both of you have clone ? Seb. Eafily, Sir, very eaGly. CORN. Aye, Sir, very eafily. Seb. But you mud think we had our methods. I began fhft with my fellow-iervants and tradefmen — his razors had the word fort of fleel in them — his fcitlars were dear, and of no ufe — his wafh-balls not perfume,!, and intolerable — but he had ferved his Eminence many years, and I might he too bold in finding fault with him. — When this takes, then I begin my management at home — Diego does not come with the water — Jaccomo has not made the lather — Franciico never brufhes the combs. Inq^ Very political ! " Little fcrvices moll oblige great pcr- " fonages," fays a learned Author. Seb. Thus I make footing for my own creatures ; never fuch perfumes as thofe of Don Balthaiai — Don Feriwndes goes him- N 4 felf 1 84 DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD. felf for all his fnuff to the Indies — never fuch a diligent creature as the little Jarpiinello — Ricardo is never abfent. Corn. It is very true that a fettled rniniftry mufl depend upon the friendfliip of inferiors. Seb. In a little time, my creatures had a correfpondence from the Cardinal's beard to the very foot of the flair-cafe. Accord- ing to the cue, his Eminence has not flcpt well to-night ; he feems not to be in good humour ; nothing has been called for. But my little miniftcrs never carry any thing from me but what is fatal. Your care left you fhould difturb his Eminence fhall be interpreted as your neglecl of duty ; your fear of his bad humour ihall put him into one. Thus commanding at home, I extend my powers abroad, and great perfons mull be fubjefct. to the fame laws as their inferiors ; and when I can difpofe (though but in appearance) of fuch private minutes, there is nothing in publick but mull fall under my power. In<^. Had I received your inftrucYions in the other world, I might have much improved upon them. But, Signior Cornaro, you feem thoughtful. Corn. You have been difcourfing how much fmall things may be improved ; and I have been carting up how much I have been able to make of a corn. When the world was intent upon the Pope's counfels, to fee which he would moft incline to, cither the intereft of the Aurtrian family, or elfe of France, in relation to the Spanifh Monarchy — he calls to me one day, « Signior, «* I have occafion to make ufe of your fidelity. But dare you «' bear fcandal ? dare you endure the cenfure of the world, and *' that as long as I fhall think, it convenient for my fcrvice ?"— - <• Any thing," cry I, " may it pleafe your Holinefs ! fo you " know it to be innocent." — " Why I muft be indifpofed for fome <" time," fays his Holinefs. I dare not truft my phyficians, left' " they fend me fomething that may really difpatch me. But thee " I can truft ; thou fhalt fuffer me to give out— but ftay, here " are a thoufand crowns for thee. — that, as thou wert cutting " my corns, thy knife fl'tpt, and made a wound fo uneafy to me, " that walking may be dangerous." — It was done ; for who dares difobey his Holinefs ? I had immediately the whole concourfc of Rome about me. " Is it not enflamed, moft noble Cornaro ? i* When will he be able to walk ? when to give audience ? J I 1 have a petition j and fhall be ruined, if not delivered within « thefe DIALOGUE XI. iS$ " chefe two Jays. Is nothing to be done in private, honeft " Signior ?" What with Cardinals, Secretaries, Imperial and Spa- nish factions, receiving prefents, and inwardly laughing at theic follv, I was fo far wearied, that I had almoft refolved to un- deceive them. You may obferve what a fmall thing, in outward appearance, his Holineis made ufe of to gain time, till he could {ee the various turns of affairs in the European dates, fo as to be able to regulate his own counfels. Seb. Fair and foftly, goad Sir ! I cannot fay that I did fo much good ; but I occasioned an equal proportion of difturbance by as fmall a matter. Being, by various methods too numer- ous to relate, admitted to Cardinal Porto-carero's clofet, I one day law a paper, beginning, " In the Name, &c." by which I flip* poled it the Cardinal's will : and the hopes of a legacy made me double my diligence. The Cardinal fome days continued wri- ting ; and I going in to fnuff the lights, he complained of his pen, and bad me mend it. Now that very pen (if all be true as the world lays fmce) may have difpofed of Spain and both the Indies. However, it was not my bufinefs to enquire who made the late King of Spain's will. But it was happy for me : I had all the pretenders to preferment under Philip the Fourth to wait Upon me in a morning. Vice-rov s were my companions. '* When " will his Emincncy ftir ? Is he long a dreffing? Who fpeaks to ** him firft as he comes out of his clofet ? Could not you whifper *' him ? Might not this make you my friend ■" Corn. Undoubtedly, Sir, you knew that, whilft he was dref- fing, was the propereft time to accoft him. I have heard of a great Emprefs, Semiramis, who commanded fuch mighty armies, that (he was forced to wear man's cloaths, to avoid the foiicitations of her court-ladies : for, before that, flic had not a pin ftuck in her but what coft her a province, nor a lock curled but what coft her two ; and that, as women went then and go row, was pretty chargeable dreffing every morning. But, blefs me ! who comes here? On my word, he has been terribly handled. Must. Yes, indeed, ill enough handled ! I left my mailer's careafe floating in a river, and have made the beft of my way hither to provide for him. I $9^. Pray, Sir, who may hav« been your mafter? Must. arS6 DIALOGUES OF THE D E A D. Must. Why, Sir, he was the late Mufti of the Ottoman Em- pire. But the mob were pleafed to dethrone the Sultan s , to force away the Grand Vizir, and to do an extraordinary favour for my matter, and more than ever had been done to a Mufti before ; that is, to murder him, drag him about the iircwts, throw him into a river (and, thank their civility !) to throw me after him. Ixq. Pray, Sir, what port might you have borne under him ? Must. Poft, Sir f — What poft, Sir 1 — Why every poll, from his cook to his receiver-general. Sir, I was a true fervant fining for a great man, aid ready to execute everv thing that his power might command, or his appetites delire. My mailer, Sir, loved money ; and had all the laws, both human and divine, of the Ottoman Empire, to difpofe of; and confequently had the fale of them : and, as I told you juft now, I was his fervant. The mob thought the Mufti was covetous, though I never found him fo ; and called me " his money-bag maker :" for, it is true, by edu- cation, I was a French taylor; but, not liking the trade, I ran away, was taken captive, turned Turk,' had a kind mailer, under whom I made many a penny by interpreting the Alcoran: and I hoped to have retired with what I had to Italy ; and there, as 1 was circumciled, to have ended my days in peace, under the notion of a jewifh broker. — But it is ordered otherwifc. iNq. Well, I will retire, fince my two late acquaintance have got fo good a companion. Truly, three very famous men have found out three very hopeful miniftcr ! However, the poor fel- lows were not to be blamed ; fince they only ufed the readkit means to modern preferments. s Solyman III, who was depofed in 1691, was fucceeded by Achmet II. Hence this Diabgu^ appears to have been written in that year. A JOURNEY A JOURNEY T O LONDON', In the Year 1698. After the Ingenious Method of that made by Dr. Martin Lister to Paris, in die fame Year, &c Written originally in French, by Monfieur SorbieREJ and newly tranflated into Englifh. a The " Journey to London" may, if confidered, feem a vindication of our own country ; and may fhew Britain as much preferable to France, as wealth, plenty, and liberty, are beyond tortoifes hearts, chimpignom, and moriglio's; or the railing of two millions and two hundred thoufani pounds in a few hours is preferable to any coins of Zenobia, Oedeaatus, and Vabalath.s. Dr. King's Preface to his Mifcellaniei, Dr. King facetioufly afcrihej this travefhe to Mr. Sorbicre, who had - given an account of England, ful! of miftakes and mifre- Juefentations, altogether trifling, and almoft unintelligible ; which le makes Dr. Lifter rival, efpeciallyfor the clearnefs of his ex- preiTion, elegance of his description, and ingenious choice of his iubjefts. The witty irony runs through the Several parts of Dr. Lifter's Journey, in the order in which they lie in the firft edition. But, if Dr. King had waited a little, he would have been fupplied with further matter of ridicule. Dr. Lifter published a fecond edition of his Journey in 1699 ; wherein, upon occalion of his ** Synopfis Conchyliorum," printed at London in 168 <;, folio, he tells the following ftory, which he had barely mentioned in p. 104, of the firft edition, Sufficiently replete with vanity : " Monf. Clement, Deputy Librarian to the King's Library, *' having fhewn me the Sycopfis, I told him, I was forry to fee '< it there, and wondered how he came by it ; for it was, I af- * fured' him, r but a very imperfe£t trial of the plates, which I *• had difpofed of to fomc few friends only, till I fhould be able *' to clofe and finifh the delign ; which I now had done to my *' power, and would redeem that book with a better copy at my " return to England. — The Reader (continues he) will pardon ** me the vanity, if I tell biro, that this hook was no inconfider- " able prefent, even for £q great a prance as the king of France e " for that, befides the time chat it took me Up (ten years at leaft) " at lei fi> re hours, to difpofe, methodize, and figure, this part of *' Natural Hiftorv, it could not have been performed by any *' perfon elfe for iefs than 2.000 pounds Sterling, of which fui« u yet a great p^rt k flood me in out of my private purfe." BlOGRAPHIA BRITANNICAc MONSIEUR SORBIERE* T O T H E reader; I AM refolved to make no apology for this " fhort account ** of the magnificent and noble City of London," where you will meet with " nothing offenfive." And I think I have obferved every thing that is remarkable in it. It would have been unpardonable in me, to have omitted any matters which the curious might be defirous to know, having an inimitable pattern from one of that country lately c , who, for * A fliort account of the real Sorbiere has been already given, p. 23. c Dr. Martin Lifter. — This eminent Phyfician and Natural Phr- lofophcr was born of Yorkfhire parents, fettled in the county of Buckingham, about 1638. He was fent to St- John's College, Cambridge,, and obtained the degree of B- A. in 1658 ; and at the Restoration, in 1660, being a zealous Loyaliit, was appointed Fellow by a royal mandamus. Two years afterward he pro- ceeded M. A. ; and, applying himfelf to Phyfick, travelled for improvement to France about 1668. He fettled at York, in 1670, and followed his profeflion with gi eat fuccefs. Employ- ing his lcifure hours on fubjefts of Natural Hiflory and. An- tiquity, he was chefen F. R. S. and in that learned body became very remarkable, by the great number of papers he communicated to them ; near forty of which arc printed in the Phil. Tranf. from N»25 to ^585 inclulive, containing obfervations in Me- tsorology, Hydrology, Mineralogy, Botany, Zoologv, Anatomy, Pharmacy, and Antiquities. He had before publilhed feveral trcarifes upon Natural Hillory. In 1683, his friends prevailed on him to come to London ; and, being created M. D. at Oxford .by diploma, March 11 that year, he was flionly cfcer elected a 5 Fellow t g a TO THE READER. for the clearness of his expreffion, the elegancy of his de- fcriptions, as well as ingenious choice of his fubjecls, de- ferves a panicuhr falittatio/i from all the admirers of the betles lettres in the univerfe. I might here take an opportunity to beg pardon of the Englilh, for my mifreprefentations thirty years ago d : but it is to be hoped this Book will make my peace with that nation. The following pages e will fhew you the considera- ble heads I defigned to treat of. And now I have paid my devoirs at the entrance, " I will not importune you any "«« longer." Fellow of the College of Physicians. In the yoanger part of his life, he fpared no pains in fearching after natural and antique curiofities, traveling into feveral parts of England, particularly the North, for that purpofe j but, his health being impaired after twenty-fix years fpent in this purfuit, and the bufinefs of Lis profeffion engaging much of his time, he confined himfelf to a more fedentary life, and drew up his medicinal obfervations, which he published, under the title of " Exercitationes Medi- " cinales," in. 1697. The next year, attending the Earl of Port- land in an embaffy to the court of France, he ftaid at Paris about fix months ; and, on his return, publifhed an account of his journey, containing obfervations on the ltate and 'curiofities of that metropolis. Thefe, being thought minute and trifling for a man of letters, produced this pleafant traveftie from our truly hu- mourous Author. In 1709, he was appointed fecond phyfician in ordinary to Queen Anne ; an honour he enjoyed not long, dying in February, 171 1-1 2, opprefled with age and infirmities. The moft valuable of his works is his " Synopfis Conchyliorum," in two volumes folio, which are chiefly engraved from the. drawings of his two daughters, now in the Aftimolean Mufeum. This book has been lately re-publilhed, with improvements, by- Mr. Huddesford, keeper of that Mufeum. * Alluding to the Journey of the real Sorbiere. • See the Index annexed to this little Tra6b A JOU R^ C **« 3 A JOURNEY TO LONDON, " f I J HIS tract was written chiefly to fatisfy my own curio- J[ " fity p. i ( ;" and, being " in a place where I had littli " to do," I thought fit to write a Book, for fuch people as hai idle time enough upon tl\eir hands to read it. " The Englifii " nation value themfelvcs upon" a plain honefty, joined with hofpitalixy. Thefe make them courteous tojlrangen; but they am not verv eafy with their curiofity. For they do not " build and '** drefs moftly for figure," p. i, " a3 the French, who are cer- " tainly the mod polite nation in the world, and can praiie ani " court with a better grace than the reft of mankind." I did not intend to " put on the fpeciacles," p. 2, of " The ** prefent State of England," written by Dr. Chamberlain ; nor any furvey of the fame : for, trufting to my eyes, i( I had a mind " to fee without tliem." " Eut, to content you, Reader, I promife not to trouble you u with ceremonies, either of ftate, or church, or politicks," ibid, for, though I met with an Engliih gentleman, Who profered to fhew me the princes of the blood, the prime minifters of ftate, the lord mavor and other officers belonging to "~a city of fo immenfe " a greatnefs as that of London;" yet I refuted the civility; and told him, " that I took more pleafure to fee honeft John Sharp " of Hackney, in his white frock, crying, Turneps, ho ! four " bunches a penny ! than Sir Charles Cotterel making room for " an ambaffador 5 and I found myfelf better difpofed and more " nut to learn the phyficgnomy of a hundred iveedst than of rive " or fix princes." P. 3. 41 I arrived at London, after a tedious journey, in bad weather; " for I fell tick upon the road, and lay dangeroufly ill of the ** tootb-ach:' P. 4. " I believe I did not fee the tithe of what deferves to-be feenj. " becaufe for many things I wanted a rehlh, particularly for " painting and building :" though I confefi the grandeur of a £ The pages of reference throughout this traft correfpond to Crr.iUr parses in Dr, Lifter's « journey to paiia." it,- A JOURNEY TO LONDON. city chiefly confifts in buildings ; and I verily believe London to be one of " the inoft beautiful and magnificent in Europe." P. 5. It is alio molt certain, that the common people of London live difperfed in iingle houfes ; " whereas, in Paris, there are froTt " four to five and to ten menages, or diftincT: families, in many •' houfes :" from whence 1 infer that, as to the commonalty, u Paris may be more populous than London," although perhaps their dwelling may not be fo wholefome and cleanly. I found '* the houfes fome of hewn ftone entire, fome of biick " with free ftone ;" as " the Crown Tavern upon Ludgate Hill," and " the corner-houfe of Birchin Lane," and feveral others. P. 7. Divers of the citizens houfes" have port-cochcrs, to drive in a " coach, or a cart either; and confequently have courts within, «' and moftly remifes to fet them up." Such perlbns as have no port-cochers, and confequently no courts or remifes, fet up their coaches at other places, and let their horfes ftand at livery. P. R. 44 The cellar windows of moil houfes are prated with itrone " bars of iron," to keep thieves out ; and Newgate is grated up to the top, to keep them in. n Which inuft be a vaft expence 1" Ibid. '* As the houfes are magnificent without," fo they fumifh them within accordingly. But I could not find that they had any •* bureaus of ivory." P. 9. Upon viewing the braziers and turners lhops," I found it *• true, what my countryman Monfieur Juftel formerly told me, " that, according to his catalogue, there were near threefcore " utenfils and conveniences of life more in England than in 41 France." But then the Englifh, fince the breach of their com- merce with France, lie under great neceffities of feveral com- modities fitting for the eafe and fupport of human life, as " coun- ** terfcit p'earl necklaces," p.142, fans, tooth-picks, and tooth-pick- cafes ; and efpeciallv prunes, the calamity of which has been fa great for ten years laft paft, that they have not had enough to lay xound their plum-porridge at Chriilmas. I muft, to give a faithful account, defcend even to the kennels. •• The gutters are deep, and lain with rough edges, which make "the coaches not to glide eafily over them;" but occafion an employment for an induftrious for: of people, called kennel- rakers. «« The A JOURNEY TO LONDON, 193 " The fquares in London are many and very beautiful," as Sr. James's, Soho, Bloomfbury, Red-lion, Devonshire " none of the " largeft," and Kogfdon " not yet finifhed." P. 10. " But that which makes the dwelling in this city very diverting, *' is the facility of going out into the fields }" as to Knightf- bridge, where is an excellent fpring-garden ; to Mary le bon, where is a very good bowling-green ; Iflington, as famous for Cakes, as Stepney or Chelfea is for buns. Ibid. " But to defcend to a more particular review of this great citv, " I think it not amifs to fpeak firft of the ftreets," p. 1 1. There are " coaches" in the ftreets, " which are very numerous ; *' but the fiacres are not hung with double fprings at the four '* corners, which fprings would infenfibly break all jolts," p. 12. So that I found the cafe altered in England j and I, that had rather ride in a fiacre at Paris than in the eafieft chariot of a Lord Ambaffador ; to my great aftonifhment, at London, found that in a hackney coach there was " not a jolt but what affected a man ;'* from whence I drewthefe furprizing conclufions : Firft, " that a 41 hackney is a miferable vbiture ;" and next, " that a man may ■* be more tired in an hour in that, than in fix hours riding in u mi' Lord Ambaffador's eafieft chariot." I faw a boy that had harneffed two dogs; which drew a fmall loiture with a burden in it ; and I faw a little Matter in a little "jinegrette, " drawn along by two boys" much bigger than him- felf, and " pufhed behind bv a maid." Thefe " I was willing to f* omit, as thinking them at firft fight fcandalous, and a very jeft ; *' they being wretched bufineffes in fo magnificent a city," p. 15. Finding " that neither poft-chaifes 8 nor rouillions were in ufe *' in London ;" I told them of them — * f how both horfes pull, *' but one only is in the thilles ; how the coachman mounts the * rouilliou, but for the chaife he only mounts the fide horfe ; •' and that they miglit be introduced to good purpofe." But I found the Englifh curiofity fo fmall, that I did not fee any reuillion made during my fix months ftay in London. E The firft co.uh ever publicly feen in England was the equipage of frenry Fitz-Alan, who became earl of Arundel in 1543, and died in 1579. That vehicle was invented by the French ; who alfo invented the poft-chaife, which was introduced by Mr. Tull, fon of the well known Writer on huftandry. Granger, vol. I. p. 193. The prcfent age is alfo indebted to France for the introduction of die diligence. Vol. I. O As 194 A JOURNEY TO LONDON. " As for their recreations and walks ; St. James's Park 1st ** frequented by people of quality ;" who, if they have a mind to " have better and freer air, drive to Hyde Park," where is a ring for the coaches to chive round ; and hard by is Mrs. Price's, where are incomparable fyllabubs. " Out of the other parts of " the town," they go to Hampftead and Cane Wood (an admira- ble place for nuts, as Mother Huff's for bottled ale), " fcarce " any fide amifs," p. 14. I had almoft forgotten that in St. James's Park " are many feats, for the entertainment of all ** people, the lacqueys and mob excepted ; but of this more here- * • after." " It is pretty to obferve how the magiftrates indulge the inha- ** bitants of this great city, by this fmall inftance :" for whereas " in Paris the King has caufed the citizens to take down their " figns, and not to exceed a fmall meafure of fquare;" in Lon- don, they may be of what meafure they pleaie, even to a monftrous bignefs h ; as my great curiofity obferved, in the fign of the Ship Tavern, and the Caftle Tavern in Fleet-ftreet, which has almoll obfeured the Sun ; and barbers hang out poles of a great huge Lngth, almoft as long as a mizen-maft, p. 16. " There are a great manv public Inns in London, where lodg- "■ ings are to be let;" as the Bull Inn in Bifhopfgate-ftreet, the Saracen's Head in Friday-ftreet, the White Horie in Fleet-ftreet, and others. But, befuics thefe, there are divers other places fo called ; as Clifford's Inn, Clement's Inn, Lion's Inn, &c. where ieveral " Gentlemen," practitioners of the law, refide. " This i( feems as it were to denote" that heretofore Attorneys might lodge in " Public Inns" as well as other ** ftrangers." " In the river of Thames, both above bridge and below, are lt valt numbers of boats, of wood, hay, charcoal, corn, wine, and " other commodities." When a froft comes, there are not fo many. " But, when a thaw comes, they are often in danger of " being fplit and crufhed to pieces j" and, upon my word, " there " have been great lolfes to the owners of fuch boats and goods" upon thefe occafions, p. 17. The reafon why there are more boats below budge than above, is becaufe there is a Cuftom-houfe, h Whether it be with a view to excel our polite neighbours or not, is immaterial ; but thefe " figns of montlrous bignefi" are in the prefent age totally annihilated. which A JOURNEY TO LONDON. i 9S 'which brings into the King of England a revenue able to defend the fovereigntyof thefeas againft any enemy whatfoever ; and the reafon why there lie fo many hundred large veflels of all forts, and of all nations, is becaufe they cannot get through bridge, heigh I and there are a great many light boats, loaden with brooms, gingerbread, tobacco, and a dram of the bottle, hoi Above bridge, is a vaft boat, with a houfe upon it, and a garden in the garret ; and further up the river, at Chelfea, is a land- fhip, very large, built on purpole never to go to fea. There are " beggars" in London, and people whofe neceffities force them to afk relief from fuch as they think able to afford i:, p. 20. But there are no " Monks, who declare againft marriage." And a certain learned perfon told me, that he did not like " ftarved Monks ;" but that he was for " free marriage ;" and that " the fleih-eaters will ever defend themfelves, if not beat " the lehten men." Therefore he Was entirely for propagation, " that men might be like the ftars in the firmament, or the fhells "and fand upon the fea-fhore," p. 21 : and fo, notwithftanding any circumftances of life, age, or fortune, mould marry; and that it was as prudent in an old man of threefcore and ten, ai in a youth of one and twenty. ** There is a great deal of noife in this city, of public' cries of " things to be fold, and great difturbance from pamphlets and " hawkers. The Gazettes come out twice a week, and a great "many buy them." When a thing is loft, they do' not, as in Paris, .put " a printed papev on the wall :" but, if it be of fmall value, the bell-man cries it; and if it be a thing of greater mo- ment, as for example a Lap-dog, &c. then they put it in the advertifements. " The ftreets are lighted all the winter ; but there is an imper- ** tinent ufage of the people at London, not to light them when " the moon mines." They ridiculously defend themfelves, by faying they can fee by moonihine, and have no more reafon to hold a candle to the moon than to the fun. "There were " three young gentlemen of good families, in a frolick," went a •fcouring, " broke the lights," and were fent to the Counter; u and could not be relealed thence without diligent application " of friends," and paying garniih to their fellow-prifoners, p. 23. il The avenues to the city, and all the ftreets, arc paved with O t " pebbles, i 9 6 A JOURNEY TO LONDON. " pebbles, flints, and rag-ftones i and there is great care to keep " tlicin clean. In winter, for example, upon melting of the " ice,'' vou mail fee all the prentices and porters up in arms, with brooms and paring-fhovels, " fo that, in a few hours time, " all parts of the town are to admiration clean and neat again to ** walk, on," p. 24. " I could heartily wifh" I had been at London " in fummcr,'' to have feen whether they have " more duff' at London than in Paris, p. zi,. 1 have notwithstanding, in my curious enquiries after M Jaiff,"' found that there are many duft-carts about the town; and there are feveral women that take delight, and, as I have heard, pay money to ride in them. A fine lady about the town was taken thence ; and, upon her change of clean linen, took Upon hericlf the title of Clindcraxa. There are feveral ftatues, at Charing-Crofs, in. the City, and at the Exchange : but my relim being not for Art, but Na- ture, as I have before declared, I think fit to meddle with them, as little as 1 can- I happened to go with a lady to Hyde Park Corner, where in zxi open area we faw feveral naked ftatues ; at which fhe, " our " of a fond humour, or hot fit of devotion," p. 29, took fome offence. I told her, " Cicero fomewhere fays, that fome of ** the ancient wife men thought there was nothing naturally ob- u fcenc ; but that every thing might be called by its own name," p. 30. She told me, I was making an apology for talking obfcencly. I replied, No ; but added, " Why mould nudity be ** fo offenfive, fince a very great part of the world yet defiV. " cloaths, and ever did f o ; and the parts they do moft afflcl to. ** cover, are from a certain neceffity onlv r" Ibid. At which fhe blufhed ; and I, for the fake of further difcourfe, began a long itorv about Roman cloaths ; and told her, " a Roman was as ** foon undrefled as I can put off my gloves and fhoes : for he ** had nothing to do but to loofe the girdle of the Tunica, and to " draw up both his arms from under the Tunica," p. 3 1 ; and he was in bed immediately : whereas I had a hundred fatigues to undergo, as unbuttoning my collar, untying my knec-ftrings, and feveral other things that would make a man impatient to think of. I told her likewife it was " after the firft ages of the *• Commonwealth," that they found out the invention of "putting '< a Ihir: next the ikin," ibid, j that as tor ruffles and fteenkirks, 7 " they A JOURNEY TO LONDON, 197 •*< they were never added in the very fplendour and luxury of the are " un- P doubted arguments," p. 46, 47. He fhewed me a thoufand other rarities, P as the (kin of a Cape nfs, ft many very excellent land-fnails, a frefii-water mufcle from Cha- "tham; a thin oyfter ; p. 60,61; alfo a very large wood frog, " with the extremity of the toes webbed," p. 73. He fhewed me " fome papers of Swammerdam, in which were *< fome fraall treatifes, or rather fome figures only, of the Tadpole." Again, " Figures relating to the natural hiftory of a certain day P butterfly, and of fome confiderable number of fnails, as well * naked as fluviatile," p. 103. He fhewed me " a vaft number of great cafes, in which were * play-things, or puppets," p. 43 ; all of them brought from France, except one " Siftrum, or ^Egyptian rattle, with three loole "or running wires crofs it," p. in, I profered him my al- fiftance, to complete fo uft:ful a colleftion as that of play-things and rattles. f* I was infinitely pleafed" with this Gentleman's company ; efpecially when " he fhewed me a Dillertation he had written out « fair A JOURNEY TO LONDON. sat h fair for the prefs, about a certain ancient Intaglia of Madame's, of Ptolomeus Auletes, or the player upon the flute ; in this, f* he faid, the thin muffler was the moft remarkable." Upon this, 1 told him, that I had a Dificrtation concerning the " remarkable f* thicknefs and thinnefs of mufflers ;" with which I would pre- sent him, p. 50. " One toy I took notice of, which was a collection of tennis- f balls, for three hundred years or more," p. 93 ; fome of them were fent by a French King to King Henry V : and there are patterns of all that the Englifli have fent back, from the bignefs of the final left- bored raufquet, to the Ihells of the largeft mortars. I went to fee an old woman (that fhall be namelefs). " She f* was 91 years of age. I was furprized to find her body in rums. " It was a perfect mortification to fee the fad decays of nature. ** To hear her talk, with her lips hanging about a toothlefs f* mouth, and her words flying abroad at random. This put me ." in mind of the Sibyls uttering oracles;" and how other " old " women," called witches, have been fince " employed on this " errand," and have at very unreasonable times of night been forced to beftride their broom-ftalf on fuch like occafions. I would have feen a very famous Library, near St. James's Park r but I was told, that the learned Library-keeper was fo bufy in anfwering a Book which had been lately written agalnft him, concerning Phalaris, that it would be rudenefs any ways to in- terrupt him ; though I had heard of his " fingular humanity," both in France and other places ', " I was at an auction of books," at Tom's Coffee- houfe, near Ludgate, " where were above fifty people. Books were fold with ." a great deal of trifling and delay, as with us," but very cheap" f* p. 136 ;" thofe excellent Authors Monfieur Maimbourg, Mon- fieur Varillas, and Monfieur le Grand, though they were all gilt on the back, and would have made a very confiderable figure in a gentleman's ftudy, yet after much tedioufhefs were fold for iuch trifling fums that I am afhamed to name them. " The pox here is the great buhnefs of the town. This « fecret fervice has introduced little contemptible animals of all .'• forts into bufinefs ; and quacks here, as with us, do thrive ' " Wits are game-cocks to one another." — Our Author could not let /lip fo fair an opportunity of Ufhing Dr, Bentley, « vaftly tax A JOURNEY TO LONDON. " vaftly unto great riches. It was very pleafant diversion to me, " to read upon the walls, every where about the town, the quacks M bills in great uncial letters ; as, " 3qua €ettae$>gm3go Head, " John Cafe n lives, tho' Saliold's ° dead. * This hard word drew great fhoals of fpeclators aliout it ; who read the bill, that it introduced, with an unfyeakable curiofity j and, when they were fick, would have none but this learned man for their Phylician. See Tatler, Na 240 j an Eifay which was probably written by our Author. 1 The genius, who a flurried this ex raordinary title, is laid to have amafled a fortune of five hundred pounds a year. m Of Lilly, fee above, p. '6i n John Cafe was ma:iy years a noted practitioner in phyfic and aftro- logy. He was looked upon as the fucceffor of Lilly and of Saftbld, and poilelled the magical Utenfiis of both. He era fed the verfes of his pre- ieceffor from the l.gn-poft, and fubflituted in their ftead this dittich, by which he is i'a'd to have got more than Dryden did by all his Works, " Within this place " Lives Doitor Case." And was doubtlefs very well paid for compofing that which he affixed to his pill-boxes, ** Here's fourteen pills for thirteen pence ; " Enough in any man's own con-fcience." He pcblifhed, in 1697, one of the moft profound aftrological pieces the world ever faw, called, " The Angelical Guide, rtiewing Men and «« Women their chance in this elementary Life," in four books. The diagrams in this work would probably have puzzled Euclid, though he had ftudied aftrology. In Mr. Popes account of the phrenzy of John Dennis, Dr. Cafe is feig for, to attend him 3 whence it is probable that he was living in Queen At.he's reign. o Saftbld was the immediate fuccefLr of Lilly, in the ftudies both of Phyfic and Aftrology; to which he addel that of Poetry, as was to be (eta upon the fign where he lived, and in the bills he diftiibuted. A JOURNEY TO LONDON. 20J *' By thefe bills, it is evident, there is yet a certain modefty and " decorum left, in concealing tins difeafe," p. 236, 237; and people, though they may have failings in private, do not care to expofe themfelve;, to the public. There are '< women," p. 238, who are feventh daughters, that do admirable cures; and there are people that can pick pockets, and afterward, by confulting the flars, tell you who it was that did it. I met with a gentleman, that told me a fecret, " That the old *' Romans, in their luxury, took their tea and chocolate after a f< full meal; and every man was his own cook in that caie :" particularly " C'jelar," that moil admirable and moft accomplished prince, " being refolvcd to eat and drink to excefs before he lay " down to table, emeticen agebai, prepared for himfelf his cho- " colate and tea," p. 168. He prefented me with a Roman tea- dim and a chocolate-pot; which I take to be about Auguftu^'g time, becaufe it is very nifty. My maid, very ignorantly, was going to fcour it, and had done me " an immenfe" damage. I law feveral gardens at Kingfland. " The gardener was an *' artift, and had fome plants in cafes in good order, not to be feeft " elfewhere, as marum Sjriacum, rofemary-bufkes, &zc." p. 1S7. I was at Chelfea; " where I took particular notice of thefe "plants in the green-houfe at that time, p. 183." As, — Urtica male olens Japoniae, the ftinking nettle of Japan. — Goolberia fterilis Armeniae, the Armenian goofberry-bulh, that bears no fruit : " this had been potted thirty years." — Cordk Quies Perfiae; which the Engliih call " Heart's-eafe," or " Love and Jdlenefs ;" a very curious plant.— Brambelia fruclificans Laplandia;, or the blooming bramble of Lapland. — With a hundred other curious plants; as, a particular collection of briars and thorns, which were fome part of the curfe of the creation. " The winter was very rude and fierce. Multitudes had lit- " tie tin kettles in their houfes, with *' fmall-coal kindled," p. 229, to light their pipes withal 5 though in fome places they ufe candles, in others lalamanders. I was at Bartholomew Fair, p. 176. " It confifts of moft loy- " fhops, alfo fiance and pictures ; ribbon-fhops; no books; many *' fhops of confectioners, where any woman may commodioufly " be treated. Knavery is here in perfection, as with us; as de»- *' rrous cut-purfes and pick- pockets." 1 Went to lee the dancing. i9 4 A JOURNEY TO LONDOK. on the ropes, which was admirable. Coming out, I met a man that would have taken off my hat ; but 1 fecured it, and was going to draw ray fvvord, crying out, " Begar ! Damned Rogue f " Morblem !" &c. when on a fudden I had a hundred people about me, crying, "Here, Monfieur, {ae. Jephtha's ram vow"— ** Here, Monfieur, fee the tall Dutchwoman?" — " See the tiger,"— fays another. — " See the horfe and no horfe, whofe tail itands « where his head fhould do." — " See the German Aitift, Monfieur.'* " See the Siegeof Namur, Monfieur." — So that, betwixt rudenef* ond civility, I was forced to get into a fiacre, and, with u an «' air of hafte and a full trot," got home to my lodgings. I was at St. James's-Park. There were no " pavillions, nor «< decoration of treillage and flowers ;" but I faw there a vail number of ducks. Thcfe were " a molt furprizing fight. I could " not forbear to fay to Mr. Johnfon, who was plealed to accom- u pany me in tliis walk, that fure all the ponds in England had u contributed to this profufion of ducts ; which he took fo well," that he ran immediately to an old gentleman that fat in a chair, and was feeding of them ; who rofe up, " very obligingly em- ** braced me, and faluted me with a kifs," and invited me to din- ner, telling me, he v/as infinitely obliged to me for flattering the King's ducks. ••••.»..•■•.».* Gf the Food of the Londoners. f* The diet of the Londoners confifts chiefly of bread and meat" .which they ufe inflead of herbs. " Bread is there, as in Paris, f finer and coarfer," according as they take out the bran. This I obferved, that whereas we have a great deal of cabbage and but a little bit of meat, they will have monftrous pieces of beef (I think they call them rumps and buttocks) with a few carrots, that ftand at a diltance, as if they were frightened ; nay, I have P A famous rope-dancer. Mr. Granger has given an account of her, vol IV. p. 35*} and, in p. 2n, of Jacob Hall, who was of the fame profeflion, and is reprefented as " a man of fymmetry and elegance, as well " as ftrength and agility : he was much admired by the ladies, who re- " garded him as a due compofition of Hercules and Adonis." Bjth Hall and the Dutch- woman are celebrated in Purteli's well known catch aa the humours of Bartholomew Fair. feefl A JOURNEY TO LONDON. zc$ "feen a thing they call a fir-loin, without any herbs at all, fo im- tnenfe, that a French footman could fcarce fet it upon the table. They trie " very white fait j" notwithftanding " I told them ** the grey fait of France is incomparably better, and more *' wholefome," p. 147. " The common people feed much upon grey peafe, of which " there are great provifions made, and to be had ready boiled," p. 148. I believe they delight in them mo ft for fupper; for every night there goes by a woman crying, " Hot grey peafe and ** bacon '" Though I take peafe to be too windy for fupper-meat, and am inclinable to believe that hot ox-cheek and baked war- dens, cried at the fame time, may be wholefomer. " Their roots differ much from ours : there are no long tur- « nips, but round ones ; Hackney, near London, is famous for * this moft excellent root ; they are moft excellent with boiled « and itevved mutton, and fometimes with ftewed beef," p. 149. I found more " cabbage" in London than I expe&ed, and faw a great many referves " of old ftalks in their public gardens." I afeeel the reafon. I was told, the Englifh were fantafhc as to herbs and pulfe j that one trade or fociety of men fancied them and cucumbers, and that a whole county were as much admirers Q f beans 1 and bacon j and this they thought might be the r£ «°Lettuce is the great and univerfal fallad ;" but I did not find much « Roman lettuce," becaufe, about ten years ago, a eentleman fending his footman to market, he mifiook, and afked for « Papift Lettuce ;" and the ill name has hindered the vent at it ever fince. „ • r ■> There are feveral others in the herb-market, as mint, lorrei, «< parfley," verv much ufed with chickens white beets, red beets, and afparagus ; thefe they tie up in bundles, and impole fo far as not to fell under a hundred at a time. P. 152- « This city is well ferved with carp, herrings, cod, iprars, « lobfters, and rnackarel ; of which there are fuch incredible « quantities," that there is a public allowance for mackerel, as well as milk, to be cried on Sundays. P. 155. Bein? defirous to fee the markets, I had a friend that one aorning carried me to Leaden -hall. I ddired to know what 9 Alluding to the Proverb, " Leiceftetfliir* Bean-belly." «• mufhroomi xo& A JOURNEY TO LONDON. " mufhrooms" thev had in the market. I found but few; ?C which " I was fur prized :" for I have all my life " been very '* curious and inquifnive about this kind of plant," p. i 54 : but I was abfulutely aftonifhcd to find, that as for " champignons" and " monglio';," they Were as great ftmngers to them as if they had been bred in Japan. He promifed to carry me to the flefh-market, p. 157, and there 10 make me arrrends ; but, when I came there, alas ! there was a thoufand times too much of it to be good : the fight of fitch a quantity was enough to forfeit one. I verily believe in jny confeience there were more oxen than cabbages, and more legs of mutton than heads of garlick, in the market. What bar- barous " foups," p. 157, then muft thefe poor people eat ! " Their veal" has not that beautiful rednefs which belongs to ■• ours;" and indeed their mutton feems more like it, only it is fatter,- and their beef is large and fat, to that degree, that it is almoft impolTible to roaft it dry enough to make it fit for any Chriftian (that has the leaft of our country inclifpofition about him) to eat it with any fafetv. There were feveral mountains of this beef, which they called " barons and chines j" which, they told me, were for one of the fiieiilFs. I will undertake, with one of thefe " chines," together with cabbage, turnips, and other rootc, Kerbs, and onions pro- portionable, to make lbup enough for the Parliament of Paris. " The Englifh people, by cuftom, covet the frefheft meat, and ** cannot endure the leaft tendency to putrefaction, which gives it " a higher and falter tafte ; for, as meat rots, it becomes more " urinous and fait, which is all in all in the matter of foups." 1 fa\V but one fowl in the market that was fit to be eaten ; it's fmell was delicious, and its colour of a beautiful green : I de- fired my friend to afk the price, but the poulterer told him it was fold to a French merchant. I have feveral other things that I might difcourfe of; as, V iven- " tiih pippins and pears," p. 159 ; " kidney beans and lentils,'.' p. 148 ; t " preaching, gaming, coaching, carting, walking, fitting, " {landing, &:c." p. 174 — iSo. I would likewife have given the Reader the cuts of the Nidus Trochilli Anglicani, or wren's neft, a ftickleback, two fnails, two grafhoppers, and thofe admirable coins of Cacathumpton and Goclenia, but that my Bookfeller {aid the engraver was out of the way. What may be wanting in this, A JOURNEY TO LONDON. 207 this, fome other Journeys, that I defign, to the Two Univerfities, Norwich, Briftol, Exeter, Canterbury, and other trading places, I hope, will fupply. Upon reviewing my Notes, I find the following remarkakle things omitted in my Treatife ; which that the Puhlick may not want, I have thrown into a Poftfcript. ** The wines follow, and waters to drink," p. 160. Hare-court has excellent water : fome people ufe New River, others Thames water. I told them, that we had feveral liquors in France ; as, " Vin de bonne, volne, mulfo, chabre, condrieu, **■ and d'arbris, ratafia, otherwife called cherry brandy, vattee, " fenoulliet de rifle de Ree," p. 161 — 164. He anfwered me, that he had a thoufand fuch fort of liquors, as " r humtie-dumtie, u three-threads, four-threads, old Pharaoh, knockdown, hugmetee, " lhouldree, clam ber-ci own, hot-pots at Newgate-market, fox " comb, blind pinneaux, itifHe," &c. I muft nor omit a famous fight in Drury Lane, a place re- markable for modefty and piety. There is a fign ofyf.r dogs, that ploughed an acre of ground, which, I believe, may, for want of horfes, be introduced into France ijttith good effed. They have very good maftiffs, that may ferve for dragoons ; but they will fcarce fall upon Proteftants. r This enumeration of Engliflibtvereges furnifhed Dr. Bentley with an endlefs fund of merriment againft our Author. INDEX N D E X T O THE JOURNEY TO LONDON; ASSES, Auction, Bartholomew Fair. Beggars, Boats, Boy in a little Coach, Bread, 203 '95 194 *93 204 Brick anil Stone Houfes, 192 Brown fworth, Mr. 19? Bureaus, 192 Cabbage, 205 Calf with a Top-knot, 199 Cane Wood, famed for Nuts, 1 94 Cellar Windows, 192 Chelfea Garden, 203 Chevy Chace, 200 Chine of Beef, 206 Chocolate, 203 Coaches, when introduced, 193 Coins of Vabalathus, 199 of Catathumpton and Go- clenia, 200 Commendation of Linen, 197 Cotterel (Sir Charles) and John Sharp compared, 191 Curiofity, ibid. Doncafter, Mr. 197 Ducks, 204 Duft, 196 Dutch Maid (the tall), 204 Englifh no Lovers of (Unking Meat, 206 Flannel Shirts, 196 Grey Peafe ; Hot ! 