C^a^L^ y^i^xj^L.^^ ^a/t^^ 
 
V 
 
 Annual. Publicaxion 
 
 or 
 
 J^istoricat J^apers 
 
 RECONSTRUCTION AND STATE BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Published by the Historical Society of Trinity College, 
 
 DURHAM, N. C. 
 
 SERIES 
 
 Under the Supervision of the Department of History. 
 
 1897. 
 PRICE, ONE DOLLAR. 
 
Ser. 1-5' 
 
 I 
 
 ft 
 
 « 
 
 f^ CONTENTS. 
 
 It Pagb. 
 
 , j X. Frontispiece— Edward Graham Daves. 
 
 1^ < 
 
 i /y. 2. Fort Hamby on The Yadkin i 
 
 < M Robt. L. Flowers. 
 
 3. The Origin and Development of the Ku Kluz Clan .... 10 
 
 Sanders Dent. 
 
 4. Raleigh's New Fort in Virginia — 1585 27 
 
 Edward Graham Daves. 
 
 5. Edward Graham Daves 53 
 
 John S. Baseett. 
 
 6. Francis Lister Hawks 56 
 
 Sanders Dent. 
 
 7. A Ku Kluz Raid and What Came of It 65 
 
 ' W. H. Pegram. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 8. The North Carolina Manumission Society 71 
 
 / C. C. Weaver. 
 
 / ""9: John S. Cairnes, Ornithologist 77 fb 
 
 / W. K. Boyd. 
 
 J: 
 
 10. Book Notices 83 
 
 John S. Bassett. 
 
 3'?5897 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following sketches represent for the most part work 
 done by the students in the upper classes of Trinity College. 
 It has not been thought wise to be too stringent in reforming 
 the style of these pieces, but pains have been taken to ensure 
 the reliableness of the facts presented. The work of collect- 
 ing them was begun with some hesitation, but it is now an 
 assured fact that they will appear regularly in the future. 
 
 John S. Bassett, 
 
 January i, 1897. Professor of History. 
 
FORT HAMBY ON THE YADKIN. 
 
 In Marcli, 1865, General Stoneman left East Tennessee, 
 moving by the turnpike leading from Taylorsville, Tenn., 
 through Wautauga county to Deep Gap on the Blue liiclge. 
 On the 26th of March, he entered Boone, N. C, and on 
 the 27th the column was divided, one division under Gen- 
 eral Stoneman marching towards Wilkesboro, while the 
 other, under General Gillam, crossed the Blue Ridge at 
 Blowing Rock and went to Patterson in Caldwell county, 
 and then joined Stoneman at Wilkesboro. Leaving Wilkes- 
 boro on the 31st, General Stoneman moved over into 
 Surry county, going toward Mt. Airy. During the march 
 through this section of the State, Stoneman' s men com- 
 mitted many depredations, and after leaving Wilkesboro 
 a number of the lawless element of his command deserted. 
 Shortly after this a number of men, some deserters from 
 Stoneman' s command and other worthless characters, led 
 by two desperate men, Wade and Simmons, completely 
 terrorized a large portion of Wilkes county by their fre- 
 cjuent raids. 
 
 In order to fully understand the situation, the condition 
 of the country at that time must be taken into considera- 
 tion. Almost every man fit for military service was in the 
 army, and the country was almost com^Dletely at the mercy 
 of the robbers. It was thought after Lee had surrendered 
 and the soldiers were returning home, that these depreda- 
 tions would be discontinued but they were not. 
 
 These marauders were divided into two bands. One, 
 led by Simmons, had its headquarters in the Brushy Moun- 
 tains, and the other, led by Wade, had its headquarters 
 near the Yadkin river in Wilkes county. The bands at 
 times operated together, but it is principally with Wade's 
 band that this article is to deal. The house which Wade 
 had chosen and fortified was near the road which leads from 
 
 375897 
 
_2— 
 
 Wilkesboro to Lenoir, in Caldwell county, and about a 
 mile from Holman's Ford, where the valley road crosses 
 the Yadkin river. The house was situated on a high hill, 
 commanding a fine view of the Yadkin valley, and of the 
 valley road for a distance of a mile above and a mile be- 
 low the ford. The house fronted the river on the south 
 while the rear was protected by the "Flat Woods" belt, 
 in which there was sympathizers if not aiders and abet- 
 tors of the band. From this position the Yadkin valley 
 and the surrounding country for at least half a mile in 
 every direction could be swept and controlled by Wade's 
 guns. There is a legend that this point was chosen by 
 Daniel Boone as a splendid military post to protect himself 
 against the Indians. At any rate it would have been al- 
 most impossible to choose a stronger location, both offensive 
 and defensive, than this. The house was built of oak 
 logs, and was two stories high. In the upper story Wade 
 had cut port holes for his guns, which were army guns of 
 the most imi)roved type, and could command the ap- 
 proaches to the house from all directions, making it indeed 
 hazardous to attem^^t to reach it. This house belonged to 
 some dissolute women by the name of Hamby, and after 
 Wade had fortified it, the name by which it was known 
 w^as "Fort Hamby." "The exact number of men engaged 
 in these depredations is unknown though it has been stated 
 on good authority to have at no time exceeded thirty." 
 (Hon. R. Z. Linney, Col. G. W. Flowers.) 
 
 Making this their headquarters, they began to plunder 
 the surrounding country, and from their cruelty it appears 
 that their object was to gratify a spirit of revenge as well 
 as to enrich themselves. They marched as a well-drilled 
 military force, armed wdth the best rilies. It was only a 
 short time before they brought the citizens for many miles 
 around in every direction under their dominion. They 
 plundered the best citizens, subjecting men and women to 
 the grossest insults. Their cruelty is shown by this act : 
 
— 3— 
 
 A woman was working in a field near Holman's Ford,having 
 a cliild with lier. The child climbed on the fence and the 
 men began to shoot at it, and finally killed it. Embold- 
 ened by their snccess in Wilkes county, they made a raid 
 into Caldwell county on the 7th of May. Major Harvey 
 Bingham, with about half a dozen young men from Cald- 
 well and Watauga counties, attempted to route these mur- 
 derers from their stronghold at Fort Hamby. On Sunday 
 night after their raid into Caldwell, Major Bingham made 
 a well planned move on the fort, at a late hour of the 
 night. For some reason. Wade and his men were not 
 aware of the approach of Bingham's men until they had 
 entered the house. Wade and his men announced their 
 defenseless condition, and begged for their lives. No guns 
 were seen, and they were, so Bingham believed, his pris- 
 oners. They gave Wade and his men time to dress, after 
 which, at a moment when the captors were off their guard, 
 they rushed to their guns, which were concealed about 
 their beds, and opened fire on them. The result was that 
 Clark, a son of General Clark, of Caldwell county, and 
 Henley, from the same county, were killed. The others 
 escaped, leaving the bodies of Clark and Henley. 
 
 Being encouraged by the failure to dislodge them, they 
 began to enlarge the territory which they were to plunder. 
 About a week previous to this, Simmons with his band 
 had crossed into Alexander county and had made a raid 
 on Col. McCurdy, a well-to-do planter. 
 
 About this time Mr. W. C. Green, of Alexander county, 
 who had been a Lieutenant in the Confederate Army, re- 
 ceived news from a friend in Wilkes county that Wade 
 had planned to move into Alexander county and make a 
 raid on his father, Rev. J. B. Green, and to kill him (W. 
 C. Green) if found. Mr. Green began to fortify his house, 
 barring all the doors with iron. They also took five ne- 
 groes into their confidence and these promised to assist in 
 defending the house against Wade. It was found out that 
 
— 4— 
 
 tliey had in the house lire-arms enough to shoot eighteen 
 times without re-loading. ^Yeapons were also provided 
 for the negroes. 
 
 Wade started across the Brushy mountains on Saturday, 
 May 13th, and reached Mr. Green's that evening about 
 dark. Mr. W. C. Green saw a number of men stop their 
 horses in the road above the house, and he concluded that 
 they were Wade's men. He notified his father, and mus- 
 tered the negroes in the dining hall. All the lights were 
 extinguished through the moon w^as shining brightly. Mr. 
 J. B. Green stationed himself at the front door, with a re- 
 volver in one hand and a dirk in the other. Mr. W. C. 
 Green took his j)osition at a window commanding a view 
 of the front gate and porch. The negroes w^ere stationed 
 in the rear part of the house. Three men with guns 
 approached the house in the front, one of them being 
 Wade who had on a bright Confederate uniform whicli he 
 always wore on his raids, posing as a Confederate soldier 
 when necessary to gain admission into the houses he wished 
 to j)lunder. The other members of the company took an- 
 other route and surrounded the house from the rear, though 
 this was not known at the time. AVade pretended that 
 that they were confederate soldiers ; that they had belonged 
 to the cavalry and were now on their way home, having 
 been detained on account of sickness. Mr. J. B. Green 
 told him "he lied, that he knew who he w^as, and that he 
 could not enter his house except over his dead body." 
 
 Some of the men had by this time come up from the rear 
 and were trying to force an entrance. When this fact was 
 made known to Mr. W. C. Green by one of the negroes, 
 he rushed to the rear, knocked out a pane of glass and 
 opened lire on them, wounding one of the men. This un- 
 expected turn of affairs seemed to frighten them and they 
 all began to retire. Mr. J. B. Green and Mr. W. C. Green 
 rushed into the yard and opened fire on them as they re- 
 treated. Wade and his men at the same time returning 
 
the fire. They retreated so rapidly that two of tlie men 
 left their horses. 
 
 It was Sunday morning before the news was circulated. 
 Mr. W. C Green went to York Collegiate Institute and 
 informed several men, and by 10 o'clock twenty -two men, 
 almost all of them Confederate soldiers, had gathered, 
 read}' to iDursue the robbers. In this party were several 
 officers of the Confederate army and they were dressed in 
 their uniforms. Col. Wash. Sharpe was i)laced in command 
 of the squad and they started in pursuit. The first news 
 from Wade was when they reached "Law's Gap." Here 
 it was found that Wade had camped in the Brushy moun- 
 tains part of the night after the attack on Mr. Green, and 
 about sunrise the next morning had made a raid on Mr. 
 Laws and forced him to give up his money. He informed 
 the party that two of Wade's men were wounded. The 
 pursuers followed the trail and found that live miles from 
 Wilkesboro Wade's men had left the public road and had 
 taken a shorter route by way of Hix's Mill and Holman's 
 ford to Fort Ham.by. The ford was reached in the even- 
 ing of May 14th, and after crossing the river, and traveling 
 along the public road for about half a mile, the pursuing 
 party left the public road and folloAved a private road 
 which led to a creek at the base of the hill on which the 
 Hamby house stood. "In the plan of attack, part of the 
 company under Col. G. W. Flowers was to approach from 
 the north while the other j)art under Capt. Ellis, was to 
 approach from the south, and then surround the house. 
 In the enthusiasm of the moment all seemed to forget the 
 danger. Col. Flowers' men had gotten vdthin 75 yards, 
 and Capt. Ellis' men within 20 yards of the house when 
 its defenders poured a volley of minnie balls through the 
 port holes." (Hon. R. Z. Linney.) James K. Linney and 
 Jones Brown were killed. Linney had charged bravely 
 across the field and was killed on the east side of the house ; 
 Brown was charging up the hill on the west side when he 
 
— 6— 
 
 was wounded. Some of the men were compelled to jump 
 from tlieir houses and throAv themselves on the ground in 
 order to escape being shot down. Their horses became 
 frightened and breaking loose from them, ran to where 
 Wade's men had their horses. Two of these horses were 
 the ones captured from Wade at Mr. Green's. These men 
 did not recover their horses at this time. 
 
 Under the severe fire the men were compelled to re- 
 treat. The force was now divided, part having fallen back 
 across the creek, and part having reached the pines east of 
 the building. There was no chance to re-unite, and after 
 waiting until dark, the men withdrew, some reaching Mo- 
 ravian Falls that night. These met the others at "'Squire' ' 
 Hubbard's the next morning. In retreating under the se- 
 vere fire from the fort, the men were compelled to leave 
 the bodies of Linney and Brown. Wade's men after- 
 wards buried them near the fort. 
 
 These men returned to Alexander county and raised a 
 large company, a strong force having been brought from 
 Iredell county under the command of Wallace Sharpe. 
 On Wednesday the force started towards Fort Hamby. 
 After crossing Cove's Gap, a courier was sent back to Ire- 
 dell county to request Capt. Cowan to raise a company and 
 come to their assistance ; also, another courier was sent to 
 Statesville to an encampment of Federal soldiers to inform 
 them of the condition of things and to ask their assistance. 
 Before reaching Moravian Falls, they received a message 
 from Wade, saying, "Come on; I am looking for you ; 
 I can whip a thousand of you." It was dark when Hol- 
 man's ford was reached. Some one in the woods before 
 the company, ordered them to halt. The men thought that 
 the order was from some of Wade's band and was about to 
 fire upon them, when it was found out that this was a com- 
 pany from Caldwell county, under the command of Capt. 
 Isaac Oxford, on the same mission. They had encamped 
 near the ford and had thrown out their sentinels. The two 
 
companies camped together that night, and the next morn- 
 ing marched up the river and crossed at a small ford. 
 They came to the house of Mr. Talbert, who lived on the 
 public road, and there they found a woman dying. She 
 had been shot the day before by the men from the fort, 
 while she and her husband were coming to the ford in a 
 wagon, on the opposite side of the river from the fort — 
 nearly a mile distant. 
 
 Mr. Talbert begged the men to return, telling then] that 
 Wade was expecting them, and had sent for re-enforce- 
 ments. He told them that it was impossible to dislodge 
 him, and to make an attempt and fail would make it worse 
 for the people. 
 
 Capt. E,. M. Sharpe, of Alexander county, assumed com- 
 mand of both companies, numbering several hundred men. 
 W. R. Gweltney was sent with a small body of men to 
 reach a high hill, overlooking a creek (Lenoir's Fork), and 
 to remain there while all the others marched around to 
 the north and east of the fort. Gwaltney's men were to 
 be notified by the firing of a gun, when the main body had 
 reached their position. One or two men were seen to es- 
 cape from the fort before it could be surrounded. They 
 were fired at but escaped. The supposition was that they 
 had gone to get re-enforcements from the other band. The 
 companies had left their encampment before day, and by 
 daybreak the fort was surrounded, the men being placed 
 about twenty steps apart. The soldiers kejDt up the fire on 
 the fort during the day and night. Wade's men return- 
 ing the fire, shooting with great accuracy. The soldiers 
 were compelled to keep behind logs and trees, or out of 
 range of the guns. It seemed impossible to take the fort. 
 "Some of the bravest men were in favor of giving it up, 
 while others said death was preferable to being run over by 
 such devils." (Rev. W. R,. Grwaltney.) 
 
 This state of affairs continued until the night of the 
 19th, when the lines were moved nearer up, and about 4 
 
o'clock in tlie morning Wallace Sharpe, W. A. Daniel, M. 
 W. Hill, and J. L. Millsaps crept from their i^osts to a 
 crib where the robbers had tied their horses and untied 
 them, after which they were led away. From the crib 
 these men crept up to the kitchen. It was found that some 
 of Wade's men had prepared breakfast, but were com- 
 pelled to leave it. The kitchen was set on fire, and the 
 flames soon reached the fortress. The fact that the build- 
 ing was on fire seemed to completely unnerve Wade's men. 
 "What terms will you give us?" cried out Wade. "W^e 
 will shoot you," replied Sharpe, from behind the burning 
 kitchen. 
 
 It was now about daybreak, and some of the men sur- 
 rounding the fort began to rush up. Wade made a rush 
 towards the river, through a body of Caldwell men, who 
 opened fire on him, but as it was yet a little dark, he es- 
 caped. Four men were captured. Beck, Church, Loock- 
 wad, and one whose name cannot be ascertained. The 
 flames which had caught the fort were extinguished, and 
 in the house was found property of almost every descrip- 
 tion. Fine ladies' dresses and bonnets had been taken for 
 the dissolute women who occuj)ied the house. About twenty 
 horses were found stabled near the fort. Some of the 
 property was restored to the owners. The men who were 
 captured plead for a trial according to the course and i)rac- 
 tice of the courts. They were informed that they would 
 be disposed of as summarily as they had disjDosed of Clark, 
 Henley, Brown and Linney. Stakes Avere put up, and on 
 the way to the place of execution they were given time to 
 pray. They knelt down to pray, but the prayer was "0, 
 men, spare us." Wallace Sharpe replied: "Men, pray to 
 Jesus. He alone can save you." Capt. Sharpe requested 
 W. R. Gwaltney to pray, but he replied that he never felt so 
 little like praying in his life. Capt. Isaac Oxford said, 
 "If you will hold my gun I Avill pray;" but instead of 
 praying for the men, he thanked God that they were to be 
 
— 9— 
 
 brouglit to justice and tliat none of tlie party had. been 
 killed. After this Rev. W. R. Gwaltney offered an earn- 
 est prayer for them, and then they were shot, "as nearly 
 in strict conformity to military usage as these old Confed- 
 erate soldies, under the excitement of the occasion could 
 conform to," 
 
 After the prisoners were shot, the fort was set on fire. 
 When the llames reached the cellar, the firing of guns was 
 like a hot skirmish. Wade's men had stored away a great 
 many loaded guns, and a large quantity of ammunition. 
 
 Wade was seen in the vicinity several days after. He 
 claimed to have been a major in Stoneman's command and 
 a native of Michigan. He said that he had escaped to the 
 Yadkin river from the fort and had hid under the banks 
 until night ; that in searching for him the soldiers had fre- 
 quently come within six feet of him. 
 
 On the way back to Alexander county Capt. Cowan, 
 from Iredell, was met with a small body of men on their 
 way to Fort Ha.mby. Also a company of Federal troops, 
 then stationed in Statesville, were met on their way to the 
 fort. They were told what had been done. "The captain 
 ordered three cheers, which the men gave with a good 
 will." (Dr. W. C. Green.) 
 
 The bodies of Linney and Brown were brought back home 
 for final burial. 
 
 Though all the desperadoes were not brought to justice, 
 this comj)letely broke up their depredations. 
 
 RoBT. L. Flowers. 
 
—10— 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 KU KLUX CLAN. 
 
 The most interesting epoch in the history of the South 
 is that period from 1865 to 1870, known as the "Recon- 
 struction Era." After the surrender at Appomattox our 
 fathers returned to their homes and began to gather up the 
 fragments of the social, civil and political wreck, in order 
 to form them into institutions to suit their neAv conditions 
 of life. The difficulties under which they labored were 
 extreme. They had to contend, first, with their own preju- 
 dices as a proud, though conquered, people ; second, the char- 
 acter of those agents of the United States government, vvho 
 were, many of them, mere adventurers, without the best 
 interests of the South at heart; third, the class of unprin- 
 cipled men of our own country whom the fortunes of war 
 had placed in power; fourth, the negro race, so recently 
 slaves, now masters of themselves, and without the capa- 
 bility of using their liberty. Add to these the complete 
 upheaval of society, in which some of its worst elements, 
 for a time, floated upon the surface, also the passions of 
 war and lawlessness still rampant in the hearts of men, 
 and you will have some faint idea of the problems that 
 confronted the Southern people. 
 
 It was during this period and under these circumstances 
 that the Ku Klux Clan came into existence, spread from 
 Texas to Virginia, and passed out of life, as it had come, 
 shrouded in mystery. As a secret organization it kept its 
 secret, despite the decrees of States, the investigating com- 
 mittee of Congress, and the torture of its individual mem- 
 bers. 
 
 However much men may become educated, there is still 
 something in their natures over which the wierd and the 
 unknown wields a mysterious power, while over the ignor- 
 ant and the lawless it is doubly potent. This movement 
 Avas peculiar to the time and illustrates this power of the 
 silent and the mysterious. It also illustrates how men 
 
—11— 
 
 may, by the instruments of their own creation, be borne 
 into lines of action wholly foreign to their first intentions. 
 
