Ill iiiilliii !i illlliiliiilili I I!i|li|ii|!!l|-’ illi^ i 1111^111011 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/manualofbritishv21jeny A MANUAL BRITISH VERTEBRATE ANIMALS. I ' ^ ■■'''^ j-'-< ■■■ ' ' CLASS III. REPTILIA. ORDER I. TESTUDINATA. Rody enclosed in a double shield ; the head, neck, limbs, and tail, alone fre?; the upper shield formed by the union of the ribs and dorsal vertebrae, the lower one by the pieces of the sternum : jaws horny, without teeth : four feet. I. CHELONIADjE. — Feet, especially the anterior pair, elongated ; compressed, fin-shaped. 1. SPHARGIS. — Shell covered with a continuous coriaceous skin : claws obsolete. 2. CHELONIA. — Shell covered with horny plates: feet with claws. ORDER II. SAURIA. Skin covered with scales : body and tail elongated : jaws furnished with teeth : generally four feet. I. LACERTID.E. — Tongue slender, extensile, hifid: all the feet with five toes; these last 28H REPTILIA. separate, uimiual, armed with claws: scales dis- posed, under the belly and round the tail, in transverse parallel hands. 3. LACERTA Palate armed witli two rows of teeth : upper part of the head j)rotected by large squamous plates, terminating posteriorly in a line witli the orifices of the ears : a collar on the under side of the neck formed by a transverse row of flat broad scales, separated from those of the breast by a space covered with small granu- lated scales^ : scales on the abdomen much broader than those on the back, and not keeled ; one row of femoral pores on each tliigh. , ORDER ill. OPHIDIA. Skin covered with scales : body cylindrical, very much elongated : jaws furnished with teeth : no feet. I. ANGU I DiR. — A third eyelid: body entirely covered with imbricated scales: jaws not dilat- able : rudimentary scapular and, clavicular bones beneath the shin. 4. ANGUIS. — No appearance of exti’emities visible externally : tj'mpanum concealed beneath the skin : maxillary teeth compressed and hooked ; no teeth on the palate. * This last character, though applicable to the few species met witii in tliis country, must ba received with some limitation in the case of two or three others found on the Continent, in which the collar, though still free at the .sides, is interrupted in the middle. REPTILIA. 289 II. SERPENTID^. — No third eijelkl: abdomen covered ivith broad transverse plates : jaws dilatable: no vestiges of hones of the sternum and shoulder. 5 . NATRIX. — Subcaudal plates arranged in pairs : four nearly equal rows of imperforate teeth above, and two below: no poison-fangs. 6. VIPERA Subcaudal plates arranged in pairs : maxillaries armed with poison-fangs, but without ordinary teeth. T 290 REPTILIA [Sphargis. ORDER 1. TESTUDINATA. GEN. 1. SPHARGIS, Merr. 1. S. coriaeea. Gray. {Coriaceous Turtle.) — Sliell oval, pointed behind, with three longitudinal ridges. S. coriacea, Gray, Syn. Rept. part i. p. 51. Testudo coriacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 350. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 78. Coi'iudo coriacea, Flem. Brit. An. p. 149. Turtle, Borl. Nat. Hist, of Cornw. p. 285. pi. 27. f. 4. Coriaceous Tortoise, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 7. pi. 1. Coriaceous Turtle, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. part i. p. 77. pi, 21. Dimens. Said to attain the length of eight feet. This species, which is a native of the Mediterranean, has been occa- sionally taken in our seas. Borlase mentions two which were caught in the mackerel-nets off the coast of Cornwall, in July 1756. The largest measured six feet nine inches from the tip of the nose to the end of the shell, and was adjudged to weigh eight hundred jiounds. Pennant speaks of a third individual, of equal weight with that just alluded to, which was taken on the coast of Dorsetshire. Obs. The anterior extremities in this species are said to he proportionahly longer in, the young animal than in the adult GEN. 2. CHELONIA, Brongn. 2. C. imbricata, Gray. {Imbricated Turtle.) — Shell elliptic, carinated, with the plates of the disk imbricated. C. imbricata. Gray, Syn. Rept. part i. p. 52. Testudo imbricata, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 350. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 78. Chelona imbricata, Flem. Brit, An. p. 149. Imbricated Turtle, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. parti, p. 89. pi. 26. Dimens. General length, from the tip of the bill to the end of the .shell, about three feet : has been known to measure five feet. Shaw. Descript. Body roundish-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, slightly cari- nated down the back : head small, prominent ; with the upper mandible curved over the lower : two claws on each foot : plates of the disk imbri- cated, thirteen in number, rather square, semi-transparent, variegated; of the circumference twenty-five, pointed and incumbent on each other in a .serrated manner : tail a mere notch. Turt. Lacerta.] REPTILIA SAURIA. 291 A native of tlie American seas : has occurred, however, in a few in- stances, as a straggler, on the British coasts. The first individual (according to Dr. Fleming) is recorded by Sibbald, as having appeared in Orkney. Dr. Fleming himself states that he has “ credible testimony of its having been taken at Papa Stour, one of the West Zetland Islands.” Dr. Turton has also mentioned one which was taken in the Severn in the Spring of 1774. This last was placed in a fish pond, where it lived till the Winter. ORDER II. SAURIA. GEN. 3. LACERTA, Cuv. 3. L. Stirpmm, Daud. {Sand Lizard.) — Occipital plate rudimentary ; frontal large, nearly as broad behind as before : temples covered with small plates : abdominal lamellge in six longitudinal rows : fore feet with the third toe longest : femoral pores from twelve to fifteen. Lezard des Souches, Edwards in Ann. des Sd. Nat. (1829) tom. xvi. p. 65. Duges, Id. p. 377. Dimens. The following are those of an English specimen. Entire length seven inches : length of the head (measured above to the posterior margin of the occipital plate) nine lines, (underneath from the extremity of the lower jaw to the posterior margin of the collar) one inch and half a line ; of the body (from the collar to the anus) two inches one line ; of the tail three inches ten lines ; of the hind leg one inch three lines and a half ; of the fore leg ten lines and a half. These measurements are, how- ever, probably often exceeded. Descript. (Form.) Larger than the common species; the body and limbs thicker and stronger in proportion to the entii-e length. Occipital plate rudimentary, very much smaller than the parietal plates; frontal large, and nearly as broad at its posterior, as at its anterior margin; space between the eye and the meatus auditorius covered with small plates of various sizes : collar composed of eleven lamellae ; the margin irregularly toothed or notched : pectoral triangle well-defined : abdominal lamellae in six longitudinal rows ; the two middle rows much narrower than the adjoining ones, with the lamellae of a parabolic form : ante-anal lamella single*, large, somewhat pentagonal: dorsal scales small, of an irregular form, approaching to square or hexagonal, with a distinct longi- tudinal keel directed somewhat obliquely ; those on the sides of the body ^ In one specimen it was observed to be double, but this is probably accidental. 292 REPTILIA SAURIA. [Lacerta. larger, with the keel obsolete; caudal scales oblong, but becoming longer and narrower as they approach the tip of the tail, each terminating below in an obtuse point, and furnished with a longitudinal keel, which also becomes more strongly marked towards the extremity ; tail itself mode- rately stout at its origin, but gradually ta])ering to a fine sharp point ; with fifty-three (Duges says from fifty to eighty) whorls of the scales last described ; fore legs not reaching beyond the eyes, when placed against the sides of the head ; strong, with the third toe a little longer than the fourth ; all the claws strong and sharp, and more developed than those on the hind feet : hind feet reaching to the carpus of the fore : thighs very much compressed ; the number of femoral pores varying (according to Dug^s) from twelve to fifteen, — in this specimen, on the right thigh thirteen, on the left fifteen. {Colours.) Said to be very variable. In my specimen, the upper parts dark green, thickly spotted with black; a broad interrupted fascia of dark greenish brown down the middle, con- taining interrupted lines of yellow spots : under parts light bluish green, with small black spots much less numerous than above. Of this species I have seen but two indigenous specimens, which were obtained by W. Yarrell, Esq. from the neighbourhood of Poole in Dorsetshire. For one of these I am indebted to the kindness of that gentleman. It is common in France, and will probably be met with in other parts of our own country, as soon as our native Reptiles shall have received more attention from naturalists. It is very distinct from the L. agilis, though at first sight, and without close examination, it might pass for a large variety of that species. With its habits I am unacquainted, Obs. The L. aren.icola of Daudin is a variety of this species. (1.) L. viridis, Daud. Hist. Nat. des Rept. tom. in. pi. 34. Lacertus viridis, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 264. Lizard piqueti, Edwards in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (1829) tom. xvi. p. 64. Lizard vert, Duges, Id. p. 373. Larger, with the tail much longer in proportion to the body, than the L. Stirpium. Occipital plate small, and triangular ; interparietal lozenge - shaped ; frontal very large, quite as broad at its posterior as at its anterior margin : collar consisting of eight lamellae ; the alternate ones smaller, and of a triangular form : abdominal lamellae in six rows, the two middle ones much narrower than the others : tail with upwards of a hundred whorls of scales : toes long and slender ; the third and fourth on the fore feet of equal length : femoral pores from fifteen to eighteen. Colour generally a brilliant green variegated with black specks on the back, flanks, and limbs : abdominal lamellae plain yellowish green. Attains a length of eighteen inches. This species, which is well known on the Continent and in the Island of Guernsey, is said by Ray to be found in Ireland, but its existence in this last country does not appear to have been confirmed by any subsequent observer. It is also doubtful whether it be indigenous in any part of England, though possibly the “beautiful green Lacerti” observed by Mr. White “on the sunny sand-banks near Farnham, in Surrey,”* may have belonged to this species. 4. L. agilis, Berkenh. {Common Lizard.) — Occipital plate rudimentary ; frontal large, as broad behind as * 'Nat. Hist. ofSelborne: seventeenth letter to Mr. Pennant. Lacerta.] REPTILIA SAURIA. 293 before : temples covered with small plates : abdominal lamellae in six rows : fore feet with the fourth toe longest ; femoral pores from nine to eleven. L. agilis, Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 56. Sheppard in Linn. Trans. vol. VII. p. 49. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 79. Flem. Brit. An. p. 150. Scaly Lizard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 21. pi. 2. no. 7. Dimens. Entire length from six inches to six inches nine lines. Relative proportions very variable. Descript. {Form.) In every respect smaller, and more slender, than the L. Stirpium : snout rather sharper : head more depressed, with the superciliary plates raised above the level of the crown; occipital plate very small ; frontal large, as broad at its posterior as at its anterior mar- gin: temples covered with small plates, more numerous than in L. Stir- pium : collar composed of nine nearly equal lamellae, with the posterior margin entire: pectoral triangle ill-defined, the lamellae crowded together in an irregular manner : abdominal lamellae in six longitudinal rows ; the two middle rows a little narrower than the adjoining ones, with the lamellae in these rows approaching to square or rectangular: dorsal scales rather narrower than in the L. Stirpium ; not carinated, or with the keel very obsolete : caudal scales similar, but the keel of these also less strongly marked ; the terminal point of each scale is likewise more obtuse, causing the whorls to appear less crenated : feet much slenderer than in the above species ; the fore feet with the fourth toe a little longer than the third ; claws small, and not more developed before than behind : thighs scarcely compressed ; the number of femoral pores tolerably con- stant, generally nine, sometimes ten, rarely eleven. The following are sexual distinctions. In the male, the tail and legs are longer in propor- tion to the body ; the former is nearly (in some specimens quite) two- thirds of the entire length ; the hind leg, applied to the side of the abdomen, reaches to, or passes beyond, the carpus of the fore foot : the ante-anal lamella is shorter and broader, or more transverse : the under side of the base of the tail is flattened, with a slight longitudinal depres- sion in the middle just behind the vent; during the season of sexual excitement the base of the tail is much dilated at the sides, appearing swollen. In the female, the abdomen is longer, and the tail shorter, the latter being often not more than half the entire length: the hind leg barely reaches to the tips of the claws of the fore foot: the ante-anal lamella is longer in proportion to its breadth, and of a more decided hex- agonal or pentagonal form : the base of the tail is rounded, and convex underneath, and never dilated at the sides*. {Colours.) Extremely variable. Upper parts generally cinereous brown, more or less dark, often tinged with bluish green ; a dark list down the middle of the back, with parallel fasciae at the sides ; these last broader than the former, com- mencing behind the eyes, and sometimes extending to near the extre- mity of the tail; between the mesial list and lateral fasciae, are one or more rows of black spots, and sometimes the same number of yellow ones : under surface of the body and base of the tail, and sides of the abdomen, in the male, bright orange, more or less spotted with black ; in the female, generally pale yellowish green without spots. Obs. In some individuals, the whole of the upper parts are plain cinereous brown, with- out any markings whatever. * Some of the above distinctions were first pointed out by Mr. Gray in a communication made io the Zoological Society, in May 1832. /See Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 112.) 1 have myself since examined a large number of indiviauals. and confirmed the accuracy of them. 294 KEPT ILIA SAURIA. [Lacerta. An extremely abundant species in all parts of the country, frequenting heaths, moors, woods, sand-banks, &c. Is fond of basking in the sun- shine, and in warm weather is extremely active. Forms a retreat under ground, in which it resides wholly during Winter. Is first seen in March, or early in April. Feeds principally on insects. Is ovovivipa- rous; the young broods appearing in June or July. Tail extremely brit- tle, but, when broken, gradually reproduced. The renewed part, how- ever, according to Duges, never acquires vertebrm. (2.) L. cedura, Sheppard in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 50. This supposed species is principally characterized by tlie circumstance of the “ tail bulging out a little below the base, which gives it the appearance of having been cut off and set on again.” I am indebted to Mr. Gray for a suggestion, which he has since published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, (1834. p. 101.) that it is nothing more than the male of tiie common .species in summer, when under the full influence of sexual excitement. I think this extremely probable. (3.) L. anguiformis, Sheppard in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 51. “ Head very light brown above, with four dark spots; yellowish white beneath : back with a black line along the middle, reaching from the head to about half an inch beyond the hind legs ; on each side of this a broader one of dark brown (these beyond the black line unite, and reach to the end of the tail) ; next to these succeeds a fine yellow stripe that extends to the end of the tail ; then a black one, which reaches no further than the middle line, and afterwards a dark brown stripe mixed with a few yellow spots extending to the end of the tail : a little above the hind legs, in some specimens, is a slight division of the scales, forming a transverse line : belly yellowish white, with a few black spots ; tail, under part dirty white, spotted with black as far as within an inch of the end; the re- mainder marked lengthways with long bars of black : legs dark brown spotted with black. Length seven inches and upwards.” Siiepp. Another species instituted by Mr. Sheppard, but too imperfectly cha- racterized to rank as certainly distinct from those already described. Mr. ■Sheppard states that he once saw a specimen above a foot long, a length to which, 1 believe, the common L. agilis never attains. Unfortunately, however, this gentleman has in his description almost entirely confined himself to noticing the colours, than which, in these Reptiles, nothing can be more variable*. Obit. Before concluding this account of our British Lacertce, it may be stated that several other allied species, formerly confounded under the general name of L. agilis, are known on the Continent, some of which may possibly occur in this country, although hitherto overlooked by naturalists. Pennant speaks of a Lizard, “ which was killed near Wos- cot, in the parish of Swinford, Worcestershire, in 1741, which was two feet six inches long, and four inches in girth t " He adds, that “ another was killed at Penbury, in the same county.” It is very possible that these may have been the L. ocellata of Daudin, which is found in the South of Europe, and which, according to Dugds, sometimes exceeds two * Mr. Sheppard thinks that this species may be the Lacerta anouiformis of Ray. It is clear, however, that Ray, in his enumeration of the British species of Eft or Swift," as he terms them, has only copied from Merrett, {Pinax, p. IGO.) who, I suspect, by the Lacertus terrestris anguiformis in Ericrtis, meant nothing more than our Coinmon Lizard, which he calls formis, in order to distinguish it from the scale-less Efts, belonging to the modem genus Triton, between which and the true Lacertee, the writers of that day did not sufficiently discriminate. Merrett’s other species, viz. 1. Terrestris vnlg. ventre nigro-maculaio, 2. Pa?'vus txrrcstris fuscus oppido rants, .3. Aquat. fusens, and 4. Aqnat. niger, are probably all referable to one or other of our two well-known British species of Triton, being called terresircs or aquatici, according as they may happen to have been found on land or in water. t No further light is thrown upon this .species, in the Illustrations of the. Natural Histori/ of iVorresfershire, lately publishca bv Br. Hastings, who simplv alludes to the circumstance, as mentioned by Tennant. Anguis.] REPTILIA OPHIDIA. 295 feet in length. In the event of their occurring to any future observer, it may be useful to mention that the L. ocellata, independently of its great size, may be easily distinguished by the circumstance of its having the occipital plate very much developed, and at least quite as large as either the frontal or parietal plates* : it also possesses eight or ten longitudinal rows of abdominal lamellae. Another species, which may be briefly alluded to, is the L. muralis of Latreille, very common on the Continent, and apparently closely re- sembling our own L. agilis, from which, however, it would seem to difier in having the temples covered with very small granulated scales, resembling those of the back, in the middle of which is one circular plate 'I' : the number of femoral pores is also much greater, varying from eighteen to twenty-five. It may be stated, that Mr. Gray is of opinion that this species is identical with the Common Lizard of this country. Judging, however, from the descriptions of French authors, I cannot but consider this as at present doubtful \ ORDER III. OPHIDIA. GEN. 4. ANGUIS, Cuo. 5. A. fragilis, Linn. {Blind- Worm.) A. fragilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 392. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 81. Flem. Brit. An. p. 155. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 70. Csecilia, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 289. Blind-Worm, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 36. pi. 4. no. 15. Common Slow-Worm, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. p. 579. Dimens. Length from ten to twelve inches ; rarely m^re. Descript. (Form.) Head small; body larger (more bulky in the female than in the male), cylindrical, and of nearly equal thickness throughout ; tail long, equalling half the entire length, sometimes more, blunt at the extremity : eyes small ; gape extending a little beyond the eyes : teeth small, shghtly hooked, with the points directed backwards ; tongue broad ; the tip deeply notched : upper part of the head covered * See a representation of the plates of the head in this species, as well as in L. Stirpium and L. vindis, in the Ann. des Sci. Nat tom. xvi. pi. 5. f. 1, 3, & 4. t This plate Edwards calls disque masscterin. See Ann. des Sci. Nat tom. xvi. pi. 7. f. 3., where is a representation of the side of the head in this species. $ For a more detailed account of the above species, as well as of some others found on the Continent, which may possibly occur in England, I refer the reader to two valuable memoirs, al- ready alluded to, one by Milne Edwards the other by Duges, in the 16th volume of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles. In the same memoirs will be found an explanation of the nomenclature employed in designating the different external parts of these animals, more particularly of the plates on the upper part of the head, which furnish important characters for distinguishing some nearly allied species. I would also recommend to our own naturalists, in drawing up descriptions of these Reptiles in future, to pay more attention to form, as opposed to colour. This last can scarcely ever be depended upon. It not only varies to a very great extent in the same species, but in the same individual, according to ^e, season, and the period of time which may nave elapsed since the last moult of the cuticle. Edwards has observed that in general the spots are more regular and better defined in younn, than in adult specimens. 29G REPTILIA OPHIDIA. [Anguis. with squamous plates ; I'routal larg-e ; parietal and interparietal plates moderately developed, the latter of a triangular form, with the apex directed backwards ; sides of the head, throat, and all the upper as well as under surface of the body and tail, covered with small imbri- cated scales of a rounded form and not keeled ; those on the sides set obliquely with respect to the axis of the body. (Colours.) Glistening- brownish gray above, inclining to reddish on the sides; bluish black beneath ; along the back several parallel rows of small dark spots : sometimes all the upper surface light yellowish brown without spots; the sides only marked with a dusky fascia, commencing behind the eyes, and reaching to the extremity of the tail. Obs. The markings are most distinct in young specimens. Common in most parts of the country. Frequents woods and gardens. Feeds on worms and insects. Is ovoviviparous. Motion slow. (4.) A. Eryx, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 392. Aberdeen Snake, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 35. “ Length fifteen inches : tongue broad and forked : nostrils small, round, and placed near the tip of the nose : eyes lodged in oblong fissures above the angle of the mouth: belly of a bluish lead-colour, marked with small white spots irregularly disposed : the rest of the body grayish brown, with three longitudinal dusky lines, one extending from the head along the back to the point of the tail ; the others broader, and extending the whole length of the sides : no scuta ; but entirely covered with small scales ; large.st on the upper part of the head.” Penn. The above is a description of a Snake, communicated to Linnreus and Pennant by the late Dr. David Skene, and said to inhabit Aberdeenshire. It is probably nothing more than a variety of the common A. fragilis. GEN. 5. NATRIX, Flem. 6. N. torquata, Ray. {Ringed Snake.) — Dorsal scales carinatecl : a lunulate yellow spot on each side of the nape, witli a black one behind. N. torquata, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 334. Flem. Brit. An. p. 156. Coluber Natrix, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 380. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 81. Ringed Snake, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 33. pi. 4. no. 13. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. p. 446. Couleuvre a collier, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 83. Dimens. Length from three to four feet; sometimes more. Obs. The female is always much larger than the male. Descript. (Form.) Head depressed, and broader than the neck; body slender, elongated, thickest in the middle, gradually tapering pos- teriorly ; tail about one-tlfth of the entire length, rather sharp-pointed at the extremity ; gape the length of the head, arched, ascending upwards behind : teeth very small, serrated, arranged in two rows on each side of the jaws: upper part of the head protected by large squamous plates; the frontal and fronto-parietal plates of considerable size ; seven plates on each side of the upper jaw : dorsal scales imbricated, oval, with an elevated keel down the middle; becoming broader and larger at the sides, with the keel obsolete : plates of the belly broad, transverse, oblong, in number about one hundred and seventy; subcaudal plates arranged in pairs, from sixty to sixty-five on each side. (Colours.) Upper parts cine- VlPERA.] REPTILIA OPHIDIA. 297 reous brown, tinged with green : at the back of the head a double lunulate spot, of a bright yellow colour, behind which is a double one of black, larger and more triangular; two rows of small black spots disposed longi- tudinally down the middle of the back, besides which are some larger ones on the sides, uniting to form short transverse undulating bars : throat, and beneath the neck, yellowish white ; abdomen, and under sur- face of the tail, dusky blue, mottled in some places with yellowdsh white ; edges of the abdomen with a series of yellowish white spots. A common species ; met with in woods and hedges, as well as in marshes. Is particularly abundant in the fens of Cambridgeshire, where it sometimes attains a large size. Often takes to the water, especially when alarmed ; and swims easily : will occasionally remain at the bottom for a considerable time. Feeds on frogs, mice, insects, &c. Is oviparous. Eggs from sixteen to twenty in number, often deposited on dunghills, or under hedges. Hybernates during Winter: reappears in March, or early in April. When irritated, voids a foetid substance. (5.) N. Dumfrisiemis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 156. Coluber Durn- frisiensis. Sow. Brit. Misc. p. 5. pi. 3. Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. II. p. 458. (Copied.) An obscure species, of which little is known. Said to be particularly characterized by having “ the scales of the back extremely simple, not carinated : plates on the belly one hundred and sixty-two ; scales under the tail about eighty. Of a pale brown colour, with pairs of reddish brown stripes from side to side, over the back, somewhat zigzag ; with intervening spots on the sides.” Sow. Only one specimen known, which was discovered by T. W. Simmons, near Dumfries. According to Sowerby’s figure, which is said to be of the natural size, its length does not exceed three or four inches. Probably an immature variety of the common species. GEN. (i. VlPERA, Baud. 7. V. communis, Leach. {Common Viper.) — Three plates on the upper part of the head, larger than the surrounding scales ; dorsal scales carinated : a series of confluent rhomboidal black spots down the back. V. communis, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. p. 7. Flem. Brit. An. p. 156. Vipera, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 285. Coluber Berus, Tu 7 -t. Brit. Faun. p. 80. Viper, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 26. pi. 4. no. 12. Common Viper, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. p. 365. pi. 101. Dimens. Length from one and a half to two feet ; rarely more. Descript. iForm.) Shorter, and, in proportion to its length, thicker, than the Natrix torquata. Head depressed, widening behind the eyes ; neck somewhat contracted; gape as long as the head, slightly ascending posteriorly; jaws very dilatable; two rows of fine teeth oii the palatines, but none on the maxillaries, besides the poison-fangs : body gradually increasing in thickness to about the middle of the entire length, from that point scarcely diminishing to the vent, beyond which it tapers quite suddenly : tail very short, not one-ninth of the entire length, terminating in a sharp point : upper part of the head covered with small squamous plates, different from the imbricated scales of the back ; of these plates three are larger than the rest, one situate in the middle between the eyes, the two others immediately behind the first: dorsal scales imbri- 298 REPTILIA OPHIDIA. [ViPEItA. cated, oval approaching trianf>'ular, carinated; increasing in size towards the sides of the body, where the longitudinal keel becomes lost : beneath the lower jaw some imbricated scales without a keel ; plates of the belly transverse, oblong, about one hundred and forty-three in number; sub- caudal plates about thirty-three on each side. (Colours.) Extremely variable : ground of the back and upper parts, in some, dirty yellow ; in others olive, or pale cinereous brown : space between the eyes, and an oval patch on each side of the occiput, black or dark brown; a zigzag- dorsal fascia of the same colour commencing at the nape and reaching to the extremity of the tail (in some the fascia assumes rather the appear- ance of a longitudinal row of conlluent diamond-shaped spots) ; also a row of small triangular black spots along each side parallel to the dorsal fascia : belly, and beneath the tail, steel-blue, stained in some places with yellowish; sometimes almost wholly black. Obs. The markings above vary much in intensity of colouring, but always preserve, those on the head especially, nearly the same form. The following are some of the priiKupal varieties noticed by authors. Var. p. Red Viper. Rackett in Linn. Trans, vol. xii. p. 349. Strick- land in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vi p. 399. Gray in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1834) p. 101. Coluber Chersea, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 377. Petite Vipcre, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 92. “Of a bright fer- ruginous red, with zigzag markings down the back, resembling in form those of the Common Viper ; but instead of being black or dark brown, they are of a deep mahogany colour : also a series of irregular spots of the same colour along each side : the zigzag line terminates at the back of the head in a heart-shaped spot, placed between two converging dark- coloured bands, which meet on the top of the head, and again diverge towards the eyes : belly ferruginous, like the back. Head much broader and shorter than in the Common Viper i' Strickl. Var. y. Blue-bellied Viper. (Coluber cseruleus,) Shepp. in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 56. Var. 0 . Black Viper. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. pi. 124. Coluber Prcster, Linn. Syst Nat. tom. i. p. 377. Wholly black, or very dark brown; the markings hardly distinguishable. Common in many parts of the kingdom, frequenting thickets, old chalk- pits, and other waste places, more especially where the soil is dry. Said to be most abundant in the Western Islands. In Cambridgeshire very rare. Feeds on mice, frogs, and msects. Brings forth its young alive. Var. j3. was first obtained by the Rev. T. Rackett from Cranborne Chase, in Dorsetshire. It has been since met with in Suffolk, Worcester- shire, Somersetshire, and Berkshire. By some it is considered as a dis- tinct species ; I have, however, no hesitation myself in regarding it as a mere variety of the common kind. The fact of its being always found of a small size is probably due to the circumstance of the colours changing in advanced life. Var. y. was described by Mr Sheppard, who considered it as another distinct species. He does not state whence his specimen was obtained. Var. i5. has been found in Sufiblk, and a few other parts of England, but is very rare. Obs. The Coluber Berus of Linnmus is thought by Cuvier to be the same as his Vipere Commune, a species perfectly distinct from the Common Viper of England*. * Obs. According to Mr. Lyell, (Prin. of Geol. vol. ii. p. 103.) none of the above three specie.5 of Ophidian Reptiles liavc been observed hitherto in Ireland. According, however, to another author, (Rdinh. New Phil, .lourn. vol. xvui. p. .373.) Snake, s have been lately imported into that country, and, “arc at present (1835) multiplying rapidly within a few miles of the tomh of St. Patrick.-’ CLASS IV. AMPHIBIA. ORDER I. CADUCIBRANCHIA. Gills deciduous. I. RANIDdE. — No tall in the adult state: fore feet with four toes; hind feet with five, or with the rudiment of a sixth. 1. RANA Skin smooth : hind feet very long, adapted for leaping ; more or less palmated ; upper jaw with a row of small fine teeth ; also a transverse interrupted row on the middle of the palate. 2. BUFO. — Body swollen : skin warty ; a porous pro- tuberance behind the ears : hind feet of moderate length : jaws without teeth. II. SALAMANDRIDjB. — Body elongated; tail always y^resent : fore feet ivith four toes ; hind feet with five. 3. TRITON. — Tail compressed : jaws furnished with numerous small teeth ; two longitudinal rows of similar teeth on the palate. 300 AMPHIBIA. [Rana. ORDER 1. CADUCIBRANCHIA. GEN. 1. RANA, Laurent. 1. R. temporaria, Linn. {Common Frog.) — Reddish or yellowish brown, spotted witli black ; an elongated black patch behind the eyes. R. temporaria, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 357. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 80. Flem. Brit. An. p. 158. R. aquatica, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 247. R. fusca, Ra>s. Ran. tabb. 1-3. Common Frog, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 9. Shaiv, Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 97. pi. 29. Id. Nat. Misc. vol. xx. pi. 864. (Variety.) Grenouille rousse, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 105. Dimens. {Average.) Length (from the end of the snout to the amis) two inches seven lines ; hind leg (from its union with the body to the extremity of the longest toe) four inches ; fore leg (measured in the same way) one inch five lines and a half Ohs. Often attains a larger size. Descript. {Form.) Body slender, compared with that of the Toad: head approaching triangular, the snout a little pointed : gape wide, extending to a vertical line from the posterior part of the orbit : teeth minute, forming a single row in the upper jaw; none in the lower; also an interrupted row across the front of the palate : tongue soft, fleshy, spatula-shaped, eniarginated at the tip, folded back upon itself when not in use: eyes somewhat elevated above the forehead: back generally flat; sometimes a little gibbous behind: fore feet moderate, with four divided toes; third toe longest; second shortest; first and fourth nearly equal: hind feet more than half as long again as the body ; the thighs strong and muscular ; toes on these feet palmated, five in number, with scarcely the rudiment of a sixth ; fourth toe considerably longer than any of the others; third and fifth equal : skin naked, every-where smooth, excepting between the thighs, where it is a little rugose. {Colours.) Variable: above brown, yellowish brown, or reddish browm, more or less spotted with black; the spots forming transverse fasciae on the legs: beneath whitish, or yellowish white; generally plain, but sometimes spotted like the back. The most constant mark is an elongated patch of brown or brownish black behind the eyes, on each side of the occiput: there is also generally more or less indication of a whitish line running longitudinally down each side of the back, and enclosing a space paler than the adjoin- ing regions. Common and generally distributed in England and Scotland : said, however, to have been unknown in Ireland previously to 1696, in which Bufo.] AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA. 301 year the species was introduced, for the first time, into that country*. Frequents the water during its larva state; afterwards, only resorts to it occasionally, or for the purpose of spawning. Ova deposited in clusters, in ditches and shallow ponds, about the middle of March : young, or Tadpoles, hatched a month or five weeks afterwards, according to the season: by the eighteenth of June, these are nearly full-sized, and begin to acquire their fore feet : towards the end of that month or the beginning of the next (varying in ditferent years), the young frogs come on land, but the tail is still preserved for a short time afterwards. During the breeding season, the thumb of the male is much swollen. Food, principally insects. (1.) R. esculenta, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 357. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 80. Flem. Brit. An. p. 159. R. viridis. Roes. Ran. tabb. 13, 14. Edible Frog, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p.*13. Green Frog, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. p. 103. pi. 31. Id. Nat. Misc. vol. XX. pi. 871. Larger than the common species. Colour olive-green, spotted with black : three longitudinal streaks of yellow down the back : belly yel- lowish. This species, which is common in France and in other parts of the Continent, has been included in the British Fauna upon rather doubtful authority. In the late Mr. Don’s account of the plants and animals found in Forfarshire, it is asserted (p. 37.) that a few are occasionally to be met with about the lakes in that district, although rather rare, hlore recently. Dr. Stark is said t to have found it in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. I cannot but think, however, that, in both these instances, some other species, possibly a new one, has been mistaken for it, since it seems hardly probable that an animal so common in the South of Europe, should be found in Scotland, and not in any part of England. Although represented as indigenous by all our British authors, none, with the ex- ception of those above mentioned, have assigned any locality for it. It is much to be desired that Dr. Stark would investigate the subject more thoroughly, and compare the specimens, which he finds in his neighbour- hood), with the true R. esculenta of the Continent. GEN. 2. BUFO, Laurent. 2. B. vulgaris, Flem. {Common Toad.) — Lurid brownish gray, with reddish brown tubercles : body large and swollen. B. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 159. B. terrestris, Rees. Ran. tab. 20. Rana Bufo, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 354. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 80. Bufo, Ram Syn. Quad. p. 252. Toad, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 14. Common Toad, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iii. p. 138. pi. 40. Crapaud commun, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 109. Dimens. Length three inches three lines ; hind leg three inches six lines ; fore leg two inches. Descript. {Form.) Body broad, thick, and very much swollen : head large, with the crown much flattened, the snout obtuse and rounded : gape extremely wide: no teeth either in the jaws or on the palate: ♦ See Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvm. p. 372. t Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1833) p. 88. X That they are not simple varieties of the R. temporariu, is probable from the circumstance of Dr. Stark’s having observed osteological differences between them and the species just alluded to. But I think it remains to be shewn that they are really the R. esculenta. 302 AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANOHIA. [Bufo. tongue with the apex entire: eyes moderately projecting; above each a slight protuberance studded with pores ; a larger protuberance of the same kind on each side of the head behind the ears, with pores more numerous and secreting a foetid humour: fore feet with four divided toes; third toe longest; first and second equal, both a little shorter than the fourth : hind legs moderate, scarcely longer than the body ; the toes on these feet semi-palmated, five in number with the rudiment of a sixth; fourth toe much the longest; third a little longer than the fifth : skin every-where covered with warts and pimples of various sizes; largest on the back, but most crowded beneath. {Colours.) Upper parts of a lurid brownish gray, sometimes inclining to olive, at other times to black ; the colour of the tubercles rufous brown : beneath yellowish white; either plain, or irregularly spotted with black. Common in most parts of Great Britain : rare, however, in Ireland, if not an introduced species in that country. Frequents the shady parts of woods and gardens, cellars, and other damp places. Always a few days later in spawning than the Frog ; the difference, in some seasons, amount- ing to more tlian a fortnight. Ova deposited in long necklace-like chains. Feeds on worms and insects, but is capable of remaining a long time without nourishment. Said to be very long-lived. Obs. The Great Frog of Pennant* is evidently nothing more than a large variety of this species ■!’. 3. B. Calamita, Laurent. {Natter-Jack.) — Olivaceous, or yellowish brown ; a bright yellow line down the middle of the back ; eyes very much elevated. Rana Bufo, (i, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p, 1047. R. Rubetra, Turt. Brit. An. p. 80. Bufo Rubeta, Flem. Brit. An. p. 159. B. terrest. faetidus, Rees. Ran. tab. 24. f. 1. Natter-Jack, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. m. p. 19. Jemjns in Camb. Phil. Trans. vol. III. p. 373. Mephitic Toad, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 149. pi. 43. Id. Nat. Misc. vol. xxiii. pi. 999. Dimens. Length two inches seven lines and a half ; hind leg two inches; fore leg one inch three lines. Descript. {Form.) General appearance similar to that of the last species; but the eyes more projecting, with the eye-lids very much ele- vated above the crown : porous protuberance behind the ears not so large : toes on the fore feet more nearly equal ; the third, notwithstand- ing, a little longer than the others ; first and second not shorter than the fourth : hind legs not so long as the body ; the toes on these feet much less palmated than in the B. vulgaris; the sixth toe scarcely at all developed : skin similarly covered with warts and pimples. {Colours.) Above, yellowish brown, or olivaceous, clouded here and there with darker shades; a line of bright yellow along the middle of the back; warts and pimples, especially the porous protuberance behind the eyes, reddish : beneath, whitish, often spotted with black : legs marked with transverse black bands. I’irst observed near Revesby Abbey in Lincolnshire, by the late Sir J. Banks. Has been since met with in plenty on many of the heaths about London, as well as on Gamlingay Heath in Cambridge- * Brit. Bool. vol. III. p. 20. 1 See, on this subject, Leach's Boolepical Miscellany, vol. in. p. 9. pi. 125. Triton.] AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA 303 shire, and in two or three localities in Norfolk. Appears to affect dry sandy districts. Of much more active habits than the Common Toad, its pace being a kind of shuffling run : never leaps. Spawns later in the season. Obs. Before concluding this family, it may be just stated, that amongst the British species, Merrett has enumerated the Tree Frog, (Ranunculus viridis, Pinax Rei'. Nat. Brit. p. 169.) This, however, is so obviously a mistake, that there is no occasion to dwell longer on the circumstance. GEN. 3. TRITON, Laurent. 4. T. pahistris, Flem. (Warty Eft.) — Body rough ; with scattered pores ; a distinct lateral line of pores : dorsal and caudal crests (in the male) separate ; the former deeply serrated. T. palustris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 157. Lacerta palustris, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. I. p. 370. Shepp. in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 52. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 79. Salamandra aquatica, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 273. S. cristata, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Sal. de France, pp. 29, & 43. pi. 3. f 3. A. Warty Lizard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 23. pi. 3. Warted Newt, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. viii. pi. 279. Great Water-Newt, Ld. Gen. Zool. vol. iii. p. 296. pi. 82. Salamandre cretee, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 116. Dimens. Entire length from five to six inches, rarely more. Descript. {Form.) Head depressed: snout obtuse and rounded: gape extending a little beyond the eyes : teeth minute, sharp, slightly hooked, forming a single row in each jaw, and two parallel rows on the palate : a collar- beneath the neck formed by a loose fold of the skin: fore feet extending a little beyond the snout ; each with four flattened toes ; third toe longest; second a little longer than the fourth; this last a little longer than the first : hind feet, placed against the sides of the abdomen, reaching to the carpus of the fore ; with five toes, more de- veloped than those in front ; third and fourth toes equal, and longest ; second longer than the fifth ; first shortest : tail about two-fifths of the entire length ; very much compressed, with its upper and under edges sharply keeled; of a lanceolate fonn, gradually tapering to an obtuse point : skin warty, uniformly covered with scattered pores ; parotids porous ; also a row of distinct pores on each side of the body, forming a line between the fore and hind legs. Obs. In the male the abdomen is rather shorter, compared w'ith the entire length, than in the female; the hind feet are somewhat larger and stronger ; the back, during the spring, is ornamented with an elevated membranous crest, commencing between the eyes, and running longitudinally down the mesial line to near the tail ; this last is also furnished with a similar but separate mem- brane along its upper and under ridges, causing it to appear at the base as broad as the body ; both membranes, but the dorsal more especially, are deeply jagged, and serrated. In the female, there is only a slight dorsal ridge occupying the place of the membrane in the other sex. {Colours.) Upper parts blackish brown, with round spots of a somewhat darker tint : breast and abdomen bright orange, or orange-yellow, with 304 AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA. [Triton. conspicuous round black spots, sometimes confluent, and forming inter- rupted transverse fascim : sides dotted with white : frequently a silvery white hand along the sides of the tail ; membranes dusky, tinged with violet. Not uncommon in ditches, ponds, and other stagnant waters, during the spring months. Late in Summer, is sometimes met with on land, in damp shady situations : this, however, is probably in consequence of the drying up of the waters in its accustomed haunts. Om deposited on aquatic plants. 5. T. p?mctatus, Bonap. {Common Eft.) — Body smooth, without pores ; lateral line of pores indistinct ; top of the head with two porous bands ; dorsal and caudal crests united, and uniformly crenate. T. punctatus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. fasc. i. tab. 4. f. 4. T. aquaticus, Plem. Brit. An. p. 158. Lacerta aquatica, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. I. p. .370 ? L. maculata, Shepp. in Linn. Trans, vol. vn. ]). 53. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 79. Salamandra punctata, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Sal. de France, pp. 31, & 53. pi. 6. f. 6. a. (Male.) B. (Female.) Smaller or Common Water-Newt, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. XI. pi. 412. Id. Gen. Zool. vol. ni. p. 298. pi. 83. Salamandre ponctuee, Cm\ Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 116. Dimens. Entire length from three and a half to four inches. Descript. {Form.) Always much smaller than the last species, from which it may be further distinguished by its smooth soft skin : tail ter- minating in rather a sharper point than in the T. palustris : fore feet, relatively, a little longer ; but the disposition of the toes on both fore and hind feet similar; very little trace of a collar beneath the throat: two rows of pores on the top of the head, but none on the body ; occasionally a few distant pores between the legs forming an indistinct lateral line. In the nude, the dorsal crest commences at the occiput, and is more ele- vated than in the L. palustris; it also forms one continuous membrane with the crest of the tail ; its margin, instead of being serrated, is regularly crenate, or festooned, throughout its whole length : daring the season of love, the hind toes of this sex are also broadly fringed with dilated mem- branes. {Colours.) Above light brownish gray, inclining to olivaceous ; beneath yellowish, passing into bright orange in the spring : every-where marked with round black spots of unequal sizes : on the head the spots unite to form longitudinal streaks ; there is generally also a yellowish white fascia commencing beneath the eyes, and terminating a little be- yond them. Obs. The is much less spotted than the ; the spots are also smaller : sometimes, in this sex, the under parts are quite plain. Equally common with the last species, and found in similar situa- tions. Obs. The above species is subject to considerable variation. It is also often found on land, a circumstance which tends in some measure to alter its characters. In such specimens, the skin loses its softness ; becoming at the same time opaque, and somewhat corrugated ; the membranes of the back and tail entirely disappear, causing this last to appear narrower, and thicker in proportion to its depth : the toes, from being flattened, become rounded; the colom-s also are every-where more obscure. In this state it is the Lacerta tmlgaris of >Sheppard and Turton (and pro- Triton.] AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA 305 bably of Linnseus also), the Triton vulgaris of Fleming, the Brown Lizard of Pennant, and the Common Newt of Shaw. By these authors, the variety in question is considered as a distinct species, an opinion to which I was formerly myself inclined. I am, however, now perfectly satisfied, from the examination of a large number of specimens, that it is identical with the aquatic kind, and that all its peculiarities may be traced to the change of chcumstances under which it is placed. Shep- pard lays great stress upon the fact of its being observed “ of all sizes, from one to four inches in length, but never in any other than a perfect state;" and he considers this “ a sufficient proof that, like the rest of the land lizards, it undergoes no change.” The same circumstance is noticed by Shaw, who regards it as an argument in favour of its being viviparous. I suspect, however, that the period of time during which this species remains in the larva state, although perhaps constant in ordinary cases, is subject to much variation; and that if any thing occur to oblige the young to exchange their native element for another before they would naturally attain their perfect form, the gills are cast prematurely, to enable the animal to accommodate itself to its new circumstances. The fact of such small specimens, as Sheppard has noticed, being found on land is indisputable, but I think I have generally observed some traces of there having been gills at no very long period before. I may just add, that Sheppard appears to have confounded, as Pennant had done before him, the males of these reptiles, when possessing the dorsal and caudal fins, with the larva. 6. T. vittatiis. Gray. (^Striped Eft.) — Body smooth, without pores ; lateral line of pores distinct ; top of the head with two porous bands : dorsal and caudal crests irregularly and deeply notched. T. vittatus, Gray's Mss. Dimens. Entire length four inches six lines. Descript. Skin smooth : top of the head and parotids with scattered pores : a series of distant pores on the lower part of the sides between the fore and hind legs. Male in summer with a high, deeply notched, dorsal crest, commencing in front of the eyes, and with a deep notch over the vent ; continued into a low entire crest extending the whole length of the tail. Colour white (yellow? when alive), v,fith unequal hlack spots; tail black; belly, under sides of the legs and tail, and a broad streak along each side of the body and tail, white. Var. IB. Throat white, with a few spots ; upper part of the tail pale, black-spotted : dorsal crest very low ; caudal crest distinct. Var. y. Above black, beneath white; throat black-spotted; dorsal crest none. A new species, discovered in ponds near London, by J. E. Gray, Esq. to whom I am indebted for the above description. It dift'ers remarkably from both the preceding species in the form of the dorsal crest, and in the disposition of the colours. From the T. palustris, it may be further distinguished by its smooth skin. U CLASS V. PISCES. (I. O S S E I.) Skeleton bony ; the osseous matter disposed in fibres : sutures of the cranium distinct : maxillary and intermaxillary bones, always one, and generally both, present. ^ I. PECTINIBRANCHII. — Hrancliioi in con- tinuous pectinatecl ridges; furnished with an opercle and hranchiostegous membrane: jaws complete, and free. ORDER I. ACANTHOPTERYGII. The first portion of the dorsal fin, or the entire first dorsal when two are present, with simple spinous rays : also the anal and veutrals with one or more of the anterior rays generally spinous. I, P E R C I D dE. — Scales geyieralhj rough, with ciliated margins : margin of the opercle or pre- opercle, sometimes both, denticulated, or armed with spines : both jaws, as well as the vomer, and almost always the palatine bones cdso, armed tvith teeth. PISCES. 307 1. PEllC A. ^ — Body oblong, somewhat compressed; ventrals beneath the pectorals : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays : preopercle with the basal and posterior margins denticulated : jaws, vomer, and palatines, all armed with small teeth : scales rough ; not easily detached. (1. Perc.\.) Two dorsals; opercle with the upper half covered with scales, terminating' behind in a flattened point ; infra-orbitals slightly denticulated : tongue smooth. (2. L-Vbrax.) Two dorsals : opercle entirely covered with scales, terminating behind in two spines : infra-orbitals not denticu- lated: tongue rough with minute teeth. (3. Serranus.) a single dorsal : cheeks and opercle covered with scales ; the latter terminating behind in one or more flattened points: jaws wdth some elongated sharp teeth among the smaller ones. (4. Acerina.) a single dorsal: head without scales, pitted with indentations: opercle terminating behind in a single spine: teeth uniform. 2. TRACHINUS Head compressed ; body elongated : ventrals before the pectorals : two dorsals; the first short; the second, as well as the anal, long ; branchiostegous mem- brane with six rays : opercle with one strong spine directed backwards ; two small spines in front of the eye : both jaws, as well as the vomer and palatines, armed with minute teeth. (1.) SPHYRMNA . — Body elongated : two dorsals remote from each other; head oblong: lower jaw pointed, longer than the upper, with some of the teeth larger than the others : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays ; no denticulations on the preopercle, or spines on the opercle. 3. MULLUS Body oblong, thick: ventrals a little behind the pectorals ; two dorsals widely separated : branch- iostegous membrane with four rays : no denticulations on the preopercle, or spines on the opercle ; teeth in the lower jaw and on the palatines only : chin with two long barbules : scales large, deciduous *. * Ohs. The characters of this and the last genus depart rather from those of the rest of the Pe.rcidce. With respect to the Mullets, Cutier observes that they might almost be considered as a distinct family. u2 308 PISCES. II. LORICATI. — J///Y/ -orbitals extending more or less over the cheeks, articidating behind with the preopercle : head mailed, or otherwise armed. 4. TRIGLA Head mailed; in the form of a parallelo- piped : opercle, and bones of the shoulder, armed with spines : body scaly ; two dorsals : three detached I'ays beneath the pectorals : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays : fine velvet-like teeth* in both jaws and on the front of the vomer. 5. COTTUS Head broad, depressed; more or less armed with spines : body naked, without scales : two dorsals, distinct, or very slightly connected : lower rays of the pectorals simple : branchiostegous membrane with six rays : teeth in both jaws, and also on the front of the vomer ; none on the palatines : ventrals small. 6. ASPIDOPHORUS. — Head broad, depressed; armed with spines and tubercles ; body attenuated behind, mailed with angular plates : two dorsals, nearly contiguous : branchiostegous membrane with six rays; furnished, as well as the chin, with small thread-like filaments : teeth in both jaws ; none on the vomer or palatines : ventrals small j-. 7- SCORPtENA Head compressed, armed more or less with spines and tubercles : body oblong, scaly : a single dorsal : lower rays of the pectorals simple : branch- iostegous membrane with seven rays : velvet-like teeth in both jaws, and on the palatines. (1. Sebastes.) Head scaly; spines on the preopercle and opercle; no tubercles 8. GASTEROSTEUS. — Head without spines or tubercles : body generally more or less protected by * The terms employed to designate the different forms of teeth in fishes have been, in most instances, adopted from Cuvier. See Hist. Nat. des Poiss. tom. i. p. 362. See also Yarrell’s British Fishes, vol. i. p. 99. t Since the publication of my Catalogue, 1 have inclined to the opinion that this group should rank higher than as a mere subdivision of the genus Coitus. PISCES. 309 shield-like plates : several free spines instead of a first dorsal : ventrals reduced nearly to a single spine : branch- iostegous membrane with three rays ; teeth in both jaws ; none on the vomer or palatines. (1. Gasterosteus.) Bones of the pelvis united, forming a trian- gular plate on the abdomen : ventrals with only one soft ray . (2. Spinachia.) Bones of the pelvis separate : ventrals with two soft rays: lateral line armed with large carinated scales. III. SCIJ^iNIDjE . — Preopercle den ticidated ; opercle with spines: mouth hut little protractile: no teeth on the vomer or palatmes : hones of the face and cranium often cavernous, causing the snout to appear more or less protuherant. 9. SCIdENA. — Head protuberant, covered entirely, as well as the body, with scales : two dorsals ; the second much longer than the first : anal short : preopercle, except in advanced age, denticulated ; opercle terminating behind in two flat spines : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays. (1. SCI.ENA.) A row of strong pohited teeth in each jaw, accom- panied, in the upper, by smaller ones behind : anal with only one small spine : no cirrus on the chin. (TJmbrina.') a broad band of fine small teeth in each jaw without an anterior row of stronger ones : anal with two spines, the second strong : a barbule beneath the symphysis of the lower jaw. IV. SPARIDjE. — No denticulations on the pre- opercle, or spines on the opercle : palate without teeth : mouth not protractile : hody oval, covered with large scales ; no sccdes on the vertical fins. 10. SPARUS. — Sides of the jaws furnished with rounded molars forming a pavement : cheeks scaly : a single dorsal : branchiostegous membrane with five or six rays. 310 PISCES. (1. Chrysophrys.) From four to six conical incisors in each jaw; molars large, in three or more rows. (2. Pagrus.) Conical incisors in front, with card-like teeth behind; molars of moderate size, in only two rows. (.3. Pagellus.) All the anterior teeth fine and card-like : molars small, in two or more rows. 11. CENTEX. — All the teeth conical, and forming but a single row ; some of the anterior ones longer than the others, and hooked : cheeks scaly : a single dorsal : branch- iostegous membrane with six rays. 12. CANTHARUS. — All the teeth card-like, and crowded together ; the anterior row larger, and more hooked, than the others ; cheeks scaly : branchiostegous membrane with six rays. V. S Q U A M I P I N N AT I Body compressed ; scaly: dorsal and anal fins, or at least their soft piortions, closely covered with scales. 