205 Hackney, famed for Turnips, ib. Hall (Jacob), 204 Hedgehog's Heart, 198 Huff's (Mother), famed for Bot- tled Ale, 194 Humtie-dumtie, &c. 207 Iflington, Knightfbridge, Mary ]e bon, and Stepney, 193 Kennels, 192 Kingfland Gardens, 205 Kkling in an Air Pump, 198 Page 200 Lettuce, 201 Linen Shirts , Liquors, Miller's Thumb, Monks (none), Muddifond, Mr. Mufflers, Mufcle, frefh-watcr, Mulhrooms, 403 197 207 198 i95 19S 201 200 206 Naked Statues commended, 196 Old Women Witches, 201 Owls, 199 Oyfters, thin, 200 Park, St. James's, 194 Pick-pockets, 203 Play-things, 200 Port-cochers and Remifes, 192. Poft-chaifes and Rouillons, 193 Pox! 201 Public Cries, 195 Recreations and Walks, 194 Rofemary, &c. 203 Ruffles, 196 Rummer of two Quarts, 197 Salt, 105 Shirts, 196 Shuttleworth, Mr. 20a Signs in the Streets, 194 Small-coal Kettles, to light a Pipe, 203 Snails, 20c* Soups, 206 Squares, St. James's, &c. 193 Statues, 196 Steenkirks, ibid* Sticklebacks, 198 Streets lighted, 195 — — clean, 196 Syllabubs, Mrs. Price's, 194 Tadpoles, aoo Tea, 403 Tennis-balls, «oi Turnips, 205 Water, 207 SOME SOME REMARKS O N THE TALE OF A TUB, Firfl: printed in 1704. To which is now annexed, An Answer to a Book, which will be publifhed next Week, intituled, " A Letter to the Reverend Dr. •• South, upon Occafion of a late Book, intituled, Ani- " niadverfions on Dr. Sherlock's Book, intituled, " A '* Vindication of the Holy and Ever-blefled Trinity." Being a Letter to the Author. The " Anfwer to a Book to be publi/hed next Week" had an odd effect ; for it was anfwered about a fortnight after, and about four of the impreflion of the Book itfelf, with the Anfwer adjoined, were fold } and the remainder lie ftill by the wall, if not ufed as wafte paper. Pr. King's Preface te his Mifcellanies. Vol.. I. Who the Gentleman of the Long Robe was, that entered into the Trinitarian controverfy as a fecond to Dr. Sherlock, appears not at this diftance ; nor the exact time in which Dr. King's little EfTay was written. Dr. South's u Animadversions" were publifhed in 1693; and Dr. Sherlock defended himferf in 1694. South again replied j and great men efpoufed the caufe of each. The victory was finally adjudged to Dr. South; but not till both the dif- putants, together with Dr. Thomas Bennet, Matter of the Charter- houfe, had been ridiculed in the (mart Ballad which, as a curi- ofity, we have printed in p. 211. — Dr. William Sherlock was born in 1641. He was mafter of the Temple, and dean of St. Paul's; and died June 19, 1707. — Dr. Robert South was born in 1633. Among many other preferments, he was a canon o( Chrift Church, and a prebendary of Weftminfter. He died July 8, 1716. £ *» 3 PREFACE. SOMEBODY, without the Author's knowledge, having thought fit to print " Mully of Mountown b ," as alfo f* Orpheus and Eurydice f under the title of " The Fairy " FeauV' in the latter of which above one third of the Poem is omitted ; it may therefore be thoughts piece of juftice to the Author, as well as the Courteous Readers, to give them •a true copy. The Publisher is allured by the Author, that there is no myilerious meaning in either of them, nor any Politicks. He has further in charge to tell the world, from the fame Gentleman, that he had no hand in writing the " Tale of a Tub «." He happened one day to difcourfe more largely than ordinarily of that Boole, with one of his Friends; and found the following "Remarks'*" the next morning laid upon his table. * Thefe two Poems were annexed to the " Remarks," in the Author's edition of 1 704- They are now clalfcd, among the other .pieces in verfe, in our Third Volume. < In the collection of State Poems, 1707, vol. IV. " Mully of ■* Mountown" is printed, and faid to be by " The Author of the « Tale of a Tub." d Thefe u Remarks" were become fo fcarce, that Dr. Hawkef- worth tells us, in a note on Swift's Apology, " the oldeft *• bookfellers remember nothing of their title." — Dr. Swift him- felf fays, Apology, p. xiv. " He has feen the productions but of u two anfwerers ; one of which at firft appeared .as frora an un- u known hand, but fince avowed by a peifon, who upon fome *• occafions hath difcovered no ill vein of humour. It is pity " any occafion mould put him under a necefiity of being fo 4i hafty in his productions, which otherwife might often be enter- ** taining. But there were other reafon^ obvious enough for his 4 ' mifcarriage in this ; he wrote againft the conviction of his P 2, "talent, *i* PREFACE. ¥ talent, and entered upon one of the wrongeft attempts in na? ¥ ture, to turn into ridicule by a week's labour a work, which ¥ had colt fo much time, and met with fo much fuccefs in ridi- " culing others : the manner how he handled his fubjeEl I have ¥ now forgotten ; having juft looked it over, when it firft came ¥ out, as others did, merely for the fake of the title." — Nothing can be more in the Dean's manner, than this defcription of our Author and his " Remarks j" which did not prevent his ex- periencing the friendship of Swift when a proper occafion re- quired it. — " The other anfwer (ibid.) is from a perfon of a ¥ graver character" [Dr. Wotton] ; and is made up of half 41 inve£tive, and half annotation, in the latter of which he haih 41 generally fucceeded well enough." — So well indeed, that Dr. Swift has preffed him into a fervice, in which, it has been well ebferved, " Wotton appears bufied to illultrate a work which he " laboured to condemn, and adds force to a fatire pointed againit ¥ himfelf : as captives were bound to the chariot-wheels of the 44 viflor, and compelled to increafe the pomp of his triumph, ?« whom they had in yain attempted to defeat." REMARKS, C »3 3 R E M A R K S, &c. Gravel-lane, in Old-ftreet, June 10, 1704. HONOURED SIR, IT may lie in the power of the mcaneft perfon to do a fervice or a difTervice to the greateft, according as his inclination of his due refpe£t may lead him ; which is the true occafion of my writing you this Letter, to mew you that a perfon in the loweft circumftances in the world may Hill have a concern to do good ; as I hope it is yours to do fo to every body elfe. Although I believe you know not me ; yet I have known you from a child* and am certain you cannot forget Mr; Seyley e the chimney- fweeper ; any more than you can your neighbour the fmall-coal- man at Clerkenwell, at whole mufick-meeung I have often per- formed a part in your hearing, and have feen you feverai times at the auftion of his Books, which were a curiofity that I could have wiflied you had been able to have purchafed. I own that I am a perfon, as far as my capacity and other circumftances will give me leave, defirous of my own improve- ment and knowledge, and therefore look into all Books that may contribute towards them. It is natural for every perfon to look after things in their own way. The Fifherman aiks for " The " Compleat Angler ;" the Jockey, for '* Markham f ; " the Pick> pocket, for " Duval" and " The German Princefs ," the Vintner ** for " Charlton's Myftery;" the Good Woman for " Boyle's II Family Receipts ;" the Shoe-maker, for " Crifpin and Crif- 11 planus ;" the Charcoal-man, for " Crim the Collier of Croydon | the Taylor, for " Gammar Gurton's Needle;" the Paltry-cook, for " The Man that was choaked with Cuftard at Newberry }" e A print of" Seyley the chlmney-fweeper, and his boy," whofe bafs and treble voices were generally heard in the llreets about fix o'clock in the morning, is defcribed by Mr. Granger, vol. IV. p. 355. f Jofeph Markham, who had a captain's commiflion in the civil war, was the author of the M Perfect Horfe-man ;" " The whole Art of An- "glingj" and feverai other treatifes, See an account of him in Granger, vol.11, p, 337, P 3 th* ai4 REMARKS ON THE TALE OF A TUB. the young Heirefs, for M Lovc-lcttcrs between a Nun and a Ca- ** valicr," or " Nobleman and his Sifter;" and" the Defpairing Lover, for the Play of " Cupid's Whirligig*." Now, Sir, I mud own, that it has been my fortune to find very few that tend any way to my own employment ; 1 have not been able to meet with M Tartaretus," a Book mentioned by Dr. Eachard h ; nor with feveral Authors quoted by Mr. Harrington, that great commonwealth's-man, in his incomparable treadle * of ** The Metamorphofis of A-Jax k ." But at laft it happened that, as I was returning from my nightly vocation, which, beginning between eleven and twelve in the evening, generally employs me till the dawn of the fuccecding morning ; and being melancholy that I had not found fo much gold that night as I might be fuppofed to have done either by my wife or my neighbours ; I faw a fellow pafting up the title- pages of Books at the corners of the ftreets ; and there, among others, I faw one called ** The Tale of a Tub :" which imagin- ing to be a fatirc upon my profeffion, I ordered one of my myr- midons to attack the fellow, and not to box him, but give him two or three gentle ftroaks over the noftrils ; till at laft the fel- low, being of a ready wit, as having to do with all forts of Au- thors, promifed to go to Mr. Nutt's for one of the copies ; and that, if he did not convince me that it was a more fcandalous libel upon the Author of that foolifh Tale, than it could be upon any one elfe, he would engage that I lhould fet him aftride upon one of my barrels, whenever I fhould meet him publishing any thing printed for the fame Stationer. Sir, pardon me, if I fancy you may, by what I have faid, guefs at my profeffion : but I defire you not to fear, for I declare to you that I affect cleanlinefs to % nicety. 1 mix my ink with g A Comedy of the lalt century. t> Dr. John Eackard, matter of Catharine-Hall. Lawrenee Schard, the Hiftorian, who was his relauon,-Jpelt his name differently. » A fevere fatire on many perfons in high Rations in Queen Elizabeth's reign. The Author of it incurred much cenfure among the great, and even from the Queen herfelf. But his high eftimation with that Princefs fecured an unexpected forgiveneis. See " Harrington's Nugae Antiqua?," vol. II.' p. 24 5. k This poflibly gave Dr. Swift the hint for the true etymtlogy of thli and fome other names. See his Works, vol, XV. p. 47 j« 1 refc REMARKS ON THE TALE OF A TUB. 215 rofe or orange-flower-water, my fcrutoirc is of cedar-wood, my wax is fcented, and my paper lies amongft fweet bags. In fhort.. I will ufe you with a thoufand times more refpect than the Bookfeller of the " Tale of a Tub" does a noble Peer, under the pretence of a Dedication 1 j or than the Author does his Readers. It was not five a clock when I had performed a fevere penance ; for I had read over a piece of nonfenfe, infcribed " To his Royal " Highnefs Prince Pofterity ;" where there is fo confiderable an aim at nothing, and fuch an accomplifhment of that defign, that I have not in my library met any thing that equals it. I never gave over till I had read his Tale, his Battle, and his Fragment : I fhall fpeak of the feries and ftyle of thofe three treatifes here- after. But the firft remarkable ftory that I found was that, about the twenty-fecond page, concerning a fat fellow crowding to fee a Mountebank. I expected to have found fomething witty at the end : but it was all of a piece; fo fluffed with curfes, oaths, and imprecations, that the moft profligate criminal in New-prifon would be afhamed to repeat it. I muft take notice of one other particular piece of nonfenfe, and no more ; where he fays, p. 52, "That the ladder is an adequate fym- " bol of faction and of poetry. Of faction, becaufe * * • * Hiatus m " Mf. * * * Of poetry, becaufe its orators do perorarev/bih a fong." The true reafons why I do not defcend to more particulars is, becaufe I think the three treatifes (which, by their harmony In. dirt, may be concluded to belong to one Author) may be re- duced to a very fmall compafs, if the common-places following were but left out. But the Author's firft aim is, to be profane ; but that part I fhall leave to my betters, fince matters of fuch a nature 'are not to be jefted with, but to be punifhed. The fecond is, to fhew how great a proficient he is, at hector- ing and bullying, at ranting and roaring, and efpecially at cur- fing and fwearing. He makes his perfons of all characters full of their oaths and imprecations ; nay, his very fpider has his fhare, and, as far as in. the Author lies, he would tranfmit his impiety to things that are irrational. ' The Dedication to Lord Somers is written in the ehirafler of the Bookfeller j the Author's Dedication being addrefled to '« Prfcice Pofterity." P 4 Hi * tr6 REMARKS ON THE TALE OF A TUB. His third is, to exceed all bounds of modefty. Men who are obliged by neceffity to make ufe of uncommon expreflions, yet have an art of making all appear decent j but this Author, on the other fide, endeavours to heighten the worft colours, and to that end he fearches his antient Authors for their lewdeft images, which he manages fo as to make even impudence itfelf to blufh at them. His next is, a great affectation for every thing that is nafty. When he fpies any object that another perfon would avoid look- ing on, that he embraces. He takes the air upon dung-hills, in ditches, and common-lhoars, and at my Lord Mayor's dog-kennel. In fhort, almod every part has a tincture of fuch filthinefs, as renders it unfit for the worft of ufes. By the firft of thefe, he fhews his religion ; by the fecond, his cotrverfation ; by the third, his manners j and by the fourth, his education. Now were the Crow, who at prefent ftruts fo much in the gutter, dripped of thefe four forts of feathers, he would be left quite naked : he would have fcarce one dory, one jeft, one al- lufion, one fimile, or one quotation. And I do affure Mr. Nutr, that, if he fhouid employ me in my own calling, I would bargain not to foul my utenfils with carrying away the Works of this Author. Such were my fentiments upon reading thefe pieces ; when, knowing that no fponge or fair water will clean a Book, when foul ink and fouler notions have fullied the paper, I looked upon the fire as the propered place for its purgation, in which it took no long time to expire. Now, Sir, you may wonder how you may be concerned in this long dory; and why I apply myielf to you, in declaring my fentiments of this Author. But I fliall (hew you my reafon for it, before I conclude this my too tedious epidle. Now, Sir, in the dearth of wit that is at prefent in the town, all people are apt to catch at any thing that may afford them any diverfion ; and what they cannot find, they make : and fo this Author was bought up by nil forts of people, and every one was willing to make fenfe of that which had none in it originally. It was fold, not only at court, but in the city and fuburbs ; bur, after fome time, iu came to have its due value put upon it : the Brewer, the Soap-boiler, the Train-oil-man, were all affronted at it; REMARKS ON THE TALE OF A TUB. 217 it ; and it afforded a long difpute at our Coffee-houfc over the Gate, who might be the Author. A certain Gentleman, that is the neareft to you of any perfon, was mentioned, upon fuppofition that the Book had Wit and Learning in it. But, when I had difplayed it in its proper co- lours, I muft do the company that jultice, that there was not one but acquitted you. That matter being difpatched, every one was at their liberty of gueffmg. One faid, he believed it was a Journey-man-taylor in Billeter-lane, that was an idle fort of a fellow, and loved writing more than ftitching, that was the Au- thor ; his reafon was, " becaufe here he is fo defirous to mention * his Goofe and his Garret :" but it was anfwered, " that he was " a member of the Society ;" and fo he was excufed. " But whv ** then," fays another, " fince he makes fuch a parable upon " coats, may he not be Mr. Amy the Coat-feller, who is a Poet and " a Wit ?" To which it was replied, " That that gentleman's lofs •' had been bewailed in an Elegy fome years ago." — " Why may " not it be Mr. Gumly the Rag-woman's hufband in Turnball- *' ftrcet ?" fays another. " He is kept by her; and, having little to " do, and having an Officer in Monmouth's Arm}', fince the " defeat at Sedgemore m has always been a violent Tory." But it was urged, " that his ftyle was harfh, rough, and unpolifhed ; " and that he did not underftand one word of Latin." — " Why " then," cries another, " Oliver's porter n had an Amanuenfis ac " Bedlam, m The duke of Monmouth, with a few of his followers, landed in the Weft, July 5, 1685 ; and found himfelf at the head of a numerous body of plowmen, graziers, and mechanicks j who behaved better in the battle at Sedgemore, than could have been expected from a rabble of fuch undif- ciplined foldiers. Monmouth was found by fome country fellows two days after, concealed in a field under fome itraw, with fome peafe in his pocket ; and on the 15th of July was beheaded. n This man, whofe Chriftian name was Daniel, learned much of the cant that prevailed in his matter's time. He was a great plodder in books of divinity, efpecially in thofe of the myftical kind, which are fuppofed to have turned his brain. He was many years in Bedlam, where his library was, after fome time, allowed him j as there was not the leaft probability of his cure. The mod confpicuous of his books was a Bible given him by Nell Gwynn. He frequently preached, and fometimes prophcfied ; and was faid to have foretold feveral remarkable events, particularly the fire of London. See Lcfleys " Snake in the Grafs," p. 330 j where we 5 learn, ax8 REMARKS ON THE TALE OF A TUB. u Bedlam, that ufcd to tranfcribe what he dictated : and may not 44 thefe be fome fcattered notes of his Matter's ?" To which all replied, " that, though Oliver's porter was crazed, yet his mif- 44 fortune never let him forget that he was a Chriftian." One faid, " It was a Surgeon's man, that had married a Midwife's 44 nurfe :" but, though by the ftyle it might feem probable that two fuch perfons had a hand in it ; yet, fince he could not name the perfons, his fancy was rejected. 44 I conjecture," fays another, 44 that it maybe a Lawyer, that " When, on a fudden, he was interrupted by Mr. Markland the Scrivener, 44 No, rather, by 44 the oaths, it Ihould be an Irilh evidence." At laft there flood up a fprant young man, that is Secretary to our Scavenger, and cries, 44 What if after all it fnould be a Parfon ° ! for who may * 4 make more free with their trade ? What if I know him, de- 44 fcribe him, name him, and how he and his friends talk of it, 44 admire it, are proud of it." — " Hold, cry all the company ; 4< that fundlion muft not be mentioned without refpeft. We 44 have enough of the dirty fubjett j we had better drink our 44 coffee, and talk our politicks." I doubt not, Sir, but you with the difcourfe had broke off fooner. Pardon it ; for it means well to you, however expreft : for I am to my utmoft, &c. learn, that people went often to hear him preach, 44 and would fit many " hour* under his window with great devotion." Mr. Lefley had the Curiofity to a/k a grave matron, who was among his auditors, 44 what • 4 fhe could profit by hearing that madman ?" She, with a compofed countenance, as pitying his ignorance, replied, 44 That Feftus thought 44 Paul was mad !" Granger, vol. IV. p. no. © The Clergyman here alluded to is not the real Author, who was not at that time fufpccled ; but Mr. Thomas Swift, re£tor of Puttenham in Surrey, whom the Dean, vol. XVI. p. 2, calls his 44 parfon coufin," and who appears to have taken fome pains to be confidered as the Author »f the 44 Tale of a Tub." See vol. XVII. p. 518. LITTER LETTER T O T H E AUTHOR OFABOOK. s IR, IF you had been fo civil as to have written an ingenuous Let- ter to Dr. South (as you might have clone by the poft), in* ftead of printing an unmannerly Pamphlet inferibed to his Name ; this paper had never come out : fo that you had not troubled me, nor expofed yourfelf. I am forry, Sir, you are one of thofe Lawyers, who in term-time are more employed by Bookfcllers than Clients ; and, inftead of keeping Clerks to copy declarations, tranferibe your idle notions to the prefs yourfelf. — The corn- pofitor was very much puzzled with your court-hand ! But why do you think I write this, who am a Phyfician ? It is to fave people the expence of buying your Book when it is publiihed ; and no doubt, when you appear upon the flails, they will thank me for it. Your fate there will not be long in de- ciding ; for whereas other Books are tried a year before they are defpaired of, yours will be forgotten in a fortnight. You begin your Book with thefe words, " It was my fortune " this fumtner to pafs through Cafam, &c." Now, Sir, there being no fuch place in England, I am apt to fancy you have not ftirrcd out of London this long vacation, at leaft you have no map of Oxfordfhire in your chamber. Admit either of thefe, and I am fure you will appear a very comical blunderer, likely to fpy faults in the cxaftnefs of the Animadverter. But you pro? cecd like an ingenuous perfon, and fay that, " being a ftranger, " you defired to wait upon Dr. South." — Very kind, upon my word ! Though, for my own part, who have read your Letter, if your converfation be no better than your writing, I would rather have you print againft me, than vifit me. You fay that you have a friend, to whom Dr. South difovvned the Animadverfions on Dr. Sherlock j but, by the reft of your Letter, it is evident you miftruft the man's veracity; and fo do I too: for (to lay afidc other reafons) it i. not probable Dr. South would 420 LETTER TO THE A U T H O R, &c. wonlcl make a confident of a man, who is a friend to a Pam- phleteer fo defpicable. You make an out-cry, up and down your Book, againft " im- " pudence, malice, ill-manners," &c. as if you defigned to re- prove them. But your Book fhevvs, that, whatever ufe you make of the words, the things themfelves you are plentifully flored with. Hence it is that you fo gracioufly pronounce fentence