=a AK ^< ) ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL GRAMMAR il OF THK }l I f J) ENG^^H LAMUAGE. >^ 4 BY REV. PETER BULLION, D. D. REVISED RV ^Itev.fJ. CRAVEN, D.D, ^ KALEIGH : PUBLISHED BY THE N. C. CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE PUBUSHINQ COMPA]^y. 1S64. Ic!,.v P^' -'^ ik T^U TI R \) J\^''i THE ETHEL CARR PEACOCK MEMORIAL COLLECTION Main's amori monumentum TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY DURHAM, N. C. 1903 Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Drcd Peacock f •.. Tk.. DUi 1903 Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Dred Pc^ AX ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL 11 GRAMMAR OF THE! ENGL.18II LANGUAGE. Ry Rev. PETER BUI.LIONS, D. R. REVISED BY Rev. B. CRAVEX, D. D, S RALEIGH, N. C. rUGLTSHED BY THE N. C. CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE ^ PUBLISHING COMPANY. ^ 1864. ra:H'=r fti'rqnri -^y-^r einT ^eiljoS ?.'/■ J of tff jiiorft (siift'jorfaB ;::;r; ,i..y;r:i».r rf-v 'iii^ ;:• ; - 'iuJafffl^ no •' 7/T; i.'f -ft. ; ly tij.'^ iV'j': r.: ! . / ^^\i:;xirJi ,^AV GRAMMAR "t:^l3^4&iiA^4& fe(!)tii> sCiliNCt and'ai? A^ "^ f] 2. 4-S; a-j scjENCE; it investigates the priiici'gtos*'of lan- guage in general :*as tin art, it teaches the right method of applying these principles to a prtrticular hmgnage, so •as thereby, to express our thoughts in a com-ect and proper manner^ xt eCicyjcUjig to. .Q^JjibliBh^ed. usage^ ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 3; English -Grammar IB the' art 'of speaking a-iid Nvrit- ing the English language with propriety. 4. Language is either spoken or written. 5. The elements of spoken language, are vocal and articulate souads... - - .^'^r.:r 9fif :i.l v^codjcqi-i'i A C. The elements of written language, are characlei^' oi' 'kacrs which represent these sounds. 7. Letters are formed into i-yllables and words . words into sen- tences ; and by these, properly uttered or written, mcii communi- cate their, 'houghts to eaeh other. 8. G|iAM$j^ is divided into four parts; namely, Or- thography, which treats of letters ) Etymology, ol\\ ox (\^ ; Syntax, Qi-:ti^i^nQ^'^^r\d,{Bro&)dy, of^locution -and vcr- r^itication,''' ■ rov .■■• -ciAi-n --A ■■■/.rA '-fl',. . .,- I,-...',-. EXG-LI6H GRAMMAE. PARTI. OBTIIOtfEAPitt; ORTHOGRArHY teachcs the rature and powers of Let- ters, and the correct method of spelling words. A Letter is a cimriictor represeating a particular sound of tlie Ijuman voice. ' - ' There are 2f?0(?ft/y-5/x letters in tlic Kn^^lish Alphabet. * Lot tors' are either Vowels or Consdnants. ' '■- A ' VoWfe?] is ti' letter which' repffesents a simple iimHiculdLtc Boufid:aiid in a' word or syllable may be sounded alone. They arc a, e, i, o, u, and to and y. not beginning a syllable. A Cons^onant is a letter which represents an ariictUaie sound: and in a word or syllable is never sounded alone, but always in connection witli a vowel. They are b, c, d,f, ff, hj, k, I, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, V, X, z, and w and y beginning a sylbible. A Diphthong is the onion '(^" two vowels in one sound. Thcy arc of two kinds, proper and improper. A Proper Diphthong is one in which both the /VOwcls are sounded, as cum out; oiin oil ; oiv in cou\ An Lnpropsr Diphthong or digraph is one in which only one of the vOwjbIs is. sounded, as ou in court; oa in mat. A Triphthong is Ihe union of three vowels in one sound as eau . ■■■■.■■.)■• ') .*">iij '•vyyj . :■■ • ■;_■': • THE POWERS OF, l4ET!]p;E]?.,S. .,, ^.^.^.j .; Ill analyzing words into t^eir elenrentiary BOiancls,''iV^ neces- sary to distinguish between the name of ia'le tier audits jjomnc;-. ■^ The name of a letter ia that by whioh it is nsnally called ; as A, hp', sc, de, &'c. ■ -' ■ '^^' '*' ^-' '' "'''' . /• ^ '• Thej^owgy of ftVelter i'8 the.effe^t which it hfaft; elitk^ by itself or combined with other letters, in forming a word or syllable. ORTHOaRAPHr, sPEi^ma. Spelling is the art of expressing a word by its prop^ er letters, and rightly ^iividing it into syllables. The OrthDgraphy of the EngHah language is so anomaious* and in many cases arbitrary, that proficiency in it can be acquir- rd only by practice and the use of the Spelling book or Dictiona- ry. — The following rules are of a general character, though even to these there may be a few exceptions, RULES rOR SPELLING WORDS. EuLE 1. MoDo^syilablos and words accented on the last Bj'Uable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a short vowel, double that consonant before aa ad- ditional syllabic beginning with a vowel; as, rob^ ruh bcr ; admit, admittance^ admitttd. Es^cept 5; and 7f, which are never doubled, ,■o^ ,,^Vxv/.y^.ri .o ■y:l^i^^y^\ But when a diphthong- precedes, or the accent is no* on the last syllable, the consaiiant is not doubled u^ boil^ boiling, boiler ; ^;?'^^V, visited. « EuLE 2. Words ending with II generally drop one I before the tcrmintitions ness^ less, (y, arid fxdl; hu^^/ul ncss,s7ciUess,/u^^i/,sk'7/td. ■'' - -^^ ,^'0 ' EuLE 3. Words ending m ^"prececieciB^ a cor/so)§ar.t change^ into i before an additional letter or' syfla^^le ; a;^, .<:p^, spies ; happ?/. happier, happiest; carry, carr^er^ car- ried; fanvy^ fanciful. , ^^ ,, , ; ,., .',u/.\ ,.r V . / Exception 1. EatVv'ia' not' cliahged before ing ; as, deny, denying. . .,,••. ., ., .,,,,,,,,,-, ^,.. ^ Exception 2. v^ords cndiug i,iL,^ pi^eceded by a vow- el, retain the y unchanged ; ns, hoy. bo^/s^ hoyiah, boyhood. Exceptions. Lay, pay, sa3% make, laid, paid, said. Other rules for' spelling, are, encumbered with so many ex- ceptious a^ to render them nearly useless. They are therefore omitted. 8 - SNGLISH GRAMMAR. PART II. ETTMOLOGY. 10. EtymolooT treats of the different sorts of xv'oi'Js, . ■ ■ 1 . ' - • ■ • ■ ..•'■■'-'--. J' i their various modification?, and their derivations. , WbEDS. ''■- il, A -Word is an articnkte sound used by common consent HS the sign of an idea. 12. Wonls, in respect to their Forynation, aro either Primitive OT Derivaiive, Simjole or Compound. -" ■ ' 13. A Primitive word is one that is not derived, from an^y^^ther word in tbe language; as, bey, Just, father. :'■ aiKOl crlt .q^- 14. A Derivative word is one that is- dc?i\red'-from i'oaie 'otlier word; a?, boyish, justice, fatherly. [■/:?.\:ic'- ' .''' Jj-^. 15. A >Sj7n;j^e word is one that is not combined iWltiLjafl^^ptjJfer ■word; as, man, house, cify. ..,'•.'., 16..A Compound wQvd is one that is^madeupof twioormpr^^ple -wovds ; AS, manhood, hprseman. ... . ~ .. - . 17.' Words, in respect of JPbm,ai^ either' l)e€ltmihWx)r Indeclinable. . ;^^ . ,.. .u- 18. A Dedipabl^ word is one which un(iei!goe^cc'rto.in-ch(i|)ge8 'otfdrm 'orYermihaHd'tht'io expreiis the different rciiitions'^rgen-' der, number, case, person, &g., usually termed in 'Grn.mmar Accidents ; as, 77i£rM, men ; love, loves, hvecL '''^'^■ •'19. fn the changes which they undergo, Nouna artd Prioiiotios are^^said to he^declmed, Vierbs, to be inflected. •' ^ ■-" - -^' 20iAri' Indwell hahlevHyrd. is one which undergoes tfo'c^Vanj^o of 'p>tta\ SkB, good, some, perlt'0. A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing ; aa, John, London, book. Hence, The names of persons, places, or tUngs, are Nouns. 31. Nouns are of two kinds, Proper and Common. 82. A Proper Noun is the name applied to an individual only ; as, John, London, America, the Ohio. 33. A Common Noun is a name applied to all things of the same sort ; as, man, chair, table, book. OBSERVATIONS ON NOUNS. 34. When a proper noun is used to denote a whole class, it be- comes common, and generally has an article before it; as, "The t^relve Ccesars," " He is the Ckero of his Jige," " A Daniel come to judgment." 35. Common nouns become proper when personified, and a^s^ when used as proper names; us, Hail, Liberty! The Park, 30. Under common nouns are usually ranked — 1. Collective nouns, or nouns ot multitude, which signify many in the singular number ; as, army, people. 2. Abstract nouns, or names of qualities . as, 'picty, wickedness. o. Verbal nouns, or the names of actions. &c. , as, reading, writing, sleeping. 