13. BRAMA Both jaws, as well as the palatine bones, with card-like teeth : dorsal and anal fins long ; the spinous rays few in number : branchiostegous mem- brane with seven rays. VI. SCOMBRIDA],. — Opercular pieces without denticulations : scales very smcdl : body smooth : vertical fins not scaly. 14. SCOMBER. — Lateral line unarmed; two dorsals; the first continuous ; posterior rays of the second, as well as the corresponding rays of the anal, separated into spurious finlets : body fusiform : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays. (1. Scomber.) First dorsal separated from the second by a wide space : scales small, and every-where uniform : sides of the tail with two small cutaneous ridges. (2. Thynnus.) First dorsal reaching nearly to the second: some large scales surrounding the thorax, forming a corselet : sides of the tail with a cartilaginous keel between two small cuta- neous ridges. PISCES. 311 15. XIPHIAS. — Lateral line unarmed ; a single dorsal, continuous : body elongated ; the snout produced into a sword-like process: jaws without teeth: sides of the tail with a strong projecting keel : ventrals wanting. 16. CENTRONOTUS Lateral line unarmed: spines of the first dorsal free, and not connected by a membrane : ventrals always present. (1. Naucrates.) Body fusiform : sides of the tail keeled : two free spines before the anal. ( Lichia. ) Body compressed : sides of the tail not keeled : two free spines before the anal : before the spines on the back, a reclined spine directed forwards. 17- CARANX Lateral line armed with large, im- bricated, spinous plates : two distinct dorsals ; before the first a sharp reclined spine directed forwards : some free spines before the anal ; sometimes connected, forming a small fin: body fusiform. 18. ZEUS One dorsal; the spinous and soft por- tions separated by a deep notch : body oval, compressed : mouth very protractile : teeth small, few in number : ventrals thoracic. (1. Zeus.) Dorsal spines accompanied by filamentous prolongations of the membrane: a series of forked spines along the base of the dorsal and anal. (2. Capros.) No spines at the base of the dorsal and anal fins: body covered with rough scales. 19 . LAMPRIS Dorsal entire, very much elevated anteriorly : anal also elevated, with one small spine in front of the base : body oval, compressed : no teeth : ventrals, and lobes of the caudal, very much elongated ; the former abdominal, with ten rays : sides of the tail keeled. 20. CORYPHtENA. — Body compressed, elongated: upper part of the head presenting a sharp edge : one dorsal running the whole length of the back ; all the 312 PISCES. rays nearly equally flexible, but tbe anterior ones not articulated : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays. (I Centrolophus.) Head oblong; palate destitute of teeth: a space without rays between the occiput and commencement of the dorsal. VII. Tt^LNIOIDEI . — Body very much elongated, as well as convpressed : scales small. * Snout elongated : gape wide : teeth strong, sharp, and cutting : loiver jaio projecting. 21. LEPIDOPUS. — Ventrals reduced to two small scales : dorsal extending throughout the whole length : anal narrow : caudal well formed : branchiostegous mem- brane with eight rays. 22. TRICHIURUS. — Ventrals and caudal wanting: tail produced into a long, slender, compressed filament : anal represented by a series of small, almost invisible, spines : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays. Mouth small, very protractile: teeth small. 23. GYMNETRUS. — Anal entirely wanting: dorsal long ; the anterior rays prolonged : ventrals very long (but easily broken) : caudal of few rays, attached vertically to the extremity of the tail, which terminates in a small hook or claw : branchiostegous membrane with six rays. S?iout very short ; gape oblique : teeth well deve- loped. 24. CEPOLA Dorsal and anal long, both reaching to the base of the caudal : ventrals moderately developed : branchiostegous membrane with six rays. VIII. MUGILIDiE. — Body oval, approaching to cyUndric ; covered with large scales: snout very short : mouth transverse, angidar when PISCES. 313 closed, the lower jaw with an eminence in the middle fitting into a corresponding hollow in the upper : teeth extremely minute : two dorsals widely separated : ventrcds a little behind the pectorals: hranchiostegous membrane with six rays. 25 . MUGIL. 26. ATHERINA*. — Body elongated: mouth very protractile : teeth minute : two dorsals widely separate : ventrals behind the pectorals : hranchiostegous membrane with six rays : a broad silver band along each side. IX. GOBIADjD^. — Body elongated: one or two dorsals: the spinous rays always slender and fiexihle. 27 . BLENNIUS Ventrals before the pectorals, very much reduced : body elongated, compressed, smooth, covered with small scales : gill-opening large ; the mem- brane continued across the breast : a single dorsal, com- posed almost entirely of simple flexible rays. (1. Blennius.) Teeth long, even, close-set, forming a single row; the last in the series sometimes longer than the others, and curved; ventrals of two or three rays. (2. Gunnellus.) Teeth short, in more than one row ; ventrals extremely small, reduced nearly to a single ray : dorsal ex- tending the whole length; all the rays simple, and without articulations. 28. ZOARCES-j- Ventrals before the pectorals, small, with three rays : body elongated, covered with a mucous * Cuvier places this genus between the Mugilidce and the GobiadeSy observing that it will not exactly associate with either. t This genus has been probably misj^aced by authors. It seems (as Nilsson observes) to shew more affinity to the Malacopterygian Fishes, especially to some of the Gadidce. It is a curious circumstance that the Zoarces viviparus and the Lota vulgaris should have obtained the same English name (that of Eel-Fout,) in some parts of the country. 314 PISCES. secretion : branchiosteg’ous membrane with six rays ; not continued across the breast : teeth conical, in one row at the sides of the jaws, in many in front : fins invested with a thick skin ; the dorsal, anal, and caudal, united ; all the rays of the dorsal soft and articulated. 29. ANA R R H I C H A S. — V entrals wanting : body elongated, smooth : one dorsal, composed entirely of simple rays, not connected with the caudal : branchiostegous mem- brane with six rays : palatines, vomer, and mandibles, armed with large osseous tubercles ; the anterior teeth long, and conical. 30. GOBIUS. — Ventrals thoracic; more or less united at the edges, forming a funnel-shaped cavity : body elongated, scaly : head moderate : gill-opening small ; branchiostegous membrane with five rays : two distinct dorsals ; the first with the spines extremely flexible. 31. CALLIONYMUS Ventrals jugular, widely sepa- rate, broader than the pectorals : body naked : head broad and depressed : gill-opening reduced to a small hole on each side of the nape : preopercle terminating behind in several small spines : two dorsals. X. LOPHIADiE ,. — Bones of the carpus elongated, forming a hind of arm supporting the pectorals: sheleton semicartilaginous. 32. LOPHIUS Ventrals before the pectoi’als : opercle and branchiostegous rays enveloped in the skin; the branch- iostegous membrane forming a large purse-like cavity in the axilla : two distinct dorsals ; in front of which are some free rays, produced into long slender filaments: skin naked: head broad and depressed ; extremely large with respect to the rest of the body. XI. LABRIDiP. ^ — Body oblong, scaly: only one dorsal ; the spines invested with membranous PISCES. 315 shreds, extending heijond their tips, and giving them a hijid appearance: Ups fieshij : p>haryn- gecms three in immher ; two above and one heloiv ; cdl armed with strong teeth. 33. LABRUS. — Lips double: branchiostegous mem- brane with from four to six rays : maxillary teeth conical ; the anterior ones longest : pharyngeans cylindrical, blunt, forming a pavement. (1. Labrus.) Preopercle with the margin entire: cheeks and opercle scaly : first dorsal spines not elongated. ( ’Lacb^olaiuvs.') First dorsal spines produced into long flexible threads. (•2. JuLis.) First dorsal spines elongated : head entirely smooth, and without scales. (3. Crenilabrus.) Preopercle with the margin denticulated : cheeks and opercle scaly. XII. CENTRISCIDiE,. — 3Iouth at the extremity of a long tube, formed by a prolongation of the rostral and opercular bones. 34. CENTRISCUS Body oblong-oval, compressed at the sides, carinated beneath : mouth extremely small, cleft obliquely : branchiostegous membrane with two or three slender rays : two dorsals ; the anterior one placed very backward, with the first spine much longer and stouter than the others : ventrals small, behind the pectorals. ORDER II. MALACOPTERYGII. All the fin-rays, with the exception sometimes of the first in the dorsal and the first in the pectorals, soft and cartilaginous ; these rays of an articulated structure, and generally more or less branched at their extremities. 31C PISCES. (I. ABDOMINALES.) Ventrals suspended from the abdomen, and situate far behind the pectorals. I. CYPRINIDiE. — Mouth small : jaws weak, generally without teeth, formed by the intermaxil- laries : pharyngeans with strong teeth : body scaly : 7io adipose fin. 35 . CYPRINUS. — Jaws without teeth: lips simple, with or without barbules : branchiostegous membrane with three flat rays : one dorsal : scales generally large. (*1. Cyprinus.) Dorsal long; the second ray, as well as that in the anal, a serrated spine. (2. Barbus.) Dorsal and anal short; the former with the second or third ray strongly spinous: upper jaw with four barbules; two at the angles, and two at the extremity of the mouth. (3. Gobio.) Dorsal and anal short ; without spines : upper jaw with two barbules. (4. Tinca.) Dorsal and anal short; without spines: scales small, and slimy: two very short barbules. (5. Abramis.) Neither spines nor barbules : dorsal short, placed behind the ventrals : anal long. (6. Leuciscus.) Dorsal and anal short; without spines: mouth without barbules. 36. COBITIS Jaw's without teeth : lips fleshy, fitted to act as suckers, furnished with barbules : body elongated : scales small, and slimy : branchiostegous membrane with three rays : one dorsal : ventrals very much behind. II. ESOCIDiB. — Mouth with stro7ig teeth: upper jaw formed by the intermaxillary, or if not entirely, the inaxillary without teeth and con- cealed in the substance of the lips: no adipose fin. 37- ESOX. — Snout broad, oblong, rounded, depressed ; intermaxillaries forming two-thirds of the upper jaw ; teeth PISCES 317 in both jaws, as well as on the vomer, palatines, tongue, pharyngeans, and branchial arches : one dorsal ; the anal opposite. 38. BELONE Snout attenuated, greatly prolonged: intermaxillaries forming the entire margin of the upper jaw : both jaws with small teeth ; none on the vomer, palatines, or tongue : body elongated : a row of carinated scales along each side of the abdomen. (1. Belone.) Dorsal and anal entire. (2. ScoMBERESOX.) Last rays of the dorsal and anal detached, form- ing spurious finlets. 39 . EXOCCETUS. — Head depressed, scaly: intermax- illaries without pedicles, and forming the entire margin of the upper jaw : both jaws with small teeth : branchioste- gous membrane with ten rays : a row of carinated scales forming a projecting line along the bottom of each flank : pectorals extremely large, almost as long as the body. SILURID^ No true scales: skin naked, or covered with osseous plates : adipose jin often pre- sent : upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries : first ray of the dorsal and pectoral jns generally a strong articulated spine. (2.) SILURUS . — Skin naked, covered with a mucous secretion : head depressed : mouth terminal ; with several fleshy barbules : card-like teeth in both jaws, as well as on the vomer; dorsal small, without any sensible spine : anal very long. III. SALMONID^. — Body scaly: two dorsals; the first with all the rays soft; second smcdl, and adipose. 40. SALMO The greater part of the upper jaw formed by the maxillaries : one row of sharp teeth on the maxillaries, intermaxillaries, palatines, and mandibulars ; 318 PISCES. two rows ^on the vonier, tongue, and pharyngeans : ven- trals opposite the middle of the first dorsal ; the adipose fin opjmsite the anal : branchiostegous membrane with more than eight rays. 41. OSMERUS. — Two rows of teeth on each palatine, the vomer with only a few teeth in front : ventrals opposite the anterior margin of the first dorsal : branchiostegous membrane with only eight rays : scales minute. 42. TFIYMALLUS. — Gape small: jaws, tongue, pala- tines, and front of the vomer, with very fine velvet-like teeth : branchiostegous membrane with ten rays : first dorsal long and high : scales large. 43. COREGONUS. — Mouth as in the last genus, but the teeth still smaller, sometimes entirely wanting : dorsal not so long as it is high in front : scales very large. (3.) SCOPELUS. — Gape and "ill-openings large: both jaws with very small teeth ; the margin of the upper formed entirely by the in- termaxillaries : tongue and palate smooth : branchiostegous membrane with nine or ten rays : first dorsal answering to the space between the ventrals and the anal ; second very small, with vestiges of rays. IV. CLUPEIDiE. — N'o adipose jin: upper jaw formed in the middle hy the intermaxillaries, ivhich are without pedicles', at the sides hy the maxillaries : body scaly. 44. CLUPEA. — Intermaxillaries short, and narrow ; sides of the jaw formed by the maxillaries in three pieces, and alone protractile : mouth with few teeth, sometimes with none : abdovnen compressed, the scales on the margin forming a serrated ridge : gill-opening very large ; branch- iostegous membrane with from six to eight rays. (1. Clupea.) Maxillaries arched in front: gape moderate; upper lip entire. (2. Alosa.) Upper jaw notched in the middle. 45. ENGRAULIS. — Snout projecting, and sharp- pointed ; intermaxillaries placed beneath, and very small ; PISCES. 319 ixiaxillaries straight and long : gape extending to behind the eyes : both jaws furnished with teeth : gill-opening extremely large ; the membrane with twelve or more rays ; abdomen generally smooth. (4.) LEPISOSTEUS. — Snout prolonged, formed by the union of the intermaxillaries, maxillaries, palatines, vomer and ethmoid; lower jaw equalling it : both jaws armed with sharp teeth ; branchiostegous mem- brane with three rays : body covered with hard osseous scales : dorsal and anal opposite, placed very far back. (II. SUBBRACHIALES.) Ventrals immediately beneath the pectorals, the pelvis being attached to the bones of the shoulder. V. GADIDjB*. — Ventrals jugular, immted: body covered with soft scales : all the Jins soft : jaws, and front of the vomer, armed with several roivs of sharp card or rasp-lilte teeth : gill-opening large with seven rays. 46. GADUS Body oval, moderately elongated: head compressed: three dorsals: two anals : one barbule at the extremity of the lower jaw : ventrals with six rays. 47 . MERL ANGUS. — Body elongated: three dorsals: two anals : no barbule on the chin : ventrals with six rays. 48. MERLUCCIUS. — Body elongated: head com- pressed : two dorsals ; the first small ; one anal : chin without barbules. 49- LOTA Body slender, elongated, compressed be- hind ; two dorsals ; the first short ; the second dorsal, as * I have followed Cuvier in the arrangement of the genera belonging to this family. It may be questioned, however, whether those which he has adopted are all of them CTOups of equal value, and whether some might not with more propriety be lowered to a subordinate rank. Without an extensive acquaintance with foreign species, it would be presumptuous to decide this point. 320 PISCES well as the anal, long ; chin with one or more barbules : ventrals with six or seven rays. 50. MOTELLA. — Body elongated, compressed behind : first dorsal but little elevated, and scarcely perceptible ; the rays detached and hair-like, all, except the first, very minute ; second dorsal, and also the anal, long : ventrals with six or seven rays. 51. BROSMUS. — Body elongated, compressed behind : only one long dorsal extending nearly to the caudal : anal long : chin with a single barbule : ventrals thick and fleshy, consisting of five rays. 52. PHYCIS. — Ventrals consisting of only a single ray; often forked : head large : body elongated : chin with one barbule: two dorsals; the second, as well as the anal, lonff. O 53. RANICEPS. — Head depressed and very broad : body very much compressed behind : two dorsals ; the first very small, scarcely perceptible ; the second, as well as the anal, long : ventrals with the two first rays elongated. VI. PLEURONECTIDiE . — Body deep, very much compressed ; with hoth the eyes on the same side of the head : sides of the mouth, and generally the pectorcds, unequal: dorsal and anal extend- ing the whole length of the hack and abdomen respectively : ventrals appearing like a con- tinuation of the anal: branchiostegous mem- brane with six rays. 54. PLATESSA. — A single row of obtuse cutting teeth in each jaw ; and generally a pavement of teeth on the pha- ryngeans : dorsal commencing in a line with the upper eye, and leaving, as well as the anal, a space between it and the caudal : form rhomboidal ; eyes on the right side. PISCES. 321 55. HIPPOGLOSSUS. — Jaws and pharyngeans armed with strong sharp teeth : dorsal commencing in a line with the upper eye, and terminating before the caudal : form oblong : eyes sometimes on the right, sometimes on the left side. 56. PLEURONECTES. — Jaws and pharyngeans with fine card-like teeth ; dorsal commencing immediately above the upper lip, and reaching, as well as the anal, to very near the caudal ; form rhomboidal : eyes generally on the left side. 57- SOLEA Mouth irregular, and as it were twisted on the side opposed to the eyes, and furnished on that side only with fine velvet-like teeth, the upper side being without teeth : form oblong-oval : snout rounded, advancing beyond the mouth : dorsal commencing at the mouth, and reaching, as well as the anal, quite to the caudal. (1. SoLEA.) Pectorals of moderate size, and not very unequal. (2. Monochirus.) Pectoral on the side of the eyes extremely small ; that on the side opposite rudimentary, or altogether wanting. VII. DISCOBOLI. — Ventrals united, forming a concave disk heneath the body: skin ivithout scales. 58. LEPADOGASTER. — Pectorals large, descending to the inferior surface of the body, then doubling forwards upon themselves, and finally uniting under the throat by a transverse membrane ; a second, circular, concave disk behind the disk formed by the united ventrals: head broad and depressed ; snout projecting : gill-opening small ; branchiostegous membrane with four or five rays : one dorsal. 59- CYCLOPTERUS Pectorals large, uniting under the throat, and enclosing the disk of the ventrals : no second X 322 PISCES. disk : mouth broad ; both jaws, as well as the pharyngeans, armed with small pointed teeth ; gill-opening closed at bottom ; branchiostegous membrane with six rays. (1. Cyclopterus.) a first dorsal more or less obvious, with simple rays ; a second, with branched rays, opposite the anal : body thick. (2. Liparis.) Only one, moderately long, dorsal : anal long : body smooth ; elongated, compressed behind. VIII. ECHENEIDIDiE. — An oval flattened dish on the nppet' part of the head, composed of several trans verse cartilaginous plates directed obliquely hackwards, and toothed on their posterior margin : body elo?igated, covered with small scales. 60. echenp:is. (III. APODES.) Ventrals wanting. IX. ANGUILLI DiE. — JBody very much elongated : skin thick and soft ; the scales deeply imbedded, and scarcely apparent. 61. ANGUILLA Gills opening by a small aperture on each side beneath the pectoral ; dorsal and anal fins pro- longed round the end of the tail, forming by their union a pointed caudal. (1. Anguilla.) Dorsal commencing considerably behind the pec- torals : upper jaw shorter than the lower. (2. Conger.) Dorsal commencing a little behind, sometimes imme- diateb above, the pectorals : upper jaw longest. (5.) OPHISUEUS . — Gills opening by a small aperture beneath the pectorals ; dorsal and anal not reaching to the end of the tail, which ter- minates in a point, and is itself without a fin. PISCES. 323 62. MUR^NA. — Gills opening by a small aperture on each side : pectorals wanting : dorsal and anal uniting at the tail ; low, sometimes scarcely distinguishable. 63. LEPTOCEPHALUS Gill-opening small, before the pectoral : body very much compressed, ribband-shaped : head extremely small ; snout short : pectorals scarcely per- ceptible : dorsal and anal obsolete, uniting at the extremity of the tail. 64. OPHIDIUM. — Gills opening by a moderately large aperture ; furnished with a distinct opercle and branchioste- gous membrane : body very much compressed ; dorsal and anal uniting to form a pointed caudal ; the dorsal rays arti- culated, but not branched. 65. AMMODYTES Gill-opening very large ; all the pieces of the opercle considerably developed : snout sharp ; upper jaw capable of great extension, but when at rest shorter than the lower : dorsal and anal separated from the caudal by a small space; the dorsal furnished with simple articulated rays : caudal forked. § II. LOPHOBRANCHIL — in small round tufts disposed in pairs along the hranchial arches; opercle large, confined on all sides hij a memhrane, with only a small hole for the external aperture; branchiostegous rays rudi- mentary: Jaws complete, and free. ORDER III. OSTEODERMI. Body mailed with transverse angular plates: snout very much produced, formed by a prolongation of PISCES. tlie bones of the head and gill-covers : generally one dorsal, with simple slender rays: the other fins often wanting. 66 . SYNGNATHUS Snout prolonged into a tube; mouth placed at the extremity, and cleft nearly vertically : body very much elongated, slender, and of nearly equal thickness throughout : gill-opening towards the nape : ven- trals always wanting. 67. HIPPOCAMPUS. — Snout tubular; the mouth placed at the exti’emity : trunk of the body laterally com- pressed, and more elevated than the tail : the joints of the squamous plates raised in ridges ; the projecting angles spinous : ventrals, and also caudal, always wanting. ^ III. P L E C T O G N AT HI. — Jaws incomplete ;■ maxillary firmly attached to the side of the intermaxillary, which alone forms the jaw; palatine arch united to the cranium by suture, and immoveable : branchice ivith the pectina- tions continuous ; opercle and rays concealed beneath the shin ; external aperture a simple cleft. ORDER IV. GYMNODONTES. No true teeth ; but the jaws covered with a lamellated substance resembling ivory, either entire, or divided in the middle by a suture : opercle small ; branch- iostegous rays five on each side ; both deeply concealed. PISCES. o'Jo 68. TETRODON. — Jaws divided in the middle, so as to present the appearance of four teeth, two above and two below : skin rough, with small slightly projecting spines : body capable of inflation. 69. ORTHAGORISCUS. — Jaws undivided: body very much compressed, short, truncated behind ; rough, but without spines ; not capable of inflation : dorsal and anal fins high and pointed, uniting with the caudal. ORDER V. SCLERODERMl, Snout very much produced, of a conical or pyramidal form ; mouth small, with distinct teeth in each jaw : skin generally scabrous, or clothed with large scales. 70 . BALISTES. — Eight teeth, forming a single row, in eacli jaw ; body compressed ; covered with large, hard, rhomboidal scales, not overlapping one another : first dorsal with three spines; the first much the largest, the third very small, and remote from the others : extremity of the pelvis projecting; armed witli prickles. (II. CARTILAGINEI.) Skeleton cartilaginous : bones soft, and destitute of fibres : sutures of the cranium indistinct : maxillary and intermaxillary bones either wanting or rudi- mentary ; the palatines, or vomer alone, supplying their place. 32 G PISCES. ORDER VI. ELEUTHEROPOMI. Branchiae pectinated, free, with one large external aperture ; furnished with an opercle, but without rays in tlie membrane : upper jaw formed by the palatine bone firmly united to the maxillary : intermaxillary rudimentary. 71. ACIPENSEll Body elongated; mailed, as well as the head, with osseous tubercles arranged in longitu- dinal rows : snout conical : mouth placed beneath, very protractile, small, without teeth: nostrils and eyes lateral : four pendent barbules on the under surface of the snout. ORDER VII. ACANTHORRHINI. Branchiae pectinated ; adhering by a large portion of their external margin ; opening outwards by a single aperture, communicating with five others at the bottom of the general cavity : opercle rudi- mentary : the vomer alone present to represent the upper jaw. 72. CHIMJ 5 RA Body elongated: snout conic, mark- ed witli lines of pores : jaws armed with hard plates instead of teeth ; four above and two below : between the eyes a fleshy process, bent forwards, and terminating in a cluster of small spines : first dorsal armed with a strong spine ; placed above the pectorals : second dorsal commencing im- mediately behind the first, and reaching to the end of the tail, which terminates in a long filament. PISCES. 327 ORDER Vlll. PLAGIOSTOMI. Branchiae pectinated, fixed, opening outwards by seve- ral distinct apertures : no opercle : jaws represented by the palatine and postniandibular bones, which alone are armed with teeth : pectorals and ventrals always present ; the latter (in the male) furnished on their internal margin with long appendages. 73. SQUALUS Body elongated : tail thick and mus- cular : pectorals of moderate size : branchial openings at the sides of the neck : snout more or less produced ; with the mouth and nostrils beneath : eyes lateral. ^ Snout short and obtuse: nostrils near the mouth, with a groove-like prolongation conducting to the edge of the lips ; more or less closed by two membranous flaps : caudal truncated at the extremity, not forked. (1. ScYLLiUM.) Teeth sharp and pointed, with small denticulations on each side : temporal orifices, as well as an anal fin, always present : dorsals very much behind, the first never in advance of the ventrals: branchial openings partly above the pectorals. Snout produced : nostrils not prolonged in a. groove, nor furnished with valves : caudal with a lobe beneath, causing it to appear forked. (2. Carcharias.) Snout depressed; the nostrils beneath the middle; teeth cutting, pointed, and generally denticulated at the sides : first dorsal far in advance of the ventrals; second nearly opposite to the anal, which is always present : no temporal orifices : the last of the branchial openings above the pectorals. (3. Lamna.) Snout pyramidal ; the nostrils beneath the base : teeth sharp and pointed, denticulated at the sides : first dorsal consi- derably before the ventrals : anal present : no temporal orifices : the branchial openings all before the pectorals. (4. Galeus.) Snout depressed; the nostrils beneath the middle: teeth sharp and pointed, with a few denticulations on the outer side only : temporal orifices, as w'ell as an anal fin, present ; the last branchial opening above the pectoral. (5. Mustelus.) Snout depressed; the nostrils beneath the middle : teeth small and obtuse, forming a closely-compacted pavement in each jaw : temporal orifices, and anal, both present. PISCES. (6. Sel.\che.) Teeth small, conical, not denticulated at the sides : temporal orilices, and anal, both present: branchial ojienings all before the pectorals; large, nearly surrounding the neck. (7. Spin.\x.) Snout depressed: teeth small, cutting, in several rows: temporal orifices present : anal wanting : branchial openings all before the pectorals : a sharp strong spine in front of each of the dorsals. (H. ScYMNUs.) Teeth in two or more rows; in the upper jaw lanceo- late, with the cutting edges rough ; in the lower jaw pyramidal, compressed, with the cutting edges crenated: temporal orifices present: anal wanting: no spines before the dorsal fins. ZYG^NA. — Head flattened horizontally, truncated in front, witli the sides very much produced, appearing ham- mer-shaped ; eyes placed at the extremities of the lateral prolongations ; the nostrils at their anterior margin ; mouth beneath : pectorals moderate : branchial openings at the sides of the neck. 75. SQUATINA Body broad, flattened horizontally: pectorals lai’ge, extending forwards, but separated from the neck by a cleft, in wliich are the branchial openings: head round ; mouth at the extremity of the snout ; eyes above : temporal orifices present : no anal : both dorsals further back than the ventrals. (6.) PRISTIS. — -Body elongated, flattened anteriorly; with the branchial openings placed beneath : snout prolonged into a depressed sword-shaped beak, armed on each side with strong sharp spines re- ■sembling teeth: mouth beneath: temporal orifices present : no anal fin. 76. IIAIA Body very much flattened, resembling a disk ; pectorals extremely large, uniting with the snout, or with each other, anteriorly; extending backwards to near the base of the ventrals : mouth, nostrils, and branchial openings, beneath ; eyes, and temporal orifices, above : dorsals almost always upon the tail. (1. Torpedo.) Tail short, and moderately thick: the disk of the body nearly circular; the part between the pectorals and the head and the branchiae furnished with an electrical apparatus: teeth small and sharp. (2. Raia.) Tail slender; furnished above, towards its extremity, with two small dorsals, and sometimes the vestige of a caudal : disk rhomboiclal ; teeth slender, close-set, arranged m a quincuncial order. PISCES. 3-29 (3. Trygon.) Tail slender; armed with a sharp serrated spine, but without fins : head enveloped in the pectorals, which meet at an obtuse angle : teeth slender, set in a quincuncial order. ( Myliobatis. ) Tail long, and extremely slender ; armed with one or more serrated spines, and also furnished, near its base, with a small dorsal : head projecting from between the pectorals, which last are much broader transversely than in the preceding sub-genera : jaws with broad flat teeth forming a pavement. (4. Ceph.yloptera.) Tail long, and extremely slender; armed with a spine, and also furnished at its base with a small dorsal : head truncated in front, placed between two horn-hke prolongations of the pectorals, which are broad as in the last sub-genus ; teeth small, and very slender, finely denticulated. ORDER IX. CYCLOSTOMI. Branchise purse-shaped, fixed, opening outwards by several apertures : jaws represented by an immove- able cartilaginous ring, formed by the union of the palatine and mandibular bones : no pectorals or ventrals : body elongated : the skeleton very imper- fectly developed. 77 - PETROMYZON Seven branchial openings on each side: maxillary ring armed with strong teeth; inside of the mouth furnished with tooth-like tubercles : lip cir- cular : tongue with two longitudinal rows of small teeth. 78. AMMOCCETES. — Branchial openings seven in number : lip semicircular, and covering only the upper part of the mouth : no teeth ; but the opening of the mouth furnished with a row of small branched cirri. 79 . MYXINE. — Branchial openings two in number, placed beneath : maxillary ring entirely membranaceous, with a single tooth above : tongue with strong teeth ar- ranged in two longitudinal rows on each side: mouth circular, surrounded by eight harhules ; a spiracle above, communicating with the interior. 330 PISCES. [Perca. (I. OSSEI.) ORDER 1. ACANTHOPTERYGII. GEN. 1. PERCA, Lmn. (1. Perca, Cm.) 1. P. Jfuviatilis, Linn. {Common Perch.) — Back dusky green ; sides with five transverse dusky bands. P. lluviatilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 481. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 52. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 52. Flem. Brit. An. p. 213. Perch, Will Hist. Pise. p.291. tab. S. 13. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 254. pi. 48. no. 124. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 345. pi. 59. Bnwd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. 5. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 1. Perche commune, Ctiv. et Vol. Poiss. tom. ii. p. 14. Cm. Re^. An. tom. ii. p. 132. Lemgth. From twelve to sixteen inches. Descript. {Form.) Body compressed; back much arched, highest over the ventrals, the depth at that part equalling nearly one-third of the length, caudal fin excluded ; greatest thickness half the depth ; head about oue-fourth of the entire length, including caudal : nape depressed, the back rising rather suddenly behind; profile gently falling from the forehead towards the end of the snout: jaws nearly equal; teeth in both jaws, as well as on the vomer, palatines, pharyngeans, and branchial arches : head and cheeks for the most part smooth, the latter covered with small scales : preopercle rectangular ; the margin finely serrated : operele triangular, terminating behind in a sharp point; the subopercle reaching beyond it: gill-opening large: lateral line nearly parallel with the line of the back, its course at about one-fourth of the depth*: first dorsal fin commencing: in a line with the terminating point of the oper- cle ; the fourth and fifth rays longest ; those on each side gradually de- creasing ; the last, or last two, in the fin small and inconspicuous ; height of the longest rays nearly equalling half the depth of the body : second * The course of the lateral line is said to be at half, one-third, one-fourth, ^c. of the depth, when the di.stancc from the line of the back to the lateral line equals half, one-third, onc-fourth, of the depth of the body. Perca.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 331 dorsal close behind the first, only a small space intervening; first ray spinous, not half the length of the second ; third and fourth longest; the succeeding ones slightly decreasing ; all the soft rays, except the first, branched: anal commencing rather more backward than the second dorsal, and not extending so far towards the caudal ; two first rays strongly spinous, much shorter than the others, which are all branched and articulated : caudal forked : pectorals about two-thirds of the length of the head ; the middle rays longest, those on each side decreasing ; the first two and last three simple, the others branched: ventrals placed a little behind the pectorals, equal to them in length; the first ray strongly spinous, shorter than the others, which are all soft and much branched: number of rays in the respective fins, D. 14 or 15 — 1/13; A. 2/8; C. 17, and some short ones; P. 14; V. 1/5* : vent in a line with the commencement of the second dorsal. Number of vertebrse forty-two. {Colours.) Back and sides dusky green, with from five to seven dark transverse bands ; abdomen white, tinged with red : ventrals bright scarlet ; anal and caudal fins somewhat paler ; dorsals and pectorals dusky, tinged with red; often a conspicuous black spot on the webs connecting the four last spines in the first dorsal. Common in lakes, rivers, and streams. Found, according to Cuvier, throughout all the temperate parts of Europe, and a great part of Asia. Often, but not always, gregarious. Feeds on worms, insects, small Crust- acea, and the fry of other fish. Seldom attains a greater weight than four pounds, but has been known to weigh as many as nine. Spawns in April or May. A monstrous variety, with the back hunched, and the lower part of the back-bone next the tail much distorted, is mentioned by Pennant as found in a lake in Merionethshire. (2. L.abrax, Cuv.) 2. P. Lahrax, Linn. {Common Basse.) P. Labrax, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 482. Don. Brit. Fisk. vol. n. pi. 43. Flem. Brit. An. p. 213. Scisena Labrax, Blorh, Ichth. pi. 301. Labrax Lupus, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. ii. p. 41. pi. 11. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 133. Basse, Will. Hist. Pisc. p. 271. tab. R. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 257. pi. 49. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 348. pi. 60. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 6. Length. From one to two feet. Descript. {Form.) Resembling the PprcA, but more elongated; the back not so high : greatest depth a little behind the ventrals, equalling one-fourth of the length, caudal excluded : line of the back somewhat concave beneath the first dorsal, and convex beneath the second : head nearly one-fourth of the entire length, including caudal: lower jaw longest; strong card-like teeth on the intermaxillary, vomer, and pala- tines ; on the sides, and towards the root, of the tongue, teeth like velvet : head smooth ; cheeks covered with .small scales : preopercle large; the serratures on the ascending margin more developed than in the Perch; the basal margin with three strong spines: opercle triangular, the posterior angle armed with two strong liattened spines : lateral line curved, descending a little from the upper angle of the opercle to * I have adopted throughout the same kind of formula, bv whicli to express the number of fin-rays, as that employed by MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes. ’ 332 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Pkrca, beneath about the middle of the first dorsal, then passing off straight to the caudal; first dorsal commencing a little behind the ventrals; the fourth and fifth rays equal and longest, those on each side gradually de- creasing; second dorsal immediately after the first; first ray spinous, not half the length of the succeeding ones; third longest; the others gradually decreasing : space between the second dorsal and the base of the caudal equal to that occupied by the Ibrmer fin ; anal similar to the second dorsal, but placed a little more backward, with the three first rays spinous, gradually increasing in length ; caudal a little forked ; pectorals somewhat less than half the length of the head, covered at their base with small scales; the first ray simple, and shorter than the others; ventrals a little behind the pectorals, equal to them in length ; the first ray spinous : number of rays in the respective fins, D. 9—1/12; A. 3/11 ; C. 17 ; P- 17; V. 1/5. Number of vertebra; twenty-six. {Colours.) Back and sides dusky gray, with a paler spot in the middle of each scale ; lower portion of the sides, and abdomen, white, slightly silvery ; cheeks and gill-covers with a faint yellowish tinge ; posterior portion of the opercle almost black, form- ing a dark patch on that part; dorsal and caudal fins deep lead-gray; anal the same, tipped with whitish ; pectorals pale gray ; ventrals nearly white. Met with occasionally on different parts of the coast, particularly south- ward, and likewise in the estuaries of rivers, but seldom in any great plenty. Common in the Mediterranean, where it attains a much larger size than in the British seas. Said to be very voracious. Obs. Pennant states that in the young of this species the space above the side-line is marked with small black spots ; the same remark is made by Cuvier and others; but certainly in the larger number of British specimens there is no indication of these spots whatever. (3. Serranus, Cuv.) 3. P. CahriUa, Linn. {Smooth. Serranus.) — Jaws without scales : cheeks and gill-covers marked with three or four oblique bands ; sides with a few longitudinal bands. P. Cabrilla, Linn. Sy.it. Nat. tom. i. p. 488. P. Channus, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hi.it. vol. v. p 19. fig. 6. Serranus Cabrilla, Cwv. et Val. Poiss. tom. ii. p. 166. pi. 29. Smooth Ser- ranus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 9. Smooth Perch, Couch, Lc. Serran commun, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 139. Length. About ten inches. Couch. Descript. (Form.) “Under jaw longest: teeth in both and in the palate, numerous, irregular, sharp, incurved; tongue small, loose; eyes large, near the top of the head ; first plate of the gill-covers serrate ; the second with two (in the female one) obscure spines, scarcely to be distin- guished, except in form, from the scales with which the gill-covers and body are thickly and firmly covered, and which are also ciliated ; seven rays in the gill-membrane, curved ; the superior broad ; body compressed, deep ; dorsal fin commencing opposite the ventrals ; pectorals pointed : caudal slightly curved ; ntimber of fin-rays, I). 10/ M; A. 2/7; ('■ 17; 1’. 15; V. 6; Perca] PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. 333 lateral line nearer the back." Couch. According to Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, this species is distinguished from the Serranus Scriba, Cuv. (a closely allied one found in the Mediterranean) by its shorter snout and rather more conve.x forehead* ; larger eye; and rather less rounded pre- opercle, with the denticulations towards the angle a little stronger ; the lower jaw has the under surface of its branches chagrined and vermicu- lated by little marks in the skin. (Colours.) “Colour of the back brown, having, in some specimens, distinct bars running round to the belly : sides yellow, reddish, or saffron-coloured, more faint below : two irregu- lar parallel whitish lines pass along the side from head to tail ; a third, more imperfect, on the belly ; gill-plates with several faintish blue stripes, running obliquely downward: fins striped longitudinally with red and yellow; pectorals wholly yellow." Couch. An abundant species in the Mediterranean. In the British seas it has hitherto been observed only by Mr. Couch, who represents it as common on the coast of Cornwall, “ keeping in the neighbourhood of rocks, not far from land.” 4. P. Gigas, Gmel. {Dusky Serranus.) — Lower jaw' covered with very small scales. P. Gigas, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1315. P. robusta. Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 21. fig. 7. Serranus Gigas, Cuv. et Vat. Poiss. tom. n. p. 201. pi. 33. Dusky Serranus, Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 1.5. Dusky Perch, Couch, 1. c. Merou brun, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 140. Length. Three feet. Couch. Descript. (Form.) “Depth, exclusive of the fins (in a specimen measuring three feet in length), seven inches : body thick and solid : under jaw longest; both jaws, as well as the palate, with numerous slender incurved teeth : in front of the under one a bed of them : lips like those of the Cod-Fish : two large open nasal orifices, and a large hole under the projection of the nasal bone : first plate of the gill-covers serrate, the second with a broad flat spine projecting through the skin, and pointing backward ; the fleshy covering of the gill-cover elongated posteriorly ; seven rays in the gill-membrane : body and head covered with large scales : lateral line gently curved : dorsal fin single, long, expanding towards its termination, with eleven spinous rays, the first short, and seventeen soft rays, the last two from one origin : pectorals round, with nineteen rays: ventrals fastened down by a membrane through part of their course, with six rays: vent an inch and a half from the origin of the anal fin, which last has two spinous and nine soft rays, the last two from one origin : caudal roundish, with sixteen rays.” Couch. According to Cuvier and Valenciennes, the number of fin-rays stands thus : D. 11/15 or 16 ; A. 3/8 ; C. 15 ; P. 17 ; V. 1/5. (Colours.) “Back reddish brown, lighter on the belly: two slightly marked lines on the gill-covers running obliquely downward, one on each plate.” Couch. * Or rather that part of the face between the forehead and the nostrils termed by the French cluirtfrein, for which we have no adequate term in the English language. 334 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT [Perca. A single individual of this species, which is found in the Mediter- ranean, has been obtained by Mr. Couch from the coast of Cornwall. Cuvier states that nothing is known of its habits, excepting that at Nice it approaches the shores in the months of May and April. Usual weight from ten to twenty pounds. (1.) Cowc/mV, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 12. Stone-Basse, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 81. This fish, which has been observed by Mr. Couch on the Cornish coast, accompanying floating timber covered with barnacles, remains yet to be identified with certainty. It was considered by that gentleman, in his paper in the Linnwan Transactions, as the Pagrus totus argenteus of Sloane*, a species, however, to which it evidently bears no affinity. .Mr. Yarrell, who has received an original drawing of the fish from Mr. Couch, regards it as a new species of Serranus, and accordingly names it after its first discoverer. No description of it has been yet published. (4. Acerina, Cuv.) 5. P. Cernua, Linn. (^Common Rujfe.) — Back and sides olivaceous, spotted with dusky brown. P. Cernua, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 487. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 5. f 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. ii. pi. 39. Cernua tluviatilis, Plem. Brit. An. p. 212. Acerina vulgaris, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. iii. p. 4. pi. 41. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 144. Ruffe, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 334, tab. X. 14. f 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 259. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 350. Botvd. Brit. fr. loat. Fish. Draw. 10. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 18. Length. From six to eight inches. Dkscript. (Form.) Not so high in the back as the Perch, and less compressed in proportion ; head broader, thicker, and more obtuse about the snout : greatest depth at the commencement of the dorsal fin, equal- ling one-fourth of the entire length, including caudal; thickness two- thirds of the depth : eyes very large and brilliant ; their diameter one- fourth of the length of the head: mouth rather small; upper jaw a little the longest; both jaws, as well as the vomer, armed with fine teeth like velvet; pharyngeans card-like: head without scales; the snout, cheeks, and jaws, pitted with numerous excavations : preopercle with the ascend- ing and basal margins strongly spined ; posterior angle of the opercle terminating in a small spine : gill-opening very large : lateral line nearly parallel with the back; its course at rather less than one-third of the depth : dorsal commencing in a line with the posterior angle of the opercle; first ray very short; the succeeding ones gradually lengthen- ing to the fourth and fifth, which are longest, then decreasing to the fourteenth, or last of the spinous rays ; soft portion of the fin rather more than half the length of the spinous; middle rays longest, the last ray double : anal commencing a little nearer the caudal than the soft dorsal, and not extending quite so far; first two rays strongly spinous and slightly curved : finless portion of the tail about equal in length to the caudal ; this last deeply forked : pectorals in a line with the commence- ment of the dorsal, and two-thirds the length of the head ; all the rays soft, and, except the first and last, branched; middle rays longest: vent- * Nat. Hixt. oj'Jtnu. vol. rr. tab. 2o3. f, 1. Trachinus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 335 rals about equal to the pectorals, placed immediately beneath them ; the first ray spinous, rather more than half as long as the third, which is longest ; all the soft rays much branched ; number of rays, D. 14/12 ; A. 2/5 ; C. 17 ; P. 14 ; V. 1/5. Number of vertebrae thirty-seven. {Colours.) Back and upper half of the sides pale brown, inclining to olivaceous ; lower portion of the sides with a slight lustre of golden yellow : belly silvery : cheeks, opercle, and breast, of a pearly hue, with a play of iridescent colours varying accord- ing to the light ; head, back, and a portion of the sides, sprinkled with brownish spots: dorsal, caudal, and pectorals, yellowish gray, speckled with brown; ventrals and anal pale yellowish white, without spots: irides with the upper portion dusky, the lower half inclining to golden yellow. Not uncommon in rivers and clear streams. Said to have been first observed by Dr. Caius in the river Yare near Norwich. Habits some- what resembling those of the Perch Seldom exceeds a weight of three ounces. Spawns in March and April. Is sometimes called a Pope. GEN. 2. TRACHINUS, Linn. 6. T. Draco, Linn. {Great Weever.) — Entire length six times the depth of the body : second dorsal witli about thirty rays: lower jaw ascending. T. Draco, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 435. Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. III. p. 178. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. n. p. 152. T. major, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 107. Flem. Brit. An. p. 214. Weever, IVill. Hist. Pise. p. 288. tab. S. 10. f. 1. Great Weever, Pen7i. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 171'. pi. 29. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 229. pi. 33. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 20. Length. From twelve to fifteen inches. Descript. (Form.) Elongated; head and sides much compressed; entire length more than six times the depth of the body, and more than four times the length of the head ; greatest thickness half the depth : head and back nearly in a continuous straight line; the profile slightly falling from the forehead ; abdomen scarcely more convex than the back : lower jaw longer than the upper, and sloping upwards to meet it; both armed, as well as the vomer, palatines, pterygoidians, and pharyngeans, with fine sharp velvet-like teeth ; arch-bones of the gills with a number of serrated tooth-like processes : before and rather above each eye are two short strong spines ; there is also a strong sharp spine on the upper part of the opercle, but not projecting beyond the edge of the membrane: supra-scapulars represented by a large denticulated scale : lateral line straight ; its course at rather less than one-fourth of the depth : scales small, disposed in oblique transverse rows : first dorsal very short, com- mencing immediately above the denticulated scale ; spines stiff and very sharp; the third longest; those on each side gradually decreasing; the last very small and partly concealed: second dorsal immediately after the first, almost continuous with it, and extending nearly to the caudal : anal thick and fleshy, rather longer than the second dorsal, the ends of the rays reaching beyond the webs, and somewhat hooked : caudal scarcely notched: pectorals two-thirds of the length of the head; the third and six following rays branched, the others simple ; ninth ray long- est : ventrals before the pectorals, and scarcely more than half their PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Trachinus. 33 (5 length; first ray short ami spinous: the rest articulated, with the last three branched; fourth ray in the fin longest: number of rays, D. 0—31 ; A. 1—31 ; C. 13; P. 10; V. 1/5. Number of vertebral forty. {Colours.) Back and upper portion of the sides reddish brown, with interrupted lines of black and yellow, running parallel with the oblique rows of scales; lower part of the sides, and abdomen, white, with interrupted yellow lines : first dorsal with the web deep black; second dorsal and caudal pale, more or less spotted with brown. Met with occasionally at Weymouth, Hastings, Scarborough, and other parts of the coast. Is much apprehended by fishermen on account of its spines, which are sharp, and capable of inflicting a severe wound : they are usually considered as venomous, but, in the opinion of Cuvier, there is no real secretion of any poisonous fluid. Feeds on small fish, Crustacea, and marine insects. Spawns in June. 7- T. Vipera, Ciiv. {Little JVeever.) — Entire length four times the depth of the body : second dorsal with twenty-four rays: lower jaw' nearly vertical. T. Vipera, Cut\ et Val. Poiss. tom. m. p. 189. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 152. T. Draco, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 61. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. I. pi. 23. Plem. Brit. An. p. 213. Common Weever, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 169. pi. 28. no. 71. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 226. pi. 32. Lesser Weever, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 25. Length. Five or six inches ; rarely more. Descript. (Form.) Much resembling the T. Draco, but deeper in proportion to its length, ow’ing to the greater convexity of the abdomen : profile not falling, but iu the same horizontal line with the back ; lower jaw more nearly vertical ; when the mouth is opened wide, the upper jaw becomes exactly vertical, and the lower forms with it a right angle : sides very much compressed: greatest depth beneath the first dorsal, equalling one-fourth of the length, caudal excluded ; thickness half the depth : teeth (in the lower jaw especially) very sharp, and somewhat longer in proportion than in the last species : the toothed scale, formed by the supra-scapular and part of the omoplat, of a different form, rounded, bilo- bated, and more deeply denticulated: lateral line commencing at the above scale, and running nearly straight throughout its course : the oblique transverse lines on the sides, formed by the scales, much less strongly marked : first dorsal more distinctly separated from the second ; the fifth and sixth spines (the last especially) very small and inconspi- cuous: pectorals pointed, about equal in length to the depth of the body: caudal rounded : number of fin rays, D. 6—23 or 24 ; A. 25 ; C. 13 ; P. 14 ; V. 1/5. ( Colours.) Back reddish gray ; sides and abdomen much paler than in the last species, approaching to silvery white, with faint indications of transverse yellow lines : the web connecting the four first spines of the first dorsal deep black : a black spot at the extremity of the caudal fin. Rather more common than the last species, and met with on various parts of the British coast. Said to conceal itself in the loose soil at the PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. MirLLiis.] 337 bottom of the water, with only its head exposed. It is probably the small species alluded to by Willughby*, under the name of Otterpike. GEN. (1.) SPHYR^NA, Schn. (2.) S. vulgaris, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. in. p. 242. S. Spei, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. tom. v. p. 326. Esox Sphyrcena, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 515. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 389. Sea-Pike, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 84. A very doubtful native. Inserted by Mr. Couch in his list of Cornish Fishes, accompanied by a remark that he had been informed that a fish, which he could refer to no other species but this, had been taken some time since near Falmouth. He had never, however, himself met with a spe- cimen. Inhabits the Mediterranean. GEN. 3. MULLUS, Lmn. 8. M. Surmuletus, Linn. {Striped Surrmdlet.) — Red ; sides with longitudinal yellow lines ; profile descending obliquely from the forehead. M. Surmuletus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 496. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 57. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 12. Flem. Brit. An. p. 216. Surmullet, IVill. Hist. Pise. p. 285. tab. S. 7. f. 1. Striped Surmullet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 274. pi. 53. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 368. pi. 64. Striped Red Mullet, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. I. p. 27. Surmulet, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. in. p. 319. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 157. Length. From twelve to fifteen inches. Descript. {Form.) Thick and blunt-headed, the profile falling abruptly from the forehead : greatest depth contained four times and a half in the entire length ; thickness rather more than half the depth : head a little less than one-fourth of the whole length : eyes large ; mouth small ; jaws equal ; the lower one only with fine teeth like velvet ; teeth in the middle of the palate forming a pavement ; chin with two barbules two-thirds of the length of the head : scales large, particularly those on the head and gill-covers, easily falling : first dorsal commencing at a little less than one-third of the entire length from the end of the snout; its length half the depth of the body; its height somewhat exceeding its length ; first three rays nearly equal, the others gradually decreasing : space between the two dorsals equalling the length of the first : height of the second rather less than that of the first ; its length somewhat greater; first ray shorter than the second and third, which are equal and longest; the succeeding ones gradually decreasing ; all the rays branched ; caudal deeply forked : anal similar to the second dorsal, commencing a little more backward, but ending in the same vertical line ; all the rays except the first branched : finless portion of the tail not quite one-fourth of the whole length, caudal ex- cluded : pectorals not quite so long as the head, narrow, and somewhat pointed; the first two rays simple, the others branched; fourth ray longest : ventrals exactly beneath them, and nearly of the same length ; first ray spinous ; second and third longest ; all the soft rays branched : number of rays altogether, D. 7 — 8 or 9; A. 8 ; C. 15, and some short ones; P. 17 ; V. 1/6. * Hist. Pise. p. 289. Y 338 PISCES (OSSEIj ACANTHOPT [Mullus.. Number of vertebrae twenty-four. (Colours.) General colour of the back and sides vermilion-red, with three longitudinal lines of golden yellow : throat, breast, belly, and beneath the tail, white, tinged with rose-colour : fins pale red, inclining in some places to yellow. When the scales are rubbed off, the skin appears crimson. Met with principally on the southern coast. Mr. Couch states that it “ is a migratory fish, and usually reaches the Cornish shores about Midsummer. Its common habit is to keep close to the ground, but the migration is performed near the surface." Has no air-bladder. Food, according to Bloch, Crustacea, small fish, and shelled mollusca. Spawns, in Spring. 9- M. barhatus, Linn. (^Red Surmullet .) — Plain red; the sides without any longitudinal yellow lines : profile nearly vertical. M. barbatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 495. Bloch, Ichth. pi. .348. f. ‘2. Mullus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 285. tab. S. 7. f. 2. Red Sur- mullet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 271. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. ni. p. 365. Plain Red Mullet, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 32. Vrai Rouget, on Rouget-Barbet, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. iii. p. 325. pi. 70. Length. Rarely exceeds six inches. Descript. (Form.) Readily distinguished from the last species by the form of the head, the fall of the profile approaching more nearly to vertical : the pores of the infra-orbitals are also larger and more nume- rous ; the scales narrower, with fewer indentations on their basal margin, and with the strim more strongly marked. In other respects the two species are similar. (Colours.) Of a deeper red, and of a more uniform colour than the M. Surmuletus, without any longitudinal yellow lines* : beneath the body silvery : fins yellow. Cuv. This species, which resides principally in the Mediterranean, appears to be extremely rare in the British seas. Pennant mentions having heard of its being taken on the coast of Scotland. More recently two specimens have been obtained by Mr. Couch on the coast of Cornwall. There is no other recorded instance in which it has been noticed. Habits .said to resemble those of the M. Surmuletus. GEN. L TRIGLA, Cuv. ^ Body marked with fine transverse thread-like ridges. 10. T. Pini, Bl. {Pine-leaved Gurnard .) — Transverse lines not reaching below the middle of the sides : lateral line smooth : profile oblique. * According to Mr. Couch, there is one yellow line, a little below the lateral line Trigla.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT, 339 T. Pini, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 355. T. lineata, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 460. Fleni. Brit. An. p. 215. Pine-leaved Gurnard, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xxii. pi. 954. Red Gurnard, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. I. p. 34. Grondin rouge, ou Rouget commun, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. tom. IV. p. 20. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 159. Length. From twelve to sixteen inches. Descript. (Form.) Head large; body tapering from the nape to the base of the caudal : greatest depth contained six times and a half in the entire length; length of the head contained four times; thick- ness three-fourths of the depth; profile falling obliquely, and making with the cranium an angle of one hundred and thirty to one hundred and forty degrees ; the descending line slightly concave ; sides of the head flat and nearly vertical ; space between the eyes contracted and concave: cheeks and upper part of the head rough with granulations disposed in lines radiating from different centres : exti-emity of the snout slightly emarginated, with three or four blunt denticulations on each side : above the anterior angle of the eye two or three short spines ; supra-sca- pulars ending in a sharp point, of a semi-elliptic form, with the inner margin denticulated ; opercle with two short spines, not extending be- yond the membrane; the upper one directed obliquely upwards, the lower one backwards; clavicle likewise terminating in a short, but sharp, point: lateral line straight, slender, bifurcating at the caudal extremity, and almost perfectly smooth, as is the rest of the body, with the exception of the dorsal ridges, which arc deeply and strongly serrated : upper part of the sides marked with a number of transverse parallel lines, intersecting the lateral line nearly at right angles, and reaching as far below as above it : both dorsals placed in a groove ; the first commencing above the supra-scapulars, of a triangular form, with the first ray serrated ; second ray longer and stouter than the others, equalling the depth of the body at this point : second dorsal a very little behind the first, scarcely more than half as high, hut twice as long : anal answering to the second dorsal, but commencing a little further^ backward; caudal slightly forked : pectorals equalling one-fourth of the whole length, reaching a little be- yond the vent; first seven rays branched, gradually decreasing; the rest simple : ventrals somewhat shorter than the pectorals ; the spinous raj- half as long as the soft ones, which are all branched : B. 7 ; D. 9 — 18; A. 17 ; C. 11, and some short ones; P. 11, & 3 free; V. 1/5. Number of vertebrm thirty-si.x or thuty-seven. {Colours.) The whole body, fins included, rose-red; the under parts somewhat paler: occasion- ally the red is more or less clouded with brown and cinereous. Very abundant on the southern and western coasts, and generally known by the name of the Red Gurnard. Is considered by many authors as the T. Cuculus of Linnmus, but since the characters in the Systema Natures apply equally well to two species, this must remain doubtful. Feeds principally on crustaceous animals. Spawns in May or June. 11. T. lineata, Gmel. {Streaked Guimard.) — Trans- verse lines encircling the whole body : lateral line sharply serrated : profile nearly vertical. T. lineata, Gmel. Linn, tom.i. pt. 3. p. 1345. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 354. Don. Brit. Fish, vol.i. pi. 4. T. Adviatica, Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. Mullus imberbis, Mill. Hist. Pi.se. p. 278. tab. S. 1. f 1. Cuculus y2 340 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [Tkigla.. linealus, Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 105. Streaked Gurnard, Penn. Brit. vol. III. p. 281. pi. 57. /(/.(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 377. pi. 66. Farr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 46. Rouget Camard, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. IV. p. 25. Cm. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 159. Length. One foot. Descript. {Form.) Thicker anteriorly than the last species; the body tapering behind more suddenly: head shorter: profile falling more abruptly; the descending line inclining to convex ; cheeks higher in pro- portion : snout less emarginated ; the denticulations at the sides very indistinct: opercle broader, the terminating spine shorter and blunter: clavicular spine not cpiite so sharp ; first dorsal with the second ray shorter ; the first more strongly serrated ; all the spinous rays weaker : pectorals longer : lateral line and dorsal ridges sharply serrated : rest of the body roughish, marked with elevated transverse lines, which, after crossing the lateral line, pass onwards to the alidomen, where they ramify, thus nearly encircling the whole body ; these lines correspond in number with the scales on the lateral line, amounting to about sixty-eight: num- ber of fin-rays, I). 10—16: A. 16; C. 11 or 13; P. 10, and 3; V. 1/5. Number of vertebrae thirty-three. {Colours.) Dusky green, mottled with purple, and sprinkled with red and gamboge-yellow spots ; lower portion of the sides silvery white, clouded with tlesli-red : pectorals blue on their under surface, but red at the base ; their upper surface yellowish green, spotted with red : free rays yellowish green tipped with red : ventrals white : dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, red ; the rays of the anal tipped with white. Obs. Young fish are much less variegated, and generally want the yellow spots. A rare species ; first observed on the Cornish coast by Mr. Jago, and communicated by him to Petiver. Is oceasionally met with at Weymouth, Hastings, and as far north as the coast of Scotland. At Hastings it is called the French Gurnard. The colours are very variable, but the transverse lines encircling the whole body will always serve to identify the species. ** Body without transverse lines. 12. T. Hh'undo, Bl. {Sapphirine Gurnard .) — Lateral line smooth : pectorals very large, reaching beyond the ventrals : spine on the opercle scarcely projecting beyond the membrane. T. Hirundo, Bloch, Irhth. pi. 60. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 1. T. Isevis, Mont, in Wem. Mem. vol. ii. p. 455. Flem. Brit. An. p. 214. Tub-Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 280. tab. P. 4. Sapphirine Gurnard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p.280. pi. 56. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 376. pi. 68. Fan'. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 41. Le Perlon, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 29. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 159. Length. From eighteen to twenty-five inches. Descript. (Form.) Somewhat resembling the T. Pini in its general proportions, but thicker in the body, and broader across the head and snout : inclination of the profile the same : eyes much smaller ; the space between them broader and not so much hollowed out : cheeks smoother : Trigla] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 341 snout more emarginatecl, with three or four rather blunt denticulations on each side : gape more capacious : supra-scapulars triangular, the ter- minating spine rather more pointed : the opercular and clavicular spines preserve the same proportions, the former scarcely projecting beyond the membrane: lateral line straight, slender, and almost perfectly smooth, like the rest of the body with the exception of the dorsal ridges, which are strongly serrated : spines in the first dorsal not so strong as in the T.Pini; the first with very obsolete denticulations ; the second scarcely longer than the adjoining ones, and equalling not above two-thirds of the depth of the body : pectorals contained three times and a half in the whole length : number of fin rays, D. 9— 16; A. 16; C. 11 or 13; P. 10, and 3; V. 1/5: scales very small, oval, smooth, entire ; those on the lateral line scarcely projecting beyond the others. Number of vertebraj thirty- three or thirty- four. (Colours.) General colour of the head and body brownish red, here and there faintly tinged with yellowish green : pectorals bluish green on their inner surface, edged and spotted with bright blue ; on their outer surface brownish red with the rays whitish : first dorsal reddish ; second, as well as the anal and ventrals, nearly white. Common on the southern and western coasts, attaining a larger size than any other British species, the T. Lyra excepted. Is sometimes called a Tub-Fish. According to Mr. Couch, “ sheds its spawn about Christmas.” Obs. Linnmus and Pennant have erroneously attributed to this species a rough lateral line, a circumstance which appears to have misled Montagu, when he established a second under the name of T. Icrvis. All the individuals which have fallen under my notice have had this part perfectly smooth, neither does Cuvier seem at all aware of there being any allied species in which it is otherwise. 13. T. Lyra, Linn. (Piper.) — Lateral line smooth: pectorals large, reaching beyond the ventrals : humeral and opercular spines extremely long : snout divided into two dentated processes. T. Lyra, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 496. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 350. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 118. Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. Piper, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 282. tab. S. 1. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p.279. pi. 55. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p.374. pi. 67. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. I. p. 44. La Lyre, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 40. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 159. Length. From twenty to twenty-eight inches. Descript. (Form.) Readily distinguished from all the other British species by the length of the opercular and humeral spines. Head very large : depth at the nape a little less than one-fifth of the whole length ; length of the head one-fourth : snout deeply emarginated ; the lateral lobes much more produced than in any other species; the margin of each lobe divided into twelve or fifteen teeth, the middle ones long and pointed : the whole head finely granulated : only one, rather strong, spine at the anterior angle of the orbit : the spine on the supra-scapular, and the large one on the opercle, longer and sharper than in any other spe- cies; the humeral spine still more developed; the humeral bone, when measured to the end of the spine, equalling more than half the length of the head : first dorsal with the rays very sharp, a little bent, and smooth ; the first and second only with their anterior edges obsoletely denticu- 342 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT [Trigla. lilted ; second and third rays equal ; fourth scarcely shorter : pectorals very large, equalling nearly one-third of the entire length, extending considerably beyond the ventrals ; lb 9 — l(i ; A. 1(>; C. 11, and some short ones ; P. 14, and 3; V. 1/5 : dorsal ridges more strongly serrated than in the other species : lateral line smooth. Number of vertcbrse thirty-three. (Colour's.) “The gene- ral colour pale flesh-colour, rosy or darker on the back, and the belly white; fins bluish at the base, and tinged with reddish towards the extremities: irides fine golden yellow.” Don. Far from common; the name of Piper being often applied to the last species, which is of much more frequent occurrence in the London market. Frequents the western coasts at all seasons of the year, accord- ing to information communicated to Pennant. Is also occasionally taken at Weymouth. Attains a weight of nearly seven pounds. Feeds on Crustacea. This and some other species have the power of uttering a low grumbling sound when taken out of the water. The English name of Piper is derived from this circumstance. 14. T. Gurnardus^ Linn. {Gray Gurnard.) — Lateral line sharply serrated : pectorals of equal length with the ventrals; humeral and opercular spines long; first three rays of the first dorsal granulated. T. Gurnardus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 497. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 58. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. ii. pi. 30. Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. Gray Gurnard, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 279. tab. S. 2. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zoo7. vol. in. p. 270. pi. 54. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 371. pi. 65. Yar'r. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 48. Le Grondin gris, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. IV. p. 45. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 160. Length. From fifteen to twenty inches; rarely two feet. Descript. (Form.) Body more elongated, the snout longer, and the profile less inclined than in most of the other species ; depth at the pec- torals less than one-sixth of the whole length : length of the head one- fourth: cranium very slightly hollowed out between the eyes: descending line of the profile nearly straight : emargination of the snout moderate ; each lobe with three or four well-marked denticulations : the whole of the head, as well as the shoulders, granulated : two sharp spines at the anterior angle of the orbit : supra-scapular and its terminating spine much as in the T. Hirundo : humeral and opercular spines strongly developed, much more so than in any of the foregoing species, except- ing the T. Lyra; the latter projecting four or five lines beyond the mem- brane : spines of the first dorsal very strong, especially the first three,, which are rough with granulations ; the second longest, a little exceeding the depth of the body beneath : pectorals and ventrals of equal length, botli falling short of the vent by two or three lines: D. 8 — 29; jV. 19; C. 11, besides short ones; P. 10, and 3; V. 1/5 ; lateral line broad, and sharply serrated; the scales larger than those on the rest of the body : scales on the dorsal ridges with little projecting crests, which are crenated and rough with minute granulations, but not spinous. Number of vertebrae thirty-eight. (Colours.) Above gray, clouded with brown, and more or less spotted with black and yellowish white: beneath silvery: lateral line forming a longitudinal whitish band sometimes the whole body red, or indinintr to that colour. COTTUS.] PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. 343 One of the most common species on the British coasts. Pennant states that' it sometimes attains the length of two feet and a half; it is however usually found much less. Said to keep near the bottom, preying on shells and Crustacea. According to Bloch, spawns in May and June. 15. T. Cuculus, Bl. {Red Gurnard.) — Constantly red, with a black spot on the first dorsal ; this last with the first three rays smooth, without granulations. T. Cuculus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 59. Mont, in Wem. Mem. vol. n. p. 457. Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. T. Blochii, Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. I. p. 50. Red Gurnard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 278. pi. 57. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 373. pi. 66. Le Grondin Rouge, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 48. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 160. Length. From nine to twelve inches. Descript. Distinguished from the last species, which it closely re- sembles in all its other characters, by the first three spines in the dorsal fin not being granulated, but simply with a few denticulations on the anterior edges of the first two : the crests likewise of the scales on the dorsal ridges are not crenated as in the Grey Gurnard, but entire, each terminating in a little point. Colour constantly red, with a conspicuous black spot on the upper part of the first dorsal, extending from the second to the fifth spine. From the T. Pini, it is easily distinguished, by the serratures of the lateral line, and the absence of the transverse striae. D. 8 — 19; A. 18; C. 11, besides short ones; P. 11, and 3; V. 1/5. Number of vertebrae thirty-seven. Never attains the size of the T. Gurnardus, and is not so abundant. The above description is from specimens taken at Weymouth. It is doubtful whether the Cuculus of Willughby* be this species or the T. Pirn. GEN. 5. COTTUS, Linn. 16. C. Gobio, Linn. {Bull-head.) — Head nearly smooth : preopercle armed with a single spine. C. Gobio, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 452. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 39. f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 80. Flem. Brit. An. p. 216. Bull- head, or Miller's Thumb, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 137. tab. H. 3. f. 3. River Bull-head, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol.iii. p. 216. pi. 39. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 291. pi. 43. Bowd. Brit, fr.vsat. Pish. Draw. 24. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 56. Le Chabot de riviere, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. IV. p. 106. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 162. Length. From three to four, rarely five, inches. Descript. {Form.) Head very large, occupying one-third of the whole length; as broad as long; somewhat depressed above, rounded in front : body gradually tapering from behind the nape : greatest depth beneath the first dorsal, equalling one-fifth of the entire length: gape very wide ; jaws equal; both armed, as well as the fore part of the vomer, with fine teeth like velvet : eyes small, placed on the upper part of the head, a little inclined ; somewhat nearer together in the male than in the female : head smooth, without spines, covered, as well as the whole body, * H > M . Pise . p. 281. §. 7, 344 PISCES (OSSEl) ACx\NTHOPT. [COTTUS. with a soft naked skin : preopercle only, with a single curved spine at its posterior angle, the point turning upwards ; opercle terminating behind in a Hat blunt point : lateral line nearly straight, its course at one-third of the depth ; formed by a row of small lozenge-shaped elevations of the skin, from thirty to thirty-five in number: first dorsal commencing a little behind the base of the pectorals ; all the rays somewhat soft and flexible, hut not articulated : second dorsal twice as high, and nearly three times as long, as the first; the membrane continuous from one to the other; most of the rays simple, but all Hexible and articulated : anal com- mencing a little more backward than the second dorsal, and not ex- tending so far towards the caudal : this last rounded : pectorals broad and rounded, equalling one-fourth of the entire length ; most of the rays simple, hut all articulated ; ventrals immediately under them, the first or spinous ray enveloped in a membrane, which causes it to appear longer and thicker than it really is ; D. 6 — 111; A. 13; C. 11, and some short ones; P. 14; V. 1/3. Number of vertcbrm thirty-two. {Colours.) Brownish gray, occasionally marbled with yellow and dusky spots ; belly silvery white : fins barred and varied with brown. Common in fresh waters, especially clear streams which have a gra- velly bottom. Lurks under stones, and swims with great rapidity. Swells out its head when in danger by raising the gill-covers, thus causing the former to appear broader than it is. Food, principally aquatic insects. Spawns in March and April, according to Bloch and some other authors ; but, according to Cuvier, during the months of May, June, and July. Has no air-bladder. 17- C. Scorpius, Bl. {Sea- Scorpion, or Father -las her. ) — Two erect spine.s before the eyes: preopercle with three spines; the first barely one-fifth the length of the head. C. Scorpius, Blor/i, Ichth. pi. 40. Don. Brit. Pish. vol. ii. pi. 35. Flem. Brit. An. ]i. 216. Sea-Scorpion, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. CO. Le Chaboisseau de mer commun, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. IV. p. 117. Length. Rarely exceeds eight or nine inches. Descript. {Form.) Head less depressed than in the last species ; its breadth not much more than half its length : eyes larger in proportion, situate a little nearer the nose than the nape ; the space between them concave, and not equal to their diameter : mouth large ; jaws equal : in front of the space between the eyes, two small, but sharp, erect spines: at the posterior part of the upper margin of the orbit a small tubercle, more or less pointed, whence proceeds a slightly elevated crest on each side of the occiput towards the nape, terminating there in another tubercle ; the space included between these ridges is of an oblong form approaching to square : preopercle terminating behind in a strong sharp spine directed backwards and a little upwards, its length barely one-fifth that of the head; beneath it one smaller; and at the anterior extremity of the lower margin a third still smaller, directed downwards and some- what forwards : opercle likewise ending in a sharp spine : subopercle with two small spines, one directed backwards and the other downwards : scapulars and clavicles also each with a single spine directed backwards: first dorsal commencing nearly in a line with the base of the pectorals : second immediately behind it; somewhat longer as well as higher; this COTTUS.] PISCES (OSSEIj ACANTHOPT. 345 last with all the rays simple, but Ilexible and articulated ; anal a little more backward than the second dorsal, and generally terminating nearer the caudal: pectorals very broad, rounded at the extremity; rays simple; seventh and eighth longest : ventrals narrow ; the spinous ray and first soft one so intimately united as to appear but one : U. 9 or 10 — 14 or l.'i; A. 11 ; C. 12, and some short; P. 17 ; V. 1/3. Number of vertebra; thirty-four or thirty-five. {Colours.) Reddish gray, marbled and spotted with dusky and brown ; belly whitish : fins pale, with spots and specks of brown fonning irregular transverse bars. Apparently not so abundant on the British coasts as the next species, with which it was for a long time confounded. Inhabits rocky shores, and is of solitary habits. Swells out its head when attacked, endeavour- ing to wound with the spine on the preopercle. Is very voracious, and feeds on Crustacea. Colours variable. According to Bloch, spawns in December and January. 18. C. Bubal, is, Euph. {Four-spmed Father-lasher.) — Two erect spines before the eyes: preopercle with four spines ; the first one-third the length of the head. C. Bubalis, Ciw. et Val. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 120. pi. 78. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 163. Yarr. in Zonl. Joiirn. vol. iv. p. 470. Father-lasher, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 138. tab. H. 4. f. 3. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 218. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p.294. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 63. Length. From seven to nine inches. Descript. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but differs in the following points. The head is rougher ; the space between the eyes nar- rower, and more concave ; the occipital ridges are closer together, more prominent, and very finely denticulated ; behind, they terminate each in a sharp, strong, and well-defined point; the space included between the ridges is twice as long as it is broad : the great spine on the preopercle is nearly one-third the length of the head ; beneath it are three, instead of only two, smaller ones : spine on the opercle, as well as the tubercles which form the lateral line, rough and granulated, in some cases finely denticulated : second dorsal with only eleven or twelve, very rarely thir- teen rays: anal with only nine; terminating before the second dorsal, instead of after it, as in the last species. D. ft-11 to 13; A. 9; C. 10; P. Ifi; V. 1/3. {Colours.) Similar to those of the C. Scorpio, but the belly, lower part of the sides, and membranes of the anal and pectoral fins, with a bright red tinge, rarely observed in the other species. First distinguished as British by Mr. Yarrell. Common on many parts of the coast, and having the same habits as those of the last species. Is evidently the one described by Willughby as well as Pennant, though the figure of this last author on the whole more resembles the C. Scorpio. Food, Crustacea and the fry of other fish. Spawns in January. 19- C. quadricornis, Linn. {Four-horned Father -lasher.) — Four tubercles on the occiput; preopercle with three spines. C. quadricornis, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 451, Bloch, Iclith. pi. 108. Cur. et Val. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 123. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 163. Four-horned Cottus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. r ol. i. p. 68. 346 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [Aspidophorus. Length. From ten to twelve inches. Descript. (Form.) Distin<;nished principally by four large, rough, osseous tubercles, which take the place of the four occipital spines in the C. Srorpim: head broader than in this last species; cranium broader than long, and without the lateral ridges : first infraorbital much more pitted, or hollowed out; on the second, often a small spine: preopercle with three strong spines; the uppermost longer than the others, and bending a little outwards : spine on the opercle, as well as that on the supra-scapular, likewise a little curved; this last large: scales on the lateral line, large, osseous, rectangular, with two concave impressions, one above the other : above the lateral line a row of osseous tubercles, round, a little raised in the middle, and finely granulated in streaks ; a few others scattered beneath : in most other respects the two species are similar : D. 7— U; A. 15; C. 11; P. 17; V. 1/3. Cuv. Individuals of this species, recently observed in the London market amongst Sprats from the mouth of the Thames, are now in the British Museum. Has not hitherto occurred in any other instance in our seas. Common in the Baltic, and said generally to keep near the mouths of rivers where the salt and fresh waters mix. Habits resembling those of the C. Scorpius. GEN. 6. ASPIDOPHORUS, Lmep. 20. A. cataphr actus. Nob. (Pogge.) — Dorsals con- tiguous : upper jaw longest : chin and branchiostegous membrane furnislied with numerous thread-like filaments. A. armatus, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. tom. iii. p. 222. A. Euro- paeus, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 147. Cottus cataphractus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 451. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 39. f. 1. Don.. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 16. Cataphractus Schoneveldii, Flem. Brit. An. p. 216. Pogge, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 211. tab. N. 6. f. 2, & 3. Armed Bull-head, Pe?in. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 217. pi. 39. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 293. pi. 43. Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 70. Length. From four to six inches. Descript. (Form.) Distinguished from the Cotti by the osseous ))lates on the body, which form longitudinal sharp angular ridges, and render it somewhat octagonal : head broad, and much depressed : body tapering behind : depth at the nape about one-seventh the entire length : breadth across the head one-fourth : space between the eyes concave : snout slightly recurved, and armed at its extremity with four small acute spines directed upwards: upper jaw projecting over the lower: both jaws with fine sharp velvet-like teeth : pharyngeans the same: tongue and palate smooth: infra-orbitals with three blunt tubercles on their lower margin; beyond them a sharp spine directed backwards: preopercle with a similar but larger spine; opercle small and unarmed: branchiostegous membrane, as well as the chin, furnished with numerous small fleshy filaments in the form of threads: body only octagonal from the vent to the termination of I be second dorsal and anal ; at that point the two uppermost carinaj, and the two lowermost, unite respectively to form one : and beyond, the body is hexagonal : the lateral line is first parallel to the upper series, then takes a bend opposite to the vent where the second series commences, and passing between this and the third, proceeds straight to the caudal : four uppermost carinsc rough and sharp: the four lower ones almost ScoRp,ENA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 347 smooth: first dorsal rounded; the rays flexible but not articulated: second immediately behind it; all the rays simple: anal answering; exactly to the second dorsal : Unless portion of the tail one-third of the entire lengcth : caudal rounded : pectorals also rounded, about the length of the head ; all the rays simple : ventrals immediately under them, narrow and pointed, the spinous ray closely attached to the first articulated one : D. j_6; A. 7; C. 11; P. 16; V. 1/2. {Colours.) Brown above; beneath white; more or less marked with dusky spots. Common on many parts of the coast, concealing itself in the sand, or amongst stones. Feeds on small Crustacea and marine insects. Spawns, according to Bloch, in May. GEN. 7 . SCORP.ENA, Lhm. (1. Sebastes, Cuv.) 21. S. Norveglca, Cuv. {Northern Sebastes.) — Dorsal fin with fifteen spinous and fifteen soft rays ; the longest of the spinous rays scarcely more than one-fifth the depth of tlie body. Sebastes Norvegicus, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 240. pi. 87. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 166. Serranus Norvegicus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 212. Sea-Perch, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 258. pi. 48. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 349. pi. 59. Bergylt, & Norway Had- dock, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 73. Length. Two feet and upwards. Cuv. Descript. {Form.) Resembles the PercA .• body oblong, a little com- pressed ; dorsal and ventral lines slightly convex : mouth oblique ; lower jaw longest: depth at the pectorals contained not quite three times and a half in the length ; thickness not half the depth : snout a little convex : space between the eyes flat: infra -orbitals somewhat pitted, but not armed : one small spine on tlie edge of the orbit in front ; behind it, on the cranium, three others also small : on each side of the occiput a slightly elevated crest, terminating likewise in a small spine : scapu- lar and supra-scapular each with a single spine : two on the opercle ; preopercle rounded, with five sharp, but rather short, spines ; subopercle and interopercle each also with one small spine at the point where they meet: fine velvet-like teeth in both jaws, as well as on the vomer and palatines : dorsal commencing above the supra-scapiilar ; spinous portion equalling nearly one-third of the whole length ; rays strong hut short ; soft portion only half the length of the spinous, but twice as high : anal commencing in a line with the soft portion of the dorsal; first three rays spinous, the first only half the length of the two others ; soft rays branched, twice as long as the spinous ones : caudal nearly even : pec- torals equalling one-fifth of the whole length, rounded, as broad as long ; the first ten rays branched, the rest simple : ventrals a little behind the pectorals, and not quite so long : D. 15/15; A. 3/8; C. 14; P. 19; V. 1/5: scales covering the whole head and body ; a few small ones on the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as on the caudal : lateral line parallel to the back; its course at one-fourth of the depth. Number of vertebrae thirty-one. Cuv. 348 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [Gasterosteus. This species, the Perea marina of Linna'us, frequents high latitudes, and is little known as a native of our own seas, excepting along the northern coasts of the Island. Has been met with on the coasts of Aber- deenshire and Berwickshire; also in Zetland by Dr. Fleming. Food, according to Cuvier, Crustacea and small fish. Ohs. It is very doubtful wliether the Sea-Perrh of Willughby * be referable to this species. GEN. 8. GASTEROSTEUS, Lirm. (1. Gasterosteus, Cuv.) Sides more or less jyrotected by transverse scaly plates. 22. G. acnleatns, Lirm. {Three-spined Stickleback.) — Th ree dorsal spines. G. aculeatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 489. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 53. f. 3. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i pi. 11. Flem. Brit. An. p. 219. G. trachurus, leiurus, & semiarmatus, Cuv. et Vat. Poiss. tom. iv. p. 352. pi. 98, & p. 361. G. trachurus, & gymnurus, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 170. Stickleback, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 341. tab. X. 14. f. I. Bou'd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. 20. Three-spined Stickle- back, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 261. pi. 50. no. 129. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 353. pi. 61. Length. From two to two and a half, rarely three inches. Descript. (Form..) Oval; rather elongated ; sides compressed; tail slender; dorsal and ventral lines equally convex; greatest depth about the middle, rather more than one-fifth of the entire length ; head one- fourth ; thickness a little more than half the depth : eyes large ; cranium more or less striated, the strim formed of minute granulations ; mouth protractile; when closed, the lower jaw advancing a little beyond the upper; both jaws with fine small teeth, but none on the tongue, vomer, or palatines ; opercle large and triangular, the posterior margin rounded : no true scales, but the sides protected by a series of oblong osseous plates, varying in number, disposed in transverse bands ; a similar plate, ascend- ing from the base of the ventrals, reposes on the third and fourth of the above series ; there is also another placed longitudinally on each side of the breast, and a large triangular one on the belly, having its base in a line with the ventrals, and its apex directed towards the vent; all these scaly plates more or less granulated in lines : instead of a first dorsal three free strong spines, a little distant from each other, more or less ser- rated at their edges, varying in length, but the second always longest ; first spine above the first or second of the lateral scaly plates ; second above the fourth ; the third, which is much smaller than the other two, in a line with the apex of the triangular plate on the belly ; soft dorsal commencing immediately bebind this last spine; all the rays, except the first, branched : anal about half the length of the soft dorsal, witli one short, curved, free spine immediately before the first ray ; caudal rounded : ventrals consisting of one strong serrated spine, united by a delicate mem- brane to one slender soft ray scarcely one-third of its own length : D. 3—1(1 to 13; A. 1/fi to 10; C. 12; P. 10; V. 1/1 : sides of the tail sometimes furnished with a horizontal expansion of tlic skin forming a keel. Number of vertebra* thirty-three. (Colours.} * Wsl rise. 1 '. . 32 /. Gasterosteus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 349 Back and sides olivaceous, sometimes passing into yellowish brown or dusky blue: throat and breast, in some individuals, bright fiery red: belly and flanks silvery, with a pearly lustre. Var. a. G. trachurus, Cuv. Yarr. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 522. fig. 127. a. Rough-tailed Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 76. The scaly plates extending the whole length of the sides; in number about thirty. Var. p. G. semiarmatus, Cuv. Yarr. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. in. p. 522. fig. 127. b. Half-armed Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p.80. Lateral plates extending to a vertical line joining the vent and com- mencement of the soft dorsal; in number from twelve to fifteen. Var. y. G. leiurus, Cuv. Yarr. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 522. fig. 127. c. Smooth-tailed Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 81. Lateral plates from four to six; e.xtending only as far as the pectoral fins, when these last are laid back. Var. S. G. brachycentrus, Cuv. ? Short-spined Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 82. Lateral plates not extending beyond the pec- torals; dorsal and ventral spines very short. Common throughout the country in rivers and streams, as well as in stagnant ^yaters. Is also found occasionally in the sea. Of active and lively habits. Is very voracious, and preys on worms and aquatic insects. Spawns, according to Bloch, in April and June; according to Cuvier, in July and August. Obs. The above species is subject to great variation, not only in the number of the lateral plates, but in several other less obvious respects. The former may occasionally be found of every intermediate number between that which characterizes the G. leiurus, Cuv. and that which appears in the G. trachurus of the same author. This number, moreover, is sometimes found constant in specimens which differ remarkably in other respects ; at other times, varying, when all other characters remain the same. From these circumstances combined, I feel satisfied that the above are mere varieties, notwithstanding the high authorities on which they stand recorded as distinct species. Perhaps it may be useful to state the result of a close comparison of a large number of individuals wdth each other from different localities. (1.) Specimens from the Thames, procured by W.Yarrell,Esq. These agreed in having the eyes very large; the space between rugose, with granulations disposed in lines; the teeth rather prominent; the osseous disk between the opercle and pectoral large ; the lateral plates varying in number, but well-defined and very regularly disposed ; the ventral plate narrow, more than twice as long as broad at the base ; the dorsal and ventral spines long, the latter equalling two-thirds of the depth of the body, nearly straight, and often with serrated edges ; sides of the tail generally, but not always, carinated. (2.) Specimens from Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire. Depth greater in proportion to the length than in no. 1 ; eyes much smaller ; the rugose lines between as before ; teeth similar ; osseous disk behind the opercle much smaller ; lateral plates few in number but well-defined ; ventral plate very large, its breadth at the base contained only once and a half in its length ; spines, the ventral especially, nearly as long as in the above, equally serrated, but not so straight, being slightly curved from their base; sides of the tail perfectly smooth. (3.) Specimens from the pond in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge. Eyes intermediate in size between those of nos. 1 & 2, but varying slightly in different individuals ; rugose lines on the vertex generally indistinct, sometimes wholly wanting with the exception of two, one 350 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [Gasterosteus. above each eye, which are always present; teeth varying a little, but generally smaller than in either of the above ; osseous plate behind the opercle generally larger than in the last, but seldom so large as in the Thames specimens; lateral plates varying in number, sometimes ex- tending the whole length of the sides, but generally few, and irregu- larly disposed; ventral plate about twice as long as broad at the base; spines vai-ying a little, but always much shorter (the dorsal especially) than in no. 1 ; ventrals equalling half the depth ; sides of the tail, except in one or two instances, not carinated. (4.) Specimens from the North of Ireland, procured by TV. Thompson, Esq. Of very large size, measuring full three inches. Eyes large, but less than in the Thames specimens; the space between smooth, with the e.xception of two deeply impressed lines, one above each eye ; teeth mode- rate ; osseous disk between the opercle and pectoral rather large ; lateral plates live in number, and regularly disposed; ventral plate twice as long as broad at the base, its apex very obtuse ; dorsal and ventral spines strong, but much shorter in ])ropovtion than in any of the former spe- cimens, a little curved, their margins finely serrated; sides of the tail smooth, without any trace of a keel. From the above details it will be seen how each character varies in its turn, and at the same time how little connection there is between the variation of one part and that of the others*. 23. G. spinulostis, Yarr. and Jen. (Four-spined SticMehuck.) — Four dorsal spines. Four-spined Stickleback, Edinh. New Phil. Journ. Apr. 1831. p. 386. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 83. Length. One inch and a quarter. Descript. Differs in no essential particulars from the last species, excepting in being smaller, and having an additional dorsal spine, situate half-way between the second and third of the ordinary ones ; this spine is very small, and even shorter than that which precedes the soft fin : in my specimen, there are only two lateral plates, and these not very well 8. 374 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT [Cepola. GEN. 24. CEPOLA, Linn. 48. C. rnhescens, Linn. {Red Band-Fish.) C. riibescens, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 291. pi. 17. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 105. Flem. Brit. An. p. 204. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p, 221. C. Tsonia, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 170.? Serpens ruliescens, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 118. c. 13. Red Band-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 285. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. I. p. 195. Red Snake-Fish, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 7G. Length. From ten to fifteen inches. Descript. {Form.) Long, slender, smooth, sub-pellucid, somewhat compressed, tapering gradually from the head to the tail: depth be- hind the head (in a specimen ten inches long) rather more than three- •piarters of an inch ; breadth half an inch : head not larger than the body, sloping from the eye to the end of the upper jaw: under jaw longest, sloping upwards : mouth large : both jaws with one row of distant, subulate, curved teeth at their very edge, the front ones pro- jecting forwards : eyes large, placed high on the cheeks : pectorals small, rounded : ventrals small, oval ; the first ray short and spinous, with a fila- ment adjoining longer than the other rays, and detached from them; close together, and rather before than immediately under the pectorals : dorsal commencing just behind the head, immediately above the gill- opening, and continuing uninterruptedly to unite with the caudal : anal commencing just behind the vent, which is scarcely an inch from the ventral fins, and like the dorsal, continuing the whole length to unite with the caudal: this last lanceolate, the middle ray being much the longest, and gradually shortening on each side, till the distinction is lost in the dorsal and anal fins : B. 4; D. 70; A. 01 ; C. 12; P. 16; V. 1/5: lateral line a little curved near the head, but afterwards running quite straight to the tail: skin smooth, but when examined by a lens appearing finely punctured. (Colours.) Pale carmine, darkest above and towards tbe tail; gill-covers, and undulated transverse lines along the sides, sil- very : fins of the same colour as the body, except the ventrals, which are nearly white. Mont. First noticed as a British species by Montagu, who obtained two spe- cimens from Salcomb Bay, on the south coast of Devonshire. Several others have since occurred olf Cornwall, where it is represented by Mr. Couch as being not very uncommon. In the Mediterranean it is well known. GEN. 25. MUGIL, Linn. 44). M. Ca.pifo, Cuv. {Gray Mullet.) — Maxillary visilile when the mouth is closed : orifices of the nostril near together ; the skin at the niaroin of the orbit not advancing upon the eye : scale above the pectoral .short and obtuse. Mugil.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 375 M. Capito, Cuv. Reg- An. tom. ii. p. 232. M. Cepluilus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. 1 . pi. 15. Flem. Brit. An. p. 21 7. Mullet, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 274. tab. R. 3.? Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 329. pi. 66. Gray Mullet, Yarr. Brit Fish. vol. i. p. 200. Length. From fifteen to twenty inches. Descript. {Form.) Back but little elevated: ventral line more con- vex than the dorsal : greatest depth beneath the first dorsal, about one- fourth of the whole length, excluding caudal : greatest thickness nearly two-thirds of the depth: head broad and depressed; snout short, trans- versely blunt and rounded, but vertically sharp : mouth very protractile, transverse, angular; teeth, in the jaws scarcely perceptible, on the tongue, vomer, and palatines, more developed : maxillary visible when the mouth is closed, and not retiring beneath the infra-orbital : upper lip rather thick and tieshy, margined with a number of close-set minute pectina- tions : eyes rather high up ; the skin at the anterior and posterior mar- gins of the orbit not advancing over any portion of the iride : nostrils double on each side ; the two orifices placed near together, the anterior one round, the posterior one oblong : head smooth ; all the upper part covered with large polygonal scales : scales on the body large, but smaller than the above, deciduous : first dorsal commencing about the middle : its height twice its length; spines strong ; the first two equal and longest : second dorsal considerably behind the first; its height and length the same as in that fin; all the rays except the first branched: caudal forked- anal rather in advance of the second dorsal, somewhat longer than that fin, but of the same height : pectorals about three-fourths of the length of the head ; second, third, and fourth rays longest ; all the rays except the first branched : ventrals a little behind the pectorals, close together, somewhat shorter ; first ray strongly spinous ; second soft ray longest : B. fi ; D, 4 — 9; A. 3/9; C. 14, and some short; P. 17; V, 1/5. {Colours.) Back dusky blue: sides and belly silvery ; the former marked with several parallel longitudinal dark lines. Several species of this genus are noticed by Cuvier in his “ Regne Animal”, confounded by previous authors under the general name of M. Cephalus. That ivhich occurs most abundantly in our own seas, appears to be his M. Capito, to which species he himself refers the Mullet of Willughby and Pennant*. This is not uncommon on many parts of the coast, and is often found in estuaries. Spatvns, according to Mr Couch, about Midsummer. 50. M. Chela, Cuv. {Thick-lipped Gray Mullet .) — Lips very large and fleshy, the margins ciliated ; teeth penetrating into their substance like so many hairs : maxillary curved, showing itself behind the commissure. Cuv. M. Chelo, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. n. p. 232. Thick-lipped Gray Mullet, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 207. Length. Ten inches. Couch. Probably attains a larger size. Descript. {Form.) “ Head wide, depressed : eyes (in a specimen ten inches long) one inch apart, and three-eighths of an inch from the angle * Dr. Hancock appears to have been the first of our own naturalists to remark that the Gray Mullet of the British coasts was not tlie true Mugil Cephahis. He named it M. Bnlannicut^. See Lond. Quart. Jo^irn. ofSci. 1830. p. 129, &c. 376 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Mugil. of the mouth, nut connected with any membrane : nostrils close together, and while the fish is alive, moveable on each contraction of the mouth : a prominent superior maxillary bone, minutely notched at its lower or posterior edge : upper lip protuberant and lleshy, with a thin margin minutely notched or ciliated; the lip appears behind as projecting under the maxillary : carina of the under jaw prominent and square ; edge of the lower lip fine and simple: body solid, round over the back: pectoral fins high on the side, pointed, rounded below, the first rays short : the first dorsal fin five inches and three-eighths from the snout, the origin of the first tliree rays approximate, the first ray the longest: the first two rays of the anal fin short : tail broad, concave : scales large.” {Colours.) “ Head and back greenish ; all besides silvery, with six or seven parallel lines along the sides of the same colour as the back,” Couch, as quoted by Yarr. This species would seem, from Mr. Couch's MSS. communicated to Mr. Yarrell, to be not uncommon on the coast of Cornwall. Said to be “ gregarious, frequenting harbours and the mouths of rivers in the winter months in large numbers.” It does not appear, hitherto, to have been observed by any other of our own naturalists. 51. M. curtus, Yarr. (Short Gray Mullet.) M. curtus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 210. Descript. “Length of the head compared with that of the body and tail as one to three, the proportion in the Common Gray Mullet being as one to four : the body deeper in proportion than in M. Capito, being equal to the length of the head : head wider, the form of it more tri- angular, and also more pointed anteriorly : eye larger in proportion : fin- rays longer, particularly those of the tail : the ventral fins placed nearer the pectorals ; also a ditference in the number of some of the fin-rays : D. 4— l/(f ; A. 3/8 ; C. 14 ; P. 11 ; V. 1/5. The colours of the two species are nearly alike: and in other respects, except those named, they do not dift'er materially." Yarr. A new species described by Mr. Yarrell, of which only one specimen has hitherto been obtained. This, which is probably quite young, mea- suring but little more than two inches in length, was taken, in company with the fry of the Common Gray Mullet, between Brownsey Island and South Haven, at the mouth of Poole Harbour. (8.) M. Cephalus, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 231. Whether the true M. Cephalus of Cuvier be found in the British .seas, must be left doubtful, until naturalists shall have more closely examined and compared our native species. It may, perhaps, assist in determining this point, just to point out its distinguishing characters. These consist (according to Cuvier) in the eyes being partly covered by a fatty mem- brane adhering to the anterior and posterior margins of the orbit ; in the maxillary being entirely concealed beneath the infra-orbital, when the mouth is closed ; and in the base of the pectoral fin being surmounted by a long carinated scale* ; the orifices of the nostril are also separate from each other, and the teeth are tolerably well developed. * See a representation of this scale in the vignette at the foot of page 201 of Yarrell’s British Fishes. Atherina.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 377 GEN. 26. ATHERINA, Linn. 52. A. Presbyter, Cuv. {Atherine.) — Anal with fifteen soft rays : fifty-one vertebrae. A. Presbyter, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. 11 . p. 235. A. Hepsetus, Don. Brit. Fish, vol, iv, pi. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 217. Atherine, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 328. pi. 65. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 434. pi. 76. Atherine, or Sand-Smelt, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 214. Length. From four to six inches. Descript. {Form.) Elona:ated; head and back in nearly the same horizontal line; abdomen rather more convex: greatest depth one-sixth of the entire length ; thickness two-thirds of the depth : snout short ; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper, and ascending to meet it at an angle of forty-live degrees with the axis of the body: mouth very pro- tractile; both jaws, as well as the vomer and base of the tongue, with very fine velvet-like teeth ; pharyngeans rather stronger : eyes large ; their diameter contained two and a half times in the length of the head ; distance from them to the end of the snout equalling scarcely more than half their diameter; space between, and upper part of the snout, with several longitudinal ridges and corresponding depressions : first dorsal commencing a little before the middle; its length rather less than its height; spines weak and slender; second and third longest: second dorsal remote, longer and more elevated than the first; first ray spi- nous; the rest soft; second longest: anal answering to second dorsal, but somewhat longer than that fin, commencing a little in advance of it ; caudal deeply forked : pectorals a little shorter than the head : ventrals shorter than the pectorals, and about in a line with the tips of those fins when laid back : B. 6 ; D. 7 to 9—1/12 ; A. 1/15 ; C. 17 ; P- 15 ; V. 1/5 : vent a little behind the middle. Number of vertebrae fifty-one. {Colours.) A longitudinal silver band on each side, running straight from behind the eye to the commencement of the caudal, bounded above by a narrow dusky or purplish line; breadth of the band about one-si.xth of the depth: back, and portion of the sides above the band, pellucid grayish white, freckled with black ; along the dorsal ridge an interrupted yellowish line : belly, and portion of the sides beneath the band, pellucid white, without spots : above the snout, and between the eyes, yellowish, spotted with black: fins pellucid, with minute black specks: irides silvery white. According to Cuvier, the present genus, like the last, embraces several species hitherto confounded by naturalists. Our British specimens, at least those found on the southern coast, whence the individuals were obtained which furnished the above description, appear to belong to his A. Presbyter. Not uncommon at East Bourne and Brighton, where they are termed Sand-Smelts. Taken in most abundance during the spring months. Spawn in May and June. According to Pennant and Dono- van, they are also found at Southampton and on the coast of Devonshire. Obs. The Atherine of Bloch (pi. 39L f 3.) is probably distinct from our British species. 37 « PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Blennius. GEN. 27 . BLENNIUS, Linn. (1. Blennius, Cuv.) Head with two or more tentaculiform appendages. 53. B. ocellaris, Bl. {OceUated Blenny.) — Head with two principal appendages : dorsal bilobated ; the anterior lobe iniicb elevated, marked with an ocellated spot. B. oeellaris, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 167. f. 1. Mont, in JVern. Mem. vol. II. p. 44.3. pi. 22. 1. 2. Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. ButteiHy- Fisli, IVill. Hist. Pise. p. 131. tab. H. 3. f. 2. Ocellated Bleniiy, or Butterlly-Fisli, Yar-r. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 223. Le Blennie papillon, Cuv. Beg. An. tom. ii. p. 237. Length. From four to si.\ inches. Descript. {Form.) Skle.s much compressed : greatest depth contained three times and a half in the whole length, caudal excluded : thickness rather more than half the depth : head rounded anteriorly, very obtuse ; snout short; profile nearly vertical : jaws equal : teeth numerous, closely compacted, the last in the series on each side above and below hooked, and longer than the others : eyes large, high on the cheeks ; the space between narrow and concave: above each eye a narrow tentaculiform appendage, slightly branched on its posterior margin, equalling in length one-third that of the head ; considerably behind the eyes, on each side of the occi- put, a minute membranaceous flap: lateral line proceeding from the upper angle of the opercle at one-fourth of the depth, but bending suddenly down about the middle of the body, where it alters its course to half the depth: dorsal commencing at the occiput, and extending very nearly to the caudal, with which, however, it is not continuous, as in the next spe- cies; the first eleven rays soft, but not articulated; first much longer than any of the others, and more than equalling the whole depth of the body ; the succeeding ones gradually decreasing to the eleventh, which is the shortest in the whole fin; beyond the eleventh the rays again lengthen, the twelfth being twice the length of the preceding one; all the rays in this portion of the fin articulated, but not branched: anal commencing under the twelfth ray of the dorsal, and answering to the pos- terior lobe of that fin ; the two fins terminating exactly in the same line : caudal rounded ; rays branched ; the two outermost above and below excepted: pectorals the length of the head, slightly pointed; all the rays simple : ventrals one-fourth shorter than the pectorals, narrow and pointed, of three simple rays, the middle one longer than the other two : 1). 11/15; A. 17; C. 11, and 2 short; P. 12; V. 3. {Colours.) “Pale rufous brown, mixed with bluish gray, and slightly tinged with green in some parts ; the sides of the head, throat, and branchiostegous rays, spotted with rufous brown : the dorsal fin also a little spotted and barred with olive-brown and white; between the sixth and eighth rays, a roundish purple-black spot, sometimes surrounded with white." Mont. First noticed as a British species by Montagu, who obtained three specimens from an oyster-bed at Torcross, on the south coast of Devon, in 1814. A fourth, likewise British, from which the above description was taken, is in the collection of Mr. Yarrell. This last occurred among the rocks of the Island of Portland. In one of Montagu’s examples the Blennius.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 379 ocellated spot was so ill-defined, that he was led to suspect it may some- times be altogether wanting. He observed that those in which the ocel- lated spot was most perfect, had the first dorsal ray very long. Not an uncommon species in the Mediterranean. 54. B. Gattoriigine, Mont. (Gattoriiginous Blenny.) — Head with two appendages : dorsal nearly even through- out, continuous with the caudal. B. Gattorugine, Mont, in JVern. Mem. vol. 11 . p. 447. Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Gattorugine, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 132. c. xx. tab. H. 2. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 207. pi. 35. no. 91. Gattoruginous Blenny, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 226. Length. From five to seven inches, sometimes more. Descript. {Form.) Snout not so obtuse as in the last species, the profile falling more gradually : teeth even throughout, the last in the series not longer than the others : eyes very high on the cheeks, rising above the level of the crown ; the intervening space longitudinally im- pressed with a deep sulcus, conducting to another placed transversely immediately behind the eyes ; beyond this is a slight gibbosity in front of the dorsal fin : over each eye a broad compressed tentaculiform appendage, much palmated on both its margins, in length more than one-third that of the head ; lateral line as in the B. ocellaris : dorsal extending the whole length of the body, and uniting with the base of the caudal ; nearly even throughout, having only a slight indentation about the middle; posteriorly somewhat rounded ; the first thirteen rays soft but not articu- lated, the first and thirteenth being the shortest; fourteenth one-third longer, than the preceding ; this and all the succeeding ones articulated *, but simple : anal commencing under the thirteenth ray of the dorsal, not extending quite so far as that fin, and leaving a small space between it and the caudal ; this last as in the B. ocellaris : pectorals equalling the head in length ; all the rays simple ; the two middle ones longer than the others ; ventrals of only two simple articulated rays, without even the rudiment of a third ; the inner ray longer and stouter than the outer one : D. 13/20 ; A. 23; C. 11, and two short; P. 14; V. 2. {Colours.) “Plain rufous brown, without any markings, paler on the belly, as far as the vent : throat and fins orange-red, except the base of the dorsal and pectorals : irides, and cirrhi over the eyes, orange.” Mont. The species of this genus, especially the British ones, have hitherto been but ill-determined. There is reason to believe that two or more have been confounded under the name of B. Gattorugine. The above description, from a specimen taken at Weymouth, appears to agree with the Gattorugine of Willughby and Pennant, which is probably quite distinct from the species described by Linnaeus under that namet. It also accords with the B. Gattorugine of Montagu, and of Fleming, who copies from him, but not with that of Donovan, as hereafter shown. Ap- parently not very common, at least on all parts of the coast. Pennant's specimen was taken on the coast of Anglesea : Montagu's in a crab-pot on the south coast of Devon. Others have since occurred in Cornwall to Mr. Couch. Mr. Yarrell has also specimens from Poole Harbour, and from other localities on the south coast. * The articulations .Me not easily seen, except the membrane investing the rays be dissected off, and the fin viewed against a strong light. t On this point, see BulL d.cs Sci. Nat. 1828. tom. xv. no. 120. 380 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT [B LENNIUS. (9.) B. Gattorugine, Don. Brit. Fish, vol iv. pi. 86. B. Gattoru- gine, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 442.? Bloch, Ichth. pi. 167. 1’. 2 ? Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 92. “ The anterior half of the lateral line double ; its lower limb extending in a straight direction from the gills to the tail ; midway between this and the back is an arched lateral line originating at the hind part of the head, and curving down to the former, with which it is united a little behind the tip of the pectoral fin : I). 