againft the Animadverfions, and would deliver them over to be burnt ; but u you are afraid the execution would promote the fale." — Send your own Books, Sir j and if, even after fome of them have been burnt, the remainder goes off, I will pay the Hangman. I find you are not much minded in town, by your intelligence : for whereas you confidently affirm that the Animadverfions are not licenfed, even your Bookfeller, who is doubtlefs the top of your converfation, can inform you otherwife. I come now to the grand defign of your Paper, which is, to defire the world to take notice that " you will meddle with no *' point of Divinity." And, the Animadverfions being on that fubjeft, it is evident you defign only to difplay your wit and language. The King's-bcnch or the Chancery-bar have never given you an opportunity for it ; but you are refolved a tafte of both fhall lye in Weftminfter-hall however. — " Caveat Emptor !" Thus, Sir, with great care I have examined your whole Book : and whoever finds more than this Abridgement has touched at, muft thank Fortune. However Dr. Sherlock may have heerj nonplus'd by the Animadverter, I am apt to guefs he never fenc for you to be his defender ; and if the controverfy had lain at Common Law, I am confident he would have feed other Counfel. Let me advife you, Sir, to mind Chamber-praftice, and pretend to be a Conveyancer; for, by the oratory of this Book, it is evi- dent that you were not cut out for a Pleader. So, Sir, good bye. I wifli you better fuccefs next Term. Your humble Servant, &c. THE THE BATTLE ROYAL; A BALLAD. I. A DEAN 3 and Prebendary* • - Had once a new vagary ? And were at doubtful ftrife, Sir, Who led the better life, Sir, And was the better man, And was the better man. II. The Dean he faid, that truly, Since Bluff was fo unruly, He'd prove it to his face, Sir, That he had the moft grace, Sir, And fo the fight began, &c. III. When Preb replied like thunder, And roar'd out, 'twas no wonder, Since Gods the Dean had three, Sir, And more by two than he, Sir, For he had got but one, &c. IV. Now while thefe two were raging, And in diiputc engaging, The Matter of the Charter c Said, both had caught a Tartar, For Gods, Sir, there were none, &c, a Dr. William Sherlock. t> Or. South. c Dr. T. Burnet had about this time ridiculed, in his" Archaeologiae " Philofophicae," the literal account of the Creation of Man, as it itands in the beginning of Genelis ; and this, being then thought very heterodox and pro^hane, as indeed it generally is now, expofed him to the Post's laib. V. That |M THE BATTLE ROYAL. V. That ill the books of Mofc's Were nothing but fuppofcs ; That he deferv'd rebuke, Sir, Who wrote the Pentateuch, Sir, 'Twas nothing but a fham, &c. VI. That as for father Adam, With Mrs. Eve his madam, And what the ferpent fpoke, Sir," 'Twas nothing but a joke, Sir, And well-invented flam, &e. VII. Thus in this Battle Royal As none would take denial, The Dame for which they ftrove, Sirj Could neither of them love, Sir, Since all had given offence, &c. VIII. She therefore, flily waiting, Left all three fools a prating ; And, being in a fright, Sir, Religion took her flight, Sir, And ne'er was heard of fince, And ne'er was heard of fince d . d Whether this ballad is worded with that decency that the lubjeft of the difpute, or the very learned and eminent perfons concerned in it deferve, we {hall not determine. But the reception it met with, being tranflated into feveral languages, particularly Latin by a curious hand at Cambridge, and the prefents fent the author by the nobility and gentry, jnade it evident that their fentiments were againft having the myfteries of tit Holy Religion difcufled and eanvaflird after fo ludicrous a manner. ADDI. C "3 3 ADVERSARIA; O R, Occafional Remarks on Men and Manners a ." TH A L E S, being afked how a man might moft eafily brook, misfortunes, anfwered, " If he faw his enemies in a worfe "condition 1 *." It is not agreed concerning the Wife Men ; or whether, indeed, they were Seven. There is a very good Letter of Pififtratus to Solon, and of the fame ftyle and character with thofe of Phalaris. Solon ordained, that the guardians of orphans mould not co- habit with their mothers ; and that no perfon mould be a guardian to thofe whofe eftate defcended upon them at the orphan's de- ceafe : that no feal-graver mould keep the feal of a ring that was fold : that, if any man put out the eye of him who had but one, he fhould lofe both his own : that, where a man never planted, it mould be death to take away : that it mould be death for a magiftrate to be taken in drink. Solon's Letters, at the end of his Life in Laertius, give us a truer idea of the man, than all he has written before j and are, indeed, very fine. Solon's to Crcefus, are very genteel ; and Pittacus's, on the other fide, as rude and philofophical : however, both fhew Crcefus to have been a very great man. Thefe Epiftles give a further reaion to believe that the others were written by Phalaris, There is a Letter from Cleobulus to Solon, to invite him to Lindus. Bion ufed to fay, " It was more eafy to determine differences " between enemies than friends ; for that, of two friends, one " would become an enemy ; but of two enemies, one would " become a friend." Anachariis has an Epiftle to Crcefus, to thank him for his in- vitation ; and Periander one to all the wife men, to invite them a Many of thefe Remarks were made from the perufal of original papers in the Record-offices of Ireland. • Diogenes Laertius, book i. Vol, I. Q^ ft 124 ADVERSARIA. to Corinth to him, after their return from Lydia. Epimenide3 has an Epiltle to Solon, to invite him to Crete, under the tyranny of Pififtratus. Epimenides often pretended that he rofe from death to life. Socrates is faid to have affifted Euripides in his Tragedies. He was a great champion of Democracy ; and extols Pleafure as the beft thing a man could enjoy, as Xenophon witnefies in his Sympofiarchum. Xenophon was modeft to excefs, and the moft lovely pcrfon living. Ariftippus was a man of a foft temper, and could comply with all perfons, places, and feafons. He could enjoy pleafure, and fcorn it if tso expenfive to his way of living. He faid, " Pleafure * was no crime ; but it was a crime for a man to be a {lave to «* his pleafure." We can have no true character of him from his Life in Laertius : for it is certain, he was an exaft Courtier ; and the reft of the Philofophers, the Grecians, were generally averfe to him, becaufe he could endure to live in the Court of Dionyfius : whereas they were all for a Democracy, and could not endure to fee a Greek complaifant to a Monarch, being a thing, as they thought, below the dignity of his birth. Pleafure was the thing he fought after : and the Hegefiacks, his followers, tell us, <* There was nothing either pleafant or unpleafant by nature ; " but that, through fcarcity, novelty, and fatiety, fome things " were delightful, others difhifteful ; that wealth and poverty " had no relation to pleafure j for that the pleafures of the rich, " and the pleafures of the poor, were ftill the fame." They were of opinion, n That the tranfgrellions of men were to be par- *' doned ; for that no man committed a voluntary fin, but by "the impulfe of fome natural paffion or other; that a man '* ought to propofe to himfelf, as his chiefeft end, to live a lifa u freeft from trouble and pain, which happens to them who are '* not over-eager in the chace and purfuit of pleafure." See, in the Life of Ariftippus, the notion of the Cyreniacks. about friendfhip, and how they fhew the pleafure that is in it. Theodoras the Atheift denied friendship, as neither appearing really in Fools nor Wife Men ; for, in the firft, as foon as the benefit ceafes, the friendfhip dies ; and Wife Men truft fo much So their own abilities, that they ftand in need of none. Laertius has made verfes on moft of the Philofophers j which as* very dull. The ADVERSARIA. 4j 5 The Phrygians, profufe in their tempers. Menedemus, when a ftupid fellow talked impertinently to him, laid, " Hafl thou any lands ?" The fellow anfwered, " Yes, " fevcral farms."-—" Go then," faid he, " and look after them, " left thou lofe thy wealth, and come to be apcor fool." Timon, an inveterate enemy to the Academic Philofophers, has written a fatire upon them all. There is a very fine Ode of Ariftorle's in Diogenes Laertius, concerning Virtue and Friend- ship, which wants to be tranflated from the Greek. Laertius is a very dull fellow. Diogenes's layings are moft of them Puns. He faid, Oppofition was the ftudy of his whole life j I wim that Philolbphy never prevailed in Trinity College c . Hypparchia, a woman of good birth and fortune, fell in love with Crates the nafty Cynick, and would needs marry him, and live after his fafhion. Crates made her brother become hi* auditor, by letting a fart. Thefe Cynicks were nafty brutes ! The Logick of the Stoicks feems to me, as far as I can make any thing of Laertiusj to be nothing but words. They held felf-prefervation to be the fuft of all defires infufed into all creatures. Erillus maintained there were things indifferent be- tween Virtue and Vice. Dr. Heylin's d Life, written before his works by an ano- nymous Author, i63i; then by George Vernon 6 , rector of Bourton c Alluding to Dr. Bentley's difputes with the Fellows of that College. d Peter Heylin, born Nov. 29, 1600, firii: of Hart Hall, then of Magdalen College, Oxford, was chaplain to archbifhop Laud (whofe Life he publiflied), and alfo to king Charles the Firft and Second. — His " Hiftory of St. George," publiflied in 1631, recommended him to Charles I, who preferred him to a prebend in Weftminrter, and to the rectory of Houghton in Durham ; from both of which he was ejected during the Civil War, and reduced to great ftraits. He Supported himfelf by his pen ; and the number and bulk of his writings are very great, as lie even continued to publifh when he could no longer fee to write 5 and retained an amanuenfis to the day of his death, May S, 1662. The gene- rality of his writings are in no great efteem at prefent : but h!» " Help to " Englifh Hiftory," (lately re-printed with improvements by Paul Wright, B. D.) is a work of great utility. Some of the belt of his pieces are in the collefHon of " Hi-itorical and Miscellaneous Tracts," r68i, fol. « Admitted of Brnzen-nofe College, March 9, 1653, at the age of 16. Several «f his works are enumerated by Wood, II. 1025. — The an«- Q^3 symjus tzi ADVERSARIA. Bourton upon the Water in Gloceflerfhire ; which, as much as I had patience to read, is very indifferent j and he is accufed by Dr. Bernard, rector of Waddington near Lincoln, not to have dealt fairly with him, nor to have given a fufficient account; and therefore he has publifhed a third volume in 1683 { . He had married Dr. Hcylin's daughter, mother to Bernard of Brazen-nofe College ; who has turned her and his ilfter Papifts. This Ber- nard was fellow of Lincoln College g, and tutor to Crew h , fincc bifhop of Durham, to whom he dedicates the Book '. Bernard is not a violent man; Teems to have little judgement, and an in- different llyle. Pedantick fluff! In the Preface to Scaliger's works, he faith, " The fragments «' of Ariftotle are beyond any thing that Pindar or Homer evev " wrote." A Character. i( Mirth makes them not mad,' " Nor fobriety fad ; " For of that they are feldom in danger* " At Paris, at Rome, " At The Hague, they 're at home, " The Good Fellow is no where aflranger." nymous Life having been drawn up by Vernon, it was corrected, enlarged, and methodized, by Bernard. But thofe corrections being afterward - mutilated either by Mr. Vernon or by Dr. Barlow bifiiop of Lincoln, neither of them would own it as it there (lands ; and therefore Vernon pablifhed a fecond Life, and Bernard a third. ' Intituled, " TheologoHiftoricus, or the true Life of Dr. Peter " Heylin." E Made fellow Sept. 29, 164S. He died Aug. 17, 16S3. See more of him in Wood, II. 737. h Dr. Nathanael Crew, dean of Chichefter, was made bifhop of Oxford In 167 1 ; and tranflated to Durham Oct. 22, 1674. He was confiderable for his birth, and more confiderable for his preferments. He died Sept. iS, 1721, aged S8, having been upwards of 50 years a bifhop. i Mr. Granger tells us, Bp. Crew gave Dr. Mangey a prebend of Durham for a flattering Dedication prefixed to a Sermon, which, as Dr. R. Grey, then his domeftic chaplain, aflured Mr, G, Afhby, he never read. He was fully fatisfied with the Dedication. After ADVERSARIA. az 7 After David's return from the fpoil of Ziglag, and other fpoil of the Amalekites, " As his part is, that goeth down to the " .battle, fo fhall his part be that tarrieth by tha fluff: they fhall * part alike. And it was fo from that day forward, that he *' made it a ftatute and an ordinance for Ifrael unto this day k ." The Second of Efdras feems tome full of tautologies, and childifh inftances of God's power, and explanation of his fecret defigns. • Chryfoftom fpeaks exprefsly of Jefus Chrift. See Bartolus Agricola de Advocato : he fays, ** Having taught (i the Advocate to be a good man, he proceeds to make him a " good Chriftian." I hear now, Hugenius and Euftachius, both Divines, are to be tried by their glajfes, which is the moft fkilful in Opticks of the two. Hugenius acknowledges no divine right of Bifhops, to govern by virtue of impofnion of hands, and confecration ; and immediately from Chrift, and not from the king. He be- lieves the king only, and without fharers, to be the head of all Churches within his own dominions; and that he may difpenfe with ceremonies, and with any thing elfe, that is not againft the Scripture, or againft natural reafon. He cannot believe the fafcty of the ftate depends upon the fafety of the Church, he means the clergy ; for neither is the clergy effential to a com- monwealth : that tjie king is no part of the flock of any minifter or bifhop, no more than the fhepherd is of his fheep, but of Chrift only ; and all the clergy, as well as the people, the king's flock. He would have bifhops hold their authority from the king's letters patent. He is againft an immaterial or incorporeal fubftance. Burnet, in his Life of Bifhop Bedell ', fays, " That the Primate m was not made for the governing part of his function." The contrary appears by his opinion of Ecclefiaftical Jurisdiction, in his Letters to Bifhop Bedell, N # 142, 143. — Dr. Bernard's ac- k 1 Sam. xxx. 24, 25. 1 Dr. William Bedell, bifhop of Kilmore, was born in 1570, and died Feb. 7, 1 64 1. m Dr. James Ufher, born in Dublin, Jan. 4, 1580, was chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin, and profeflbr of divinity in that univerfity, in 1607 ; elefled provoft in 1610 } raifed to the fee of Meath in 1620 ; advanced {« the archbifhoprick of Armagh in 1614. 5 and died March 21, 1655-6. Qj • count 2i% ADVERSARIA. count of Bifhop Ufher's detecting Richard Stanihurft », his Unkle by the Mother's fide, a learned man of the Romifh perfuafion, an excellent Hiftorian, Philofopher, and Poet, as appears by his Works ,• fome of them written againft his nephew. Letters be- tween them in that Collection. Ambrofe Ufher, nephew to the Bifhop, tranflated a Book of the Antient State of the Chriftian Church from the Latin ; which is ftiil in Mf. King James I. fent to Dublin James Fullerton and James Hamilton, after Vifcount Clandebois, to keep a correfpondcnce with the Englifh Proteftant nobility, and to fecure his intereft in that kingdom when queen Elizabeth fhould happen to die. They were there as Schoolmafters, and taught bifhop Ufher, In I 593> Trinity College in Dublin was rinifhed ; Dr. Loftus, fometime fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, afterward arch- bifhop of Dublin, being the tirit provoft of it. Bifhop Ufher, at thirteen years old, the firfl fcholar entered there. In 159S, Earl of EfTex° lord lieutenant of Ireland. He made an exact terrier, of his own hand-writing, of all the eftates and leafes left him by his Father; and drew a.i exact ftate of all the fuits and encumbrances that lay upon it, with directions what to do therein. He was againft a Toleration, fearing left, a connivance being given to the Papifts, a luke-warm indifference might feize the Proteftants themfelves. Bifhop Ufher wrote a Treatife about the Herenagb Tertnan, or Corban lands, which anciently the Chorepifcopi received. Sir Henry Spelman has tranflated the fubftanre of it into his GlofTary. The Mf. is at Lambeth. Among his friends were Sir John Bouchier, after Bifhop of Salifbury. The lady Tyrrel 9 was his only child. Archbifhop Ufher's anfwer to the Jefuit's challenge was to one Malore, an Irifh Jefuit of the College of Louvain j who, after n See a very full account of him in Wood, I. 442 ; where his writ- ings are particularly mentioned. He was chaplain to the archduke of Auftria. Robert Devereux, beheaded Feb. X5, 1600, in his 34th year. P Elizabeth, married to Sir Timothy Tyrrel, general of the ordnance Jo Charles I j whofe eldeft fon James Tyrrel was Author of an Hiftory ef England, and many Tracts on the Cojiftitutiojs of this Kingdom. three ADVERSARIA. saf? three years, publilhed a tedious and fcurrilous reply. Dr. Hoyle, Dr. King, and Mr. Puttock, took this Author to talk. Uftier made Archbilhop of Armagh by King James. King Charles gave him a penfion of four hundred pounds per annum. He is appointed by the Commons to preach before them at St. Margaret's, Weftminfter. The Prebendaries claimed the privilege of the Church, and their exemption from epifcopal jurifdi&ion, for many hundred years, and offered their own fervice : whereupon the Houfe, being difpleafed, appointed the place to be at the Temple j but where he preached at laft, does not appear. But the judgement of the archbifhops and bifhops at that time were againft the toleration of Papifts. Archbifhop Ufher, in a fpeech of his, fays, " That the earl of ** Defmond, in Henry the Eighth's time, made an offer of Ireland " to the French king ; and the inftrument thereof remains ftill " upon record in the courts of Paris." The Bifhop of Rome afterwards transferred the titles of all our kingdoms to Charles the Fifth ; which, by a new grant, were transferred to his Son Philip, in the time of queen Elizabeth, with a refolution to fettle the crown upon the Spanifh Infanta. — In Spain, when the treaty of the match with prince Charles and the Infanta was on foot, there was a book publifhed by Philip O Sullivan, an Irilh- man ; wherein the Spaniard is taught, that the ready way to eftablifh his Monarchy is, firft to fet upon Ireland ; which being quickly obtained, the conquefl of Scotland, then of England, falls of courfe ; and the Low Countries, it is foretold, with great facility will follow after. In the Irifh war againft queen Eli« zabeth, the Spaniards pra£tifed this ; and the Pope, by his Bulls, gave them the fame indulgences as were given to thofe who fight againft the Turks. The Archbilhop fays, " That, by the king's lenity in for- •* bearing the execution of the laws, our Recufants have found " fuch experience of favour, that they cannot expect greater " liberty than what they now freely enjoy." In the Rolls in the Pipe-office, you will find the names of thofe that contributed to Henry the Third, for the marrying of his filter to the Emperor. In the Records of the fame king, kept in England, we find the Letters-patent directed into Ireland, for levying of money to help to pay this debt to Lewis the Son of the French Kin£. In the Rolls of Gafcohy, we find the fame 0^4 Letters ADVERSARIA. Letters for the gentlemen and merchants of Ireland, of vvhofe names there is a lift, to give him aid on his expedition into Aquitain. An Ordinance likewife in Edward the Third's time, for the perfonal taxing of them that lived in Er.gland, and let lands and tenements in Ireland. In 1 63 1, the Lord-primate Ufhcr publiflied the firft Latin Book printed in Ireland, " The Hiftory of Gottefchalcus, and 11 the Predeftinarian Doctrine ftirred by him." He was a Monk of the Abbey of Orbais, in the beginning of the ninth century, whipped, imprifoned, and would not recant many things con- demned by Councils againft his doctrines, which he never held. A Memorandum in Bifhop Ufher's hand : " The King, " [meaning Charles the Firft,] George duke of Buckingham being " then prefentj of his own accord, faid to me, That he never *' loved Popery in all his life; but that he never detejied it before ** his going into Spain." This Prelate proved the Antiquity and Primacy of his See to have preceded that of Dublin by many ages. The King gave him that precedencv, without his feeking, by the lord chancellor. In 1634, the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England received by the Convocation of Ireland as theirs. The Book of Bnglifh Canons not received, as though it might prejudice the liberties of the Irifh Church ; but there was a new Book of Canons made, as will appear to thofe who will compare the Englifh and Irifh Canons. ■ In the troubles of the Civil War, he was invited by the Uni- verfity of Levden to be Honorary Profelfor, with a more ample ftipend. Cardinal Richlieu made him an invitation to come into France, with a noble penfion, and freedom of religion. The Cardinal had before fent him a Letter, and a Gold Medal with his own effigies, upon publishing his Book " De Primordiis Ec- '< clefiarum Britannicarum." The Primate returned him a pie- fent of Irifh Greyhounds. The Archbifhop conjectured, that •Dofitheus, the falie MelTias, was the corrupter of the Samaritan, Pentateuch, as we now have it. — Archbifhop Ufher with the lady Stradling at St. Donate's 1. Sir Edward Stradling r , a great An- tiquary, and Friend of Mr. Camden's. Bifhop ^ He went to the caftle of St. Donate, in Glamorgan/hire, for fecurity, when the king's affairs began to decline. 