 ' 'The popular idea su^Dposes the Ku Klux movement to 
 have been conceived in malice, and nursed by prejudice 
 and hate, for lawlessness, rapine and murder." Many of 
 the incidents which occurred during that dark period con- 
 firm this view. (Mr. Tourgee's book treating of this 
 period, and many of the chapters in "Three Decades of 
 Federal Legislation," by Sunset Cox, strenuously uphold 
 this idea of the Ku Klux organization). The object of this 
 paper is to get at the real facts, and by them arrive at a 
 true estimate of the character and objects of this celebrated 
 organization. 
 
 Pulaski, Tennessee, a town of about three thousand in- 
 habitants, was the birthplace of the "Ku Klux Clan." It 
 is the county seat of Giles, one of the southern counties of 
 Middle Tennessee, and is situated on the Louisville, Nash- 
 ville and Great Southern R. R., almost directly south of 
 Kashville. Before the war its people were cultured and 
 wealthy. The war destroyed their wealth, but their cul- 
 ture is retained, and it is a town of schools and churches. 
 It's inhabitants show none of those traits which the popu- 
 lar idea would ascribe to the people among whom the Ku 
 Klux originated. "There, in 1866, the name of Ku Klux 
 first fell from human lips." This organization was the 
 result of the peculiar social, civil and political condition of 
 the South from the close of the war to 1869. 
 
 After the struggle was over, the young men of Pulaski, 
 like many other Southern men, passed through a period of 
 inactivity. Business habits were broken up ; few had the 
 capital to enter at once upon agricultural or commercial 
 pursuits. There were no amusements or social recreations 
 to relieve the intense reaction which followed the exciting 
 scenes of war. In May, 1866, a few of these young men 
 happened to be together in the office of one of the leading 
 members of the Pulaski bar. Sometime in the evening 
 
—12— 
 
 during the conversation one of tliem remarked: "Boys, 
 let us get up a club or society of some description. ' ' A 
 lively discussion followed, and before separating tliey 
 agreed to invite some others, and to meet again in the same 
 place. On the following evening eight or ten young men 
 assembled and effected a temporary organization by the 
 election of a chairman and secretary. The members were 
 all agreed as to the objects of the organization, which were 
 diversion and amusement. They spent the evening in dis- 
 cussing the best methods of attaining these ends. They 
 also appointed two committees, one to select a name, and 
 the other to draw up the rules for the society, and to form 
 the ritual for the initiation of new members. The club 
 then adjourned to meet the following week. 
 
 Mr. Tourgee ridicules the idea of amusement connected 
 with this movement, and cites the pride and dignity of the 
 Southern men. He speaks of them as suddenly becoming 
 a "race of jesters, moonlight niasqueraders and personators 
 of the dead. It was a funny thing," he says, "for the 
 gravest, most saturnine and self-conscious people on the 
 globe to make themselves ridiculous, ghostly masqueraders 
 by the hundred thousand." He, as well as many others, 
 was laboring under a mistake as to the number of the Ku 
 Klux, nor does he take into account the factors which 
 afterward entered into the organization. He did not un- 
 derstand the character of the movement, nor did he realize 
 that there was a great and noble purpose behind those 
 fantastic gowns. As for his opinions of the Soutliern 
 people, his views are extremely prejudiced. 
 
 During the week following the last meeting, a prominent 
 citizen of Pulaski went to Columbus, Miss., on business, 
 taking his family with him. He invited one of the leading- 
 spirits of the movement to take care of and sleej) at his 
 house. This young man invited the club to meet with him 
 there, which they did ; and the owner, who outlived the 
 Ku Klux Clan, never knew that his house had been their 
 
—18— 
 
 meeting place. The house afterward came into the hands 
 of Judge H. M. Spofford, and is still the home of his 
 widow. 
 
 The committee ajDi^ointed to select a name had some 
 difficulty in deciding upon one which would represent the 
 character and objects of the society. Among those jore- 
 sented f or consideration was that of "Kukloi," from the 
 Greek word Kuklos, meaning a band or circle, whereupon 
 some one exclaimed, call it Ku Klux. Clan -was after- 
 wards added to complete the alliteration. Tlius, instead 
 of their first intention, they had chosen a name m^^aning- 
 less to themselves as to every one else. It is true that 
 Shakespeare says, "What's in a name? that wdiich we call 
 a rose by any other name Avould smell as sweet, ' ' but it is 
 doubtful if the organization would have ever reached such 
 large proportions and wielded so gieat a power had it been 
 called by some commonplace name, signifying its character 
 and objects. Strange as it may seem, the members them- 
 selves were the first to feel its wierd eifect, and began to 
 shape their plans in harmony with the name they had 
 chosen. 
 
 Amusement was still their object, but now it was to be 
 sought by means of secrecy and mystery; so, when the 
 committee on rules reported, the plan was modified accord- 
 ingly. These are the officers of the plan finally adopted : 
 •'A Grand Cyclops, or President; a Grand Magi, or Vice- 
 President ; a Grand Turk, or Marshal ; a Grand Exchequer, 
 or Treasurer, and tAvo Lictors." The latter were the sen- 
 tinels of the "Den," as they called their place of meeting. 
 
 The obligation for membership was to maintain profound 
 secrecy with reference to the order and everything pertain- 
 ing to it. They were not allowed to tell that they were 
 Ku Klux, nor were they allowed to disclose the name of 
 any member. It was against the constitution to invite 
 any one to join the order. However, a member might say 
 to some desirable man, "I am going to join the Ku Klux." 
 
—14— 
 
 If the person expressed a desire to do likewise tlie member 
 would say : ' 'Well, I think I know how to get in. Meet 
 me at snch a place, on such a night, at such an hour, and 
 we will join together." 
 
 "Each member was required to provide himself with the 
 following outfit : A white mask for the face, with holes for 
 the eyes and nose ; a tall fantastic cardboard hat so con- 
 structed as to increase the wearer's apparent height; a 
 gown or robe of sufficient length to cover the entire per- 
 son." As to color and style, each used his individual 
 taste in selecting the most hideous and grotesque jjatterns. 
 Each member carried a small whistle, by which they commu- 
 nicated with each other according to a selected code of sig- 
 nals. Such preparations bear the stamp of amusement and 
 pranks and not of deviltry. Some may wonder where the 
 fun came in. First, in arousing curiosity and then in baf- 
 fling it ; second, in the initiation of members. 
 
 The initiations at first took place in the law office, but it 
 was small and situated in the business part of the town, 
 and there was much danger of interruption from outsiders. 
 However, the members soon found a more suitable place 
 for their meetings. On a ridge west of the town there once 
 stood a large mansion, with a brick front or main building, 
 and an "L" built of wood. In December, 1865, a cyclone 
 destroyed the main building, leaving the "L" standing. 
 It consisted of three rooms, from one of which a stairway 
 led to a large cellar beneath. This they selected as their 
 "den," and a ghostly place it must have been ; a lonely 
 wind-swept ridge, with the trees uprooted and torn by the 
 storm, standing like gaunt spectres of death overlooking 
 the dark, deserted cellar. 
 
 When a meeting was held one Lictor was stationed in 
 front of the house and the other about fifty yards on the 
 road coming out from Pulaski. Each of them, dressed in 
 their fantastic robes, bore a great spear as the badge of 
 their office. 
 
—15— 
 
 "When a candidate was to be initiated, he and the mem- 
 ber approached the first Lictor, who, after asking some 
 questions, blew his whistle for the other to come and take 
 charge of the novices. The candidate was then blind- 
 folded, under the impression that his companion Avas 
 treated likewise. He was then led around through the 
 three rooms and down into the cellar, different objects 
 being placed before him from time to time, which added, 
 at least, to his discomfort. The obligation of secrecy was 
 then administered, and a series of more or less absurd 
 questions was asked. After this the Grand Cyclops com- 
 manded : "Place him before the royal altar and adorn his 
 head with the regal crown." The "royal altar" was a 
 looking-glass. The "regal crown" was a huge hat, be- 
 decked with two enormous donkey ears. "In this head- 
 gear the candidate was placed before the mirror and 
 directed to repeat the couplet : ' ' 
 
 "O wad some power the giftie gie us 
 To see oursels as ithers see us." 
 
 As he uttered the last words the Grand Turk removed 
 the bandage from his eyes, and he beheld his own ludicrous 
 image in the glass. This Avas a signal for all the members 
 to engage in shouts of laughter. 
 
 In the early history of the order they were very careful 
 about the character of those initiated, as a single unreliable 
 man could have spoiled all the fun by divulging their 
 secrets. Some of their methods in disposing of undesir- 
 able candidates are amusing. In one instance they had 
 the candidate to meet them on top of a long slope, just 
 back of the town. AVithout being blindfolded, he was led 
 before the Grand Cyclops, who, being mounted on a stump 
 so that his robe concealed it, appeared fully ten feet tall. 
 After asking him some questions, the Grand Cyclops 
 ordered the Lictors to blindfold the candidate and pro- 
 ceed ; whereupon they proceeded to put him into a large 
 barrel and to start the barrel rolling down the hill. 
 
—16— 
 
 Tliese details show the early character of the organiza- 
 tion, and that its originators had no idea of lawlessness, 
 or of the powerful character it afterwards assumed. 
 
 During the months of July and August, 1866, the Ku 
 Klux mystery was the topic of the day in and around 
 Pulaski. Newspapers and excited tongues scattered the 
 news abroad over the country, so that, about the time all 
 the eligible material in the tov/n was used up, young men 
 from the country, impelled by curiosity, came to Join the 
 order. These soon asked permission to establish "dens" 
 in the country, which, although no provision had been 
 made for it, Avas granted. Thus "dens" were established 
 in the surrounding country with various modilications of 
 the Ritual, but with the same injunction of secrecy, mys- 
 tery, and the character of the men admitted. 
 
 During the latter part of the year 1866 the Clan spread 
 rapidly. A stranger, visiting one of the "infected" 
 regions, would be initiated, and return home with permis- 
 sion to establish a ' 'den' ' in his own neighborhood. Under 
 this method of organization, the links between the various 
 Clans were not very strong; but, by a sort of common 
 agreement, the Grand Cyclops of the Pulaski "den" was 
 considered the head of the order. So far, there was no 
 need of strong organization, as amusement was still the 
 chief end in view. The members enjoyed the wild specu- 
 lations of the mystified public even more than the rough 
 sport of initiating candidates. 
 
 Such is the history of the Ku Klux Clan from June, 
 1866, to April, 1867 ; but during all this time it had been 
 gradually taking on new features, which finally trans- 
 formed it into a band of "Regulators." The transforma- 
 tion was brought about by several causes : "(1) The impres- 
 sion made by the order upon the minds of those who united 
 with it ; (2) the impression made upon the public by its 
 wierd and mysterious methods; (8) the anomalous and 
 peculiar condition of affairs in the South at that time." 
 
—17— 
 
 The popular idea was that the order had a great mission 
 in view, and, with this idea, many sought connection with 
 it, and after initiation this conviction was deepened rather 
 than dissipated by the sport. Though there was nothing 
 in the ritual to indicate it, the high-sounding titles, the 
 wonderful dress and the formidable obligation seemed to 
 indicate more than mere sport. 
 
 The second cause of the transformation was the impres- 
 sion of the Clan upon the public. At first there were 
 many travelers along the road by the deserted house upon 
 the hill. These generally passed the grim and ghostly 
 Lictor in silence and as hurriedly as possible. Sometimes 
 one Avould ask, "Who are you?" "In awful sepulchral 
 tones, the invariable answer was, 'A spirit from the other 
 world. I was killed at Chicamauga. ' " An answer like 
 this, amid such surroundings, with the "den" in the dis- 
 tance, from which issued such strange, unearthly sounds, 
 was calculated to inspire fear, especially if the person was 
 a superstitious negro. Such incidents as this, both in the 
 town and country, soon gave rise to innumerable stories, 
 which soon had their effect upon the public. Night travel 
 in Ku Klux localities ceased, and the negroes were espe- 
 cially quiet wherever the Ku Klux made their appearance. 
 In this way the members came to realize the wonderful 
 power of their methods over the minds of men. They soon 
 saw, also, how much good might be done among certain 
 classes for the welfare of the country and the protection of 
 property. 
 
 The most powerful of the causes of transformation was 
 the condition of the South, because it furnished the foun- 
 dation for the other two. Few have realized fully the 
 peculiar state of affairs at the South during this period. 
 The world has passed sentence upon the South and upon 
 the Ku Klux, without considering the circumstances by 
 which they were surrounded. There were two causes of 
 trouble and vexation which the people were not in a mood 
 3 
 
—18— 
 
 to tolerate, one of which was a class of unprincipled men 
 whom the great upheaval had cast upon the surface of 
 society. Not simply because they were Union men, as 
 Mr. Tourgee would have us believe, but because they were 
 traitors to both sides, and sought only their own ends, 
 were they hated. They strove to keep alive the hatred 
 and bitterness between the factions, in order that they 
 might remain in power. Their effect upon the social, civil 
 and political institutions of the South was disastrous in 
 the extreme. 
 
 Another class was that of the newly freed negroes. 
 Suddenly passing from slaves to citizens, they mistook 
 liberty for license, and were totally incapable of using 
 their liberty in the right way. The negro looked upon 
 liberty as freeing him, not only from his master, but from 
 the laws made by his master. The Union League was also 
 a very important factor as furnishing a means of uniting 
 the negroes under the leadership of bad white men. 
 
 Civil law was very partially executed, and there was an 
 amount of lawlessness hitherto unknown in the South. 
 "Under their fear of the dreaded Ku Klux, the negroes 
 made more progress in a feAV months in the needed lessons 
 of self-control, industry, respect for the rights of property 
 and general good behavior, than they would have done in 
 as many years, but for this or some equally powerful im- 
 pulse." 
 
 Up to the beginning of the year 1867, the performances 
 of the Ku Klux were mostly within the bounds of reason, 
 but in some cases they had overstepped those bounds. 
 Bad men had gotten into the organization, and, in order to 
 control them, it became imperatively necessary to organize 
 the Clan on a more thorough basis, so as to remedy the 
 evils which had crept into the order. With this object in 
 view, the Grand Cyclops of the Pulaski "den" sent out a 
 request for all the "dens" to send delegates to a conven- 
 tion to be held in Nashville early in the summer of 1867. 
 
—19— 
 
 The convention met and adopted a plan of organization 
 which, but for one source of weakness, made this "one of 
 the most perfectly organized orders that ever existed in the 
 world." 
 
 The whole territory covered by the Clan was called the 
 "Invisible Empire." This was divided into "realms," 
 corresponding to the States. The realms were divided into 
 "dominions" coterminous with the counties, and the 
 dominions into ' 'dens. ' ' Officers were assigned to each de- 
 partment, and, except the supreme officer, their duties 
 were minutely specified. These officers were as follows : 
 "The Grand Wizard of the Invisible Empire and his ten 
 Genii ; the Grand Dragon of the Realm and his eight Hy- 
 dras ; the Grand Titan of the Dominion and his six Furies ; 
 the Grand Cyclops of the Den and his two JSTight Hawks ; 
 a Grand Monk; a Grand Scribe; a Grand Exchequer; a 
 Grank Turk and a Grand Sentinel." 
 
 The most important action taken by the Nashville con- 
 vention was the declaration of the principles of the order, 
 which was as follows : "We recognize our relations to the 
 United States government ; the supremacy of the constitu- 
 tion ; the constitutional laws thereof ; and the union of the 
 States thereunder." If these men were banded together 
 for the overthrow of all law and government, this is indeed 
 a strange declaration, for it was not meant for general cir- 
 culation or for its effect. We must accept it as a declara- 
 tion of their political relations to the government of the 
 land. 
 
 This convention also defined the objects of the order, 
 which were as follows : 
 
 (1.) "To protect the weak, the innocent, and the defence- 
 less, from the indignities, wrongs and outrages of the law- 
 less, the violent and the brutal ; to relieve the injured and 
 the oppressed ; to succor the suffering, and especially the 
 widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers. 
 
 (2.) "To protect and defend the Constitution of the Unit- 
 
^20— 
 
 ed States, and all laws passed in conformity thereto, and 
 to protect the states and people thereof from all invasion 
 from any source whatever. 
 
 (3.) "To aid and assist in the execution of all constitu- 
 tional laws, and to protect the people from unlawful seizure, 
 and from trial except by their peers in conformity to the 
 laws of the land, ' ' 
 
 This last declaration was the result of the infamous leg- 
 islation and the more infamous execution of law in the 
 South during that period. Those familiar with the history 
 of our state will acknowledge the great need for some such 
 organization, with just such purpose as the above, during 
 the days when Kirk and his men were part of the execu- 
 tive department of the State. Whatever history may say, 
 the Ku Klux was almost a necessity at the South during 
 the reconstruction for the protection of life, liberty and the 
 rights of prosperity. 
 
 As before stated the main object of the Nashville con- 
 vention was to secure a better control of their own mem- 
 bers, so as to prevent outrages credited, Avhether rightly or 
 not, to the Ku Klux. 
 
 Their great object now was to carry out their role of Reg- 
 ulators within the limits of law and order. Their methods 
 were to remain the same. Secrecy and mystery were to be 
 the instruments for securing law and order among the law- 
 less and the ignorant. Steps were taken to deepen the 
 powerful impressions already made on the public. Every 
 device was used to play upon the fears of the superstitious. 
 Therefore the Grand Dragon of the State of Tennessee 
 sent out an order to the chief officers of the 'provinces' for 
 a general parade in the streets of the chief town in each 
 province on the night of July 4, 1867. (The account of 
 this parade in the town of Pulaski will describe them all.) 
 
 On the morning of the appointed day, July 4, 1867, the 
 citizens of Pulaski found slips of paper scattered along their 
 sidewalks with the following words printed on them : "The 
 
—21— 
 
 Kii Klux will parade the streets to-night. ' ' This announce- 
 ment created the wildest excitement. The long pent-up cu- 
 riosty of the people was to be satisfied. They would, at least, 
 find out who the Ku Klux were. Many people came in from 
 the country to witness the parade. The Ku Klux also 
 started to the town. Having carefully concealed their par- 
 aphernalia, they traveled in squads of three or four, and, 
 if questioned, they answered that they were going to Pu- 
 laski to see the parade. After dark they assembled, by 
 previous agreement, at four points near the four main 
 roads leading into the town, and put on their disguises and 
 robes. Their horses were also disguised in fiashy colored 
 cloth. A sky-rocket sent up was the signal to move. ' 'The 
 different companies met and passed each other in the pub- 
 lic square in perfect silence ; the discipline apj^eared per* 
 feet. Not a word was spoken. Orders were given by 
 means of the whistles. In single-file, in death-like still- 
 ness, with funeral slowness they marched and counter- 
 marched throughout the town. ' ' By marching in unbroken 
 circles w]) one street and down another they created the im- 
 pression of vast numbers. This was kept up for two hours, 
 and the Ku Klux departed as silently as they came, ''The 
 public were more mystified than ever, curiosity had not 
 been satisfied." It had found out absolutely nothing. 
 
 One of the principal illusions growing out of this parade 
 was the impression of numbers. The coolest judgments 
 placed it at three thousand, while some went up to ten 
 thousand ; when in fact there were only four hundred men 
 in this parade. This has been a common mistake. Gen. 
 Forest before the investigating committee, placed the num- 
 ber of Ku Klux in the South at 550,000, which must be a 
 mistake, as it is hardly probable that the whole male popu- 
 lation of the South were Ku Klux, or that a majority of 
 them knew anything about the order, except from com- 
 mon report. 
 