32 : P. 13 ; \ . 2, of nearly ecpial length, with a very small lateral appendage; A. 20: C. 12; the rays of the tail branched : all the rest simple or undivided.” Dox. The double lateral line, the small lateral appendage to the ventrals forming a kind of third ray, and the four palmated membranes on the head, clearly characterize this as a distinct species from either of the two last, supposing Donovan’s figure and description to be correct. The four appendages on the head associate it with the li. Oult. of Jdnnaaus and Bloch, 'fhe double lateral line is probably an error. Bloch and Turton describe the lateral line as straight. In the B. Gattorugine of this work it is curved. Donovan does not state whence his specimen was obtained. 55. E. palmicornis, Cuv. {Crested Ble^iny.) — Head witli four appendages : dorsal even tliroughout, continuous with the caudal: ventrals very small. B. palmicornis, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 237. B. Galerita, Fleni. Brit. An. p. 207. B. Pennantii, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 24. sp. 54. Cre.sted Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zonl. vol. iii. pi. 35. no. 90. but not p. 206. Yarr. Brit. Fi.sti. vol. i. p. 233. Length. Four or live inches. Descript. {Form.) Much more elongated than either of the pre- ceding species : depth, which is tolerably uniform throughout, equalling not more than one-seventh of the entire length : body considerably com- pressed ; snout short and obtuse ; the profile descending in a curve : “outline ol' the mouth, when viewed from above, forming a semicircle; viewed laterally, the angle of the mouth is depressed," the lower jaw ascending to meet the upper: gape rather wide ; “ lips capable of exten- sive motion ; " teeth small and short ; rather irregularly disposed, and not all exactly of the same length : eyes high on the cheeks, but not elevated above the crown : the intervening space Hat, ornamented with four fimbriated tentaculiform appendages; the first pair of appendages are placed, one at the anterior margin of each eye, and are connected at the base by a low transverse membrane or fold of the skin ; the second pair, which are twice the length of the first, and rather more fimbriated, are placed further back near the posterior margins of the eyes: “ nape of the neck, and for some dkstance towards the commencement of the dorsal fin, the skin is smooth, with the exception of various small papillae:” orbits surrounded by a circle of large, open, conspicuous pores : a row of similar pores at the upper part of the opercle, falling in with the commencement of the lateral line: dorsal commencing m a line with the upper angle of the opercle, and extending quite to the caudal, with which it is conti- nuous ; its height, which is uniform throughout, equalling rather more than half the depth of the body ; tlie first ray a little shorter than the second ; all the rays simple, and apparently all spinous or inarticulated, their extreme tips projecting beyond the connecting membrane ; the first three, however, accompanied by short filamentous prolongations of the membrane, which extend further than Ihemselves : anal commencing in a line with the fourteenth ray of the dorsal, and extending, like that fin, Blennius] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 381 quite to the caudal ; the first ray onl)- half the length of the second ; the second a little shorter than the third ; this last and the rest nearly equal, and of about the same length as the dorsal fin-rays, the ends, however, projecting further, the connecting membrane not being so deep : caudal rounded, with the principal rays branched : pectorals a little shorter than the head, also rounded : ventrals very small, consisting of only three rays, the longest being scarcely more than one-third the length of the head : number of fin-rays ; D. 51 ; A. 37 ; C. 14, and some short ones; P. 14 ; V. 3. {Colours.) “General colour of the body and fins pale brown, mottled on the sides with darker brown; the head, the anterior part of the body, the ventral and pectoral fins, being darker than the other parts.” Yarr. Of this species, I have only seen the specimen, taken at Berwick-upon- Tweed, which has been already described by Mr. Yarrell, and which was kindly lent me for examination. To that gentleman we are indebted for having cleared up some part of its history. It is probably the same as the B. Galerita of Dr. Fleming, which was found by him in Loch Broom. It is also clearly identical with Pennant's figure of the Crested Blenny, but the description of that spedes, in the “ British Zoology,” is in part borrowed from "Willughby, and belongs to the Alauda cristata of that author, which last I am inclined to think is synonymous with the next species. Head with one principal, transverse, crest-like, appendage. 56. B. Galerita, Mont. {Montagu’s Blenny.) B. Galerita, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 98. pi. 5. f. 2. Alauda cristata sive Galerita, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 134. B. Montagui, Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Diminutive Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 277. Montagu's Blenn)', Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. I, p. 219. Length. From one and a half to two and a half inches. Mont. Descript. “Body rather more slender than the Smooth Blenny: head much sloped ; eyes high up, approximating, gilded ; the upper lip furnished with a bony plate that projects at the angles of the mouth into a thin lamina that turns downwards, the ends of which are orange- coloured ; on the top of the head, between the eyes, a transverse, fleshy, fimbriated membrane; the fimbria; of a purplish brown colour, tipped with white : nostrils furnished with a minute bifid appendage : behind the crest several minute, erect, filiform appendiculee, between that and the dorsal fin, placed longitudinally : lateral line considerably curved near the head : pectorals large and ovate, of twelve rays, reaching as far as the vent : ventrals, two unconnected rays ; dorsal extending from the head to the tail, of thirty rays, and appearing like two distinct fins, by reason of the slope to the thirteenth ray, which is not above half the length of the anterior ones, and the sudden elongation of the four- teenth ray ; this fin is very broad, and in one specimen there was an ovate black spot between the first and second ray, and another obscure one between the next rays, but this is not a constant character: anal fin equally broad, and extending from the vent to the tail, consisting of eighteen rays usually margined with black, and tipped with white: caudal slightly rounded, composed of fourteen rays. D. 30; A. 18; C. 14; P. 12; V. 2. 382 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Blennius. The colour above generally olive-green spotted with pale blue shaded to white ; the belly white, and the pectoral fins spotted with orange.” Mont. Montagu observes that this species is occasionally taken, with the B. Gattorugine and B. Pholis, among the rocks on the south coast of Devon, in the pools left by the receding tide. Several specimens seem to have been noticed by him. It has also occurred to Mr. Couch in Corn- wall ; but none of our other naturalists appear to have met with it. I see no reason for supposing it distinct from the Alauda cristata of Willughby, the Galerita of Rondeletius, although not the same as the B. Galerita of Linnaeus, who (as Mr. Yarrell has pointed out) has confounded this spe- cies with that which has been since termed by Cuvier B. palmicornis. Should the contrary hereafter appear, it will then be proper to exchange the name of Galerita for that of Montagui, first adopted by Fleming. Head without appendages. 57. B. Pholis., Linn. {Smooth Blemiy, or Shan .) — Dorsal notclietl in the middle ; not continuous with the caudal. B. Pholis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 443. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 71. f. 2. Don. Brit. Pish. vol. iv. pi. 79. Alauda non cristata, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 133. c. xxi. tab. H. 6. f. 2. Pholis laevis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 207. Smooth Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 208. pi. 36. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 280. pi. 40. Shanny, or Smooth Shan, Yair. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 230. Baveuse com- mune, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 238. Length. From four to five inches. Descript. {Form.) Thicker anteriorly than the B. Gattorugine ; the head less compressed ; the body not quite so deep : depth contained a little more than four times in the whole length, caudal excluded : thick- ness two-thirds of the depth : snout short and obtuse ; profile almost ver- tical : teeth crowded, with one or two longer than the others, and hooked, at the end of each series above and below : eyes smaller, and not so high on the cheeks as in B. Gattorugine ; the space between wider, with only a very slight longitudinal depression : no appendages on the head of any kind, or trUnsverse sulcus on the nape, which last part is rather convex : lateral line similar, taking a sweep over the pectorals: dorsal commencing at a greater distance from the end of the snout by one-fourth, and ter- minating a little before it reaches the caudal ; first ray a little shorter than the second ; fifth, sixth, and seventh, slightly the longest, equalling not quite half the depth ; eighth and following ones decreasing to the twelfth, which is the shortest in the whole fin, and only half the length of the thirteenth, or first of the articulated rays ; rest of the fin nearly even : anal answering to the posterior portion of the dorsal, but terminating a little sooner, leaving a larger space between it and the caudal: pectorals rather more rounded than in the B. Gattorugine, the middle rays being not so much elongated : ventrals rather shorter, of only two rays, the inner one longest: B. 6; D. 12/19; A. 20 ; C. 11, and 4 short; P. 13; V. 2. {Colours.) Marbled and variegated with dusky and olive-brown, occa- sionally more or less spotted with white : rays of the anal always tipped with this last colour. Blennius.] • PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 383 The most common species in the genus. Found on many parts of the coast, lurking beneath stones and sea-weed near low-water mark. Is tenacious of life, and will live for some time out of the water. Said to feed on small Crustacea and marine worms. Spawns in Summer. (2. Gunnellus, Flem.) 58. B. Gimnellus, Linn. {Spotted Gunnel.) — A row of dark ocellated spots along the base of the dorsal fin. B. Gunnellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 443. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 71. f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 27. Gunnellus Cornubiensium, Will. Hi.st. Pi.sc. p. 115. c. ix. tab. G. 8. f. 3. G. \-ulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 207. Spotted Blenny, Pe?in. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 210. pi. 35. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 282. pi. 39. Spotted Gunnel, or Butter-Fish, Farr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 239. Length. From six to eight, rarely ten, inches. Descript. {Form.) Body elongated, and very much compressed throughout ; greatest depth rather exceeding one-eighth of the entire length : thickness half the depth : head and back in one horizontal line ; the former small, not more than one-ninth of the whole length, excluding caudal : snout more pointed than in the true Blennies ; mouth small ; lower jaw sloping considerably upwards; teeth minute: eyes placed rather high ; the space between forming an elevated ridge : nape, be- hind the eyes, a little depressed : dorsal fin commencing a little behind the nape, at a distance from the end of the snout equalling one-eighth of the entire length, and extending quite to the caudal, with which it is continuous; all the rays simple and inarticulated, flexible, of the same height throughout, equalling scarcely more than one-sixth of the depth, projecting a little beyond the connecting membrane; anal commencing at about the middle of the whole length, likewise continuous with the caudal ; the first two rays spinous ; the rest articulated and branched : caudal rounded, with fifteen branched rays, and six simple ones shorter than the others, four above and two below: pectorals short, scarcely more than half the depth, rounded ; all the rays articulated, and, except the first and last, branched : ventrals extremely small, scarcely one-third the length of the pectorals, reduced to a single spine united to one small soft ray of about its own length : D. 77 ; A. 2/40 ; C. 15, and C ; P.12; V. 1/ 1 : vent exactly in the middle. {Colours.) Deep olive, with a row of dark ocellated spots, varying in number, but generally from ten to twelve, along the line of the back, extending partly on to the dorsal fin ; belly whitish : pectorals yellow. Variety. Purple Blenny, Low, Faun. Ore. p. 203. “ Reddish purple ; fins lightest. Likewise wants the spots on the back ; instead of eleven, has only a single one, and that placed near the beginning of the back fin." Low. Not uncommon ; particularly off the coasts of Cornwall and Anglesea. Habits similar to those of the last species, 384 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [ZOARCES. GEN. 28. ZOARCES, Cuv. 59 . Z. vivipams, Cuv. {Vivijiarous Blenny.') Z. viviparus, Ctw. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 240. Blennius viviparus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 443. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 72. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. II. pi. 34. Mustela vivipara, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 122. tab. H. 3. f. 5. Gunnellus vivipams, Mem. Brit. An. p. 207. Viviparous Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 211. pi. 37. Id. (Ed. 1812.) vol. 111 . p. 283. pi. 41. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 243. Length. From ten to twelve, rarely fifteen, inches. Descript. (Form.) Slender, elongated : body sub-cylindric anteriorly, compressed and tapering behind : skin smooth and naked ; head small, equalling about one-sixth of the entire length : snout blunt ; upper jaw thick, projecting a little beyond the lower: teeth conical, sharp, very minute: lateral line indistinct; its course straight, at half the depth of the body: dorsal commencing at the nape and extending the whole length, nearly even till just before its union with the caudal, where it becomes suddenly depressed and appears notched ; all the rays soft and articulated, but simple: anal commencing a little before the middle, even throughout, also uniting with the caudal : this last rounded : pectorals large and rounded: ventrals jugular, very small and narrow, of three rays : B. fi ; D., A. and C., about 150 ; P. 18 ; V. 3. (Colours.) Back and sides yellowish brown, stained and spotted with dusky : a series of dark spots more or less well-defined along the dorsal fin : under parts, and anal, yellowish. Found on many parts of the coast both in England and Scotland. Stated by Pennant to be common in the mouth of the river Esk at Whitby, Yorkshire. Keeps at the bottom, lurking beneath stones. Feeds on small crabs. Is ovoviviparous. The young, according to Bloch, from two to three hundred in number, are excluded in the month of June. GEN. 29. ANARRHICHAS, Linn. 60. A. Lupus, Linn. {Wolf-Fish.) A. Lupus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 430. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 74. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 24. Mem. Brit. An. p. 208. Wolf- Fish, Wm. Hist. Pise. p. 130. c. xviii. tab. H. 3. f. 1. Ravenous Wolf-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 151. pi. 24. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 201. pi. 27. Wolf-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 247. Length. From four to six feet; sometimes more. Descript. (Form.) “ Head a little flatted on the top : nose blunt ; nostrils very small ; eyes small, and placed near the end of the nose : fore- teeth strong, conical, diverging a little from each other, standing far out of the jaws ; commonly six above, and the same below, though sometimes only five in each jaw ; these are supported within side by a row of lesser teeth, which makes the number in the upper jaw seventeen or eighteen, in the lower eleven or twelve: grinding teeth of the under jaw higher on the outer than the inner edges, which inclines their surfaces inward; they join to the canine teeth in that jaw, but in the upper are separate from them; in the centre are two rows of flat strong teeth, fixed on an Gobius.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 385 oblong' basis upon the bones of the palate and nose : body long, a little compressed ; skin smooth and slippery : pectorals consisting of eighteen rays : dorsal extending from the hind part of the head almost to the tail ; the rays in the fresh fish not visible : anal extending as far as the dorsal; caudal rounded, of thirteen rays. {Colours.) Sides, hack, and fins, of a livid lead-colour ; the first two marked downwards with irregular obscure dusky lines : these in different fish have different appearances. Young of a greenish cast.” Penn. A powerful and ferocious species, most abundant in the northern parts of the globe, where it is said to attain to a larger size than in the British seas. Not unfrequently met with off the coasts of Scotland and York- shire. Feeds on shell-fish and Crustacea, which it readily crushes by means of its strong molars. According to Pennant, is full of roe in February, March, and April, and spawns in May and June. GEN. 30. GOBIUS, Linn. 61. G. 7iiger, Linn. {Black Goby.) — Dorsals con- tiguous : lower jaw a very little the longest : distance between the eyes not equal to their diameter. G. niger, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 449. Sea-Gudgeon, IFill. Hist. Pise. p. 206. tab. N. 12. f. 1. Black Goby, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 213. pi. 38. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 251. Le Boulereau noir, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 243. Length. From four to five, rarely six, inches. Descript. {Form.) Elongated, the anterior extremity depressed, the posterior compressed and tapering : depth one-sixth of the entire length ; thickness more than three-fourths of the depth : line of the back nearly sti-aight ; abdominal line bellying a little behind the ventral fins : head rather large, as broad as the body, somewhat more than one-fourth of the whole length ; snout blunt and rounded ; gape wide ; lower jaw a very little the longest: fine card-like teeth, in several rows, the inner rows much smaller than the outer : eyes large, placed on the upper part of the head, approximating ; the distance between barely three-fourths of their diameter : gill-opening much contracted : head naked ; marked on the cheeks and before the eyes with several dotted lines, consisting of very minute papillae : from the occiput to the first dorsal a shallow groove : body covered with large scales of a semicircular form, the free edges of which are finely ciliated : lateral line straight along the middle, rather indistinct: first dorsal commencing at one-third of the whole length, excluding caudal; spines very slender and flexible, a little unequal in height; fourth longest, equalling three-fourths of the depth; from the last ray the membrane passing on, falls gradually till it terminates at the base of the first ray in the second dorsal : this last with fourteen rays, nearly of equal height, the middle ones somewhat exceeding the others, equalling the longest of the spinous rays ; all articulated, and, except the first, branched : anal answering to second dorsal, but commencing a little nearer the tail, and not extending quite so far ; rays similar : caudal rounded ; rays branched : pectorals the length of the head, of an oval- oblong form, with the middle rays longest ; all the rays branched : vent- rals forming by their union a funnel-shaped cavity ; rays very unequal ; the central ones, which are longest, somewhat shorter than the pectorals : B. 5; D. 6 — 14 ; A. 12 ; C. 13, and some short; P. 19 ; V. 10, when united : Bb 386 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [GoBIUSo vent exactly in the middle; immediately behind it a little conical papilla. {Colours.) Deep olive-brown, variegated with dusky spots and streaks: dorsals dusky brown, variegated with whitish. Found on many parts of the coast, but not in any abundance. Some- times called Rock-Fish, from the power which they are said to possess of affixing themselves to the rocks by means of their united ventrals, though, according to Fleming, these fins are not capable of acting as a sucker. It is probable that under the name of Gobius niger several species have been confounded. That figured by Bloch is evidently dis- tinct from our British one, differing from it in having sixteen rays in the second dorsal, and the jaws of equal length. The G. niger of Donovan and Fleming refers to the next species. 62. G. bipunctatus, Yarr. {Two-spotted Goby.) — Dorsals nearly contiguous : lower jaw considerably the longest : distance between the eyes more than equal to their diameter. G. bipunctatus, Yarr. Brit. Fi.sh. vol. i. p.255. G. niger, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 104. Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Length. From two to four inches. Descript. {Form.) General form resembling that of the last spe- cies, but rather more elongated in proportion to the depth: eyes fur- ther asunder, and placed more laterally ; the distance between them rather more than equal to their diameter : head moderately depressed : lower jaw considerably more projecting: dorsals not approximating quite so nearly ; the first with a ray more ; the second with three (in Donovan’s two) less ; posterior rays of this last rather the longest. In other respects the forms of the two species are similar. D. 7—11; A. 11 ; C. 12, and 2 short; P. 18; V. 12. {Colours.) Testaceous, or yellowish white, all the scales on the back and upper part of the sides edged with brown ; towards the top of the back this last colour prevails almost entirely : on the lateral line, beneath the commencement of the first dorsal, a conspicuous black spot; a similar one on each side of the base of the caudal fin : fins grayish white, with obsolete dusky bars. Perhaps more common than the last species, with which it has, until lately, been confounded. The above description is taken from a speci- men in the collection of Mr. Yarrell. Donovan’s was from the coast of Devonshire. 63. G. minutus, Pall. {Spotted Goby.) — Dorsals remote; the second with the fourth and succeeding rays gradually decreasing: eyes closely approximating. G. minutus, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1199. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. II. pi. 38. Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Spotted Goby, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 215. pi. 37. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 258. Le Boulereau blanc, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 243. Length. From two to three inches. Descript. {Form.) More elongated and tapering than the G. niger, and not so much compressed : greatest depth, in the region of the pec- Gobius.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 387 torals, contained six times and a half in the entire length : thickness the same as the depth: head depressed; snout short; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper : eyes full and prominent, closely approximating on the upper part of the head, the space between reduced to a shallow groove, less than one-fourth of their diameter: opercle large, of an irregular square form, with the lower angle rounded off; the ascending margin nearly vertical ; reaching nearly to the base of the rays of the pectorals : scales small: first dorsal with the first four rays nearly equal ; fifth and sixth decreasing; all inclining backwards: space between the dorsals equalling half the depth of the body : second dorsal with the first ray a little shorter than the second ; second, third, and fourth, equal and longest ; the succeeding rays gradually decreasing to the last, which is scarcely more than half the length of the third and fourth : anal answer- ing to the second dorsal, commencing and terminating nearly in the same line ; the rays, however, with the exception of the first, which is much shorter than the others, more nearly of a height : caudal nearly even. B. 5; D. fi_ll; A. 12; C. 13, and 2 short; P. 20; V. 12. {Colours.) Yellowish white, and somewhat pellucid; the back and sides obscurely spotted and mottled with ferruginous; three or four of these spots, larger than the others, are placed at intervals on the lateral line ; that which is most distinct being just at the base of the caudal : rays of the caudal and dorsal fins spotted with the same colour, giving the appearance of transverse bars when the fins are close ; anal and ventrals plain : opercle with silvery reflections. Common on many parts of the coast where it is sandy, and often taken in the shrimp-nets. Is probably, however, frequently confounded with the next species. Pennant considers it as the Aphua Cobites of Wil- lughby, but as this last is represented as having seventeen rays in the second dorsal, this opinion is probably incorrect. 64. G. gracilis, Jenyns. {Slender Goby.) — Dorsals remote ; the second with the posterior rays longest : eyes closely approximating. G. gracilis, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 25. sp. 63. Slender Goby, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 260. Length. Three inches two lines. Descript. (Form.) Closely resembling the last species, but more elongated and slender throughout: greatest depth barely one-seventh of the whole length : snout rather longer : opercle approaching more to triangular, the lower angle being more cut away, and the ascending margin more oblique ; a larger space between it and the pectorals : the two dorsals further asunder: rays of the second dorsal longer; these rays also gradually increasing in length, instead of decreasing, the pos- terior ones being the longest in the fin, and rather more than equalling the whole depth : rays of the anal in like manner longer than in the G. minutus : D. 6—12 ; A. 12 ; C. 13, and 2 short ; P. 21 ; V. 12 : in all other respects similar. (Colours.) Also resembling those of the last, with the exception of the anal and ventral fins, which are dusky, approaching to black in some places, instead of plain white, as in the G. minutus. B B 2 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTIIOPT. [Callionymus. Apparently a new species ; though probably of not less frequent occur- rence than the last, with which it may be easily confounded. My spe- cimens were obtained from Colchester, and were supposed to have been taken somewhere off the Essex coast. GEN. 31. CALLIONYMUS, Linn. 65. C. Lyra, Linn. {Gemmeous Dragonet.) — Distance from the end of the snout to tlie posterior margin of the orbit, and thence to the first dorsal fin-ray, equal ; first ray of the first dorsal greatly prolonged. C. Lyra, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 433. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 161. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 9. Flem. Brit. An. p. 208. Dracun- culus. Will. Hist. Pise. p. 136. tab. H. 6. f. 3. Gerameous Dragonet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. m. p. 164. pi. 27. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 221. pi. 31. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 261. Le Savary ou Doucet, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 247. Length. From nine to twelve inches. Descript. (Foi'm.) Head depressed, oblong-triangular, broader than the body, equalling one-fourth of the entire length : body elongated, gradually tapering from the nape to the caudal ; eyes approximating, directed upwards, removed twice their diameter from the end of the snout; the distance from the end of the snout to the posterior margin of the orbit equalling the distance from this last point to the first dorsal fin-ray : gape wide : intermaxillary very protractile ; upper jaw longest ; both jaws with velvet-like teeth; none on the vomer or palatines: pre- opercle prolonged backwards, and terminating in three short but strong spines, the two innermost of which are directed upwards : opercle con- cealed beneath the investing skin, which is carried all round and nearly closes the branchial aperture, leaving only a small round hole on each side of the nape for the egress of the water : lateral line at first slightly descending, but afterwards straight : skin smooth and naked : first dorsal commencing at a little less than one-third of the whole length, caudal excluded ; first ray prolonged into a slender filament, varying in length, but often reaching, when laid back, to the base of the caudal ; the three succeeding rays much shorter, and rapidly decreasing, the last scarcely equalling the depth of the body ; membrane of the fin extending beyond the last ray, and terminating at the base of the first ray in the second dorsal : this last fin three times as long as the first ; all the rays arti- culated but simple ; of moderate and nearly equal height, the last two only being a little the longest : both dorsals rise from a shallow groove which is continued on to the caudal : this last rounded ; the uppermost ray and the two lowermost simple, the rest branched : anal similar to the second dorsal, hut placed rather more backward, and with the rays not quite so long : pectorals somewhat pointed ; the middle rays longest ; all, except the first, branched ; ventrals jugular, very far asunder, broader than the pectorals, to which they are partly united at the base by a membrane; first ray short and spinous; articulated rays very much branched : D. 4— 10; A. 9; C. 10, and 2 short ; P.20; V. 1/6: vent rather before the middle; furnished with a conical papilla as in the last genus. [Colours.) “ Predominant colour a fine pellucid brown, with Lophius.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT 389 marks and spots of pale blue, white, yellow, and black, disposed with peculiar elegance, especially about the head and dorsal fin : ventrals dark purple, finely contrasting with the pellucidity and whiteness of the pectorals: throat black.” Don. Found on many parts of the coast, but seldom in any plenty. Pennant states that it is not unfrequent off Scarborough, where it is taken by the hook in thirty or forty fathoms water. Obs. Both Willughby and Bloch represent this species with all the rays of the first dorsal nearly equally elongated. In our British specimens it is only the first ray which is so extraordinarily developed. This circumstance seems to suggest the possibility of their species being different from ours. 66. C. Dracunculus, Linn. (Sordid Dragonet.) — Distance from the end of the snout to the posterior margin of the orbit only half that from the eye to the first dorsal fin-ray : first ray of the first dorsal moderate. C. Dracunculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 434. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 162. f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 84. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89. Sordid Dragonet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 167. pi. 28. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 224. pi. 32. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 266. Length. From six to eight and a half inches ; rarely more. Descript. {Form.) Differs from the C. Lyra, which it closely resem- bles, in the following particulars : head shorter, and more decidedly tri- angular : eyes removed from the end of the snout by a space equalling not more than once their diameter; the distance from the end of the snout to the posterior margin of the orbit equalling only half the distance from this last point to the first dorsal fin-ray : gape much smaller ; lateral line not so strongly marked : first dorsal with the first ray only one- third longer than the second, not prolonged into an extended filament. Number of fin-rays, D. 4 — 10; A. 10 ; C. 10, and a short one; P. 21 ; V. 1/5. {Colours.) Back and sides reddish brown, sometimes cinereous brown, mottled with darker spots ; lower portion of the sides with a faint gloss of metallic gold : beneath white, with the posterior half pellucid : irides pale gold. Considered by Neill* and Fleming-t as only the female of the last species. This seems, however, hardly probable, from its being of much more fre- quent occurrence than the C. Lyra, invariably smaller, and with the colours very different. Common on most parts of the coast, and, when small, often taken in the shrimp-nets. Is sometimes called a Fox. GEN. 32. LOPHIUS, Linn. 67- L. piscatorius, Linn. {Common Angler.) L. piscatorius, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 402. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 87. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 101. Flem. Brit. An. p. 214. Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xi. pi. 422. Rana pisca- trix, IFill. Hist. Pi.sc. p. 85. tab. E. 1. Common Angler, Penn. * rv'crn. Mem. vol. i. p. 520. t Brit. An. p. 208. 390 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Lophius. Brit. ZooL vol. in. p. 120. pi. 18. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 159. pi. 21. Fishing-Frog, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 269. La Baudroye commune, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 251. Length. From three to five feet. Descript. (Form.) Head enormously large, occupying more than one-third of the entire length, broad and very much depressed: body tapering suddenly from behind the pectorals : snout obtuse and rounded ; ^pe excessively wide; lower jaw considerably the longest, fringed along its edge with numerous short filaments : teeth conical, of various lengths and sizes, numerous and very sharp ; two closely approximating rows in the lower jaw ; the same above, but more widely separated ; palatines, pha- ryngeans, and middle of the tongue, likewise bristling with teeth : eyes moderate, placed towards the upper part of the head, equally distant from the end of the snout and from each other : orbits above the eyes armed with a number of tooth-like processes, which forming two rows extend backwards to meet on the nape, but do not project through the skin: also two erect spines on each side of the end of the snout : gill-opening in the form of a wide, loose, purse-like cavity immediately beneath the pectorals ; opercle small, not appearing externally : skin every-where soft and naked : above the nose, in front of the eyes, two long erect filamentous processes, one before the other, nearly half the length of the head ; further down the mesial line, and about as far behind the eyes as the above are before them, another single filament about one-fourth shorter; after the same interval again two others about half the length of the first ones, and a third very short one; these three are sometimes connected at the base by a low membrane, forming a first dorsal ; second dorsal commencing after a similar interval taken the third time, of a somewhat semicircular form, its length twice its height and half the length of the head; membrane enveloping the rays thick and fleshy, extending beyond the fin nearly to the caudal ; this last even : pectorals in a line with the first of the three posterior dorsal filaments, of an oblong form, the rays of equal length, appearing truncated; their length one-third that of the head: anal similar to the second dorsal, but placed a little nearer the caudal : ventrals a little before the pectorals : the distance between them equalling their own length : B. 6; D. 2—1—3—11 ; A. 9 or 10; C. 7 or 8; P. 24 to 26; V. 5. ' {Colours.) All the upper parts brown, inclining to dusky; beneath white. Taken occasionally on most parts of the coast. Keeps wholly at the bottom, and is very destructive to other fish. Has no swimming-bladder. Obs. Cuvier speaks of another species belonging to this genus, which may possibly also occur in the British seas. It is principally charac- terized by having the second dorsal less elevated, and only twenty-five vertebrae, the present species hanng thirty. (10.) L. Cornubicus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. p. 381. Fishing-Frog of Mount' s Bay, Borl. (jornw. p. 266. pi. 27. f. 6. Long Angler, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 123. In the opinion of Cuvier this supposed species is only an altered indi- vidual of the common one*. “ Found on the shore of Mount’s Bay, Aug. 9, 17.57." Bori.. » Tlie same may probably be said of the Rano PisialrLr, fimired in Lcieh's “ Natural History of Lancashire, " cSiC. (p. 1^. pi. 6. f. 5.) Labrus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT, 301 GEN. 33. LABRUS, Limi. (1. Labrus, Cuv.) * Dorsal ivith twenty or twenty-one spinotis rays. 68. L. maculatus, Bloch. {Ballan Wrasse.) — Ascend- ing margin of the preopercle oblique : soft portion of the dorsal more than twice the height of the spinous : dorsal and anal terminating nearly in the same line. L. maculatus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 294. L. Tinea, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. XI. pi. 426. Id. Gen. Zool. vol. iv. p. 499. pi. 72. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. IV. pi. 83. L. Balanus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 209. Ballan Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 246. pi. 44. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 334. pi. 55. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 275. La Vieille tachetee, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 255. Length. From twelve to eighteen inches. Descript. {Form.) Oblong-oval, narrowing at the tail beyond the termination of the dorsal and anal fins : body thick and bulky : depth one-fourth of the entire length: back not much elevated; dorsal line nearly straight from the commencement of the dorsal fin backw'ards, but in advance of that point falling gradually to the snout; no depres- sion at the nape : head one-fourth of the whole length, caudal excluded : snout short and conical : mouth very protractile ; lips double, the anterior pair thick and tleshy, and partially reflexed, shewing the teeth : jaws equal : teeth rather small, conical, the anterior ones longest, amounting to about eighteen in each jaw : distance from the eye to the end of the snout equalling twice the diameter of the eye ; space between the eyes convex, without any depression or sulcus, equalling two diameters and a half: preopercle with the ascending margin inclined, this last forming with the basal margin an obtuse angle: lateral line bending a little downwards beneath the termination of the dorsal fin; its previous course nearly straight at one-third of the depth : dorsal com- mencing at a distance from the end of the snout equalling one-fourth of the entire length ; space occupied by the fin nearly equalling half the entire length ; spinous portion three-fourths of the whole, the height of this part one-fourth of the depth of the body; soft portion more than twice the height of the spinous : anal commencing in a line with the soft portion of the dorsal, and terminating also nearly in the same line with that fin; first three rays spinous, stronger than the dorsal spines, shorter than the soft rays which follow : caudal slightly rounded ; its base scaly, beyond which are rows of scales between the rays for one-fourth of their length : pectorals rounded, two-thirds the length of the head : ventrals a little shorter : all the fins very stout; the membranes enveloping the rays thick and lleshy : D. 20/11 ; A. 3/9 ; C. 13 ; P. 15 ; V. 1/5. {Colours.) Back and sides bluish green, becoming paler on the belly ; all the scales margined with orange-red : head and cheeks bluish green, reti- culated with orange-red lines ; lips flesh-colour ; irides bluish "green : all the fins greenish blue, with a few scattered red spots ; the dorsal with spots along the base only ; the blue on the caudal passing into dusky at the tip. 392 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Labrtis. Not an uncommon species in the British seas. Pennant and Donovan obtained their specimens from Scarborough; where, according to the former author, “ they appear during Summer in great shoals off Filey- Bridge; the largest weighing about five pounds.” Donovan states that he has also received it from Cornwall ; from the Skerry Islands, north of Anglesea, and from Scotland. Mr. Yarrell mentions various parts of the Irish coast, the eastern coast of England, and the shores of Dorsetshire and Devonsliire, as other localities for this species. The description given above is that of a specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society, from the London market. Frequents rocky ground, and feeds principally on Crustacea. Spawns, according to Mr. Couch, in April. Obs. The colours in this, and in all the other species of this family, are liable to much variation. 69- L. lineatus, Don. {Streaked Wrasse.) L. lineatus, Don. Brit. Pish. vol. iv. pi. 74. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Flem. Brit. An. p. 209. L. Psittacus, Riss. Hist. Nat. de I'Eur. Mirid. tom. iii. p. .304.? Green- streaked Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 279. Length. Seven inches. Don. Descript. Body green, with numerous longitudinal yellowish lines: fins greenish. Number of fin-rays, U. 20/10; A. 3/8; C. 15; P. 14; V. 8. Don. Obtained by Donovan from the coast of Cornwall, where it is said to be provincially known by the name of Green-Fish. According to Mr. Yarrell, it appears also to have been met with on the Devonshire coast by Montagu. It is probably the L. Psittacus of Risso*, but Dono- van's description is too imperfect to speak with certainty on this point. 70 . L. pnsilhis, Jenyns. (Corkling.) — Ascending margin of the preopercle very oblique ; a few obsolete denticulations about the lower angle : soft portion of the dorsal a little higher than the spinous : dorsal extending a little beyond the anal. L. pusillus, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 25. sp. 69. Length. Four inches. Descript. (Form.) Distinguished by its small size. Back but little elevated, sloping very gradually towards the snout; ventral line more convex than the dorsal ; sides compressed : depth contained about three times and three-quarters in the entire length ; thickness half the depth, or barely so much : head one-fourth of the entire length : snout rather sharp ; jaws equal : teeth of moderate size, conical, regular, about sixteen or eighteen in each jaw : eyes rather high in the cheeks, situate half- way between the upper angle of the preopercle and the margin of the first upper lip; the space between about equal to their diameter, marked with a depression ; a row of elevated pores above each orbit : ])reopercle with the ascending margin very oblique; the basal angle, * By an error, the L. Psillaats was inserted in my Catalogue as British, independently of ])onovan*s species. Labrus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 393 which falls a little anterior to a vertical line from the posterior part of the orbit, very obtuse, and remarkably characterized by a few minute denticulations, which further on become obsolete, and in some specimens are scarcely anpvhere obvious : lateral line a little below one-fourth of the depth ; nearly straight till opposite the end of the dorsal, then bend- ing rather suddenly downwards, and again passing off straight to the caudal : number of scales in the lateral line about forty-five ; dorsal com- mencing at one-third of the length, excluding caudal ; spinous portion nearly three-fourths of the whole fin, the spines very slightly increasing in length from the first to the last, which last is not quite one-third of the depth of the body; soft portion a little higher than the spinous, of a somewhat rounded form, the middle rays equalling nearly half the depth : anal commencing a little anterior to the soft portion of the dorsal, and terminating a little before it ; the first three rays spinous, the third being the longest, but the second the stoutest spine ; soft rays resembling those of the dorsal: caudal nearly even, with rows of scales between the rays for nearly half their length : pectorals rounded, about two-thirds the length of the head, immediately beneath the commencement of the dorsal ; all the rays soft and articulated, and, except the first, branched : ventrals a little shorter ; the first ray spinous, shorter than the second and third, which are longest; all the soft rays branched; the last ray united to the abdomen by a membrane for half its length : B. 5 ; D. 20/10 or 11 ; A. 3/9 ; C. 13 ; P. 14 ; V. 1/5. (Colours of specimens in spirits.) Yellowish brown, with irregular transverse fuscous bands: dorsal irregularly spotted with fuscous; anal light brown; the other fins pale. This species, which is the smallest in the genus, is possibly the Tardus minor or Corkling of Mr. Jago*. It is apparently quite distinct from any of those described by other authors. Though belonging to the pre- sent section, which it is convenient to retain, it would seem to form the transition to the Crenilabri, to which its near affinity is indicated by the rudimentary denticulations on the margin of the preopercle. The only specimens I have seen, amounting to four or five, were obtained at Weymouth by Professor Henslow, and are now in the Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. One of these is very minute, and quite young, but the two largest, measuring four inches, have all the appear- ance of being full-grown fish. ( 11 .) Comber, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 252 . pi. 47 . Id. (Edit. 1812 .) vol. III. p. 342 . pi. 58 . Comber Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish, vol. I. p. 289 . Labrus Comber, Gmel. Linn. tom. i, part iii. p. 1297 . Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99 . Flem. Brit. An. p. 209 . An obscure and doubtful species. Pennant’s fish, which was obtained from Cornwall, is thus characterized. “Of a slender form: dorsal fin with twenty spinous, and eleven soft, rays : pectoral with fourteen : ventral with five : anal with three spinous and seven soft : tail round. Colour of the back, fins, and tail, red : belly yellow : beneath the lateral line ran parallel a smooth even stripe from gills to tail, of a silvery colour.” Mr. Couch is recorded to have met with a single individual of this species several years since, but his account of it, as given in the “ British Pishes” of Mr. Yarrell, is scarcely more explicit. He observes that “ compared with the Common Wrasse, the Comber is smaller, more slenrler, and has its jaws more elongated ; the two upper front teeth are very long : a white line passes along the side from head to tail, unconnected with the lateral line : it has distinct blunt teeth in the jaws and palate : the ventral fins are somewhat shorter than in others of the genus.” * Rat/, Syn. Pise. p. 165. 394 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [Labrus. It may be observed that Pennant supposed bis fish to be the Comber of Mr. Jago*. This, however, must be considered very doubtful, Ray men- tioning nothing respecting .Togo’s fish, except that it was small, scaly, and of a red colour. Cuvierf regarded it as a red variety of the L. macutatus, with a series of white spots along the flank. ** Dorsal with from sixteen to eighteen spinous rays: form elongated. 71. L. variegatus, Gmel. {Striped Wrasse.) — Ascend- ing margin of the preopercle nearly vertical : dorsal ex- tending a little beyond the anal ; the soft portion scarcely higher than the spinous : branchiostegous membrane with five rays. L. variegatus, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. partiii. p. 1294. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. I. pi. 21. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Turdus perbelle pictus, JVill. Hist. Pise. p. 322. tab. X. 3. Sparus formosus, Shaw, Nat.. Misc. vol. I. pi. 31. Striped Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. 111 . p.240. pi. 45. 7irf. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 337. pi. 57. Blue-striped Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 281. La Vieille rayee, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 255. Length. From twelve to fourteen inches. Descript. {Form.) More elongated than any of the former species: back not much elevated : greatest depth contained four times and one- third in the entire length : thickness rather less than half the depth : dorsal line continuous with the profile ; no depression at the nape : head more than one-fourth of the whole length: teeth numerous, conical, sharp, the anterior ones longest, slightly curved; about twenty in the upper, and thirty-five in the lower jaw; a few smaller ones behind: distance from the eye to the end of the snout equalling twice and a half the diameter of the eye ; distance between the eyes equalling two diameters; the intervening space very slightly concave: no elevated pores above the orbits : ascending margin of the preopercle nearly vertical, forming with the basal margin a slightly obtuse angle, which angle falls behind the eye and not immediately under it, as in the next species: lateral line high, its course at rather below one-fifth of the depth, bending downwards opposite the termination of the dorsal, but much more gra- dually than in the species of the first section : number of scales in the lateral line forty-six : dorsal commencing in a line with the pectorals and posterior angle of the opercle ; the soft portion scarcely higher than the spinous : anal commencing in a line with the soft portion of the dorsal, but terminating a little before that fin : caudal nearly even, with rows of scales between the rays extending for half their length : pectorals not half the length of the head : ventrals equal to them : B. 5; D. 17/12 or 13; A. 3/11 ; C. 13; P. 15; V. 1/5. {Colours.) Back and sides for two-thirds of their depth olivaceous brown, with spots and interrupted longitudinal lines of bluish gray ; remainder of the sides orange; head and cheeks like the back; lower jaw, and all beneath the head, bluish gray : dorsal orange, with a large oblong space ' Hop. Stm. Pise. p. Hi3. fig. I An. tom. ii. p. 255. note (2). Labrus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 395 of bluish gray on its anterior half, occupying three-fourths of the height of the fin ; on the posterior half, three round spots of the same colour • anal and ventrals orange-yellow, edged with bluish gray : caudal varie- gated with the same colours. Not a very common species. Pennant and Donovan obtained speci- mens from the coast of Anglesea otf the Skerry Islands. According to Mr. Thompson of Belfast, it is occasionally met with on the coast of Ireland. The individual described above is one of two, in the collection of Mr. Yarrell, from the London market. The colours are very variable, and at certain periods of the year extremely beautiful. 72. L. Vetula^ Bloch {Sea-Wife .) — Ascending margin of the preopercle oblique, forming with the basal an obtuse angle : dorsal nearly of equal height throughout : branch- iostegous membrane with four rays. L. Vetula, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 293.? Sea-Wife, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 284. Length. Thirteen inches. Descript. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but rather more bulky in proportion to its length : depth about the same ; thickness somewhat greater : teeth smaller, and more numerous, especially in the upper jaw : ascending margin of the preopercle more oblique, forming a more obtuse angle with the basal margin; this angle more immediately under the eye, a vertical from it forming a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit; (a line similarly drawn in L. variegatus is nearly coincident with the ascending margin, and falls behind the eye at a distance equal- ling the diameter of the eye :) branchiostegous membrane with only four rays* : lateral line rather lower, its course at one-fourth of the depth : scales somewhat larger : dorsal similar, nearly of equal height through- out ; anal with the rays of the terminating fourth portion rather longer than the others; (in L. var. the rays are equal throughout:) caudal, pectorals, and ventrals, similar : D. 16/13; A. 3/11; C. 13; P. 14; V. 1/5. (Colours of a specimen in spirits.) Back and sides for three-fourths of their depth dark brown without spots; lower portion of the sides and belly pale orange-yellow : anterior half of the dorsal with a large oblong space at the base of dusky blue ; remainder of the fin pale, with a row of dark spots, one at the base of nearly every ray : anal and vent- rals orange-yellow, edged with dusky blue : caudal pale, with some of the exterior rays tipped with the same colour. The individual described above, the only one which I have seen of this species, is in the collection of the Zoological Society. It was procured in the London market. It so nearly resembles the L. variegatus, that had I not seen the two together and compared them closely, I should have hesitated about admitting them as distinct. I do not feel certain that it is the L. Vetula of Bloch, but it approaches more nearly to that species than any other described one with which I am acquainted. * The Labrus Ifiula of Bloch is represented by that author as having six branchiostegous rays. 396 PISCES (OSSEl) ACANTHOPT. [Labrus. 73. L. trimuculatus, Gmel. {Trimaculated Wrasse .) — Ascending margin of the preopercle oblique : dorsal with the posterior rays a little the longest : body red ; with three dark spots on each side, two at the base of the dorsal fin, and one between tlie dorsal and the caudal. L. trimaculatus, Gmel. Linn. toin. i. part iii. p. 1294. Shaw, Nat. Mi-'ic. vol. XIX. pi. 786. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. 111 . pi. 49. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. L. carneus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 289. Trimaculated Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 248. pi. 46. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. i>. 3.36. pi. 56. Red Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 286. La Vieille c.ouleur de chair, Cuv. Reg. Ati. tom. ii. p. 256. Length. From eight to twelve inches. Descript. {Form.) Oblong, elongated, and rather slender; the back and profile nearly in a straight line : snout longer and more produced than in either of the two last species : greatest depth contained about four times and a half in the entire length ; teeth numerous, conical, the anterior ones longest : ascending margin of the preopercle oblique, form- ing with the basal a much more obtuse angle than in the L. variegatus : course of the lateral line rather above one-fourth of the depth ; dorsal and anal much as in L. variegatus ; the former with the posterior rays a little the longest : anal terminating a little before the dorsal : caudal even, or very slightly rounded, with rows of scales between the rays : D. 18/ 13 ; A. 3/11 ; C. 13 ; P. 15 ; V. 1/5. {Colours.) “Pervading colour a fine orange, varying to red upon the back, and becoming paler and whiter towards the belly : dorsal and tail a rich orange ; the former strongly marked with dark purplish black, and prettily edged with blue ; the rest of the fins of a paler hue : the three dark spots at the posterior extremity of the back of a rich blackish purple; contiguous to these are four other spots of a delicate rose-colour; two disposed in the space between the three dark ones, and the third and fourth placed one at each extremity of the outermost ones, so as to form together a series of seven spots, alternately of a pale rose-colour and a veiy deep purple.” Don. Apparently a rare species in the British seas. Pennant's specimen was taken on the coast of Anglesea; Donovan’s on the south coast of Devonshire near Exmouth. It has also occurred in Cornwall, and in the Frith of Forth. Obs. Fleming has erroneously considered this species and the Striped Wrasse as mere varieties of the L. inaculatus. (12.) L. bimaculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 477. Bimaculated Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p.247. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 335. This must be considered a very doubtful species, especially as British. Pennant does not appear to have seen it himself, but to have inserted it simply on tlie authority of Brunnich, who is said to have observed it at Penzance. No one has met with it since, (13.) Cook (i.e. Coquus) Cornubiensium, Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 163. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool.vol. iii. p. 253. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 340. Lab. Coquus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Fleni. Brit. An. p. 209. Ray’s description of this species, which is one of those discovered by Mr. .Tago on the coast of Cornwall, is so short and imperfect as hardly to Labrus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 397 admit of its being identified with certainty. It is, however, in all probability the same as the L. variegatus already described. To the same species may be referred the Cuckow-Fish described by the editor of the last edition of the “ British Zoology” (vol. in. p. 341.) Mr. Couch speaks of the Conk* as a species with which he is familiar, but he has not added any description of the fish to which he alludes. {Lacrnolauios, Cuv. ?) (14.) L. Suillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 476. Lachnolaimus suillus, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 257. note(l)? Hog Wrasse, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 19. Inserted by Mr. Couch in his ‘‘ Fishes of Cornwall” on the authority of Osbeck, who mentionst “ Rock- Fish {Labrus Suillus, Linn.)” amongst other species of fish which were brought on board his vessel by the people of the Scilly Islands. This bare statement, unaccompanied by any description of the fish alluded to, seems hardly sufficient ground for admitting the present species into the British Fauna. (2. JuLis, Cuv.) 74. L. Julis, Linn. {Rainbow Wrasse.) — “ Above fuscous and green ; beneath white, with a fulvous clentated stripe on each side : two fore-teeth longest.” Don. L. Julis, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 476. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 287. f. 1.? Do71. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 96. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Julis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 324. pi. X. 4. f. 1.? Julis vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 210. La Girelle, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 257. Rainbow Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. .343. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 291. Length. Rather exceeding seven inches. Don. Descript. “ Of a slender, or elongated form, and remarkable for the elegant distribution of its colours, which are changeable in various directions of light : a broad dentated stripe, extending along each side, from the head nearly to the tail, of a silvei 7 and fulvous colour : D. 9/13; A. 2/13; C. 13; P. 12; V. 1/5.” Don. Received by Donovan from the coast of Cornwall, in the year 1802. The only recorded instance in which it has hitherto occurred in the British seas. Inhabits the Mediterranean along with two other closely allied species. (3. Crenilabrus, Cuv.) 75. L. Tinea, Linn. {Ancient Wrasse .) — Dorsal line falling gradually to the snout : depth very nearly one-third of the length : denticulations of the preopercle moderate. L. Tinea, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 477. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 98. Crenilabrus Tinea, Flem. Brit. An. p. 208. Turdus vulgatissimus. Will. Hist. Pise. p. 319. Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 136. Ancient Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 244. pi. 47. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 332. pi 58 Gilt-Head, Farr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 293. * LinH. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 80. t Voi/ageto China, vol. n. p. 122. 