4. Diminutive nouns, or nouns derived from other nouns, and denoting a small one of the kind ; as, stream, streamlet', leaf, leaflet : liHl, hillock, &c. , ETy:.I0LOGY— NOUKS. ll 37. To iho class of nouns belongs everything, wlitther word, leU«r, mark, or character, of w'aieh vya c{iu thiafe, speak, or write, regarded merely as an object of thougli , even wiieo. as sometimes happens, we do not give itanaxe. Thus M'hfn w*. say, *'Good" is aa adjective, a is 8 vowel, 6 id a consonant, A is a capita- 4 is an even number, i is a frac- tion, ? is a mark of interrogation— C'oorf, a, 6,^,4, i,*?, are all to be re- garded as n('ung. S**. Remark — A noun is also called ^ suhatantive But this term for convenience is hp^re ns^d in a m( re comprehensive sense, to mean nount, personal pronouns, or phrases used as noUQS, and usually called '' iub- . stantive i hrases." Thus in su^u a rule as this, "An adjective agrees with a substantive," : — Albany, city, tree, natioii,France, Phillip, dog, horse, house, garden, Dublin, Edinburarh. London, river, Hud- eon, Ohio, Thames, countries, America; England, Ire- land, Spain, sun. , 2. In the following sentences point out the nouns. Say why they aro nouns ; tell whether they aro proper or common, and why. Th'is : " Ta bJe" a noun, bccaujo thena"ao of a tniog; c-mmon, because applied to all things of the sam^ port. The table and chairs in this room belong to John ; the book-case,\vriting-desk,and books, to his brother. Time and tide wait for no miiu. 3. Writ9 a short true sentence with each of the following words; Man, pen, Confederacy, tree, June, fish, religion, heav- en, riches, rair.. QUESTIONS. How many parts of spcrcii ? Name them. Namo th'ise that are declinable, rsame the indeclinable. What is a noun"? iJuw many kinds of nouns? What is a proper 'H.un ? What is a common noun ? Wiien does a proper noun bt'(3«>me com- mon ? What is a collective noun '^ An alstvact i f un ? A ver- bal uonn? A diminutive noun ? What other things luuy be regurdcd as nouns "? 12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ACCIDENTS OF THE NOUN. 39. To novins belong Person^ Gender^ Number, and Case. 1\,,7E.— These properties belong also to personal and relative pronouns. PERSON. 40. Person, in Grammar, is the distinction of nouns as used in discourse, to denote the speaker, the person or thing spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of.— Hence, 41. rhere are three persons, called Firsts Second and Third. 42. A noun is in the first person, when it denotes ihe speak- er; as,*' I, Pauf, have wriiten ii." 43. A noun is in the second person, when it denotes the per- son or thing addressed; as. " Thou, God, seest me."— " HaiJ, Liberty ! " 44. A noun is in the third person, when it denotes tlio person or tiling spoken of; as,^* Washhiffion waahrave,"--" TruiJiis mighty." 45. Remark. — The third person is used som'^times for tbe/r»<; as, «•' Thy 8en;aHt bfcaine surety for the lad to my father." Gen. xliv. 32 SometimeF,particularly in the language of supplioation, for the sec- ond; 3.8, " let not the Lord be angry." Gtn. xviii. 80. "Will the Lord bless us ! " OBSERVATIONS OX PERSON. 46. The first and the second person can belong only tonouns denoting persons, or things personified ; because persons only can speak or be spoken to. The third person may belong to all nouns. 47. A noun can be the subject of a verb only in the third person A noun in the Jirst or second person is never used as the subject of a verb, but only in apposition with the first or Ipecond personal pronoun, for the sake of explanation oreniph^v ETYMOLOGY — GENDER. 13 fiis ; and sometimes in the second person, without the pronoun,, as the object addressed, T QUESTIONS. What is person ? How many persons ? What does each per- son denote '! How can you ascertain the person of a noun ? Is the third person ever used for the first ? When can nouns be in the first or second persons ? When a noun is the subject of ft verb, in what person must it be ? GENDEFt. 48. Gender is the distinction of nouns -with regard to sex. 49. There arc three genders, Masculine, Feminine^ and Neuter. 50. Nouns denoting males are Masculine; as, man, boy. 51. Nouns denoting females are Feminine; as, wo- man, girl. 52. Nouns denoting neither males nor females, i. e., things without sex, are Neuter ; as, house, hook, tree. •53. Nouns which denote either raa!es or females, such as^a- rent, neighbor, friend, kc, are sometimes, for the sake of conve- nience, said to be of the Common Gender^ i. e., either masculine or feminine. 54. There arc three ways of didiaguiahing'the sexes. 1. Bv different words; as, Masculine. Feminine. Masculine, Feminine. Batchelor maid Horse mare Beau belle Husband wife Boy girl King queen Brother sister Lord lady BucH doe ^l?vn wQroan 4 14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Masculine!. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. Bull cow Master mistress Drake duck Nephew niece Earl countess Ram, buck ewe Father mother Son daughter Friar nun Stag hind Gander gooBe Uncle aunt Hart roe Wizard witch 2. By a difference of tormmation ; as, Masculine. Femini7ic. Masculine. Femiriine. Abbot abbess Landgrave landgravine Actor actress Lion lioness Administrator ad Jiinistratrix Marquis marchioness Adulterer adulteress Mayor mayoress Ambassador ambassadress Patron p'troness Arbiter arbitress Peer peeress Author authoress Poet poetess Baron baroness Prle^it priestess Bridegroom bride Princo princess Benefactor benefiictress Pricr prioress Count countess Prophet prophetess Deacon deanoness Protector protectress Duke duchess Sh^y-iiord shepherdess Elector electrcss Songster bongstress Emperor empress Sorcerer sorcerer Enchanter enchantress Suilaa ( sultana.or sul I taness Executor executrix. Governor governess Tiger tigress Heir heiress Traitor traitress Hero heroine Tutor tutoress Hunter hunhcss Viscount viscountess Host hostess Votary votaress Jew jowess Widower widow 3. By prefixing a distinguishing word ; as, Masculine. Feminine. • Sparrow. A cock 'iparrow. A he^i sparrow. Goat. A he goat. A she goat. Servant. A man Fprvant, A maid servant. ' Child. A wiaZe child. A female child. Desccpdants. Male deecendante Fma(edes«?endant8 ETYMOLOGY — GENDER. l5 OBSERVATIONS ON GENDER. 55. Many mascaliao nouns have no corresponding feminine; as, baher, brewer, &c. : and some feminine nouns have no corres- ponding masculine; as, laundress, seamstress, &.c. 56. Some nouns naturally neuter, are often, by a figure of speech, converted into the masculine or feminine; as, when we say of the sun, " He is setting;" of the moon, " She is eclipsgd;" or of a ship, " She sails.'* 57. In speaking of animals whose sex is not known to U6, or not re- garded, we assign the masculine gender to those distinguished for bold- ness, fidelity, generosity, size, strergth, &,c., as the dog, the horse, the elephant. On the other hand, we assign the feminine gender to animals characterized by weakness and timidity ; as, the hare, the cat. 68. In speaking of animals, particularly those of inferior size, we fre- quently consider them without sex, or of the neuter gender. Thus, of an infant, we say, "It is a lovely creature " 59. When the male and female is expressed by distinct terms; as. shepherd, shepherdess, the masculine term has sometimes also a gen- eral meaning, expressing both male and female, and is always to be used when the oflBce, profession, occupation, Ac, and not the sex of the individual, is chiefly to be expressed. The feminine term is used only when the discrimination of sex is necessary. Thus, when it is said, " the Poets of jthis country are distinguished for correctness of taste," the term "Poet" clearly includes hothmale and yema^ wri- ters of poetry. But, "the best Poetess of the age," would be said when speaking only of females. 60. Collective nouns, when the reference is to the aggregate as to one whole, or when they are in the plural number, are to be considered as neuter; but when the reference is to the ob- jects composing the collection as individuals, they take the gen- der of the individuals referred to. EXERCISES. 