1 He was at the charge of fucb Herculean works for the public good, that ADVER. SARI A. i 3 t Bifliop Ufher preached * Selden's Funeral Sermon ; in which, he faid, " He looked upon him as fo great a fcholar, that himfclf " was not worthy to carry his hooks after him." Cromwell fent for Ufher, and ufcd him with great outward kindnefs and civility. He was, from St. Patrick, the hundreth Biihop of Armagh. Among his Manufcripts are, " Chronologia Legum Codicis " Theodofiani et Juftiniani collata cum Malmcfburienfi Ma- •' nufcripto ;" with a Collcclion of his Letters, Sec. Petrus Bertius, the Remonftrant, turned Roman Catholick. He has written a Book called " Hymenseus Defertor," and printed an oration of the motive to his converfion ; of which hifhop Ufher fays, u He never law a more filly and miferable •' Diicourfe proceed from the hands of a learned man." There was one Mr. Richard James c , who wrote a Book called " Becket's Decanonization ;" of which his unkle Dr. Thomas James fays, " It is a Book fo nearly concerning kingly 14 dignity, and fo fully opening the hiftory of thofe times, that I " know not where a man fhall read the like." Our Author has that no man in his time went beyond him; but above all he is te be re- membered for his fingular knowledge in the Britifh language and anti- quities, for his eminent encouragement of learning and learned men, and for his great expence and indefatigable indultry in colle&ing together feveral monuments and ancient manufcripts of learning and antiquity. See Wood, I. 350. s March 20, 1655-6 ; the day before his own death. * Born at Newport in the Ifle of Wight ; admitted fcholar of Corpus Chrilti College, Sept. 23, 1608, aged about r6. He was a great traveller, and well verfed in moft parts of learning ; being a good Poet, Critic, Antiquary, Divine, and fkilled in the Greek, Saxon, and Gothic lan- guages. The famous Selden was much beholden to his afiiftance when he published the Marmora Arundeliana, acknowledging him in the Preface to be " vir multijugae fludii indefatigabilis." Sir Robert Cotton alfo, his great patron, and his fon Sir Thomas, could not but acknowledge his like induftry, in ordering, difpofing, and fettling, their incomparable Library. He died in December, 1638. Befides feveral works printed in his lite- time, he left behind feveral MM to the number of about 45, which were depofited in the Bodleian Library. Amongtf. the latter, are ohfervations made by him in his travels through Wales, Scotland, Shetland, Green- land, gfc. ; and, " Obfervations made on the Country, with the Manners *' and Cuftoms, of Ruflia, or Rufhnd, an. 1613." See more particulars in Wood, I. 617. given 23 a ADVERSARIA. given us no light into what time this Book appeared in ; but all fcem probable to be in king James the FiriVs. There is a Book of Mr, Richard Tracey's, who flourished j 550, intituled, " A Preparation to the Crofs," found in the belly of a Cod-fifh, at Cambridge u . Rahb» Abraham Trebanes, 3 Spanifh Jew, in the Bundle of " Myrrh," fays, " That, after five thoufand fix hundred years •' of the world are expired, and before the end of the fix hun- ** dredth year, when they fay the world lhall end — in this in- ** terim of four hundred years, wherein we now live, ihall be " the fall of Rome, which they call Edom typically ; and then " Redemption thall come in to Ifrael." Hackin tells us, in the Firft of Genefis, how many Alphabets there are in the Law, viz. one thoufand eight hundred. Of an Edornite, Obadiah, who became a Profelyte, and then was fent to prophefy againft Edom ; of whom the Rabbles have this Pro- verb, " The Muftard-pot bites the Muftard-pot-maker." This Hundred and Second Epiftle is put by Ralph Skinner before his translation of Rambanus into Englim, and dedicated to Bifliop lifter. Letter 103, Claudius Buret's Hiftory of the Language of the Univerfe, fits a gentleman with difcourfe of every nation- Letter 104, Conradus Graferus, on the lift verfes of the Eleventh Chapter of Daniel, holds tenets contrary to Julius and Brough- ton. Letrer 105, Mr. Skinner fays, that Ifrael did not go over the Red Sea tranfverjun j for he went into and out of the Sea, keeping the fame fide. It is Abfon Ezras's opinion. " We 41 know," fays he, " that there is no Red Sea between Egypt fc and live Land of Ifrael j neither is there any need that they ** fhould go into the Red Sea ; becaufe it was not the way to 44 Canaan ', only God commanded them fo to do, to the end ** that the Egyptians might go after them, and be drowned." No\r, from the Wildernefs of Etham Ifrael entered the Sea, and into the Wildernefs of Etham drey went out again. » Wood telk us, this book, which v/as printed in 8vo, 1540, and de- itcated to lord Cromwell, was found, wrapped up in canvafs, in the belly efacod, and brought from Lynn to Cambridge Market, to be fold, on AdidfuiTimer eve, 1626 : it was re-printed foon after, under the name of Joiia fcytb'. — See an account of Tracey and his writings,. Athen. 1. 102. A? ADVERSARIA. 23J At the beginning of the Eighth Book of Ovid's Metamor- phofis, when Minos leaves Scylla behind him j after fhe, for love of him, had cut off her father's purple, there is as much occafion for a good Epiftle to be written from her to Minos, as any of the fubjefts which Ovid himielf had chofen. M Et cum Pirithoo felix concordia Thefeus *." They were among thofe who came to hunt the Boar, which Diana had fen: to punifh Oeneus ; and, in the purfuit*, we have the care which Thefeus mewed for his Friend : " Ibat in adverfum proles Ixionis hoftem u Pirithous, valida quatiens venabula dextra j " Cui procul JEgides, O me mihi carior, inquit, " Pars animae conilfte mex : licet eminus eiTe " Fortibus : Ancjeo nocuit temeraria virtus. " Dixit : et aerata torfit grave cufpide cornum : <* Quo bene librato votique potente futuro, " Obftitit efculea frondofus ab arbore ramus." " The Blatant Beaft Muzzled ; or, Reflections on a late Libel, *' intituled, The Secret Hiftory of King Charles the Firft, and " King James the Second." There is nothing good in it, but a large Letter of Mr. Sergeant's ; in which he difcovers the roguery of Rook wood, who had formerly betrayed the King to Oliver, who would have fuborned him with ten thoufand pounds from my Lord Shaftefbury ; and would have forced him to be a difcovery of tnvo plots, that he never fo much as thought a fylla- ble of. The Ninth Book of Ovid*s Metamorphofis feems to me to be more exactly written throughout, than any of the former ; and the Tenth Book is very well, efpecially the flory of Orpheus. Speaking of Adonis, he fays, ** Laudaret faciem Livor quoque : qualia namque u Corpora nudorum tabula pinguntur Amorum, '« Talis erat : fed ne faciat difcrimina cultus, " Aut huic adde leves, aut illis deme pharetras." " The Dove, or PaiTages of Cofmography, by Richard " Zouch, Civilian, of New College, Oxon, printed at Lon- w Metamorph. lib. viii. 303, * V«r. 403-^-410. * don, -34 ADVERSARIA. " don, 1613," Svo. Zouch is a very indifferent Poet 7, as you may judge : " Old Winchcfter, the ancient feat of kings, " For virtue, and for valour, much renown'd, " So fubjeft unto change are earthly things, " Inftead of diadems, with bavs is crown 'd. " Where worthy Wickham's children now maintain " The fame once known by great king Arthur's train." *' The Works of Mercy, both Corporal and Spiritual, a Poem, « by Richard Crane." Very dull. " Cure for the Itch ; Characters, Epigrams, Epitaphs, Sec. «* by H. R." They are all very dull. Cartwright's z Poems feem to me very indifferent. The firft is a panegvrick on the famous Beauty of King Charles the Firit's Court, Lucy a countefs of CarlHle. He has a Copy of drolling Verfes upon Mr. Stoker's " Art of Vaulting." To Lydia, whom men obferved to make too much of him. " You fay you ought howe'er to do " The fame thing (till 5 I fay lb too. "Let y He was, however, according to Wood, " an exaft Artift, a fubtle " Logician, expert Hiftorian, and for the knowledge in, and practice of, " the Civil Law, the chief perfon of his time." He was born in 1590, chofen king's profclfor of civil law in 1620, and was afterward lord warden of the cinque ports, and judge of the high court of admiralty. He died March 1, 1660. He wrote a great many treatifes, principally re- lating to matters in his own profefiion. See a lift of them, and a further account of Dr. Zouch, Athen. II. 255. z William Cartwright, M. A. born in Sept. 161 r, had the higheft re- putation of any man of his time in the univerfity of Oxford, for poetry, oratory, and philofophy. His " Royal Slave" was acled before the king and queen by his fdlow-ftudents of Chritr, Church 3 of whom the moft applauded was Mr. Buiby (of whom, fee vol. III. p. 291.). He was fuc- ccr.tor of Sal fbury, junior proCtor and metaphyfical reader to the univer- fity 5 and diud Dec. 23, 1643. There are extant four of his plays, be- fi,ks other poems, which were printed together in 1657, accompanied by above 50 copies of commendatory verfes by the wits of the univerfity. a Daughter of Henry Percy earl of Northumberland, and wife of James Hay earl of Carhfle. She holds the next place to SacharifTa in the poems of Waller, and appears there to much greater advantage than fhe does in thQ ADVERSARIA. a 3i * l Let tongues be free, fay what tliey will «' Say, our love's loud ; but let's love ftill, *< I hate a lecret flifled flame, *' Let yours and mine have found and name ; *f Who cenfures what's 'tvvixt us, I fee, ** Condemns not you, but envies me." v Stanza 2i. He has a copy of verfes on Sir Francis Kynafton's Tranllation of Troilus and CrciTida b . There is a Book called " II Putanifmo di Roma; or the Vices ** of Rome." It is a verv filly, fikhy thing, and ill rranflatcd bf J. D. Efq. I think it very odd, in " The R^pc, or the Innocent Ira- ** pollers c ," to fee an Epiftle dedicated to io great a perfon and excellent a judge as my lord Dorfet, without a name to it. Criticifms and Remarks in Poetry, &c. as might t-end to the Honour of the Britiih Name and Literature i . To coliefl tome of Spencer's; particutaily an Ecfogtse of Colin, very well turned into Latin verfe. Kynatfoifs Cliaycet c , a peculiar piece of Poetry ; Dean Aldrich f has taken pains to give us Notes. The firfc Book only pubfifliech There are Engiifh Songs turned into Latin Rhimes. See Cooper's " Sir *' Eglemore," in Latin. " The Macaronicfe,*' by die Queen's the portraits of Van Byck. She wis the. repvited miitrefe, firft of Strafijrd, and then of Pym. See feme curious anecdotes of het in Grano"<.r. b Printed at Oxford, in 4«,o, 1635, and itfhered into the world by ij topics of verfes by the wits of Oxford. Mr. Kynii'lon k represented M " more addicted to the fuperficiai parts ot L-arning, Pcelrv, and Orators " (wherein he excelJed), than Logic and Philofophy.'" H~ was -knighted! in 161S, and made efquire of the body to king Ch*rlcs I. He was ti*e firlfc regent cf the college caiied {i The Mufeum IVIintrvx, an. ii)^-- t ' and was quaint'y iftyled, by Sir John Borough, " Paltadii . ** virginis Protcnvy^e;." He ;w.bhdied the oo«ftit«tio«s , with the tranflation of Fables, from Greek, Hebrew, and Arabick. Several good copies of Verfcs under Pictures. If Ifcanus's books can be got, fee for the Remains of his Antiochus ; likewife Mr. Ncwey, Dr. Jani Thvnne, Talbot, Stepney. There is a collection of Prophecies, I know not exactly in what times. See Eltham's Verfcs againll Wickliffe, the Libel and Satire of thofe times. Sir Thomas More, a great Epigrammatift. Vernon k of Chrift Church has a Journey in Latin vcrfe. Hobbes has written a Chronology in verfe, to lhcw the difficultv of g Publiflied at Oxford in/jto, 1691. The title is "Polemo-Middinia, -• Carmen Macaronicum, Autoie Gulielmo Drummundo, Scoto-Britanno. M Accidet Jacobi id nominis Quinti Regis Scotorum Cantilena Ruftica, •* vulgo inferipta Cbrift's Kirk on the Green. Reccnfuit, Notifque illuf- •' travit, E. G." h Thomas Farnaby was born about 1575, and died June 12, 1647. He was the chief Grammarian, Rhetorician, Poet, Latinilt, and Grecian ef his time ; and his School was fo much frequented, that more Church- men and Statefmen iffued thence than- from any fchool taught by one man in England. Many writers have fpi>kcn with great approbation of his labouis. Mr. Eayle, in particular, fays, that " his notes upon moft ** of the ancient Latin poets have been of very great ufc to young begin- " ners, being fiiort, learned, and defigned chiefly to clear up the text." S*.-e a lilt of the?n, in Wood, II. 104. i Very flightingly mentioned by Dr* Bentley, v.nder the name of " a late •* editor of the /Efopean Fables," Pref. to his Difierration, p. xliii. *■ Author of " Oxonium, Poema, 1667," 4:0. He was born about 1C37J and, being poflefled of an infatUble defire of travelling, vifite* tfiwij parts of th* world. Kis remarks in pacing through Iftrin, Dal- 6 matia^ ADVERSARIA. z ZJ •f fuch writing. Our Grammar of Lily, and Robinfon's rd in 1665-63 and died July io ; 16S6. of ADVERSARIA. 239 of that nature. Aufonius feems the parent of that fort of Poetry. To read Vofiius of Hiflorians and Poets. The Bifhop of Litchfield's Technical Verfes for Chronology ; a ftuperidous Work, comprehending that learning through many ages fo fhort, that nothing can be a greater inflance, " memoriam in artem *' pofiTe redigi." In the beginning, the Britons were fatished to be the fubject of Poetry. See what the Poets from time to time have faid of the Britons ; Flavia, Martial, Scseva : and what Saints Lives the Monks defcribed in Verfe. Leland has written of King Arthur. Merlin's Prophefies. Thalieffin, a \Velfli Poet, of Welfh Poetry. If one Price has not written a Defence of King Arthur ? Alford, in four volumes of Annals of the Church of England. Mr. Jones of Sunning- wcll has a great many of Bifhop Fell's papers. I remember Dr. Smallridge ° had a very good copy about Regulus, whofe eye- lids were cut off. Verfes on King Charles's Reftoration ; wherein Dr. Barhurft ? feems to lead them on with the true fpirit of Poetry. One Nicholas Car has an Oration on the Paucity of Englifh Writers, fpoken at Cambridge, and printed at London, 1576. It is very fcarce to be met with ; as is alfo Warseus, for Irifh Poets. I do not remember to have feen ever a Latin Poem of Mr. Dryden's, Drayton, Cartwright's, Sir John Suckling, Marvel's, Otway's, or Sir Philip Sidney's. I think Oldham has none. I have heard, that either Archbifhop Laud, or Sir John Ro- binfon, left a hundred pounds to any that would translate Laud againft Fifher into Latin. Whether there are not good Burlefque Latin Verfes in fome of the Terrae-filius's Speeches, and a Greek Macaronic Poem of Cobb's called Bixxo* ? The Dean (Dr. Aldiich) has told me of one made upon " Meat on a DrclTer," as I remember* Whether Jonas the Prophet is not put into Greek Verfe, and other Pares of the Bible, beiides what is done by Duport ? There o See vol. II. p. 217. P Dr. Ralph Bathurft, prefident of Trinity College, Oxford, and vice chancellor of that univerlity, was born in 1620 ; and died June 14, 1704. In him were united the orator and the poet, the philofopber and the divine. He poH'efled an inexh3uftible fund of wit, and was the facetious companion at fo years of age. His Life was published by Mr. Warton, in 1761, 8vo. Vol. I. R is 24 o ADVERSARIA. is a very good Greek Anacrcontick upon General Monk ; but, I believe, done by a Foreigner, however not an Englifhman ;. therefore we are the more beholden to him. Thomas Linacrc % an eminent Englifli Phyfician, has not only taught, but written correclly in veife : for the common Latin Grammar and Vcrfes therein are afligned to him. The Common Law has itsPoetry, as we find in the Inftruclions before Coke ; and I believe the Memorial Verfes. We ought to make Collections of what Englimmen have been famous beyond Seas, for their Poetry, in the Colleges of the Jefuits, BenedicYmes, and other Seminaries abroad, that nothing may be wanting for the glory of the Britifh Nation. To know what Poetry we have from our Colonies in the Ealt and Weft Indies. See the Epitaph of the Britifh Prince, in Herbert's Tra- vels ; Hackluit, p. 507, 508. Where are Columbus's Verfes to Henry the Seventh, and the Poetry of that time ? I know of no Latin Verfes lent us from thofe parts ; but we had feveral Gen- tlemen of the Weft Indies that have fpoken in the Theatre ; as I remember a Gentleman of Wadham College, Hanmer, I think, or fome luch name, who fpokc in the Theatre about Barbadoes ; but, injlar omnia?/:, Colonel Codridgton ought to be mentioned,. to his honour and that of the Plantations, as one that excelled both in Poetry and Oratory. No doubt but there are many remains of Poetry left by our Countrymen behind them, in the Holy Land, in Cyprus, Malta, and wherever our Knights travelled ; in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Germany, &c. Some obfervations of the Life of Cardinal Pole, printed 16S6. See his Life written by feveral hands. I am miftaken if he was not a Poet, or if I have not feen feveral Verfes upon him. Verfes addreffed to Englifhmcn : for it is equal glory to be the fubjecT:, as the Author. There is a pretty Song of the Laplanders °i Born about 1460, and chofen fellow of All Souls College in 16S4. He compkated his education at Florence, under the patronage of Lorenzo de Medicis ; and on his return was appointed preceptor to prince Arthur, fon to Henry VII. He was afterward phyfician to that king, to Henry VIII, and to the princefs Mary ; was the firit prefident of the college of phyficians ;' and died Oft. 20, 1524. See many curious particulars of him in Dr. Freind's i( Hiitcry of Phyfic j" and in Dr. Jortin's " Life of • 6 ErafmuV in ADVERSARIA. 241 in Schefrer. Sir John Harrington has Four Books of Epigrams j but I fuppofe all Englifh. " — Vendit Laplandia Vcntos : " Oh ! utinam pollis vendere, Roma, tuos !" I think Arnold's Verfes upon Otho, at a Weftminfter Election, to Ipcak modeftly, a fign at leaft that he had ftudied Martial and the force of Epigram to a good purpofe. I think we have a good collection of fuch fort of Poems in Chrifr- Church Library. What a whimfical Book is Andres Guarrel's " Bellum Grammaticale ;" and that of Wafe, '■ De Legibus et " Licentia Veterum Postarum," of antient Poetical Licence ; and Voffius " De viribus Rythmze," of the force of Rhyme ; printed at the Theatre ! I fee no reafon why it is improper to mention fuch trifles as thefe to Poetry, and the true understanding of the nature and movement of it. Momenta, a word that Dr. Bufby ui'es in his Logick for Mtroimenta. Whether there are no Memorial Verfes in his Logick; I am fure there are ieveral in the Dean's (Dr. Aldrich), and in Crackenthorpe. It were to be wifhcd that the Memoiial Verfes, in all Sciences, were collected together, and printed : I am fure it would be of more ufe than a large Folio compofed of fuch Authors as hive written upon Paradoxes or ridiculous fubjetts ; fuch are filly ; as one that 1 have feen in Lord Clarendon's Library, but have forgot the name, and whe- ther there were any Englishmen among them. Mr. Wells, if I miftake not, was about putting forth Leland and Mr. Har- rington ; it would be a prodigious help, and indeed, in a manner, the perfection of the Work to that time. If the Author of Hudibras has left any Latin behind him, it: would be the belt in that kind: his thoughts are fojuft, his images fo lively, fuch a deep infight into the nature of mankind and the humour of thofe times, that no true hiftory could be written without Studying that Author. It is pity that the nneft of our Englifh Poets, efpeciallv the divine Shakefpeare, had not communicated their beauties to the world fo as to be underftood in Latin, whereby Foreigners have fuftained fo great a lofs to this day ; when all of them were in- excufable, but the moft inimitable Shakefpeare. I am fo far from being envious, and deiirous to keep thofe treafures to our- felves, that I could wifh all our moft excellent Poets tranflircJ into Latin, that are not fo alreadv. We owe much to Leland's R z fearch *4* ADVERSARIA. fearch for England's antiquities : he flood in the miJft of learn- ing and deftruction. There are Panegyric Verfes upon Tom Coryat's Crudities. All the Wits of the time wrote upon it j fo notice muit be taken. There is a Poem in the Dean's ftudy, with Verfes before it of the like nature, called Joannides, or fuch name, by a Batchelor of Arts of New Inn Hall, Oxon. To fhew that there is fcarce any thing that the Englifh genius has left unattempted, Sir Philip Sidney did endeavour to bring Englifh words under moft part of the ancient meafures of the Latin ; as Hexameters, Pentameters, &c. It is a long" time fince I faw them. To pick out the heft. I remember there is a Book of Englifh Epithets, printed by Browne, where there is Addifon's Preface before it ; in which he fpeaks of a copy of Vetfes made to Ben Jonfon, " Benjamin, immortal Jonfon ! moft highly renowned." "Where are thefe two lines, or did I make them ? " Credula res amor eft, caufas fibi rlngit inertes, " Quas credit fallaxque fua bene fallitur arte." I think there is a Latin Epitaph -upon the Archbifhop of St. Andrew's, that was murdered. Sir Henry Savile, in his Edition of the Englifh Hiitorians, commends William of Malmefbuty extremely. Carcals, as well as Nat Lee, though mad, and in Bedlam} has written fomc good Latin Verfes. Phil. Dwight told me of a Book of Love Verfes that George Pope admires. Dwight has written Verfes upon Mrs. Killigrew. Doftor Plot tells us of one Dudley '', that went to Florence, and was there made Duke of Northumberland, Earl of Warwick and Leicefter, by the Pope, or fomebody elfe. He was a great Engineer ; and his family remain there in wealth and honour. See if his Book is not in the Public Library, and if any verfes before it. Florio has written concerning Jane Grey. Lapinius, 41 Inftitutiones Lingu;e Florentine-," fays, Paulus Rofcius, Eques Hierofolymitanus, has made Italian Heroic Verfes ; which muft be much ealicr, and run in better numbers, than Englifh. St a, pes ; ft a peto, pes -, peto, pes, ft a ; ft a, peto, mi pes : " Stand, foot ; ftand, pr'ythee, foot; prythee, foot, ftand ; " ftand, prythee, my foot :" iaid to be made by Wafe. His Senarius is of great wfc t© Latin Verfe ; I wifh more of it were printed, as he promifed. r See Mr. Walpole's C*u!ogue ©fNobk Authors, vol, II. Eli- ADVERSARIA. 