 Some of the devices resorted to by the Ku Klux for ter- 
 
—22— 
 
 rifying the negroes and others were uniqne. During the 
 parade at Pulaski, as it was passing a comer where a negro 
 was standing, one of the horsemen, dressed in a hideous garb, 
 dismounted and stretched out his bridal rein to the negro 
 as if he wished him to hold his horse. The frightened 
 darky held out his hand to receive it, and, as he did so, 
 the Ku Klux took off his own head, apparently, and offer- 
 ed to place that also in the extended hand. "The negro 
 stood not upon the order of his going but departed with a 
 yell of terror. " Another trick was for a ghostly looking 
 horseman to stop before the cabin of some negro need- 
 ing a wholesome lesson, and ask for a drink of water. If 
 a gourd or dipper was brought it was declined, and a bucket 
 of water demanded. Then, as if burning with thirst, the 
 Ku Klux would press the bucket to his lips until the last 
 drop was drained into an oiled sack concealed beneath his 
 robe. He then returned the empty bucket with the remark, 
 "That's good. It is the first drink of water I have had 
 since I was killed at Shiloli." This, with a few words of 
 admonition as to future conduct, made an impression not 
 soon forgotten by the superstitious darky. 
 
 We now come to a second transformation of the Ku Klux ; 
 this time from a band of "Regulators" to a combination of 
 desperate men struggling for life and honor against the 
 worst elements of their own order, and against circum- 
 stances growing out of their own methods. The causes of 
 this transformation may be classed under three heads : 
 (1.) "Unjust charges. (2.) Misapprehension of the na- 
 ture and objects of the order on the part of those not mem- 
 bers of it. (3.) Unwise and over severe legislation." 
 
 What had been their strength become now their weak- 
 ness. Outsiders and even members themselves made use 
 of their methods of secrecy to practice deception upon other 
 people and upon the Clan itself. Bad men made use of 
 the disguise to perpetrate deeds of violence for personal 
 reasons, and the odium fell upon the Ku Klux. These 
 
—23— 
 
 men did not do these things under orders of the Clan, nor 
 in connection with it. 
 
 The very class whom the Clan was trying to keep in order 
 made use of its methods to commit outrages which were 
 credited to the Clan. These men always declared them- 
 selves to be Ku Klux, lohicli members of the Clan never 
 did. In every case they proved to be negroes or ' ' radi- 
 cal " supporters of the carpet bagger governments. "No 
 single instance occurred of the arrest of a masked man 
 who proved to be — when stripped of his disguise — a Ku 
 Klux." (See testimony of Gen. Gordon and others before 
 the Investigation Committe.) 
 
 However, the Clan was credited with all the disorders in 
 the country, because the disguises which it had invented 
 were used, and it had no way of clearing itself of the accus- 
 ations. It had sought to clothe itself in mystery, and, as a 
 consequence, people misunderstood its objects. They did not 
 realize the great end it had in view. After the awe of the 
 ignorant and lawless had subsided, hatred of the Clan took 
 its place. The negroes organized and Avent armed for the 
 purx)ose of exterminating the Ku Klux, and on several oc- 
 casions the Clan was tired into. This brought on the ven- 
 gance of the Clan, and so it went on, each side believing it 
 was right and the other wrong. This misunderstanding is 
 well brought out in the following order issued by the Grand 
 Dragon of Tennessee, in the fall of 1868 : 
 
 Headquarters Realm No. 1, ) 
 
 Dreadful Era, Black Epoch, V 
 Dreadful Hour. ) 
 General Order No. 1. 
 
 Whereas, information of an authentic character has 
 reached these headquarters that the blacks in the counties 
 of Marshall, Maury, Giles and Lawrence are organized into 
 military companies, with the avowed purposes to make war 
 upon and exterminate the Ku Klux Clan ; said blacks are 
 
—24— 
 
 hereby solemuly warned and ordered to desist from further 
 action in such organizations, if they exist. 
 
 The Grand Dragon regrets the necessity of such an order. 
 But this Clan shall not be outraged and interfered with by 
 lawless negroes and meaner white men, who do not and 
 never have understood our purposes. 
 
 In the first place this Clan is not an institution of vio- 
 lence, lawlessness and cruelty ; it is not lawless ; it is not 
 aggressive ; it is not military ; it is not revolutionary. 
 
 It is essentially, originally and inherently a protective 
 organization. It proposes to execute law instead of resist- 
 ing it; and to protect all good men, whether Avliite or 
 black, from the outrages and atrocities of bad men of both 
 colors, who have been for the past three years a terror to 
 society, and an injury to us all. 
 
 The blacks seem to be impressed with the belief that this 
 Clan is especially their enemy. We are not the enemy of 
 the blacks, as long as they behave themselves, make no 
 threats upon us, and do not attack or interfere with us. 
 But if they make war upon us they must abide the 
 awful retribution that will follow. 
 
 This Clan, while in its peaceful movements, and dis- 
 turbing no one, has been fired into three times. This will 
 not be endured any longer ; and if it occurs again, and the 
 parties be discovered, a remorseless vengeance will be 
 wreaked upon them. 
 
 We reiterate that we are for peace and law and order. 
 No man, white or black, shall be molested for his political 
 sentiments. This Clan is not a political party; it is not a 
 military party; it is a protective organization, and will 
 never use violence except in resisting violence. 
 
 Outrages have been perpetrated by irresponsible parties 
 in the name of this Clan. Should such parties be appre- 
 hended, they will be dealt with in a manner to insure us 
 future exemption from such imposition. These impostors 
 have, in some instances, whipped negroes. This is wrong ! 
 
—25— 
 
 wrong! It is denounced by this Clan, as it must be by all 
 good and humane men. 
 
 The Clan now, as in the past, is prohibited from doing 
 such things. We are striving to protect all good, peace- 
 ful, well-disposed and law-abiding men, whether white or 
 black. 
 
 The Grand Dragon deems this order due to the public, 
 due to the Clan, and due to those who are misguided and 
 misinformed. We, therefore, request that all newspapers 
 who are friendly to law and peace and the public welfare, 
 will publish the same. By order of 
 
 The Grand Dragok of Realm No. 1. 
 By the Grand Scribe. 
 
 Matters continued to grow from bad to worse, until it 
 became necessary for the government to interfere, and we 
 have the famous ''Anti-Ku Klux law," passed in Tennes- 
 see in 1868. This law was severe in the extreme. The 
 following are some of its principle features : 
 
 (1.) "It was ex post facto. 
 
 (2.) "It presented no way in which a man could relieve 
 himself of liability to it, except by turning informer, and, 
 as an inducement to do this, a large bribe was offered. 
 
 (3.) It encouraged strife by making every inhabitant 
 of the State an officer extraordinary, with power ' 'to arrest 
 without process, ' ' when he had ground to suspect. 
 
 (4.) It emphasized loyalty to the government, which 
 meant simply to become a subservient tool ; such men as 
 Gov. Brownlow, Gov. Holden and their tribe. 
 
 (5.) While the law professed to be aimed at suppres- 
 sion of all lawlessness, it was not so construed and enforced 
 by the party in power. No attempt was made to suppress 
 the "Union" or "Loyal League," which met often and was 
 as lawless as the Ku Klux. 
 
 Many of the States passed laws making it easy to secure 
 military rule in any section, which in many cases was done, 
 4 
 
y. 
 
 -26— 
 
 and a perfect reign of terror followed. The Ku Klux felt 
 themselves outlawed without an opportunity of defending 
 themselves openly, and hence some of their rashest actions. 
 But be it said to their honor, they bore it more patiently 
 than would have been expected under the circumstances. 
 / Early in the year 1869 it was decided best for the Clan 
 to disband, and a proclamation was issued from the 
 "Grand Wizard of the Empire to his subjects." This 
 proclamation stated the legislation against the Ku Klux, 
 and declared that the order had now accomplished the 
 greater part of the objects for which it had existed. "At 
 a time when the civil law afforded inadequate protection 
 to life and property; when robbery and lawlessness of 
 every description were unrebuked; when all the better 
 elements of society were in constant dread for the safety of 
 their property, persons and families, the Clan had afforded 
 protection and security to many firesides, and in many 
 ways contributed to the public welfare. But greatly to 
 the regret of all good citizens, some members of the Clan 
 had violated positive orders ; others, under the name and 
 disguises of the organization, had assumed to do acts of 
 violence, for which the Clan was held responsible." 
 ^ Members were directed to destroy all the paraphernalia 
 of the order, and were counseled to uphold the law, and 
 aid all good citizens, in the future, as in the past. 
 
 The proclamation of disbandment was issued to all the 
 Realms, Dominions, and Dens of the Invisible Empire. 
 But, as the newspapers were forbidden to publish anj-tliing 
 from the Ku Klux, and the Dens were scattered over many 
 states, this proclamation was long in reaching some of them. 
 In this state there were many deeds attributed to the Ku 
 Klux long after the proclamation of disbandment, but the 
 order had no organized existence after March, 1869. 
 
 "Thus lived, so died, this strange order. Its birth was 
 an accident ; its growth a comedy ; its death a tragedy. 
 It owed its existence wholly to the anomalous condition of 
 
—27— 
 
 'social and civil affairs in the South during the years imme- 
 diately succeeding the unfortunate contest in which so 
 many brave men in blue and gray fell, martyrs to their 
 convictions." Sanders Dent. 
 
 Note. — In the preparation of this paper I have referred freely to "The 
 Ku Klux Klan" by J. C. Lester and D. L. Wilson. S. S. D. 
 
 RALEIGH'S "NEW FORT IN VIRGINIA"*— 1585. 
 
 Our many centennial celebrations within the past score 
 of years, culminating in the glories of the 400th anniver- 
 sary of the voyage of Columbus, have awakened a wide- 
 spread interest in early American history, and in all the 
 incidents connected with the Genesis of the United States. 
 Patriotic associations, both of men and women, have 
 sprung up throughout the country, whose aim is to en- 
 courage research among our annals, and to cherish a spirit 
 of reverence for our historic past. Many, too, are looking 
 anxiously at the possible effect upon our institutions and 
 national character of the dangerous experiment of absorb- 
 ing into the body politic the heterogeneous elements of all 
 Europe; and the tendency of this trend of thought and 
 study is to emphasize anew the fact of our Anglican origin, 
 and to bring home to us vividly the truth that we owe 
 what we are as a nation to our English blood and traditions. 
 
 Monuments have been erected to mark various historic 
 spots, and now on the coast of California, where in 1579 
 anchored the fleet of Sir Francis Drake, in his memorable 
 circumnavigation of the globe — (the next after that of 
 Magellan) — and where his chaplain, Francis Fletcher, held 
 the Anglican service on the shore for the crews and the 
 savage natives — there is rising a large stone cross — a con- 
 
 *The quotations in the text, unless otherwise stated, are from Hakluyfs 
 Voyages, Vol. III. For a discussion of the fate of the lost colony, see an 
 article by Prof. S. B. Weeks of Trinity College, North Carolina, in the pa- 
 pers of the American Historical Society, Vol. V." 
 
—28— 
 
 spicuous landmark as seen from the ocean in bold relief 
 against the sky on a high rocky cliff — which will ever 
 stand as a silent but eloquent memorial of the first Amer- 
 ican rites of the national church of that people who were 
 destined to be the masters of this great continent. 
 
 To me it seemed of supreme importance to rescue from 
 oblivion the sacred place where our fathers first worshiped 
 God on the Atlantic coast, where they made the lirst 
 English homes in the New World, and where was the 
 cradle of our .civilization. It is on North Carolina soil, 
 and will you not uphold my hands in the good work? A 
 small sum will secure possession of the precious site, and 
 we can hand it down as a priceless heirloom to our 
 children. 
 
 Let us read together the pathetic old story of romantic 
 adventure, of manly fortitude, of disaster and death, pre- 
 facing it with the striking prediction of one of the early 
 navigators : 
 
 "It seemeth probable that the countreys lying North of 
 Florida, God hath reserved to be reduced unto Christian 
 civility by the English nation." 
 
 This prophecy was made when Spain still claimed our 
 whole coast under the decree of the Borgia Pope, when 
 France had established herself in the North, and England 
 had as yet no foothold on the continent. It is the utter- 
 ance of one who describes himself as "Mr. Edward Haies, 
 gentleman, and principal actour in the voyage attempted 
 in the yeere of our Lord 1583, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
 knight, and who alone continued unto the end, and by 
 God's speciall assistance returned home with his retinue 
 safe and entire. ' ' 
 
 Hayes' picturesque naiTative of Gilbert's ill-starred 
 voyage fonns one of the earliest pages in the history of 
 English colonization. 
 
 Till the (;lose of the fifteenth century Italy was the most 
 advanced and enlightened of the States of Europe, the chief 
 
—29— 
 
 seat of the arts and sciences ; and as mistress of the Med- 
 iterranean it was natural tliat she should give birth to the 
 first great navigators and explorers. Her sons had pene- 
 trated the unknown regions of Asia and Africa; they led 
 the way to all the great discoveries, and Marco Polo, John 
 Cabot, Columbus d Amerigo Vespucci are only the most 
 illustrious among many adventurers. But when a new 
 world had been found, when the Atlantic superseded the 
 Mediterranean as the great sea of commerce, then the work 
 of the Italian students and scientists is done, and it is the 
 Spaniard and the Englishman who reap the fruit of the 
 discoveries. 
 
 Strange freak of fortune that the genius and enterprise 
 of her sons were to deprive Italy of her maritime suprem- 
 acy ; that Venice and Genoa, the queen-cities of mediaeval 
 commerce, should be discrowned by the immortal exploits 
 of their own children ! 
 
 The coast of IS'orth Carolina is a long, narrow chain of 
 sand-hills, locally called the Banks, separating the ocean 
 from the broad, shallow bodies of w^ater, Pamlico and Al- 
 bemarle sounds, which are the estuaries of the Neuse and 
 Roanoke and other great rivers of the state. At irregular 
 intervals the line of the Banks is broken by narrow and 
 ever-shifting inlets, through which flow the ocean tides, 
 turning the inner waters into vast salt lakes, very rich in 
 all varieties of sea products. 
 
 Within this breastwork of barren downs are few islands ; 
 but there is one of supreme importance in the history of 
 the Anglo-Saxon race in America. Roanoke island, about 
 twenty miles long by three in width, lies between Roanoke 
 and Croatan sounds, the shallow waters which connect 
 Pamlico and Albemarle, and is two miles from the Banks, 
 and thrice that distance from the mainland. Here was 
 established the first English colony ; here was born the first 
 
—so- 
 white American; here was celebrated the first Christian 
 rite within the limits of the Thirteen Colonies. It is the 
 starting point of events as pregnant with great results in 
 the wonderful history of our race, as was the landing of 
 our forefathers on the shores of Kent, when they migrated 
 from their Holstein homes more than a thousand years 
 before. 
 
 Yet, interesting and important as is the spot, how little 
 is known of it by the great majority of Americans, or of 
 this first endeavor to plant the sturdy English stock in the 
 soil of the new world ! We are familiar with the bloody 
 atrocities amid which St. Augustine was founded ; we are 
 versed in the story of John Smith's adventures at James- 
 town, and of the arrival of the Mayflower at Plymouth ; 
 but this early attempt at English colonization, with all its 
 romantic incidents, has been allowed to sink almost into 
 oblivion. It is not from lack of historical materials, for 
 they are very abundant. While of the explorations of 
 the Cabots we have no account from any one who took 
 part in their voyages, the story of Roanoke has been fully 
 told by Barlowe, Lane, Harlot, and White, leaders in the 
 several expeditions. These precious documents, together 
 with water-colored illustrations of the new country, have 
 all been preserved, and no tale of adventure is fuller of 
 picturesque incident and romantic interest. 
 
 The colony bears the name of one of the most remarka- 
 ble men in a very remarkable age — Raleigh, the cavalier, 
 statesmen, philosopher, historian, poet, mariner, explorer, 
 hero, martyr — 
 
 "The courtier's, scholar's, soldier's eye, tongue, sword." 
 
 No character in legend or history is more brilliant or versa- 
 tile. The period too, is the most interesting period in the 
 life of the English people. "The spacious time of great 
 Elizabeth," crowded with great deeds, and filled with 
 "thq^e melodious bursts that echo still." There were in- 
 tellectual giants in those grand days, and through all 
 
classes of the people ran an enthusiasm of adventure and 
 decay, just as the spirit of the Crusades had at one time 
 thrilled through all Europe. Bacon and Shakespeare were 
 budding into manhood ; Sidney had written the Arcadia 
 and Defense of Poesie, and was about to find his apotheo- 
 sis on the field of Zutphen ; while Spencer was dreaming 
 of the land of Faery, among "the green alders by the 
 Mulla's shore." Frobisher had made his Arctic explora- 
 tions, and Drake had returned to amaze all England with 
 his story of the circumnavigation of the globe. 
 
 The saving cruelties of Alva, and the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew, had kindled religious animosity into a fierce 
 liame. The Prince of Orange was about to fall under the 
 assassin's knife, and plots were thickening about the fair 
 head of Mary Stuart, which were to bring her to the scaf- 
 fold. The Renaissance and the Reformation had broken 
 the shackles of the intellect, and widened the horizon of 
 thought ; while the great discoveries had opened new fields 
 for the display of human energy. Men were giving up 
 speculations about the heavenly world, which had absorbed 
 the intellectual activities of the middle ages, and were turn- 
 ing to the practical conquest of a world beyond the seas. 
 England and Protestantism were gathering their forces for 
 the last great struggle with Spain and the Latin church, 
 for supremacy in the old world, and for mastery in the 
 new. 
 
 The English claim to North America, from Newfound- 
 land to Florida, was based upon the discoveries of John 
 and Sebastian Cabot, made under the authority of a patent 
 granted to them by Henry VII, in March, 1496, the oldest 
 American State paper of England. It empowered them to 
 look for and discover new lands ' 'of infidels and pagans 
 whatever, and wherever situated, which before that time 
 had been unknown to all Christians." Strachey, writing 
 of Virginia in 1618, says: "The King of Spaine hath no 
 collour of title to this place. King Henry VII gave his 
 
—32— 
 
 letters pattents unto John Cabot, a Venetian indenized his 
 subject, and to his three sonnes, who discovered for the 
 King the North part of America, and annexed to the crowne 
 of England all that great tract of land stretching from the 
 Cape of Florida unto those parts, niayne and islands, which 
 we call the New-found-land." 
 
 John Cabot had come from Italy to England about 1468, 
 and settled in a suburb of Bristol, then, as now, called 
 Cathay, from its trade with the East Indies, and here his 
 son Sebastian was born. After the Norse Vikings no 
 European until the Cabots had set foot on this continent. 
 Sailing in an English ship manned chietly with English 
 seamen, they reached the American coast at Prima- Vista, 
 First-seen-land, now Cape Breton, on 24th June, 1497, 
 before either Columbus or Amerigo Vespucci had discov- 
 ered the mainland. They planted a cross upon the shore, 
 and the meteor flag of England is the first that was un- 
 furled on the continent. Coasting for many leagues along 
 what came to be called La Tierra de las Baccalaos, or Cod- 
 fish-land, later Labrador, which they thought to be the 
 territory of the Grand Khan in Asia, they returned to 
 England at the end of summer, and Henry, swayed possi- 
 bly by his unkingly passion of avarice, gave ten pounds to 
 the adventuiers who presented him with a new world ! 
 
 Cabot is one of the great historic names over which the 
 caprice of Fate has striven to draw the curtain of oblivion. 
 While the name of Columbus is rightly found everywhere 
 in America, and that of Vespucci — who first crossed the 
 Atlantic when Sebastian Cabot was making his third voy- 
 age from England — has been given to the whole Western 
 hemisphere, no river or mountain, bay or promontory bears 
 the name of Cabot. Yet a recent writer, Brownson, on con- 
 trasting the results to the world of the English and Spanish 
 explorations, says: "Columbus and Cabot looked for a 
 land of gold and spices. Columbus found the lands rich 
 in precious metals, and the result there have been four 
 
—33— 
 
 centuries of cruelty, slavery, and oppression, of despotism 
 and anarchy. Cabot found a land whose only wealth was 
 in the codfish that swarmed on its coasts ; but that land 
 became the cradle of liberty and justice, of resistance to 
 tyranny and opj)ression, the refuge of the down-trodden 
 and enslaved of every clime. The world, humanity, is 
 better, nobler, happier, for the discovery made by Cabot ; 
 has any real benefit to mankind resulted from the lands 
 south of us?" 
 