1. What is the feminine of — Father, prince, king, mas- ter, actor, friar, priest, heir, hero, Jew, host, hunter, sultan, executor, horse? 2. What is the masculine of — Lady, woman, girl, niece, nun, aunt, sister, mother, shepherdess, songstress, wid- ow? 1^' ENGLISH GEAMMAK. 3. Tell of what gender the following nouns tire, and why : Man,, horse, tree, field, father, house, mother, queen, count, lady, king, prince, castle, tower, river, stone, hen, goose. 4. Write a sentenca on each of the pracading words. QLESTIONS, What is Gender ? How many genders ? What does each denote? What is. meant by C(>mrfton gender? How many, Hud what are the different ways of distinguishing the gexl — Mention some masculine nouns that have no feminine. What gender is assigned to animals* of inferior size 1 What gfenera{ meaning do masculine terms sometimes have ^ When are col- lective nouns regarded as neuter ? NUMBER, 61. I^UMBER is that property of a noun by which it expresses one, or more than one. 62. Nouns have two numbers, the Singular and the PluraL The singular denotes one; Rf^y book, tree : ihei plural, more than one ; as, books, trees, GENERAL RULE. 63. The plural is commonly formed by adding s to the singular; a?*, booh^ books. SPECIAL KULKS. 04. liuLE 1. — Nouns ending in s, sh, ch, soft, z, x, or 0, form the plural by adding es ; txaMiss, 3fisses ; brush, brushes ; match, matches; topaz, topazes; fox, foxes; he- ro, heroes. 65. Exceptions. — Nouns in to, vo, and yo, have s or\\y \ cameo, cameos; folio, folins ; embryo, embin/os. So, also, canto, cantos. .lu.nt.o, ty.ro, grotto^ ppytipo, solo, I'ulo, quarto., forjinerly hacl ETYMOLOGY — NUMBER, 17 only s in the plural ; but now more eojumonly take es under the Rule: as, juflto/juntoe^, &b. Nouns in ch sounding like ky add 5^ only., as, monarch, monarchs. iOKii' -u , JXu'^ 66. VVhenever s or e^ will not coalesce with the final syllable, -t adds a syllable to the word ; as, age. pi. ages; box, boxes. — But where 5 or cs will coaleFce, it does not add a syllable: as '-jooJc, books : cargo, cargoes.' The 5 will make an additional syl- lable only after e final, preceded by g, or an ^-sound : as, cage, cages ; race, races : rose, roses. Es will coalesce, and does not add a syllable only after o : as, ccJto, echoes. ,,67. Rule 2. — Noiv^is in g after a ponsonant, chango g ^jito iesin the pluFal;. as, lady,. ladies. But, ., No*uns in ?/ aflcra vowe!, and all proper nouns m g follow the general rule (03) ; as, dag, days ; the Fomp- eys,ihe'Tullys, Szc: =«'?"78. RutE"^.— ^Nouns in / or/e, change / orfe into vcs HdJmthcx plural; as, loaf , loaves ; life, livts: " ' 69. Exceptions. --^'DvfRYt, scarf, reef ; brief, chief, grief; ker^ chief, handkerchief, mischief : gulf, turf, surf, safe, fife, strife: proof, hoof, reproof, follow, the general rule. Also nouns in j^', have their plural in s; ns, imiff', mvff's ; except s^trj^, plural staves; but its com poands-urc regular ; as, fagsiaff, Jlagsiafs ; ioharf h ai ■ e i t h> o p, wJiarfs x>v mhar ue&. • L^EBCl^EB., 1. fi^Ve'the the plural of the following nouns and the rule for forpa- ing it ; tlrtlP, Fox, foxes, Jiufe-^'^ovLXis in *, sh, ch, soft, ?, ,r, or o, form thoplfiral by adding ^. Or, more briefly ; nouns ending in x form tl^plqral by adding .(5*. • • Foxj. book, leaf, candle, box, coacli, duly, knife, eclio, JosSy.ca-i'go, wife, story, eliurch, stone, house, glory, hope, flower, city, difficulty, distress, wolf. !<-. Day, chimney, journey, valley, arm}^, vale, monnreh, 'two, 'grotto, nuncio, gulf, handkerchief,' hoof, Ptaff, '^xiff,'^ reef, safe, wharf, fife. 18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2. Of what number is — Book, trees globoB. planets, glass, etfite, foxes, house, bill, river, ecenee, 6tar^,ber- ries, peach ? , NOU^■S IRRZuCLAR IK THE PLURAL. '■^^70. Somo nouns are irregular in tho formation of tl>€irplu- *"rdl; -sa-oh as — "'"'"'"' Singular^ I'lural 8i}iyular. Plural. Man men Tooth teeth Woman women Goose geeS6 ci.iia chiMreii Mouse mioo Foot i'eet Louse lico Ox . oxen Cow kitic 71. but now regular, cqws. Some nouns lin.ve both a re;:ular and an irregular facm of the plural, but different 8ignifi^**'*'i^^^s J ^9— .!^ft Singular. : : . ■ • • Plurals i > ' -■ (otto oflliQsame family) brothers (one of the same society) brethren (in stamp for coining) dies (a small cube for gaming) dice (men of genius) geniuses (a kind of spirit) genii (a table of reference) indexes (a sign in algebra) indices _^,^^ (as a distinct seed) peas - vf (as a species of grain) pease Tan individual animal) sows (the species) swine (a coin ) pennies (a sum or value) pence 72. Note -r-Thpiigh pence is plural, yet such expressions ns fourpence, sixpence, kc, as t]>e name of a sum, or of a <>oin vpp resenting that sum is often rcg-arvled a*? Blngular, and capable of a plural Brother Brother Die Die Genius Genius Index Index Pea Pea.,;.. So'v Sow or swine Penny Penny 10 .tSi'^q ETYMOLOGY^ — SLUMBER. 1 9 A Z3. .Cffmpouode ending in ful or fully and generally those ^-bich bate the important word last, form the plural regularly; 'ai-, spoon-ful, ciip-fid, codch-ful, handful, mouse-trap, ox-cart, cdmera-ohscura, &c ; plural, spdon-ftds, ciip-frils, coack^fulii, •fee. 74. Compounds in which the principal word stands first, plu- ralize the first word ; as — Singular. Plural. Commander-in- chief Commanders in-chief Aid-de-camp aids-de-camp Knight-errant knights- errant Court-martial courts- martial Cousin-german cousins-german Father-in-law, &c. fathers-in-law, S:c. Man-'Servani changes both ; as men- servants. So also, women- servants, knights-templars. 75. The compounds of -man form tlie plural as the simple word; as, Jishennan, fishermen. But nouns accidentally end- ing in WMiTt, and not compounds o^ man, form the plural by tho general rule ; as, Turcoman, Mussulman, talisman ; plural, TurcomanSy Mussulmans, &c. 76. Proper names, when pluralized; and oiher parts of speech used as nouns, or mere names, form the plural like nouns of similar ending, as, the Arisfotles, the Solans, the Mariuses, the Pmnpeys, the Ciceros ; the ai/es and noes', the ins and outs ; by sixes and sevens, hyf fties ; three fourths, t'wo halves; "His ands and his'or* ;" '-One of the buts is superfluous." 77. Exception.— Such words ending in ij after a consonant, follow the general rule, and noc the special rule ; as, the Livi/s the Tullys, the Henrys — "The lohys and the hys.'" 78. Letters, marks, and numerical figures, are made plural by adding 's; as, " Dot your Vs and cross your fs:' — "Your s's are not well maJe." — " The *;S and X's are not in line." — "Four (Vs «=eight 3'.?"' — 9'5 give place (0 0"5''. 79. Words adopted without change from foreign languages, generally retain their original plural. As a general rule, nouns in nm os on^ have a in the plural. Latin nouns in ?>, in the e^o PJf^LI^H GRAMMAR. plural change is inioes; Greek nouns in is, change w into tf ^ ycherubjm, R.. Genius genii r^^n4Vl.i:^y" genera , '^ . Nebula nebulas .Gymnasium gymnasia, R. Oasis oases 'Hypothesis Iiyputhe6c!.s Parenthesis parentheses Ignis fatuus ignrjsfafui Phenomenon phenomenq, lnde.x(a point' •)iil(Jexc3 Radius radii ]ndex(in algcb)iiidicuy - , .Scholium BchoH.^ H.:: Lamina laniinaj. . Seraph seraphim, K. Larva. larvjc '.\', magi ■' Speculum Stamen stiltiiiM, t, •iHedttfirr niediyri a tijiodes, archives, asseU, ashes, l)illimds,.hitierSrJ)recches, clothes, ,,;. calends, colors, (militciry banners), dj-egs^ good Sy hysterics yidcs; . intestines, literati, lees^ letters Cliterature), mimiiice, mannprs^^, morals, nones, orgiesy pTeiads or pleiades, shambles, tidings^^ thatiks, ifhpcrs^ uitaU, victuals'.' And tKinVfs consisting of two parts'; as, heUoii's^' drairer^.^hffsc^' nippers, 'plhc'rvSj jdih-Sj sn'vff- ers, scissors^'shears, tongs, f('<\ 'H A few words nsaally plural, viz: hmr.'/s, nnhers, entrails',^ ''^ lungs', have sipmetimes a singular, denoting a part or portion o'P that expressed ny the Piural ; ,as, oowel, Tung, ,a;r, 82. Some nouns are alike in both numbers ; as, deer, sheep, sicine, vermin, scdmon, perch ; apparatus, hiatus, series, conge- ries., species, superficies ; head (in the sense of an individual), cd!