243 Elizabetha-Joanna Weftwood, an Englishwoman, printed Poems at Prague, in King James the Firft's time : fhe com- plains of misfortunes. Scaliger writes to her. She has a great love for her native country. Camden's Britannia. A Marriage of Thame and Ills. The Preface fuppoies it written by him, as I do ; the Tranflation by Mr. Kennet j very well. Henry Huntingdon has good Verfes about the Thames, or London, I cannot tell which. I find that Camden does not approve of Alexander Newchamp. Round Great Tom of Weftminfter were thefe Verfes : " Tertius aptavit me Rex Edvardusque vocavit, u Edvardi decor eft Sanfcti fignentur ut horae." How Sir Philip Sidney and others have imitated numbers of the Latin and Greek Verfes in the Englilh tongue. Before Barton's Pfalms are a dull copy of Verfes, in Latin, with forty Prefbyterian Parfons names to it. Mr. Aihmole's Prolegomena to his " Theatrum Chemicum," now extant in Latin Verfe ; publifhed by Hermannus, but very imperfectly. Tire fecond of the firft Chriftian Philofopher, who, travelling abroad, and returning hither in the reign of William the Conqueror, tranfpknted the Chemical Mufe. It is called " The Garland ; ob Coronam Hermeticam et Poeticam." Anno 735, Aldhelm, bilhop of Sherborn, taken out of Win- chefter, the firft Englifhman who made Latin Verfes : " Primus ego in Patriam mecum modo vita fuperfit, " Aonio rediens deducam yertice Mufas." I have found it fomewhere among my Books, that Sir Thomas More had three daughters *, all fcholars ; I think I have feen fome of their Poetry : one of them has drawn his Picture, which is in the Public Library. Hackluyt, in his pieces, fpeaks greatly of Sir John Mandevil% for a traveller; and places him in the Eaft : we had then little intercourfe with Africa, or the Abyffines. Queen Elizabeth, in her embaffy to Morocco, fpcaking to the emperor of the king of Spain, lays, " I neither like of him nor his Religion ; for he " is fo governed by the Incpiifuion, that he can do no nothing <« of himfelf." 5 See London Magazine, 1745, pag. 30, i Of whom, fee vol. II. p. 62. R 3 Heretofore 244 ADVERSARIA. Heretofore Gentlemen applied to the War, leaving Learning and Trade to the meaner fort j and now they leave Trade, to turn Gentlemen. Where fnall we find rich Citizens daughters for our decayed young Noblemen to match with ? Sir Thomas Grefham, in his Memoirs, mentions Letters written by him to the emperor of Morocco. Says Hackluyt, " Was not the " Founder of the Charter-houfe a merchant ?" What Lives of Merchants and Citizens of eminence have been written 5 It is a pity if none or few are found. Whether there is not a Life written of my great grandfather La Motte ? He was a Merchant of note. There is fuch an air of piety runs throughout all Hackluyt's Difcoveries, that makes it feem as if that alone made them fuc- cefsful. What fignified all the Buccaneers profperity without •virtue? to what authority did all their wars and conquefts bring them, but to make one another rich and -vicious ? Records concerning our Englifh Trade and Privileges in Por- tugal, highly neceSfary to be known to our Merchants. Mr. Akham tells us, from Stow's Survey of London, that Greiham College was defigned for an ur.iverfal correfpondence of trade and Commerce ; undoubtedly not of cockle-Jhells 2nd butterflies : for we are ablblute Strangers at this time to the Portugal Trade in BraSil, on the Coafc of Africa, and elfewhere ; where they have vaft dominions and powerful princes, either tributary to them, or absolutely under their Subjection. Men may differ in constructions ; but to do it in Grammar, by refifting of rules and Signification of words, is intolerable. I could not maintain fuch things, whatever others mav do. We learn more from Solon's Letters than from his Life : Quirre, whether in Plutarch or Laertius ? Pififtratus's Letters, and the Cabala, very ufeful pieces of Hiftory. Thefe Letters agreeable to wife Commonwealths. A Letter of CxSar Borgia. Quaere, whether forged ? But fuppofing fuch a ManuScript found ; I fhould look tor the fpirit of the Author, and a proper descrip- tion of the ftate of Italy at that time; with the Several intrigues of thoSe courts ; and not be concerned, if Some words were not to be found in the Dictionary fet forth by the Academy of Florncc : for, as we fee the abuSe, to we lee the admirable uSe of CriticiSm when in the hands of a Gentleman : there, Grammar fhews itfelf in decency, without affeBaiion. Grammar is not to be neglected ; for, ADVERSARIA. 245 for, as it is a folly for a man who knows good language to be proud of formal fet exprefiions ;• fo it is no commendation for a man of quality, though the fenfe ihould be good, not to be able to fpell or write good Eiiglifh. Dr. Bentley's Sancho. He fays, That fomebody had been a little upon a7roTop<& with fomebody, who had interfperfed nip- ping farcafms, and by mendicaments had cured his pen of a diarrhoea. Blefs me ! thought I, when the Grand Jury were prefenting of Books, how came this to efcape a prefentation ; for confounding, as far as this perfon can, the mother tongue of his country, and ufing the black art, by way of phyfick, to apply the ai-no rop.<& and nipping farcafms to cure his pen of a diarrhoea; meaning and intending thereby to mend pens, by fuch diabolical ways, inftead of penknives, to the ruin of the ancient corporation of Cutlers ? How is it poffible for any Juryman to know that this is not conjuring? Perhaps the Author, in his defence, would '{ay, it is Greek ; but what Foreman of the Jury would not inftantly re- ply, u That then it is Heathen Greek; and, if he would make " ufe of Greek in England, he Should ufe fuch as is authentic ; " to wit, " Shouldra Mutton, a Capon, Half a Goofe, and Pafty " Venifon ; ** and then there might have been fome fenfe in his Greek." I could fooner have thought them forged in the latter times, when the Guclphs and Gibbelines, and the little commonwealths up and down Italy, bore fway in the world. In Procopius's Hiftory of the Wars of Juftinian, Agathias and Epiphanenfis, two learned Writers about the fame time with Procopius. Procopius was made a Senator; and about the 25th of J uftinian, he arrived at the higheft Dignity that can befal a Senator, to be made Prefect: of the City, an Office like Lord Mayor of London ; about the fame time he finifhed his Anec- dotes. The Emperor enjoined him to write a Book nip* twh xa.TKTfjt.uTuv, of the Buildings cre£ted by the Emperor Juftinian. In Procopius's Hiftory, Rome is fevcral times loft and re- covered. Arcadius, about to die, and leave his fon Theodofius an infant, leaves by his teftament Ifdcgardcs king of Perfia his protector ; who, renowned for his noblenefs of foul, mewed i: more than ever, by keeping peace with the Romans, and pre- R 4. fcrring a 4 & ADVERSARIA. ferving the empire to Theodofius, A. D. 398. Among the Epthatites, the rich men have each twenty or more companions, to be their perpetual comrades, and to partake in a community of their good. When any principals die, the retainers ufe to be put into the fame grave wilh them. The Perfiaus ufed not to follow the chafe upon full fpeed, though their enemy ran away. Their king Cabades commanded that one of their women fhould be common. They had a place, called " the Tower of Obli- " vion ;" where if a man were impiifoned, it was not lawful to mention him, and once to name him was death ; fo great a pu- niihment they thought it was to be eternally forgotten. Let our Dotards on Annihilation refieEt on this ! A pretty ftory, fomewhere, about a Dog-fifh in love with a Peail. Of the ltory of Arfaces ; who, being in the Tower of Oblivion, and having fpent the merrieft day that he ever had with the perfon he loved mod, would return no more to the mi- feries of this life, but ftabbed himfelf with a knife, taken up no doubt for that very purpofe at the Feaft. In 527, Juftinian wa«. declared Emperor on Good-Friday. In the fecond year, he male Bellifarius his general in the Eaft. Procopius's fecret Hillory of the Court of rha emperor Jufti- n;an. He therein makes Bellifarius a ftupid cuckold, and his wife Antonina the molt profligate woman in the world ; to lie witji her adopted fon Theodofius ; to continue her intrigues by murders, fupported by her intereft in the emprefs Theodora. In the reign of Leo, Juftin and two other brothers came from Illyrium, were made of the emperor's guards, being proper perfonable men. The emperor Anaftafius preferred him to be captain of the guards, who after chofe him to be emperor. He was old, could neither write nor read ; was not capable of doing his fubjecrs either good or harm ; was fottifh, ftupid, and very brutifh. Juftinian was his lifter's fon, whofe ftature was neither too great nor too little : well-proportioned, rather inclining to be fat j his face round and comely, his complexion frefh, very like Domitian : he was crafty, yet eafy to be deceived ; fo that he might be faid to be cunning and weak both together j inconftant to his friends, and inexorable to his enemies ; eafily perfuaded when any evil was to be advifed, but unmoveable to any action that was good. Theodora ADVERSARIA. 347 Theodora was bred up on the Stage, a Courtezan, notorious before the emperor, he having firft taken her for a miftrefs. He describes her to be very handfome. Both their characters are to conn ft of love, loofenefs, and cruelty ; which lie repeats with tauto- logy. 1 do not believe it to be Procopius'.s, but rather fome Arian's : however, it is no fuch extraordinary libel as to be twice read over ; for it is written with no art, but plain matter of fait ; which, if true, is downright railing. Procopius was an Heathen, or at leaft it is dubious what he was. Proclus, famous in the reign of Anaftafius, when Vitafian came with his fleet againft Conftantinoplc. He hung up brazen plates againft the fun, and fo burnt them that they could not approach the place. Rivius fays, that it is his opinion, from his ferious confederation of Authors, that Bellifarius never fell into difgrace ; that, by his rival's means, he might not have the favour of being mentioned as he delerved, but never went further. The Anecdotes were written in the thirty-fecond year of Juftinian. Some fay, Juftinian lived to be above ninety years of age. Narfes had the greatett character of any man of his age. Pro- copius makes Pope Vigilius to have been a horrid fellow. He makes Bartholus, Faber, and Gennadius, fay, that Juftinian was held for a Saint among the Greeks. Chofroes was of an unruly fpirit, a great undertaker, trouble- fome, full of tumult himfelf, and a great troubler of others. John the Cappadocian, praefecl: of the city, a wicked fellow ; for his confpiracy againft the emperor, deprived of all, and reduced to that want which is commonly, though falfely, reported of Belli- farius. In Book II, he commends Sittas for a godly man, va- liant, an excellent commander, inferior to none of his time. Chofroes takes Antioch. The Perfians, of all men. have leaft of variety in their hu- mours : their manner of life extremely ftricl, their laws hard oi digeftion, and their commands intolerable. In reading this Hiftory of Procopius, by fome hints given me, I begin to fufpeft the Secret Hiftory to be his : but perhaps it might be raifed by fome other pcrfon upon his hints. H I S T O- 44$ ADVERSARIA. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. The ChrifUans perfecuted the Jews upon their going to the Crufade of the Holy Land. It is the obfervation of a modern Jew, that the Promife of worldly blejfm%s is ftill performed to them; that no place which perfecutes them butdecavs in trade, as Spain is an eminent example ; and that receives them is bleffed for doing fo, as Holland. Matthew Paris, p. 29. When Robert duke of Normandy, 1097, went to the Holy War, he had many followers, Englifh, Normans, Britons, &c. When they came to Conftantinople, " Holofericum inauditze zefiimationis, cum plurimis aliis donis, " fufceperunt, qualia prius non viderant, et qua; ipfis etiaiu " receptoribus ftuporem inferrent, fiquidem eorum antea vifa- ** rum excederent dignitatem." So that here we began to fee the luxury of the Eaiiern countries, and confequently to defire things of lb great novelty, value, and beauty. See what may be found in Knolles's excellent Hiftory of the Turks. Ludolfus c , who wrote the Abyffinian Hiftory, or his fon, was in England with Dr. Pocock. M. Paris, p. 53. " Rex Willielmus eNormannia. in Angliam " tenuit primo curiam fuam apud Weftmonafterium in Nova. f Aula ; quam cum infpefturus cum multa militia introillet, cum " alii earn dixiffent magnam nimis elfe et aequo majorem ; dixit *• Rex, earn debitze magnitudinis dimidia. parte carere, nee eum tl efle nifi thalamum ad palatium quod erat fa&urus." The Monks look upon it as a judgement that king William died in the NcwForcft; fee M. Paris, p. 53, 54. After him, Henry, being crowned, confirms by charters the laws of Edward the Confeffor ; and, by confirming the fubje&s pro- perty, and eafing them in feveral things whereby they were ag- grieved in the former reigns, both clergy and barons agree to his coronation, and promife rhemfelves much happinefs in his go- vernment. " Dedit Deus Regi Henrico tria munera, Sapicntiam " fcilicet, Vi&oriam, et Divitias, quibus ad omnia profperans " omnes fuos przedeceffdres prseceffit; fed in his omnibus raftus *' eft Deo ingratiffimus." P. 63. M. Paris gives us many inftances of the Church of Rome's pilling us of monies. Anfelm, in a council, though oppolcd by t See vol. II. p. 91, his ADVERSARIA. 249 hie king, Henry I, yet depofed many abbots who had obtained their abbies from lay-hands ; nor would he confecrate the bifhop of Wincheflcr eleft : but the Pope, upon Anfehn's requeft, very mercifully rcftores them : " Sedcs Clementiflima, quae nulli de- " effe confucvit (dummodo albi aliquid vcl rubei interccdat) '• pra j fcripto pontinces et abbates ad priftinas dignitatis miferi- ** corditer revocavit." In 1. 124, " Juftitia de Monetariis fit Wintonii;" and in 1125, " Rex omnes Angliae Monetarios, eo quod monetam furtive cor- '* ruperunt, fecit turpiter ementulari, et manus dexteras praecidi." Coiners, favs the Glollary. See Gemiticenfis, lib. vii. cap. 23. The ere&ing more towns into cities and bifhops fees muft have certainly an influence of trade upon thofe places, bv the ac- ceflion of a palace, and the confluence of people. Henry VIII's divifion. See before the See removed from Dorchefter to Lincoln; though now the Bifhops live moft at Bugden. Quaere, When Ely was made a bifhoprick ? when it became not to be a (hire ? M. Paris, p. 5. The ftate of learning, when the Normans conquered England. " Optimates gulae et veneri fervientes, " etc. Clerici quoque et Ordinati adeo literatura carebant, ut t* ceteris efiet ftupori qui Grammaticam didicilTet. Potabatur ab " omnibus in commune, et tam dies quam noftes in hoc ftudio " produ£tae funt." There fliould go all along a general hiftory of the Hate of learning. P. 62, he fays of Henry II, " Erat quippe eleganter literatus, " utpote a primxva ?etate precepto patris addiclus Uteris, et jam f* in jure quod audierat fccreto expeditus." In 1 1 86, " Obiit maxima mulierum, vencrabilis Domina Ma- f* tildis, filia regis Anglorum Henrici primi, imperatrix et uxor " Henrici Romanorum imperatoris, et mater Henrici fecundi f* Anglorum regis maximi, unde ejuldem Matildis Epitaphium : f* Ortu magna, viro major, fed maxima partu, " Hie jacet Henrici fiha, fponfa, parens." Nothing can be cleaner or more exprcflive than this Epigram,, whoever was the Author of it. The fenfe is fo clofe, that the Englifh language cannot exprefs it in two Verfes. That of her fon, king Henry II, though very eafy for thofe times, does not come up to it. We fowl it in M. Paris, p. 151, anno 1 188. « Rex £50 ADVERSARIA. "Rex Hcnricus cram; mihi plurima rcgoa lui-egi, ** Multiplicique modo duxque coir,: " Cui fatis ad votum non effent omnia terrae " Climata, terra modo fufUcit oclo pedum, " Qui legis hxc, pcnfa difcrimina moiti.,, ct in me " Humanse ipeculum condirionis habc. " Sufficit hie tumulus, cui non fuftulcrat orbis." This laft verfc is wanting in fome Mff. and very probably mould not be added. He applies that verfc upon the fucceffion of king Richard ; ** Mira canam ; fol occubuit, nox nulla fecuta eft." This was in every body's mouth upon the fucceffion of king James to queen Elizabeth. The fixing of the Courts to Weilminfter a great eale to trading people. And fo the Circuits, for the difpatch of bufmefs in the country; juftice being brought, in a manner, to their own doors. See Dugdale's Book concerning the Law , &x. Whether luxury and profufenefs of fome perfons ill for trade. The vaft magnificence of fome of our feafts ; though certainly a prudent, modeit, fparing temper, is heft for a trading nation 5 as we have an undoubted inftance in Holland. Anno 1 135, " Combufta eft ecclefia Sanfti Pauli ab igne, qui " accenfus eft ad pontem qui perrexit ulque ad ecclefiam Da- " norum." P. 86. Duke Henry comes againft king Stephen, " cum navi- " bus triginta duabus et militia magna, nimis, Sec." Next year king Stephen owns Henry for his heir. P. 92. King Henrv II, upon his coming to the crown, " Alie- " nigenas et maxime Flandrienfes de regno expellendo, et quof- " dam pfeudo-comites quibus rex Stephanus pene omnia ad " filum pertinentia minus caute contulerat, deponendo." See the Index of Waliingham, for Flanders, of their going into Wales. I remember, my lady Inchiquin fpoke of mighty heaps of cinders 3t her eftate in Montgomeryfhire, where there had been iron-works. Quaere, Theftory of the Fingallians ? Anno 1 155, Henry II received the Pope's letters about fub- duing of Ireland. M. Paris, p. 95. That Writer mult be nicely confidercd by the beft of the Iriih Hiltorians. In 1157, his ex- pedition into Wales. B u Origines Juridicialss," Folio j firft printed in 1666. Inter- ADVERSARIA. 451 Interviews between kings very chargeable. Henry at Paris, 1 15S. King Henry III very vain that way. In 1 16 1, in the time of king Henry, " Cantuaria fere ornnis " comburitur." Anno 1 166. " Qui clam pravi Dogmatis difleminatores apud " Oxoniam trafti funt in judicium, praefente rege et epifcopis " regni, quos a Fide Catholica. devios, et in examine fuperatos, " facies cauteriata notabiles cunftis expolivit, qui expulfi funt a. «' regno." See Fox's Book of Martyrs. Prynne's Hiflory of King John. Anno 1 172. King Henry in Ireland. Of this, fee Giraldus Cambrenfis. King Henry the Second's reign might feem to have been wholly- taken up with the vexations and trouble which he met with from that perverfe traitor Thomas a. Becket, archbifhop of Canterbury, who was afterwards fainted for his villanies, and whofe tomb was more applied to, in cafe of necefTity, than our Saviour. The ftorv of demolifhing his fhrine ; the legends of his life ; book of his letters ; and the Monkifli Hiftorians. Several papers con- cerning this, in Matthew Paris, give many particulars of his life. And the Proteftants, on the other fide, do juftice to fo great a prince (as Prynne, Matter Fox, &c.) But that which mutt be mod grievous to him, and hindered him in the progrefs of thofe great things he might otherwife have done for this nation, was the difobedience of his fon Henry, whom he had placed with himfelf on the throne, and whom he loved entirely : but the young king, impatient in having any partner of his power, by the advice of ill counfellors, and not without the connivance and fecret affiftance of his mother, the haughty queen Eleanor, made feveral grievous wars againft his father, both in England and Normandy ; and, which mutt needs be lull more afflicling to the king, drew his brothers Richard and Godfrey likewife into his party ; which incrcafed fo much (all adoring the rifing fun, and believing that his Monarchy would commence fpeedily), that the old king was dcferted even by thofe perfons who had owed their education to him from their childhood. And yet, after all this, she fame and reputation of king Henry the father was fo great, that, in the year 1176, Adolfus king of Caftile (who was his fon-in-law, by marrying his daughter Eleanor) and Sancho king of Navarre, having mutual complaints about countries taken in. v.vr » S i ADVERSARIA. war from each other, made king Henry their umpire; who, In a great affcmbly of his prelates and barons at Weflminfter, made an accord, to the fatisfaction of both parties, and to the cftablilh- lnent of a firm peace and friendship between them. At the fame time, as if it were to render this aflembly and court more auguft and magnificent, there arrived, upon different affairs, the ambaffa- dors of Manuel emperor of Constantinople ; of Frederick, the Roman emperor ; of William, archbifhop of Triers ; of the duke of Saxony, and Fhilip earl of Flanders. Matthew Paris, who relates this, p. 133, fays, he does it to fhew the efteem which the world had of king Henry, for his wifclom and magnificence ; from whom fo many embaffadors came to demand audiences, and to whofe judgement even kings were ready to fubmit. Anno 1178. " Henricus, cum omnes provincias fua; poteflatis, u quae vel Francorum liminibus, vel montibus Pyrcneis, vel '< Britannico ufuantur Oceano, munitiones obtinuiiTct, et omnia " pro velle difpofuilTet, &c." See this country in the map. The additions king Henry made by birth, Acquitain and Anjou : by conqueft, Wales, Ireland, and the fubjeclion of William king of Scotland. 1 1 79. u Ludovicus rex Francorum, B. Thomam Martvrem, " orationis gratia., vi fit are decernens, Angliam, quam nee ipie " nee fuorum aliquis anteceirorum aliquo tempore vifitaverat, " devotus intravit." The king met him at Dover ; " cui quidquid " honoris, &c. quantum auri vel argenti, quantum in vafis pre- " tiofis, et lapidibus, &c. gazas totius regni fui, et quicquid ipfe *' et anteceiTores fui in divitiis congeirerant, regi Francorum et " fuis expofuit." King of France flayed but three days at Can- terbury. 1 1 80. " Nova moneta in Anglia fa£ta." See p. 141, agreement between Henry and king Philip. Qurere, if king Philip's father were then alive ? P. 140. " Anno " 1 181, cum rex Francorum Philippus, cum quibuldam de «' fuis, fil)i ad memoriam reducentibus, cognoviffet qualiter " rex Anglorum regnum fuum tarn tute dirfulum, a. tarn bar- " ban's nationibus, Scotis fcilictt et Wallenfibus, tarn pacifice '* protegeret, de communi confilio domefticorum fucrum, prae- " difti regis difpofitioni omne regnum fuum et feipfum com- " mifit." ' I do not well underfland this : however, it fliews a j>reat deference and refpeel that Philip had for king Henry and c his ADVERSARIA. 