398 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [Labrus. Length. From eight to ten inches. Descript. {Form.) General form resembling' that of the species in the first section of the first sub-genus : greatest depth contained a very little more than three times in the entire length ; thickness twice and a half in the depth : dorsal line falling very regularly, continuous with the profile ; no depression at the nape : head contained three times and a half in the whole length; jaws equal; teeth prominent, of mode- rate size, the middle anterior ones longest, about thirteen above and fifteen below, with a secondary but imperfect row of smaller ones behind in the upper jaw: eyes moderate, rather high up; their distance from the end of the snout equalling twice their diameter; the space between them a little concave, equal to the same : ascending margin of the pre- opercle sharply denticulated, but the denticulations not so much deve- loped as in the next species; nearly vertical, and making a right angle with the basal margin : opercle large ; the margin entire, rounded below, emarginated above : lateral line following the curvature of the back at one-fourth of the depth, bending suddenly downwards opposite the termi- nation of the dorsal fin : scales very large ; number in the lateral line thirty-six : dorsal commencing in a line with the pectorals, and posterior angle of the opercle; soft portion rounded, higher than the spinous: anal commencing a little anterior to the soft portion of the dorsal, but terminating in a line with that fin : caudal rounded, scaly at the base, but with no rows of scales between the rays : pectorals and ventrals much as in the other species of this genus: B. 5; D. ](i/9; A. 3/10; C. 13, and 2 short ; P.14; V. 1/5. {Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides above the lateral line, marked with alternate longitudinal lines of dull red and dusky bhie; sides beneath the lateral line bluish green, spotted with dull red; abdomen the same, but paler: upper part of the head deep brownish rod, with undulating lines of bright azure-blue ; cheeks and gill-covers bluish green with longitudinal lines of red; throat and beneath the pectorals paler, lined with red : ii'ides bluish green, with an inner circle of red : dorsal, caudal, anal and ventral fins, bluish green, spotted and lined with red : pectorals pale without spots. Found on many parts of the coast, and perhaps the most common of all the British species belonging to this family. Chietly frequents deep water where the bottom is rocky, and is often taken in the prawn-pots. Feeds principally on Crustacea. Spawns in April. It is the Common Wrasse of Couch*, and the Old Fife of some English authors. Pennant calls it Ancient Wrasse, but it must not be confounded with the Ancient Wrasse of Donovan, which is clearly the L. maculatus of this work. 76. L. Cornuhicus, Gniel. (Goldsimiy .) — Depth con- siderably less than one-third of the length : denticulations of the preopercle very much developed : a conspicuous black spot on each side of the tail. L. Cornubius, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1297. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 72. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Goldsinny, Bay, Syn. Pise. p. 163. fig. 3. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 251. pi. 47. * Linn. Tnnts. voi. xiv. p. 80. Labrus.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 399 Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 339. pi. 58. Corkwing, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 1 7. f. 4. Goldfinny, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 296. Length. From four to four inches and a half. Descript. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but much smaller, and slightly more elongated; depth contained nearly three times and a half in the entire length : thickness twice and a half in the depth : head one-fourth of the whole length: jaws and teeth similar, but the latter not so numerous in the upper jaw, only eight or ten, with no secondary row behind ; those below in about the same number : denticu- lations of the preopercle longer and more conspicuous : all the other characters, including lateral line, form and relative position of the fins, number of fin-rays, &c. exactly the same in the two species. B. 5; D. 16/9; A. 3/10; C. 13, and 2 short; P. 14; V. 1/5. (Colours.) Somewhat similar to those of the last species, but in general much paler : a conspicuous dusky spot on each side of the tail, near the commencement of the caudal, and immediately below the lateral line : dorsal fin variegated with fuscous bands. First observed by Mr. Jago on the coast of Cornwall, and communicated by him to Ray. Obtained since from the same locality by Donovan and Mr. Couch. Has been also found in Devonshire by Montagu. The specimens which furnished the above description were procured at Weymouth. Obs. This species is erroneously considered by Fleming as a mere variety of the last. 77 - L. gibbiis, Gmel. (Gibbous Wrasse.) — Depth considerably more than one-third of the length ; dorsal line falling suddenly to the snout. L. gibbus, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1295. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 98. Crenilabrus gibbus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 209. Gibbous Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 250. pi. 46. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 338. pi. 56. Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 298. Length. Eight inches. Penn. Descript. (Form.) “ Very deep and elevated, the back vastly arched, and very sharp or ridged : greatest depth three-eighths of the length : from the beginning of the head to the nose a steep declivity: teeth "like those of the others : eyes of a middling size : the nearest cover of the gills finely serrated: D. 16/9; A. 3/11; P. 13; V. 1/5: caudal large, rounded at the end ; the rays branched ; the ends of the rays extending beyond the w'ebs : lateral line incurvated towards the tail : gill-covers and body covered with large scales. (Colours.) Gill-covers most elegantly spotted, and striped with blue and orange, and the sides spotted in the same manner ; but nearest the back the orange disposed in stripes : dorsal and anal sea-green, spotted with black ; ventrals and tail a fine pea-green; pectorals yellow, marked at their base with trans- verse stripes of red.” Penn. This species appears to be known only from the description of Pen- nant, who obtained a specimen taken off Anglesea. Its great depth PISCES (OSSEl) ACAiNTHOPT. 400 [Labrus. clearly distinguishes it from the L. Cornubicus, of which Mr. Couch seems inclined to think it a mere variety*. 78. L. luscus, Linn..? {Scnle-rayed Wrasse.) — Very much elongated : between the rays of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, processes of imbricated scales. L. luscus, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 18, & p. 742. fig. 121. Scale- rayed Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 300. Descript. “Length twenty-two inches; greatest depth, exclusive of the fins, two ii^ches and a quarter : body plump and rounded : head elongated; lips membranous ; teeth numerous, in several rows, those in front larger and more prominent, rather incurved: eyes moderately large: anterior gill-plate serrate; six gill-rays: body and gill-covers with large scales : lateral line nearer the hack, descending with a sweep opposite the termination of the dorsal fin, thence backward straight : dorsal with twenty-one linn, and eight soft, rays ; the fin connected with the latter expanded, reaching to the base of the tail : pectorals round, with four- teen rays: vcntrals with six rays, the outermost simple, stout, firm, tipped ; between these fins a large scale : anal with six firm, and eight soft, rays, the latter a soft portion expanded : caudal round, with fifteen rays : between each ray of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, a process formed of firm elongated imbricated scales. D. 21/8; A. 0/8; C. 15; P. 14; V. 1/5. Colour a uniform light brown, lighter on the belly ; upper eye-lid black ; at the edge of the base of the caudal fin a dark brown spot : pectorals yellow; all the other fins bordered with yellow.” Couch. A single individual of this species is recorded by Mr. Couch to have been taken off Cornwall, in February 1830, at the conclusion of a very cold season. It appears to be particularly characterized by having rows of scales between the rays of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the caudal ; this last fin exhibiting the above character in many other species of the present family. Its identity, however, with the L. Luscus of Linnseus appears very questionable. Cuvier thinks-l' that the Linnaean L. Luscus is only a variety of L. Turdus of Gmelin. GEN. 34. CENTRISCUS, Linn. 79- C. Scolopaw, Linn. {Trumpet- Fish.) C. Scolopax, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 415. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 123. f. I. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 63. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 117. Shaiv, Nat. Misc. vol. xiv. pi. 584. Flem. Brit. An. p. 220. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 268. Trumpet-Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 160. c. xi. tab. 1. 25. f. 2. Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 89. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 302. Snipe-nosed Trumpet- Fish, Petm. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 190. Mao. o f Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 18. t Retf. An. tom. n. p. 256. note (2). Cyprinus.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 401 Length. From four to five inches. Descript. {Form.) “Body oval, compressed: snout elongated, the jaw-bones forming a tube extending an inch and a half before the eyes ; mouth placed at the extremity, small, without teeth : eyes large ; back elevated, forming a slight ridge, and ending in a short spine just in advance of the long and strong denticulated spine of the first dorsal fin : scales on the body hard, rough, minutely ciliated at the free edge, the surface granulated : first dorsal with but three spinous rays (generally said to be four) ; the first three times as long as, and also much stronger than, the others, pointed, moveable, and toothed like a saw on the under part, constituting a formidable weapon of defence; the other spines short, but their points projecting beyond the membrane by which they are united: the rays of the second dorsal soft: anal elongated; the rays short; pectorals small: ventrals also small, with a depression behind in which they can be lodged. D. 4—12 ; A. 18 ; C. 16 ; P. 17 ; V. 4. {Colours.) Back red, the sides rather lighter; sides of the head and belly silvery, tinged with gold-colour : irides silvery, streaked with red ; pupils black: all the fins grayish white.” Yarr. An individual of this species is recorded to have been thrown on shore at Menabilly near Fowey, Cornwall, early in the year 1804*. Donovan appears to have been acquainted with one or two other instances in which it had occurred on the western coasts of England. Common in the Mediterranean. ORDER 11. MALACOPTERYGII. (I. ABDOMINALES.) GEN. 35. CYPRINUS, Linn. {* 1. CvPIUNUS, Cuv.) * IFit/i barbules. * 80. C. Carpio, Linn. {Common Carp.) — Mouth with two barbules ■on each side : caudal forked. C. Carpio, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 525. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 16. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 107. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 110. Flem. Brit. An. p. 185. Carp, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 245. tab. Q. 1. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 353. pi. 70. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 467. pi. 81. Bowd. Brit.fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 2. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 305. La Carpe vulgaire, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 271. * LOiii. Trans, vol. viii. p. .’158. Cc 402 PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPT. [Cyprinus. Length. From one to one and a half, or even two, feet. IJescript. (Form.) Oval; body thick anteriorly; back moderately elevated; dorsal line more convex than the ventral, falling with the profile in one continuous curve, without any depression at the nape ; greatest depth beneath the commence- ment of the dorsal fin, measuring rather more than one-third of the entire length ; greatest thickness in the region of the gills, equalling half the depth ; head large : jaws equal ; lips thick, furnished with two barbules at the corners of the mouth, and two shorter ones above nearer the nose : mouth small : no teeth in the jaws ; pharyngeans with flat teeth striated on the crown : eyes small, and rather high on the cheeks ; opercle marked with radiating stria; : lateral line nearly straight ; its course a very little below the middle : scales large ; number, in the lateral line, thirty-eight; in the depth twelve, six and a half being above, and five and a half below, the lateral line* : dorsal commencing in a line with the end ofthe pectorals, and occupying a space equal to nearly one-third of the entire length ; first two rays bony, and partaking of the nature of spines ; the first not half the length of the second; this last very strong and serrated posteriorly ; third (or first of the soft rays) longest, equalling rather more than one-third of the depth; succeeding ones gradually decreasing to the seventh or eighth, beyond which they remain even to the end ; all the soft rays branched ; the last two from one roott ; anal short, op- posite the last quarter of the dorsal, and terminating in a line with that fin ; first two rays bony ; the second strongly serrated ; third ray longest, nearly equalling the third in the dorsal ; fourth and succeeding ones decreasing ; all the soft rays branched ; the last two from one root : caudal forked for half its length ; all the principal rays except the outer ones branched : pectorals attached low down, in a line with the posterior margin of the opercle ; their length about three-fourths that of the head ; all the rays soft, and, except the first, branched : ventrals similar to the pectorals but rather shorter, situate in a line with the first three soft rays of the dorsal : B. 3 ; D. 2/22 ; A. 2/6 ; C. 19, and some short; P. 17 ; V. 9. (Colours.) General colour olive-brown, tinged with gold; darkest on the head; belly yellowish white : fins, dorsal and caudal, dusky ; ventrals and anal tinged with red. Originally from the middle of Europe. Said to have been introduced into Eng- land about the year 1514, but was certainly known before that time. Common in lakes and ponds, as well as in some rivers. Attains to the weight of nearly twenty pounds, but arrives at a still larger size on some parts of the Continent. Spawns in May and June, and is very prolific. Food, insects, worms, and aquatic plants. ** Without barbules. * 81. C. Gibelio, Gmel. (Gibel.) — Depth one- third of the entire length : lateral line bending slightly downwards : caudal crescent-shaped. C. Gibelio, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1417. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 12. Flem. Brit. An. p. 185. Carassius, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 249. Crucian, * The number of scales in the lateral line, and the number of rows of scales in the depth, are characters of some importance in distinguishing the different species of Cyprinidee. iTiey are here adopted from Jurme, and I shall state, nearly in the words of that author, the exact method in which they are computed. In estimating the number of scales in the lateral line, the reckon- ing is confined to those scales which are marked with the tube-like projection, the small irregular scales at the insertion of the caudal being neglected. The number of rows in the depth is taken at the deepest part of the body, or in a line from the first rays of the dorsal fin to the base of the ventral. Such a line, however, being interrupted near the middle by the lateral line, it is divided into two parts, the dorsal jiortion containing the number of scales above the lateral line, the ventral portion the number below it. Moreover, one of the scales themselves being always divided by the lateral line, and this line serving as the boundary of the two portions, it follows that half a scale is given each way to be added to the number of entire scales that appear in these portions respectively. It may be further stated that the curved tile-like scale, which appears on the ridge of the back in most of the fish belonging to this family, being common to both sides, is not taken into the account ; neither are the small incomplete irregular scales wliich may be often observed at the base of the rays of the dorsal fin. In like manner, the numerous small scales which appear at the bottom of the abdomen, atfil which could not be counted with precision, are omitted ; the reckoning at this point commencing with the first entire scale above the long scale which is placed at the base of the ventral fin. See Jurine’s memoir on the Fish of the Lake of Geneva, contained in the Mem. de la. Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genive, tom. in. parti, pp. 143, 144. I In all the Cyprinidee, the last two rays in the dorsal and anal fins will be found to spring from one root. In computing the fin-ray formula they may be reckoned either as one or two. I have considered them as two. Cyprinus.J PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 403 Pe7in. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 364. pi. 72. no. 171. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 23. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 311. Gibele, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 480. pi. 83. La Gibele, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. It. p. 271. Length. From ten to twelve inches, or more. Descript. (Form.) Back moderately elevated, the dorsal line more convex than the ventral : greatest depth one-third of the entire length : head about one- fifth : profile falling very regularly, and forming one continuous curve with the line of the back : snout short, and rather obtuse ; jaws nearly equal, the lower one a little the longest when the mouth is open ; gape rather small : eyes small: opercle marked with radiating strim : lateral line descending in a gentle curve a little below the middle : scales large ; number in the lateral line thirty-four ; in the depth twelve, six and a half above, and five and a half below, the lateral line : dorsal much as in the last species ; the first two rays bony ; tbe first very short ; the second strong and serrated, but tbe serratures very fine compared with those of the same ray in the Carp : anal short, also with the first two rays bony ; the first extremely short ; this fin terminating a little beyond the termination of the dorsal : caudal forked ; the depth of the fork about one-third of its length : pectorals and ventrals much as in the Carp ; the latter nearly in a line with the second bony ray of the dorsal. D. 2/18 ; A. 2/7 ; C. 19, and some short ; P. 14 ; V. 9. Number of vertebr® (according to Mr. Yarrell) thirty. (Colours.) Back, and sides above the lateral line, olive-brown ; lower part of the sides yellow, becoming paler on the belly ; the whole tinged with a bright golden lustre : irides golden : cheeks and gill-covers bright golden yellow : dorsal fin olivaceous ; caudal the same, tinged with orange-yellow ; anal, pectorals, and ventrals, bright orange- red. Supposed to be a naturalized species in this country, but not exactly known when it was introduced. Found in some of the ponds about London, as well as in other parts of England. Usual weight about half a pound : has been known, however, to weigh upwards of two pounds. Said to spawn in April or May. Food, aquatic plants and worms. Is very tenacious of life. (15.) C. Carassius, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 526. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 11. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108. Le Carreau ou Carrassin, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 271. Mr. Yarrell has reason to believe that he has more than once received this species from the Thames. Its claims, however, to a place in the British Fauna are not fully established. By Turton, it was probably con- founded with the C. Gibelio, from which it may be distinguished by the greater depth of the body, straight lateral line, and nearly even caudal. It has also more rays in the dorsal and anal fins. *82. C. auratus, Linn. (Golden Carp.) — Caudal deeply forked; sometimes three or four lobed. C. auratus, Limi. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 527. Bloch, Ichth. pis. 93, & 94. Turt. Bi-it. Faun. p. 108. Flem. Brit. An. p. 185. Gold-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 374. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iir. p. 490. Gold Carp, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 315. La Dorade de la Chine, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 272. Length. Seldom exceeds eight or ten inches. Descript. (Form.) General form resembling that of the Carp: head short; jaws equal ; eyes large ; nostrils tubular, placed near the eyes : body covered with large scales : lateral line straight, near the back : fins extremely variable in form and size, as well as in the number of the rays : dorsal often very small ; sometimes entirely wanting, or represented by a simple elevation on the ridge of the back : anal often double : caudal large, sometimes enormously developed ; deeply forked, or divided into three or more lobes. (Colours.) Black during the first year ; after- wards mottled with silver ; this last colour continually spreading till it occupies C C 2 404 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Cyprinus. the entire fish : after a few years the red tint is assumed, whicli becomes more tirilliant with age: sometimes red from birth, or before acquiring the silvery hue: fins scarlet : irides golden. A native of China. According to Pennant, first introduced into England about the year 1691, but not generally known till 1728. Is now completely naturalized, and breeds freely in ponds in many parts of the country. Spawns in May. (‘2. Barbus, Cuv.) 83. C. Barbus, Linn. {Barbel.) C. Barbus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 525. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 18. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. ii. pi. 29. Twrt. Brit. Faun. p. 107. Barbus vulgaris, Fleni. Brit. An. p. 185. Barbel, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 259. tab. Q. 2. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 357. pi. 71. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 472. pi. 82. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 9. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 321. Barbeau commuu, Cuv. Peg. An. tom. ii. p. 272. Length. From two to three feet. Descript. {Fo7'm.) Rather elongated; the back but little elevated : dorsal line continuous with the profile, and falling in one gradual slope to quite the end of the snout: greatest depth beneath the commence- ment of the dorsal, equalling between one-fifth and one-sixth of the entire length : head one-fifth of the same ; of a somewhat oblong form : snout rather pointed, and advancing considerably beyond the lower jaw: upper lip ileshy, furnished with four barbules ; two at the corners of the mouth, and two shorter ones in front of the nose : eyes small ; nostrils placed near them : lateral line nearly straight ; its course along the middle : head smooth ; scales on the body rather small, firmly attached to the skin, finely striated, with their free edges slightly scolloped : dorsal short, commencing at about the middle point between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal ; first ray very short, second half the length of the third; this last strong and bony, with sharp serratures at the edges; succeeding rays all soft and branched, and gradually decreasing to the last, which is only half the length of the third : anal also short, commencing in a line with the tip of the dorsal when laid back; third ray longest; all the rays soft, and, except the first two, branched : caudal forked for more than half its length : pectorals shorter than the head : ventrals attached beneath the middle of the dorsal, a little shorter than the pectorals; in the axilla of each a long narrow pointed scale : 15. 3 ; D. 3/9 ; A. 8 ; C. 20 ; P. 16 ; V. 9. {Colours.) Back and sides olivaceous brown, with more or less of a golden-yellow lustre ; belly white : irides golden-yellow : dorsal brown, tinged with red ; anal and ventrals reddish yellow ; caudal deep pur- plish red; pectorals pale brown. Common in rapid streams and rivers, especially those with a hard gravelly bottom. Lives in society. Conceals itself during the day in hol- lows and amongst large stones : roves about at night in quest of food. At the approach of Winter retires down the river to deep water. Food aquatic mollusca, worms, and small fish. Spawns in May and June; but, according to Bloch, is not capable of breeding till towards the fourth or fifth year. Grows quickly, and attains a large size: has been known to weigh as much as eighteen pounds. Cyprinus.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 405 (3. Gobio, Cuv.) 84. C. Gohio, Linn. {Gudgeon.) C. Gobio, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 526. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 8. f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 71. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 107. Gobio Huviatilis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 186. Gudgeon, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 264. tab. Q. 8. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 361. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. ni. p. 476. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Pish. Draw. no. 15. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 325. Length. From six to eight inches. Descript. (Form.) Of an elongated form, resembling that of the Barbel : greatest depth beneath the commencement of the dorsal, equal- ling one-fifth of the entire length ; thickness half the depth : head large, approaching to conical, a little depressed, with a transverse groove across the nose, beyond which, at the extremity of the snout, is a small elevation; its length about equal to the depth of the body : mouth wide : upper jaw very protractile, projecting beyond the lower when the mouth is closed, and furnished with a short barbule at each angle : nostrils a little in advance of the eyes : these last moderately large : head smooth and naked: scales on the body large, thin, firmly attached to the cuticle, semicircular, the free portion radiated, and crenated at the margin : lateral line at first very slightly descending, but afterwards straight, along the middle of the side : number of scales in the lateral line forty ; in the depth nine ; five and a half above, and three and a half below, the lateral line ; dorsal commencing exactly in the middle of the whole length, caudal excluded ; its length half, and its greatest height three- fourths, of the depth of the body; first and second rays simple, the others branched; second and third longest: anal similar to the dorsal, but smaller ; commencing nearly iu a line with the extremity of that fin when laid back : caudal forked for about half its length : pectorals about three-fourths the length of the head ; second and third rays longest ; all the rays except the first branched: ventrals in a line with the third dorsal ray, a little shorter than the pectorals, but of a similar form ; rays similar : vent about midway between the ventrals and the anal : B. 3; D. 10 ; A. 9 ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 10 ; V. 8. (Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, olivaceous brown, spotted with black ; gill-covers greenish white ; lower part of the sides silvery ; belly white : dorsal and caudal spotted; the other fins plain. Common in rivers and gentle streams, preferring those with a sandy or gravelly bottom. Frequents shallows during the warm months, but retires to deep water at the approach of Winter. Generally keep in shoals. Pennant mentions one taken near Uxbridge which weighed half a pound : usually much smaller. Food, worms, mollusca, and aquatic plants. Spawns in April or May. (4. Tinca, Cuv.) 85. C. Tinea, Linn. {Tench.) C. Tinea, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 526. Blorh, Ichth. pi. 14. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 113. Tinca vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 186. Tench, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 251, c. vi. tab. Q. 5. f 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 359. Id. (Edit. 406 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Cyprinus. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 474. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 13. Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 328. Tanche vulgaire, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 273. Length. From twelve to eighteen inches; sometimes more. Descript. (Form.) Thick and bulky in proportion to its length: back moderately elevated : dorsal line continuous with the profile, falling in one regular curve to the end of the snout : greatest depth a little before the dorsal, contained about three times and a half in the entire length : thickness exceeding half the depth : head about one-fourth of the whole length, excluding caudal : snout rather broad and rounded when viewed from above ; eyes small and somewhat sunk in the head, directed down- wards : jaws equal : a minute barbule at each corner of the mouth : lateral line descending in a gentle curve from the upper part of the opercle to the middle of the body, then passing olf straight to the base of the caudal : scales very small, invested with a slimy mucus : dorsal commencing a little beyond the middle; its greatest height rather more than half the depth of the body ; its length a little less than its height ; first ray scarcely more than half the length of the second ; this last and the next three nearly equal; the succeeding ones slightly decreasing; all except the first two branched : anal similar to the dorsal, but smaller ; commencing beyond the termination of that fin : caudal broad, rather thick and lieshy, the end nearly even : pectorals large and rounded, about two-thirds the length of the head; the fifth, sixth, and seventh rays longest: ventrals exactly half-way between the pectorals and the anal; in shape and length similar to the former: B. 3; D. 11; A. 10; C. 19, &c. ; P. 18; V. 10. (Colours.) Head, back, and sides, deep olive-green, tinged with golden- yellow ; abdomen sordid yellow : irides orange-red : all the fins deep purplish brown, inclining to dusky. Inhabits lakes, ponds, and other still waters. Keeps near the bottom, and remains in a tranquil state buried in the mud during the winter months. Usually from four to six pounds in weight, but has been known to exceed eleven. Spawns in .June. Very tenacious of life. (5. Abramis, Cuv.) 86. C. Brama, Linn. {Yellow Bream.) — Depth one- third of the whole length : number of scales in the lateral line fifty-seven : anal with twenty-eight or twenty-nine rays. C. Brama, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 531. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 13. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 93. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108. Abramis Brama, Flem. Brit. An. p. 187. Bream, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 248. tab. Q. 10. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 362. pi. 70. no. 169. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 478. pi. 81. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Pish. Draw. no. 18. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 335. Breme commune, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 274. Length. From one to two feet, or upwards. Descript. (Form.) Body very deep in proportion to its length; the depth increasing suddenly at the shoulder ; greatest above the ventrals, where it equals one-third of the entire length : sides much compressed ; the greatest thickness contained three times and one-third in the depth : back sharp: dorsal line forming a salient angle at the commencement Cyprinus.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 407 of the dorsal fln, thence falling very obliquely to the nape, from which point the profile falls less obliquely, causing a depression at the nape : ventral line less convex than the dorsal : head small, about one-fifth of the entire length: mouth remarkably small in proportion: jaws nearly equal : distance from the eye to the end of the snout rather greater than the diameter of the eye ; distance between the eyes nearly equal to twice their diameter : scales smaller than in the next species, of a broad oblong form, the basal portion with the margin somewhat sinuous, without radii, the free portion with ten or twelve diverging radii : lateral line sloping downwards from the upper part of the opercle, and curved throughout ; midway, its course is at two-thirds of the entire depth : number of scales in the lateral line about fifty-seven ; in the depth eighteen, twelve and a half being above, and five and a half below, the lateral line : the whole of the dorsal behind the middle, as well as behind the ventrals ; first ray only half the length of the second; both these simple; the rest branched; last two from one root : anal twice the length of the dorsal ; first ray very small and easily overlooked ; second half the length of the third ; third and fourth longest; the succeeding ones decreasing to the twelfth, be- yond which they remain even : caudal crescent-shaped ; the lower lobe longer than the upper : pectorals reaching to the ventrals : these last extending to the vent: B. 3 ; D. 12 or 13 ; A. 28 or 29 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 17 ; V. 9. {Colours.) Back dusky, passing into bluish green; sides yellowish white, with a slight golden lustre ; belly almost plain white : irides yellowish white : all the fins dusky, the pectorals alone faintly tinged with red. Found in large lakes and slow rivers ; generally in shoals. Keeps near the bottom. Food, worms and aquatic vegetables. Attains to a large size : weight sometimes exceeding twelve pounds. Spawns in May. 87- C. Blicca, Bl. .? {White Bream.) — Depth three times and a half in the entire length : number of scales in the lateral line not exceeding fifty-one: anal with from twenty-two to twenty-four rays. C. Blicca, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 10.? C. latus, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1438. ? Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 26. sp. 86. La Bordeliere, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 274.? White Bream, or Bream-Flat, Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 340. Length. Rarely exceeding ten or twelve inches. Descript. {Form.) Not so deep as the last species ; the back much less elevated : depth, at the commencement of the dorsal, contained three times and a half in the entire length : greatest thickness very little more than three times in the depth: dorsal line falling less obliquely, and continued in one regular slope to the end of the snout, without any depression at the nape: eyes relatively larger; the distance from them to the end of the snout not nearly equal to their diameter ; the distance be- tween them not equal to one and a half times their diameter : scales larger * the number in the lateral line about fifty or fifty-one, scarcely exceeding this last number : number in the depth fifteen ; nine and a half being above, and five and a half below, the lateral line : anal shorter, with five or six fewer rays ; dorsal and pectorals also with one or two rays less in number : in all other respects similar to the last. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 22 to 24; C. 19, o snout short; but the jaws, wliich are nearly equal, hecomin;? more length- ened in the spawning season : maxillary reaching to a vertical line form- ing a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit, by which character it is distinguished from the S. Salmulus : teeth on the whole length of the vomer : dorsal and adipose fins placed as in the Salmon ; the former with the first three rays, the first especially, very small and inconspicuous, but gradually increasing in length ; sixth and seventh longest ; first four simple, the rest branched : anal entirely in advance of a vertical line from the adipose : caudal not so much forked as in the S. Trutta, or so square as in S. Eriox : number of fin-rays, D. U ; A. 11 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 13 ; V. 9. {Colo.urs.) Back dusky: sides and belly, the former more especially, yellow, tinged with gold, and also with green : a row of red spots along the lateral line : dorsal fin, and above the lateral line, spotted with dusky. In young fish, more or less indication of transverse dusky bands on the sides. Var. 13 . Gillaroo Trout, Sow. Brit. Blisc. pi. 61. A common species in lakes and rivers, attaining in some localities to a large size. Has been known to weigh from sixteen to twenty pounds, though usually much smaller. In many places seldom exceeds a pound or a pound and a half. Spawns in September and October; ascending to the sources of rivers for this purpose. Is very voracious. Feeds on worms, small fish, and insects, especially Ephemercp and Phryganeoe. The variety, called the Gillaroo Trout, is distinguished by its strong muscular stomach, resembling the gizzard of birds, resulting from feeding principally on shells. It is found in some of the lakes in Ireland. Obs. The above species exhibits very great variation in colours*, and in some measure in form also, according to the locality in which it is found. Possibly two or more species may have been hitherto confounded, but in the present state of the science it is almost impossible to decide this point. Sir W. Jardine, who has paid great attention to the whole family, and from whom we may expect much light upon the subject, has particularized some remarkable varieties found in Sutherlandshire, in the “Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal," 1. c., to which I refer the reader. According to Agassiz, the S. punctatus of Cuvier, the S. mar- rnoratus of the same author, and the S. alpimis of Bloch, all belong to this species. 107. S. ferox, Jard. and Selb. {Great Lake Trout.) Great Lake Trout (S. ferox), Jard. in Encycl. Brit, ("th Edit.) Art. Angling, p. 142. Id. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvni. p. 55. Descript. (Form.) “Principally distinguished by its large size, square tail in all its stages of growth, the form of the gill-covers ami teeth, the relative position of the fins, the form of the scales, particu- larly those composing the lateral line, and in the generally delicate skin which is spread over the outside of the body being extremely strong and tough, and from under which the perfectly transparent scales can be * Sir H. Davy was of opinion, that when Trout feed much on hard substances, such as larva? and their c^es, and the ova of other fish, they have more red spots, and redder fins : and that when they feed most on small fish, as minnows, and on flies, thev have more tendency to become spotted with small black spots, and are generally more silvery. See iSalmonia, (2nd Kdit.) p. 41. 42G PISCES (OSSEl) MAEACOPT. [Salmo. extracted. The tins may be stated nearly thus, though a greater varia- tion may occur; D. 115 to 15; A. 12; P. 14; V. 11 ; gill-covers, 12: the greatest variation occurs in the dorsal fin.” Jard. (Colours.) “ Deep purplish brown on the upper parts, changing into reddish gray, and thence into fine orange-yellow, on the breast and belly : the whole body, when the fish is newly caught, appearing as if glazed over with a thin tint of rich lake-colour, which fades rapidly away as the fish dies : gill-covers marked with large dark spots : the whole body covered with markings of different sizes, and varying in amount in different indivi- duals; the markings, in some, few, scattered, and of a large size; in others, thickly set, and of smaller dimensions : each spot surrounded by a paler ring, which sometimes assumes a reddish hue : the spots more distant from each other as they descend beneath the lateral line : lower parts of the fish spotless." Jard. A new species first identified as distinct from the Common Trout by Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby. The former of these gentlemen states that it is generally distributed in all the larger and deeper lochs of Scot- land, but that it seldom ascends or descends the rivers running into or out of them, and never migrates to the sea. Very voracious, feeding nearly entirely upon small fish. Average weight from ten to twenty pounds ; has been known, however, to reach twenty-eight pounds. Spawns in Autumn. Obs. It is probably the same as the S. lacustris of Berkenhout*, though (in the opinion of M. Agassiz) not of conti- nental authors. 108. S. Snlmulus, Turt. {Samlet.) — Vomerine teeth extending the whole way : niaxillaries reaching to beneath the centre of the orbit : caudal forked for half its length : sides marked with long, narrow, transverse, bluish bands. S. Salniulus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 104. Jard. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xviii. p. 56. Salmulus, TVill. Hist. Pise. p. 192. tab. N. 2. fig. 2. Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 63. Samlet and Parr, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 303. pi. 59. no. 148. & pi. 66. no. 78. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 404. pis. 70, & 77. Length. From six to eight inches. Descript. (Form.) Closely resembling the young Trout, but differing in the following particulars. Body somewhat deeper in proportion to its length : snout blunter : teeth weaker and less developed ; those on the tongue not very conspicuous : maxillary shorter, not reaching beyond a vertical line from the centre of the orbit; also broader at its posterior extremity : gill-cover not so much produced into an angle, the hinder margin being more regularly rounded, as in the Salmon : “ scales, taken from the lateral line below the dorsal fin, altogether larger, the length greater by nearly one-third, the furrowing more delicate, and the form of the canal not so apparent or so strongly marked towards the basal end of the scale t:" caudal more deeply forked, the fork e.xtending about half its, length: pectorals larger. (Colours.) “The row of blue marks on the sides, which are also found in the young Trout, and in the young * Si/n. vol. I. |1. 7J)- This cliaracter, wliich I have not liad an opportunity of verifying myself, is taken from Sir W. Jardine. Salmo.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 427 of several of the Salmonidte, in this species are narrower and more lengthened. The general spotting seldom extends below the lateral line, and two dark spots on the gill-cover are a very constant mark." Jard. According to Pennant, “ the adipose fin is never tipped with red ; nor is the edge of the anal white." This fish, which is common in many of the rivers of Wales and Scot- land, as well as in some of those in England, has been regarded by dif- ferent observers as the young, either of the Salmon, the Sea Trout, or the common Trout. It is, however, now pretty well ascertained to be a distinct species, always remaining of a small size. Is called in some places a Parr, in others a Skirling or Brandling. Said, by Sir W. Jar- dine, “ to frequent the clearest streams, delighting in the shallower fords or heads having a fine gravelly bottom, and hanging there in shoals, in constant activity, apparently day and night." According to Dr. Hey- sham*, the adult fish go down to the sea after spawning, which takes place, as in the other migratory species of this genus, in the depth of Winter. 109. S. Umhla^ Linn. (Charr .) — Vomerine teeth con- fined to the anterior extremity : dorsal midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal : anal com- mencing beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal : axillary scale nearly half the length of the ventrals. S. Umbla, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 511. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 101. S. alpinus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. m. pi. 61. Tiirt. Brit. Faun. p. 104. Flem. Brit. An. p. 180. Charr, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 305. pi. 60. Id. (Edit. 181‘2.) vol. iii. p. 407. pi. 71. Length. From twelve to fourteen inches. Descript. (Form.') Elongated; the line of the back nearly straight ; profile sloping gently downwards from the nape: greatest depth about one-fifth of the entire length : head contained five times and a half in the same: snout short and somewhat obtuse: jaws nearly equal, e.xcept in the spawning season, when the lower one becomes longest : teeth small and sharp ; those on the vomer confined to the anterior extremity : eyes moderate; their diameter rather less than one-fourth the length of the head ; the distance between them equalling twice their diameter : gill- cover produced behind into a rounded lobe; the basal margin sloping very obliquely upwards: lateral line arising at the upper angle of the opercle, at first slightly descending, but afterwards nearly straight, its course being a little above the middle : scales small : dorsal a little before the middle of the entire length ; the distance from the first ray to the end of the snout, when measured behind, not reaching beyond the base of the caudal; of a somewhat triangular form, the posterior rays being not more than half the length of the anterior ones; fifth ray longest, equalling a little more than half the depth of the body: adipose so placed, that two-thirds of the distance between the dorsal and caudal lie before it, one-third behind it : anal commencing considerably beyond a vertical line from the tip of the reclined dorsal : pectorals just three-fourths the length of the head : ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal ; in their axillae a long narrow pointed scale, nearly half their own length : B. 10 or 11 ; I). 14 ; A. 13 ; C. Itl, and some short ones ; P. 1 1 ; V. 9. Catalonnc of the Animals of Cumberland, p. 31. PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPT. [Salmo. 4-2Vi {Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, bluish gray, tinged with olivaceous; flanks and belly flesh-colour: above the lateral line spotted with white; beneath the same, spots more obscure: dorsal, anal, and caudal, dusky, the latter darkest; pectorals and ventrals dark red. In the spawning season, the flanks and abdomen are bright crimson-red ; the whole of the sides, above and below the lateral line, spotted with deeper red; the anal, pectorals, and ventrals, are also deep red, the first rays of the anal and ventrals excepted, which are bluish white. Found in the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, especially in Winander Mere, in the latter county ; also in Crummock and Coniston Waters in Lancashire, and, according to Sir W. Jardine, in many of the northern lochs of Scotland. Frequents clear and deep waters, keeping near the bottom. Feeds on insects. Varies much in its colours at dif- ferent seasons, a circumstance which has obtained for it several different names. In its ordinary state, it is the Case Charr of Pennant and other authors : when exhibiting the bright crimson belly which it assumes before spawning, it is called Red Charr: when out of season, the spawn having been shed, it is distinguished by the name of Gilt Charr. Obs. According to Agassiz, the S. Umbla, the S. Salvelinus, the «. 430 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Thymallus. attached low down, and just below the produced lobe of the gill-cover: ventrals beneath the commencement of the dorsal : number of fin-rays, I). 11 ; A. 17 ; C. 19; P. 11 ; V. 8. {Colours.) Back whitish, tinged with green; upper part of the sides varied with blue; lower part of the sides, and belly, bright silvery: irides silvery ; pupil black : fins pale. A common species on the British coasts, ascending rivers in December, .January, and February, for the purpose of spawning, which takes place in March and April. Food, according to Bloch, worms, and small shells. Varies greatly in size; a circumstance which has induced the author just mentioned to form two species of it. Derives its English name of Smelt from a peculiar scent which it emits, and which has been com- pared by some to cucumbers, by others to violets. Is sometimes called a Sparling*. GEN. 42. THYMALLUS, C?cv. 112. T. vulgaris, Nilss. {Grayling.) T. vulgaris, Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Se.and. p. 13. Thymallus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 187. tab. N. 8. Salmo Thymallus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. I. p. 51‘A Bloch, Ichth. pi. 24. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 88. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 104. Coregonus Thymallus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 181. Grayling, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 311. pi. Gl. no. 150. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. ni. p. 414. pi. 72. Ombre commune, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 306. Length. From ten to fifteen, rarely eighteen, inches. Descript. {Form.) Back slightly elevated at the commencement of the dorsal fin, from which point it falls gradually to the snout : greatest depth one-fifth of the entire length ; thickness not quite half the depth : head contained five times and a half in the entire length : snout rather short; obtuse, and rounded : gape small: upper jaw a little the longest : maxillary, and all the other teeth, small and fine: lateral line at first slightly descending, afterwards straight ; scales large, disposed in longi- tudinal rows ; seven and a half above the lateral line, the same number below it: dorsal commencing at one-third, and occupying about one- fourth, of the entire length; being twice as long as high; its greatest elevation three-fourths of the depth of the body ; anterior rays gradually increasing from the first, which is very short, to the eighth and ninth, which are longest ; tenth and succeeding rays slightly decreasing ; first eight simple, the rest branched; adipose situate at nearly two-tliirds of the distance from the dorsal to the base of the caudal : anal commencing a little beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal ; shaped like that fin, but much smaller ; first five rays simple, the rest branched : caudal deeply- forked : pectorals three-fourths the length of the head : ventrals about the same; attached beneath the middle of the dorsal; with a long narrow scale in their axillm : B. 10; D. 22 ; A. 15, the last double ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 15 ; V. 11. {Colours.) Upper part of the head dusky; back and sides silvery gray, marked with longitudinal dusky streaks : dorsal spotted ; the spots arranged in longitudinal lines ; other fins plain. * I may state in this place that the Malloins vUlosus, or Capelin, was inserted by error in my Catalogue as a doubtful inhabitant of the British seas. There is no recorded authority for suclv insertion. COREGONUS,] PISCES (OSSEI) IVLILACOPT. 431 An inhabitant of streams and rivers, in which it remains stationary all the year, though asserted Donovan to be migratory *. Partial to clear and rapid waters. Found in Derbyshire, in some of the rivers in the North, and in a few other parts, of England. Food, insects, testaceous mollusca, small fish, &c. Spawns in April and May. Has been known to attain the weight of five pounds t, but is usually found much smaller. GEN. 43. COREGONUS, Cuv. 113. C. Lavaretus, Flem. (Gwiniad.) — Jaws equal; snout scarcely advancing beyond them. C. Lavaretus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 182.? Nils.'s. Prod. Irhth. Scand. p. 15.? Salmo Wartmanni, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 105.? Gwiniad, IVill. Hist. Pise. p. 183. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 316. pi. 62. Id. (Ed. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 419. pi. 73. Le Lavaret, Cuv. Peg. An. tom. ii. p. 307.? Length. From ten to twelve inches. Descript. {Form.) Extremely similar in form to the Common Her- ring. Back slightly arched : greatest depth about one-fifth of the entire length : head triangular, also about one-fifth : snout moderate, scarcely advancing beyond the jaws ; these last equal, and without teeth ; a few very fine velvet-like teeth on the tongue : eyes round, and large ; their diameter contained three times and a half in the length of the head ; the distance between them about equal to their diameter : gill- opening very large : opercle of a somewhat triangular form, the basal margin ascending very obliquely; subopercle approaching to oblong, rounded beneath : lateral line straight, dividing the sides into two nearly equal parts : scales large ; of an oval or roundish form, marked with close concentric circles, but without radiating lines : dorsal occupying about the middle of the entire length ; the distance from the end of the snout to the first ray, when measured behind the fin, reaching a little beymnd the end of the fleshy part of the tail ; anterior part of the fin elevated, the fourth ray, which is longest, equalling three-fourths of the depth of the body ; fifth and succeeding rays rather rapidly decreasing ; length of the fin about two-thirds of its greatest height; first three rays simple, the rest branched : space between the dorsal and adipose three times that between this last and the caudal : anal commencing considerably beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal, terminating in a line with the adipose; similar to the dorsal in form, but longer and less elevated: caudal deeply forked : pectorals inserted low down, a little shorter than the head: ventrals attached beneath the middle of the dorsal; axillary scale nearly one-third their own length ; B. 10 ; D. 13 ; A. 16 ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P.17;V.ll. {Colours.) “Head dusky; pupil deep blue ; gill-covers silvery, powdered with black : back, as far as the lateral line, glossed with deep blue and purple, but towards the line assuming a silvery cast, tinged with gold, beneath which those colours entirely prevail: lateral line marked by a series of distinct dusky spots : ventrals, in some, of a fine sky-blue, in others, as if powdered with blue specks ; the ends of the other lower fins tinged with the same colour.” Penn. * According to Sir H. Davy, “the Grayling will not bear even a brackish water, without dying.*’ S’a/woRfa, (2d Edit.) p. 207. t Daniel’s Sports, vol. ii. p. 280. PISCES (OSSEl) MAEACOPT. [Coregonus. 4:E2 This species is found in Bala Lake, Merionethshire, as well as in the North of Ehi^land and Scotland. I do not feel certain that it is identical with the C. Lcwai’etus of continental authors (synonymous with the Salmn Wartmmini of Bloch), there bein^ several other allied species, the characters of which have not as yet been determined with precision. The above description is from specimens in the collection of W. Yarrell, Esq. By Turton and some other En<>hsh authors, it appears to have been confounded with the Sulmo Lavaretm of Bloch {S. Oxyrhinchus, Linn ), a very distinct species, in which the snout is furnished with a soft conical projection at its extremity extendiui); beyond the jaws, and which is not, that I am aware, a native of this country. According to Pennant, the Gwiniad is a gregarious fish, and spawns in December. 114. C. Pollan, Thonips. {Pollan.) C. Pollan, Thomps. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. .June 9, 18.35. Length. From ten to twelve inches. Thomps. Descript. (Form.) “ Differs from the Gwiniad in the snout not being produced; in the scales of the lateral line; in having fewer rays in the anal fin, and in its position being rather more distant from the tail; in the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, being of less dimensions ; and in the third ray of the pectoral fin being longest; (the first being of the greatest length in the Gwiniad.) Relative length of the head to that of the body as one to about three and a half : deptli of the body equal to the length of the head : jaws equal ; both occasionally furnished with a few delicate teeth; the tongue with many teeth : lateral line sloping downwards for a short wav from the opercle, and thence passing straight to the tail : nine rows of scales from the dorsal fin to the lateral line, and the same number thence to the ventral fin : the row of scales on the back and that of the lateral lino not reckoned ; the third ray of the pectoral fin longest: B. 9; D. 14; A. 13; C. 19; P. Ifi ; V. 12. Number of vertehrra fifly-nine. (Colours.) Colour to the lateral line dark blue; thence to the belly silvery : dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, towards the extremity tinged with black ; pectoral and ventral fins of crystalline trans]iarency, excepting at their extremities, which are faintly dotted with black: irides silvery; pupil black." Thomps. The above description is that of a species of Coregonus. lately brought under the notice of the Zoological Society by Mr. W. Thompson of Belfast, who considers it distinct from those hitherto published by authors. It is found in Lough Neagh in Ireland, in which district it is said to be known by the name of Pollan. Not having given it myself a close examination, I forbear otfering any opinion about it. Judging, however, from the description, it certainly appears different from the last species, with which it was probably confounded by Fleming, who gives Though Neagh as a locality for the C. Lavaretus. 115, C. Marcenula, Jard. {Vendace.) — Lower jaw longest, obliquely ascending. C. Marsenula, Jard. in Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Sci. vol. hi. p. 4. pi. 1. Salmo Maraenula, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 28. f. 3.? Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1381.? S. albula. Stew. El. of Nat. Hist. vol. I. p. 373. La Vemme, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 307. ? COREGONUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 433 Length. From four to ten inches. Jard. Descript. {Form.) Differs essentially from the C. Lavaretm in having the lower jaw longest, and ascending at an angle of forty-five degrees to meet the upper, which receives it as in a groove : general outline similar: greatest depth exactly one-fourth of the entire length, caudal excluded : head small ; “ the crown heart-shaped, and so trans- parent that the form of the skull and brain may be seen through the integuments*;’’ maxillaries and lower jaw without teeth: tongue, which is small and triangular, and placed far back, rough to the touch, with a few, almost invisible, velvet-like teeth : eyes large and brilliant ; their diameter contained three times and a half in the length of the head ; the intervening space scarcely equal to their diameter: gill-opening very large : lateral line straight : “ scales of considerable size, oval, and nearly smooth on the outer surface : " dorsal commencing at the middle of the entire length; very much elevated and pointed anteriorly, its greatest height being nearly twice its length ; first ray very short ; fourth longest ; fifth and succeeding rays rapidly decreasing ; the last not half the length of the fourth ; first three simple, the rest branched : space between the dorsal and adipose more than double that between the adipose and caudal : anal commencing a little beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal, and terminating in a line with the adipose ; first ray very minute ; fourth and fifth longest; first four simple, the rest branched: caudal very much forked; pectorals attached low down: ventrals opposed to the anterior half of the dorsal ; the axillary scale scarcely more than one-fourth of their length: B. 9 ; D. 12 ; A. 14 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 15 ; V. 11. “Number of vertebrm fifty to fifty -two.” (Colours.) “Upper parts of a delicate greenish brown, shading gradually into a clear silver lustre : irides and cheeks silvery : dorsal fin greenish brown ; the lower fins all bluish white.” Jard. Fu’st distinguished as a British species by Sir W. Jardine. By pre- vious authors in this country it appears to have been confounded with the C. Lavaretus. The only locality known for it “ is the lochs in the neighbourhood of Lochmaben, in Dumfries-shire ;” into which (according to tradition) it was introduced by Mary Queen of Scots. “ General habits resembling those of the Gwiniad. Swims in large shoals, retiring to the depths of the lakes in warm and clear weather. Spawns about the com- mencement of November.” (3.) SCOPELUS, Cuv. (21.) S. Hwnboldti, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 315. S. bore-.alis, Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 20. Sheppy Argentine, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 327. pi. 65. no. 156. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 432. pi. 76. Cuvier considers the Sheppy Argentine of Pennant, an obscure species of which little is known, to be the same as the Serpes Humboldti of Risso, this last being the type of his genus Scopelus. The following is Pennant’s description of his fish, which he obtained from the sea near Downing, in 1769. “ Length two inches and one-fourth. Eyes large ; irides silvery : lower jaw sloped much ; teeth small : body compre.ssed, and of an equal depth almost to the anal fin ; tail forked. Back of a dusky green ; the sides and covers of the gills as if plated with silver. Lateral line in the middle and quite straight. On each side of the belly a row of circular punctures : above them another, ceasing near the vent.” Whether the Argentine of Lowt be the same as Pennant’s fish, can scarcely, from his imperfect description, be determined. Sir W. Jardine. t Faun. Oread, p. 2 - 25 . 434 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Clupea. GEN. 44. CLUPEA, Linn. (1. Clupea, Linn.) 116. C. Harengus, Linn. (^Common Herring.) — Minute teeth in both jaws : infra-orbitals and gill-covers veined : subopercle rounded at bottom : dorsal behind the centre of gravity : ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal. C. Harengus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 522. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 29. f. 1. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 106. Flem. Brit. An. p. 182. Harengus, Will. Hist. Pi.sc. p. 219. tab. P. 1. f. 2. British Herring, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 335. pi. 68. no. 160. Com- mon Herring, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 444. pi. 79. Hareng eommun, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 317. Length. Ten to twelve inches; sometimes more. Descript. iForm.) Oval; rather elongated : dorsal and ventral lines equally convex : greatest depth one-fifth of the entire length, excluding caudal : thickness half the depth ; sides compressed : belly sharply cari- nated, but without any sensible serratures : head triangular, very much compressed; one-fifth of the entire length, this last being measured to the base of the caudal fork : lower jaw longer than the upper, with a few minute teeth confined to its extremity ; upper jaw with the lower half of the maxillaries finely serrated ; a few minute teeth on the tongue, as well as on the vomer : eyes large ; their diameter contained about four times and a half in the length of the head : infra-orbitals, preopercle, and upper part of the opercle, marked with fine vein-like striae: subopercle rounded beneath : gill-opening extremely large : lateral line not very distinct; its course nearly straight, and rather above the middle: scales large, veiy deciduous : dorsal fin behind the centre of gravity, com- mencing exactly half-way between the end of the snout and base of the caudal rays; rays rapidly increasing from the first, which is very short, to the fifth, which is longest ; then gradually decreasing ; the first four simple, the succeeding ones branched: anal commencing be- yond the tip of the dorsal, this last being laid back ; of about the same length as that fin, but not so high ; fourth and some of the succeeding rays longest : caudal deeply forked : pectorals rather narrow, more than half the length of the head : ventrals attached beneath the middle of the dorsal, a vertical line from the first dorsal ray falling considerably in advance of them: B. 8 ; D. 19 ; A. 17 ; C. 19, and 5 or 6 short ones ; P. 17 ; V. 9. Number of vertebrm fifty-six. (Colours.) Back and upper portion of the sides deep sky-blue, tinged with sea-green : belly and flanks bright silvery : irides, cheeks, and gill-covers, tinged with gold. A common and well-known species visiting our coasts in large shoals towards the end of Summer. Deposits its roe in October and November, after which it retires again into deep water. Food, according to Pennant, small Crustacea ; sometimes the fry of its own species. 117 . C. Leachii, Yarr. {Leach's Herring.) C. Leachii, Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1831.) p. 34. Id. in Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 278. pi. 12. Clupea.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 435 Descript. “Much deeper in proportion than the Common Herring, an adult fish eight inches long, being one inch and seven-eighths deep, while a Common Herring of the same depth measures ten inches and a half in length: dorsal and abdominal lines much more convex; the latter keeled, but without serration : under jaw with three or four pro- minent teeth placed just within the angle formed by the symphysis; the upper maxillse with their edges slightly crenated : eye large : scales smaller than in the other species : no distinct lateral line. Back and sides deep blue, with green reflections, passing into silvery white be- neath. Dorsal fin behind the centre of gravity ; but not so far behind it as in the Common Herring : number of fin-rays, D. 18; A. 16; C. 20; P. 17; V. 9. Number of vertebrm fifty-four." Yarr. A new species, obtained by Mr. Yarrell in 18.31, from fishermen en- gaged in taking Sprats at the mouths of the Thames and Medway. Found heavy with roe on the 31st of January: probably does not spawn till the middle of February. Flesh said to be much milder than that of the Common Herring. Obs. From the statements made by Mr. Yarrell in the “ Zoological Journal*”, it seems probable that there may be yet another species of Herring, larger than either of those described above, occasionally met with in the British seas. Pennant also speaks of one, seen by Mr. Travis, which measured twenty-one inches and a half in length. 118. C. Sprattus, Bloch. {Sprat .) — Teeth in the lower jaw obsolete ; infra-orbitals and gill-covers not veined : dorsal further back than in the Herring; the ventrals beneath its anterior margin : keel of the abdomen serrated : anal with eighteen rays. C. Sprattus, Blorh, Ichth. pi. 29. f 2. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 107. Sprattus, Will. Hi ■'it. Pise. p. 221. Sprat, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 346. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 457. Melet, Esprot ou Harenguet, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 318. Length. Five inches. Descript. Proportions nearly the same as those of the adult Her- ring, but the depth (equalling one-fifth of the entire length, caudal included) considerably greater than in a young Herring of the same length: keel of the abdomen more sharply serrated than in that spe- cies: teeth in the lower jaw more obsolete, scarcely sensible to the touch: subopercle of nearly the same form; but the veins on the in- fra-orbitals and preopercle not so distinct: scales larger: dorsal placed a little further back, commencing at the middle point between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fork : ventrals, in consequence, rela- tively more forward, being slightly in advance of a vertical line from the first dorsal ray : nnmber of fin-rays, D. 17; A. 18; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16; V. 7- Number of vertebrse forty-eight. * Vol. V. pp. 279, ami 332. E E 2 PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPT. [Clupea. 43() This species has hy many authors been confounded with the young of the Herring. Pennant was the first to point out its true distinguish- ing characters. It is very abundant in the Thames during the Winter, entering the river (according to Pennant) in the beginning of Novembei’, and leaving it in March. It is also found on other parts of the coast, but not every-where in plenty. Mr. Couch states'^, that he never saw above one specimen of the true Sprat in Cornwall ; though the Cornish fisher- men apply this name to the young of both the Herring and the Pilchard. 119 . C. alhn, Yarr. {White-Bait.) — Minute teeth in botli jaws; dorsal further hack tlian in the Herring: ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal : keel of the abdomen serrated : anal with sixteen rays. C. alba, Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. iv. pp. 137, and 465. pi. 5. f. 2. C. latulus, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. 11 . p. 318. White-Bait, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. 111 . p. 371. pi. 69. no. 176. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 465. pi. 80. Length. Three to four inches, rarely four inches nine lines. Descript. Body more compressed than in the Herring, the thick- ness being less than half the depth : abdominal serratures much sharper than in either the Herring or Sprat, but not so sharp as in the Shad, in which last species they are also of a difterent form : head one- fourth of the entire length: lower jaw longest: teeth very minute; those in the lower jaw confined to the extremity ; upper jaw with the lower half of the maxillaries finely serrated: eyes large; their diameter nearly one- third the length of the head: lateral line distinctly marked, and straight: dorsal a very little further back than in the Herring t ; ventrals imme- diately beneath it : number of fin-rays, D. 19 ; A. 16 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16 ; V. 9. N umber of vertebrae fifty-six. Supposed formerly to have been the young of the Shad J, but clearly proved by Mr. Yarrell to be a distinct species. Found only in the Thames, which river it ascends in April, sometimes as early as the end of March. Abundant throughout the Summer about Greenwich and Blackwall, but never found higher up the river than the locality last mentioned. Supposed to deposit its spawn during Winter. Swims near the surface. Food minute shrimps. 120. C. Pilcltardus, Bloch. {Pilchard.) — Teeth ob- solete : infra-orbitals and opercular pieces strongly veined : subopercle square at bottom : dorsal exactly in the centre of gravity : ventrals beneath the posterior half of the dorsal. * Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 315. + Cuvier says plus avuncee, but I have not found it so in our Engli-sh specimens, at least in those which I have examined. % The White-Bait represented in Donovan’s British Fishes (vol. v. ])1. 1)8.) are really young Shads, and not the above species. Clupea.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 437 C. Pilchardus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 406. Don. Brit. Pish. vol. iii. pi. 69. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 106. Flem. Brit. An. p. 18.3. Havengus minor, sive Pilchardus, IVill. Hist. Pise. p. 223. tab. P. 1. f. 1. Pilchard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 343. pi. 68. no. 161. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. ni. p. 453. Le Pilchard, on le C61an, Cm. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 319. Length. Nine to eleven, rarely twelve, inches. Descript. General form resembling that of i\\Q Herring : the body, however, somewhat thicker and rounder ; the depth greater, the dorsal line being more curved : belly not so sharp as in that species, although the abdominal serratures, more especially those in front of the ventrals, are rather more produced: head shorter: lower jaw not so long with respect to the upper : scarcely any perceptible teeth ; the maxillaries simply with a few very fine denticulations quite at their lower extre- mity: diameter of the eye about one-fourth the length of the head: subopercle cut square at bottom, and forming with the preopercle an oblong (not a semicircle as in the Hetring) ; both opercle and pre- opercle, but the last especially, with strongly-marked radiating striae : scales larger than in the Herring: dorsal more forward, and placed exactly in the centre of gravity ; the distance from the end of the snout to the first ray, equalling the distance from the last ray to the base of the caudal : caudal deeply forked : pectorals two-thirds the length of the head, attached low down, beneath the subopercle: ventrals rather be- hind a vertical line from the middle of the dorsal : B. 6; D. 18; A. 18; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16; V. 8. Principally taken off the coast of Cornwall, where they appear in large shoals towards the end of Summer. The fishery for them commences (according to Mr. Couch) towards the end of July, and terminates about the time of the autumnal equinox. Food undetermined, but thought by Mr. Couch to he the seeds of fuci. (2. Alosa, Cm.') 121. C. Finta., Ciiv. (Shad .) — Distinct teeth in both jaws : a row of dusky spots along each side of the body. C. Finta, Cm. Reg. An. tom. 11. p. 320. C. Alosa, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 30. f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. .57. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 106. Pleni. Brit. An. p. 183.? Shad, JVill. Hist. Pise. p. 227. tab. P. 3. f 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 348. pi. 69. no. 164. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 460. pi. 80. Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. IV. pp. 137, and 465. pi. 5. f. 1. (Young.) Thames Shad, Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw.no. 19. Length. From ten to sixteen inches; occasionally rather more. Descript. {Form.) Much larger in all its dimensions than either the Herring or the Pilchard : body thicker ; also somewhat deeper in pro- portion to its length : ventral line more convex than the dorsal : abdomen sharply carinated : the serratures much sharper and stronger than in any of the true Clupece, most developed between the ventrals and the anal : head somewhat triangular ; measuring rather more than one-fifth of the entire length : snout short ; under jaw relatively longer than in the Pilchard, but not so long as in the Herring : inlermaxillary deeply notched : ma.xillaries sharply serrated with fine teeth along their whole margin; lower jaw likewise with three or four teeth, much stronger than 438 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Clupea. the others, on each side near the extremity : tongue smooth, of a tri- angular form, free, and terminating in a blunt point : eyes placed high on the cheeks; much smaller than in the Pilchard, their diameter being scarcely more than one-fifth the length of the head; the distance from them to the edge of the maxillary just equal to their diameter: sub- opercle as in the Herring, but rounded off at bottom more obliquely ; prcopercle more resembling that of the Pilchard, and marked with radi- ating striae as in that species, though not quite so distinctly : lateral line scarcely perceptible : scales of moderate size : dorsal placed further back than in the Pilchard, but more advanced than in the Herring, the dis- tance from the snout to its commencement, when brought behind the tin, reaching to nearly one-third of the caudal; fifth ray longest; the pre- ceding ones gradually increasing from the first, which is very short; first three simple, the rest branched; the last two from one root: anal longer than in the Pilchard, and not approaching quite so near the caudal; the intervening space one-seventh of the entire length of the body, caudal excluded : caudal deeply forked : pectorals more than half the length of the head : ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal. B. 8 ; D. 20 ; A. 21 ; C. lit, &c. ; P. 15 ; V. 9. Number of vertebrm fifty-five. {Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, dusky blue: lower part of the sides, and belly, silvery white, or yellowish, glossed with golden hues : a row of dusky spots, generally five or six in number, but varying in different individuals, along each flank. Obs. The young of this species are distinguished from WMte-Bait by their greater depth in proportion to their length, smaller eye, bifid snout, the presence of teeth along the whole margin of the maxillary, more for- ward dorsal fin, much sharper, as well as differently formed, abdominal serratures, and by the row of spots on the sides, the first of which, imme- diately behind the opercle, is never wanting. A migratory species, entering rivers in May for the purpose of spawn- ing, and returning to the sea about the end of July. Very abundant in the Thames and Severn. In the former river is found as high up as Putney and Hammersmith, where the White-Bait is unknown. Feeds, according to Bloch, on worms, insects, and small fish. Spawns about the first week in July. Flesh coarse and insipid. In the Severn is called a Twaite, the name of Shad being reserved for the next species. 122. C. Alosa, Cuv. (Allis.) — Jaws without distinct teetli : a single black spot behind the gills. C. Alosa, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. .319. Shad, Bowd. Brit. fr. imt. Fish. Draw. no. 27. Length. From two to three, sometimes four, feet. Descript. {Form.) Depth greater than in the last species, equalling rather more than one-fourth of the entire length : maxillaries rough at the edges, but without any distinct teeth : anal a little longer : in all other respects nearly similar : number of fin-rays, D. 19 ; A. 28; C. 19, &c. ; P. 15 ; V. 9. ( Colours.) Resembling those of the C. Finta, but with rarely more than a single dusky spot behind the gills, which is always present. This species abounds in the Severn, and is also occasionally, though rarely, taken in the Thames, in which last river it is called Allis. It Engraulis.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 439 is more esteemed for the table than the C. Finta: it also attains to a larger size, weighing from four to five, sometimes even as much as eight, pounds. Obs. Either this or the last species is the Chad of Jesse*. GEN. 45. ENGRAULIS, Cuv. 123. E. Encrasicholus, Flem. (^Anchovy.) E. Encrasicholus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 183. Clupea Encrasicholus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 523. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 30. f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 50. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 107. Encrasicholus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 225. tab. P. 2. f. 2. Anchovy, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 347. pi. 67. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 441. pi. 78. L’Anchois vulgaire, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 322. Length. Six inches and a half. Penn. Descript. {Form.) Body slender, but thicker in proportion than the Herring; eyes large; under jaw much shorter than the upper: teeth small ; a row in each jaw, and another on the middle of the tongue : the tongue doubly ciliated on both sides : dorsal consisting of twelve rays, transparent, and placed nearer the nose than the tail : scales large and deciduous : edge of the belly smooth : tail forked. {Colours.) Back green, and semipellucid : sides and belly silvery, and opaque : irides white, with a cast of yellow. Penn. According to Donovan, the number of the fin- rays is as follows; D. 15; A. 14; C. 24; P. 15; V. 7- Apparently a rare species in the British seas. First obtained by Ray from the estuary of the Dee. Pennant mentions a few which were taken near his house at Downing, in Flintshire, in 1769. Donovan procured a specimen from the coast of Hampshire. More recently single individuals have occurred on the coasts of Norfolk and Durham. Common in the Mediterranean, where there is also (according to Cuvier) a second and smaller species, distinguished by the profile being less convex. Both this last and the British one belong to that section of the genus, in which the belly is smooth without a sharp edge, and the dorsal opposite the ventrals. (4.) LEPISOSTEUS, Lacep. (22.) L. Gavialis, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. tom. v. p. 333. Esox osseus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 516. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 390. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 81. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 100. Berkenhout was the 6rst to include this species in the British Fauna. He gives us to understand that it had occurred on the Sussex coast. The only other author who has mentioned any locality for it is Stewart, who states! that it has been taken in the Frith of Forth. It is probable, how- ever, that in both these instances there is some error, as the species is a native of America, where it is said to inhabit lakes and large rivers. * Gleanings in Nat. Hist. Second Series, p. 129. t Elements of Nat Hist. vol. i. p. 374. 440 PISCES (OSS El) MALACOPT. [Gadus. (II. SUBBRACHIALES.) GEN. 46. GADUS, Linn. 124. G. Morrhua, Linn. {Common Cod.) — Back and sides spotted with yellow and brown ; lateral line white : jaws nearly equal. G. Moi-rhua, Linn. Sijftt. Nat. tom. i. p. 436. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 64. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 89. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 106. Asellus major vulgaris, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 165. tab. L. m. 1. n. 1. f. 4. Morhua vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 191. Common Cod-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. ni. p. 172. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 231. La Morue, Ciw. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 331. Length. Two to four feet. Has been known (according to Pennant) to reach five feet eight inches. Descript. {Form.) Oval; elongated; thickest behind the pectorals ; somewhat tapering posteriorly : greatest depth about one-fifth of the entire length : dorsal line nearly straight beyond the commencement of the first fin, in front of which it slopes gently downwards to the snout; ventral line more bellying: head large; rather more than one- fourth of the entire length: snout rounded: jaws nearly equal; but sometimes the upper a little the longest : both jaws, as well as the fore part of the vomer, armed with small, sharp, card-like teeth in several rows, of unequal lengths: beneath the symphysis of the lower jaw a single barbule about one inch and a half in length : eyes moderate : head smooth and naked : body covered with small soft scales : a longitudinal groove on the naix; extending from behind the eyes to the commence- ment of the first dorsal : lateral line arising from the upper part of the opercle, curving gently downwards till beneath the twelfth ray of the second dorsal, then passing off straight to the caudal ; beneath the first dorsal, its course is about one-fifth of the depth : three dorsals ; the first commencing at nearly one-third of the length ; of a somewhat triangular form ; its length rather greater than its height, which last equals about one-third of the depth of the body ; first ray only half the length of the second ; third, fourth, and fifth, rays longest ; succeeding ones gradually diminishing; the last ray very small : second dorsal almost immediately behind the first, of the same height, but its length half as much again ; third, fourth, and fifth, rays longest : third dorsal resembling the first, but rather longer; fourth, fifth, and sixth, rays longest; the first ray very short : two anals ; the first nearly corresponding to the second dorsal, beginning a little backwarder, but terminating in the same line; first ray very small, and easily overlooked; seventh and eighth longest: second anal answering exactly to the third dorsal : caudal nearly even at the extremity ; the rays proceeding principally from the sides of the tail, which is prolonged into the middle of the fin : pectorals rounded, rather less than half the length of the head ; fifth ray longest ; all the rays, except the first two, branched : ventrals a little shorter than the pec- torals, placed before them, narrow, and pointed ; third ray longest : number of fin-rays, I). 12 — 29 — 19 ; A. 19 — 17 ; C. 34, and several short ones ; P. 19 ; V. 6. Gadus.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 441 {Colours.) Back, head, and upper half of the sides, cinereous brown, obscurely spotted with yellow; lower half of the sides, and abdomen, white : lateral line forming a narrow white band, very conspicuous on the dusky ground : tins dusky ; ventrals pale, approaching to white. A common species on most parts of the coast, but said to increase in numbers towards the North. According to Dr. Fleming, the most extensive fisheries in our seas are off the Western Isles and the coast of Zetland. Spawns in the early part of the Spring. Food, worms, Crustacea, shell-fish, &c. Has been knowm to attain the weight of seventy-eight pounds. (23.) G. Callarias, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 436. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 63. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 67. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89. Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 40. Asellus varius vel striatus. Will. Hist. Pise. p. 172. tab. L. m. 1. n. 1. f. 1. Variable Cod- Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1812.) vol. in. p. 239. Le Dorsch, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 332. This species, which is common in the Northern seas, especially in the Baltic, has been included in the British Fauna by Berkenhout, Turton, and the Editor of the last edition of Pennant’s Zoology ; its claims to insertion, however, must be considered as rather doubtful. It is probable that by some observers it has been confounded with a variety of the last species, in which the upper jaw projects a little beyond the lower, though never so much as in the G. Callarias, in which this character forms a striking feature. According to Cuvier, the true G. Callarias is usually of much smaller size than the G. Morrhua. Nilsson states its length to be from one to two feet. The same observer has annexed a distinguishing character between the two species, which it may be well to repeat here for the guidance of our own naturalists, in the event of the G. Callarias being really an inhabitant of the British seas. He remarks, that in the G. MorrhiM, the length of the lower jaw equals half that of the head, also equals the distance from the snout to the posterior margin of the orbit : in the G. Callarias, it is shorter than half the length of the head, and equals the distance from the snout to the middle of the eye. The colours of this last species, upon which some authors appear to have relied, are said to be extremely variable. The G. Callarias has been sometimes distinguished by the English name of Dorse. Its flesh (according to Cuvier) is reckoned superior to that of the Common Cod. 125. G. JEgleJiniis, Linn. {Haddock .) — Lateral line, and a large spot behind the pectorals, black ; upper jaw longest. G. gEglefinus, Linn. Sijst. Nat. tom. i. p. 435. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 62. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 59. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89. Onos, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 170. tab. L. m. 1. n. 2. Morhua yEglefinus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 191. Hadock, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 179. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 241. L'Egrefin, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 331. Length. From eighteen inches to two feet; rarely more. Descript. {Form.) Rather more elongated, in proportion to its depth, than the Common Cod : barbule on the chin shorter : nape with an ele- vated ridge instead of a groove: upper jaw considerably the longest: lateral line hardly so much curved : first dorsal more decidedly tri- angular; the second and third rays longest, and more elevated above the others : third dorsal of the same length as the first, but not so 442 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Gadus. liigli, the rays being more nearly equal : first and second anals an- swering to the second and third dorsals respectively: insertion of the pectorals in a line with the first ray of the first dorsal : ventrals narrow and pointed ; the second ray longest : caudal forked : number of fin-rays, D. 16 — 21 — 19 ; A. 24 — 20 ; C. about 40, besides short ones ; P. 21 ; V. 6 : scales small ; firmly attached to the skin : vent in a line with the com- mencement of the second dorsal. {Colours.) Dusky brown: belly, and lower part of the sides, silvery : lateral line black : a large black spot on each side of the body, behind the pectorals and beneath the first dorsal. An abundant species on all parts of the coast, particularly during Winter. Migrates northwards in Spring. Keeps in large shoals. Spawns in February. (24.) G. punctatus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 90. Morhua punctatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 192. “ Body eighteen inches long, slightly arched on the back, a little pro- minent on the belly, covered above with numerous gold-yellow roundish spots, beneath with dusky specks which are stellate under a glass : head large, gradually sloping : teeth small, in several rows in the upper jaw, in the lower a single row : nostrils double : iris reddish, pupil black : chin with a single beard : nape with a deep longitudinal groove : lateral line nearer the back, curved as far as the middle of the second dorsal fin, growing broader and whiter towards the end : upper fins and tail brown, with obscure yellowish spots, and darker towards the ends ; lower ones tinged with green : vent near the middle of the body : scales small ; under a glass minutely speckled with brown: gill-covers of two pieces: lower jaw with five obscure punctures on each side : 1). 14—20—18 ; A. 19—16 ; P. 18 ; V. 6, the first ray shorter than the second, and divided a little way down ; C. 36, even at the extremity.” Turt. This supposed species, which I am not acquainted with, is stated by Dr. Turton as being frequently taken in the Weirs at Swansea. No other author appears to have noticed it. I would venture to suggest that it is only a variety of the G. Mnrrhua. 126. G. luscus, Linn. (Bib, or Pout.) — Depth one- fourth of the length: first, anal commencing nearly in a line with the first dorsal. G. luscus & barbatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 437. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 90. Gt. barbatus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 166. G. luscus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 19.? Morhua lusca & barbata, Flem. Blit. An. p. 191. Bib and Blinds (Cornubiensibus), Asellus luscus. Will. Hist. Pise. p. 169. Asellus mollis latus. Id. App. p. 22. tab. L. m. 1, n. 4. Pout & Bib, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. pp. 183, & 184. pi. 30. no. 76. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. pp. 246, & 247. pi. 34. Length. From ten to twelve indies, seldom more. Descript. {Form.) Remarkable for the great depth of the body, equalling, at least, one-fourth of the entire length: sides compressed: back slightly arched, and somevvhat carinated ; nape in particular offering a sharp ridge, which commences in a line with the eyes, and extends nearly to the dorsal : head about one-fourth of the entire length, ex- Gadus.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 443 eluding caudal: snout obtuse and rounded : upper jaw a little the long- est : a single row of sharp moderately long teeth in the lower jaw ; the same in the upper with a band of smaller teeth behind: barbule at the chin about one-fourth the length of the head : eyes large ; their diameter one-third the length of the head ; invested with a loose membranous skin capable of inflation ; the distance between the eyes less than their dia- meter: scales not particularly large: lateral line curved, the flexure taking place beneath the commencement of the second dorsal ; anterior to which its course is at rather more than one-fourth of the depth: be- neath the lower jaw, on each side, a row of seven or eight open pores: fins thick, fleshy at the base, invested with a loose skin : first dorsal commencing at about one- third of the entire length, excluding caudal; second and third rays longest; fourth and succeeding ones gradually decreasing ; the last very short ; greatest height of this fin about two- thirds the depth of the body : second dorsal commencing at a very short interval after the first; more than twice its length; third ray longest: .third dorsal closely following the second ; in length, a little exceeding the first; third and fourth rays longest: first anal commencing in a line with the second ray of the first dorsal, and terminating in a line with the last ray of the second dorsal; the rays gradually increasing to the eleventh, which is longest, the first being very short: second anal imme- diately following the first; answering to the third dorsal; fourth ray longest : caudal nearly even : pectorals about three-fourths the length of the head ; third and fourth rays longest : ventrals long and narrow ; the first two rays very much produced beyond the others, terminating in slender filaments ; the second, which is the longer, rather more than equalling the length of the pectorals : number of fin-rays, D. 12 — 23 — 19 ; A. 35 — 21 ; C. 31, and some short ones ; P.18; V. 6 : vent directly beneath the commencement of the first dorsal. {Colours.) Whitish, inclining to dusky olivaceous on the back; sides tinged with yellow : fins dusky, becoming paler at the base ; a dusky spot at the root of the pectorals. Common all along the southern coast, where it is taken in considerable quantities for the table. Found also in other places. It is the JVhiting Pout of the London market. Obs. I have ventured to bring together (as Bloch has already done before me) the G. luscus and G. barbatus of authors, under a strong belief that they form but one species *. Should * This opinion has not been adopted hastily. I have in vain sought for any author wlio has described both the supposed species from his own observation, and after a due comparison of their respective characters. The error of considering them as distinct appears to have originated with Ray, the Editor of Willughby s Ichthyology. It would seem that Willughby was the first to describe a fish (called in Cornwall Bib or Blinds) under the name of a species evidently the same as the Pont of the Southern coast, to which Willughby’s description, as far as it goes, applies exactly. After that the body of his work was printed, Ray, his Editor, appears to have received from Martin Lister, along with other novelties, a short account of the IVhiting Pout of the London market, to which he gave a separate place in the Appendix, never suspecting that it might be the same as what had been already described by Willughlw under the name of Bib. Hence the two nominal species, which were afterwards perpetuated by Ray in his “ Synopsis Piscium ; ” and either to that work or Willughby’s, the descriptions of all succeeding authors, so far as regards one of the species, when they have noticed both, may ultimately be traced. This is the case with Artedi, in the instance of the G. luscus. He simply refers to Ray and WiL lughby, annexing a short character, apparently taken from the description by the author last mentioned. This character is repeated by Linnseus in his “Systema Naturae, accompanied by a reference to Artedi. Pennant’s account of the two species is partly copied, and partly original : his description of the Pont is perhaps his own ; but that of the Bib is in a great measure taken from Willughby, and although he has made one or two additional remarks, as well as annexed a figure, I question whether these were derived from any fish specifically distinct from his WUitmg Pout. Gmelin, who, with respect to the G. luscuSy only compiles from Willughby and Pennant, appears to have suspected that the two fish were not really different. Berkenhout states nothing beyond what is mentioned either by Willughby, Pennant, or Gmelin. Turton’s descriptions of the two species are evidently compiled from Pennant and Gmelin, excepting as regarcls the number of fin-rays in the G. luscus. in which there is manifestly some error. Lastlv^ 444 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Gadus. I be wron^ in hoklino; this opinion, the minute description which I have . 61; A. 43; C. 18; P. 10; V. 6. {Colours.) Extremely variable: upper surface generally olivaceous brown, more or less deep; sometimes entirely dusky ; occasionally flesh-coloured or yellowish, or with brown spots upon a ground of one of these colours ; or with one-half of the body deep brown, the rest pale; more rarely entirely flesh-colour, with scattered spots of a deep rose-red; under side of the body generally whitish, but sometimes nearly as dark as above. Var. (3. Pleuronectes Passer, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 50. Eyes and lateral line on the left side. Equally common with the last species, and often found in rivers. Very abundant in the Thames, where they are taken in considerable quantities during the spring months. Such generally held in more estimation for the table than those met with in the sea. Has been known to weigh (according to Pennant) six pounds. Spawns in April and May. Obs. The sinistral variety is not very uncommon. The Pleuronectes roseus of Shaw *, and the Platessa carnaria of Brown t, are mere varieties of this species, distinguished hy a peculiarity of colouring ; the former being of a uniform delicate rose-colour; the latter tlesh-recl, with irregular, deep, rose-coloured, distant spots. 143. P. Limanda, Flem. (Dab.) — Subrhoniboidal : lateral line strongly curved above the pectoral : body rough throughout ; the scales with ciliated margins : teeth sharp, a little distant from each other. * Nat. Misc. vol. VII. pi. 2311. j Efiinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geo(j. Sci. vol. ii. p. 9f). pi. 2. Platessa.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 457 P. Limanda, P/m. Brit. An. p. 198. Pleuronectes Limanda, Zmw. Syst. Nat. tom. i.,p. 457. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 46. Do7i. Brit. Fish. vol. II. pi. 44. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 96. Passer asper sive squamosus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 97. tab. F. 4. Dab, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 230. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 308. Limande, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 339. Length. From six to nine, rarely twelve, inches. Descript. (Form.) General form similar to that of the Flounder : greatest breadth contained about twice and a half in the length, including caudal : head contained five times in the same : dorsal line nearly con- tinuous with the profile, sulfering very little depression above the eyes : teeth small ; sharper and narrower than in either of the foregoing spe- cies, and not set quite so closely together : eyes large, but rather less pro- minent than in the Plaice; both equally advanced towards the mouth; between them a slightly projecting ridge, passing backwards in an ascending direction, but not accompanied by any osseous tubercles : lateral line at first strongly curved, but after passing the pectoral, straight to the end of its course: both sides of the body rough, but the upper one much the most so ; the scales having their free edges ciliated : dorsal, anal, and caudal fins as in the Plaice : before the anal, a small, sharp, reclined spine, directed forwards : pectorals more than half the length of the head ; first ray only half the length of the second ; third longest; the first two and the last simple; the others branched: ventrals small, nearly in a line with the pectorals; number of fin-rays, D. 72 ; A. 57 ; C. 18 ; P. 10 ; V. 6. (Colours.) Upper side of a uniform pale brown; sometimes clouded with shades of a darker tint, or with a few ill-defined spots ; beneath white. Rather less abundant than either of the foregoing species, and never attaining to so great a size. Found, nevertheless, on most parts of the British coast. Feeds on marine worms and small Crustacea. Spawns in May and June. 144. P. microcephala, Flem. {Lemon Dab.) — Oblong- oval : lateral line slightly curved above the pectoral : body smooth : head and mouth very small : jaws equal ; teeth obtuse. P. microcephala, Flem. Brit. An. p. 198. Pleuronectes micro- cephalus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. ii. pi. 42. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96. P. laevis. Id. l.c. P. microstomus, Niks. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 53.? Rhombus Imvis Cornubiensis maculis nigris, (A Kitt,) Jago in Raij's Syn. Pise. p. 162. fig. l. Smear-Dab, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 230. but not pi. 41. no. 106. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 309. pi. 47. New species of Sole, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. no. 37. July, 1835. p. 209. Length. From twelve to eighteen inches. Descript. (Form.) Oblong-oval; more elongated than any of the pre- ceding species : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, contained twice and three-quarters in the entire length ; head very small, not more than one-seventh of the entire length; dorsal curve continuous with the profile, falling regularly to the extremity of the snout : mouth extremely small ; lips a little projecting : jaws equal : teeth cutting, set closely 458 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Plates s A. together, their summits nearly even, and rather obtuse : eyes moderately large, approximating, situate close behind the mouth, and both equally advanced towards it; between them an osseous ridge, which, however, is not produced behind as in the last species : lateral line commencing higher up than the gill-opening, curved above the pectoral, but after- wards straight ; the degree of curvature less than in the Dab, but greater than in the Plaice: both- sides of the body smooth: scales small, their free edges scarcely ciliated: dorsal commencing above the eyes, and extending the whole length of the back, and very nearly to the caudal ; greatest elevation one-fourth of the breadth of the body : anal com- mencing in a line with the pectorals, and answering to the dorsal; the spine before it scarcely perceptible : caudal much as in the Plaice : the two pectorals of ecjual size, and more than half the length of the head : ventrals very small, a little in advance of the pectorals, and about three- quarters of their length ; second ray longest : number of fin-rays, D. 92; A. 69; C. 19 ; P.9; V. 5. (Colours.) Above light brown, sometimes mottled with yellow and dusky : beneath white. Pennant says, “ belly white, marked with five large dusky spots ; ” but, according to the editor of the last edition of the “ British Zoology,” this spotting is not a constant character. Met with occasionally on the southern and western coasts, but much less plentiful than any of the preceding species. The specimen from which the above description was taken, was obtained at Hastings. Said to be frequent on the coast of Cornwall. According to Hanmer*, it is known at Bath by the name of the Lemon Sole; at Plymouth, by that of the MeiTy Sole ; at Looe, by that of the Kitt ; and at Penzance, by that of the Queen, or Queen-Pisli. Obs. This species is probably the Plett- ronectes microstomus of Faber and Nilsson, but this last author has noticed another, the P. Cynoglossus of Linnseus, which also approaches very nearly to it. Possibly both these species may occur in our own seas. Donovan appears to have considered it as the Vraie Limandelle of Duha- mel, but, according to Cuvier, this last is synonymo;is with the Platessa Pola next described. I may add that 1 can see no difference between the present species and the supposed New Species of Sole lately charac- terized by Mr. Parnell -i', of which I have seen a specimen in the posses- sion of Mr. Yarrell. 145. P. Pola, Cuv. {Pole.) — Oblong-oval ; lower eye more advanced than the upper one : lateral line straight throughout its course : body everywhere smooth : lower jaw longest ; teeth cutting. P. Pola, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. ii. p. 339. New species of Platessa, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. no. 37. July, 1835. p. 210. Length. Seventeen to nineteen inches. Descript. (Form.) Oblong-oval, approaching the form of the Sole: greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, rather exceeding one- third of the entire length; body narrowing both ways from that point, but more towards the tail than the head : length of the head half the * See Hanmer’s observations on the genus Plcurohectcs, in the Appendix (No. 5.) to the third volume of the last edition of Pennant’s “ British Zoology. t Erfinb. Neic Phil. Journ. 1. c. Platessa.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT, 459 breadth of the body: mouth very small; lower jaw longest; commissure of the lips, when the mouth is closed, nearly vertical : teeth cutting, set closely together, with even summits, extending the whole length of the jaws : eyes on the right side, large, placed obliquely, the lower one being more advanced than the upper, close together, with an osseous ridge between; diameter of the orbit equalling one-third the length of the head : lateral line almost perfectly straight throughout its whole course, hut not exactly parallel to the axis of the body, inclining slightly upwards anteriorly; half-way, its course is found to be a very little above the mesial line : skin smooth above and below : scales large : dorsal fin commencing above the eye, at a distance from the end of the snout equalling nearly half the length of the head; rays short at first, but doubling their length beyond "the line of the pectorals ; from that point nearly even throughout ; greatest elevation of the fin contained five times and a half in the breadth of the body : anal commencing just opposite the point at which the dorsal rays begin to lengthen, answering to that fin, and terminating in the same line, a little before the caudal : caudal rounded at the extremity ; its length equalling half the breadth of the body : pec- torals attached just behind the posterior angle of the opercle, their length about half that of the head : ventrals immediately beneath them, of the same length. D. 109; A. 93* ; C. 19; P. 12; V. 6. {Colour of a specimen in spirits.) Yellowish hrown. The above description of this species, which is a recently acquired ad- dition to the British Fauna, was taken from a specimen in the Museum of the Zoological Society, procured in the London market, in May, 1833. Mr. Yarrell has another from the Frith of Forth, sent him by Mr. R. H. Parnell, by whom it appears to have been considered as an undescribed species t- This last gentleman states that it is known to the fishermen in that neighbourhood under the appellation of Craig Fluke. I have ventured to suggest the English name of Pole, as being in unison with the Latin name which it has received from Cuvier. 146. P. Limandoides, Nob. (Sandnecker.) — Oblong- oval : both eyes equally advanced towards the mouth : lateral bne straight : body rough ; the scales with ciliated margins : teeth conical, and sharp-pointed. Pleuronectes Limandoides, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 186. Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1232. Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 57. P. liman- danus, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. no. 37. July, 1835. p. 210. Length. From ten to twelve inches. Descript. {Form.) Oblong-oval ; the body more elongated than in the last species : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, about one-third of the entire length ; head rather more than half the breadth : mouth con- siderably larger than in the P. Pola ; lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely to meet the upper ; teeth conical, sharp-pointed, a little distant from each other: eyes on the right side, and both equally advanced towards the mouth ; between them an osseous ridge, produced behind, and falling in with the commencement of the lateral line ; diameter of the orbit one- fourth the length of the head : lateral line straight throughout its course : * The numbers of rays in the dorsal and anal fins are taken from Mr. Parnell, t See Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1. c. , 460 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Hippoglossus. scales large, with their free edges ciliated, communicating a marked roughness to both sides of the body : dorsal commencing above the upper eye, and extending nearly to the caudal ; highest part of the fin a little beyond the middle: caudal rounded: anal and other fins, much as in the P. Pola: number of fin-rays, D. 82; A. 84; C. 18; P. 10; V. 6. {Colour.) Of a uniform pale brown, or yellowish brown, above; white beneath. This species, which, like the last, has been only recently added to our Fauna, has been obtained from Berwick Bay by Dr. Johnston, and from the Frith of Forth by Mr. Parnell. In the last-mentioned locality, parti- cularly on the Fifeshire coast, it is represented as not very uncommon, and as known to most of the fishermen by the name of Sandnecker, or Long Fluke. It appears to be a northern species, inhabiting, according to Bloch, sandy bottoms, and preying upon young crabs and small lob- sters. Flesh stated by the same author to he white, and of good eating. Obs. In its general form this species resembles the Halibut, with which, perhaps, it ought properly to be associated. GEN. 55. HIPPOGLOSSUS, Cuv. 147- H. vulgaris, Flem. (Holibut.) — Eyes on the right side : lateral line arched above the pectorals : body oblong ; smooth. H. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 199. Pleuronectes Hippoglossus, Linn. St/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 456. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 47. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. IV. pi. 75. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 95. Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 57. Hippoglossus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 99. tab. F. 6. Holibut, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. ni. p. 226. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 302. Le grand F16tan ou Helbut, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 340. Length. From three to six feet, and upwards. Descript.* {Form.) Body oblong; of a more elongated form than in the last sub-genus, tapering much towards the tail : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, rather more than one-third of the entire length; head small, a little more than one-sixth of the same: mouth large; both jaws armed with several long, sharp, curved, distant, teeth; eyes large, approximating, situate on the right, very rarely on the left, side of the head : gill-cover of three pieces ; the gill-opening large, with the membrane exposed : lateral line arched above the pectoral, but after- wards running straight to the caudal fin : body smooth : both sides covered with small, soft, oblong, scales, strongly adhering, and invested with a slimy mucus : dorsal commencing above the eyes, and reaching very nearly to the caudal : vent further removed from the head, than in the other species belonging to this family : before the anal a long spine : pectorals oblong : caudal crescent-shaped : B. 7 ; D. 107 ; A. 82 ; C. 16 ; P. 15 ; V. 7. {Colours.) “Dusky brown, most commonly inclining to a liver-colour, and free from spots ; the tint variable, and said to be blackest, or more dusky, in fish of poor condition : lower surface uniformly white.” Don. ^ Not having any original desermtion of this species, the above has been compiled from Bloch, Gmclin, Donovan, and Nilsson. The fin-ray formula is from Bloch. Pleuronectes.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 461 Not uncommon on some parts of the coast, and occasionally exposed for sale in the London markets. Attains to a very large size. One taken off the Isle of Man in April 1828, is said to have measured seven feet and a half in length, and to have weighed three hundred and twenty pounds*. Said to be very voracious, preying upon other fish, and on Crustacea. Spawns, according to Bloch, in the Spring. Flesh poor, and not much esteemed. In the northern parts of Britain, is called a Turbot. GEN. 56. PLEURONECTES, Flem. 148. P. maximus, Linn. {Turbot.) — Body rhom- boidal, and nearly as broad as long : the eye-side beset with small, subacute, osseous, tubercles. P. maximus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 459. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 49. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. ii. pi. 46. Flem. Brit. An. p. 196. P. tuber- culatus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 97. Rhombus maximus asper non squamosus. Will. Hist. Pise. p. 94. tab. F. 2. Turbot, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 233. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 315. pi. 49. Le Turbot, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. n. p. 341. Length. From eighteen inches to two feet; sometimes more. Descript. (Form.) Body rhomboidal, approaching to round : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins included, almost equalling the entire length without the caudal : head broad : dorsal curve carried on continuously to the mouth, without any depression before or behind the eyes; forming with the ventral curve, at the extremity of the snout, a right angle: lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely to meet the upper : both jaws armed with small card-like teeth : eyes on the left side of the head ; both equally advanced towards the mouth; a little remote from each other, the intervening space nearly fiat: basal and ascending margins of the preopercle meeting at a right angle ; gill-opening large : lateral line com- mencing behind the orbit of the upper eye, forming a considerable arch above the pectoral, but afterwards straight, dividing the body into two equal parts : both sides of the body smooth, but studded with small, sub- acute, osseous, tubercles ; the tubercles on the upper or eye-side larger and more numerous than those on the lower : scales small : dorsal com- mencing in front of the eye, immediately above the upper jaw, and ex- tending very nearly to the caudal ; greatest elevation of the fin about the middle, attained gradually : anal commencing nearly in a line with the posterior lobe of the opercle, and answering to the dorsal : ventrals ap- pearing like a continuation of the anal ; a small space intervening, in which the vent is situate : caudal rounded : number of fin-rays, D. 67; A. 45; C. 17 ; P. 12; V. 6. (Colours.) Upper side yellowish brown, mottled and spotted with darker brown : under side white. Found on many parts of the British coast, in some places, in consider- able abundance. Attains to a larger size than any other species in this family, the Holibut excepted. Weight from fifteen to twenty pounds, sometimes as much as thirty, or even more. Flesh firm, and highly esteemed for the table. Food, according to Bloch, insects and worms. * Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. voL i. p. 84. 462 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Pleuronectes. 149. P. Rhombus, Linn. (Brill.) — Body broadly oval ; smooth, without tubercles : first rays of the dorsal half free, and branched at their extremities. P. Rhombus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 458. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 43. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 95. Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 50. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 97. Flem. Brit. An. p. 196. Rhombus non aculeatus squamosus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 95. tab. F. 1. Pearl, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 238. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. ni. p. 321. pi. 50. La Barbue, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 341. Length. From twelve to eighteen inches; sometimes more. Descript. (Form.) Very similar to the Turbot, but of a more oval form ; breadth not so great, contained about once and a half in the entire length : upper surface perfectly smooth, without any osseous tubercles ; lateral line arched above the pectorals, but the curvature not so great as in that species : the first four or five rays of the dorsal fin half free, and divided at their extremities : in most other respects the two species are similar : D. 71; A. 57; C. 16; P. 12; V. 6.» {Colours.) Rather darker than the Turbot: upper surface deep brown, with numerous dusky and white spots ; sometimes intermixed with yellowish : beneath white : fins spotted. Met with in the same localities as the last species, and more abund- antly. Does not attain to so great a size. Flesh less esteemed. Is sometimes called a Pearl. 150. P. punctatus, Bloch. (Bloch's Top-Knot.) — Roundish oval : both sides of the body rough ; the edges of the scales denticulated : the first ray of the dorsal fin elongated : ventrals and anal separate. P. punctatus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 189. Flem. in Wern. Mem. vol. ii. p. 241. Id. Phil. Zool. pi. iii. f. 2. Id. Brit. An. p. 197. Length. Five inches and a half. Descript. {Form.) Roundish oval, the dorsal and ventral lines equally convex : greatest breadth, fins excluded, just half the length : head a little less than one-third of the same : profile notched immediately before the eyes : mouth of moderate size, very protractile ; jaws nearly equal ; the lower one a very little the longest, and ascending obliquely at an angle of rather more than forty-five degrees : teeth so fine as to be scarcely visible: eyes large, remarkably full and prominent, their diameter about one-fourth the length of the head; placed on the left side; approximating; the lower one rather more advanced than the upper; between them a projecting ridge: basal and posterior margins of the preopercle meeting at a very obtuse angle, the former rising obliquely to meet the latter : lateral line commencing at the upper part of the opercle, at first very much arched, hut afterwards straight: both sides of the body, but more especially the upper, extremely rough; scales minute ; those on the upper side having their free margins set with from four to six longish denticles; those beneath having the * The above fin-ray fonnula is from Bloch. Pleuronectes.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 463 denticles finer and more numerous : dorsal commencing immediately in advance of the upper eye, and extending very nearly to the caudal, at the same time passing underneath the tail, where the rays become very delicate ; greatest elevation of the fin near its retral extremity ; first ray very much produced, nearly three times the length of those which follow ; most of the rays divided at their tips ; some of the last in the fin branched from the bottom: anal commencing in a line with the posterior angle of the preopercle, answering to the dorsal, and terminat- ing in the same manner beneath the tail ; greatest elevation correspond- ing : caudal oblong, the extremity rounded : pectorals inserted behind the posterior lobe of the opercle, a little below the middle ; the first ray very short ; the next three or four longest ; the succeeding ones nearly as long; pectoral on the eye-side rather larger than that on the side opposite : ventrals immediately before the anal, and appearing like a continuation of that fin, but not connected with it, as in the next species ; vent situate between the two last pairs of rays : the rays of all the fins covered with rough scales nearly to their tips : D. 87; A. 68; C. 16; P. (Left) 12, (Right) 11; V. 6. {Colours.) Above brown, or reddish brown, mottled and spotted with black; a large round spot, more conspicuous than the others, in the middle of the side towards the posterior part of the body ; fins spotted : beneath, plain white. This species, which I believe to be the same as the P. punctatus of Bloch, was confounded by that author with the P. Megastoma. More recently, it has been confounded by several naturalists, including Cuvier, Nilsson, Hanmer, and Fleming, with that next described. The elongated first dorsal ray, and the ventrals, disjoined from the anal, will, however, always serve to distinguish it. It is evidently to the present species that Fleming's fish, procured in Zetland, belongs. The only other British specimen I know of, is in the Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. This last, from which the above description was taken, was obtained by Professor Henslow at Weymouth. The Top-Knot of Hanmer belongs to the next species. 