/w;Z, denoting the class; but denoting individ-uals, they have the regular plural: as, fishe^. fowls. ■-..•.,-,,,:,,,.,,.-,....•„, ...,,-,,% ^^r-- f 83. T\\Q VI ovdis, brace, couple, pair, yoke, dozen, score^ gross^ ,, hundred, thousand, and eome others, after adjectives of nuin-, ber, are either singular or plural ; as, a brace, a Sozen, a hun-' €?rer?; two brace, three dozen, sfv hirt}dre&^((''c. ' ^fedt'H^itholtt art adjective ot humber,"or in othei* conistructionSj and particular- ly afier in, by, rfv., in a distrlbutiv'.? sense, most of these words,'/'" in the plural, assume a plural form ; a!?;'"lri brac(fi and <:/o? Worth thousancfs-.^^'' '^^ i •.!▼*' :ij'd i, 84. 1. Thfe lollowing words, plural in fbl^ni; 'nf« '8(HilVe'tirt»ei'-f''i singular, but Di?«t commonly pfiiral in sJ^nitication, Viz ?'*^ amends, Trteans, ricftes, pains {metkt\\ng laborious efforts),-' ddd's. ^^1 alms, wages yoin^ the names of certain sciences ; as^ mafhernal-^''^ tl ENGLISH tIRAMMAR. *t'3, ethics^ optics, acQusticdy vKitaphynica, poliiicd, pncuiuatici^ hydroaiatioif <£c 2. Means and amends, referring to one objoct. aro Kin;;ular : ' to more than one, plural. Mean, in the singular form, is now used to signify the middle between two extremes. Alms {eel- messe Anglo-Snxon) and riches) richesse, French) ate really singular, thou;;!! now used commonly in a plural sense. News, formerly singular or plural, is now mostly singular. Molasses and measles, though ending-like a plural, are singular, and are 80 used. Oats is generally plural ; gallows is both singular and plural, though a distinct plural form, (jalloioses, is also in use. 85. The following are singular in form, but in oonstruciion various; thus, ybo^ and hcrse, meaning bodies of troops, and people, meaning pe7'50?25, aro always construed as plural ; can- non, shot, sail, cavalry, infantnj, as singular or plural. People^ when it signifies a community or body of persons, is a colleciivo , noun in the singular, and sometimes, thongh rarely, takes la^ , plural form ; as, "Many peoples and nations,"' Rev. x. 11 . ■ THE ri-uRAi. or peopeb n.\me9 80. Proper names for the most part want the plural ; but-- ^ 1. Proper numeg without a title aro used in the plural, wheh" ^ they refer to a race or family ; as, the *' Campbells'^ "the, /S individually, and distinguished by a particular appellation, ov' when persons of ditferent names are spoken of together, the ti-,,i;, tie only, and not the name is made plural ^ fl!?j./.*^»55R J.ujjft,v;^p and Mary Robinson." ...rr edj fcnr v, Mc^jiwr .ts^in ETYMOLOGY — CASE. 23 ^. Tiius far, usage and the rule are settled and uuifoiuj ^ — 4. But in other casoa, usage is still unsettled. Some writurs, perhaps the majority, pluralize ibeiiUe and not tho name;' as ^*Th« Misses Brown,'' "the 3fe3srs. Harper."' Others of equal authority, regnrding the title as a sort ot adjective, or the whole as a compound name, pluralize the name and not the title ; as. The Miss Brmoiis r^ "the Mr. Harpers."' This form is mora common in conversation, and, being less stiff and iormal, is more likely to prevail A few improperly pluralize both name and title; as, ''The Misses Broions ;'' "the Messrs. Harpers.'' 5. Names, with other titles prefixed, follow the same analo- gy ; ns, "Lords Wellington and Lyndhurst; ■' "the locds bishops of Durham and St. David's;" "the generals Scott nod Taylor." jL ■ viJon.oiii . BXERGISES. :.r,|^,)o 3r|i ^^km^h oT , 1 Gjvethc plural o/— wor.an, penny, 0V'f<3crt, "child, goose, die, son-in-law, erratum, radius, axis, index, c-her* ub. QUPSTIONB. What is number '? How many numbers'? How is the plu- ral commonly f(;rmed ? What nouns add es ? When do s and *s ddd a pyjlable to the word ? How do nouns in y niter a con- sonant form the plural '? How do nouns endin/r in ?/ after aifs vowel form the plural ■? How, nouns ending in/ or /c? How do Compounds of wan form the plural '? How do proper nninrn fortt the plural ? What is ihe rule for nouns adopted from for- eign languages? What nouns are used only in the singular '^ U' hat nouns are used only in the plural 7 What nouns are the same in both numbers ? Wliat nouns plural inform are ^'' singular in signification I Of what number are means and (< amends'^ When are proper names used in the plural V What istlie rule for proper names with a title us Mrs prefixed ? CASES OF ^^OUN^. '- ' .$7, Case is tbe state or condition of .s^Tioun.-^iith re^? . : Dect to .the other w^i'ds in a sentence.. i.>;a y' j,.j j^u L'4 KNOLTf^TI GRAMMA?.. 88.^9jifns. in English li;\\ //re, Po^GS^i.ve, and Objc.ctioL. . , 89, The. iVowjjV(//iv oasQ is used— . . .. , l.When a noun is used simpiy as the muhe D£*n ot)j'^?fcor!t(wi 3br.Wb;en it is used as that of ivhicli soniothing Is-iftfl^rwiech ' •-.■vtva«, •' JoA?i roads.?.- ■ V . ' ^^^■;.. r.; 3. When it is used as a descriptive; as, *'John is a f^ood7;m/.' 4. When it is used absolutely, or independent of txny other word ; ^'- O.Absalom, my .fnnj '^ .■■■ vv^ < ,:t.'( ■'V 00. The Fossrssilr. Cfise cOntvects \f ith tW4 l^hnl'e of jflTfloli^'ect , the idea oi*o/^^m, jioss^ssion,' 6\'4iino?/'.* cap ;7w!;^/^M-.-'. '••• ij! ,^.\ '-/:,. 2. To denote the object of a, rtlatioae^pfessedr.b^ a p^^pcti- tion ; as, " They live in Louihu," ~ , . 3. To denote time, value, weighty or measure, without a governing word ; as, "James is ten j/ear.^ old.'" . '\ "i ,; • CiENfiR.\L RULES, * , _ 9.^^ l^be nominative and the objective of- noun alike. 9'3. The possei'-sivc .siugahir is foniiod by addin^in' apostrophe and s to tire nominative; as, Joh7i's<< « .!; 94. When the plural ends iii ;s, the possessive i« formed by adding a,n aposti'ophe , only j a^s, ladies'. But when the plural does not 6n4 ins, both die apostro ])he and s^ arc add^dj'a^, ii^e^j^sy.'cAj^^rW'.?. nECLEXSION OF NOUNS. D5. Nouns are thus declined— ' Siuf/ular. PluraL ; _ i^higulav. Nom. Lady ladies Man Pos8. Ladys ladies' Man's Obj. Lady ladiee Man PluraL Stiu/idai nion Juhn men's John's mcD^ - '■ - itlabn ETYxMOLOGrr— CASE. . 25 OG. l^-(-)pcr nanicb fur tlie most part want the plural. 07. ..When the nonnnative singular ends in ss, or in letters of a faimilur sound, the j al'ter the ^ipostiophe is sometimes omitted 1 order to avoid harahness, or«ioo cIo»e a succession .of hissing ■ undo /as-; '-Fgr goodness' tsako /' "for couscienco' sako, " Da- vieb' ourvcyin^/' -.Mu^jeti' di.-oii.les ,'' "Jci^iis' feet,'? lAriElNG THB NOUN, 98. A lioiin ib parsed etymologically, by stating itjf acc'idonts, or ;.';rai"i"ii\iaiical properties, kind of noun, per- son, gender, iiunil'cr, and case. 99. NoTE.-^The pussosaivo is easily known by its form. As the nomiaativrf and objectivo of jiouas are a'iUe, in parsing noons in tli& f"l!owiDg list.^-, all U'luriJ:' not iu the pogsesiivu may be said to bo la Ibe^nomiiiaHvo. 100. The student n)a_y parse the vford house tiifs— lIouEz, Nquii, Common, Xeutcr, Siny luir, 2^ominaiivc. The teacher tuay then aek, bp a tort of r^icw, why do vou call Tmuae a itouu ? — why, counnuu ? — v/hy, neuter? — ^why «J/ija/ar ?— why, t le nomiiiativc ? — rcq nrin^ a dutinct answer to each question. ^n(l lastly, he. m.iy r oulra the pupil tu-^tato thosa rcasonfc in order, with- uut the iiucstioDS ; tliio li ' ' i\'jj^'i because the nam of u thing ; Co;;?;;io;f, because it belongs to all things of tliO surtj XculcV; because without sex,; Sinjuun; because it denotes one, plural, houses ; yuiHiiidiivj, because it ib used only as a name— • By repeatii g this f roocra a ftw timo^, a'l tbatbelongB to the pars- ing of a noan Will bdcom^ uo fauiiliar; aadsj cloarly under&tood, as to be aUvaj 6 bui>y. EXEUClSiTrf. ' Father, brothers, moihor'a, boy^.book, loaf, arms, wifo, hals^ siotor^', bride's, bottles, brii;sh, goose, eagles', wings 2G E^s^GLISH GRAMMAR. echo, ox's horn, mouse, kings, qiieeiis, hread, child's ■toy, grass, Looih, tongs, eandlCj chair, Jane's boots, Bob- \\ ii:iL i>> I .iM . in,»v iw.ii.y -M.;os ! When is the nominative MScd? What doo5? the possessive case f.s '^ How is a noun parsed ? — IVhat arc 'the p;raiiimatical propcrlics of a noun 1 THE AirrxGLi:. 