2 55 his counfels ; fo that he aiul his minifters thought his inoft pru- dent way was to be guided by them. See the French Hiftories for king Philip's age. See if Roger w archbifhop of York died anno 1 18 1. It feenis, this archbifhop had got a privilege from pope Alexander, " That, if any clerk, fubjeft to his jurifdi&ion, " being on his death-bed, fhould make his will, and not diftribute *' his goods with his own hands, the archbifhop fhould have power " of feizing upon what he left." Now it being but juft that 3 man fhould find the effects of that law which he would impofe upon another, it fo happened, that, upon the death of the arch- bifhop, his goods were confifcated ; "quorum fumma 'undecim " millialibrarum argenti, et aurei trecenti, cappa aurea, argentea '* feptem, cypti argentei novem, tria falfaria argentea, tres cupp» " murrinse, cochclearia quadraginta, o£to fantellae argentese, " pelvis argenteus, et difcus argenteus." This was a great fura in thofe times, to be hoarded up ufelefsly in the fingle treafury of one Clergyman ! Ibid. " Eodem anno, moneta veteri in Anglia reprobata ; nova ** fucceffit in Fefto fanfri Martini." Anno 1 1 82. "Rex Henricus apud Waltham in pnefentia " provincii regni ad fubventionem terras Santtse quadraginta duo " millia marcarum argenti et quingentas marcas auri liberaliter " allignavit." And fo our treafure went out of the Land. See Giraldus Cambrenfis, what fort of people they gathered in Wales, rogues, &c. children from their parents, hufbands from their, wives, &c. Anno 1 1 84, 11S5. See at large Giraldus Cambrenfis, Hib. Expugnata, p. 800. King Henry's prudent refufal of the king- dom of Jerufalem, &c. " convocato clero regni et populato ;'* which could not but be for the good of this kingdom. Neither did they fend any of the king's fons ; prince John's (to whom he had given the dominion of that country) being knighted atWind- for, and then fent into Ireland j being much more for the pre- fent honour, as well as future advantage of England. M. Paris, p. 144, 145. Anno 1186. " Reges Angliae et Frr.nciae fufceperunt crucem." And the next year, 1 167, " Ricardus Comes Piclavienlis cum w He had been archdeacon of Canterbury; was raifed to the fee of York in 1 1 54, jnd died in 11S1. After his death, the . archbifhoprkk v.as vacant ten yea:s. " audiffc: » 5 4 A D V E R S A R I A. " audifTet calainitatem Terrae Sanctre et Whether a Parfon has not written a Book about Weftmoreland z ? The frequent incurfions on both fides muft render that coun- try on the Marches very ruinous, being fo often laid wafte by numerous armies ; and fo as to the Marches of Wales. Quaere, concerning Berwick, how it ftands as for our trade between both nations ? how the Laws of Scotland ; what prohibited from Eng- land and other countries ? Quaere, how long Huntington in the poffefiion of the Scots ? A. It continued no longer than John Baliol. See Camden's Britannia. When king Stephen came to the crown, 113 5, (the bifhops of Canterbury and Winchefter prefent) he feized upon all his unkle's treafure ; " fcilicet, centum libras, exceptis vafis aureis " et argenteis et gemmis." See Molloy, " De Jure Maritimo, &c." of the Jews. Whe- ther any Jews in Scotland ? How long in Ireland ? What of them have we in the Weft Indian plantations a ? They are great fpies, and betray us in time of war. See Walfingham's Ypo- digma Neuftrias, p. 474. Jews hanged for clipping. Expelled the kingdom in Edward the Firft's time, p. 176. Vide Walfing- ham's Hiftory of Edw. I, p. 53, a ftory of a Jew. " Anno 1289, " Rex crucis fufcepit charafterem, moxque Judasos omnes tan- '* quam crucis hoftes expulit de Waiconen et aliis terris fuis *' omnibus quam in Francia poffedebat," p. 54. In 1290, ex- pelled England. See how the Jews were admitted in Oliver's time. See an a£t of Parliament to provide for Proteftant children' 1 *. M. Paris, p. 887. The Jews complain, and that juftly, of the king. " Habet Papales immo fuos Mercatores, &c." See how our prelates were forced to take up money at the court of Rome, to bribe them ; particularly how the Popes did it at the breaking up of Councils. How men were ready planted, to lend it at ex- ceifive ufury. y The jucicious Antiquary will find his refearches in this fpecies of learning amply gratified in Mr. Cough's curious " Anecdotes of Britifh. " Topography.'* 2 " An Eflay towards a Natural Hiftory of Weftmoreland and Cumber- " land, &c. By Thomas Robinfon, Redlor of Oufby in Cumberland," was pub!i(h:d in 1709, 8vo. a There are great numbers of them eftabliihed in Jamaica. S'at. 1 Anne, c. 33. S t Seals 25 8 ADVERSARIA, Seals not much in ufe amongft our anceftors the Saxons ; bus they figned with the Crofs. There was a Seal of king Edward's at Wcftminfter. Sec p. 79, So, of M. Paris's Lives. I remem- ber, in thefc Lives, mention made of one Aaron, a Jew, who had lent money to St. Alban's, p. 93, circ. ami. 1188. In 1209, in king John's time, " Ad feftum Sanfti Michaelis u amotum eft fcaccarium a Weftmonafterio ufque Northamton, " per regem, in odium Londinenfium." M. Paris tells us, upon the fame year, that it continued there " ufque ad Natale Domini." Read Milton's Hiftory of our Kings before the Conqueft. See the character of King Henry II, and his offspring, in the Topo- graphia Cambrenfis, p. 751. Cambrenfis Hib. Expugnata, p. 776. Anno 1172, " Primo annoque, Rex Henricus Hiber- " nise Triumphator ipfam infulam acquifivit." Sir Thomas More c was a great wit, had abundance of life and frnartnefs. Nothing can give a better fenfe of the cenfideration man ought to have of his latter-end, than thefe two verfes : " Fleres fi fcires unum tua tempora menfem ; " Rides quum ron fit forfitan una dies J ." His Utopia may come in as a piece of Poetry. So the Hiftory of the Sevarites, or Sevarambi, &c. Chriftian, bifhop of Lifmore, Apoitolicae Sedis Legatus, Donat. of Caffels, Laurence of Dublin, and Catholicus of Tuam (the archbifhop of Tuam not there, by reafon of his great c Born in 1480; appointed treafurer of the exchequer in 1520 j fpeaker of the houfe of commons in 1523 ; and had the great feals de- livered to him Oft. 15, 1530 ; being the firft layman that ever held that effice ; the duties of which he executed for near three years with a moft exemplary diligence, a true magnanimity, and a molt incorrupted inte- grity ; and refigned, May 16, 1533. His inflexibility in denying the king's fupremacy drew on him the wrath of Henry VIII ; he was com- mitted to The Tower in 1534; and beheaded Jury <, 1535. He was the author of many and various works ; though only his Utopia is now read, the other being chiefly of the polemic kind, and in a defence of a caufe which cculd not be fupported. His Engli/h works were collected and publilhed, by order of qween Mary, in 1557 ; his Latin, at Bafil, in 1563, and at Lorrain in 1566. 4 " You'd weep, if fure you'd but one month to flay j " Yet laugh, uncertain of a fingle day !'* »2« ADVERSARIA. 25* age and infirmity) held a general council at Caffels, the king having perfons commiffioned by him then prefent, where were feveral canons made; especially " De Matrimoniis contrahendis, " de Decimis dandis, &c. Ecclefia? illius ad Anglkanae Ecclefi* a formam redigere modis omnibus elaborando." The 6th Confti- tution is, " Quod univerfi fideles, in infirmitate pofiti, confefforc " fuo et vicinis aftantibus, &c." might difpofe of their effects. This was a very good law. Nothing encourages trade more than a liberty of diipofing by will; that fo what a man has got by his labour and indullry may come to his children. The Aft of inteftates' eftates has made a very good difpofition for all perfons. The king's fons rife again (t him whilft he is there. The great inconveniences which happened upon his not being able to fettle that kingdom. See mote, p. 78a j and in the fame page, and the next, we have a very large character of king Henry, and a description of his perfon. P. 7S7. The king gets a privilege "for Ireland from Pope Adrian, an Englifhman. See the Life of Pope Adrian. The kings of Ireland had all fubmitted, and fworn to king Henry before this confirmation of the Pope, " Qui infulas omnes fibi fpeciali quo- " dam jure vindicat." M. Paris (p. 71.) tells us of an odd method the king made tvfe of to get money. " Rex Anglorum Henricus tenuit mag- " num concilium apud Londonias, in kalendis Augufti, de fa- " cerdotum focariis prohibendis. Affuerunt concilio jlli Wil- " lielmus Cantuarienfis ct Turltanus Eboracenfis archiepifcopi, u cum fuis fuftraganeis, quos omnes fimplicitate Cantuarienfis " archiepifcopi Rex Henricus decepit ; conceffei unt namque regi " juftitiam de focariis Sacerdotum, quae res poftea cum fummo ** dedicare terminabatur percepit enim Rex pecuniam infinitam de " Prefbyteris pro focariis fuis redimendis." In M. Millbn's New Voyage to Italy, vol. I. printed 1699, at Nuremburg, he fays, p. 68, he faw a Trearife of Predeftination, printed at Spire, 1446*5 and another by Fauftus, at Mcntz, 1459. c This date was certainly a miftake, as the art of printing was then quite in its infancy even at Mentz, where no book appears to have been printed earlier than 1442 ; and the firft eflays at Spire werethofeof Peter JSrach in 1477. See " The Origin ot Printing," p. 75. S3 P. 74. i*o ADVERSARIA. P. 74. The common opinion is, that Berthold Schwartz, a Francifcan, found out guns and powder at Nuremburg, anno 1378. I may venture to affirm, that neither ficges nor battles have been fo bloody fince the invention of hre-arms, as before. Great guns were firft put into fliips, by the Venetian admiral Barbarigo; and the famous Bartholomew Coglione firft brought artillery into the held : for, before his time, the only ufe of thefe ma- chines was to batter the walls of towns. Monf. de Fabert, who has lately publifhed the Hiftory of the Dukes of Burgundy, allures us, that the firit effay which was made of them was againft the fort of Preux. P. 83. The trade of Augfburg decayed as that of Holland increafed : almoit all merchandizes which came from the Medi- terranean were formerly landed at Venice, and from thence brought to Augiburg ; from which place they were difperfed through all Germany. But Holland has takci away all, and cliftributes all; and Augfburg fullers, as well as Venice, Milan, Antwerp, and an infinite number of other Cities, which are at prefent as poor as formerly they were rich. P. 100. Among the rariiies in the Elector of Bavaria's palace at Munich, are two Ecclefiaftical books ; one written by the Emperor Maximilian ; the other covered with an embroidery of pearls and precious ftones, wrought by Mary queen of Eng- land. P. 101. Among the treafures, two large purfes, full of Bava- rian pearls, of the bignefs of fmall nuts, and very white. Thefe pearls are fifhed-for, in the river 111 ; one half that are found be- long to the emperor, the other to the elector of Bavaria. What fifhing for pearls we may have on the coafls of Ireland and Scotland ? Vitruvius, who lived in the time of Auguflus, fpeaks of Mo- faic work, under the terms of " Opus fectile, pavimenta fectilia, " opera mufxa ct mufiva." It was alfo called " opus teffelatum, ■" et vermiculatum." For want of natural ftones, the v ufc pall.es and compofitions of glafs, and enamels made in a crucible, which take a moil lovely, mining colour, and never ftain. King Edward the ConfelTbr's tomb, and the pavement of the altar, in Weltminfter- abbey, are Moiaic work, &c. To ADVERSARIA. 261 To make a Dictionary of Trade and Merchandize, and all their Implements. Dr. Scattergood took great pains to furnim his Latin Dictionary' with them. Alexander the Third was a haughty man ; he had at laft the pleafure to triumph over the Emperor and four Anti-popes. When he fled into France, two Kings, Lewis and Henry II, alighted from their horfes, to take his bridle, and lead his horfe. P. 251. Ancona, though in the Ecclefiaftica! State, yet traders of all religions may live there, provided they make no public cxercife of any befides that of the country. They whiten wax very well at Ancona. P. 269. Between Macerata and Tolentino, they plant great reeds to prop up the vines, and make ufe of buffaloes to draw their ploughs. Thefe animals are far flronger than oxen, and eat lefs. Why have we not them in England and Ireland, and Dromedaries and Camels ? The Indian Corn I have feen in Eng- land grow with vaft reeds, which would be of great ufe. Whe- ther Rice would not grow upon boggy ground ? To try to fow all forts of things upon Bogs. P. 274. Beyond Spoletto, the mountains are covered with Laurel, Wild Olives, Tamarinds, Evergreen Oaks, &c. Of our fine Pictures in England, there are the Cartons of Raphael; my coufin Harcourt's fine pieces of Paulo Veronefe ; the duke of Somerfet's fine Pictures, Statues, &c. The lofs of Holbein's Picture ' at Whitehall. We take up with Collections of Prints. Holbein S a great deal of. King Henry VIII. at Chrift-Church. Van Dvck b , and many at Cornbury. In the Villa Juftiniani, juft without Rome, is to be feen this Epitaph : " Hie fita eft Amymone Marci optima et pulcherrima f The admirable portraits of Henry VII and Henry VIII, on the wall of the palace at Whitehall ; which perilhed when that building was burnt. Vertue engraved a fine plate from a copy of them. g Thii excellent painter was born at Bafil in 1498 ; and died of the plague at London in 1554.. His own portrait is in the delivery of the charter of Bridewell. b Sir Anthony Van Dyck, the illuftrious difciple of Rubens, was born at Antwerp in 1599, and died at London in 1641. It is recorded of thh artilt, that he frankly confelTed, he painted in the former part of his life for fame, and in the latter fjr bis kitchen. Yet no artift,of any age, except Titian, {lands in competition with him. S 4 u Lanifica, ;6; ADVERSARIA. " Lanifica, pia, pudica, fungi cafta Domii'cda." It were happy for our tradefmen if they could place this upon their wives at their deaths. P, 388. Andrew Delphoffo, a Jel'uit, wrote an excellent Trea- tife of Painting and Architecture, and knew verv well how to pra&ife both. V\ ho wrote our firft Book of Rules of Archi- tecture or Painting in England ? William of Wykeham». P. 240. Adria, that ancient and famous city which gave its name to the Gulf, is now but a pitiful half-drowned village. Quaere, the firft Book printed in England ? I believe in wooden characters k . Quaere, when firft in Greek and Hebrew ? Day in the firft Saxon. The Polyglott, a great work. The Oxford prefs moft variety. Sir Hairy Savile's Chryfoftom ', a great work. Quaere, if not the greateft, confidering the largenefs of the book, and fincnefs of character ? He that will confider the advancement of our Poetry in Eng- land, let him fee the verfes from Weftminfter, upon the mourn- ful fubjecl of the lofs of the duke of Glouceuer. There are fome, from perfons not much above his own age, which may vie with moft of the Moderns, and have a great rehfh of the An- tients. Miffon, p. 23. The Eaft India Company of Amfterdam is fo powerful, that it has made head againft princes, without inter- rupting its trafnek m ; and yet it was eftablifhed but in the year 1594. i This munificent founder of Winchester College was born in 1324; was nominated to the fee of Winchester in 13665 appointed lord chan- cellor in 1367 j and died Sept. 27, 14C4. His life, elegantly written by Bp. Lowth, was publided in 17159, % v0 - k This conjecture was well founded. The firft production of the Ox- ford prefs, by Corfeilis, appears to have been from woo- en types. See Origin of Printing p. II. 1 Printed in Greek, in 8 volumes folio, 1613, at the expence of 8000 pounds. The learned editor was born Nov. 30, 1 549 J and was Greek tutor to queen Elizabeth. He was made warden of Merton collegein 1585 ; provofl of Eaton in 1596; was knighted in 16045 founded the two Saviiian lectureships at Oxford in 1619 5 and died Feb. 19, 1611-2. » What would our Author have faid to the ftill more auonifhing pre- [ ytfc of European merchants in the prefent century ? P. 284. ADVERSARIA. 465 P. 284. Cork trees in Italy ; they referable the Evergreen Oak, and bear acorns. When you flrip other trees of their bark, they die ; bur this grows ftronger, and produces a new coat. I have feen a Cork tree grow at Cornbury. Why may we not have them in England and Ireland ? See the nature of the foil they are to grow in. Does not our Cork ufe to come from France ? P. 1 13. At Amras, a houfe of pleafure, near Infpruck, a crofs- bow has 34 bows, and difcharges 34 arrows. — An engine in the Tower of London, with a vaft number of mufket-bores. P. 122. He tells us of veflels made of Ambergris, and that it is a fubftance fit to be wrought. Henry, fon to Henrv II, crowned king of England. His death, Girald. Comb. Hib. Expugnata, p. 799. He fays, his brother Geoffry, " torius mali incentor." He has before, in the Topo- graphia, the character of a cunning, fubtle perfon 5 " UlyiTes in *' patrem tertio recedens." John, a favourite both of father and mother, never difobliged them. Ibid. Dominion of Ireland to John. See p. 80 c. His family of Normans, &c. p. 810, re- lating to Ireland. The love of the king and queen to John, who never difobliged them, gave umbrage to all the brothers j and Richard, fighting for the alTurance of the crown, durft not go to the Holy Land without him. The king a fevere father when they grew up, but excelTively tender before. Thomas JBecket fent to fetch him and Margaret his wife from Paris. Waif. Ypod. Neuft. p. 446. Margaret was daughter to Lewis the young. She married this young king Henry, furnaraed by the French Court-mantel; and afterwards was widow to Bela III, king of Hungary j crofted herfelf, and went to the Holy War. See Maimbourg. Pope Adrian, an Englishman. See his Letters to king Henry about Ireland, and the matter that the king wrote to the Pope, after the Council of Cartels. That the Pope fent the king a ring for Inveftiture, which was laid up in the treafury at Winchefter. See M. Paris, Hilt. p. 95. His Lives of the Abbots, p. 66. Sec in our Eccletiaftical Hiftories what good he did for his country- See the Popes Lives by their Medals. See p. 788, of Cambrenfis, what this Letter of the Pope's was after the kings of Ireland had fworn to king Henry. Quaere, what have we of Pope Adrian's in the Decretals j ©r in all the Hiftories ef the Popes ? M. Pari?, ift* ADVERSARIA. M. Pans, p. 74- Anno 113c. The bilhops of Winchefter and Sahibury were by, when king Stephen took his Unkle's treafure, which was ioo pounds (printed " centum 4," which occasioned great miftakes) befides jewels and plate : but in the various readings,. *• centum millia libras," which founds nearcft truth. Anno 1 140. William bifhop of Winchefter ftands for king Stephen, and has his caftle befieged by Maud, and repullcs hex, p. 78. Anno 1 142. Willielmus Wintonienfis cpifcopus, et Apoflolicae Sefo legatus, holds a council at London. " Eodcm anno obiit •* Willielmus Wintonienfis praeful, et Henricus fucceffit j huic ** reio Henrico Lucius Papa pallium mifit, volens apud Winto- ** niauii novum archicpifcopum conftkuere, et feptem ei epifcopos ** ai%nare. ,r This muft be falfe ; I mall put it as Henry, for 11 tan be no other. This rnuft be determined by confuitins: the i.cJehaltic.il Hiftorics. See Dugdale, of Glaftonbury. Quaere, ax 10 the archUfhoprick, what were the feven bifhopricks to be ? Mantiew Paris himfclf clears up this matter. F. 74. Was by when Stephen took Henry's treafure. And die aexr year, viz. anno 1136, p. 76. when king Henry's body being brought from Caen (Cadomum), and was buried at Reading, in an abbey of his own foundation, with great folem- ciry 2nd magnificence, where the king and many of the nobility wtte prelent. And then Henry bilhop of Winchefter took away die hand of St. panics from the abbey of Reading, which king Qrauy had fent thither in the year 1133; and they were de- prived of fo confiderable a relick till the time of king Henry II. TiLia feems to have been an opprefhon, and done by means of tku power he had with his brother. What is faid before, p. 7$, of his holding-out caftles againft Maud, and p. 79, of his holsavsg a council, muft be either meant of fome others, or elfe die name mithikcn. He feems to have flood for the rights of die Church, even againfl lus Brother, p. 77. See Spehnan's Councils. Goodwin's Annals, of this Henry. See what books cc. cenyn.g the Abbey of CI agny and its famous men. About waking Henry an archbifhop, fee Malmibury's treatife of iuuaops. Av,v,o 1222. The Jews had their misfortunes in the fucceccl- \vh::h W3S that of kmg Henry the Third : for he'dt- . recover his dominions in France, which had been loft in ADVERSARIA. «6 5 in the time of his father, laid, in the year 143©, fevere burden* upon the Ecclehaiticks, and upon the city of London ; fo that the Jews, having fome companions in their afflictions, might more eafily hear the payment of the third part of all their fubftance, towards fo neceifary an expedition. M. Paris, p. 314, 3 1£. In a council held by archbifhop Stephen at Canterbury, anno 1222, fays, " Quidam Apoftata " Judseus, fadfus ex Chrifhano Diaconus, judicialiter eft punitus, ',' quern Falco ftatim arreptum fufpendi fecit." See Lindwood of this Council. Fox's Martyrs. Fuller's Church Hiftory. This paiiage feemed to me at firft to be unintelligible, till, looking into Dr. Watts's Adverfaria, p. 316, 1. 