 The fame of the elder Cabot — whom we Anglo-Americans 
 should learn to reverence — has been obscured by the greater 
 glory of his son. English born and bred, Sebastian Cabot, 
 on the death of his father, became the leader of the expe- 
 dition of 1498, which was a scheme of colonization. By 
 w^ay of Iceland he reached the shores of Labrador, and 
 coasted as far South as Cape Charles or Hatteras, whence 
 from want of provisions he returned to Europe. In 1516 
 he discovered Hudson's Bay for England, but through the 
 greater part of the troublous reign of Henry YIII, he was 
 in the service of Spain, and explored for her the great Rio 
 de la Plata in South America. Returning to England he 
 was pensioned and honoured by Edward VI. Now an old 
 man, his restless activity was unabated, and the English 
 voyages in the middle of the sixteenth century were due to 
 Cabot's initiative. 
 
 In his fatal expedition to the Arctic seas in 1553, Sir 
 Hugh Willoughby took with him Cabot's instructions for 
 the voyage, which are most interesting as showing alike 
 his wisdom and skill in seamanship, and his deeply reli- 
 gious character. In them the mariner's log-book is first 
 instituted, and minute directions are given with regard to 
 every detail of the art of navigation. The morning and 
 evening i^rayer of the Church of England are ordered to be 
 read on every ship daily, and the sailors are enjoined 
 always to act ''for dutie and conscience sake towards God, 
 under whose mercifull hand navigants above all other 
 creatures naturally bee most nigh and nicine." 
 
 5 
 
—34— 
 
 Sebastian Cabot died probably in 1557 — that lurid epoch 
 when the Protestant martyrs were perishing at the stake — 
 but his place of death and his grave are unknown. England 
 (as Tardneci says) ' 'had no time to remember or mark the 
 sepulchre of the man to whose (powerful) initiative she 
 owes the wealth and power which have placed her among 
 the foremost nations of the world." "Her claims in the 
 New World have uniformly rested on his discoveries. The 
 English language might be spoken in no part of America 
 but for Sebastian Cabot. The commerce of England and 
 her Navy have been deeply his debtors. Yet his birth- 
 place has been denied and his fame has been obscured. 
 He gave a continent to England ; yet no one can point to 
 the few feet of earth she has allowed him in return." 
 
 I have dwelt at some length on these earliest efforts at 
 English colonization, because they are so generally over- 
 looked and neglected, and because the story of them 
 enforces any point of the exclusively English origin of our 
 civilization. 
 
 After Cabot's discovery of the North American Conti- 
 nent, and his taking possession of it for the crown of 
 England, no important expeditions were undertaken for 
 more than half a century. In the reign of Henry VIII all 
 the energies of the nation were absorbed in the great prob- 
 lems of Church and State then pressing for solution, nor 
 could the king attempt any conquests in the New World 
 without a rupture with his ally, the Spanish monarch. On 
 the accession of his son, Edward YI, the spirit of maritime 
 adventure revived, but he was on his death-bed when the 
 expedition of Willoughby set sail, and no such enterprise 
 was practicable in the reign of Mary, the slave of Spain 
 and of Rome. But with Elizabeth on the throne, and the 
 Reformation triumphant, all great designs seemed j)ossible. 
 
 The earliest attemjDt at colonization in his reign was made 
 in 1578, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and to the initiative of 
 these two men the Anglicizing of this continent is due. The 
 
—35— 
 
 settlement of Jamestown and the establishment of the 
 Puritans at Plymouth were only the last successful steps 
 in a long series of great adventures. New England was 
 founded by pursuing the path marked out by Gilbert, 
 and Virginia by following that of Raleigh ; the enterprises 
 of these two great men — -par nohile fratrum — are the true 
 beginnings of tAnglo-American history. Raleigh was 
 already conspicuous as apreux chevalier and champion of 
 Protestantism. He had set before himself as the one great 
 aim in life the humiliation of Spain, and the weakening 
 of the power of the Latin race and religion. At the early 
 age of seventeen he left the University of Oxford to Join 
 a band of a hundred volunteers, who went to the aid of 
 Coligny and the Huguenots — "a gallant company, nobly 
 mounted and accoutred, and bearing for a motto on their 
 standard, 'Let valor decide the contest.' " France was 
 then aflame with the reports of the massacre of the Hu- 
 guenots in Florida, and the idea germinated in Raleigh's 
 mind that a moral blow might be dealt to the enemy beyond 
 the seas. From the service of Coligny he passed to that 
 of William the Silent, and all the while was growing in 
 him the conviction (which he expressed later in life,) that 
 the possession of America would decide the question of 
 the supremacy of Spain or England. "For whatsoever 
 Prince shall possess it, ' ' wTote he, > 'shall bee greatest, and 
 if the king of Spayne enjoy it, he will become unresistible. 
 I trust in God that he which is Lorde of Lords, will put it 
 into her heart which is Lady of Ladies to possess it." 
 Paper on Guinea, 1595. 
 
 Raleigh took command of one of the small vessels of 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert's fleet, with which they hoped to 
 reach our shores, and by establishing a colony check the 
 progress of the Spaniards, and ' 'put a by t into their ancient 
 enemye's mouth. ' ' The attempt was a failure ; and on the 
 second expedition, in 1583, Raleigh, who had fitted out 
 one of the five ships, was forbidden by the queen to 
 
—36— 
 
 accompany his brother. Gilbert took formal possession of 
 Newfoundland, but he lost his ship off Sable island ; and 
 on the return voyage the gallant soldier went down off the 
 Azores, with the Squirrel, his little craft of ten tons, his 
 last noble words being, * 'Courage, my friends ! We are as 
 neere to heaven by sea as by land." 
 
 To Raleigh then came the scheme of colonization almost 
 as an inheritance; and on Lady-Day, March 25, 1584, 
 Queen Elizabeth issued to him a patent of discovery, 
 granting him "all prerogatives, commodities, jurisdictions, 
 royalties, privileges, franchises, and pre-eminences, (there- 
 to or thereabouts, both by sea and by land, whatsoever we 
 by our letters patents may grant, and as we or any of our 
 noble progenitors have heretofore granted to any person 
 or persons, bodies politique or corporate.") 
 
 He equipped two vessels under command of Amadas and 
 Barlowe, and from the pen of the latter we have an account 
 of the expedition: "The 27 day of Aprill, in the yere of 
 our redemption 1584, we departed the West of England, 
 with two barkes well furnished with men and victuals. . . 
 The tenth of June we were fallen with the Islands of the 
 West Indes. . . The second of July, we found shole 
 water, wher we smelt so sweet and so strong a smel, as if 
 we had been in the midst of some delicate garden abound- 
 ing with odoriferous flowers, by which we were assured, 
 that the land could not be farre distant." 
 
 This characteristic of what Lane afterward called the 
 "Paradise of the world" may have been in Milton's mind 
 when he described the apiDroach of the Evil Spirit to the 
 garden of Eden : 
 
 "Now purer air 
 Meets his approach ; . . . now srentle gales 
 Fanning their odoriferous wings dispense 
 Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole 
 Those balmy spoils. As when to them who sail 
 Beyond the Cape of Hope, north-east winds blow 
 Sabean odours from the spicy shore 
 
—37— 
 
 Of Araby the blest ; with such delay 
 
 "Well pleased they slack their course, and many a league 
 
 Cheered with the grateful smell old Ocean smiles. "* 
 
 "Keeping good watcli, and bearing but slacke saile, the 
 fourth of July [America's fated day!] we arrived upon the 
 coast, which we supposed to be a continent, and we sayled 
 along the same 120 miles before we could find any entrance, 
 or river issueing into the sea. The first that appeared unto 
 us we entered, and cast anker about three harquebuz- 
 shot within the haven's mouth : and after thanks given to 
 God for our safe arrivall thither, we manned our boats, 
 and went to view the land next adjoyning, and to take 
 possession of the same, in right of the Queenes most excel-* 
 lent Majestie." 
 
 The explorers had coasted northward two days along the 
 Banks, and entering probably at New inlet or Trinity 
 harbour, had anchored not far from Roanoke island. ' 'We 
 viewed the land about us, being, whereas we first landed, 
 very sandie and low towards the water side, but so full of 
 grapes, as the very beating and surge of the sea overfiowed 
 them, of which we found such plentie, both on the sand 
 and on the green soil on the hills, as well as on the hills, 
 as well on every shrubbe, as also climbing towards the 
 tops of high Cedars, that I thinke in all the world the like 
 abundance is not to be found." This is evidently the lux- 
 uriant North Carolina Scuppernong grape, whose strong 
 aromatic perfume might well be perceived at some distance 
 from the shore. . . . "There came unto us divers boats, 
 and in one or them the king's brother, with fortie or fiftie 
 men, very handsome and goodly people, and in their be- 
 haviour as mannerly and civill as any in Europe. . . . 
 The soile is the most plentif nil, sweete, fruitf ull and whole- 
 some of all the worlde : (there were above fourteene severall 
 sweete -smelling timber trees, and the most part of their 
 underwoods are Bay es and suchlike.) . . . Wee came 
 
 ^Paradise Lost, IV, 153-165. 
 
—38— 
 
 to an Island whicli they call Roanoke, distant from tlie 
 harbour by which we entered seven leagues : and at the 
 north end thereof was a village of nine houses, built of 
 Cedar, and fortified round about with sharp trees, to keepe 
 out their enemies, and the entrance into it made like a 
 Turne pike very artificially. . . , The wife of the 
 king's brother came running out to meete us very cheere- 
 fully and friendly. When we come into the utter roome, 
 having five roomes in her house, she caused us to sit downe 
 by a great fire, and after tooke oil our clothes and washed 
 them, and dried them againe : some of the women plucked 
 piY our stockings and washed them, some washed our leete 
 in warme water, shee herselfemakinggreate haste to dress 
 some meate for us to eate. , . . We were entertained 
 with all love and kindnesse, and with as much bountie as 
 they could possibly devise, We found the people most 
 gentle, loving and faithfull, voide of all guile and treason, 
 and such as live after the manner of the golden age." 
 
 It is important to mark this tribute to the character of 
 the Hatteras Indians, and bearing in mind after instances 
 of their kindliness and fidelity, we are forced to admit that 
 their final attitude of hostility was entirely due to harsh 
 and cruel treatment of them by the Colonists. It was a 
 stem and ruthless age ; the followers of the blessed Gospel 
 of peace and love went ever armed with fire and sword, and 
 admitted no right of any savage or pagan opponent to 
 property, liberty or life. 
 
 These first explorers remained in our waters only two 
 months, reaching England again "about the middle of 
 September," bringing with them two of the natives, Wan- 
 chese and Manteo. Their arrival excited the gi-eatest 
 interest. Raleigh named the new country Virginia in honor 
 of the queen, and our whole Atlantic coast was now regarded 
 as under the dominion of France, England, and Spain; 
 the three districts of indefinite boundaries being known 
 as Canada, Virginia, and Florida. 
 
—39— 
 
 This voyage of Amadas was merely one of exploration; 
 but in 1585 Raleigh fitted out a second expedition of seven 
 sail and one hundred and eight men, under command of 
 his cousin Sir Richard Grenville, to plant a colony in the 
 paradise described by Barlowe. Grenville is another of 
 the brilliant heroes of this period, and it is interesting to 
 note the number of remarkable men who were connected 
 with the American voyages. Gilbert, Raleigh, Grenville, 
 Lane, Hariot, White, form as striking a group of adven- 
 turous spirits as can be gathered together in history. 
 
 Full accounts of the experiences of the colonists are 
 given by Lane. "The 9 day of April 1585 we departed 
 from Plymouth, our Fleete consisting of the number of 
 seven sailes, (to wit the Tyger, of the burden of seven 
 score tunnes, a Flie-boat called the Roe-bucke, of the like 
 burden, the Lyon of a hundred tunnes, the Elizabeth, of 
 fifty tunnes, and the Dorothie, a small barke : wherunto 
 were also adjoyned for speedy services, two small pin- 
 uesses. . . . The 12. day of May wee came to an anker 
 off the island of Sfc. John de Porto Rico. . . . The 24. 
 day we set saile from St. Johns, being many of us stung 
 upon shoare with the Muskitos. . . . The 20 of June 
 we fell in with the maine of Florida. The 23. we were in 
 great danger of wracke on a beach called the Cape of 
 Feare, [the Promontorium tremendum of the old maps.] 
 The 26. we came to anker at Wocokon [Ocracoke]. July 
 3 we sent word of our arriving at Wocokon to Wingina 
 [the Indian chief] at Roanoak. The 16. one of the savages 
 having stolen from us a silver cup, we burnt and spoyled 
 their corne and towne, all the people being fled. . . . 
 The 27. our Fleete ankered at Haterask, and there we 
 rested. The 25. August our Generall weyed anker, and 
 set saile for England." 
 
 Grenville thus remained two months on the Carolina 
 coast, and then putting the colony under the government 
 of Ralph Lane, returned home to join the other "Sea- 
 
—40— 
 
 dogs" who were now making tlie whole Atlantic nnsafe for 
 Spain. His death in 1591 off the Azores, where also 
 Gilbert had perished, is one of the most glorious events in 
 British naval annals. The English squadron consisted of 
 but seven sail; the Spanish fleet numbered fifty-five. 
 Engaged all night at close quarters with many of the largest 
 Spanish galleons, at daylight Grenville found his little 
 ship, the Revenge, literally shot to pieces, and not a man 
 on board unhurt. Desperately wounded, he still refused 
 to strike his flag ; and when forced by his crew to surren- 
 der the sinking hull, he was taken on board the Spanish 
 Admiral to utter the memorable last words: "Here die I, 
 Richard Grenville, with a joyful and quiet mind ; for that 
 I have ended ray life as a true soldier ought to do, fighting 
 for his country, queen, religion, and honour." 
 
 On September 3, 1585, Governor Lane wrote to Richard 
 Hakluyt from "the New Fort in Virginia," which he had 
 built at the northern end of Roanoke island, on the site of 
 the fortified Indian village found there by Amadas : "Since 
 Sir Richard Grenville's departure, we have discovered the 
 maine to be the goodliest soyle under the cope of heaven, 
 so abounding with sweete trees, and grapes of such great- 
 nesse, yet wilde. . . . And we have found here Maiz 
 or Guinie wheat, whose eare yeeldeth corne for bread 400 
 upon one eare. . . . It is the goodliest and most 
 pleasing Territorie of the world : for the continent is of an 
 huge and unknowen greatnesse, and the climate is whole- 
 some. ... If Virginia had but horses and kine, I 
 dare assure myself e, being inhabited with English, no 
 realme in Ghristendome were comparable to it. ' ' 
 
 He describes the whole neighboring country, and deter- 
 mines to change the site of the colony to a better port, for 
 "the harborough of Roanoak was very naught;" but the 
 hostility of some of the Indian tribes rendered all his 
 efforts futile. Conspiracies were formed against the En- 
 glish, and their situation grew so precarious, that many 
 
—41— 
 
 turned a longing eye liomeward. On June 10, 1586, Sir 
 Francis Drake anchored off the coast with a fleet of twenty- 
 three sail, and furnished Lane with a ' 'very proper barke 
 of seventy tun, and tooke present order for bringing of 
 victual aboord her for 100 men for four moneths." But 
 on the 13th there arose a great storm which drove her to 
 sea, with many of the chief colonists on board, and she did 
 not return. Despairing of any remedy for this disaster, 
 and unable to pass another winter without succor from 
 home, Lane determined to abandon the colony. The men 
 were bestowed among Drake's fleet, and arrived at Ports- 
 mouth on the 27th of July, 
 
 "Immediately after the departing of our English colony 
 out of this paradise of the world," writes Lane, "the ship 
 sent at the charges of Sir Walter Raleigh, fraighted with 
 all maner of things in most plentifuU maner, arrived at 
 Hatorask ; who after some time spent in seeking our Col- 
 ony up in the countrey, and not finding them, returned 
 with all the aforesayd provision into England. About 
 f oureteene days after the departure of the aforesayd shippe, 
 Sir Richard Grenville Generall of Virginia arrived there ; 
 who not hearing any newes of the Colony, and finding the 
 places which they inhabited desolate, yet unwilling to 
 loose the possession of the countrey, determined to leave 
 some men behinde to reteine it : whereupon he landed fif - 
 teene men in the Isle of Roanoak, furnished plentifully 
 with all maner of provisions for two yeeres." 
 
 Besides Lane's narrative of his explorations in the wa- 
 ters of North Carolina, of his relations with the Indians, 
 and of the various adventures and vicissitudes of the first 
 colony, we have a "Briefe and true report of the new found 
 land of Virginia" by Thomas Hariot, "a man no lesse for 
 his honesty than learning commendable," the scholar of 
 the expedition, and the inventor of the algebraic system of 
 notation, described in his epitaph as : 
 
—42— 
 
 Doctissimus ille Harriottrs, 
 
 Qui omnes scientias coluit, 
 
 Qui in omnibus excelluit. 
 
 Mathematicis, philosophicis, theologicis, 
 
 Veritatis indagator studiosissimus. 
 
 His report, addressed to ' 'tlie Adventurers, Favourers, 
 and Welwillers of the enterprise for the inhabiting and 
 planting in Virginia, " is a very full and interesting ac- 
 count of the varied products of the new country, and of 
 the manners and customs of the natives. "There is a kind 
 of grasse in the country, upon the blades whereof there 
 groweth very good silks. . . . There are two kindes 
 of grapes that the soile doth yeeld, the one small and 
 sowre, of the ordinary bignesse, the other farre greater and 
 of himself e lushious sweet [the Scuppernong]. ... A 
 kinde of graine called by the inhabitants Pagatowr [Indian 
 corn], about the bignesse of English peaze ; but of divers 
 colours ; white, red, yellow and blew. All yeeld a very 
 white and sweete flowre. . . . There is an herbe called 
 by the inhabitants Uppowoe ; the Span yards call it Tabacco. 
 The leaves thereof being brought into ponder, they used to 
 take the smoake thereof, by sucking it thorow pipes made 
 of clay, into their stomacke and lieade ; from whence it 
 purgeth superfluous fleame and other grosse humours : 
 whereby their bodies are notably preserved in health, and 
 know not many grievous diseases, w^herewithall we in En- 
 gland are afflicted. They thinke their gods are marvel- 
 lously delighted therewith : whereupon they make hallowed 
 fires, and cast some of the ponder therein for sacrifice : 
 being in a storm, to pacifie their gods, they cast some into 
 the waters : also after an escape from danger, they cast 
 some into the aire. . . . We our selves used to sucke 
 it after their maner, and have found many wonderfull ex- 
 periments of the vertues thereof : the use of it by so many 
 of late, men and women of great calling, is sufficient wit- 
 nesse. . . . Openauk are a kinde of roots of round 
 forme [the potato] found in moist and marisli grounds : 
 
—43— 
 
 being boiled or sodden, they are very good meat. . . . 
 The naturall inhabitants are a people clothed with loose 
 mantles made of deere skinnes, and aprons of the same 
 round about their middle, all els naked. . . . For 
 mankinde they say a woman was made first, which by the 
 working of one of the gods, conceived and brought foorth 
 children ; and in such sort they had their beginning. . . 
 Some of the people could not tell whether to thinke us 
 gods or men, the rather because there was no man of ours 
 knowen to die, or that was specially sicke : they noted 
 also that we had no women among us. Some therefore 
 were of opinion that we were not borne of women, and 
 therefore not mortal, but that we were men of an old gen- 
 eration many yeeres past, then risen againe to immor- 
 talitie. Some would likewise prophecie that there were 
 more of our generation yet to come to kill theirs and take 
 their places.^'' 
 
 In no wise discouraged by the failure of this costly ex- 
 periment at colonization, Raleigh fitted out another expe- 
 dition of three vessels in the following year, under command 
 of John White, to whom we are indebted for the story of 
 this second colony. For the first time the enterprise had 
 an element of permanence, by including among the emi- 
 grants women and children. The intention was to make a 
 settlement on the shores of the Chesapeake, but through 
 the treachery of a pilot, as is said, Roanoke island again 
 became the home of the colonists. 
 