101. An AivrtCLE is a word put Tjeforc a noun, to indi- cate the manner in wbieh it is used. 102. There iire two lu'ticles, a or an and ihc. 103. ^ or an is called tiie inrlefinite article, because it RhoVs tliftt ita noun dc?iotes a person or thing indpjitntehi, ov \Vithbut distinction ; as, ^1 man, i. e. any man, or some man: "withbut stating which one. 104. A is used before a copsonont; a,?, a book ^ also before a vowel, or diphthong, whreh combines with its sound the power of initial ?/, or ?/j ; as a iniU, g^ii^c, a eulogiij, a cur, many a one. 105. ^71 is used before a vowel or silent A ; as, an age, an. lionr : also before words beginning with h sounded, when the accent is on the second syllable; as, an heroic action, an JiifUo- rimZ account ;—lDecause h in such words is but slightly sound- ed. IOC. ^or an i« sometimes used in the sense of one, each, er- eri/; as, " Six cents a pound;' "two shillings a yard ;'' " one dollar a day ;'' *' tour hundred a year.' 1^7. RemAUK — lo tho eyj}rc^s\o\is a hntlnff, n fishing, a huildtng, and the lit<« a is cqn va^ent to at, to-, in, on, rtnd is not to be regard- ed, ji8 an article, but as a pror. ositlon or |relix. ETYMOLOGY — ARTICLES. . 27 108. The is called the definite article, because ii tihows that its noun is used definitely, and reCcrs to seme particular person or tiling ; as, the man, i. e., some particular man atfccrtaincd or pointed out. 109 Parsing. — Thearlicie isparsed by .staliiitj wliolh- er it isdeJiJiilc ov indeJinUe^ aud to what noun it bclono-s • ihu.'^, ^' A book." — A is the ijidcliiiilc article, and bclonp-s to book. EA'EUCISLIS. Is it proper to say — a in an, oi- an man ? why ? a apidc, or an apple I-* vrhv >* a liou^e, oranlioii.se':' Avhy'/ a hour, or an lioiirT why i* aiinicoin, or an unicorn? why ;^ a owe, or an owe? mIiv ? 1. Trefix the indefinite article a or an correctly to the following words. 2. Tell which words aro noun5, ami why -parse them— decline them. Chair, table, horse, cart, book, house, garden, bird owl, Qgg, car, eye, tree, cow, unit, use, old man, young- man, word, hook, pot, bench, desk, room, oven, oi Ic eulogy, ewe, uncle, aunt; — open wagon, useful contriv- ance, round stone, old hat, new coat, iee-honse, kc. 3. In the following, correct surh »s aro -wrong-, and give a reason for the change;— parse the articles and nouts. An cup, a door, a apple, a pear, a ounce, a pound, an hat, an wig, an eulogy, an 3'outh, a honor, a heir, a crow, a ostrich, a pen --a ugly beast, a useful tree, an huBimino'-bird. • QUESTIONS. What isan Article ? How many articles ? When \9 a used ' When 18 an used '? Fn \^\\\\t sense are a and an sometimea used ? How is i^n article parsed } 28 ENGLl^U CIRAMMAR. THE ADJECTIVE. • llO. An Adjective is^a word used to qualify a sub. staiitivcf as, "A good boyj" "a .^nvarr bo^J•" '^-ten dol- •lars;" "wc found liirn poor." 111. A noua U «^"t/(/ic(Z by an adjecii.c, *. t^wi. wi^; vij. v.t uaiued is ihtviAiy deHcribed, limited, or di<,tingui»hed from Other things ol the same uame. Tbib is doue two ways: — J. Certain aJjactivos connect wi'h ^heir nouns soma qualili/ hy •which the oljec's named are dotcribed or 4ijtingiiishod from others (.f the same kind; a?, "A red fing;" "an afhubiwj BtOTj." fc'uch are i.ui)niion and participial adjectives. ji. Others merely limit, without expressing any quality ; as, "An AhifricuH book;" ''(en doUiirs;" "luitl week;" "this yearj" ^'every day;" Ac. fciuch are circimibtantial, m'nneral, and definitive adjeotires JI2. AJjectives, ;is pa-edicates, may qualify aji infinitive iiioud, or clause of a seutcnco used as a bubstantiTe ; as, '"To play 13. pleasant." — T/ial the rich are haypy is not always true." 113. tSevei-al adjectives sometimes qualify the same noun; iii,''X smootJi round stone." 114. An adjective is sumotiiiios used to qualify the meaning «.l another adjective, both forming a sort of compound adjec- tive; its, "x\. hri'jhi red color;"' -a dark blue coat;'' '-a vast- iron ball." 115. Nouns become adjectives when they are used before other nouns, to express a quality or property bolon^^iug to them ; as. ''A gold ring ;"> "a iyilver cup ;" '-sea w^ter." 116 On the contrary, adjectives witbout a substantive are Eometimes' used aE< nouns; as, '-God rewards the good, an^ pun- ishes the had" — "The virtuous are the most Jiappg." Adjec- tives used in this way are usually preceded by the, and, whea applied to persons, aio for the most part considered plural. NUMERAL AD.JECTIVES. 117. Adjectives expieseing number are called Nu^ meral adjectives. They are of tvro kinds^ Cardinal Tind Ordinal. ETYMOLOGY— ADJECTIVE.^. 29 118. The Cardial numbers indicate Jioio mamj ; llicy' are owe, two^ three^four^ &c. 119. ThaOrdinal numbers iHdicate irh'ch oneofanum' her; they are /r.s^, {second, tJii'rd, &c. In compound num- bers, the last only has the ordinal f.^rm -, as, hrentij- FIRPT ; f wo .hundred and fi/f^'-TlURD. 120. Numeral, adjective.^, being also 7iamc<; of r.nml crs nre often used as nouns, and so have ibe inflection and construction of ncuns ; thus, by tu-os, by tens, hy fifties. For icn's sake, for iiccnly'r, sake. One and one are Hvo. Tvco is an even number. Note — In scmo arithmetics the Janguape cmj,lay?d in the opera- tion of lEuUiplyiDg is tuch as, "Twice two arc. Icur, twice three, arc six" — is incorrect. It shfubl be, ''Twice two I's fcur," 4, so is a to 12 ; not "As two are to Icur, so are," &c.— But wbsn numerals denoting more than one, ars used as adjectives, with a substantive expressed or.understood, th'^j n-n-:t havo a plural construction. 121. Adjectives in English are indeclinp.blc. • COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVKf^. ID.j. Most, common nnd participle adjeclivcs have thice forma cal!e*i degrees of comparison ; namely. Positive^ Com- parative, and Superlative. ■* 122. The Pos/frt'e expresses a qua. ity simply ; a«t^ is ofoen used to express a very big'i degree of the quality in an oVijdct, without directly comparing it with others ; as» *^ lid is a, must ilistunjulnhecf man." Thus used, it is called the super- lative of (j/(n*f »cr, -and commonly has a or avi before it, if the noun ia singular; or it is without an article, if the noun is plnral. The saujp thing is expressed by prefixing the adverb very, exctedinybj, Slq. ) a?, " A Lcri/ distiiif/uishcd m.a,n." The superlittive of comparison com- monly has (he before it. UULES FOR COMPARISON, 127. Rule 1. Adjectives of one syllable form the com- ]iiirative by adding er to tiie positive, and the superla- tive by adding est] hh, sweet, sweeter, sweetest. Words ending in e muto, drop e before er and e?/* ; as, tanie, hayer, larrjcat. • 128. IluLK 2. Adjectives of more than one syllable, are conunordy compared by prefixing more and most to tlie postive ; as, inunerouSy 'more numerous, most numerous, 129. RKMARK'.--ri»ough this rule indicates the prevailing usage, yet' adjectives of two syllablop are not unfrequently eom- parcJ hy er and r.<^/ ,• as., "Our ienderest cares :" '• The co?«- ntnneal materials." "fH.s.syllables in le and ?/ are generally com- paredfcin ihi.s way; as uttk abler, ablest. All adjectives in y af- ter a consonant, change // into / before er and est; as. dr^, drier^ ihie:!f ; ?i((j)iii/, happier, hapj/iesi; but// after a vov?el is not Change(l ; as. (ja'j, f/ai/er, (jai/csi. 130. A lower degree of quality in one object compared with another, and the lowest compared with several odiers, is ex- pressed by prefi.King/t'6'.9 and least to the postive ; as, sweet, less sweet, least siocct. This, by way of distinction, is sometimes ETYMOLOGY — ADJECTIVES, 81 culled the comparison of diminution, or corr.parisoa descend- 131. The meaning ofth-e positive is sometimes diminislied without cmployiiig comparison, by annexing the syllable I'a/t ; as, n-hite, whit-^ is-h; hl<(cl-j blackish. These may ba called diminutive adjectives. So also various shades, degrees, or modifications of^uality are frequent- ly expressed by connecting with the adjective such words as rather, domeivhat, slujlitli/, a little, too, very, greatly, &Q., and in the compara- tive and superlative, by such words as umch, far, altofjcthcr, by far, rfc. IRREGULAR COMPARISON. \?il. The following- acljeclivcs ai'O' oomp iai'ly, viz. : • ' 1 irreo'U- Fositivt'. Comfaratire, ■■,:■ .". 