26, where he fpeaks of the council at Oxon, held by Stephen Langton, in 1222. M. Paris, p. 393, gives an inftance of a charitable work for the converlion of the Jews ; which cannot be rightly under- ftood without confulting Dugdale's Monaflicon and Stowe's Survey of London.. See Tanner's Notit. Monaft. See if there were no other religious houfes founded on fuch occafions ; and what were their Statutes, either here, or in other nations. But the Jews may feem neither to have deferved this or any other favour from the Englilh, if we confider the barbarity they were about to praclife iome few years afterwards. P. 409, king Henry keeping his Chriftmas at Weftminfter,. in the year 1235, and the 19th of his reign, there were brought thither to him feven Jews, who had ftolen a boy at Norwich, circumcifcd him, and kept him privately for a whole year, with an intent to have crucihed him at their Pailbver. They were convicted of the fa£V, and, confefTing it in the king's prefence, were remanded to prifon, there to expect the king's pleafure as to their punifhment. Such a fact as the forementioned could not but incenfe the people againft thejews, p. 43 1 ; and they had the more reafon to be afraid, becaufe, in die year following, there was a great deftruction made of them in foreign parts, and particularly in Spain : io that, upon giving a great fum of money to the Icing, they purchafed their prefervation ; and it was proclaimed pub- licly, that no one fhould offer them any violence ot injury. But they did not Ipng enjoy this quiet; for about three years afterwards, Georfry Templar, one of the king's council, impri- ioned and tormented them; and laid fuch heavy exactions upon them, that they e .peeled an utter extirpation. At laft, after many 6 difficulties, *66 ADVERSARIA. difficulties, they gave the third part of their ready money, debts, and chattels, that they might gain fome refpite from their uiife- ries and prefent ruin. The occaiion of this was was a murder which they had privately committed, p. 489. In the year following, the jews gave a fiefh inffcance of their vilktny: for at Norwich they had got another boy, and, circum- cIGng him, they named hi.n J urinus, and kept him to be laci ificed, in contempt of Chriit crucified. But the father of the child, making diligent fearch after him, at laft difcovcred that he was hid in a Jew's chamber. When this came to the ears of William Poole, bifhop of the dioceie, who was a very prudent circum- fpe£r. perfon, he, with other perfons of quality of the country, not fuffering io great an indignity to the Chrillian Religion to go unpunJued, leized upon all the Jews that were in the city ; and when they would have flickered themfelves under the king's. authority, the bifhop told them, " Thatthefe things appertained " to the Church, and were not to be adjudged in the King's " court, when the matter in queftion was concerning Ciicum- ** cifion, and the violation of the Chriitian faith." So four of the Jews, being convicted of the forementioned crime, weic drawn to their execution at horics' tails, and afterwards hanged upon a gibbet. About this time, and for fome years before, the Tartars made 3 very great and violent irruption, not only into the Ealt, but likewife into Hungary and the upper parts of Germany, anil Rruck tenor into the whole Wellern empire. It was faid, that they were Jews, who had for many years been fhut up in the Calpian mountains ; and for this reafon, the Jews of thefe Wellern parts were thought to favour them. It is faid, that tire Jews pretended to tlie Chriftian princes, that the Tartars had fignihed to them, that they had their original from the fame nation ; and that they would have no wine but that which came from their own bre- thren : fo the Jews faid, they had now an opportunity of ridding the world of fo great a plague and terror as theie Tartars weie to them. Pope Alexander the Sixth was fo liberal as to divide the whole undiicovered world between the kings of Spain and Portugal. Time may fee another emperor in Rome. in Peru, never any of the Ynca's lubjefts were guilty of trea- son. AH that was got in their wars were divided into three parts ; ADVERSARIA. s6 7 parts : the firft, to the fervice of their gods ; the feconcl, to the king, court, and nobles ; and the third, to the relief of the com- mon people. When there were no wars among thofe Indians, the people were bufied with works of magnificence, fuch as palaces for their viceroys, and large ways through all the country, which ex- ceeded thole of Rome or Egypt. The Goths feem to have come down like a deluge ; not but thev had principles of honour and government, and have laid a foundation for glory. The Spaniards have their blood in their vein': ; than whom there cannot be a braver nation, when led or encouraged bv a gallant prince: for, not to mention their con- quests in the Weft Indies, I remember to have read in an old Author, that, when Charles the Fifth was emperor, the Tranfyl- vanians, in fome difficulty, demanded but a few natural Spaniards (I am fure the number did not amount to fifty) to be their con- ductors : fo much was their reputation in that age. Add to this, their pairing through Sclavonia, Thrace, and Greece (then the Roman dominions), and Rome itfelf, under Alaric the Second, who left his conquests to his fon Alfonfus, from whofe ftock the kings of Spain dcfcencled. Theodoric was a prince of extraordinary learning and valour; infomuch that Italv, which before was made a thorough-fare ro the barbarous nations, and quite diforuered bv the frequent in- undations of luft and rapine, he reduced to fuch a peaceable and fettled government, that before his death they had quite loft the memory of their former miferies ; inftead whereof, a general feli- city had diffufed itfelf over all the country. Such cities as hsd been before defaced, he repaired, ftrengthened, and beautified. In his wars, he was victorious ; temperate in time of peace j and, in his private carriage, difcreet and affable. A Parallel between Homer and Virgh. Thus much I fay, that fometimes I can read Homer with greater picture than Virgil ; and fometimes I read Virgil vritk more delight than I can Homer ; that is, they pleafe rne accord- ing to the different temper of mind I am in when I take them up. I can read Virgil with more pleafure, becaufe I undctftand his language befi ; I read. Homer with more inflruction^ becaufe he is a68 ADVERSARIA. is more full of moralicv; and before vvc decide between them in this, we mull know which is the chiefeft end of Foetry, Profit or Pleafure. — I would not be thought by this to deprive Virgil of Morality ; for that is couched under his Fable, and is iftter- fperfed up and down his whole Book : nor Homer of Pleafure ; for who is not charmed with his loftv flights, which come fo near to the fpirit of the infpired Prophets 3 It is certain that he has fo many of them infufed in his works, that one would almoft imagine he had read and tranferibed them. And who is not de- lighted with the majelty of his ftyle, and the flowing numbers of his verfe ? It is certain he furpalfes Virgil in thefc, as much as the Greek language exceeds the Latin. I fee the copioufnefs of the Greek, and the feyerity of the Latin : this can compound two words with great elegance; and that has dialects (a great advantage), which cauie a rumbling found, give a greater licenfe, polifh the verfe more, and is more expreflive of the fenfe. — No, I do not do this ; this were to abridge them both of one of the efiential properties of Poetry, and to contradict a forcmentioned pofition. In fhort, I like them belli, 1 praife them both ; I dare not fay which I like better, they are both, belt, and both de- ierve the palm ; and whofoever takes it from the head of Virgil, to fix it on Homer's, does both an injury, which both, if alive, would difclaim; by afcribing to Homer more than he reallv de- ferves, and by taking from Virgil even what he doth deferve, that is, his fhare. And lo I conclude, by pronouncing them both the great Monarchs of Learning, defiling every one to let them reign jointly over his ftudics, to read them both at once, and let one ferve as a comment to the other. Thofe Gentlemen who only equal the iEncid to the Iliad do unawares make Virgil inferior to Homer ; for, if Homer wrote tirit, and in a barbarous age, and yet is equal to Virgil, who had the Wits of Auguftus's Court to converfe with and confult, to read and correct his writings ; if Homer has written as well, without any advantage, as Virgil has, who had Ariftotle, Lon- °-inus, Dionyfius Halicarnaffenfis, and Horace, and all the antient Commentators and Critics to confult, who had even Homer's beauties to imitate and Homer's faults to fhun, and had all the advantages that he could defire, with riches, and a retired eafy life ; if, I fay, Homer has performed all this ; we mud of ne- ceifity conclude, that Homer had a greater genius and a deeper judgement, ADVERSARIA. z 6 9 judgement, and confequently was a greater man ; and that who- ever is in love with Virgil muft be raviihed with Homer, d* King of Poets. Homer and Virgil fometimes feem to Sag, to forae who cat- not comprehend them; but, like the fun when eclipfed, tltcy lofe nothing of their light ; it is only the clouds of our igno- rance that interpofe, and hinder our fight. Manners are what diilinguifh the quality, and characterize rfa inclinations, of thofe who act : now Homer has fucceeded «oty well in the manners which he has afcribed to his men, but faiki in thofe he gave to the gods. What can the reafon be, but due he ftudied the nature of the gods with lefs attention riiaa he did that of man? that he knew the men better than his gwizs, becaufe he was more convedant with earthly things thac K'flda celeftial? Nor is Ariftotle's j uftiheation of him fuffkient. He fays, Homer, in his characters of the gods, followed the faviegs of former Poets; and the current reports for this make liiia oaefis- tenar.ee what he muft know to be abfurd, from the light of nacssa. Mr. Dacier's is better, but that is far from exculing him. That of Longinus is indeed a witty one ; but cot to be valued, heczrafe it is a weak one. Befides, wit, like truth, is not to be inokec .at all times : for who can chufe but pity to fee a dying hero xna- ierably witty? He that is witty inftead of bting judicious m difputations, is at beft but a witty fool. Good Latin is not m-md& cxpe&ed then ; fo neither is wit : it is enough if there be fenfe, and words proper for the thoughts. As the characters of his Gods are all blameable, fo is tie dan=- rafter of Therfites. I mean not that he has not drawn 'ks pifture true, and hit upon t'.is true features ; but that k is wrong- ly brought in. Gods ! who can bear a Buffoon in ccmjianv wit!* Neftor ? We expeft the honey dropping from the mouth of eici reverend old man, and are plagued with farce and jeft. Wis? can bear a Merry Andrew among deliberating Statesmen? * Therfites in an Epopceia ? Monftrous inconfiftdncf ! He thai csat bear this, may bear the ridiculous abfurdity of a Tragi -ooms&y. But that is not all, a God muft be a laughing dock too -, muft be a Vulcan among his deities ; as if the God-> were u> \e made a jeft on. It is true, we may laugh at them; traz Homer could not without a crime, becaufe he thought his religion sj pare and unfpotted as we do our*. Ami there rrcit a cruse i T . ADVERSARIA. a crime in him to laugh at his Gods, as it would he in us t# laugh at ours. Befides, Homer has offended againft other arts, as Phyfick, which Virgil has not done. But Virgil, in the Tenth jEneid, brings in Mezentius comparing himfelf with an horfe in thefc words," Phoebe, diu fi qua, &c." This is a fine reflection, with- out doubt; but I know not wherefore he attributed this to an horfe. This is one caft away, and fquandered. But he followed Homer in this, lib. viii. 185. where Hector encourages his Horfes, Xanthus, &x. Virgil's work is like the organ which Trapp fpeaks of. Virgil had a truer idea of the gods than Homer. Many great men ftand up, and vouch for their reputations ; but not one, as 1 know of, condemn either of thern, except Zoilus. Homer's grand moral is of more frequent application and ufe. Every age almoft is big with the deitruction of itates, whofe prime minifters have difagreed ; but when do we fee a time wherein Virgil's can be of ufe ? I will not deny but fuch a time may poffibly happen ; but furely Homer's has, is, and ever will be. Again, Virgil has been of no ufe but to his own nation : for when do we fee a Commonwealth changed into a Monarchy ? and Virgil's can be of no ufe till this is done. Such a change may be. But Homer's muff, if pride or ambition, if raftinefs or a luft of fuperiority, inhabit the firft officers of kingdoms ; and which crimes, I think, will never depart from them. I have faid, Virgil's moral is of no advantage but to his own country, which cannot be faid of Homer's ; for that affects every kingdom of the world, whether confidered by itfelf, or in conjunction with its allies. It affects likewife every great family, whof# branches are to pQrfue the fame interefts. Kingdoms allied arc advifed by this to maintain a fair correlpondence with one an- other ; a feparate one, to live in unity with itfelf. And all the brandies of a numerous family are taught to agree together, left any defigning enemy foment their divifions, and fo overthrew their houfe. As Homer is more extenfive, fo is he more durable. I mean> not as to the Poem, for both will live till all things die ; but in his chief Moral, which is the only thing I am talking of, and in- tend at prefenfc I faidj Virgil's is of no ufe but to his own land; ADVERSARIA. * 7 i land ; nor is it to that at this juncture ; but Homer's does : for. the Hate of government for which Virgil calculated his Moral is annihilated, or, which is all one, moulded into a different form. And this (hews, I think, the infufficiencv of Virgil's, and the great perfection of the other's, Moral : for Homer's does good even now to his own country, although it has undergone as many variations in its government as ever Rome did ; and even to Rome icfelf. And the reafon is, Virgil's relates only to a ftate changed from a Republick to a Monarchy ; and Homer's to all : whether they be Ariitocracies, or Democracies, or Monarchies ; and whether the. Monarchies be Elective or Here- ditary ; it is all the fame, though every ftate receives a new face every century. But here it is urged, againft the extenfivenefs of Homer's Moral, that his language is known not to manv, which Virgil's is ; and confequently cannot be of inftruction to fo great a num- ber of people as Virgil's. But this avails not : it Is true, this is good fortune for Virgil ; it does him good, but it does Homer no harm. I dare confidently affirm, that, though Homer's lan- guage is not known to fo many people, yet it is to as many na- tions, cities, or couNtries, as Virgil's is : that though it is noc known to innumerable multitudes, yet it is known to a fufficient number ; and herein Homer is like the Bible in Popim coun- tries, which is with-held from the Vulgar, and only vouchfafed to a fmall number of learned men. I would not here be thought to approve of Homer's or the Eible's being with-held : no; I only wifh there were more learned, that they might be fpread into more hands : for, as matter may be divided for millions of years, and yet remain fufficient to divide on to all eternity ; fo thefe may be fcattered among innumerable numbers, and the farther they are diffufed, frill the finer they will prove. From what has been faid, you will find Virgil's a temporary Moral, Homer's eternal; Virgil's has been, Homer's is 1 til I, a good one; Virgil's maybe fo again, Kcmer's cannot be other- wife ; Virgil's Moral is fuperlative, Homer's is one in practice ; Virgil's amufes, Homer's delights and profits. As much as pious Chriftians adore the Holy Scriptures, fo much do learned men admire Homer and "Virgil. The Old and New Teftaments contain in them all that can make one good ; the Iliad and the j£neid, all that can make a man learned and Vo L. I. T polite. 2*2 ADVERSARIA. polite. And therefore, in refpeft of men, it is full as dangerous to attempt any thing againft thefe two Poets, as againft the Oracles of God. Ye know the fates of Hohbes n and Zoilus ; one is fticmatized for an Atheift, the other for a Blockhead. Nay, I believe, it would not be more dangerous (for now itpaffes for wit) to burlefque the Bible; but it is confounded ftupidity to c?.rp at thefe. But methinks I hear one fay, why then do I carp at Homer to-day ? mull not I expect to lofe my reputation ? No ; I hope not : neceflity obliges me to it ; I am commanded, and I muft obey. And here I promife, that whatever is faid againft him in this Treatife mail, after I have done (for I come not to do a wil- ful murder on his fame), be wholly difannulled ; and I will own, that it is not Homer dreams, but I that nod. Thus the opponent in our fchools, when pricked to difpute, argues as ftiffly againft the tenets of the Gofpel, as his refpon- dent does for them ; is as folicitous to find out flaws and contra- dictions, and then to urge and prove them, as his antagonift is to aniwer and confound him ; and yet is never efteemed a Worfe Chriftian : for he believes nothing he allerts, and is ready at any titne to take the contrary part, and to contradict and confute whatever he faid before. In examining thefe two great Poets then, I fhall begin with (he Fables of each firft, becaufe the Fable produces the Manners. 2(lly, With the Manners, which produce the Sentiments. 3dly, With the Sentiments, becau'c they produce the Language. 4eh.lv, With the Language, which obtains the laft place, becaufe a Poem may be perfect without the help of it. I ihall fhew how the one gets or lofes of the other, under all the heads, and fo conclude. But, to manage this rightly, I think it neceffary to feparate their parts, and to define them all. Firft, then, for the Fable j which Aiiftotlc defines, by calling it " the confticution of things." This contains the plot, and the unraveling ; the plot comprehends all the obftacles which tra- verfe the defigns of the principal perfon or perfons. The un- raveling is all that is from the change to the tnC\. And, as truth muft be the foundation of the Fable, and fiction make the ao "-ompUihment, I ihall confider their Fables as they contain a ■ See vol. II. p. 142. mixture ADVERSARIA. 2:3 mixture of truth and fiftion. I fhall examine, likewife, as they contain the Admirable and Probable. The Admirable is all that is againft the ordinary courfe of nature ; the Probable is whatever fuits with common opinion. I fhall fhew whether they be fimple or compound, intricate or moral, or paffionate and pathetic. I fhall confider their unities of aftion and time ; for an Epic Poem has no unity of place, it not being Aftive, as Tragedy, but Narrative ; that is, delivered by the Poet, not by the mouth of A6tors : though there are fometimes Narrations in Tragedies too, and A£tive Speeches in the Epopceia; but thefe are feldom. And, after all, 1 intend to obferve the Epifodes and Machines. In a Poem (as has been intimated) the fubjecl: and defign ought to obtain the firft place. The Defign confifts of two parts ; of truth and fiftion inter- mixed. Truth is the foundation, and fiction makes the accom- plifhment. The Defign, or Fable, is fimple or compound : the fimple ha: no change of fortune ; the compound has, either from good to bad, or from bad to good. And this is preferable to the fimple, becaufe it has more variety in it. Fable is eilential to Poetry ; and, befides the two parts already mentioned, that compofe it, it muft yet have two cpialities, to be perfect : it muft be Admirable, and it muft be Probable. The Admirable is (as has been faid) all that which is againft the or- dinary courfe of nature ; the Probable is, whatever fuit with common opinion. The Manners in a Poem have the fecond place, viz. the next to the Plot, and are the caufes of the AcYion. Thoughts and Sentiments obtain the third place. Thefe art properly the expreffions of the Manners, as words are the ex- preffions of the Thoughts; and their office, fays Ariftotle, is to approve or diflike ; to ftir or to calm the paffions } to magnify or diminifh things. The laft part is the Exprefficn, and whatever regards the Lan- guage ; and it muft have five qualities to take, viz. apt, clear, natural, Jplendid, numerous. An Heroic Poem is the Imitation of an Heroic AcTton : it muft. be one, m&Jimple-, true, or what paffes for true; and i: m»ft be happy, commendable, and entire e . ° Rapin on Homer, vol, II, p, 1S6. T * The 274 ADVERSARIA. The A£tion muft neither be too vaft, nor too much limited. There muft be a fimple and Scrupulous unity of Action. I take the pleafure of Poetry to be the profit, as the gilding is to the pill : this makes it go down ; for men that would not mind their profit yet purfue their pleafure, as children would not f wallow the pill, though it is that which cures them, if it was not gilded P. Homer and Virgil chafte as Veftals, and virtuous as Philo- fophers 1. Rapin affirms r , that no man, befides Virgil and Homer, had the difcretion to leave a thing when it was well. And in his comparison of Homer and Virgil », he afferts Homer to be re- dundant, and to cany things too far. He fays likewife r , that the moft judicious, the molt admirable, the molt perfect, defign of all antiquity is that of Virgil in the J&neid. All is great and noble, all proportionable to the fub- iect, which is the eftabliihment of the empire of Rome ; to the Hero, who is iEneas ; to^ the glory of Auguftus and the Ro- mans, for whom it was compofed. Nothing is weak or defective in the execution; all there is happy, all is juft, all is perfect. Yet Homer and Virgil offend againft probability. Thus Homer makes Stentor's voice louder than that of fifty men ; and Virgil makes a bough of g&ld to grow on a tree u . But Homer fometimes offends (according to Longinus) againft the manners. He makes the Gods (contrary to their character) obnoxious to wounds, adulteries, and hatred w . Great Poetry, fuch as Epic Poetry, muft be animated and fuf- tained by great thoughts and great fentiments : but Homer is low on high fubjefts, and consequently faulty. A grave Poem ought to be grave and ferious ; but Homer degenerates into Bur- lelque x : and Homer's battles are liable to cenfure. Of Didactic Discourses. Didactic Difcourfes are maxims and general proportions, which contain known truths, and are only applied in the Play, P P. 138. Rapin on Poetry, p. 136, S-c. 7 Of Dida&ic Difcourfes, *74 Remarks on " The Republicks," 2 77" • on " Bp. Wilkins's World hi the Moon," 279 ENDOFTHEFIRSTVOLUMK.