 "In the yeere of our Lord 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh in- 
 tending to persevere in the planting of his Countrey of 
 Virginia, prepared a newe Colonie of one hundred and fifty 
 men to be sent thither, under the charge of John White, 
 whom hee appointed Governour, and also appointed unto 
 him twelve Assistants, unto whom he gave a Charter, and 
 incorporated them by the name of Governour and Assist- 
 ants of the Citie of Ralegh in Virginia. Our Fleete being 
 in number three saile, the Admirall a shippe of one hun- 
 
—44— 
 
 dred and twenty Tunnes, a Flie-boat, and a Pinnosse, de- 
 parted the 26 of April from Portsmouth. . . . About 
 the 16 of July we fel with the maine of Virginia, and bare 
 along the coast, where in the night, had not Captaine 
 Stafford bene carefull, we had bene all castaway upon the 
 breach, called the Cape of Feare. The 22 of July wee ar- 
 rived at Hatorask : the Governour went aboard the pin- 
 nesse, with fortie of his best men, intending to passe up to 
 Roanok foorthwith, hox^ing there to iinde those tifteene 
 men, which Sir Richard Grenville had left there the yeere 
 before. . . . The same night at sunne-set he went 
 aland, and the next day walked to the North ende of the 
 Island, where Master Ralfe Lane had his forte, with sun- 
 dry dwellings, made by his men about it the yeere before, 
 where wee hoped to find some signes of our fifteene men. 
 We found the forte rased downe, but all the houses stand- 
 ing unhurt, saving that the neather roomes of them, and 
 also of the forte, were overgrowen with Melons,^ and Deere 
 within them feeding : so wee returned to our company, 
 without hope of ever seeing any of the tifteene men living. 
 The same day order was given for the repayring of those 
 houses, and also to make other new Cottages." 
 
 The settlers, numbering ninety-one men, seventeen wo- 
 men, and nine children, set to work to rebuild the fort, 
 and to make for themselves an English home. Soon after 
 their arrival occurred two incidents of extreme importance 
 in the life of the colony. 
 
 "The 13 of August our Savage Manteo was christened in 
 Roanoak, and called Lord thereof and of Dasamongue- 
 peuk, in reward of his faithfull service. The 18, Elenor, 
 daughter to the Governour, and wife to Ananias Dare, one 
 of the Assistants, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoak, 
 and the same was christened there the Sonday following, 
 and because this child was the first Christian borne in Vir- 
 ginia, shee was named Virginia." 
 
 The baptism of Manteo and of the first Anglo-American 
 
—45— 
 
 cliild are the beginnings of the life of the English church 
 in the new world. The name Dare has been given to a 
 county of North Carolina on Pamlico sound, and its 
 county-seat is the village of Manteo on Roanoke island ; a 
 happy and permanent association of these Indian and En- 
 glish names with the locality where they were first brought 
 into interesting conjunction. 
 
 What became of Virginia Dare? — the first American 
 girl — that pattern of sweet womanhood now recognized as 
 a distinctive type, and one as fair and winsome as the 
 Mirandas or Violas of poetry ! Did she die in infancy, 
 and does her dust, mingled with the soil of her birth-place, 
 blossom there into flowers that blush unseen? Did her 
 little feet join in the wandering of the settlers from Roan- 
 oke to Croatan? Did she grow to womanhood in their 
 second home, and did her life end in tragedy amid the 
 darkness which enshrouds the fate of the Colony? What 
 a subject for imaginative speculation ! — and I wonder that 
 no Carolina writer has made her story the theme of a ro- 
 mance. 
 
 A pretty Indian legend is that for her grace and gentle- 
 ness she was known among the Red Men as the "White 
 Fawn, ' ' and after death her spirit assumed that form — an 
 elfin Fawn, which, clad in immortal beauty, would at 
 times be seen haunting, like a tender memory, the place of 
 her birth, or gazing wistfully over the sea, as with pathetic 
 yearning for the distant mother-land. 
 
 Shall not the name of Virginia Dare, the White Fawn of 
 Carolina, grow more dear, more familiar to us all? The 
 women of our dear old State will see to it, I am sure, that 
 the memory of this first Carolina girl, and of Eleanor Dare, 
 the first Carolina mother, be tenderly cherished and hon- 
 oured. 
 
 "The 22 of August the whole company came to the Gov- 
 ernour, and with one voice requested him to return him- 
 self e into England, for the obtaining of supplies and other 
 
—46— 
 
 necessaries for them ; but he refused it, and alleaged many 
 sufficient causes why he would not. ... At the last, 
 through their extreame intreating constrayned to return, 
 he departed from Roanoak the 27 of August." The next 
 day he set sail, destined never again to see his daughter 
 and grandchild, and after a terrible voyage reached the 
 coast of Ireland on the 16th of October. 
 
 This is the last that is known of the lost colony, w^hose 
 fate has given rise to so much interesting speculation, and 
 whose blood it is thought may be traced to-day in the 
 Croatan or Hatteras Indians of Robeson county, North 
 Carolina. It was three years before succour came from the 
 old world, for England in the meantime had needed every 
 ship and every sailor in her life-and-death struggle with 
 Spain and the invincible Armada. Efforts were made to 
 reach the colony, but they were unsuccessful, and not un- 
 til the summer of 1590 did Governor White again arrive 
 off the North Carolina coast. 
 
 "The 20 of March the three shippes, the Hopewell, the 
 John Evangelist, and the little John, put to sea from Ply- 
 mouth. . . . The 23 of July we had sight of the Cape 
 of Florida, and the broken Hands thereof. . . . The 
 15 of August we came to an anker at Hatorask, and saw a 
 great smoke rise in the He Roanoke neere the place where 
 I left our Colony in the yeere 1587. ... The next 
 morning our two boates went ashore, and we saw another 
 great smoke ; but when we came t© it, we found no man 
 nor signe that any had bene there lately. . . . The 17 
 of August our boates were prepared againe to goe up to 
 Roanoak. . . . Toward the North ende of the Island 
 we espied the light of a great lire thorow the woods : when 
 we came right over against it, we sounded with a trumj)et 
 a Call, and afterwardes many familiar English tunes and 
 Songs, and called to them friendly; but we had no an- 
 swere; we therefore landed, and coming to the fire, we 
 found the grasse and sundry rotten trees burning about the 
 
—47— 
 
 place. ... As we entered up the sandy banke, upon 
 a tree, in the very browe thereof were curiously carved 
 these faire Romane letters, C R : which letters we knew 
 to signitie the place where I should find the planters 
 seated, according to a secret token agreed upon betweene 
 them and me, at my last departure from them, which was 
 that they should not faile to write or carve on the trees or 
 posts of the dores the name of the place where they should 
 be seated : and if they should be distressed, that then they 
 should carve over the letters a Crosse -\- in this forme, 
 but we found no such sign of distresse. . . . We found 
 the houses taken downe, and the place strongly enclosed 
 with a high palisado of great trees, with cortynes and 
 flankers very Fortlike, and one of the chief trees at the 
 right side of the entrance had the barke taken off, and five 
 foote from the ground in fayre Capitall letters was graven 
 CROATOAiSr, without any crosse or signe of distress, " . . 
 No further trace was found of the colonists, except buried 
 chests which had been dug u]3 and rifled by the Indians, 
 ' 'bookes torne from the covers, the frames of pictures and 
 MapjDes rotten and spoyled with rayne, and armour almost 
 eaten through with rust. . . . The season was so un- 
 fit, and weather so foule, that we were constrayned of force 
 to forsake that coast, having not seene any of our planters, 
 with losse of one of our ship-boates, and seven of our chief- 
 est men. . . . The 24 of October we came in safetie, 
 God be thanked, to. an anker at Plymmouth. . . . 
 Thus committing the reliefe of my discomfortable com- 
 pany, the planters in Virginia, to the merciful help of the 
 Almighty, whom I most humbly beseech to helpe and com- 
 fort them, according to his most holy will and their good 
 desire, I take my leave." 
 
 Thus ended in disaster all of Raleigh's great schemes for 
 planting the English race on our shores. They had cost 
 him £40,000, and- the result was apparent failure; yet his 
 greatest glory is these attempts at colonization. The seed 
 
was sown which was eventually to yield the richest har- 
 rest : the direct fruit of these efforts was the colony of 
 Jamestown, and Raleigh is the real pioneer of American 
 civilization. It was he, and not King James, who, as 
 Shakspere says, was destined to "make new* nations," 
 and to whom rightly belongs the proud title of imperii 
 Atlantici conditor. 
 
 "It was through Raleigh's failures that success at length 
 became possible ; and his name is better entitled than any 
 other to rank as the founder of the Anglo-American 
 nation . ' ' — Payne. 
 
 The misfortunes of the Roanoke settlers postponed the 
 peopling of our State for more than a generation, but the 
 fame of its beauty, fertility and rich resources had gone 
 forth to the old world. Hear with what quaint expres- 
 sions of enthusiasm a London writer speaks of Carolina in 
 1650: "Nature regards this Ornament of the new world 
 with a more indulgent eye than she hath cast upon many 
 other countreys. , . . It is all of so delectable an 
 aspect, that the melanchollyest eye cannot look upon it 
 without contentment, nor content himself without admira- 
 tion. . . . Nature has crowned the Virgin Brow of 
 this unexampled Countrey with universal plenty. . . . 
 Winter Snowes, Frosts, and other excesses, are here only 
 remembered, never known : the furling Sj)rings and wan- 
 ton Rivers everywhere kissing the happy soyle into a per- 
 petuall verdure. . . . This fertility-labouring Countrey, 
 especially in its Southerne beauties, in its Roanoke excel- 
 lencies, like to a Princesse, all composed of Beauty, suffers 
 no addresse to be made unsatisfied. . . . Why, being- 
 capable to crown her browes with Garlands of Roses, hath 
 she sate desolate amongst the Willowes of neglect? . . . 
 But the incomparable Virgin hath raised her dejected 
 head, and now, like the Eldest Daughter of Nature, ex- 
 
 ♦King Henry VIII, V. 4, 53. 
 
—49— 
 
 pressetli a priority in her Dowry. Her browes encircledl 
 with oimlency, she may with as great justice as any Coun- 
 trey the Sunne honours with his eye-beames, entitle her- 
 self to an affinity with Eden, to an absolute perfection 
 above all but Paradise. . , . The incomparable Roan- 
 oke like a Queene of the Ocean, encircled with an hundred 
 attendant Islands, and the most Majestick Carolana shall 
 in such an ample and noble gratitude repay her Adventur- 
 ers with an Interest far transcending the Principall." — 
 Force Tracts, III, XI, E. Williams. 
 
 For more than half a century the name of the first settle- 
 ment, the so-called "City of Raleigh," disappears from 
 our annals ; until in 1654 a company of explorers from 
 Virginia reached Roanoke, and saw what they termed the 
 * 'ruins of Sir Walter Raleigh's fort." The lapse of time 
 has probably altered its appearance but little from what it 
 then was, except for the changes wrought by a luxuriant 
 vegetation. Its present condition is thus described in 
 Harper^ s Magazine for May, 1860 : "The trench is clearly 
 traceable in a square about forty yards each way. Mid- 
 way of one side another trench, perhaps flanking the gate- 
 way, runs inward fifteen or twenty feet. On the right of 
 the same face of the enclosures, the corner is apparently 
 thrown out in the form of a small bastion. The ditch is 
 generally two feet deep, though in many places scarcely 
 perceptible. The whole site is overgrown with pine, live- 
 oak, vines, and a variety of other plants. A flourishing 
 tree, draped with vines, stands sentinel near the centre. 
 A fragment or two of stone or brick may be discovered in 
 the grass, and then all is told of the existing relics of the 
 city of Raleigh." 
 
 Surely, these interesting historic remains should be 
 saved from further decay, and kept intact for all time to 
 come. No spot in the country should be dearer or more 
 sacred to us than that which was marked by the first foot- 
 prints of the English race in America. In this year of the 
 
 7 
 
—so- 
 great Exhibition at Chicago, and in these days of enthusi- 
 asm about Columbus and his exiDlorations, it is especially 
 important not to lose sight of the fact that he did not dis- 
 cover the continent of North America, and that the United 
 States owe nothing to Spanish civilization. That inliuence 
 was to mould the destiny of the peoples who gathered in 
 the new world south of the Gulf of Mexico ; but Cabot 
 with his English explorers was the first to set foot on our 
 Atlantic coast, and it is to English enterprise, English 
 moral standards, English political ideas, and English civil 
 and religious liberty, that we owe the manifold blessings 
 Ave now enjoy, and to which we must gratefully ascribe the 
 marvelous progress and prosperity of our beloved country. 
 
 And now we sons of Carolina, whose lot is cast beyond 
 her borders, appeal to you at home for helj) in our patri- 
 otic undertaking. Perhaps those who are privileged to 
 hang ever on the mother's breast do not so fully realize 
 how dear she is as we who yearn for her from afar. But 
 however this may be, our love for the dear old mother 
 State is deep and tender ; we are proud of her glory, jeal- 
 ous of her honor ; eager to work for her, to plead for her ; 
 and ready I trust, if God will, to die for her. 
 
 Her record is illustrious, but the world does not know 
 it, — her history is full of good deeds, great deeds, noble 
 deeds, but it is largely unwritten. Shall this ever be so? 
 Shall no stepping-stone mark her grand progress across the 
 waters of time? Are no statues to rise in honor of our im- 
 mortals, — no monuments to our heroic dead, — no memori- 
 als of great ei:)ochs in our history ? 
 
 To put these questions is to ansAver them, and we can 
 no longer remain unmindful of our worthy past. The 
 times are full of hopeful signs : associations are forming 
 for patriotic purposes; historical societies are spi'inging 
 up in our principal towns ; a few men have found that they 
 have no time to make money, and are spending happy labo- 
 rious days in turning over old manuscripts and publishing 
 
—si- 
 forgotten papers. Our Colonial Records have been printed, 
 chiefly through the noble efforts of William Saunders. 
 All honor to him who, though a cripple from wounds and a 
 martyr to pain, bravely carried through his colossal work ! 
 Oo to Greensborough, and see what the devotion of one 
 man can accomplish. Six years ago Guilford battle-field, 
 — the scene of the only pitched battle fought within our 
 borders by regular armies during the Revolutionary war, 
 — was an almost unknown wilderness. To-day, through 
 the energies of David Schenck, it is a beautiful park 
 adorned with noble monuments, and it has become a Mecca 
 of patriotism for thousands of pilgrims. As the years roll 
 on it will become more and more a centre of historic in- 
 terest to our children's children, until Guilford will be as 
 familiar a name as Bunker Hill, and its significance in the 
 great struggle will be as fully recognized as that of York- 
 town, to which it was the necessary prelude. 
 
 Thus should we cherish the memory of every important 
 fact in our history. Let us devoutly study the Genesis of 
 our beloved State, the development of our institutions, the 
 formation of our special character, — for we Tar Heels, like 
 the Hebrews of old, are a iDeculiar people, — we may even 
 say in a limited sense God's chosen people. Let us remem- 
 ber how the Euglish pioneers from the borders of the 
 Chesapeake peopled the Albemarle district, — how the 
 French Huguenots settled on Pamplico Sound and on the 
 fertile lands between the Neuse and Trent, — the Swiss and 
 the persecuted refugees from the Palatinate found a home 
 at New Berne, — the Scotch Highlanders occupied the banks 
 of the Cape Fear, — the sturdy Irish Protestants and the 
 Germans filled the centre of the State, and the industrious 
 Moravians the country between the Dan and Yadkin. 
 From the iningling of these varied elements has grown a 
 homogeneous people — simple, unpretentious, modest, un- 
 ostentatious, hardy, patient under suffering, obedient to 
 law divine and human — a nation of brave, honest men and 
 
—52— 
 
 pure, tender women, unsurpassed in tlie world for tlieir 
 sterling qualities. As ready to resist tj^ranny as loyally 
 submissive to rightful autliority, their political acts have 
 been marked by the highest wisdom, and if "there be 
 any," says Bancroft, "who doubt man's capacity for self- 
 government, let them study the history of North Carolina." 
 
 Over sixty years under the government of the Lords Pro- 
 prietors, and nearly as long under the rule of royal Govern- 
 ors, our fathers showed from the outset an earnest love of 
 liberty and a determined spirit of independence. All op- 
 pression of the home government and every abuse of the 
 royal prerogative were stoutly resisted, and when the day of 
 inevitable conflict came, Mecklenburg pointed out to the 
 sister Colonies the path to independence, and North Caro- 
 lina soldiers shed their blood for the common safety from 
 Stony Point on the Hudson to our extreme Southern bor- 
 der in Georgia. The cause which their valour had helped 
 to win in the field was upheld by their wisdom in the 
 oouncil-chamber, and in nothing are our ancestors worthier 
 of admiration than in the measures adopted for the forma- 
 tion of a State government and the conditions prescribed 
 for the acceptance of the Federal Constitution. 
 
 Then followed two generations of happy, prosperous de- 
 velopment, when again our country was desolated by a 
 ;ruel civil war, — for the outbreak of which North Carolina 
 was in no way responsible, — and yet how nobly she re- 
 sponded to every call of duty and honour! — till her best 
 blood was reddening every battlefield, and our dear mother 
 )ffered up more of the precious lives of her children than 
 lid any other State. 
 
 With what interest, what pride should we dwell upon 
 ill these things ! But especially should we love and adorn 
 (he sacred spot which was the birthplace of American civil- 
 fzation. Let Roanoke Island become as familiar and as 
 dear to us as is Plymouth Rock to the New Englander ; 
 make Fort Raleigh as widely known as Jamestown ; let 
 
—53— 
 
 iliere gather around Virginia Dare the romantic interest 
 that attaches to the name of Pocahontas. 
 
 Let us men and women give to this, and to all such 
 patriotic movements, our substantial aid and hearty sym- 
 pathy ; and let all the young be taught to know and feel 
 what a proud privilege it is to be a child of Carolina. 
 
 Ebwakd Graham Daves. 
 
 Note. — This article was prepared by Professor Daves for use as a lecture. 
 As svich it was delivered by him in a lecturing tour throughout North Car- 
 <>lina, in the winter of 1893-'93, in the interest of the Roanoke Colony 
 Memorial As!S<»ciatiou scheme. — Editor. 
 
 EDWARD GRAHAM DAVES. 
 
 One evening in the winter of 1891-'92, in the city of 
 Baltimore, I went to Lehman's Hall to hear George William 
 Curtis deliver an address before the national meeting of 
 the Civil Service Reform Clubs. Among the prominent 
 men on the platform I noticed a tall gentleman of middle 
 age, with a grave and intelligent face, and of a soldierly 
 bearing. This, I was told, was Professor Edward Graham 
 Daves. I liad known of him before this on account of his 
 interest in North Carolina history. Both from what I had 
 heard and wliat I then saw, I was very favorably impressed. 
 A short time afterwards I met him. I found that my 
 anticipation was realized. He was a man of charming 
 manners, and of the purest ideals. He was an earnest, 
 intelligent student of the past, an untiring worker, a 
 patriotic American, and in the true old Southern sense, a 
 gentleman. The previous facts of his life, as I afterwards 
 learned, were as follows : 
 
 Professor Daves was a grandson of Major John Daves, 
 of the Revolutionary army, a son of John Pugh Daves, and 
 was born at New Berne, N. C, March 31, 1838. He began 
 liis studies at the New Berne Academy, and later prepared 
 for college under private instruction on the plantation of 
 
—54— 
 
 liis kinsman, Josiah Collins, near Lake Scnppemong, 
 Washington county, N. C. In 1850 he entered Harvard 
 College, where Jared Sparks was president, and Longfellow 
 and Pierce were professors. For fellow- students he had 
 President Eliot Phillips Brooks, Bishop Perry, and Fur- 
 ness, the Shakespere scholar. He at once became very 
 popular, and was elected by his classmates to various posi- 
 tions of college prominence. 
 