'uiv. Good lietter beat Bad, evil, or ill worse * worst I^'ittle less, sometmies lesser least Much or many more most I^ate ^ later^ irregular, latter latest or last Ne«r . nearer -. nearest or next Far farther farthest Forth (obsolete) further furthest Fore tonuer foremost or first Old older or elder oldest or eldest 133. Much is applied to things wCTghed or mcatured , many, to things that are numbered; more and most, to iToth. Farther and farthest generally denote place or distance; as, "The farther they went, L!iO //tore interesling was the scene ^ ', further and furthest re- fer to quantity or addition; as, "I have nothing further lo say." Oil!,',- Mud i'liicst are a])plied to peisous or things, and refer to age er duration :* a;;, '• Homer is nu older poet than Virgil ; " *" The pyramids are older than the pantheon." jt/cA/- and tldc^l (from the obsolete eld) are applied only to persons ot the same fuiuily, and denote pri- ority of birth ; as, " An elder brother." Later &ndlat€st have respect to time; latter and last, to position or order. ' . 134, Souie superlatives are formed by anneiing inost, sometimes to the comparative, and sometimes to tho word from Tvhich tUe comparfitlvfi is forniL'u ; :i, ,,;••.,., -w-,, ».->., or vpmosi, ?rom vp; •nether^ ncthermont ; innfr, hmrrmosi, or wnwst, from in ;. hinder^ hindrr- inosty or hindmorf, from hhuJ': outer, oitlermokf, 6r xitmont.Uom out ATiJECTlVES NOT COV.PAr.Er*. 135. AcljGCtivcs avIjosq signification C\oo<^ n^t admit c4 increaesor climifinlion, cnn n^f ^.rdynM-iy l>o r'oni].ni\'il. These are — 1. Numerals; ns, oiu-, iiCS^; nunl.f'.urlli, Izc. 2. Fropcr adjectives ; a?, Ihigllsh., American, romni:. 3. Adjectives that denote ^^^J/r^*, s/ifTi?^, or mater'ail ; n^,rirni'ar, square, toooden,C<.c. 4. Such adjectives as denote 2^os!i.'rc or jiosUion ; f.?, 2'*frpc7Uhcii- l^r, horl.tonlal. f). Definitives ; as, wc-//, prr?-.'/, r^7^, so^^, i5;c. C. Adjectives of an r/i./cc« knowTcdi-e of that wny," i. e. knowl- edge nearer to perfection. — Lille. ''Lesn perfeft imit ition."— Moraif^ '■'■ ' « More rnni2)lef*; mont cornplelejless cornplefe, arc coiViiMon. Parsing. — h\ parsing an acljoc'tive fully : 1. State its class, 2. Compare, if admittinii; comp;ii'ison, and if not compared, so state it. o. Tell Its degree of comparison, jf compared. 4. The noun wiiielv it onalifies. Do tliir, nlways m the "^■^ni" ovr'-M*, imd in tlio fewe^-t ".vords possible. EXAMPLE?. " A wise son rcrikeUi a (/lad father. '■ — " "WisJom is mere prccicvs ETYMOtOSY — ADJECTIVES. 38 tiieu that can render a reason. — " Ikying lips are an abomination to the Lord." — ^^ Blessed are the ^mr^ in heart." Wise ia a common adjective, compared by er and eat, positive, and qualifies ton. Qlad is a common adjective, ccmpared by er and est, positive, and qualifies father. More precious is a common adjective, compared by more and monl-. comparative, and qualfies iciadom. Wiser is a common adjective, compared by er nnHest, comparative, and qualifies aluggard. Seven ia A numeral adjective, cardinal, not compared, and quali- fies men. Blessed is a participal adjective, compared by more and must, pos- itive, and qualifies /nen understood. Pure id a common adjective, compared hy er and ett, positive, and qualifies ynen understood. • EXERCISES. 1. Compare — Biight, diligent, thin, noble, bad, pretty, fearful, brave, warm, active, woithy, cold, large, indus- trious, aflfable, wise, obedient, gloomy, able, sad, little, strong, near, dutiful, serene, big, good, careless, hot, late, fruitful. A.dd to each of these adjectives a noun which it can properly qual- ify, as, *' A hTighi day," "a diligent student,," Ac. 2. In what form arc the fvllowlng adjectives f — Mild, est, better, high, more, uttermost, happiest, worthless le^st, whiter, lowermost, worse, cruel, eldest, gentle, magnificent, best, many, less, gayest-, peaceful, vir- tuous, sweetest, evil, inmost, happier, miserable, tem- perate, useful, honorable. Compare each of these adjectives. Add to each, a noun which it can properly qualify. 3. In the following phrases, tell which words are nouns, and which are adjectives. Parse each word carefully. A good man ; a kind heart ; a clear sliv ; the benevo* lent lady ; the highest hill ; a skillful artist ; an older 2b 14 EXGLLSn ORAMMAB. companion- man's chief concern ; a lady's lap clog; most, splendid talents; the liveliest disposition; a p'easant temper, the raging; billows; temples magnlfi- eont; silent shades; excellent corn; a loftier tower; n happier disposition ; the third day; a round ball; a square table; one good l)Ook is better than many bad books. QUESTIONS. "What is an aJjcctlvo? When is a noun said to be qualified by an adjective? What are participal adjectives? Can an adjective qualify anything but a noun? Can more than one adjective qual- ifv a noun at the same time? When do nouns become adjectives? When do adjectives Jaecome nouns? Wliat are numeral adjectives ? ]Io\v many kirds? Are adjectives declinable? How many de- grees of comparison? What? What do they denote? flow are the degrees formed? How is the positive diminished? In what degree are superior^ inferior ^o, ? How are much and many applied ? HovV are /iir/Afr and //////ifr applied? In what degree are upper - 771031,- inmost, kc.l What classes of adjectives cannoJ properly be compjrod? How i? an adjective parsed'' PRONOUxXS. 137. A pRoxouN is a word used instead of a noun ; as, "John is a good boy; Ac is diligent in his studies.'* 138. The noun whicfi the pronoun represents or designates, is called its antecedent, because, in the third person, it usually stands Ififore the pronoun'; and, in tfie first and second, the person inten- ded is indicated by the pronoun its(df. 139. Pronouns of the third person are used in writing and speak- ing, to prevent the frequent and awkward repetition of the nouu. Thus, without the pronoun, the above example -would read, ^^ John is'a good boy ; Joliji is diligent in Johns studies." 140. A pronoun is sometimes used instead of another pronoun; fts, " Vou and /must attend to ocii duty." 141. Pr.onouns may bo divided into Personal, Rela- tive- j I'yferroffmtive and Adjective. ETYMOLOaY — PP:ONOTJ.27j,' ^5""*, i. PERSOXAL PEONOUN^S. . , . . l-i2. I\..=o)ial Prnnomis are those v,'hicli '(irsfinguish. | the pcnon \^y tln-ir form. They arc either Smple or Cnrvprnniil. l4 3. Tlie simple personal proiiorms slyq Ij ruouj ne, nhr-, it ; with their plurals, ive^ you theif, _ ,• • 144. Of these, /is of the first perion, and denotes, thc^^aeaArer; thou is of the Eccoijd, and denolec the person addressed ; he, she^ tt, are of the third, and denqie the person or thinj; spoken of. Ho. The pronouns /and ^//CM (icnote the s^^caker, and the per- son addressed, without jrevioas in?ntion, or even knowledge of their nhme?, tiie persona ir'.eiidod je>ig suniciently indicated by their presence, or some other cirGuniPtance. The pronouns of the third person refer to name person or thing previon^lr mentioned, ■ or easily understood Jroin the conicxt, or frc:n the nature of the sentence. 146. IFc, cJtr^ and f/inf, are frequoi>tiy used as' general teTms la the beginning of a .<;enteace, equivalen* to -^the person," &c., witb- oat reforeiice to a noun going before ; a?, " IIo,[Uio person] that ' loveth jdeasure sh.ail be a poor man.'- - .. , • n ■.. ^ :. i. ■ 14T. They is abo yscd in a vague sen^e for ''.people,'' ia sucU expressions as, " They say," like the French o/i, or the .Germ an wau. -^ 148. -10 persoiuil pronouns, liko^nouiis, belong.Per^Q?^, (render] Ninnber, and O/se. The}' are thus deolined: : — ' RIN'GULAR. PtURA-t. X:jm. /0.'5. OIiJ. .