151. P. hirtus, Mull. {Midler's Top-Knot.) — Round- ish oval : eye-side of the body rough ; the edges of the scales denticulated : jaws equal ; the first dorsal ray not longer than the succeeding ones : ventrals and anal united. P. hirtus. Mull. Zool. Dan. vol. ni. p. 36. pi. 103. Smear-Dab, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. pi. 41. no. 106. {No description an- nexed.) Top-Knot, Hanmer in Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 322. pi. 51. Whiif, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 78. Length. Seven inches nine lines. Descript. {Form.) In general appearance very similar to the last species, but differing in the following particulars : profile without the notch before the commencement of the dorsal fin : mouth rather smaller, and more oblique; when closed, the maxillaries assuming nearly a vertical position: jaws more nearly equal: eyes not so prominent, nor so close together; the lower one rather more in advance with respect to the upper, a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit of the former 464 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Pleuronectes. nearly bisecting the latter into two equal parts : the space between more flattened, or with very little of a projecting ridge: basal and posterior margins of the preopercle meeting at a less angle, the former being more nearly parallel to the axis of the body : upper side of the body less rough ; the lower one perfectly smooth ; scales on the upper side smaller, with more numerous and shorter denticles; the two middle denticles, however, longer than the others ; the scales on the lower side without any denticles : dorsal fin almost in close contact with the mouth ; the first ray not longer than the succeeding ones: ventrals united, at their posterior margins, to the anal, from which, at first sight, they are scarcely to be distinguished; the vent placed between them: fleshy portion of the tail not so long, or not so much projecting from the oval of the body; the dorsal and anal fins approaching one another more closely on its under surface : D. 96 ; A. 73 ; C. 16 ; P. 12 ; V. 6. (Colours.) For the most part similar to those of the P. punctatus: the dark spots and markings are however better defined ; more particularly a black, slightly angulated, band, passing across the head through the eyes, and a large spot beyond the extremity of the pectoral, upon the lateral line. Muller is the only author, so far as I am aware, who has distinguished this from the last species. It appears to have been more often met with in our seas than the P. punctatus. Pennant has evidently figured it under the name of Smear-Dab, though the corres])onding description belongs to the Platessa microcephala of this work. A better representa- tion of it is given in the last edition of the “ British Zoology,” from a specimen obtained by Mr. Hanmer from the coast near Plymouth. More recently it has been noticed on the Cornish coast by Mr. Couch, and on the coast of Beiwiekshire by Dr. Johnston. It has also occurred near the mouth of the Medway. Mr. Couch observes that it keeps in rocky ground, and rarely, if ever, takes a bait. 152, P. Megastoma, Don. {Whiff.) — Body oblong; the eye-side rough, with the scales finely ciliated : gape large ; lower jaw longest : first rays in the dorsal fin free, but simple. P. Megastoma, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 51, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 97. Flem. Brit. An. p. 196. P. Cardina, Cuv. Beg. An. tom. II. p. 341. Passer Cornubiensis asper, magno oris hiatu, (A Whifi',) Jago in Ray's Syn. Pise. p. 163. fig. 2. Whiff, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 238. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 324. pi. 52. Carter, or Lantern-fish, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 78. Length. From twelve to eighteen inches. Descript. (Form.) Body oblong, the tail suddenly contracting before the caudal ; thin, and rather pellucid : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, not quite one-third of the entire length : head large, nearly one-fourth of the same : dorsal curve falling regularly to the end of the snout; the profile slightly concave before the eyes: gape extremely large; lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely, furnished with a blunt tubercle beneath the symphysis : both jaws with very fine velvet-like teeth : eyes very large ; their diameter at least one-fourth the length of the head ; placed on the left side ; approximating ; the lower one most Pleuronectes.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. -IbS in advance ; between them an osseous ridge, passing upwards behind to unite with the lateral line: gill-opening large; opercle small, of a tri- i angular form ; subopercle and interopercle much developed : lateral line very much arched above the pectoral, afterwards straight, and carried on to quite the end of the caudal : scales large ; those on the eye-side of the body with their free edges finely ciliated, communicating a roughness to the touch ; those on the opposite side smooth, with their margins entire ; scales on the lateral line with a slightly elevated oblong tubercle : dorsal commencing about half-way between the extremity of the snout and the ; upper eye, and carried on very nearly to the caudal ; greatest elevation of the fin a little beyond the middle, where it equals one-third of the depth of the body; most of the rays simple, some of the longest only divided at their tips ; the first four or five nearly free, the connect- ing membrane being very low : anal commencing in a line with the pos- terior lobe of the opercle, and answering to the dorsal ; before it a blunt ! : point : caudal oblong, rounded at the extremity, its length rather more than half the depth of the body ; all the principal rays, except the two outermost, branched : pectorals inserted a little below the middle of the j depth, and in a line with the commencement of the anal ; very unequal ; : i that on the eye-side rather more than half the length of the head; the opposite one more than one-third shorter; first ray very short; third and !' fourth rays longest : ventrals entirely in advance of the pectorals, and appearing like a portion of the anal, only double, from which they are 'f separated by the vent: 'I B. 7 ; D. 85; A. 71 ; C. 15, and 4 short ; P. (Left) 12, (Right) 10 ; V. fi. ' {Colours.) Upper side light reddish brown, here and there mottled and ’ spotted with dusky and darker brown : under side white. First observed by Mr. ,Iago on the coast of Cornwall, where it has been since represented, by Mr. Hanmer and Mr. Couch, as very common. % Occasionally met with on other parts of the southern, as well as on the ' ; western, coast. The specimen from which the above description was taken occurred at Hastings. In Cornwall called a Lantern-Fish. ■r 153. P. Arnoglossus, Sclin. {Scald-Fish.) — Body i oblong-oval : scales large, deciduous, finely ciliated : jaws equal : lower eye most in advance : before tbe anal a strong sliarjt spine. P. Arnoglossus, F/etn. Brit. An. p. 197. Bonap. Faun. Ital. Fasc. iv. Arnoglossus, vel Solea Irnvis, IFill. Hist. Pise. p. 102. tab. F. 8. f. 7.? Smooth Sole, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 232. Scald-Fish, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 325. pi. 53. ; Length. Five to six inches. " Descript. {Form.) Oblong-oval; the body narrowing behind more gradually than in the last species, and not so suddenly contracted before the caudal; thin and somewhat pellucid: greatest breadth, dorsal and " anal fins excluded, one-third of the entire length : head one-fourth of the same, excluding caudal : profile slightly emarginated before the eyes : u gape moderate; jaws nearly equal; lower one obliquely ascending; both with fine velvet-like teeth : eyes placed as in the Whiff, but not so large i in proportion : lateral line arched above the pectoral, afterwards straight : scales large, thin, very deciduous; their free edges finely ciliated, and emarginated ; those on the lateral line with an oblong tubercle as in the Gg i 466 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Pleuronectes. IVhiff, but not so much elevated: dorsal and anal as in that species; before the anal a strong, sharp, triangular, spine or lamina, directed downwards and backwards : caudal rounded : pectorals unequal ; that on the upper side about tlu’ee-fourths the length of the head : ventrals con- sisting of a double row of rays ; that on the upper side more advanced than the other : the rays of all the fins slender and bristly ; the connect- ing membranes very delicate, and easily broken ; D. 85; A. ()(!; C. 17; P- 10; V. (!. {Colour.) “ Upper side pale brown, or dirty white.” Hanmer. Apparently not common in the British seas. Hitherto noticed only by Mr. Hanmer, who states that it occurs at Plymouth, though very rarely. The Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society possesses speci- mens from Weymouth, where it is called Megrim*. The name of Scald- Fish has arisen from the peculiarly smooth naked appearance of the sides, when divested of the scales, which adhere so slightly as to yield to the slightest friction. Inhabits the Mediterranean, along with one or two other closely allied species. (28.) P. Cyclops, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 90. Platessa Cyclops, Flem. Brit. An. p. 199. Eyes on the left side : left eye subvertical, and visible on both sides. P)ody very broad, smooth ; marked with dusky spots, surrounded by a whitish ring : head elongated : lateral line much curved above the pectoral fin : scales inconspicuous ; dorsal commencing behind the eye : middle rays of both dorsal and anal longest : caudal rounded : D. r>8; A. 52; C. 18; P. 11 ; V. 7- Length, one inch and three-eighths. Don. An obscure and doubtful species. Sent to Donovan by Captain Mer- rick, of Aberfraw, in Anglesea, North Wales, who obtained it on that coast. Probably the fry of some other species. The backward commence- ment of the dorsal fin associates it with the last genus ; but the sinistral position of the eyes with this. GEN. 57. SOLE A, Cuv. (1. Soi.EA, Cur.) 154. S. mtlgaris, Fleni. (Common Sole.) — Greatest breadth not half the length : upper side of the body dark brown ; the pectoral tipped with black. S. vulgaris, Fleyn. Brit. An. p. 197. Pleuroneetes Solea, Linn. Sysi. Nat. tom. i. p. 457. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 45. Do7i. Fish. vol. III. pi. 82. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96. Buglossus, seu Solea, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 100. tab. F. 7. Sole, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 2.31. Id. (Edit. 1812.) p. 311, Length. From twelve to eighteen inches; sometimes two feet, or more. Descript. (Fbrw.) Oblong-oval; very much rounded anteriorly; body narrowing behind : dorsal line carried on in one continuous curve to the * According to Mr. Hanmer, tlie name of Mqirim is sometimes given to the last species. Several other instances might be pointed out, in which the same English name is applied, on tlifFerent parts of tlie coast, to two or more totally distinct spccie.s. SOLEA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 467 mouth; greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, rather more than one- third of the entire length : length of the head just half the breadth of the body : snout obtuse and rounded, projecting beyond the mouth ; this last appearing distorted on the side opposed to the eyes, and fur- nished on that side only with fine velvet-like teeth; upper jaw the long- est ; eyes small ; distant from each other about twice their diameter ; the lower one immediately above the corner of the mouth, the upper one further advanced towards the end of the snout ; the space between them flat : nostrils tubular, placed a little above the lip, one on the upper and the other on the under side of the head : side of the head opposed to the eyes bearded with numerous white fleshy cirri : lateral line arising above the upper eye, and, after making a great curve, descending to the upper part of the opercle; thence running straight to the caudal along the middle of the side : scales small, of an oblong form ; their free edges ciliated, the denticles about ten in number ; dorsal commencing a little above the mouth, and extending along the whole ridge of the back quite to the caudal ; its greatest elevation less than one-seventh of the breadth of the body ; all the rays simple, of a compressed conical form, and scaly for the greater part of their length : pectorals one-third the length of the head, both of equal size, placed just behind the upper part of the gill-open- ing; narrow and rounded, with the middle rays longest; first and last rays simple, the others branched : anal commencing a little in advance of the insertion of the pectorals ; answering to the dorsal : caudal oblong, slightly rounded at the extremity : ventrals very small, about two-thirds the length of the pectorals ; situate just in advance of the anal ; third ray longest : B. 6 ; D. 84 ; A. 07 ; C. 18 ; P. 8 ; V. 5. “Number of vertebrae forty-seven*.” {Colours.) All the upper side of the body dark brown, the scales edged with a deeper tint, causing a reti- culated appearance ; the pectoral on that side tipped with black ; under side of the body white : irides golden yellow. Common on all parts of the coast, particularly in the West and South of England, where it attains a large size. Weight, according to Pennant, sometimes so much as six or seven pounds ; usually, however, very much less. Keeps almost entirely at the bottom, and feeds on the eggs and fry of other fish. 155. S. Pegusa, Yarr. {Lemon Sole.) — Greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins included, half the length : upper side of the body light orange-brown, freckled with dark brown spots; pectoral tipped with black. S. Pegusa, Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 467. pi. 16. Length. Eight to ten and a half inches. Descript. {Form.) Wider in proportion to its whole length than the Common Sole, and also somewhat thicker : greatest breadth (in a spe- cimen eight inches long), not including the dorsal and anal fins, three inches, including both fins, four inches : head obtuse, shorter and wider : mouth arched : opercle formed externally of a single piece, circular in shape, and less deep : under surface of the head almost smooth, without any of the papillary eminences so remarkable in the Common Sole ; the nostril on that side pierced in a prominent tubular projection, tvanting in * Yan’eH. {Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 4G8.) G G 2 468 PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPT. [SOLEA. the other species: scales differing both in character and general arrange- ment; the appearance of them more strongly marked upon the under than upon the upper surface : lateral line straight, hut not very strongly marked : tail narrower than in the Common Sole, though composed of the same number of rays: D. !!1 ; A. t;9; C. 17 ; P. H; V. 5. Number of vertebra} forty-three. (Colours.) Upper surface a mixture of orange and light brown, freckled over with small circular spots of very dark brown, presenting a mottled appearance ; tip of the pectoral black ; under surface white. Yarr. First obtained by Mr. Yarrell at Brighton, where it is said to be “ occasionally taken with the Common Sole by trawling over a clear bottom of soi't sand, about sixteen miles from the shore." Is known there by the name of Lemon Sole. Has since been met with, in a few instances, in the London market. Obs. This species is not the Pleuronectes Pegusa of Risso, as was at first supposed by Mr. Yarrell. It appears to be undescribed by any of the continental authors. (2. MonOCHIRUS, Cu:V.) 156. S. Lingula.) Nob. {Red-backed Sole.) — Eye-side of the body light reddish brown ; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with dusky spots. Pleuronectes Lingula, Hanmer in Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. .313. pi. 48. P. variegatus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 117. Solea variegata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 197. S. Mangilii, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Ease. v. Solea parva, sive Lingula, RondeL Pise. p. 324. Jflll. Hist. Pise. p. 1 02. tab. F. 8. fig. 1 . Length. From six to nine inches. Descript. (Form.) Very much resembling the Common Sole, but remarkably distinguished by the small size of the pectorals, that on the eye-side being less than one-eighth the length of the head, that on the side opposite scarcely perceptible : body rather thicker in proportion than in that species; the breadth hardly so great, equalling just one third of the entire length, excluding caudal: eyes rather nearer together; the upper one a little in advance: scales of a different form; oblong, but always contracted about the middle ; their free edges set with more numerous denticles, varying from eighteen to twenty-one in number : dorsal and anal fins with fewer rays, and not approaching quite so near the caudal : B. f) ; P. 77 ; A. (12 ; C. 19 ; P. (Right) 4; V. 5. In other respects the two species are similar. (Colours.) “ Upper side a very light brown, tinged with red ; the scales shewing a pattern, some- thing like that of the Common Sole, though in proportion coarser; the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, marked with brown or blackish spots, ex- tending some lines to the body of the fish." Hanmer. A local species obtained by Mr. Hanmer from the coast near Plymouth, where it is said to be common in the Spring. It is probably the same as the Pleuronectes variegatus of Donovan, which was procured by that naturalist in Billingsgate market, and which is said to have been since found at Rothsay, in Scotland*. The specimen from which the above * Loudon’s Mag. of Nai. Hist. vol. vi. p. a30. Lepadogaster.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 469 description was taken, was caught at Weymouth, and is now in the Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It appears to ditfer from Mr. Hanmer's fish in its colours, but as these were not observed in the recent state, and may possibly have been altered by the preserving liquor, I have suppressed any notice of them, and substituted a part of Mr. Hanmer's description. It also differs in the larger number of dorsal fin-rays, which amount, in Mr. Hanmer’s fish, to about sixty-eight. Fur- ther observation is necessary in order to decide whether, in this instance, I have confounded two nearly allied species. GEN. 58. LEPADOGASTER, Goz/an. 157 . L. Comubiensis, Flem. {Cornish Sucker.) — A double cirrus in front of each eye : dorsal and anal fins connected by a membrane with the caudal. L. Cornubiensis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 189. Cyclopterus Cornubicus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. p. 397. C. ocellatus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. IV. pi. 76. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 116. Small Suck-Fish, Borl. Cornw. p. 269. pi. 25. f. 28, & 29. Jura Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 137. pi. 22. no. 59. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 181. pi. 25. Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 87. Length. Four inches. Descript. {Form.) Head and anterior part of the body broad and depressed; towards the caudal compressed and tapering: snout very much produced, spatula-shaped, narrower and more flattened than the head; gape wide; jaws nearly equal, the lower one a little the shortest; both furnished with minute sharp teeth ; lips a little reflected : length of the head rather more than one-third of the entire length : eyes lateral ; the space between them equalling about twice their diameter; imme- diately in advance of the anterior angle of each a membranous cirrus with a second minute filament branching out from its base ; behind the cirrus a small fleshy tubercle ; gill-opening small : skin smooth and naked : pectorals large, placed immediately behind the gill-opening, and extending downwards to the lower surface of the body, where the rays become suddenly stronger, and the membrane, doubling forwards, passes on to unite with that of the opposite fin under the throat ; the membranes of the pectorals thus united enclose a disk, and form an hemispherical cavity; behind this cavity is a second, larger, circular, concave disk, formed by the united ventrals : dorsal commencing beyond the middle of the entire length, and reaching very nearly to the caudal, with which its membrane is connected : anal shorter, commencing further hack, united in like manner to the caudal : rays of both fins articulated but simple : caudal rounded : number of fin- rays, D. 19; A. 11 ; C. 14; P. 18, and 4 stouter ones. {Colours.) Dusky, or purplish brown, (according to Mr. Couch, some- times crimson,) with minute inconspicuous spots; flesh-coloured beneath; on the nape, behind the eyes, two ocellated spots ; “ each consisting of a large obovate spot of deep purple, enclosed within a broad pale brownish 470 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Lepadogaster. ring, and embellished in the centre with a brilliant bine dot, or pupil* : " dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, bright purplish red. First observed by Borlase on the coast of Cornwall, where it has been since noticed by Mr. Couch. Found by Pennant in the Sound of Jura; by Montagu ■!■, in some plenty, at Milton, on the coast of Devonshire, adhering to the rocks at low water. Obs. All our English authors repre- sent this species as having only eleven rays in the dorsal fin ; and this is made by Fleming a ground of distinction between it and the L. Gouani of Risso, which is said to have a larger number. In the only two British specimens, however, which I have had an opportunity of examining, they amounted to no less than nineteen. Possibly we may have two spe- cies in our seas, which have been hitherto confounded J. I may add, that in the above specimens, although there were two filaments before each eye, the second was extremely minute compared with the first, and much smaller than represented and described by Donovan. 158. L. himactdatus, Flem. {Bimaciilated Sucker.) — No cirri before tlie eyes : dorsal and anal fins short ; not connected with the caudal : behind the pectoral, on each side, a purple spot. L. bimaculatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 190. Cyclopterus bimaculatus. Tart. Linn. vol. i. p. 907. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 78. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Bimaculated Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. App. p. 397. pi. 22. /d. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 181. pi. 25. Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 293. Length. An inch and a half; rarely more. , Descript. (Form.) General form resembling that of the last species, but the head and anterior part of the body more depressed: snout conical, with the sides not so much hollowed out: jaws equal; teeth more de- veloped, those in the lower jaw sharp and curved: eyes further asunder, and placed more laterally ; no cirri in front of them : pectorals, and the two disks which form the organs of adhesion, similar : dorsal short, and placed far behind : anal answering to it : both fins terminating at a small distance from the caudal, with which they are not in any way connected: caudal narrow, the end nearly even : D. 6 ; A. f) ; C. 12 ; P. about 20, and 4. (Colours.) Back and sides pink or rose-colour, with spots and interrupted fasciae of white : behind the pectoral fin, on each side, a purple spot, sur- rounded by a ring of white : irides pink, surrounded by a dark purplish ring: fins variegated with pink and white: under surface of the body whitish. According to Montagu “ the fry are of a green colour, mi- nutely speckled with blue, and witliout the smallest trace of the pectoral spots.” First obtained at Weymouth by the late Dowager Dutchess of Portland. Has been since taken at the same place by Professor Henslow. Not very uncommon, according to Montagu, at Torcross in Devonshire, adhering to stones and old shells; procured by deep dredging. By the same means * Donovan. t Linn. Traits, vol. vii. p. 294. t Several otber.s, allied to our British one, arc noticed by Risso. § MVrn. Mrm. vol. i. p. 92. Cyclopterus.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 471 Mr. IV. Thompson has procured several specimens in Belfast Bay. Has also occurred on the coasts of Kent and Cornwall. Apparently unknown except in the British seas. GEN. 59 . CYCLOPTERUS, Linn. (1. Cyclopterus, Cuv^ 159- C. Liimpus, Linn. {Common Lump-Fish.) — Three long-itudinal rows of osseous tubercles on each side : a tuberculated ridge on the back, representing a first dorsal fin. C. Lumpus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 414. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 90. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 10. Tui’t. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Firm. Brit. An. p. 190. Lumpus Anglorum, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 208. tab. N. 11. Lump-Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 133. pi. 21. no. 57. Id: (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 176. pi. 24. Le Lump, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 346. Length. From eighteen inches to two feet. Descript. {Form.) Body deep, and at the same time remarkably thick and fleshy : back sharp and elevated, with a salient ridge of osseous tubercles, occupying the place of, and representing, a first dorsal fin ; the tubercles ten in number, of a somewhat conical form, striated, and sharp- pointed ; three longitudinal rows of similar tubercles on each side of the body ; the first commencing a little above the eye, and extending nearly to the caudal ; the second commencing behind the gills, and reaching to the same distance ; the third, a short row of five tubercles, placed at the side of the abdomen, and terminating near the commencement of the anal fin : there are also two very short rows of tubercles, placed one on each side of the space intervening between the dorsal ridge and the dorsal fin : belly, included between the two rows of abdominal tubercles, flat : head short; forehead broad, rising very obliquely: mouth wide; lips thick and fleshy ; jaws furnished with numerous small sharp teeth, besides which are some small rough tubercles on the pharyngean bones, and near the root of the tongue ; nostrils single, tubular, about half-way between the mouth and the eyes : skin without scales, but every-where rough with small sharp points : second or true dorsal placed far behind ; its length a little exceeding its height ; extending to near the caudal, but leaving a small intervening space ; anal answering to the dorsal : ventrals united, forming together a circular disk, with a funnel-shaped cavity in the middle: pectorals very large, passing downwards and forwards beneath the throat, and surrounding the disk of the ventrals: B. 6; D. 11 ; A. 10; C. 12; P. 21. {Colours.) Back and sides dusky olive, here and there tinged with red- dish; belly crimson: caudal and anal fins purplish red, spotted with dusky : pectorals bright orange. Var. /3. C. pavoninus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. ix. pi. 310. “ Back of a fine azure, deepening towards the ridge : the sides tinged with crimson : mouth, sides of the head, and all the under parts to the tail, of a delicate sea-green, with a silvery tinge on the cheeks, the pectoral fins, and the part of the body next the tail : irides likewise silvery ; pupil black : fins and tail terminating in a fine pale yellow.” Davies. Not an uncommon species on many parts of the British coast, but taken in most abundance northwards. Spawns, according to Bloch, in March. 472 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Cyclopterus. Power of adhesion, by means of the ventral disk, very great. Vur. fi was taken near Bangor in Caernarvonshire, in 1797, and sent to Shaw by Mr. Hugh Davies of that place. It measured only six inches in length. Obs. The Lumpus gibbosus of Willughby* {Cyclopt. pyraniidatus, Shawl'), characterized by a pyramidal hump on the back, and said to be found in the Scotch seas, owes its origin, in the opinion of Cuvier, to a badly-stuffed specimen of the present species. (2 Liparis, Arted.) 160. C. Liparis^ Linn. {Common Sea-Snail .) — Dorsal anti anal fins united to the caudal. C. Liparis, Linn. Sijst. Nat. tom. i. p. 414. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 123. f. 3. Do7i. Brit. Fish. vol. ii. ])1. 47. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Ihparis nostras, Will. Hist. Pise. App. p. 17. tab. H. 6. fig. 1. Liparis vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 190. Unctuous Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 135. pi. 21. no. 58. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 1 79. pi. 24. Length. From three to five inches. Descript. {Form.) Body elongated, thick and rounded anteriorly, but much compressed behind : belly very ])rotuberant : head large, broad, a little depressed in front, and somewhat inflated about the gills ; its length contained about four times and a half in the entire length : snout blunt and rounded : mouth moderately large ; upper lip with two short cirri : in each jaw a band of rasp-like teeth : tongue thick and fleshy : eyes small, and rather high on the cheeks ; nostrils double: gill-opening very small ; the opercle produced behind into a cartilaginous spine : head and body every-where covered with a smooth, soft, naked, unctuous, semi- transparent, skin : dorsal fin commencing a little behind the nape, and extending to the base of the caudal, with which it is just united; rays slender and simple, the anterior ones rather shorter than those which follow, but on the whole the rays nearly of a length : anal commencing at about half the length of the body, and also uniting to the caudal, but at a point beyond that at which the dorsal terminates : caudal slightly rounded: pectorals large, extending downwards and forwards to unite under the throat; two or three rays, just at the turn of the fin beneath the body, very much elongated, and considerably produced beyond those on each side of them : ventral disk concave, and nearly circular ; placed on the throat, and partly encircled by the pectorals ; the circumference set with twelve or thirteen flattened tubercles, the central portion im- pressed with four or five curved lines branching out on each side of a longitudinal diameter : D. 3(1; A. 20; C. 12 ; P. 32 J. (Colours.) “Pale brown, sometimes finely streaked with darker brown." Penn. In a variety, met with by Donovan, “ the head and body were strongly marked with longitudinal streaks and waves of white, edged with blue, and disposed on a ground of testaceous or rather chestnut-colour." It is observed by this last author, that this species “ differs very consider- ably in colour at different seasons of the year, as well as in its various stages of growth : small specimens have occurred in which the sides and belly were white ; in some pale yellow, and in others rosy ; the sides of ( he head usually partaking of the same tints as those of the body ’’ * Hist. rise. p. 20!). tab. N. 10. fig. 2. t Got. Zool. vol. V. part ii. p. 300. pi. 167. t The above fin-ray formula is from Donovan. Echeneis.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 473 Common on many parts of the coast, and generally found near the mouths of rivers. When taken out of the water, said rapidly to dissolve and melt away. Food, according to Bloch, aquatic insects, young shells, and small fish. Spawns early in the year : found by Pennant heavy with roe in January. Arrives at a much larger size in the northern seas than in our own. 161. C. Montagni, Don. {Moiitagii's Sea-Snail .) — Dorsal and anal fins unconnected with the caudal : upper lip marked with several indentations. C. Montagui, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 68. (Young.) Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 91. pi. 5. f. 1. C. Montacuti, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Liparis Montagui, Flem. Brit. An. p. 190. Mon- tagu’s Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 183. Length. From two to three inches. Descript. {Form.) General form similar to that of the C. Liparis: body very much rounded as far as the vent, beyond which it becomes suddenly compressed : head more depressed than in that species, and much intlated at the gills: snout, jaws, and teeth, similar: eyes small, placed high : front of the head, above the upper lip, scalloped with about si.x indentations: rest of the head, and body, very smooth: dorsal fin commencing a little behind the nape, and extending to the base of the caudal, with which, however, it is not in any way connected ; rays at first very short and inconspicuous, hut gradually increasing in length to just before the caudal, where the fin is broadest, and presents a rounded ap- pearance : anal similar, and likewise separate from the caudal : pectorals and ventral disk much as in the C. Liparis : vent about half-way between the posterior margin of the disk and the commencement of the anal fin : D. about 26; A. about 24 ; C. 12 ; P. about 29*. {Colours.) “Purplish brown in appearance to the naked eye; but by the assistance of a lens, the ground-colour is dull orange, covered with minute confluent spots of the former : the under parts are paler, and about the throat and sucker white : irides golden ; pupil dark blue.” Mont. Discovered by Montagu, at Milton, on the south coast of Devon, where a few specimens were obtained at extraordinary low tides, among the rocks. Has been since found on the coast of Ireland by Mr. W. Thomp- son of Belfast: also on the coast of Berwickshire by Dr. Johnston. Ap- parently a rarer species than the foregoing. GEN. 60. ECHENEIS, Linn. 162 . E. Remora, Linn. {Common Remora.) — Shield on the head with about eighteen transverse bars ; caudal crescent-shaped. E. Remora, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 446. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 172. Tu7't. Brit. Faun. p. 94. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 347. Remora, Will. Flist. Pise. p. 119. App. tab. 9. f. 2. Mediterranean Remora, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 18lk) vol. iii. App. p. 524. * The above fin-ray formula is from Montagu. PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Echeneis. 474 Length. From twelve to eighteen inches. Bloch. Descuipt. (Furm.*) Body moderately elongated ; covered with small scales : head perfectly Hat above ; the shield consisting of from sej-'enteen to nineteen transverse elevated bars divided into two series ; the margin of the .shield cartilaginous : eyes lateral : mouth wide and rounded: lower jaw advancing beyond the upper; furnished, as well as the intermaxilla- ries, with small card-like teeth ; a very regular row of small teeth, resem- bling cilia, along the edge of the maxillaries, which form the outer margin of the upper jaw: the anterior margin of the vomer furnished with a band of card-like teeth, and its whole surface, as well as that of the tongue, rough : four orifices near the upper lip ; the anterior pair cylindrical, the posterior oval: gill-opening very large : lateral line, which is scarcely visible, taking a curve towards the end of the pectoral fin : dorsal single, commencing a little beyond the middle of the length : anal opposite : vent nearer the caudal than the head : caudal crescent-shaped : all the fin-rays soft, much branched, and invested with a thick membrane. B. !lf ; D. 21 ; C. 20; P. 22 ; V. 4. (Colour.) “Dusky brown.” Turt. This species, which is well known for its power of adhering, by means of the shield on the head, to other fish, and to the bottoms of vessels, is found in the Mediterranean, as well as in various parts of the ocean. In a single instance it has occurred in the British seas, Dr. Turton having taken a specimen at Swansea, from the back of a Cod-Fish, in the summer of 1806. (III. A P O D E S.) GEN. 61. ANGUILLA, Cttv. (1. Anguilla, Cuv.) 163. A. acutkostris, Yarr. (Sharp-nosed Eel.) — Snout sharp, compressed at tlie sides ; gape extending to beneatli the middle of the eye : about one-third of the entire lengtli before the dorsal, and between one-eighth and one-ninth before the pectorals. A. acutirostris, Farr, in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 183 IZ p. 133. Piss. Hist. Nat. de I'Ewr. Mlrid. tom. iii. p. 198.? A. vuDaris, Turt. Brit. Faun, p, 87. Fl.em. Brit. An. p. 199. Murana Anguilla, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 73. Common Eel, Penn. Brit. Zool. * Compiled from Cuvier and Blocli. t The above formula is from Bloch : accordinj^ (o Cuvier, there are but eiffht ravs in the brancruo.stegous membrane. Anguilla.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 475 vol. III. p. 142. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 191. Bowd. Brit, fr. wat. Finh. Draw. no. 7. Sharp-headed Eel, Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. 4. p. 469. L’Anguille long-bec, Cm. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 349. Length. Usual length from two to three, sometimes four, feet: has been known to attain to six feet three inches. Descript. {Form.) Very much elongated; body thick, approaching to cylindrical ; the depth and thickness nearly uniform for three-fourths of the entire length ; the last quarter compressed and slightly tapering : depth, taken at the commencement of the dorsal fin, equalling about one- sixteenth of the entire length : head, measured from the end of the snout to the branchial orifice, contained nearly eight times and three-quarters in the same ; convex, and slightly elevated, at the nape, from which point the profile slopes forward, becoming much depressed above the eyes : snout sharp and attenuated, compared with that of the two next species ; the sides rather compressed: jaws gradually narrowing towards their extremities, which are slightly rounded ; the lower one a little the long- est ; both furnished with a broad band of velvet-like teeth, the band above dilating on to the fore part of the vomer : gape small ; the commissure of the lips not extending to a vertical line drawn as a tangent to the pos- terior part of the orbit : eyes small ; the distance from them to the end of the snout not equalling twice their diameter ; the space between them rather less than the above distance : nostrils double ; tbe anterior orifice tubular, situate on the edge of the upper lip, the posterior one a simple pore immediately in advance of the eye : a row of pores above the upper lip on each side, and another forming the commencement of the lateral line ; which last arises a little above the pectorals, and passes off straight to the extremity of the tail : gill-opening reduced to a small round aper- ture, immediately before, and a little below, the pectoral fin : scales very minute, scarcely visible, deeply imbedded in a thick, soft, slimy skin: dorsal commencing at about (sometimes a little before) one-third of the entire length ; low, preserving throughout the same elevation, which equals scarcely more than one- fourth of the depth: vent before the middle of the enth'e length by a space equalling the depth of the body ; anal commencing immediately behind it, similar to the dorsal : both dorsal and anal are carried quite to the extremity of the tail, forming by their union a pointed caudal : pectorals small and rounded, not half the length of the head ; the distance from the line of their insertion to the end of the snout contained eight times and a half in the entire length, and about twice and three-quarters in the portion anterior to the com- mencement of the dorsal fin : ventrals wanting. Number of vertebrae one hundred and thirteen*. {Colours.) Upper part of the head, back, and a large portion of the sides, dark olivaceous green, tinged with brown ; lower part of the sides paler : throat, belly, and a portion of the anal fin, yellowish white. Common in rivers, lakes, and other fresh-waters, throughout the coun- try. Attains to a larger size than either of the two following species, with which it was formerly confounded. Two taken some years since in a fen- dyke near Wisbeach, in Cambridgeshire, weighed together fifty pounds; the heaviest twenty-eight, the other twenty-two pounds. Usually, how- ever, much smaller. Generally considered as viviparous, but, from the observations of Mr. Yarrell, it is probable that this is not the case+. In the Autumn, migrates down the rivers, in order, it is said, to pass the * The number of vertebrae rests on the authority of Mr. Yarrell. t See on this subject Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1831. p. 133; also Jesse's Glcaii. in Nat. Hist. (Second Sei'ies), p. 57, &c. 476 PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPT. [Anguilla. Winter in the brackish water, and to deposit its spawn; the young fry migrating up the river in the Spring. Many, however, certainly remain in ponds all the year, and breed there. Roves about, and feeds, prin- (dpally in the night. Said to quit its native element occasionally, and to cross meadows, in search of other waters, as well as for the purpose of feeding on worms and snails*. Very tenacious of life. Obs. This species varies a good deal in colour, according to the nature of the water in which it is found. Those in which the belly is of a clear white are called some- times Silver Eels. 164. A. latirostris, Yarr. {Broad-nosed Eel.) — Snout broad and rounded ; gape extending to a vertical line from the posterior part of the orbit : more than one-third of the entire length before the dorsal, and about one-seventh before the pectorals. A. latirostris, Farr, in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1831. p. 133. Riss. Hist. Nat. de I'Eur. Merid. tom. in. p. 199.? Blunt-headed Eel, Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 469. Glut Eel, Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 22. L’Anguille pimperneaux, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. II. p. 349. Length. From one to two, perhaps sometimes three, feet. Descript. {Form.) Body much larger and thicker anteriorly than in the last species, but more compressed behind ; thickness not uniform beyond the commencement of the dorsal, from which point the compres- sion of the sides rapidly increases : depth greatest at the nape : head large, appearing, when viewed from above, broader than the body : snout blunt ami rounded, flattened before the eyes : jaws broad; the lower one wider and longer than the iqiper : gape large ; the commissure reaching to, or almost beyond, a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit: lips thick and fleshy at the sides of the mouth, and partially reflexed : eyes larger than in the A. acutirostris ; the distance from them to the end of the snout equals at least twice their diameter ; the distance between them rather less : dorsal commencing at a point beyond one-third of the entire length; both that and the anal thicker in substance and more elevated than the same fins in the A. acutirostris, their height equalling nearly half the depth : vent before the middle by a space equalling about three-fourths of the depth : tail broader, and more rounded at its ex- tremity : pectorals somewhat larger, and placed, as well as the branchial orifices, further behind ; the distance from the line of their insertion to the end of the snout is contained not more than seven times in the entire length, and not so much as twice and a half in the portion anterior to the commencement of the dorsal fin. Number of vertebral one hundred and fifteen 'I’. {Colours.) Back and sides of a darker colour than in the A. acutirostris, and having more of a bluish than a greenish tinge; the lateral line, however, forms a pale green stripe down each side : under- neath, including a portion of the anal, white, without any yellow tinge. The colours, however, are variable, as in the last species. This species, which is probably the Grig% or Glut Eel of Pennant, is nearly as common as the last. It has not been known, however, to e.xceed * See an instance mentioned by Dr. Hastings in his Nat Hist oflVorccstersh. p. 134. t The number of vertebra? rests on tlie authority of Mr. Yarrell. If I am informed by Mr. Yarrell, that the term Grip is applied in many nlace.s generally to all small-sized Eels. Too much reliance, therefore, must not be placed upon the mere name. Anguilla.] PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPi: a weight of five pounds. Independently of the above external differences, Mr. Yarrell has observed others “in the size and character of the bones of the head and vertebrce ; those of the present species being nearly as large again as the same parts of the A. acutrrostris in examples of the same length 165. A. mediorostris, Yarr. (S?iig Eel.) — Snout rather long, and moderately broad ; gape extending not quite to a vertical line from the posterior part of the orbit : rather less than one-third of the entire length before the dorsal, and between one-seventh and one-eighth before the pec- torals. A. mediorostris, Yarrell' s Mss. Snig Eel, Varr. in Je.ise's Glean, of Nat. Hist. (2nd Series) pp. 75, & 76. Length. The length of my specimen is nineteen inches. Descript. (Form.-'y) More slender and elongated in proportion to the depth and thickness than either of the preceding species : depth at the commencement of the dorsal fin not exceeding one-nineteenth of the entire length : nape but little elevated, and nearly in the same horizontal line with the profile: snout and jaws somewhat resembling those of the A. acutirostris, but longer and broader than in that species, though not so broad as in the A. latirostris : both jaws rounded at their extremities ; the lower one longest : teeth longer and more developed than in the A. acutiro.stris : gape more capacious, owing to the greater length of the jaws ; commissure nearly, but not quite, extending to a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit: the distance from the eye to the end of the snout equalling full twice the diameter of the former : dorsal commencing rather before one-third of the entire length ; its height about one-third of the depth of the body : vent nearer the middle than in either of the two former species : caudal moderately pointed at its extremity : pectorals small ; the distance from the line of their insertion to the end of the snout contained seven times and a half in the entire length. (Colours.) Upper parts dark greenish brown, passing by a lighter olive-green to yellowish white below. This species was first distinguished by Mr. Yarrell, who received it from the river Avon in Hampshire. Said to be known there by the name of Snig. Does not attain to a large size, seldom exceeding half a pound in weight. Said to differ from the other eels in its habit of roving and feeding during the day. Presents also some osteological peculiarities, “ the first five cervical vertebra; being smooth and round, and entirely destitute of superior or lateral spinous processes, both of which are pos- sessed by the two other species (29.) Grig Eel, Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 28. L'Anguille Plat-Bee, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 349. Being unacquainted with this species, I am unable to point out its dis- tinguishing characters. According to Mrs. Bowdich, it is the smallest of * Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1831. p. 133. t The above description having been drawn up witit reference to a single specimen, the only one 1 have had an opportunity of examining, possibly some of the characters may not be found constant in all cases. ± Yarr. l.c. 478 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Anguilla. the Eel tribe, and is caught plentifully in the Thames, but more especially in Berkshire and O.^fordshire. She thinks that Pennant has confounded it with the Glut Eel. Mr. Varrell informs me, he considers it as distinct from the last species. (2. Conger, Ciw.) 166. A. Conger, Shaw. {Conger Eel.) — Dorsal and anal lins margined witli black : lateral line spotted with white. A. Conger, Shair, Ge?t. Zool. vol. tv. parti, p. 20. pi. 1. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Mnrseiia Conger, Linn. Si/st. Nat. tom. i. p. 42G. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 155. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. V. pi. 119. Conger, TVill. Hist. Pise. p. 111. tab. G. 6. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 147. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 19G. Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1831.) p. 158. Length. From five to six feet: said to reach occasionally as much as ten feet, or upwards. Dkscript. (Form.) General form resembling that of the Common Eel : body thick, and nearly cylindrical anteriorly, compressed and tapering behind ; head larger than in that species, being a little less than one-seventh of the entire length: crown flat; snout a little de- pressed, narrowing towards the extremity, and rather pointed : upper jaw a little the longest: both jaws with a band of sharpish card-like teeth, “ forming three rows, of which those in the middle line are much the largest; numerous smaller teeth, more uniform in size, occupy the line of the vomer, but do not extend far backwards:’’* lips fleshy : gape wide ; not extending quite so far as a tangent to the posterior part of file orbit : eyes much larger than in the Common Eel : nostrils double ; the first orifice placed a little before the eye; the second, which is tubular, at the extremity of the snout : a row of mucous pores along the upper lip ; several pores also between the corner of the gape and the gill-opening: dorsal commencing a little behind the' pectorals, or at about one-fifth of the entire length : vent (in a specimen measuring tliirty-one inches and a half in length) about three inches before the middle : anal commencing immediately behind the vent, and extending quite to the extremity of the tail, where it unites with the dorsal (pro- longed in a similar manner) to form a pointed caudal : “B. 10; D. A. & C. 300; P. 19 ”t. (Colours.) Of a uniform pale brownish gray above, passing into a dirty white beneath : dorsal and anal fins whitish, margined with deep bluish black : lateral line spotted with white. A common inhabitant of the British seas, and found on most parts of the coast in considerable abundance. Attains to a very large size : has been known to weigh upwards of one hundred pounds. Frequents rocky ground. Is very voracious, preying on other fish and on Crustacea. (30.) A. Myrus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. part i. p. 24. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Muraena Myrus, Linii. Syst. IN at. tom. i. p. 426. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 64. Le Myre, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 350. * Yarrell. t Bloch. Mur^na.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 479 This species, which is found in the iMediterranean, has been included in the British Fauna by Berkenhout and Tuiton, but it is not said on what authority. It is distinguished from the last by its smaller size, and by some spots on the snout, a transverse band on the occiput, and two rows of dots on the nape, of a whitish colour*. (5.) OPHISURUS, Lacep. (31.) O. Ophis, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. tom. 11 . p. 196. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Murana Ophis, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 425. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 154. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 64. Ophis maculata, Tuvt. Brit. Faun. p. 87. Like the last, a very doubtful native. Given as British by Berkenhout, but without any remarks. Of a whitish or silvery colour, with several longitudinal rows of dark oval spots. Length from three to four feet. Inhabits the European seas. (.32.) 0. Serpens, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. tom. ii. p. 198. Murcnna Serpens, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 425. Serpens marinus, Merr. Pinax, p. 185. Sibb. Scot. Illust. part ii. tom. ii. p. 23. Whether this, or the last, be the species alluded to by Merrett and Sibbald under the name of Serpens marinus, is very doubtful. Neither is it known on what authority either of these naturalists has inserted it in the British Fauna. The 0. Serpens of Lacepede is distinguished from the O. Ophis, by its being without spots. It also grows to a larger size, at- taining the length of five or six feet. A native of the iMediterranean. GEN. 62. MURrENA, Thnnb. 167- M. Helena, Linn. (Common Mnrcena.) — Oli- vaceous brown, mai’bled with yellow. M. Helena, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 425. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 153. Mursena, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 103. tab. G. 1. Roman Mursena, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. part i. p. 26. pi. 2. Mnrene commune, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 252. Length. Three feet and upwards. Cuv. Descript. {Form.) Body, in old fish, compressed at the sides, in young, round : head small : mouth large : jaws armed with sharp pointed teeth, a little distant from each other: palate also armed with teeth: two tubular orifices near the eyes, and two at the extremity of the snout : gill-opening large : dorsal, anal, and caudal, united ; forming together a low fleshy fin, invested by the common skin, commencing on the back at a pretty considerable distance from the head, passing round the tail, and terminating underneath the body at the vent : no pectorals or ven- trals. Bloch. {Colours.) “ Of a dusky greenish brown, pretty thickly variegated on all parts with dull yellow subangular marks or patches, disposed in a somewhat different manner in different individuals, and generally scattered over with smaller specklings of brown ; the whole forming a kind of obscurely reticular pattern.” Shaw. An individual of this species, measuring four feet four inches in length, was caught by a fisherman at Polperro, in Cornwall, in October 1834t. I am not aware that it had been ever taken previously in our * Cuvier, L c. t This circumstance was communicated by Mr. Couch to Mr. Yarrclh to which latter gentleman I am indebted for the knowledge of it. 480 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Leptocephalus. seas*. Common in the Meditcn-anean, and well known as the Murama of the Romans. Said to live with equal facility in fresh and salt water, though principally found at sea. Is very voracious. GEN. 63. LEPTOCEPHAI.US, Gronov. 168. I>. Morrisii, Gme4. {Anglesea Morris.) L. Morrisii, Gmel. Linn. tom. i. part iii. p. 1150. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 88. Mont, in JVern. Mem. vol. ii. p. 4.36. pi. 22. f. 1. Leach, Zool. vol. III. p. 10. pi. 126. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 358. Deere in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. VI. ]ip. 530, & 531. Ophidium pellucidum. Couch in Loud. Mag. vol. v. pp. 313, & 742. An^lesea Morris, Penn. Brit. Zoot. vol. III. p. 158. pi. 25. no. 67. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 212. pi. 28. Length. From five inches to six inches and a quarter. Descript. {Form.) Body ribband-shaped, extremely thin and com- pressed, semipellucid : greatest depth, which is tolerably uniform through- out, diminishing only near the head and tail, one-twelfth of the entire length: thickness (according to Montagu) not exceeding the sixteenth jiart of an inch ; head small ; the profile sloping a little downwards from the line of the hack, whiidi is nearly straight; snout short; jaws nearly equal: teeth (according to Montagu) numerous, and all inclining for- wards: eyes large ; gill-opening, a small transverse aperture before the (lectorals : lateral line straight, and nearly in the middle : sides of the body marked with a double series of oblique lines which meet in the lateral line at an acute angle; these lines are parallel to each other in the same series, and the angles formed by their union with those of the other series are directed forwards: dorsal commencing a little beyond one-third of the entire length, low and rather obscure, the rays ex- tremely delicate, and not easily counted: vent about the middle -I': anal commencing immediately behind it ; inform, similar to the dorsal : both dorsal and anal are carried on to the extremity of the tail, where they unite to form a caudal; pectorals extremely small, scarcely a line in length, but sutiiciently obvious, if carefully sought for : ventrals wanting. (Colours.) Pale colourless white, with a row of minute black dots along the margins of the back .and abdomen : a few similar dots, arranged in a longitudinal series, down the mesial line of each side. First discovered, in the sea near Holyhead, by the late Mr. William Morris, who communicated it to Pennant. Has been since met with in several instances in our seas. Four specimens taken near Beaumaris, by the Rev. Hugh Davies; one by Mr. Lewis Morris, at Penrhyii Dyfi; two by Mr. Anstice in the river Pervet, near Bridgewater; one by Mr. Deere, at Slapton, near Dartmouth ; and four by Mr. Couch, on the coast of Cornwall. Mr. Thompson has also recently recorded the occurrence, at different times, of six specimens on the coast of Ireland. The pectorals are so small, as to have been thought wanting by Pennant, a circum- ^ A species of Mu7’rrna, three feet in length, is figured in Nashs “ Collections for the History of Worcestershire” (vol. i. p. Ixxxvi.), along with some other fish from the Severn, but nothing positive is stated respecting its capture, or the circumstances which have led to its being intro- iluced into that work. It appears not very dissimilar to the M. HcIcbh described above. t So it appeared to be in the specimen examined by me. ^Montagu says, “situated a trifle Ophidium.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 481 stance which has led to some little confusion amongst naturalists, in their attempts to identify his fish. There can be little doubt, however, that in all the above instances, the same species has been observed. At the same time it may be added, that several others have been detected in warmer latitudes, though I am not aware that their essential and distin- guishing characters have been hitherto established. GEN. 64. OPHIDIUM, Lmn. (.33.) 0. barbatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 431. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 159. f 1. Berhenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 66. Turt. Brit. Faun, p. 88. Donzelle commune, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 359. Two pair of small barbules attached to the e.xtreraity of the hyoid bone, the anterior pair shorter than the other. Flesh-colour ; the dorsal and anal fins edged with black. Length from eight to ten inches*. Cuv. Introduced into the British Fauna by Berkenhout, but without the mention of any authority for its insertion. Must, in consequence, be con- sidered as a very doubtful native. Found in the Mediterranean, along with another closely allied species. 169. O. hnherhe, Mont. {Beardless Ophidmm.) — Lower jaw without barbules. O. imberhe, Mont, in JFern. Mem. vol. i. p. 95. pi. 4. f. 2. Fletn. Brit. An. p. 201. Beardless Ophidium, Penn. Brit. Zoul. vol. iii. App. p. 398. and vol. iv. pi. 93. ? Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. p. 208. pi. 29. » Length. About three inches. Mont. Descript. {Form.) Body ensiform, considerably compressed towards the tail, and in shape not unlike Cepola rubescens : depth about one- twelfth of the entire length : head very obtuse, rounded in front : mouth, when closed, inclining obliquely upwards ; lips marginated : eyes large, placed forward, and lateral : gill-membranes intlated beneath : lateral line nearly in the middle, arising at the angle of the gill-cover, but rather obscure : vent nearly in the middle ; pectorals rounded : dorsal com- mencing immediately above the base of the pectoral, at first not so broad, and usually not so erect, as the other part: anal commencing at the vent, and, together with the dorsal, uniting with the caudal fin, which is cuneiform, but obtusely pointed : D. about 77 ; A. 44; C. 18 or 20; P. 11. {Colours.) Purplish brown, disposed in minute speckles; along the base of the anal fin about ten small bluish white spots, regularly placed, but scarcely discernible without a lens, and possibly peculiar to young spe- cimens : all the fins of the same colour as the body, except the pectoral and caudal ; the first of which is pale, the last yellowish ; irides dark, with a circle of silver round the pupil. Mont. The above fish was obtained on the south coast of Devon by Montagu, who considered it as the Ophidium imberbe of Linnajus. Cuvier, how- ever, appears to have entertained some doubts as to its identity with that species 4. Whether it be the same as the Beardless Ophidium of Pen- nant, which was sent to that naturalist from Weymouth by the late * Cuvier says “eight or ten inches at the most,” but Bloch, “from twelve to fourteen inches.” 1 See R(’^. An. tom. ir. p. 3.59. note (2). Hh 482 PISCES (OSSEl) MALACOPT. [Ammodytes, Dowager Dutchess of Portland, and which also was referred to the Liniiijean species, is likewise uncertain ; Pennant having published no description of his fish, and his figure being very unlike that given by Montagu. Montagu’s specimen was taken among rocks at low water. GEN. 65. AMMODYTES, Linn. 170 . A. Tolrianus, Bloch. {Wide-mouthed Launce.) — Gape large ; maxillaries long ; the pedicels of the intermaxillaries very short : dorsal commencing in a line with the extremities of the pectorals. A. Tobianus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 75. f. 2. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 87. Cuv. Reg. An. tom. 11 . p. 360. A. lanceolatus, Lesauv. in Bull, des Sci. Nat. (1825.) tom. iv. p. 262. A. Anglorum verus, Jago in Rays Syn. Pise. p. 165. pi. 2. f. 12. Sand Launce, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. III. p. 156. but not pi. 25. no. 66. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. III. p. 206. but not pi. 28. Length. From ten to fifteen inches and a half. Descript. {Form.) Slender, and very much elongated: body square, but with the angles somewhat rounded, approaching cylindrical, and of nearly equal thickness throughout : greatest depth contained about six- teen times in the entire length : head an elongated cone, forming one- fifth of the same: lower jaw projecting far beyond the upper, and terminating in a point; the upper one slightly rounded at its extremity: scarcely any perceptible teeth, excepting two long sharp teeth on the front of the vomer directed downwards : gape very wide on account of the great length of the maxillaries ; intermaxillaries (compared with those of the next species) with the pedicels very short : when the mouth is fully opened, the upper jaw turns up at its extremity, and the maxillaries become vertical, drawing after them the sides of the lower jaw, which, ascending from behind, become vertical also, and parallel to the former : gill-opening very large : pieces of the opercle all considerably developed, but especially the subopercle, which is produced beyond the true opercle in the form of a projecting lobe, having its descending margin sinuated, and its surface elegantly marked with several diverging strim; true opercle forming an equilateral triangle : head naked ; body covered with minute scales : lateral line arising on each side of the nape, and running parallel with the dorsal fin a very little below it ; marked by a series of oblong slightly elevated tubercles : along the middle of each side a second impressed line formed by the division of the muscles : dorsal com- mencing at about, or a little beyond, one-fourth of the entire length, exactly in a line with the extremities of the pectorals, and terminating a little before the caudal ; height tolerably uniform throughout, equalling not quite half the depth of the body ; rays very slender ; all simple, but articulated : vent some little way beyond the middle of the entire length ; anal commencing immediately behind it, similar to the dorsal, and ter- minating in the same line with that fin : caudal forked for nearly half its length ; the rays much branched, with the exception of the outermost above and below : pectorals inserted just below the produced lobe of the subopercle, and equalling one-third t.lie entire length of the head ; fourth and fifth rays longest; the middle ones branched; two or three of the lateral ones above and below simple. B. 7 ; D. 58; A. 31 ; C. 15, and a few short ones ; P. 15. Ammodytes.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOFP. 483 (Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, brown, a little varied with blue and green : one or two dusky lines running parallel with the dorsal fln ; lower part of the sides, and belly, silvery. Not so common on the British coast as the next, with which it was confounded previously to M. Lesauvage, who first pointed out (1. c.) the distinguishing characters of the two species. Generally keeps near the shore, burying itself in the sand, at the ebb of the tide, to the depth of one or two feet. Food, marine worms, and, according to Bloch, the young of its own species. Is much used as a bait for other fish. Said to spawn in May. 171. A. Lancea, Cuv. {^Small-mouthed Launce .) — Gape not so large; maxillaries short; the pedicels of the intermaxillaries very long : dorsal commencing before the extremities of the pectorals. A. Lancea, Cuv. Reg. An. tom. ii. p. 360. A. Tobianus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. II. pi. 33. Sicains. Zool. lUust. vol. i. pi. 63. upper fig. Lesauv. in Bull, des Sci. Nat. (1825.) tom. iv. p. 262. Flem. Brit. An. p. 201. Ammodytes, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 113. Launce, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. pi. 25. no. 66. but not p. 156. Sand- Launce, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. iii. pi. 28. but not p. 206. Length. From five to eight inches; rarely more. Descript. (Form.) Much thicker in proportion than the A. Tobi- anus; in a fish measuring one-fourth less in length, the depth and thickness remain the same as in that species ; head a perfect cone, con- tained five times and a half in the entire length : lower jaw not produced so far beyond the upper, and less pointed : the two teeth on the vomer much less developed: gape smaller, the maxillaries being much shorter; the pedicels of the intermaxillaries, on the contrary, are considerably longer, very much increasing the protractility of the upper jaw, which, when the mouth is opened, instead of turning back as in the last species, protrudes itself forwards and downwards, the maxillaries never becoming vertical : the pieces of the opercle not so much developed, nor produced so far backwards, but preserving the same form : dorsal commencing a little nearer the head, in a line with the commencement of the last quarter of the pectorals : both dorsal and anal contain fewer rays : pec- torals exactly half the length of the head : in other respects the forms of the two species are similar. D. 53 or 54; A. 28; C. 15, &c.; P. 13. (Colours.) Similar to those of the A. Tobianus, only paler. Common on all our sandy shores, in which it may be found buried at the ebb of the tide. Habits resembling those of the last species. Obs. Willughby has erroneously figured this species (tab. G. 8. f. 1.) with two dorsal fins : his description, however, is correct. H H 2 484 PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. [Syngnathus. ORDER III. OSTEODERMI. GEN. 60. SYNGNATHUS, Cnv. Anal, caudal, and pectoral fins, all present. 172 . S. Acus, Linn. {Great Pipe-Fish.) — Body Iiept- angular anteriorly : ci'own with an elevated longitudinal ridge ; profile descending in a sinuous curve : snout much narrower, vertically, than the head. S. Acus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 416. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 91. f. 2. Tart. Brit. Faun. p. 116. Plem. Brit. An. p. 175. Pipe- Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. pi. 23. no. 60. lower fig. but not p. 138. Shorter Pipe-Fish, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. pi. 26. no. 60. lower fig. Loio, Faun. Ore. p. 181. Length. From twelve to sixteen inches : according to Bloch, from two to three feet. Descript. {Form.) Very much elongated, slender, tapering behind: greatest depth and thickness about equal ; each contained thirty-seven times in the entire length : body, from the head to the vent, heptangular ; thence to the termination of the dorsal fin, hexangular ; thence to the caudal, quadrangular : the heptangular portion presents two longitudinal ridges on each side, one on each side of the middle of the back, and one down the middle of the belly; this last terminates at the vent; the dorsal ridges terminate at the end of the dorsal fin, and the upper pair of lateral ridges rise to take their place ; beyond the vent, the under sur- face of the tail is very flat, with the margins rather dilated, and, in the mule, contains a long purse-like cavity, for the reception of the ova, opening by a longitudinal slit : body protected by transverse, striated, shields or plates, sixty-three in number ; nineteen occupying that portion of the trunk between the gills and the vent, forty-four the remainder of the length : head compressed, contained (snout included) about seven times and a half in the entire length : occiput rising into a longitudinal elevated ridge, continued over the crown ; the profile falling thence in a sinuous curve to the base of the snout: eyes large, protected above by a sharp osseous ridge ; the intervening space concave ; in front of each a sharp spinous process : snout elongated, nearly twice the length of the rest of the head, compressed, much narrower than the head in a vertical direction ; mouth veiy small, situate quite at the extremity ; lower jaw longest, ascending: no teeth: opercle large, marked with diverging strite, closed on all sides by a continuous membrane, the gill- opening being reduced to a small hole on each side of the nape : dorsal so placed as to terminate exactly at the middle point of the entire length ; length of the fin about equal to that of the head ; its height equalling Syngnathus.] PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. 485 the depth of the body, and nearly uniform throughout, the anterior rays being slightly shorter than the succeeding ones ; all the rays simple : vent in a line with the seventh dorsal ray ; anal immediately behind it, very small and inconspicuous, consisting of only three short simple rays : caudal moderate, rounded ; the rays simple and articulated ; pectorals a little behind the gills, not very large, of a rounded form; all the rays simple. D. 42; A. 3; C. 10; P. 12. {Colours.) Pale yellowish brown, with transverse bands of darker brown : belly whitish. Not uncommon on many parts of the coast, frequenting chiefly the shal- lower places. I am not aware, however, that in the British seas it ever attains to the length which Bloch assigns to it. This and several other species in the present genus are remarkable for the males carrying the ova, until hatched, and even the young themselves for a short time after they have been hatched, in a pecuhar longitudinal pouch beneath the tail, into which the former are received, at the time of their exclusion by the female*. The present species breeds in Summer, and at a very early age, sometimes when not exceeding four inches in length. Obs. This and the next were considered by Pennant as mere varieties of one species, to which he applied the name of Shorter Pipe-Fish. The same opinion appears to have been entertained by Montagu t. 173. S. Typhle, Linn. {Lesser Pipe-Fish.) — Body hexangular anteriorly : crown flat ; profile nearly in the same line : snout almost as broad, vertically, as the head. S. Typhle, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 416. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 91. f. 1.? Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 56. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 116. Flem. Brit. An. p. 175. Acus Ai'istotelis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 158. tab. I. 25. f. 1. Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iii. pi. 23. no. 60. upper fig. but not p. 138. Shorter Pipe-Fish, Id. (Ed. 1812.) vol. III. pi. 26. no. 60. upper fig. Length. One foot : rarely more. Descript. {Form.) Thicker in proportion to its length than the last species ; the ventral carina not so prominent, causing the anterior part of the body to appear more hexangular than heptangular: number of transverse shields between the gills and the vent the same, but from the vent to the caudal only thirty-six or thirty-seven : head larger ; the crown nearly flat, without any elevated ridge ; the profile passing off almost in a straight line to the mouth, with very little sinuosity: snout every-way larger; longer, and, measured vertically, nearly as broad as the head ; very much compressed : spinous process before the eyes smoother, and less projecting : head, including the snout, rather more than one-sixth of the entire length : opercle much larger ; dorsal placed further back, being exactly in the middle of the entire length : anal very minute : caudal and pectorals similar. D. 39 ; A. 3; C. 10; P. 15. {Colours.) “Varying from greenish olive, to olivaceous yellow, and brown, variegated sometimes with dark or bluish lines.’ Don. * See on this subject Proceed, of Zool. Soc. {1834.) p. 118. t ii’c'Fn. Mem. vol. i. p. 86. 486 PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. [Syngnathus. Found in the same situations as the last species, and equally, if not more, common. Obs. I feel some hesitation in considering the S. Typhle of Bloch to be the same as that of English authors. His figure, as Donovan has observed, resembles more nearly the S. Acus in a young state. (34.) S. pelagicus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iii. pi. 58. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 117. Flem. Brit. An. p. 176. I very much doubt whether this supposed species he any thing more than the young of S. Acus. During a stay at East Bourne, in Sept. 1833, I obtained three specimens, taken in the shrimp-nets at that place, which appeared exactly to coincide with Donovan’s figure, but which, 1 am tolerably satisfied, are only what I have stated above. Two of these were females, and possessed an extremely minute anal fin ; but the third, which was a male, exhibited no vestige of it whatever, even when examined care- fully with a lens. In this last individual, though measuring only three inches and a half in length, the caudal pouch was full of newly-hatched young. What the S. pelagicus of Linnaeus may be, I do not pretend to say. ** Anal and pectoral fins wanting; caudal obsolete. 174. S. cBquoreus, Linn. {/Equoreal Pipe-Fish .) — ■ Body octangular anteriorly : snout short ; much narrower, vertically, than the head : dorsal and vent nearly in the middle of the entire length. S. aequoreus, Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. t. p. 417. Mont, in Wern. Mem., vol. i. p. 85. pi. 4. f. 1. Mem. Brit. An. p. 176. Acus nostras cauda serpentina, Sibb. Scot. Illust. part ii. tom. ii. p. 24. tab. 19. Aiquoreal Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 188. Length. From twenty to twenty-four inches. Descript. {Form.) Readily distinguished from both the foregoing species by the want of the pectoral and anal fins. Form slender, and very much elongated; body compressed, with an acute dorsal and ab- dominal ridge; also with three slight ridges on each side; hence the trunk from the gills to the vent is octangular; the tail is obsoletely quadrangular, becoming almost round towards tbe tip, which is ex- tremely tapering; transverse shields or plates, between the gills and the vent, twenty-eight in number; from the vent to the extremity of the tail, sixty or more (Montagu says about sixty-six), but, from the extreme minuteness of the last few, not admitting of being counted with exactness ; head not more than one-twelfth of the entire length ; without any elevated ridge on the occiput ; snout narrower than the head, similar in shape to that of 81 ( !a\' IS, 4, 13 CANIS, Lihh 4, 13 familiaris, Linn 13 [ Ivupus, Linn 14 I 4'ulpes, Linn 14 liANTHAKUS, Cnv 310, 358 griseus, Cnv 358 CAPRA, Litin 7, 37 llircus, Linn 37 CAPIUIMULGUS, . . 01, 100 Europieus, Linn 100 Cnpriscns liondclcfii. Will 402 Capkos, Luc 311, 308 Aper, Lac 308 CARANX, Cuv 311, 300 Trachurus, Lac 300 ('arussins. Will 402 Cnrho CormoruHiis, Tenim 202 crisfains, Temm 202 Gracvlus, Temm 203 (iATlCHAIilAS, Cuv 327, 497 ghiucus, Flem 499 vulgaris, Flem 497 Vulpes, Flem 498 Carduei.is, Briss 57, 137 (CASTOR, Linn 7, 34 Fiber, Linn 34 Cutaphractns SchnnrvcMii, Flem. 340 Catarnctes parasiticus, Flem 282 vulgaris, Flem 280 Cathartcs Pcrcnnptcrns, Temm 79 Catodon, Lac 9, 44 macrocephalus. Lac 44 Sihbaldi, I'lem 45 Trumpo, Lac 44 Cat ulus major vulgat is. Will 495 ■mascimus. Will 490 minor, 4Vill 495 CAVIA, Gme! 7, 30 Cobaya, Gmel 30 CENTRISCUS, Linn 315, 400 Scolopax, I, inn 400 Cr.NTR OT.orn us. Lac 312, 370 Centuoi.opiius, Morio, Cuv..,. 370 niger, I/ac 370 Pompilus, Cuv 370 CENTRONOTUS, Lac 311, 305 Ductor, N'oh 305 Cei'halopteiia, Dum. ... 329, 519 Giorna, Riss 519 (’rphulns hrevis, Shaw, 490 ohlongus, Shaw, 491 CEPOLA, Linn 312, 374 rubescens, Unit 374 Ta'iiia, B1 374 Ccrntta fluvlatilis, Flem 334 CERTllIA, Linn 59, 152 familiaris, Linn 152 CERVUS, Linn 8, 37 Capreoliis, Linn 38 Dama, Linn 38 Elaphus, Limt 37 Chcctoclon, Couch, 300 CHARADRIUS, Linn 05, 177 Cantianus, Lath 180 Iliaticula, //?'«« 179 minor, Mey 179 Morinellus, Linn 178 pluvialis, Linn 177 Chaui.iodus, Swains 73, 231 Chclona imhricata, Flem 290 CHELONIA, Brongn 287, 290 imbricata. Gray, 290 Chenalopex JEgyptiaca, Steph 225 CHIMAIRA, Linn 320, 494 monstrosa, Linn 494 Chrysopjirys, Cm 310, 353 Aurata, Cuv 353 Chrysotosu Luna, la.c 309 CICONIA, Briss 07, 192 alba, Bay, 192 nigra, Ray, 193 Ciliata glauca. Couch, 451 CINCLUS, Bechst 53, 98 aquaticus, Bechst 98 Circus, Bechst 51, 88 CLANGULA, Fkm 74, 245 albeola, Steph 240 chrysophthalmos, Steph 245 bistrionica, Steph 240 Ci.upEA, Cuv 318, 434 LATIN INDEX. 531 CLUPEA, Linn 318, alba, Yarr Alosa, B1 Alosa, Cuv Encrasicholus, Linn Finta, Cuv Harengus, Linn latubis, Cuv Leachii, Yarr Pilchardus, Bl. Sprattus, Bl COBITIS, Linn 31 C, barbatula, Linn harbaiula aculcata, Will Taenia, Linn CoCCOTiniAUSTES, Briss. ... 57, COCCYZUS, Vicill. 60, Americanus, Bon Coluber Beru.'!, Linn Bents, Turt Cceruleus, Shepp Chersca, Linn Thimfrisicnsis, Sow Natrix, Linn Prester, Linn COLUMBA, Linn 62, Livia, Briss migratoria, Linn Oenas, Linn Palumbus, Linn Turtur, Linn Co LU 31 BA, Swains 62, COLYMBUS, Lath 75, arcticus, Linn glacialis, Linn immer, Linn septentrionalis, Linn .stcllatus, Gmel Urinutor, Linn CojfGEK, Cuv 322, Conger, Will Coquus Cornubiensium, Ray, CORACIAS, Linn 60, garrula, Linn COREGONUS, Cuv 318, Lavaretus, Flem Marsnula, Jard Pollan, Thomps COREGONUS, ThymuUus, Flem. 430 Coriudo coriaceu, Flem 290 CoRvus, Cuv 58, 145 CORVUS, Lim2 58, 145 Corax, Linn 145 Cornix, Linn 146 Corone, I Ann 145 frugilegus, Linn 146 glandarius, Temm 148 Monedula, Linn 147 Pica, Linn 147 CORYPHyENA, TAnn 311, 370 Morio, Cuv 370 COTTUS, Linn 308, 343 Bubalis, Euph 345 Cataphractus, Linn 346 Gobio, Linn 343 quadricornis, Linn 345 Scorpius, Bl 344 CoTURNix, Bris.s 64, 174 dactylisonans, Temm 174 Crenilabrus, Cuv 315, 397 gibbus, Flem 399 Tinea, Flem 397 CREX, Bechsi 7L 217 Baillonii, Selb 219 Porzana, Sclh 218 pratensis, Bechst 217 pusiUa, Selb 219 Cuculus lineatus, Ray, 339 CUCULUS, Linn 60, 154 Americanus, Linn 155 canorus, Linn 154 CaroUnensis, \Yils 155 cinerosus, Temm 155 CuRRUCA, Bechst 54, 108 CURSORTUS, Lath 64, 176 isabellinus, Mey 176 Cyclopteres, Cuv 322, 471 CYCLOPTERUS, Linn.... 321, 471 bimaculatus, Turt 470 Cornubicus, Shaw, 469 Liparis, Linn 472 Lumpus, Linn 471 Montacuti, Turt 473 Montagui, Don 473 occllatus, Don 469 pavoninus, Shaw, 471 I, L 2 4 434 436 437 438 439 437 434 436 434 436 435 416 416 417 417 136 155 155 298 297 298 298 297 296 298 161 162 163 161 161 162 161 255 256 255 256 257 257 252 478 478 396 156 156 431 431 432 432 532 LATIN INDEX. CVCLOPTERUS, pyramiilatus. Shaw, 472 CYGNUS, Mey 72, 226 Bewickii, Yarr 226 Canadensis, Steph 227 ferus, Riiy, 227 Guineensis, Nob 226 Olor, Steph 228 Cyprinus, Cuv 316, 401 CYPRINUS, Linn 316, 401 Alburnus, Linn 414 auratus, Linn 40.3 Barbus, Linn 404 Blicca, lil 407 Brama, Linn 406 Cceruleus, Nob 413 Carassius, Linn 403 Carpio, Linn 401 Cephalus, Linn 411 Dobula, Liyin 409 Erythrophthalmus, Linn. ... 412 Gibelio, Gmel. 402 Gobio, Linn 405 Idus, Linn 415 Jeses, Don 412 Lancastriensis, Shau’, 411 lafus, Gmel 407 Leuciscus, Linn 410 Orfus, Z/lAiH 416 Phoxinus, Linn 415 Rutilus, Linn 408 Tinea, Linn 405 CYPSELUS, III 61, 159 alpinus, Temm 159 Apus, Flein 159 murarius., Temm 159 D. Dafila, Leach., 73, 232 DeLPHIN APTERA, Lac 9, 43 albicans, Flem 43 Delphinus, Cuv 9, 40 DELPHINUS, Linn 9, 40 albicans, Fab 43 Chemnitzianns, Desm 44 Deductor, Scoresb 42 Delphis, Linn 40 ede.ntnhis, De.sm 44 DELPHLNUS, G7(/di«/or, Lac... 42 globiccps, Cuv 42 Grampus, Desm 42 Ilunicri, Desm 44 llyperoodon, Desm 44 Lcncas, Desm 43 melas, Traill, 42 Orca, Fab 42 Phoccena, Linn 41 Sowerhyi, Desm 44 truncatus, Mont 41 Tursio, 41 vcntricosus. Lac 42 DENDRONESSA, Swains... 1^, 237 Sponsa, Swains 237 DENTEX, Cnv 310, 3.57 vulgaris, Cuv 357 Dente.v, Will 357 Diodon Mola, B1 490 Dracnncnlns, Will 388 E. ECHENEIS, Linn 322, 473 Remora, Lirui 473 Ec TO PISTES, Swains 62, 163 Ei.anus, Sav 50, 86 EMBERIZA, Linn 56, 128 calcarata, Temm 128 Ciris, Linn 133 Cirlus, Linn 131 Citrinella, Linn 131 Hortulana, Linn 132 Lapponica, Nilss 128 Miliaria, Linyi 130 muyyiayia, Gmel 130 yyinsteliyya, Gmel 130 nivalis, Linn 129 Schoeniclus, Linyi 130 Schceyiiculns, Temm 130 Emberiza, Mcy 56, 130 Encrasicholus, Will 439 ENGRAULIS, Cuv 318, 439 Encrasicholus, Flem 439 Epcrlanus, WiU 429 EQUUS, Linn 8, 39 Asinus, Linn 39 Caballus, Lhin 39 ERINACEUS, Linn 5, 19 LATIN INDEX 533 ERINACEUS, Europseus, Linn. 19 Ekithaca, Saains o4, 103 Erythrinus Rondeletii, Will 355 ESOX, Cuv 31C, 417 Belonc, Linn 418 Brasilieiuis, Couch, 419 Lucius, Linn 417 os.teus, Linn 439 Saurus., Rack 419 Sphyrcena, Linn 337 EXOCCETUS, Linn 317, 420 cvolans, B1 420 exiliens, B1 420 volitans, Linn 420 F. FALCO, Linn 50, 81 ceruffinosus, Linn 89 jEsalon, Gmfl 83 Albicilla, Temm 80 Buteo, Temm 87 cineraceus, Mont 90 cyaneus, Temm 89 fiilvus, Temm 80 furcatus, Linn 80 gentilis, Gmel 85 Haliceetus, Temm 81 Islandicus, Lath 81 Lagopiis, Temm 87 Lanarius, Temm 82 Mihus, Temm 80 JVisus., Temm 85 ossifragus, Linn 81 paltimbarius, Temm 85 peregrinus, Gmel. 82 rufipes, Bcchst 83 rufus, Temm 89 Subbuteo, Linn 82 Tinnunculus, Linn 84 FELIS, Linn 4, 14 Catus, Linn 14 maniculata, Riipp 15 FRATERCULA, Briss 75, 200 arctica, Sieph 200 FREGILUS, Cuv 58, 144 Graculus, Selb 144 Frijigilla, Cuv 57, 133 FRINGILLA, Linn 50, 133 FRINGILLA, cannabina, Linn. 139 Carduelis, Linn 137 Chloris, Temm 130 Coccothraustes, Temm 130 Coelebs, Linn 133 domestica, Linn 134 Linaria, Linn 138 Linnta, Gmel 140 montana, Linn 135 MontifringiUa, Linn 134 Montium, Gmel 140 Spinus, Linn 137 FULICA, Linn 71, 221 atra, Linn 221 aterruna, Linn 221 FULIGULA, Ray, 74, 240 cristata, Steph 244 dispar, Steph 243 ferina, Steph 241 Marila, Steph 243 N)Toca, Steph 242 rufina, Steph 240 G. GADUS, Linn 319, 440 jEglefinus, Linn 441 argenteolus, Mont 451 barhatus, Linn 442 Brosme, Gmel 452 Callarias, Linn 441 Carbonarius, Linn 440 Lota, Linn 448 luscus, Linn 442 Merlangus, Linn 445 Merluccius, Linn 447 minutus, Linn 444 Molva, Linn 448 Morrhua, Linn 440 Mustela, Linn 450 Pollachius, Linn 440 punctatus, Turt 442 tricirrafus, B1 449 virens, Linn 447 Galeus, Cuv 327, 501 Acanthias Clusii, Will 494 Acanthias, sive Spinax, WUl. 505 glaucus, Will 499 Mustelus, Leach, 502 534 LATIN INDEX. Galeus, vulgaris, Fleni oOl GALLINULA, Lath 71, 220 Baillonn, Temm 21!) chloropus, Lath 220 Crex, Teinm 217 Porzana, Temm 21)! pusilla, Temm 21!) GALLUS, liriss ()3, 105 liankivu, Temm 1(>5 crispus, Liriss 160 cristatus, Temm 105 domesticus, Briss 105 ecaudatus, Temm 100 lanatus, Temm 100 Morio, Temm 100 j)e?/taflactylus, Temm 105 Purnilin, Temm 165 pusillus, Temm 165 GARRULUS, Briss 511, 148 glandarius, Firm 1411 Picas, Temm 148 GASTEROSTEirs, C uv 80!), 348 GASTEROSTEUS, 308, 348 aculeatus, Linn 348 hrachycentrus, Cuv 34!) • Ductor, Linn 365 gymmir/is, Cuv 348 lavis, Cuv 351 leiurus, Cuv 34!) Pungitius, Linn 350 semiannatus, Cuv 34!) Spinachia, Linn 351 spinulosus, Yarr 350 truchuriis, Cuv 34!) (iastrohranchus ccccas, B1 523 Gattorugine, Will 37!) GLAREOLA, Briss 70, 210 Pratincola, Ixach, 216 turquata, Temm 216 Goiiio, Cuv 310, 405 fluviatilis, Flem 405 GOBIUS, Linn 314, 3115 bipunctatus, Yarr 386 gracilis, Jcu 387 minutus, I^alt 386 ii/ger, Don 386 niger, 385 GRUS, Pall 00, 185 GRUS, cinerea, Bcehst 185 Gunnellus, L'lcm 313, 383 Cornubiensinm, Will 383 viviparus, Flem 383 vulgaris, Flem 384 GYMNETRUS, Bl. 312, 372 arcticus, Cuv 372 Hawkenii, Bl 373 Qymuogaster arcticus, Cuv 372 H. HiEMATOPUS, Linn 00, 184 ostralegus, I Ann 184 llAi.iiEETUs, Sav 50, 80 HARELUA, Leach, 74, 247 glacialis, Steph 247 Ilarcngus, Will 434 ■miuur, sive l^ilchardus, Will. 437 HIMANTOPUS, Briss 08, 201 melanopterus, Temm 201 HIPPOCAMPUS, Cuv. ... 324, 48!) brevirostris, Cuv 48!) Rondclctii, Will 48!) HIPPOGLOSSUS, Cuv.... 321, 460 vulgaris, Flem , 400 Hippoglossus, Will 460 HIRUNDO, Linn 61, 157 riparia, IJnn 158 rustica, Linn 157 urbica, Linn 158 HVPEROODON, Lac !), 44 ‘ bidens, Flem 44 Butskopf, Lac 44 I. IBIS, Lae 07, 104 Falcinellus, Temm 194 . 1 . Jiins, Cuv 315, 397 vulgaris, Flem 397 .Tulis, AYill 397 L. Larrax, Cuv 307, 331 L.uptis, Cuv 331 Laiirus, Cuv 315, 391 LABRUS, I^inu 315, 391 LATIN INDEX 535 lyABRUS, Haltiiiiis, FLm... 391 LANIUS, Excubitor, Linn. 95 bimaculatus, Linn 386 rufus, Briss. 96 carneus, B1 396 LARUS, Linn . 77, 270 Comber, Gmel. 393 (ircticus, Macg 279 Coqiiiis, Turt 396 argentatus, Brunn 276 398 279 gibbus, Gmcl. Atracilla, Linn 273 397 275 lineatus, Don 392 capistratus, Temm 272 luscus, Linn 400 eburneus, Gmcl. 276 maciilatus, Bl. 391 fuscus, Linn 277 Psitfacus^ Kiss 392 -279 pusillus, Jen 392 htjbernus, Gmel 276 Suillus, Linn 397 Islandicus, Edmondst 279 397 niarinus, Linn 278 391 minutus, Pall 271 trimaculatus, Gmcl. 396 parasiticus, Edmondst. 282 variegatiis, Gmel 394 ridibundus, Linn 272 Vetula, Bl 395 ndUmndus, Wils 273 L/ACERTA, Cuv 288, 291 Sabini, Sab ...... 270 agilis, Berk 292 tridactylus. Lath 274 anguiformis, Shepp 294 Larus, Steph 77, 271 aquatica, Linn 304 lyEPADOGASTER, Gonan 321, 469 arenicola, Daud 292 bimaculatus, Flem 470 maculata, Shepp 304 Cornubiensis, Flem 469 tnuralis, Latr 295 Gouani, Riss 470 oeellata, Daud 294 LEPIDOPUS, Gonan, 312, 371 oedura, Shepp 294 argyreus, Cuv 371 palustris, Linn 303 Lusitanicus, Leach, 371 Stirpium, Duud 291 tetradens, Flem 371 viridis, Daud 292 LEPISOSTEUS, Lac 319, 439 vulgaris, Shepp 304 Gavialis, Lac 439 Lacertus viridis, Ray, 292 LEPTOCEPHALUS, Gron 323, 480 Lacertus, Will 419 Morrisii, Gmel 480 Lachnolai JIUS, Cuv 315, 397 LEPUS, Linn ... 7, 34 Suillus, Cuv 397 albus, Briss 35 Lagopus, Vicill . 63, 170 Cuniculus, Li,nn Lamna, Cuv 327, 500 timidus, Linn 34 Cornubica, Flem 500 variabilis, Flem Lampetra cccca, Will 523 LESTRIS, Illig. 77, 280 parva et Jluviatilis,^^]!. 522 Cataractes, Temm. 280 Rondcletii, Will 520 parasiticus, Temm Lampetrer medium genus, Will — 521 pomarinus, Temm 281 LAMPRIS, Ret;: 311, 369 Richardsonii, Suriins. ... 282 gultaius, Cuv 369 Leuciscus, Klein, 316, 408 Luna, Riss 369 Alburnus, Flem 414 LANIUS, Linn .. 52 95 Coerulcus, Yarr 413 CoUurio, Linn 96 I Cephalus, Flem 412 53G LATIN INDEX. Leuciscus, Erythropht/ialmus, Flem 412 lAi7icastriensis, Yarr 411 Fhoxmus, Flem 415 llutilus, Flem 408 vulT^aris, Flem 410 Lichia, Cuv 811, 806 glaucus, Cuv 80G LIMOSA, Briss GO, 202 melanura, Lrid. 203 rufa, Briss 202 Linaria, Steph 57, 138 borealis, Selb 130 eanesccns, Gould, 130 Lingula, Rond 4G8 Li PARIS, Art 322, 472 Montagui, Flem 473 nostras, Y'ill 472 vulgaris, Flem 472 LOBIPES, Cuv GO, 211 hyperboreus, Steph 214 LOPHIUS, Linn 814, 380 Cornubicus, Shaw, 300 piscatoriu.s, Linn 389 LOTA, Cuv 310, 448 Molva, Nob 448 vulgaris. Nob 448 LOXIA, Briss 57, 141 curvirostra, lAnn 141 falcirostra. Lath 143 leucoptera, Gmcl 143 Pytiopsittacus, Bechst 142 Lumpus Angloruni, MTll 471 gihhosus, M^ill 472 LUTRA, Cuv 4, 13 Roensis, Ogilh 525 vulgaris, Desm 13 M. Machetes, Cuv GO, 207 Macrorampiius, Leach, ... GO, 207 MANATUS, Cuv 8, 40 borealis, Flem 40 MARECA, Steph 73, 23G Penelope, Selb 23G Martcs Ahictum, Flem 11 Fagorum, Flem 11 Mecistura, Leach, 55, 124 MELEAGRIS, Linn G2, 1C4 Gallopavo, Linn 1G4 MELES, Cuv 3, 10 Taxus, Flem 10 vulgaris, Desm 10 MELIZOPIIILUS, Leach, . 54, 112 provincialis, Leac/i, 112 MERGULUS, Ray, 75, 259 Alle, Selb 250 MERGES, Linn 74, 248 albellus, I/inn 250 Castor, Linn 240 cucullatus, Linn 240 3Ierganser, Linn 248 minutus, Ijinn 251 Serrator, Lirm 249 MERLANGUS, Cuv 819, 445 Carbonarius, Flem 44G Pollachius, Flem 44G virens, Flem 447 vulgaris, Flem 445 MERLUCCIUS, Cuv 310, 447 vulgaris, Flem 447 MEROPS, Gl, 15G Apiaster, Lirm 15C MILVUS, Bcchst 50, 8G furcatus. Nob 8G Ictinus, Sav 8G Milvus, Vig 50, 8G Mola Salviani, MMll 490 Molva Lota, Flem 448 vulgaris, Flem 448 Monochirus, Cuv 321, 4G8 MONODON, Lmn 9, 43 Monoceros, Linn 43 Morhua JEgleJinus, Flem 441 barbata, Flem 442 lusca, Flem 442 minuta, Flem 444 punctatus, Flem 442 vulgaris, Flem 440 Mormon F ratercula, Temm 260 MOTACILLA, LiRH 55, 114 alba, Linn 114 Boarula, Linn 115 fla va, Ray, 115 flava, Temm IIG neglecta, Gould, 116 LATIN INDEX 537 MOTELLA, Cuv 320, 449 glauca, ]Vub 451 Mustela, JVilss 450 tricirrata, N'ilss 449 MUGIL, Lhin 313, 3?4 Britannicus, Hanc 375 Capito, Cuv 374 Cephalus, Cuv 376 Ccphalus, Don 37o Chelo, Cuv 375 curtus, Varr 376 MULLUS, Lhm 307, 337 barbatus, Liim 338 Surmuletus, Linn 337 Mullus, ATill 338 imberbis^ Will 339 MUR^NA, Thunb 323, 479 Anguilla, B1 474 Conger, Linn 478 Helena, Linn 479 Myrus, Linn 478 Ophu,lAnn 479 Serpens, Linn 475 Muroena, ATill 479 MUS, Linn 6, 30 decumanus, Pall...: 32 messorius, Share, 31 Musculus, Linn 31 Rattus, Linn 32 sylvaticus, Linn 30 MUSCICAPA, Linn 52, 97 albicollis, Temm 98 grisola, Linn 97 luctuosa, Temm 97 Mustela, Cuv 3, 11 Mustela Jluviatilis, Will 448 vivipara. Will 384 vulparis. Will 451 MUSTELA, Linn 3, 11 Erminea, lAnn 13 Foina, Linn 11 Furo, Linn 12 Martes, Linn 11 Putorius, LiHn 11 vulgaris, Gmcl 12 Mustelus, Cuv 327, 302 Icevis, Wm 502 sfellatns, Riss 503 Mylicbatis, Dum 329, 519 MV'OXUS, Gmel 6, 30 avellanarius, Dcsm 30 MYXINE, Linn 329, 523 cceca, Blainv 523 glutinosa, Linn 523 N. NATRIX, Flcm 289, 296 Dumfrisiensis, Flcm 297 torquata, Ray, 296 Nauclcnts furcatus, Vig 86 Naucrates, Cuv 311, 365 Ductor, Cuv 365 NEOPHRON, Sav 49, 79 Percnopterus, Sav 79 NOCTUA, Sav 51, 93 funerea, Nob 526 nyctea. Nob 93 passerina, Selh 94 Tengmalmi, Selh 94 Noctua, Sell) 52, 94 NUCIFRAGA, Briss 58, 149 Caryocatactes, Temm 149 NUMENIUS, Briss 68, 195 arquata. Lath 195 Pha:opus, Lath 195 NUMIDA, Linn 63, 168 Meleagris, Linn 168 Nycticorax, Stcph 67, 191 O. (EDICNEMUS, Temm 65, 177 crepitans, Temm 177 OIDEMIA, E/cw. 73, 239 fusca, Flem 239 leucocephala, Stcph 240 nigra, Flcm 239 perspicillata, Stcph 240 Onos, Will 441 OPHIDIUM, Linn 323, 481 barbatum, Linn 481 imberbe, Mont 481 pcllucidum. Couch, 480 Opliis maculata, Turt 479 OPHISURUS, Lac 322, 479 Ophis, Lac 479 Serpens, Lac 479 .538 I.ATIN INDEX. ORIOLUS, Linn 53, 102 (jralbula, Linn 102 ORTHAGORISCUS, Schn. 325, 400 Mola, Schn 490 oblongus, Schn 491 frimcatiix, Flem 491 OuTYX, Stcph 04, 173 OSMERUS, Art 318, 429 Eperlanus, Flcni 429 OTIS, Linn 04, 174 Tarda, Linn 174 Tetrax, Linn 175 OTUS, Cav 51, 91 Bradiyotos, Flan 92 vulgaris, Flan 91 OVIS, Linn. 7; 37 Aries, Linn 37 P. Paueli-us, Ciro 310, 355 ccntrodontus, Cuv 350 Eri/thrinus, Cuv 355 Pagiius, Cuv 310, 354 lincaius, Flem 3.58 vulgaris, Cuv 354 vulgaris, Flem 350 Pandion, Sav 50, 81 Parus, Leach, 55, 121 PARUS, Linn 55, 121 ater, lAnn 123 Jif/rHiicHs, Temm 125 caeruleus, Linn 122 caudatus, Linn 124 cristatus, Linn 122 major, Linn 121 palustris, Linn 123 Fas.ser asper sivc squamosns, Will. 457 BcUonii, Will 454 Cnrnuhiensis asper mugno oris hiatu, Jag 404 Jluviatilis, Will 455 Pasiinnea marina. Will 518 PASTOR, Tcmm 58, 144 roseus, Tcmm 144 PA VO, Linn 03, 104 cristatus, Lijm 104 Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linn 204 Perca, Cuv 307, 330 PERCA, Linn 307, 330 Cabrilla, Linn 332 Cernua, Linn 334 Channus, Couch, 332 Iluviatilis, Linn 330 Gigas, Gmc.l 333 Labrax, Linn 331 marina, Linn 348 ■nigra, Gmel 370 rohustu, Couch, 333 PERDIX, 03, 172 borealis, Temm 173 cinerea, Briss 172 Coturnix, Lath 174 rubra, 172 Virginiana, Lath 173 Perdix, Stcph 04, 172 Perxis, Cuv 51, 88 PETROMYZON, Lmn.... 329, 520 brancMalis, Linn 522 cceciis. Couch, 522 duviatilis, lAnu 521 Jurre, Macc 522 marinus, Linn 520 Planeri, BI 522 Planeri, Cuv 522 PH ALACROCORAX, Briss. 70, 202 Carbo, Stcph 262 cristatus, Stcph 202 Graculus, Stcph 203 PHALAROPUS, Briss 70, 215 hyperhoreus, Temm 214 lobatus, Flem 215 platyrhinchus, Temm 215 Williamsii, Simm 214 PHASIANUS, Linn 63, 160 Colchicus, Linn 160 torquatus, Tcmm 107 PHir,OiMEl.A, Xr£i««(.s 54, I07 PHOCA, Linn 4, 15 barbata. Mull 10 vitulina, Linn 15 PiioctEXA, Cuv 9, 41 PiitEXicuRA, S-wains 54, 104 Tithys, Jard 105 Fholis Ixi’is, Flem 382 PHYCIS, Art 320, 452 htcnnoidcs, Nilss 452 LATIN PHYCTS, furcatus, Fkm — 452 Mediterraneus, Lar. ... 453 Physalis vulgaris, Flem 47 PhYseter, Lac .... 9, 45 PHYSETER, Linn .... 9, 44 Catodon, Linn macrocephalus, Shaw,... 44 microps, Linn 46 Mular, Lac 45 Tursio, Linn Pica, Cuv . 58, 147 PICUS, Linn . 59, 149 major, Linn 150 martius, Linn minor, Linn 151 tridactylus, Linn 151 viUosus, Linn 151 viridis, Linn 149 PIjATALEA, Linn . 07, 193 Leucorodia, Linn 193 PLATESSA, Cuv 320, 454 carnaria, Brown, Cyclops, Flem ...... 400 Flesus, Fkm lata, Cuv Limanda, Flem Limandoides, Nob 459 microcephala, Flem 457 Pola, Cuv 458 vulgaris, Flem 454 Plecotus, Geoff. .... 0, 27 Peectrophanes, Mcy. .. . 50, 128 Lapponica, Selb 128 Plectropterus, Leach, . . 72, 226 Gambensis, Steph 220 PLEURONECTES, Fkm.. ..321, 401 Arnoglossus, Schn 405 Cardina, Cuv 404 Cyclops, Don 400 Cynoglossus, Linn 458 Flesus, Linn Hippoglossus, Linn 400 hirtus. Mull hevis, Turt 457 Limanda, Linn 457 limandanus, Parn 459 limandoides, Bl 459 Lingula, Han INDEX •')39 PLEURONECTES, maximus, hinn -Ril Megastoma, Don 404 microce.phalus, Don 4o7 ■microst07nus, Nilss 457 Passer^ B1 450 Pcgusa^ Riss 408 Platessa, Linn 454 punctatus, BI 402 Rhombus, Linn 402 roscus, Shaw, 450 Bolca, Linn 400 tuherculatus, Turt 401 varicgatus, Don 408 PODICEPS, Lath 74, 251 auritus. Lath 258 cornutus, Ijath 252 cristatus. Lath 251 Hehridicus, Sow 254 minor, Lath 254 obscurus, Lath 258 rubricoUis, Lath 252 Poynpilus, Rond 370 Pristibatis antiquorum, Blainv — 508 PRISTIS, Lath 328, 508 antiquorum, Lath 508 PROCELLARIA, Li«». ... 77, 284 Anglorum, Tanni 285 fuliginosa, Strickl 285 glacialis, Linn 284 Leachii, Tcmm 280 pelagica, Linn 285 pelagica, Wils 280 Puffinus, Linn 284 Wilsoni, Hon 280 Procellaria, Vig 78, 284 Psophia crepitans, Linn 185 PUFFINUS, Ray, 78. 284 fuliginosus, Strickl 285 PUTORIUS, Oil' 3, II Pyrgtta, Cuv 57, 134 Pyrrhocorax Graculus, Temm. ... 144 PYRRHULA, Brins 57, 140 Enucleator, Tcnim 141 vulgaris, Tcmm 140 Q. Qucrqucdula glocitans, Vig 233 540 LATIN INDPLX. R. Raia, Cuv 328, RAIA, IJnn 328, Aquila, Linn aspcra, Flem aspcra niistras, ATill Batis, Linn chagrinea, Mont clavata, Linn Ciivieri, Lac Fnl/onicn, Turt Giorna, Luc l(Fvis undulula sen cinerea, Will maculata, Mont marginata, Luc microccUata, Mont Miraletus, Don urnliita, Flem Oxyrhynchus, Linn Pastinaca, lAnn rad lata, Don Ruhns, B1 Ruhns, Blainv 517, Ruhiis^ Don Rnhus^ Flem Rnhus, Turt Speculum, Blainv Torpedo, Linn RALLUS, Linn 7<1, aquaticus, Linn RANA, Laurent 298, aquatica, Ray, Rufo, Linn Rufo, /3, Gmel esculenta, Linn fusca. Roes Rubefra, Turt lemporaria, Linn viridis, Roes Rana piscatrix, Will RANICEPS, Cuv 320, .Jago, Flem trif'urcatus, Flem Ranunculus viridis, Merr RECUR VI ROSTRA, Linn. 68, Avocetta, Linn REGULUS, Cuv 54, REGULUS, aurocapiHus, ^elb.... 113 ignicapillus, Nob 113 Remora, Will 473 RHINOLOPHUS, Geoff. 5, 19 hiliastatns, Desm 20 Ferrum-equinum, Gmel 19 Hipposideros, Bechst 20 unihastatus, Desm 19 Rhombus Icrvis Cornubiensis macu- Us nigris, Jag 457 muximus asper non squa- mosns, Will. 461 non aculcatus squamosns, Will. 462 Rusticola, Vicill 69, 204 S. Salamandra aquatica, Ray, 303 cristuia, Latr 303 punctata, I,atr 304 Salicaria, Sclb 54, 106 SALMO, Cuv 317, 421 alhula. Stew 432 albus, Flem 424 alpinus, B1 425 alpinus, Don 427 aljnnns, Linn 428 Camhricus, Don 422 Epcrlanus, Linn 429 Eriox, Linn 422 Fario, Linn 424 ferox, Jard 425 Gcedcnii, B1 422 hamatus, Cuv 422 llucho, Flem 423 lacustris. Berk 426 Lemunus, Cuv 424 Maroennla, B1 432 marmorutus, Cuv 425 punctatns, Cuv 425 .Salar, Linn 421 Salmarlnus, Linn 428 Salmulus, Tiirt 426 Salvelinus, Don 428 Salvclinus, Linn 428 Thyniallus, Linn 430 Trutta, Linn 423 Umbla, Linn 427 Wartmanni, B1 431 510 509 519 513 513 510 513 516 518 515 519 510 514 512 515 518 518 511 518 517 516 518 514 515 515 518 509 217 217 300 300 301 302 301 300 302 300 301 389 453 454 453 303 201 201 113 LATIN INDEX. 541 Salmo, Will 421 Salmulus^ Will 426 Saurus^ Will 419 SAXICOLA, Bechst 55, 119 ffinanthe, Bechst 119 Rubetra, Bechst 1-9 Rubicola, Bechst 121 SCIAINA, Cuv 309, 352 Aquila, Cuv 352 cirrhosa, Linn 353 Lahrax, B1 331 Umbra, Cuv 352 ScijENa, Cuv 309, 352 SCIURUS, Linn 6, 29 vulgaris, Linn 29 SCOLOPAX, Linn 69, 204 Gallinago, Linn 205 Gallinula, Linn 206 grisea, Gmcl 207 major, Gmel 205 Novehoracensis, Wils 207 Rusticola, Linn 204 Sabini, Vi^ 204 ScoLOPAX, Vieill 69, 204 SCOMBER, Cuv 310, 360 Colias, Cuv 362 Colias, Turt 362 Ductor, B1 365 maculatus. Couch, 361 Pelamys, Linn 363 Scomber, Linn 360 Thynnus, Linn 362 trachurus, B1 366 vulgaris, Flem 360 Scomber, Cuv 310, 360 ScOMBEHESOX, Lac 317, 419 Saurus, Flem 419 SCOPELUS, Cuv 318, 433 borealis, Nilss 433 Humboldti, Cuv 433 Scops, Sav 51, 91 SCORPjENA, Linn 308, 347 Norvegica, Cuv 347 ScYLLiUM, Cuv 327, 495 Canicula, Bon 495 Catulus, Flem 495 melanostomum. Bon 497 stcllnre. Bon 496 ScYLLiUM, stdlure, Flem 495 ScYMNUS, Cuv 328, 506 borealis, Flem 506 Sebastes, Cuv 308, 347 N'orvcgicus, Cuv 347 Selache, Cuv 328, 503 Serpens ruhesccns, 11111 374 marinus, Merr 479 Serpes Humboldti, Riss 433 Serranus, Cuv 307, 332 Caljrilla, Cuv 332 Couchii, Yarr 334 Gigas, Cuv 333 N'orvcgicus, Flem 347 Scriba, Cuv 333 SILURUS, Art 317, 421 Glanis, Linn 421 SITTA, Linn 60, 154 Europaea, Linm 154 SOLEA, Cuv 321, 466 Lingula, Hob 468 Mangilii, Bon 468 parva, sive Lingula, Rond 468 Pegusa, Yarr 467 variegata, Flem 468 vulgaris, Flem 466 SoLEA, Cuv 321, 466 Solea, \Fill 466 SOMATERIA, Leach, 73, 237 moUissima, Leach, 237 spectabilis, Leach, 238 SOREX, Linn 5, 17 Araneus, Linn 17 ciliatus. Sow 18 Daubentonii, Desm 18 fodiens, Gmel 18 remifer, Geoff. 18 SPARES, Cuv 309, 353 Aurata, Don 356 Aurata, Linn 353 centrodontus, Lar 356 Dentex, B1 357 Erythrinus, Linn 355 formosus, Shaw, 394 liueutus, Mont 358 niger, Turt 359 Pagrus, B1 356 Pagrus, Linn 354 542 LATIN INDEX SPA HUS, Han, B1 35!) Vctnla, (!oLich, 35!) SPUAHOIS, Merr 2«7, 2<)0 coriacea, Oray, 2iJ0 .SPH VILENA, AV/»; 307, :W7 Spci, Lac 337 vulgaris, Cuv 337 Si'inachia, Flcni 300, 351 vulgaris, Flem 351 Si’iNAX, Cuv 32!), 505 Acanihlas, Flem ,505 Sprattus, Will 435 SQUALUS, 327, 405 Acanthias, Liun 505 borealis, Scurcsh 500 (■(vruleus, Blainv 400 Canicula, Hlmi 405 Carcharlas, B1 401), 500 Carcliarias, Gunn 500 Carcharias, Linn 407 Cutulus, B1 405 (lornubicus, Gmcl 500 CornuMcus, /3, Gmel 501 Galeus, Lhui 501 glacialls, Nilss 500 gluucus, Blainv 400 glaucus, Linn 400 Gunneriunus, Blainv 504 Hinnulus, Blainv 503 Ilomianus, Blainv 504 maximus, Linn 503 melastomus, Blainv 407 Alonensis, N/iaic, 501 Mustelus, Linn 502 Norvegianus, Blainv 50(! pcregrinus, Blainv 504 Pristis, Linn 50!) Selanoneus, Fleni 500 Selanonns, Leach, 500 Spinax, Linn 505 Squalina, Linn 507 stellaris, Linn 400 Vulpes, Gmel 408 Zygcena, B1 507 Zyga'na, Linn 507 SftUATAUOLA, Cuv 05, 181 SQUATINA, Dum 328, 507 Angelus, Cuv 507 SQUATINA, vulgaris, Hem. ... 507 Stjualiua, Will 507 STELLERUS, Cuv 8, 40 STERNA, Linn 77, 204 Anglica, Mont 200 arctica, I'cmm 207 Cantiaca, Gmel. 205 Uaspia, Pall 204 Dougallii, Mont 205 Ilirundo, Linn 200 niinuta, Linn 207 nocvia, Gmcl 200 nigra, Linn 20!) stolida, Linn 270 Sterna, Steph 77, 204 STREPSILAS, III 05, 182 cdlnris, Temm 182 Interpres, Lctfc//, .1. 182 STRIX, Linn 51, 02 Alnco, Temm 03 Brachyotos, Temm 02 Bnhn, Temm 90 flammea, Linn 92 funcrea. Lath 520 nyctea, Temm 94 Otns, Temm 91 passcrina, Temm 94 pulcliclla, Don 91 Scops, Temm 91 Tcngmahni, Temm 94 Sturio, AVill 493 STURNUS, Linn 57, 143 vulgaris, Linn 143 SULA, Briss 70, 203 alba, Temm 203 Bassana, Briss 203 SiTRNiA, Selh 52, 93 SUS, Linn 8, 39 Scrofa, Linn 39 domestica, 40 SYLVIA, Lath 53, 103 arundinacea. Lath 107 AtricapiUa, Lath 108 Cetti, Temm 107 einerea, Lath 100 Curruca, Lath 109 Dartfordiensis, 112 Ilippolais, T.ath Ill LATIN INDEX. 543 SYLVIA, hoi'tensis, Lath lOU ignicapilla, 'Eeinva 114 Locustella, Lath 100 Luscinia, Lath 107 Phccnicurus, Lath 104 Phraginitis, Bedtst 106 provincialise Temm 112 Regains, Temm 113 Rubecula, Lath 103 rufa, Temm 112 sibilatrix, Bechst 110 Suecica, Lath 104 Tithys, Scop 105 Trochilus, Lath Ill Troglodytes, Temm 153 Syi.via, Selh 54, 110 SYNGNATHUS, Cuv. ... 324, 484 Acus, Linn 484 Eequoreus, Linn 486 anguinezis, Jen 487 harharus, Turt 488 Hippocampus, Linn 480 lumbriciformis, Noh 488 Ophidion, Bl. 487 pelagicus, Don 486 Txjphle, Bl 486 Typhle, Linn 485 SYRNIUxM, Sav 51, 93 Aluco, Nob 93 T. TADORNA, Leach, 72, 229 Bellonii, Steph 229 rutila, Steph 229 TALPA, Linn 4, 17 Europasa, Linn I7 Testudo coriacea, Linn 290 imhricata, Linn 290 TETRAD, Linn 63, 168 Lagopus, Sab I70 Lagopus, Temm I7I medius, Mey 169 rupestris. Sab 17 1 Scoticus, Teriim I70 Tetrix, Linn 169 Virgittianus, 4ViIs 173 Urogallus, Linn 168 Tetkao, Steph 63, 168 TETRODON, Linn 325, 489 lagocephalus, Bl 490 Mola, Linn 490 stellatus, Don 489 truncatus, Gmel 491 Tiialassidiioma, Vig. 78, 285 THYMALLUS, Cuv 318, 430 vulgaris, Nilss 430 Thymallus, Will 430 Thynxus, Cuv 310, 362 Pelamys, Cuv 363 vulgaris, Cuv 362 Tinca, C>av 316, 405 vxilgaris, Flem 405 Torpedo, Dum 328, 509 Galvani, Riss 510 marmorata, Riss 510 Narkc, Riss 509 unimaculata, Riss 509 vulgaris, Flem 509 TOTANUS, Bechst 68, 196 Calidris, Bechst 196 fuscus, Leisl 196 Glarcola, Markw 197 Glareola, Temm 198 Glottis, Bechst 200 Hypoleucos, Temm 199 Macularia, Temm 199 Ochropus, Temm 197 TRACHINUS, Linn 307, 335 Draco, Bl 336 Draco, Linn 335 snajor, Don 335 Vipera, Cuv 336 Trachurns vulgaris, Flem 366 TRICHECHUS, Linn 4, 16 Rosmarus, Linn 16 TRICHIURUS, Linn 312, 372 Lepturus, Linn 372 TRIGLA, Cuv 308, 338 Adriatica, Flem 339 Blochii, Yarr 343 Cuculus, Bl 343 Gurnardus, Linn 342 Hirundo, Bl 340 Itrvis, IMont 340 544 LATIN INDEX. TRIGLA, lineata, Gmel. 339 lineata, Mont 339 Lyra, Lhm 341 Pini, lil. 338 TRINGA, Briss 89, 207 Canutus, Lhm 213 cincrea, Temm 213 inaritima, 211 minuta, Leisl 212 Morinella, Linn 183 Mont 211 pectoralis. Bon 210 pugnax, Linn 207 rufescens, Vicill 214 subarquata, Tcnmi 208 Temminckii, Leisl 211 variabilis, Mey 209 Thinga, Sell) 89, 208 TRITON, Laur 299, 303 aqnaticus, Flem 304 palustris, Flem 303 punctatus. Bon 304 vittatus, Gray, 305 vulgaris, Flem 305 TROGLODYTES, Cuv. ... 59, 153 Europsus, Selh 153 vulgaris, Temm 153 Truita Jluviatilis, M’^ill 424 lacustris, WiU 423 Trygon, Adans 329, 518 Pastinaca, Flem 518 TURDUS, Linn 53, 98 iliacus, Linn, 100 Merula, Linn 101 musicus, Linn 100 pilaris, Lhm 99 torquatus, Linn 101 varius, Llorsf. 101 viscivorus, Lhm 98 Turdus minor, Jag 393 perhelle picius. Will 394 vulgatissimns. Will 397 U. Umhla minor. Will 429 Umbrina, Cuv 309, 353 vulgaris. Guv 353 UPUPA, Linn 80, 153 Epops, Linn 153 URIA, Briss 75, 258 Alle, Temm 259 Brunnichii, Sab 258 Grylle, Lalh 258 Troile, Lath 258 URSUS, Linn 3, 10 Arctos, Lhm 10 V. Vandellius Lusitanicus, Shaw, ... 371 VANELLUS, Briss 65, 181 cristatus, Mey 182 griseus, Briss 181 ■melanogastcr, Temm 181 Vanellus, Cuv 65, 182 Vespertilio, Geojf. 5, 20 VESPERTILIO, Lhm 5, 20 auritus, Linit 27 Barbastellus, Gmel. 28 Bechsteinii, Leisl 21 brevimanus, Jen 28 discolor, Natt 24 emarginatus, Geojf'. 26 Leisleri, Kuhl, 23 mhuitus, Mont 20 murinus, Dcsm 20 mystacinus, Leisl 26 Nattereri, Kuhl, 21 Noclula, Gmel 2.3 Pipistrellus, Gmel 24 pygmreus, Leach, 25 Serotinus, Gmel. 22 VIPERA, Band 289, 297 communis, Leach, 297 Vipera, Ray, 297 VuLPES, Flem. 4, 14 vulgaris, Flem 14 Vulpes marhia. Will 498 X. Xema, Leach, 77, 270 Sahini, Leach, 270 XIPHIAS, Linn 311, 364 Gladius, Linn 364 Rondeletii, Leach, 364 LATIN INDEX. 545 Y. . YUNX, Linn 59, 152 Torquilla, Linn 152 Z. Zeus, Cuv 311, 367 ZEUS, Linn 311, 367 A per, Gmc! 368 ZEUS, Faber, Linn 367 imperialis, Shaw, 369 Luna, Gmel 369 Zipotheca tetradens, Mont 371 ZOARCES, Cuv 313, 384 viviparus, Cuv 384 ZYGyENA, Cuv 328, 507 Malleus, Val 507 ALPHABETICAL ENGLISH INDEX. The names adopted for the Species in this Work are printed in Roman characters : the Synonyms, and names of the Varieties, in Italics. A. Accentor, alpine, 102 Hedge, 103 Adder, Sea, 489 Albacore, 366 Allis, 438 Anchovy, 439 Angel-fish, 50? Angler, common, 389 long, 390 Argentine, Sheppy, 433 Ass, 39 Atherine, 377 Auk, little, 259 ilack-hilkd, 261 great, 261 Razor-bill, 260 Avocet, scooping, 201 Azurine, 413 B. Badger, 10 Band-fish, red, 374 Barbastelle, 28 Barbel, 404 Barbolt, 448 Basse, common, 331 Stone, 334 Bat, Barbastelle, 28 common, 24 great, 23 greater Horse-shoe, 19 Bat, greater long-eared, 27 Horse-shoe, 19 lesser Horse-shoe, 20 lesser long-eared, 28 long-eared, 27 Noctule, 23 Pipistrelle, 24 pygmy, 25 Serotine, 22 Bear, brown, 10 common, 10 Beaver, 34 common, 34 Becker, . 354 Bee-eater, common, 156 Beluga, 43 Bergylt, 347 Bcrnicle, Brent, 224 common, 224 red-breasted, 225 Bib, 442 Bittern, American, 191 common, 190 little, 189 Blackbird, 101 Black-cap, 108 Black-fish, 370 Bleak, 414 Blenny, crested, 380 diminutive, 381 gattoruginous, 379 Montagu’s, 381 ENGLISH INDEX. 547 Blenny, ocellated,. . , purple^ smooth, spotted, viviparous, .... Blinds, Blind-worm, Boar, •wild, Boar-fish, Bonito, Bottle-head, Braize, Brambling, Brandling, Bream, black, black Sea, common Sea, Ray's, Ray’s Sea, ... Spanish, Spanish Sea,... white, yellow, Bream-flat, Brill, Buck, Bullfinch, common. Pine, Bull-head, armed, River, Bunting, Cirl, common, green-headed, Lapland, Ortolan, painted, Reed, Snow, yellow, Burbot, Bustard, great, little, I thick-kneed, ... Butter-fish, ' Butterfly-fish, I Buzzard, common. Buzzard, Honey, 88 Moor, 89 rough-legged, 87 C. Cachalot, blunt-headed, 44 high-finned, 45 two-toothed, 44 Campagnol, Bank, 34 Field, 33 Water, 33 Cane, 12 Carp, common, 401 golden, 403 Carter, 404 Cat, domestic, 15 wild, 14 Cavy, variegated, 36 Ceil-conin, 373 Chad, 439 Chaffinch, 133 Charr, 427 case, 428 gilt, 428 red, 428 Chatterer, ,.. 125 Bohemian, 125 Chevin, 412 Chiff-chafF, Ill Chimaera, northern, 494 Chough, Cornish, 144 Chub, 411 Coal-fish, 446 Cock, Bantam, 165 crested, 165 domestic, 165 Dorking, 165 dwarf, 165 frizzled, 166 Negro, 166 rumpless, 166 Silk, 166 Cod, common, 440 five-bearded, 450 green, 447 three-bearded, 449 Cod-fish, common, 440 variable, 441 mm2 378 383 382 383 384 442 295 39 39 368 363 44 354 134 427 358 358 356 359 359 355 355 407 406 407 462 38 140 141 343 346 343 131 130 132 128 132 133 130 129 131 448 174 175 177 383 378 87 54 « ENGLISH INDEX. Colin, northern, Comber, Cook, Coot, common, greater, Corkling, Cork-wing, Connorant, black, common, crested, green, Corn-crake, Cormorant, Cotlus, four -horned, Courser, cream-coloured, Craig-flukc, Crake, Baillon’s, Corn, little, Meadow, spotted, Crane, common, Creeper, common, Cross-bill, common, Parrot, white-winged, Crow, Carrion, hooded, red-legged, Crucian, Cuckoo, Carolina, common, Cuckoo-fsh, Curlew, Brazilian, common, pigmy, 'Whimbrel, D. Dab, Lemon, Smear, 457, Dace, Dare, Deal-fish, Deer, Fallow, red, Diodon, Olohe, Diodon, oblong, 491 short, 490 Dipper, European, 98 Diver, black-throated, 258 great northern, 255 northern, 255 red-throated, 257 second speckled, 257 speckled, 257 Dobule, 409 Dog, 13 Dog-fish, lesser, 495 picked, 505 Rock, 498 spotted, 495 spotted, 496 Dolphin, blunt-toothed, 41 common, 40 Doree, 367 Dormouse, 30 Dorse, 441 Dory, 367 Dotterel, 178 little Ring, 179 Dove, Ring, 161 Rock, 162 Stock, 161 Turtle, 162 Dragonet, gemmeous, 388 sordid, 389 Duck, bimaculatcd, 232 custancous, 242 collared, 243 common, 234 common -wild, 234 domestic, 234 Eider, 237 ferruginous, 229, 242 Harlequin, 246 hook-biUed, 234 King, 238 long-tailed, 247 Muscovy, 230 Musk, 230 olive-tufted, 242 Pintail, 232 red crested, 240 Scaup, 244 173 393 396 221 221 392 399 263 262 262 263 217 262 345 176 459 219 217 219 217 218 185 152 141 142 143 145 146 144 402 155 154 397 194 195 208 195 456 457 463 410 410 372 38 37 489 ENGLISH INDEX. 549 Duck, Summer, tufted, Velvet, western, white-throated, Dun-cow, 514, Dun-diver, Dunlin, E. Eagle, cinereous, golden, Eel, blunt-headed, broad-nosed common., Conger, Glut, Grig, Grig, sharp-headed, sharp-nosed, silver, Eel-pout, Eft, common, striped, warty, Egret, little, Eider, common, King, Elanus, swallow-tailed, Ermine, F. Falcon, ash-coloured, . gentil, Jer, peregrine, red-footed, red-legged, rough-legged, spotted, Stone, swallow-tailed, Father-lasher, Father-lasher, four-horned, 345 four-spined, 345 Ferret, 12 Fieldfare, 99 File-fish, Mediterranean, 492 Finch, Chaf, 133 Gold, 137 Haw, 136 Lapland, 128 Mountain, 134 painted, 133 Fin-fish, 47 F inscale, 412 Fishing-frog, ,390 of Mount' s Bay, .390 Fitchet, 11 Flounder, 455 Fluke, Craig, 459 long, 460 Flycatcher, pied, 97 spotted, 97 white-collared, 98 Flying-fish, 420 winged, 420 Fork-beard, common, 452 greater, 452 lesser, 454 Fox, 14 Fox, 389 Frog, common, 300 edible, .301 great, 302 green, 301 Tree, 303 Fulmar, northern, 284 G. Gadwall, 231 common, 231 Gallinule, common, 220 Crake, 217 little, 219 olivaceous, 219 spotted 218 Gambet, 197 Gannet, common, 263 Solan, 263 237 244 239 243 240 515 248 209 80 80 476 476 474 478 476 477 476 475 474 470 477 449 304 305 303 187 187 237 238 86 1.3 90 85 81 82 84 83 87 82 83 86 ,344 550 ENGLISH INDEX. Gar-fish, common, 418 little, 419 Garganey, 234 Garrot, buffel-headed, 246 common Golden-eye, . . 245 Golden-eye, 245 Harlequin, . . . . 246 Gibel, 402 Gilt-head, .397 Gilt-head, 353 lunulated, .. 35.3, 3.56 red, 356 toothed, 357 toothed, 3.59 Globe-fish, stellated, 489 Goat, 37 domestic, 37 Goatsucker, European, ... 160 Goby, Idack, .385 slender, 387 spotted, 386 two-spotted, 386 God wit, bar-tailed, 202 black-tailed, 203 Cambridge, 196 cinereous^ 201 common,^ 203 red, 202 Golden-eye, 245 Goldfinch, 137 Goldfiimi/, 399 Gold-Jish, 403 Goldsinny, 398 Goosander, 248 Goose, Bean, 222 Bernicle, Brent, 224 Canada, 997 Chinese, 226 Cravat, 997 domestic, 999 Egyptian, 225 Gray-lag, 222 red-hirastcd, 225 ruddy, 229 spur-winged, 226 Swan, 226 white-fronted, 223 Goose, wild, 222 Goshawk, 85 Graining, 411 Grampus, 42 Grayling, 430 Grebe, black-chin, 254 crested, 251 dusky, 253 eared, 253 great-crested, 251 horned, 253 little, 254 red-necked, 252 Sclavonian, 252 Tippet, 252 Green-Jlsh, 392 Greenshank, 200 Grey, 422 Grig, 476 Stone, 523 Grilse, 422 Grosbeak, common, 136 green, 136 Haw, 136 Pine, 141 Groundling, 417 Grous, black, 169 hybrid, 169 7-ed, 170 spurious, 169 Wood, 168 Gudgeon, 405 Sea, 385 Guillemot, black, 258 foolish, 258 Franks, 258 lesser, 258 spotted, 259 Guinea-pig, 36 Gull, arctic, 282, 283 black-hacked, 278 black-headed, 272 black-toed, 282 brown-headed, 272 brown-headed, 273 common, 275 glaucous, 279 great black-backed, 278 ENGLISH INDEX. 551 Gull, Herring, Iceland, Iceland, Ivory, Kittiwake, laughing, lesser black-backed, little, masked, parasitic, red-legged, Sabine’s, Skua, Tarrock, Wagel, Winter, Gunnel, spotted, Gurnard, French, gray, pine-leaved, Piper, red, red, sapphirine, streaked, Gwiniad, Gymnetrus, Blochian, ... Hawken's, H. Haddock, Norway, Hag, glutinous, Hair-tail, silvery, Hake, common, forked, lest, trifurcated, Hake' s-Dame, Hammer-head, Hare, alpine, common, Irish, varying, Hareld, long-tailed, Harrier, asb-coloured, . . . . Harrier, Hen 89 Marsh, 88 Hawk, Gos, 85 Sparrow, 85 Hedgehog, 19 Herling, 424 Heron, buff-backed, 188 common, 18G common Night, 191 crested purple, 186 freckled, 191 great white, 187 Uttle, 189 little Egret, 187 little white, 188 purple, 186 Squacco, 189 white, 187 Herring, British, 434 common, 434 Leach’s 434 Hind, 37 Hinny, 39 Hobby, 82 orange-legged, 84 Hog, common, 39 domestic, 40 Holibut, 460 Hommelin, 515 Hoopoe, 153 Horn-fish, 418 Horse, 39 common, 39 Hound, smooth, 502 I. Ibis, hay, 194 glossy, 194 green, 194 Ide, 415 imher, lesser, 256 J. Jackdaw, H7 Jay, D8 Jiidcock, 206 276 279 280 276 274 273 277 271 272 283 272 270 280 275 277 276 383 340 342 338 341 343 339 340 339 431 373 373 441 347 523 372 372 447 452 454 453 453 507 35 34 35 35 247 90 552 ENGLISH INDEX. K. Loach, bearded, 416 /Cc//, 422 Lobe-foot, red, 214 Kestril, 84 Loclie, 416 King-fish, 3G1) spined, 417 King-fisher, common, 157 spinous^ 417 Kingslonc, 508 Long-beak, brown, 207 Kipper, 422 Longshanks, black-winged, 201 Kite, 86 Lord-fish, 444 Kitt, 457 Lump-fish, common, 471 Kittiwake, 274 Lump-sucker, 471 Knohber, 37 Knot, . 213 M. Mackerel, common, 360 L. Horse, 366 Lampern, 522 Spanish, 361 Lamprey, lesser, 521 Mackerel-guide, 419 Planer’s, 522 Mackerel-midge, 451 River, 521 Magpie, 147 Sea, 520 Maid, 511 517 Lantern-fish, 464 Maigre, 352 82 Mallard, 233 Lapwing, crested, 182 Martin, Bank, 158 182 H Lark, Field, .. 118, no greatest, 159 Pipit, 118 House, 158 red, 126 Pine, 11 Rock, 119 Sand, 158 Shore, 126 Megrim, 466 Sky, 127 Merganser, hooded, 249 Tit, 117 minute, 251 Tree, 118 red-breasted, 249 Wood, 127 Merlin, 83 Lark-hunting, Lapland, .. 128 Mermaid of the Shetlan d Seas, .. 40 Launce, Sand, ... 482, 483 Midge, 451 small -mouthed, 483 Miller' s-thuml>, 343 wide-mouthed, 482 Minim, 415 Lestrin^ Richardson'' ,s^ 282 Minnow, 415 508 Mole, 17 Ling, 448 Monk-fish, 508 Linnet, brown, 139 Morris, Anglcsea, 480 139 31 140 Field, 30 305 31 common, 292 House, 31 291 33 seahj, 293 short-tailed, . 33 •warty, 303 Wood, . 30 ENGLISH INDEX. 553 Mule, Mule-bird, Mullet, gray, plain red, short gray, striped red, thick-lipped gray, Murtena, common, Roman, Mysticete, Jin-backed, pike-headed, N. Narwhal, small-headed, Natter-jack, Neophron Egyptian, . Newt, common, common Water, . great Water, smaller Water, warted, Night-heron, Nightingale, Night-jar, Noctule, Noddy, black, Ntimb-Jish, Nutcracker, Nuthatch, O. Old-wife, Old-wife, Opah, Ophidium, beardless. Oriole, golden, Osprey, Otter, Irish, Sea, Otterpike, Ouzel, Ring, rose-coloured, . . . Water, Owl, Canada, Eagle, great-eared, Owl, little, 94 little-horned, 91 little Night, 94 long-eared, 91 scops-eared, 91 short-eared, 92 snowy, 93 tawny, 93 Tengmalm’s, 94 Tcngmalni’s Night, 94 white, 92 Ox, common, 3(1 Oyster-catcher, common, 184 pied, 184 P. Farr, 426 Partridge, common, 172 Guernsey, 172 Maryland, 173 red-legged, 172 Virginian, 173 Pastor, rose-coloured, 144 Peacock, crested, 164 Peal, 422 Pearl, 462 Pelican, 264 Perch, black, 370 common, 330 dusky, 333 Sea, 347 smooth, 332 Pero, 167 Petrel, fork-tailed, 286 Fulmar, 284 Leach’s, 286 stormy, 285 Pettychaps, greater, 108 lesser, 112 Phalarope, gray, 215 red, 214, 215 red-necked, 214 Pheasant, Bohemian, 167 common, 166 hybrid, 167 Ring, 166, 167 ring-necked, 167 Phinoc, t 424 39 167 374 338 376 337 375 479 479 47 47 43 43 302 79 305 304 303 304 303 191 107 160 23 270 509 149 154 359 398 369 481 102 81 13 525 525 337 101 144 98 526 90 90 554 ENGLISH INDEX. Pigeon, domestic^ 162 Passenger, 163 wild, 162 Pike, 417 Gar, 418 Saury, 410 Sea, 337 Pilchard, 436 Pilot-fish, common, 365 Pink, 415 Pintado, Guinea, 168 Pintail, 232 common, 232 Pipe-fish, acquoreal, 486 great, 484 lesser, 485 Utile, 488 longer, 488 longer, 487 shorter, 484, 485 Snake, 487 Worm, 488 Piper, 341 Pipistrelle, 24 Pipit, Meadow, 117 Richard’s, 117 Rock, 118 Tree, 118 Plaice, common, 454 Plover, cream-coloured, 176 Dotterel, 178 golden, 177 gray, 181 great, 177 Kentish, 180 little ringed, 179 long-legged, 201 ringed, 179 Pochard, common, 241 Nyroca, 242 red-crested, 240 red-headed, 241 Scaup, 243 tufted, 244 western, 243 Pogge, 346 Pole, 458 Polecat, 11 Pollack, 446 r aiming, 447 Whiting, 446 Pollan, 432 Poor, 444 Pope, 335 Porbeagle, 500 Porpesse, 41 Pout, 442 Whiting, 443 Power, 444 Pratincole, Austrian, 216 collared, 216 Pride, 522 Ptarmigan, common, 170 red, 170 Rock, 171 Puffin, 260 Ptirre, 209 Q. Quail, common, 174 Queen-fish, 458 R. Rabbet, 35 Rahhit-fish, 494 Rail, Land, 217 Water, 217 Rat, black, 32 brown, 32 Norxoay, 32 Water, 33 Raven, 145 Ray, bordered, 512 Cuvier’s, 518 electric, 509 French, 514 Fuller, 514 rough, 518 Sand, 515 Shagreen, 513 sharp-nosed, 511 sharp-nosed, 510 small- eyed, 515 spotted, 514 starry, 517 ENGLISH INDEX. 555 Ray, Sting, Whip, Razor-bill, Redbreast, hlue-throated, or Swedish^ . . . Red-eye, Redpole, greater^ lesser, mealy, mcaly-backed, Stone, Redshank, spotted, Redstart, blue-throated, Tithys, Redtail, black, Redwing, Regulus, fire-crested, gold-crested, Remora, common, Mediterranean, Ringtail, Roach, Dobule, Rock-fish, 386, Rockling, live-bearded, three-bearded, Roe, Roe-buck, RoUer, garrulous, Rook, Rotche, common, Rudd, RufF, Ruffe, black, common, S. Salmon, common, Salmon-trout, Samlet, Samlet, Sanderling, common, Sand-necker, Sandpiper, ash-coloured, Sandpiper, buff-breasted, 214 common, 199 dusky, 196 equestrian, 208 gray, 181 green, 197 Greenwich, 208 little, 211 long-legged, 198 pectoral, 210 purple, 211 red, 209 Redshank, 196 Shore, 208 spotted, 199 Wood, 198 Saury, 419 Scabbard-fish, 371 Scad, 366 Scald-fish, 465 Scale-foot, 371 Scoter, black, 239 Surf, 240 Velvet, 239 white-headed, 240 Sea-adder, 489 Sea-fox, 498 Sea-horse, 489 Seal, cormnon, 15 great, 16 pied, 16 Sea-monster, 494 Sea-scorpion, 344 Sea-snaU, common, 472 Montagu’s, 473 Sea-wife, 395 Sebastes northern, 347 Serotine, 22 Serranus, dusky, 333 smooth, 332 Sewcn, 423 Shad, 437 Shad, 438 Thames, 437 Shag, crested, 262 Shag, 262 Shallow, 413 Shan, 382 518 519 260 103 104 412 139 138 139 139 139 197 196 104 104 105 105 100 113 113 473 474 89 408 409 397 450 449 38 38 156 146 259 412 207 370 334 421 424 426 422 183 183 459 213 556 ENGLISH INDEX. Shan, smooth, S ha 71111/, Shark, Angel, basking, Beaumaris, blue, Greenland, lesser spotted, long-tailed, picked, Porbeagle, Rashleigh, Rock, smooth, spotted, white, Shearwater, cinereous, Manks, Sheep, Shieldrake, Casarka, common, ruddy, Shoveller, common, red-hreastcd, Shrew, common, fetid, oared, Water, Shrike, cinereous, red -backed, Wood, Silurus, sly, Siskin, Skate, Skipper, Skirling, Skua, arctic, arctic, common, pomarine, Richardson’s, Sloto-worm, common, Smear-dah, 457, Smelt, Sand, Smew, S/nolt, Snake, Aberdeen, 208 ringed, 208 S/iake-Jish, red, 374 Snig, 477 Snipe, brown, 207 common, 205 great, 205 Jack, 208 Jadreka, 203 Sabine’s, 204 spotted, 108 Sole, common, 488 Lemon, 487 Lemon, 458 merry^ 458 red-backed, 488 S7)lOOth, 485 Spalding, 430 Sparrow, House, 134 Mountain, 135 Tree, 135 Spams, four-toothed, 357 Spoonbill, white, 103 Sprat, 435 Squirrel, common, 20 Stag, 37 Starling, common, 143 rose-coloured, 144 Stickleback, fifteen-spined, .... 351 Ibur-spined, 350 half-armed, 340 lesser, 351 rough-tailed, 340 short-spined, 340 s?nonth-tailed, 340 ten-spined, 350 three-spined, 348 Stilt, hlack-whiged, 201 Stint, little, 212 Temminck’s, 211 Stoat, 13 Stone-basse, 334 Stone-chat, 121 Stone-grig, 523 Stork, black, 103 white, 102 Sturgeon, common, 403 Sucker, bimaculated, 470 . 382 382 507 503 .501 400 50C 405 408 505 500 507 408 502 405 502 407 284 285 37 220 220 220 230 231 17 17 18 18 05 08 08 421 137 510 410 427 283 282 280 281 282 205 483 420 377 250 422 ENGLISH INDEX Sucker, Cornish, Jura, Lump, Montagu's, unctuous, Suck-Jish, small, Sun-fish, Mount's Bay, ... oblong, short, Surmullet, striped, red, Swallow, Chimney, Swan, Bewick’s Canada, Guinea, mute, whistling, •wild, Swift, alpine, common, white-bellied, Swift-foot, cream-coloured. Sword-fish, common, T. Tadpole-fish, trifurcated, Teal, himaculated, common, Garganey, Summer, Tench, Tern, arctic, black, brown, Caspian, common, gull -billed, lesser, roseate, Sandwich, Tetrodon, Globe, oblong, short, Thick-knee, common, Thorn-back, 575 Thresher, 498 Throstle, 100 Thrush, Missel, 08 Redwing, 100 solitary, 148 Song, 100 Titlark, 117 Titmouse, bearded, 125 blue, 122 cole, 123 crested, 122 great, 121 long-tailed, 124 Marsh, 123 Toad, common, 301 mephitic, 302 Tope, common, 501 Top-knot, Bloch’s, 402 Muller’s, 403 Torgoch, 428 Torpedo, 50!) Tor.sk, 452 Tortoise, coriaceous, 200 Tringa, buff-breasted, 214 Curlew, 209 minute, 212 purple, or Rock, 211 spotted, 199 Tenirninck's, 211 Trout, Bull, 422 common, 424 Gillaroo, 425 great Lake, 425 River, 424 Salmon, 424 Sea, 423 Trumpeter, gold -breasted, 185 Trumpet-fish, 400 snipe-nosed, 400 Tub- fish, 341 Tunny, common, 302 Tunny-fish, 302 Turbot, 401 Turbot, 401 Turkey, 104 Turnstone, common, 182 Turtle, Canada, 103 coriaceous, 290 409 409 471 473 472 409 491 491 490 337 338 157 228 227 220 228 227 227 159 159 159 170 304 453 453 235 233 235 234 230 405 207 208 207 204 206 209 207 265 265 489 491 490 177 516 558 ENGLISH INDEX. Turtle, imbricated, spotted-7ieckcd, T’usk^ Twaite, Twite, U. Umbrina, bearded, Urchin, common, V. Vaagmacr, Vendace, Viper, black, bhic-bellied, common, red, W. Wagtail, blue-headed, gray, pied, •white, yellow, Walrus, arctic, Warbler, Black-cap, blue-throated, Dartford, Garden, Grasshopper, Hedge, passerine, Reed, Sedge, Wax-wing, Bohemian, Weasel, common, Weever, cotnmon, great, lesser, little, Whale, beaked, Bottle-nose, Bottle-nose, -with two teeth, . . . Ca’ing, Whale, common, 46 Fin, 47 round-lipped, 47 sharp-lipped, 47 Spermaceti, 44 Wheatear, 119 Whiff, 464 Whiff, 463 VTiimbrel, 195 Whin-chat, 120 Wlnstle-fish, 450 White, 424 Wliite-bait, 436 White-bait, 451 ^Vhitethroat, 109 lesser, 109 Whiting, 445 Whiting, 424 Whiting-pollack, 446 Whiting-pont, 443 Whitling, 423 Wife, old, 359, 398 old, 398 Sea, 395 Wigeon, 236 common, 236 Wolf, 14 Wolf-fish, 384 ravenous, 384 Wood-chat, 96 Woodcock, 204 Woodpecker, barred, 151 great black, 151 great spotted, 150 green, 149 hairy, 151 lesser spotted, 151 middle spotted, 150 pied, 150 three-toed, 151 Wrasse, ancient, 397 Ballan, 391 bimaculated, , 396 blue-striped, 394 Comber, 393 common, 398 Cook, 396 gibbous, 399 290 163 452 438 140 353 19 372 432 298 298 297 298 116 115 114 114 115 16 16 108 104 112 109 106 103 108 106 106 125 12 12 336 335 336 336 44 41 44 42 ENGLISH INDEX 559 Wrasse, green-streaked^ 392 Hog, 397 Rainbow, 397 red, 396 scale-rayed, 400 streaked, 392 striped, 394 trimaculated, 396 Wren, common, 153 fire-crested, 114 Wren, golden-crested, 113 Reed, 107 WiRow, Ill Wood, 110 yellow, no. 111 Wryneck, 152 X. Xeme, Sabine's, 270 Bij the same Author, Price 1.9. ()rf. A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE or BRITISH VERTEBRATE ANIMALS. SOI.I) BY DKIGIITONS, AND STEVENSON, CAM15RIDGE ; AND LONGMAN & Co., LONDON.