 His tastes ran toward the classics, and under a native 
 Greek he devoted his time especially to the language and 
 literature of Greece. He graduated in 1854 with second 
 honors, and at once entered the Harvard Law School. Two 
 years later he settled himself to practice his profession in 
 Baltimore. Just then came the offer of the Greek profes- 
 sorship in Trinity College, Connecticut. He loved Greek 
 better than law, and the professorship was accepted. Here 
 he staid till 1861, when he went to Euroj)e. For ten years 
 he remained abroad giving instruction to English youth on 
 the shores of Lake Geneva, or traveling with his pupils. 
 In 1870 he returned to Baltimore, where he occupied him- 
 self with j)rivate teaching and with lecturing on literary 
 topics. In July, 1894, he died quite unexpectedly in a 
 Boston hospital, to which he had gone a short time earlier 
 for a surgical operation. 
 
 In the last year of his life. Professor Daves was much 
 interested in two historical memorials. June 8, 1891, he 
 offered a resolution in a meeting of the Maryland Historical 
 Society, which led that society to erect a monument at 
 Guilford Court House in memory of the Maryland line, 
 who fought so effectively with General Greene at that 
 place. He was appointed chairman of the committee to 
 carry the matter through, and when the society came to 
 select an orator who was formally to present the monu- 
 ment, the choice fell on him. The subject of his address 
 was "Maryland and North Carolina in the Campaign of 
 1780-'81." It was pronounced an admirable address, and 
 
-55- 
 
 in an extended form was published by the Maryland 
 society. It is a valuable contribution to our Revolution- 
 ary history. 
 
 The other scheme to which he addressed himseK was the 
 recovery and preservation of the site of the fort which 
 Raleigh's colony planted on Roanoke Island. Mr. Talcott 
 Williams, of Philadelphia, in 1887, made a journey 
 through the waters of Eastern North Caix)lina, visiting on 
 the Avay the site of this fort. He mentioned to friends the 
 necessity of preserving this relic of the first English colony 
 in the borders of our country. It seems that Professor 
 Daves from this point became interested in the scheme. 
 His practical zeal became aroused. Through his efforts 
 Dr. S. Weir Mitchell was interested, and readings were 
 given by the two at Bar Harbor, Maine, in order to secure 
 funds. Dr. Mitchell afterwards gave readings in Balti- 
 more, Philadelphia and other cities, and Professor Daves, 
 in the winter of 1892-'93, made a journey through :N'orth 
 Carolina, lecturing and receiving subscriptions for the 
 project. Enough money was raised to buy the tract of 
 land containing the site of the fort and to leave a consid- 
 erable balance. A company was organized, which was 
 called the Roanoke Colony Memorial Association. The 
 first meeting of the stockholders was held in Baltimore, at 
 Professor Daves' house, in May, 1894. By unanimous 
 choice, the faithful promoter of the scheme was made 
 president. His active mind had already made many plans 
 for promoting the welfare of the company, when all were 
 thwarted by his untimely death. At the next meeting of 
 the stockholders of the association it was decided to erect 
 a memorial to Professor Daves, on the site of the old foi-t. 
 The Guilford monument and the Roanoke association re- 
 main a lasting tribute to his patriotic zeal and his untiring 
 devotion to history. 
 
 Joiix S. Bassett. 
 
—56'— 
 
 FRANCIS LISTER HAWKS. 
 
 The old saying, that North Carolina is a good place to 
 start from, is the key-note to the greatness of her people, 
 as well as a term of rei3roach as accepted by them. All 
 great men must seek the large centers of civilization in 
 order to give to the world their message, but the great 
 principles of their lives come from the land of their birth. 
 A State is to be measured by the number of its good and 
 great men, and not by material or physical predominence. 
 Even intellectual gifts and culture cannot make a people 
 great, but may become the instruments of their ruin. 
 There are men in every period who shape the life and 
 mould the thought of their time, and among these were 
 some who made higher achievements in particular lines of 
 work, "but in all the elements which form a positive 
 character, in that kind of power which sways the minds of 
 other men, and which moulds public opinion, few men of 
 his age deserve to rank higher than Francis Lister Hawks." 
 
 Dr. Hawks was bom in Newbern, North Carolina, June 
 10, 1798. He was the second son of Francis and Julia 
 Hawks. His father was of English and his mother of Irish 
 descent. His grandfather, John Hawks, came to America 
 with Governor Try on, so well known in the early history 
 of our State. They were waim friends in the old country 
 and came over together to try their fortunes in the new. 
 He was the architect of Try on palace in Newbern, where 
 he submitted his accounts for building, to the governor's 
 council, June 29, 1771. During the revolution, however, 
 he sided with the Americans. The maternal grandfather 
 of Dr. Hawks was Richard Stephens, who came from 
 Ireland, and, no doubt, was one of the stern old Scotch - 
 Irish blood. Dr. Hawks was one of nine children, three 
 of whom became ministers, and one of these a bishop. 
 
 The mother of Dr. Hawks was a remarkable woman. 
 What her husband lacked in positiveness and individu- 
 ality of character she supplied, combining the character- 
 
—57— 
 
 istics of her race witli a reverence for religion and all that 
 is best in life. The early training which she gave her son 
 is all-important in estimating his life and character. 
 Bishop Green, of Mississippi, who knew the family, says : 
 *'The father of Dr. Hawks was of amiable disposition, but 
 not of a high order of intellect," so it is to the mother 
 alone that the great character and intellectual qualities of 
 Dr. Hawks is to be attributed. 
 
 He was graduated from Chapel Hill in 1815, at the age of 
 seventeen, and at that early age he was remarkable for his 
 graceful elocution, fluent composition and finely modulated 
 voice, as displayed in the exercises of the College Literary 
 Society. He Avas valedictorian, and thus the opportunity 
 for pathos was given, for which he was afterward so dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 Immediately after graduation he commenced the study 
 of law under Judge William Graston, of Newbern, and 
 later he became a pupil at the law-school maintained by 
 Judge Reeve and Judge Gould, at Lichfield, Conn. He 
 spent six months there, together with thirty other young 
 men, many of whom afterward became well known in 
 political and Judicial life. Among these he was noted for 
 his frank, ingenious disposition, and for his devotion to 
 study. Near Lichfield was a school for young ladies, man- 
 aged by the Pierce sisters, which no doubt relieved any 
 severity which might result from legal training. We know 
 little of the discipline kept at this school, but it is not 
 probable that a score of restless youths, preparing for a 
 profession "in which audacity is a virtue," would long 
 •remain ignorant of its attractions. The fair pupils were 
 perhaps, better studied than any page of Coke or Black- 
 stone, and the lessons some of the young men learned by 
 lieart were better remembered . Here Dr. Hawks formed 
 the acquaintance of Miss Emily Kirby, who, by her father's 
 failure in business, was forced to take up teaching, and as 
 the South furnished the best opening for her chosen work, 
 
 8 
 
—58— 
 
 she applied timidly and respectfulh^ to young Hawks to 
 secure for her a position somewhere in that section. He 
 was 90 pleased wath her letter that he sought a corre- 
 .ipondence, which finally resulted in marriage. 
 
 He was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one, and 
 soon took high rank among the best lawyers of the State. 
 Shortly after graduation he received his first communion 
 and began to take an active part in religious affairs. This 
 was a bold step for a young man at that time, as religion 
 was at a low ebb, there being then only one male commu- 
 nicant besides himself in Newbern parish. A worldly 
 career of great promise lay open to him, but he would not 
 <*ompromise his christian principles for the sake of worldly 
 ambition. He became a candidate for the Legislature in 
 1.821 from Newbern, where it was customary for a candi- 
 date to throw open his house for the entertainment of all 
 who came, in which all kinds of vice and drunkenness were 
 tolerated. Hawks would have none of this, and "with a 
 moral heroism which knew no fear, he dared to respect his 
 own conscience, and to abide the consequences. ' ' However, 
 he was elected in his twenty-third year. 
 
 About this time he removed to Hillsboro, Orange county, 
 and took his place among such men as Wiley P. Mangum, 
 W. A. Graham and Chief Justice Nash. During these 
 years his fame for eloquence was growing, and whenever 
 it was announced, "That little man is speaking," the 
 court-room was soon filled with eager listeners. While 
 connected with the bar at Hillsboro he became reporter 
 for the Supreme Court of the State, and while in this posi- 
 tion he prepared the "Reports of Decisions in the Supr«iJtne 
 Court of North Carolina." In his early youth Dr. Hawks 
 had been inclined to the ministry, but infiuenced by the 
 worldly and ambitious views of his father he had studied 
 law. His heart, however, was not in the work, and one 
 morning he came to Bishop Green, then pastor of Hills- 
 boro, and said : "I have entered the court-house for the 
 
—so- 
 last time." The Bishop expressed his surprise and asked 
 him what he meant. He replied : "I mean what I say ; 1 
 am no longer a lawyer ; I wish to become a clergyman.'* 
 He read for a few months under Bishop Green, and re 
 moved to Newbern, where he completed his studies and 
 was ordained by Bishop Ravenscroft. 
 
 While on a visit to her old home, his wife died at New 
 Haven, Conn., and was buried by Rev. Harry Croswell, by 
 whom the marriage was performed. This domestic relation 
 between the two men led to the election of Hawks to be 
 Dr. Croswell's assistant in April, 1829. His eloquence and 
 sincerity soon won for him a high place among the people 
 of New Haven. While there he married Mrs. Olivia Hunt, 
 formerly Miss Trowbridge, of Danbury, Conn., who sur- 
 vived him, and was a loving tender support to him all 
 through his eventful career. His stay in New Haven was 
 short, and in August of the same year he removed to 
 Philadelphia, where he became Bishop White's assistant 
 at St. James' Church. In the autumn of 1830 he was 
 elected Professor of Divinity in what is now Trinity Col- 
 lege, Hartford, Conn., and early in 1831 he became rector 
 of St. Stephen's Church, New York. In December he 
 resigned this position to accept the Rectorship of St. 
 Thomas' Church, New York City, where he spent the best 
 years of his life. 
 
 His eloquence and power soon drew around him a large 
 congregation, which he held all through the years of his 
 pastorate. The early training he had as a lawyer made his 
 sermons more or less argumentative. He sought always to 
 convince the judgment before api)ealing to the feelings, 
 and in his greatest bursts of eloquence he kept Hamlet's 
 advice; in the very torrent and tempest of passion he 
 observed a temperance which gave his diction smoothness. 
 It is said of him during this period — so wonderful was his 
 voice and style of delivery — that had he taken Euclid's 
 Geometry into the pulpit, his audience would have listened 
 
—QO— 
 
 gladly to the demonstration of its bare probleius. He was 
 called upon to preach many charity sermons, and in one of 
 these, for the support of a Dispensary, the following 
 humorous touch is found : "It has been objected to many 
 charities," said he, "that their benelicence is bestowed 
 upon unworthy objects. This cannot, however, be alleged 
 in the case of the institution whose claims I advocate ; for 
 the wretch is yet to be found who will wallow in the mire 
 of dissipation for the express purpose of qualifying him- 
 self to become a recipient of your bounty, and enjoy the 
 sublime privilege of taking physic without cost." 
 
 In the summer of 1836, he visited England for the pur- 
 pose of securing copies of such documents as related to the 
 early history of the Episcopal church in America. He was 
 well received there, and brought back with him seventeen 
 folio volumes of historical materials, accumulated from 
 various sources, relating to the early history of the church 
 in New York and in the other colonies. 
 
 A short time previous to this, in 1835, he began a long 
 series of literary works by the publication of several 
 Juvenile volumes, consisting chielly of conversations be- 
 tween a very learned and sympathetic old Uncle Philip 
 and his enquiring and, oftentimes, perplexed nieces and 
 nephews. He loved children and took great delight in 
 teaching them. 
 
 Immediately upon his return to New York from En- 
 gland, Dr. Hawks began the work for which he had now 
 such abundant materials, called "Contributions to the Ec- 
 clesiastical History of the United States." The first vol- 
 ume was published in 1836, on the early church in Vir- 
 ginia, and in 1839 the second volume, on the early church 
 in Maryland, appeared. These works, though well re- 
 ceived by the church, were severely criticised, and Dr. 
 Havv^ks was so disgusted with the attack, that he aban- 
 doned the whole scheme of Church History. In 1837 he 
 founded the New York Memeio, to which he contributed 
 
—61— 
 
 several stroug articles. One especially is of interest to us, 
 being a "Partial Estimate of Jefferson's Character," in 
 which he attacks the principles and work of Mr. Jefferson. 
 Another article was that on Aaron Burr. 
 
 While Rector of St. Thomas, he projected a plan for a 
 training school, which was to be a model in ediicationa] 
 lines. By his enthusiasm and earnestness he secured con- 
 tributions to the scheme, and soon had a well organized 
 school located at Flushing, Rhode Island, but a financial 
 crisis came on and the school was broken up for lack of 
 funds. In consequence of this failure. Dr. Hawks became 
 iuAolved in debt, and his character was attacked for being 
 so careless in the use of the school funds. On account of 
 this he resigned the Xlectorshij) of St. Thomas' Church, 
 and went to Holly Springs, Miss., where his daughter 
 lived, with the view of retrieving his fortunes and paying 
 off his indebtedness. He at once established a school 
 there, and became Rector of the church. He remained 
 there only a year, but during that time he was elected 
 Bishop of Mississii^pi by the Philadelphia convention, be- 
 fore which he made his famous speech, proving his inno- 
 cence of the charges against him. For various reasons he 
 declined the appointment. From Holly Springs he went 
 to New Orleans, where he was Rector of Christ's Church 
 five years. While there he drew the plans for the organ- 
 ization of the University of Louisiana, and was elected its 
 first president. 
 
 In 1849 we find him again in New York as Rector of 
 Calvary Church, where he remained until 1861. On his 
 return to the city of his adoption, his friends made up a 
 purse of $30,000, which relieved him of all indebtedness, 
 and enabled him to pursue his life's work without pecu- 
 niary embarrassment. 
 
 Though Dr. Hawks made no pretensions to poetry, his 
 occasional verses found a place in a collection of "The 
 Poetry of North Carolina.'' They were all on simple 
 
—62— 
 
 topics, and some of them are instinct with poetic beauty. 
 In his lines, *'To an Aged and Very Cheerful Christian 
 Lady, ' ' the following beautiful verses occur : 
 
 "And yet thy cheerful spirit breathes 
 The freshness of its golden prime ; 
 Age decks thy brow with silver wreaths, 
 But thy young heart still laughs at time. 
 
 •'Life's sympathies with thee are bright, 
 The current of thy love still flows, 
 And silvery clouds of living light 
 Hang round thy sunset's golden close." 
 
 His lines to N. P. Willis, of Boston, are beautiful in 
 thought and imagery : 
 
 "I know thee not, 
 And yet I feel as if I knew thee well ; 
 The lofty breathings of thy tuneful lyre 
 Have floated round me ; and its witching notes, 
 With all thy bright and bold imaginings, 
 Stealing and winding round my inmost soul, 
 Have touched with gentlest sweep its trembling chords, 
 And waked a thrill responsive to thy melody." 
 
 While connected with the New York Historical Society, 
 Dr. Hawks did his greatest work for North Carolina. This 
 society, instituted in 1804, was revived in 1830, chiefly 
 through his influence, and for several years he continued 
 to deliver lectures before its members. Among those in- 
 teresting to us was ' 'The Career of the Indian Maid and 
 Matron, Pocahontas," followed by another on -'Captain 
 John Smith and the Settlement in Virginia. " In a subse- 
 quent course he delivered a graphic lecture on "Sir Walter 
 Raleigh," in which he gave a narrative of the great adven- 
 turer's fortunes and an analysis of his character, together 
 with that of the leading statesmen of Elizabeth's court and 
 of the queen herself. Dr. R. H. Battle says of this lec- 
 ture : "I heard him deliver his lecture on 'Sir AValter 
 Raleigh,' to the delight of a large commencement audi- 
 ence, though he took two and a half hours in its delivery. 
 His voice was as deep as the low tones of an organ, and he 
 
—63— 
 
 used it with wonderful effect, while liis delivery was ex- 
 «;eedingiy graceful and impulsive." This lecture was 
 afterward incorporated into the first volume of his history 
 of North Carolina. At another time his subject was the 
 Revolutionary History of North Carolina, in which he 
 discussed his favorite theme, the "Mecklenburg Declara- 
 tion of Independence." He was a firm believer in the 
 declaration of May 19 and 20, 1775, and made some strong 
 points in its favor. The style of this lecture is clear, 
 smooth and attractive, showing throughout his patriotism 
 and love for his native State. 
 
 Among his works, the most valuable to us is his history 
 of North Carolina in two volumes. The first was issued at 
 Fayetteville in 1857, and embraces the period between the 
 first voyage to the colony in 1584 to the last in 1591. It 
 consists of various original documents and letters concern- 
 ing the early voyages to the colony, together with a kind 
 of running commentary by the author on the characters 
 and events of the stirring times of Elizabeth. He closes 
 the first volume with the following expressive sentence : 
 • 'And so after the toil and suffering of years, the expendi- 
 ture of much precious treasure and the loss of still more 
 precious life, the waves of Albemarle rolled, as of old, 
 their ripples up the deserted island beach, and the only 
 voice heard was that of the fitful winds, as they sighed 
 through the forests of Roanoke, and broke upon the still- 
 ness of Nature's rough repose. The white man was there 
 no longer. ' ' The second volume, embracing the period of 
 proprietary government from 1663 to 1729, was published, 
 also at Fayetteville, the following year. This consists of 
 a series of chapters on such subjects as ' 'The Law and Its 
 Administration," "Agriculture and Manufactures," "Re- 
 ligion and Learning," "Manners and Customs," etc. 
 Somewhat i^eculiar, it is true, but carrying out his idea 
 that "the real history of a State is to be read in the grad- 
 ual progress of its people in intelligence, industry, wealth 
 
—64— 
 
 and civilization," and that ''the public events that trans- 
 pire are but the exponents of the condition of the inhab- 
 itants, in these and other particulars." 
 
 Dr. Hawks took great delight in the studj" of antiqui- 
 ties, and was a prominent member of the American Ethno- 
 logical Society. He was especially interested in the 
 earliest life of the American Aborigines, and in 1857 he 
 delivered three lectures on the "Antiquities of the Amer- 
 ican Continent," at Hope Chapel, New York Citj'. As the 
 result of his studies in this department, he published a 
 volume on "The Monuments of Egypt," and later, one on 
 "Peruvian Antiquities." 
 
 In 1852 he was offered the Bishopric of Rhode Island, 
 making the third time that the Episcopate was offered him, 
 and, in 1859, he was invited to the Chair of History in the 
 University of North Carolina. This he declined also. 
 
 An event now took place which placed Dr. Hawks in a 
 position ill-suited to his nature. Always outspoken in his 
 views, he felt that he could n6 longer hold a position 
 among people whose sympathies were so different from his 
 own, so he resigned and went to Baltimore, where there 
 were many strong southern sympathizers. Approaching 
 three score and ten, he gave up the best position he ever 
 had, a position won by a life of honest exertion, in order 
 to be true to his convictions. "He did not forget the land 
 of his birth, the grave of his mother, the kindred and 
 friends whose happy, peaceful homes were so soon to feel 
 the fury and devastation which were poured out upon 
 them." At the close of the war he was invited to New 
 York, and preached there for a short time, but his health 
 was failing. His last public act was the short address on 
 laying the corner-stone of his new church in Twenty-fifth 
 street, September 4, 1866. His great work was ended. 
 After a short illness he gathered his robes about him and 
 stept out calmly and peacefully into the great unknown. 
 
—65— 
 
 He was buried at Greenwich, Conn., where a tomb and 
 monument were prepared for him. 
 