\' F0S3. Obj. .V. or F. 1 mine mo • ^ (• ours us M. or F. Tliou thine thee You yours you ( Masc. ' Fern. He his liini Thc7 \heirs them Siie hers her Th.y theirs thorn 1 Ncut. It its it Th<-y theirs them OESF.RV.LTIOXS OX PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 140. In many Grammar?; the po.?sessIve of all the pronouns, ex- cept he and it, has t^vo forms as follows : Mt/ or mine; thy or thine; her or hers; our or ours : your or yours; their or theirs. Accordiag ^ e:ta3lish grammar. to ihia arrangement, ihe first form, »?y, th>/, .ic., is always lucd be- fore a noun denoting the object possessed; the second form, min.-, ihim, AC, never before that noun, but only refi and thy, 160. In this manner, may be explained, tao u?e of llio possessive after transitive verba in the active voice, and after prepo itions ; thus, "Jamas lost his books, and I garo him //h"/i^," meaning my »ooi».— "A pictura of the king's," in a piolure of (i. o , from) the king's pictures. So "A book of mino," is a book of (from) my books. "A friend of yours," is a friend of (from) your friends. It l9 worthy of notice, that though this uso of tho possessive after of, «riginally and strictly implies, selcpllcn, or a i^art only, it has ioeen- si^ly eome to ba used when no sueh selection is, or ever can b", in- tanded. Thus we may any, " that house of yours," ' that farm of yours," without intending to imply that any other houses or farma belong to you ; and when wo say, ''That head of yours," seleolion is obviously eseluded by the sense. 151. In proclamations, charters, editorial nrlicles, and the like, ii:e is frequently applied to one person. 152. Ihou 13 now used only in the solcniu stj'^c, in adjresses to the Deity, or to some important object iu nature, or to mark spe- cial emphasis, or in the language of contempt. Ff, the plural of iJioUy is seldom used (except as the subject of the imperativfj, and onlj in the solemn style. 163. You, the common plural of thou, in now us.;d also to denote ©na person, but, even when it does so, it always tnkej a iihiral verb. This usage has become so fixed and uniform, that some eminent grammarians contend for its boin.^ regarded as singular. No a>lvan- tage, however, would bo gained by adopting (his proposal, and it aeems to accord much more with simplicity, as Ay«il as with fact, t > regard it as a plural which has coma by use to bo app.'iod in this man- ner. In certain kinds of writing, we is us»id in the same way, and «o also is the corresponding primoun in French, and soma other mui- em languages, in ^hicb, however, it \z aUvay • rp7ar..1,-d ai a piural fona. ETY MOLOQ Y — rRo:f oir.Ns . 37 131. The prono'.ui iL is used in a variety of ways :-- 1 Properly it is used instead of a neuter noun, word, or sub- stantive phra3e ; aa, "/yi/t;is short; «7 should be well im- proved.'^ 7l/fl?2 is a noun ; j7 is irregular in the plural." — " Jamer. is a good scholar, and he knows ity viz., that he is a good scholar. ''And the burden that was upon it shall be cut off; for the Lord hath spoken ii" — U. \%\\. 25. 2. ft is used as an indefinite subject of the verb ro ///?, followed by a predicate in any person or number; a9> " Tl is I ; " h is you ," " [( is they." kc. 3. It is used in the same manner after the veib to be, in interrog- ative sentences ; as, " Who is it ?" " What is it? &c. 4. It is prefixed as an introductory subject to such words as to br, to happen, to become, and the like, referring to an infini- tive mood, or substantive phrase which follows the verb and is its true subject; as, "/Ms an honor for man to cea'ronoiins. They are used in two cases — the nomi- native and the objective. In the nominative they are erapbatic, and are added to their respective personal pronouns, or are used 38- EXGLTSTT oram:mar. in:tefiil of ihc-m ; as, " I myfclf did it." ^' Uiin:se[f sliull como.' — J n thf objective tlicv nve rc/Zfr/rr, sliowinpr that the nrrent is alst* The* object of his own act; ns, " Jnd.is went and hanged himsiif." I'lS. The simple- prononn<5, also, are t»omettmes used in a reflex- ive «;ense : n?, •' Thou h.^?t hewed ihff out ft sepnlchre. as he that hewe h him out a sepulchre on hi((h."' — Bihh. "ISO, OurscJ/ and yovmelf. are used as compounds, corrcspon- dinpf to wp and yov, applied to an individual ; as, " We oiirself will loUow." You must do it yonndf.''' 160.' The possessive cntphpiic or reflexive^ is nmde by adling the word own to the possesfjives ;';.v. thji. Iris her, kf. ; a?, •' God created ni:in in his n>'7? image." J'AdSixa. Kjl. Por.^onMl pronuims ;)re parsed nearly like the substantives for wliicli thcybtninl. Th.is, " I love"— / i.s :i pronoun of the lir.st person, masculine or femi- nine, in the nominative sing'i.lar. 162. As an additional exjrcise, a reason may' be'' assigned for each statement, thus :— ' . >. I is a jyronoun, b9f ausc it stands for n noun or name, 2)rrsonal, — its form determines its person. iint person, — it represents the Spc;vker. MascuVcne or Feminmr, — it denotes male or female. Xornhnilioc, — subject of locf. Shfy7ihr.~\( deuot .s but one. iGo. Parsr (Jic j'ofl'.iicing lisf as(Ii)rY — PRONOUNS. dixf James says he is older than I, but T ain taller than he. That book is mine; take it anr? reixd it. Lot tliein do it themselves. When you learu the. lesson, come to rae,»and I will hear you say it. They will go when we return. Thou art the man. Your knife is sharper than mine; lend it to me, if you please, till I mend my pen. 2. WTfte Bontonces, eaoh of wbi^^h oball contain a pronoun ia the nominative case — In the objectiTe case. . S. Ch9nge the following sentences, eo that tV shall bo opiiUed, and t\»6 subject or thing spoken of shall stand first. It is pleasant to see the sun. It i§ criminal to de- ceive. It is manifest that you have been deceived. — It is jsaid the cholera has ;«ppeared in England. It is easy to talk, 4. "Write tenteooefl of thi? iiind both wavs. QUESTIONS. What is a pronouD? What is tho antecedent? Why are pro- ) nouns U3od? Into vrhat olaasos are pronoun3 divided? What are Personal Pronon^is? IIow many simple personal pronouns? I What do they denote ? How ore //c, -fAe and they /rcquentl}'^ used? What belong to personal prononns ? Decline each of tho simple pmuouns ? How many toim^j has the p/)S3e.«3ive case of the pro- uoms ? How are ihev explained ? Wln-n i.i vf aprdiod to ('ne person? How is ?//o^/ used ? Of what numher is you? In what different ways is it used? Waat fs the caution in No. 156? Ex^^ plain the variation in the' use of his and its ? What are myself, himself, &c. How are they used? In what cases? How ia the possessive emphatic formed ? II. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 164. A Rehitivt Pronoun is one that relates to, and connects its c'ause with a noun or pronoun before it called the antecedent ; ns, '• The master tt^Ao taught us/' 40 i:?tQLia«i oRAMiiiR. 1G5. The autoceJeut of a relative maj be a uouu, a prououu, au iD6nitlve mood, a clauac of a sentence, or any fact or thing im-- plied in it ; aa, "A kinj who is just, makes his people happy;'* '* fTe that is wise, is wise for himself;" " He who reads all will not be able t» think, wllhoat which it i.s impertinent to read ; nor.to «ci, witheut tvAkh it Is impertinent to think ;' " We are bound to obey, the Dicint laio, which we can not do without Divine aid ;" " The maa was said to be i/t/iocent^ which he was not." 160. Relative pronouns are of two kinds, Sim}^e and Compound. 107. Thp simple relative pronouns are t^jAo, ivhtch, ifiaf and what. That and ivhat are indeclinable, and used only in the nominative and objective. Who is masculine, or feminine, "and which is masculine, femi- nine, or neuter. They are declined thus : — Singular and Plural. Singular p7id Plural. Norn. Who Which Fobs. Whose Whose OhJ. Whom Which 1G8. Who is applied to persons only; as, ^' The boy 'icho reads." 1G9. Whieh is applied to inferior animals, and things without lifo; as, *' The-dog ?(?AicA barks"—*" The book which was lost." 170 The relative, as in Latin, sometimes, for the Rake of greater p«r«plcui*y, has its antecedent repeated after it; ai, " I gave him an ivcry handle, icAioA A/(j/e he fltili has." this construction, hew- iver, is inelegant, and should he avjoided. 