 Nature seems to have endowed Dr. Hawks with the ele- 
 ments of greatness, giving him a powerful intellect, a 
 ''physical constitution of great endurance, an eye steady, 
 dark and penetrating, and a voice tuned to eloquence." 
 His independence, moral courage and warm southern sen- 
 sibility, made him a natural leader, and "had he pursued 
 a political career, North Carolina might have sent to the 
 Senate an orator to rank with Clay and Calhoun." He 
 loved simplicity in all things, and in all his public life he 
 was thoroughly simple and perfectly natural. He fulfilled 
 his great mission as a preacher, and at the same time was 
 a leader in all that pertained to the life and true progress 
 of the age in which he lived. Wheeler says of him all 
 that need be said of any North Carolinian : "He was true 
 to North Carolina and proud of her glorious history." 
 
 Sanders Dent. 
 
 A KU KLUX RAID, AND WHAT CAME OF IT. 
 
 It was the summer of 1870, a year memorable in the po- 
 litical and social history of North Carolina. Among the 
 notable events of the year may be mentioned the culmina- 
 tion and decline of the Ku Klux organization, the grave 
 blunders of Governor Holden in the matter of the Kirk 
 war, and the election of a Democratic legislature. 
 
 The original incident, the germ of those now to be re- 
 lated, occurred in a section of the State from twenty to 
 thirty miles southwest of Raleigh known as Buckhorn, a 
 name borne by three adjacent townships in three adjacent 
 counties, viz : Chatham, Wake and Harnett. 
 
 From Raleigh a great turnpike road leads southwest for 
 fifteen miles to the village of Holly Springs ; thence west- 
 ward through Buckhorn in Wake into Buckhorn in Chat- 
 ham to Avent's Ferry on the Cape Fear river, leaving Buck- 
 
 9 
 
—66— 
 
 horn ill Harnett to the South. This road is of great his 
 toric interest as being the scene of the last war movement 
 of Gen. Sherman's Army. Along this road from Raleigh 
 to Avent's Ferry Gen. Sherman threw out the left wing of 
 his army for the purpose of reaching Charlotte ahead of 
 Gen. Johnston's army, which was following in its retreat 
 the line of the North Carolina Railroad. When the van 
 of the army had reached Avent's Ferry, and a pontoon 
 bridge was being thrown across the river, the whole mov- 
 ing mass of army corps along the entire length of the road 
 came to a halt, went into camp, and remained two weeks 
 as guests of this usually quiet section of the State. The 
 devastation wrought was all that could be expected from a 
 hostile army. 
 
 I hail from Buckhorn in Harnett. At the time above 
 mentioned (the summer of 1870) I had returned home from 
 Trinity College to spend the vacation at the close of my 
 Freshman year. On Friday night, July 1st, about eleven 
 o'clock, a squad of mounted men in rapid movement passed 
 along the road to the northwest. In the faint moonlight 
 the men seemed to be in disguise, and we suspected that 
 some of the Ku Klux were on a raid. The next day the 
 tidings swiftly spread that Wyatt Prince, a negro living- 
 just over the Chatham line, had been attacked by the Ku 
 Klux and had been seriously if not mortally wounded by 
 pistol shots. A more detailed account was that at about 
 midnight a squad of disguised men had surrounded Prince's 
 log cabin, had demanded entrance, and, having been de- 
 nied, they were proceeding to batter down the door, when 
 Prince leaped out through an unguarded window. His re- 
 treat was discovered in time for the attacking party to give 
 him several farewell shots, three of which took effect, 
 making serious wounds. No further pursuit being offered. 
 Prince escaped to the spring branch, in the cool waters of 
 which he bathed his wounds till morning. 
 
—67— 
 
 THE ARREST. 
 
 Out from tlie negro circles the rumor spread that some 
 of the attacking party had been recognized, and in this 
 connection were mentioned the names of several young 
 men of the aforesaid townships, among them the name of 
 my brother, John D. Pegram. This gave us little or no 
 concern, for the whole family knew that he spent the night 
 at home, and that we could easily prove for him an alihi. 
 But the incident was not to be closed up in mere rumor. 
 Busy hands were at work, the outrage machine was in full 
 operation, and the demon of prejudice was for a season un- 
 chained. We did not know what was going on at the time, 
 but subsequent events revealed to us what had been done. 
 One or more of Prince's friends had gone to Raleigh, and had 
 made affidavit before the U. S. Commissioner, A. W. Shaf- 
 fer, who issued warrants for the arrest of twelve men of 
 the aforesaid Buckhorn townships. The execution of the 
 warrants was intrusted to a Deputy Marshal Bosher, who 
 called to his aid a squad of Federal soldiers. They came 
 down upon us Saturday, June 9th, piloted by Joe Den- 
 nis, a young negro of unsavory reputation. Leaving Holly 
 Springs early in the morning they reached Chalk Level, 
 my father's home, in Harnett, about nine o'clock, where 
 they apprehended brother John and myself. We found 
 that they had already taken up John Stevens and David 
 Stevens, of Wake county, and Dickson Stevens, a near 
 neighbor, of Harnett county. Out upon the highway near 
 home the posse paused for two or three hours, while the 
 officer went to arrest Jas. H. Prince, whom he did not hud 
 at home. Passing thence to the northwest they arrested 
 William Truelove, of Harnett, Norman Johnson and Buck 
 Sloan, of Chatham. Marion Cross and George Sloan were 
 in demand, but were not at home, both having gone to 
 Haywood on business for the day. 
 
 Towards sunset we had reached the aforesaid Avent's 
 
—68— 
 
 Ferry road, and had set our faces towards Raleigh. Reach- 
 ing the residence of W. C. Norris, Esq., in V/ake, our cap- 
 tors added his son, W. Carey Norris, to the number of 
 prisoners. After dark we reached Collins' Cross Roads, 
 where we paused an hour for refreshments ; then continu- 
 ing our journey till a late hour, we camped for the remain- 
 der of the night about twelve miles from Raleigh. 
 
 IN JAIL. 
 
 Sunday morning we decamped, reached Raleigh about 
 eleven o'clock, passed through the city, and halted in the 
 old fair grounds, which had been converted into a military 
 post for resident Federal troops during those reconstruction 
 times. Here we were keiDt under guard in the open 
 porch of a long, low building for some hours during mid- 
 day. The arrival of nine captured Ku Klux was a notable 
 event. The tidings spread through the city, and vast 
 crowds of negroes gathered about the enclosure of the bar- 
 racks to see how we looked and to express their joy at the 
 prospect of seeing speedy justice meted out to the "negro 
 killers. ' ' About three o'clock we were placed under a strong 
 guard, and, attendedby the howling, hooting, jeering mob, 
 composed seemingly of the entire black population of Ral- 
 eigh, we were escorted to the court house, xifter a short 
 pause here, in the vain effort to be allowed to remain under 
 military guard, or to give security for our appearance, we 
 were taken out of the court house by the west door, into 
 the jail enclosure, into the jail, up the stairway to the sec- 
 ond floor, and safely lodged in the room on the northwest 
 corner. It was a foul den, occupied by a youthful jail- 
 bird, with his straw bed and blankets upon the floor. At 
 last we were in jail — a solid fact and no fancy about it. 
 The thick walls, the small grated windows, the strong iron 
 door, ourselves on the inside, and the turnkey, armed with 
 the proper implements of his ofiice, on the outside — all 
 this was evidence indisputable that we were in jail. Up 
 
—69— 
 
 to tills time we had regarded our arrest as a huge joke, and 
 had deported ourselves much as a lot of young fellows out 
 on a picnic. But this was carrying the joke a little too 
 far, and the flood of emotion that was experienced by our 
 little company was too great for utterance. We stood by 
 the windows, or sat on the floor, and silence reigned for 
 half an hour. Then one of our number recovered his equi- 
 librium and wonted good humor, and said, "Boys this will 
 never do; it's no use to sulk and pout; let's have a good 
 time, even in jail." And we did. Soon friends arrivea, 
 and were admitted to see us ; among them I recall my fa- 
 ther, George W. Pegram and his faithful old friend and 
 neighbor, A. H. Dewar; W. C. Norris, of Wake ; and Ma j. 
 R. S. Tucker and Geo. T. Stronach, of Raleigh. Their 
 presence gave us good cheer, and a box of provisions sent 
 from our homes served for our refreshment. About night- 
 fall we were transferred to an adjacent room, where with 
 an abundance of blankets sent in from other parts of the 
 jail we spent the night in refreshing sleep. In the morn- 
 ing our host supplied us with an elaborate breakfast, which, 
 for each one, consisted of a piece of boiled beef and a large 
 chunk of coarse corn bread, made from unsifted meal, wdth 
 seemingly a due proportion of baser material commonly 
 known as dirt. We politely received the tin platters with 
 the above named contents, placed them on the floor, and 
 with a twirl of the foot sent them gliding to the remotest 
 corner of the room. From Cook's Hotel, with compliments 
 of our friend, George T. Stronach, was sent to us an elegant 
 breakfast for three or four men, which, with the remain- 
 ing contents of our box, furnished us all an ample repast. 
 
 THE TRIAL. 
 
 At ten o'clock, Monday, July 11th, we were taken into 
 the court house for trial before Commissioner A. W. Shaf- 
 fer. F. H. Busbee, Esq., was counsel for the prosecution, 
 and Ex-Gov. Bragg and R. H. Battle, Esq., were counsel 
 
—70— 
 
 for the defense. The court room was crowded to its ut- 
 most capacity. The three men who were absent from home 
 when called for on the jDrevious Saturday were now on 
 hand of their own accord and responded in the trial. The 
 defense put in the plea of no jurisdiction, but the plea did 
 not satisfy the court, and so the trial proceeded. The wit- 
 nesses introduced by the prosecution were the wife of 
 Prince and her mother, who was residing at the home of 
 Prince at the time the raid was made uj)on him. The tes- 
 timony of the mother was naught, so far as connecting any 
 one of the prisoners with the crime. The wife testified 
 that she recognized in the raiding party at least four of the 
 men, Johnson, Truelove,, George Sloan and Buck Sloan; 
 that she knew these men well and could identify them ; 
 that she knew Johnson very well, and would recognize 
 him anywhere. On being asked to identify Johnson she 
 pointed out myself. That there might be no mistake as to 
 whom she intended to point out, I was asked to stand u^d. 
 "Yes," said the woman, "that is Norman Johnson." I 
 was then asked to state to the court my name. "My name 
 is William H. Pegram," said I. The effect of the witness's 
 mistake was like an electric shock ; it broke the force of 
 her evidence, relaxed the high tension to which all minds 
 had been wrought, and brought the evidence on the part 
 of the prosecution to an end. The defense offered no tes- 
 timony, feeling that there was no evidence to rebut and 
 that no case had been made out against us. The court 
 soon rendered its decision. Eight of the prisoners were 
 discharged, and four were bound over to court in a bond of 
 $2,000 each. The latter part of the decision was regarded as 
 utterly unjust, and the bail as excessive. The bonds were 
 promptly given, and we dispersed to our homes. The men 
 appeared at the next Federal Court, but the case was not 
 called ; and upon inquiry it was found that no true bill 
 against them was found by the grand jury. And thus the 
 "Ku Klux Raid and What Came of It" came to a close. 
 
—TI- 
 THE NORTH CAROLINA MANUMISSION SOCIETY. 
 
 Perhaps it will be a matter of considerable surprise to 
 many, in fact a majority of the citizens of the State, to 
 know that the anti-slavery sentiment was ever strong 
 enough here to take the form of organized protest and 
 endeavor against the practice of slavery. And they would 
 be still more surprised to know that this was the case in 
 some of our most prominent counties, Nor was this sim- 
 ply the agitation of abolitionists just on the eve of the 
 great war, but it was organized and carried on in the early 
 part of this century. And it would be the occasion for 
 still greater surprise to know that this organization ever 
 reached so prominent a position as to receive such recogni- 
 tion from a similar general American Society, as to be asked 
 to present their views to the general society at Washington. 
 Yet such was the case. 
 
 The first record we have of this organization is the min- 
 utes of the several branches of the "Manumission Society" 
 in Guilford and Randolph counties, which met at "Center 
 Meeting House" July 19, 1816. This name it retained for 
 two or three years ; but there seems to have been some 
 discontent with the limited sphere of work which was im- 
 plied in the name, and after several unimportant changes 
 the name was finally agreed upon and the society became 
 known as the "Manumission and Colonization Society of 
 North Carolina." And by this name it would have been 
 known if the attempt, on the part of some of the members, 
 to have the society incorporated had succeeded, but it was 
 not seconded by a majority and so the project failed. 
 
 In the matter of organization, the aim of the society was 
 to have, in the various townships, as many local branches 
 as was possible. These were all entitled to send delegates 
 to the General Society which met twice a year, alternating 
 between Dee]) River and Center Meeting Houses. The 
 local branches were usually called by the name of the 
 * 'meeting house" at which their meetings were held, and 
 
—72— 
 
 they seem to have been carried on in nearly all the most 
 populous communities of the two counties. These branches- 
 were allowed representation based on membership, and 
 their delegates were elected for certain terms just as the 
 other officers of the Society. 
 
 Among those who were present at the first meeting in 
 1816, we may notice the familiar names of Swain, Menden- 
 hall. Sherwood and Worth, along with many others. The 
 election of permanent officers resulted in choosing Moses 
 Swain for President, Thomas Sherwood for Clerk, and 
 Hugh Sherwood for Treasurer. 
 
 Upon a call of the local branches, it was found that the 
 aggregate membership of the General Society of 147. At 
 the Sejjtember meeting in 1817 the whole number of mem- 
 bers was reported at 256. In April, 1819, the total mem- 
 bership was estimated at 281. From this date until 1822 
 there were regular meetings, but in that year there were 
 two attempts to hold sessions, but were both failures. 
 This marks the first flagging of the zeal of the Society, 
 
 In 1824 there began to be agitated the question of the 
 advisability of longer continuing the organization, and also 
 in that year a committee was appointed to meet a State 
 Abolition Society and to try to effect a consolidation of the 
 two societies ; this design was never carried out. 
 
 In September, 1825, the whole number of members was 
 placed at 497, and in addition to the regular branches, a 
 female society, located in the vicinity of Jamestown, was 
 reported, and the Society resolved to recognize it as an 
 auxiliary. From this time on there were, at various meet- 
 ings, addresses and papers presented by this auxiliary to 
 the General Society, and scarcely a meeting passed with- 
 out there being adopted some suitable resolution in com- 
 mendation of the work being done by the female society, 
 and it continually furnishes a subject for praise to the 
 President in his semi-annual address. 
 
 In March, 1826, we see a name somewhat more noted than 
 
—73— 
 
 the others when Wm. Swain was elected Secretary. There 
 are no other occurrences of importance until 1828, when a 
 committee on that subject recommended the division of the 
 Society into two societies, and that there thiis be formed 
 Eastern and Western sections. Whether this was ever 
 done, does not apjDear on the records. Nothing more 
 worthy of note in the internal history of the Society is 
 shown until 1834, when the question of longer continuing 
 the Society again arose and, after a rather prolonged de- 
 bate, it was decided that, as the Society had not yet 
 accomplished all it started out to do, it would be wise to 
 discontinue. Here the record ceases and we are left to 
 suppose that the resolution was immediately carried into 
 effect. 
 
 Such is a brief history of the Society, but not of its work, 
 and there remains to be treated yet the various under- 
 takings and how it went about carrying them out. Its 
 plans and methods will give us not only an insight into the 
 workings of the Society, but their success will throw great 
 light upon the state of public sentiment on the question 
 that was afterwards to become vital in the United States. 
 
 In the preamble to their constitution they ask whether 
 they are acting in accord with the time-honored principles 
 of liberty in holding slaves ; and then declare their adher- 
 ence to the Declaration of 1776, and that all men are 
 entitled to freedom without reference to race or color, and 
 the more enlightened men are, the greater disgrace in 
 keeping our fellow-men in bondage. With such a declara- 
 tion of principles as this they were positively committed 
 to an aggressive campaign in the interest of freedom. 
 
 The Society was primarily and pre-eminently a Maun- 
 mission Society. Of course it was out of its power to do 
 anything effective along this line further than the dissem- 
 ination of literature on the subject, and in every way 
 possible to strive to stir up the consciences of men. It did 
 not attempt or profess to be a political organization, and 
 
 10 
 
—74— 
 
 only once do we find it discussing tlie issue as a political 
 one, and then it was on tlie question as to whetlier the 
 voting for candidates for legislature who were not in favor 
 of emancipation was an impeachable offence. We are not 
 told how it was decided, the record only saying that the 
 seventh article of by-laws was struck out, but as this arti- 
 cle does not touch that part of the subject, it does not 
 throw any light on the subject. 
 
 One of the most effective means of arousing public senti- 
 ment in favor of manumission, was of course, to be through 
 I)rinting, and so at the very first meeting there was ap- 
 pointed a committee to superintend all printing. At the 
 second meeting this committee read a letter from Mr. Jo. 
 Grales, the editor of the Raleigh Register, in which he 
 declined to print an article they had sent him, on the 
 grounds that the subject was one on which the people of 
 the State were not then in a temper to bear discussion ; 
 also because it might produce consequences of a direful 
 nature by falling into the hands of the slaves, many of 
 whom, he says, can read. Notwithstanding his refusal, 
 though he did not openly espouse their cause, yet he ex- 
 X)ressed the wish that an end could be put to the practice 
 of slavery, but, according to his opinion, it must be 
 brought about by gradual means. 
 
 This refusal led to a proposition to establish a printing 
 X>ress subject to their own control. This was never carried 
 into effect, but later we find an order to print and distrib- 
 ute free "The Friend of Peace," copies of which had been 
 sent them by the Ohio Peace Society. They also stepped 
 outside their proscribed bounds and discussed the printing 
 of a pamphlet on war, which may be accounted for, how- 
 ever, by the strong Quaker sentiment that was predomi- 
 nant in the Society. They also seem to have reached the 
 conclusion of the editor of the Register, and we find them 
 ordering the printing of an essay in the East Tennessee 
 Patriot which should set forth the views of the Society, as 
 
—75— 
 
 it was not seasonable to publish it in this State. It may- 
 be well to mention just here that there was a similar society 
 in Tennessee, and that a special committee had been ap- 
 j)ointed to carry on a correspondence with it, and some 
 very encouraging reports were received from that State. 
 Besides numerous other articles which were ordered printed, 
 a committee was appointed to draw up a paper setting forth 
 the comparative value of free and slave labor. And at 
 another time the branches are all advised to subscribe for 
 Benj. Lundy's "The Genius of Universal Emancipation." 
 
 Another department of work which naturally suggested 
 itself, from the name under which they worked for a while, 
 would be the encouragement of colonization and the render- 
 ing of pecuniary aid to such enterprises ; but this part of 
 the work does not seem to have met with a very hearty 
 response on the part of the members. Perhaps the im- 
 practicability of such a scheme readily presented itself to 
 their extremely practical minds. At any rate, we find few 
 references to this part of it. At different times the scheme 
 is mentioned in the addresses of the President. At one 
 time he recommends Hayti, and at another time French 
 Guina, for colonization i^urposes. Also at one meeting a 
 motion was made and carried to send money to General 
 Colonization Society. This seems to have been the extent 
 of the aid and interest. 
 
 The Society also, at one of its earliest meetings, ordered 
 the appointment of a commission to examine the laws of 
 the different States and to make extracts of any parts re- 
 lating to slavery. 
 
 At a later meeting the question of kidnaping was dis- 
 cussed, as was also the expediency of examining into 
 certain cases of this kind which had been reported, and of 
 trying to enforce the law against the practice. Later a 
 standing committee was appointed to act in all cases of the 
 kind that were reported to them, and they were instructed 
 to inquire into certain cases of jjersons who were reported 
 
—76— 
 
 to be held in bondage illegally ; the Society agreeing to 
 bear all expenses of the investigation. 
 
 The President, in his address in April, 1821, states that 
 New Garden was making the experiment in the tuition of 
 colored children in schools by themselves, and expressed 
 the wish that it might be successful, and a committee on 
 that matter reported favorably, recommending that the 
 Society take steps to the same end. Along this same line 
 was a resolution asking the slave-owners to teach their 
 slaves how to take care of themselves. But afterwards a 
 protest against the use of slave labor in the construction 
 of the proposed railroad was indetinitely postponed, which 
 virtually amounted to killing the proposition. 
 
 As another method of stirring up the public, it was sug- 
 gested that a corresi3ondence be entered into with the 
 various religious organizations, and accordingly persons 
 were appointed to write to the Baptists, Methodists, Pres- 
 byterians and Moravians, and seem to have met with very 
 hearty sympathy and assurances. At a later date the 
 Society drew up a petition for the Baptists, asking the 
 legislature to grant negroes license to preach, with certain 
 restrictions. 
 
 Correspondence had also been opened with various abo- 
 lition societies, and with the Bible and peace societies. 
 They also sent out an address to the various branches to 
 which they were asked to secure signers, and to have it 
 forwarded to Congress. At a subsequent meeting two 
 hundred and sixty names were reported as secured and 
 sent to Thomas Settle, who was the representative at 
 Washington. 
 
 To show the temper of the Society and the ardor of some 
 of its members, it will not be out of place to quote the 
 following from the minutes : 
 
 "There were two essays introduced from Reedy Fork 
 branch, one entitled 'An apology for becoming a Manu- 
 mission member, ' and the other comparing some among 
 
—77— 
 
 christian professors with Mohometans as far as respects 
 slavery, which were read, approved and directed to be 
 signed by the President and Secretary on behalf of the 
 Society, and that they be forwarded on to the editor of the 
 Emancipator for publication." 
 
 In August, 1830, it was reported and approved in open 
 session, that there was nothing libellous in the article for 
 which W. L. Garrison was indicted and convicted, and 
 that he did not overstep the liberty of speech guaranteed 
 to him by the Constitution, and the committee recommend 
 that the Association enter its protest against the unconsti- 
 tutional decision in Gfarrison's case. 
 
 Toward the latter part of its existence, the meetings of 
 the Society were conducted in somewhat the form of a 
 debate on certain questions suggested by a committee for 
 that purpose. These questions all relate in some way to 
 the question of slavery ; either the means of getting rid of 
 it, or of arousing sentiment concerning it, or of a citizen's 
 duty concerning it. But as they were always with one 
 accord on the same side, they must have partaken of the 
 nature of harangues instead of debates. 
 
 Chas. C. Weaver. 
 
 JOHN S. CAIRNS, ORNITHOLOGIST. 
 
 North Carolina has produced many men of genius whose 
 lives gave rich prospects of fame and usefulness, who 
 doubtless would have brought honor and glory to the 
 shrine of the "Old North State;" but when life has 
 seemed most hopeful to them, when their work has begun, 
 as it appeared, to cast upon them the halo of success, they 
 have been snatched away from the merited renown of this 
 world to the rest and greater glory of the Unknown. The 
 lamented Fuller, with his thirty ideal years of a faithful 
 life, and the invalid Gillespie, struggling against the evils 
 of a life-devouring disease for the calling of his muse, are 
 illustrations of this lamentable fact — this law of Fate. 
 
—78— 
 
 It is not of one who showed talents for the work of the 
 poet, the statesman, or the orator that I now write, but of 
 one who had gifts which promised him a station of note in 
 the scientific world. 
 
 John S. Cairns was bom February 10, 1862, at Lawrence^ 
 Mass. He was of Scotch parentag-e. His father had left 
 *'the banks and braes'^ of "bonnie Scotland" for the new 
 prosperity of America. Being an intelligent, well-read 
 man, he and his faithful wife brought with them a large 
 and valuable stock of Scotch ideas of work and industry, 
 
 Mr. Cairns, when his son was about eight years of age, 
 moved to Western Carolina, taking charge of some woolen 
 mills several miles from Asheville. Here, in the very 
 heart of nature, among the mountains of our own Carolina, 
 the subject of this sketch found his life work. He early 
 showed much interest in natural history. So absorbed 
 was he in this work, that he could not be prevailed upon 
 to pay strict attention to school studies. Whenever the 
 young lover of nature found an opportunity, he would 
 steal away to observe the habits of the wild animals. 
 Adam Moss might have been speaking for him when he 
 said : "As one goes early to a concert hall with a passion 
 even for the preliminary tuning of the musicians, so my 
 ear sits alone in the vast amphitheatre of Nature and waits 
 for the earliest warble of the blue-bird, which seems to 
 start up somewhere behind the heavenly curtains." 
 
 At eighteen, he began his collections, the finest of North 
 Carolina specimens. Henceforth his life is an illustration 
 of a noble devotion to a high aim ; what Philix^s Brooks 
 might well call "Deep calling unto Deep;" that longing 
 in the mind of man to reach out and lay hold upon the 
 heart of Nature — to learn of her, to read her lessons, to 
 solve her problems, to hear the music of her many voices 
 which but forms a part of the great symphony of God. 
 His work was all done under great difficulties. His family 
 were opposed to his wanderings among the mountains in 
 
—79— 
 
 search of specimens. Then it was hard for him to secure 
 the best books to aid him in the iirst steps of his studj'. 
 He was shamefully cheated in his first efforts at exchanges 
 and classifications by men who cared less for the science 
 and more for ^'the loaves and fishes," And not least of 
 all, he was compelled to support himself w^hile at work. 
 ^Notwithstanding these difficulties, he obeyed his call with 
 the characteristic zeal of the true scientist, and nature 
 greatly rewarded him for his interest in her behalf. 
 
 His work was done entirely in Western North Carolina. 
 Here is one of the vastest and richest fields for ornitholog- 
 ical study in America. Every hill and dale has a separate 
 family of birds ; each woodland discloses new secrets to 
 discourage the heart of the observer. Mr. Cairns went to 
 work with an untiring zeal and vigilance. As the result 
 of his labors, many thousand skins and eggs have been 
 added to our zoological museums. To him, more than to 
 any one else, is indebted our knowledge of the Western 
 Carolina birds, a region differing very much in this, as in 
 other respects, from Eastern Carolina. He discovered a 
 rare species of the Acadian owl, before unknown to be 
 native to our State. Many were the days and nights he 
 siDent among the rugged Black Mountains and other ranges 
 in pursuit of his favorite work. 
 
 In every particular, Mr. Cairns obeyed the divine com- 
 mand, "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy 
 might. ' ' His early collections, he sold. His last collection 
 numbers about one thousand skins and fifteen hundred 
 eggs. Many of these have been separated from the main 
 body ; yet it is wonderful to stand and view the remains 
 of his work at his home at Weaverville. So well did he 
 obey the "God-given mandate, 'Work thou in well-doing,' " 
 that the Smithsonian Institution, the New York Museum, 
 Harvard, and the State Museum of North Carolina consid- 
 ered it a favor to receive his collections. Not only this, 
 but he had correspondence with the leading ornithologists 
 
—so- 
 ot this country and made exchanges not only with his own 
 countrymen, but also with those of foreign lands. He was 
 a member of the American Ornithologists Union. 
 
 Unfortunately for science, he, to a certain extent, pos- 
 sessed the peculiarly reticent nature of his great fellow- 
 scientist, Thoreau. Herjce it is that very little of his work 
 has appeared in print. His friends desired him to publish 
 a book on North Carolina Ornithology, but he would not. 
 He could not be prevailed upon to write for magazines, 
 except at the special request of the editors. But as has 
 been said of the recluse of Walden Pond, "He saw as with 
 a microscope, heard as with an ear-trumpet, and his mem- 
 ory was a photographic register of all he saw and heard." 
 Of his magazine articles, two are in the Ornithologist and 
 Oologist on the Birds of Buncombe County, North Caro- 
 lina. He also wrote a valuable article on the Black- 
 Throated Blue- Warbler. He furnished many lists to C. 
 Hart Mirriam, Director of the Department of Ornithology, 
 at Washington. From observation and personal study he 
 made a classified list of the birds of Western North Caro- 
 lina, a copy of which is now in the Trinity Historical 
 Museum. 
 
 But the greatest and best thing that can be said of Mr. 
 Cairns is that he was authentic. Many so-called scientists 
 make reports of birds and animals they have not seen, but 
 only read of or imagined they have seen. Mr. Cairns was 
 a careful observer. He never made a statement unless he 
 had a specimen to support his assertion — never entered 
 into a discussion without convincing evidence that he was 
 right. He was the indirect means of teaching the Academy 
 of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia the proper identifica- 
 tion of the wild turkey. So skilled was he that he could 
 easily identify birds by their mode of flight. 
 
 Speaking of him and his work, Mr. William Brewster, 
 of Cambridge, says: "Of all the correspondents whom I 
 have had during an experience of more than twenty years. 
 
—Si- 
 Mr. Cairns has proved himself to be one of the most help- 
 ful and kind. His generosity has been simply boundless. 
 He has done far more than any other one man to advance 
 our knowledge of the birds of Western North Carolina, 
 and his loss to ornithologists is a heavy one." 
 
 Like our own Dr. Mitchell, his life was not only spent 
 in the service of science, but it was lost in it. In June, 
 1895, while searching for some rare specimens among the 
 Black Mountains, he became separated from his party. 
 When he did not return, a search was made. After many 
 hours of weary toil and anxious expectation, he was found 
 lying by the trunk of a lar^e tree, his head pillowed upon 
 a bed of moss, and life extinct. While knocking the 
 fungus from a log with his gun, it was discharged, killing 
 him instantly. The place where he died is but a few miles 
 from where the lifeless body of Dr. Mitchell was found. 
 His remains were brought back to his home and buried 
 with Masonic honors in the village cemetery, where the 
 birds sing their requiem above the still heart that loved 
 them so well. 
 
 The Auk, the organ of the American Ornithologists 
 Union, in commenting upon the death of Mr. Cairns, says : 
 •'His untimely and sad death is a distinct loss to ornithol- 
 ogy. Fortunately, some of his notes, so generously sent to 
 ornithologists with whom he was in correspondence, may 
 yet see the light.'' Had his life been prolonged he would 
 doubtless have given us a valuable and useful scientific 
 work. 
 
 "But Nature never did betray the heart that loved her." 
 Cairns and Mitchell, in their zeal to serve her, lost their 
 lives. And we can but trust that "beyond the Orient 
 meadows of Eternity" they rest upon the slopes of Mount 
 Zion, "which abideth forever," and the secrets they longed 
 to fathom here are revealed to them there, and they know 
 "as we are known." 
 
 To bear witness of Mr. Cairns' noble labors in behalf of 
 11 
 
—82— 
 
 the cause he loved so well, there renuiius a large collection 
 of sxiecimeiis. This is beyond a doubt the finest of North 
 Carolina bird museums. Many organizations have already 
 attempted to secure it. But let us as North Carolinians 
 guard this collection as one of the treasures of our State, 
 nor allow it to go bej'ond our borders. We would rejoice 
 to know that Trinity could make this valuable acquisition 
 to her store of scientific possessions. 
 
 W. K. Boyd. 
 
—83— 
 
 BOOK NOTICES. 
 
 Guide to the Study of American History. By Profs. Edward Chaunning 
 and Albert Bushnells Hart, Harvard University. (Boston: Ginn & Co. 1896. 
 Pp xvi 471). Students in American history have long felt the need of some 
 such book as this. The development of the method of research in studying 
 American history and the accumulation of an immense number of books 
 on this subject have made a guide for the student a matter of necessity. 
 Such a work would relieve the teacher of much drudgery, as well as give the 
 advanced student a single view of the literature that he must handle. 
 It would also be of service to a large number of students who have not the 
 opportunity of wide reading at college or university. This want has been 
 met by Profs. Chauning and Hart. Drawing from their experiences at Har- 
 vard they have given in convenient compass much valuable information in 
 regard to teaching history, a comprehensive working bibliography, and a 
 long list of topics in colonial and national history. The work can but be 
 considered an advance step in the study of American llistor^^ 
 
 The United States of America, 1765-1865. By Prof. Edward Channing, 
 Harvard University. (New York: Macmillan & Co. 1896. Pp. ix, 352). This 
 small work is intended primarily for the English public and in that sense it 
 ought to be a success. It takes a sane view of points that have caused per- 
 plexity and is free from the blindness of national vanity. The origin of the 
 Revolution is treated with broadness and the outbreak of the civil war is 
 fairly put. As an outline for college classes in which much parallel reading 
 is done Prof. Channing's work ought also to be a success. It will, however, 
 be found too much abridged for the general reader. 
 
 The True George IVashington. By Paul Leicester Ford (Philadelphia: 
 Lipincott. 1896. Pp.319). Much of the heroic has undoubtedly encumbered 
 the biographies of Washington. He has been deified and the reader has not 
 always gotten what Mr. Ford would call a "true" picture — by which he seems 
 really to mean a common-place picture. The worst part of this book is the 
 title. One can applaud Mr. Ford for making this picture; for there are a 
 large number of people who will be glad to know the minute facts of Wash- 
 ington's life, how he ate, how many teeth he had pulled, and the small talk 
 about his private relations with women : but it will be hard to forgive that 
 satisfied spirit which makes him consider his own the only "true" Washing- 
 ton. Apart from this there is much that is good in this book. It is based on 
 a careful study of the Washington correspondence. The pictures of Wash 
 ington's "Social Life," "Friends," "Enemies," "Tastes and Amusements," 
 etc., are clear, easy, and but for a, perhaps unavoidable, lack of continuity 
 the}' would be very interesting. 
 
 Historical Briefs. By James Schouler, with Biograph)-. (New York: 
 Dodd, Meade & Co 1896. Pp. viii 310). The many readers of the works of 
 this indefatigable writer and genial gentleman will be glad to .see this volume. 
 It contains his most considerable magazine articles of recent years, besides 
 two essays "Historic Monographs'' and "Historic Style" which are here 
 
—84— 
 
 printed for the first time. To these has been added a Biography. The fugitive 
 works of a man who has attained equal distinction in legal and historical 
 literature ought to interest the general public. Here we have Mr. Schouler 
 in his most intimate relation. His quiet and strong personality appears in 
 every paragraph First in the series of essays is that on Francis Parkman, 
 a faithful picture of a faithful man and writer. It is, however, the biographj' 
 of Mr. Schouler that will most interest historical students. His life has been 
 a busy one. Perhaps it is from his Scotch ancestry that he gets his power of 
 work. The famil}', it may be said, is not German, as it so often supposed, 
 and the name is pronounced "Schooler" and not 'Schuler." A consulting 
 lawyer in Boston, the auther of several standard books in legal subjects, law 
 lecturer, historian in no mean sense, lecturer in history, and writer on ques- 
 tions of passing political interests — these are the sides of this man's life. In 
 each line of thought he has made many friends. Perhaps none of his friends 
 will more appreciate this timely volume than those younger men, now in 
 many parts of the world, who have sat under his faithful instruction at 
 Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 Life of Braxton Craven. By Prof. Jerome Dowd, Trinity College, (N C)- 
 (Raleigh, N. C: Edwards &Broughton. 1896. Pp. 246). If the life of any 
 North Carolinian ought to be written it is that of Dr. Craven. In the hearing 
 of the writer no man has been so often pronounced our greatest native cit- 
 izen as Dr. Craven. His struggles in boyhood, his mastery of opposition, 
 his loving work for young men, his sacrifices for education, and his death for 
 Trinity College, the child of his hopes — all these measure his strength. 
 Prof. Dowd has brought to his work much patience, love, wisdom, and in- 
 sight. He has made a faithful picture. Dr. Craven began life as a poor boy 
 in Randolph county, N. C. He came from the section which sixty years 
 earlier had been the home of the Regulators. It was a democratic rej^ion 
 and had almost no slaves. Had the boy been born in a section dominated by 
 the slave -holding class he would not have had an opportunity of self develop- 
 ment. As it was he was taken by Nathen Cox, a kind hearted farmer of 
 Quaker tendencies, sent for a time to the neighborhood school, and at length 
 given a full opportunity to start even with the other boys in the community. 
 The life of Dr. Craven cannot fail to be interpreted as a protest against 
 slavery. 
 
 The Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. By Philip 
 A. Bruce, Corresponding Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society. (New 
 York: Macmillan & Co. 2 vols. 1896. Pp. xix. 634, vi. 647). Adequate space 
 is not given here to review so pretentious a work as this. Ever since the 
 appearance of Weeden's Ecomomic History of New England historical stu- 
 dents have desired that some one would conduct a similar investigation in 
 the southern colonies. Mr. Bruce, enjoying excellent faculties in connec- 
 tion with his position as Corresponding Secretary of the Virginia Historical 
 Society, has undertaken this task for Virginia. He has succeeded in produc- 
 ing a valuable work of two solid volums. It is to be regretted that he has 
 found it necessary to coufine his investigations to the seventeenth century. 
 
—85— 
 
 Itistohelioped that the work may be continued beyond that limit and brought, 
 according to the original purpose of the author, down to the civil war. Its 
 scope may be indicated by the titles of some of the chapters: "Aboriginal 
 Virginia, Its Physical Character;" "Indian Economy;" "Agricultural Devel- 
 opment;" "System of Labor, the Servant — the Slave;" "Domestic Econ- 
 omy;'' "Relative Value of Estates;" "Manufactured Supplies;" "Money" 
 and "The Town." The style is not easy. Perhaps, it could not be made 
 easy with such a mass of facts as is necessarily presented. The work is for 
 .students. It is a mine of information, not a machine of pleasure. It wil' 
 stimulate research in Southern history and will afford writers of the history 
 of other States than Virginia a basis of comparison that cannot fail to be of 
 great benefit. Besides this, it is of much interest to North Carolinians; for 
 until the eighteenth century North Carolina life diflfered in no important 
 sense from that of Virginia. 
 
 The Beginning of a Nation, with Special Reference to the Life and Char 
 acter of the People. By Edward Eggleston. (New York: D. Appleton & 
 Co. 1S96. Pp. xi. 377). Historical students have been expecting this work 
 for some time. The reputation of the author as a writer of culture history 
 makes its appearance a matter of interest. A number of articles on this phase 
 of our history were published by Mr. Eggleston in the Century Magazine in 
 1S92 From these he has drawn to some extent, yet the volume is substan- 
 tiallj' new. It comes fresh with the tone of the author's best manner, and 
 holds one with the interest of Parkman's delightful style. It is clear, lively, 
 and human. It has a rich background of life. He who reads it with the 
 sense of an antiquarian may be disappointed; for it omits many of the minute 
 points of the narrative. But the reader with a merely normal impulse, 
 scholarly or otherwise, will find it very attractive. It is said in the preface that 
 this volume is the result of many years of patient investigation. It treats 
 of the colonies up to 1650. It is to be followed by others of like nature. 
 How many are to be expected or how great a period is to be covered — we are 
 not informed. It is to be hoped that the period will be long. It is impossi- 
 ble not to mention, also, the excellent manner in which the book is printed 
 and the reasonable price for which it is offered. 
 
 John S. Bassett. 
 
—86— 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE. 
 
 LITERARY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Courses of study in Latin, Greek, German, French, English 
 Literature, History, Political Science, Mathematics, Econ- 
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 Mineralogy, Astronomy and Bible. 
 
 COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The course of study in this department is broad, and pre- 
 pares students for the grasp of the larger business questions 
 of the day. It is arranged for those young men who can 
 spend only a year at college, and who do not wish to take a 
 literary course.^ 
 
 Recent donations of One Hundred and Two Thousand 
 Dollars to the endowment fund. 
 
 BUILDINGS ARE NEW, COMMODIOUS 
 AND ELEGANT. 
 
 Students are brought in touch with the highest cultural 
 life. 
 
 Superior educational advantages secured in the location of 
 the College. 
 
 Two Hundred Thousand Dollars ($200,000) have been spent 
 in past five years upon the buildings and their equipments. 
 
 Expenses very low. Send for Catalogue. 
 
 JNO. C. KILGO, President, 
 
 DURHAM, N. C.