171. Which is applied also to collective nouns, expressing collec- tions of persons, when the reference is to the collection, and not to the persons composing it ; as, " The committee which was ap- pointed." Also to names of persons considered only as a word ; as, ''^ Nero ivhich is only another name for cruelty," 172. IFAwA has for its possessive, wAos^; as A religion icho$e origin is Divine." Instead of " whose," however, the objective with ETYMOLOGY — rKOXOUXS. 41 of before it is more common ; a?, " A religion the origin of which is Divine."' iT^'i. Tiifd is npi lied to botli ]^ol^sol1^^ an»J tliinrr'^; us, 'Mhc./>07/ that reads; <'• tlic aog ih-if larks;" "the look Ihaf was ]orI'.''^ '74 What is ap-died lO Z,^////;;-: on]}-, and is rover nr-cd but. when fhe antere(]e;!t is ornitlc.J ; as. *' This is irliat I wanted-'' im}'^^- ^° the aI)Ovo e:?amplp, pr perly ?p?aklng, 7r/m/ neither t^ic^ff^f"? ♦he antecetlent, norbns it ucflers l.io(l, in the oniinary oense of that .expression. If it includrd (be anteoeJeut, then nlmt woiilil be of two ca^es at the same time^ wbirh, if not absurd, is an anoma'y not to be read .ly admitted. If the anttce-eDt were .unilerstood, it pfuld J)e Fiipplied, ajid th/ one or ev%ry oiu- • n/tn committeth sin," Ac. * Whatever is evil should be avoide i ; ' that is. " Ecery thing which is evil," &,c. 1S2. Like the relative vhnt, the compound relatives are used only i when the inaefioite antecedent is om'tted. Whenever that is ex-- pressed, tho simple lelative *t//o, ?(7n>/(, or ^//a^, should be used as in ) the preceding examples. 18'}. It is therefore not correct to tay, either that these relatives include the antecedents, and so have two cases, or that the antecedent is understood. The same rea3-»ning triat is applied to theirelativo iti^a^, is equally applicable to the compound relatives, only it must be remembered that the aniecedent referred t-j in these, and to which one of the cases properly belongs, is always a general or in- defioite term. 184, In old writings the antecedent word is sometiaaes expressed, ETYMOLOGY — PRONOUNS. 43 cither before or after the compound relative, fur the sake of greater eraphasia or precision; as, •* Blessed is he, ichosorver shall not be of- , fended in ni.e." — Eng. Bible. **" Whoiioevcr, will, let him take the wi- ter of life." This usage, however, is now nearly obsolete, except with (he word whateoer ; as, *•*' Whatever -yoxx do, let it be done well."' 185. Whoso, formerly used in the sense of whoever or v:hosoever, is now obsolete. 186. Whatever, whatsoever, whichever, and mhichsoe.^er, sve often used' before substantives, as a Fort of indefiaica adjective j as, " Whatever course you take, not uprightly." Whea thug used, the noun is sometimes placed between ichat, which, or u-hose, and soever ; as- " What course soever"-- '' Into whose house soever ye enter." PARSTNCI. 187. The relativo is parsed by slating itB gender, number. case,anj antecedent (Ihe gender and number) being always the same as those of the antecedent ; thus : *' The boy loko studies tchat is useful, will improve." Who iis 9. relative pronoun, masculine in the nominative singular, and refers to "boy," as its antecedent. What is a relative pronoun, neuter in the nominative singu'ar, and refers to '''thing," or ''that," as its antecedent, omitted : if supplied, ii/m/; must be changed itiio which ; thus, the thing uhich, or that which. The pupil may assign reasons for the atateraenl? maie in parsing. EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE. 1. Write on the blackboard a list of nouns, arr.inged in a column on the left side, and write after each its ] roper lelative j thus, "The man— who ;" " The bird — which." 2. In the following eentencos, point out the relative, and the ante- cedent, or word to which it relates. Alao state whether it is addi- tive or restrictive (175 ) A man who is generous will be lionored. Got!, by wjiose klnduess we live, whom we worship, wlio created all thing?, is eternal. That is the book which I lost. He who 44 KN-GTJr.TI GRAMMAR. steals my purse, steals trasli. Thia is the boy whom we met. Tlii-ft aro the books ihat 3'oii bonpljt. The person \\ho dcQ^ no ^^ood, do03 harm. The woman who was Innf, is wol!. Tlii/5 is the cat thjt Iviiled the rat, tlint nte t!io mab, that \f\y in the house, that Jack built. y>. In earii of the following Fentenoe?, print out the compouDd rel- ative — mention the auti-cedent omitted.to which it refer.s. Icsertihe iinteceilenf in each soutence, and make the necessary change iu the reUtive (St ) AYho-oev( r stcal.s my piirae, steals trash. Whoever does no ,£;ood, does bivm. Whatever piiiilles the heart. fortifio'B ir. \Vliat>oever ye would th.-^it men should do to you, do ye to them also. VVli never sins, will suffer. I love who- c\^r loves me Now wbatsoever God hath raid to thee, ch>. Whatsoever I command yon, do it. 4, In the follovfing sentences, wherever it can be doud, change the relative aud anfc^csuent for the compound rel.ilive: - Bvinir with 3^011 everj'thing which yoii see. Any one who told Rucb a, story, has been misinTormed. Any- thing that is wortb doing at a'l, is worth doing well. Anything tliat gives pain to others, deserves not the name of pleasure, li^very one who lovt.s pleasure, will be a poor man. From eveiy one, to whom nmcii is •riven, shall much be reqniied. Til INTEKHOOATIVE PROXOT'NQ. 188. WhOy loliifh, and what when nsed in asking ques- tions, are railed Interrogative, Pronouns; aa, '* Who is there ?" — " Tl'A/cA will you take ?''— " ^Vhat did he say :" 189. Who and xchich are declined like the relatives. 190. In questiong, wAo is'equivalent to u-hai perscn ; uhich and u-hat have a noun following, to which, like an adjective, tl.ey belong. ^ ETYMOLOGY — PliOXOUXS. 45 •V: or refer to one understood, but easily supplied ; thus, '• Who [what person] is there?'" — '-Which [book] will you take?" — 'What [thing] did he say V 191. Who applies to perconG only ; ivhich and what to per^^ons cr things. 192. As applied to p«3rsous ; u-fio ioquires for the name; wJiich for the individual; »'7io< for the character ^r ocoupatijn; as, ''Who wrote that book ?"—" Mr. Webster,"—'* W/tic/i of of theui ?"— " Xoah. Webster" — " What io he?--" A Ivxicographer." VJ'.i. The Kame pronouns used responaively, in the beginning of a dependent daut'C, or in what is cal'ed the indirect question ( i. e., in a way which, in an ir.dcpcndeut cliuso, would be a direct question), are properly neither intcrrof/niicca nor rcltitiveti, but a sort of iudejl- iiite pronoaus. This will b» best illustrated by an example: — Jnlen-ogative — '* ITAu tcrotc that letter?" Eelative.—'[l'kQO-y the person who wrote that lotterT'that is, I ata acquainted with him. Indefinite' — "Iknowu7ij wrote that letter;*' that i?, I know by whom the letter was written. 194. It id necessary to these words bein^ regardt^d as indeliniti.'S — , That they beg'u a deptudeut clause ; 2. That fi^^y do not ask a question ; 3. That an anteooiicut can not be supplied without changing the sense ; and 4. Ihat the whole clause be cit>»er the subject of a verb or the object of a verb or preposition. These remarks will ap- ply to all the folloTWDg examples ; '• I know who wrote that letter." Tell vxQ viho wrote that letter." "D) you know v:ho wrote that letter?" "Nobody knows who he is." " U7io he is, can not be known." "Did he tell you a-uy he io?" *• We cannot tell whkh is he." "I know not wliat I shall do." It is uncertain to whom that book belongs. " Teach me what is tru'.h, aud vshat is error." PARSIXG. , 195. Interrogative pionouDS, in both the «JirccL aud the indirect questions, arc parsed by stating thtir gen- der, numhflBt/'and cas3 ; thus :-- - " Who comes ? I kno'wnot I'ho comes." Who is an interrogative pronoun, masculine or feyji.,in8 in the nominative singular. 46 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Who itf an indefinite pronoun (or an interrogative pronoun ufed re. epoutj'.vfly), maeculine or feminine, iu the nominative singu- lar. Reasons may be assigned for each statement, as exemplified (162). EXERCISES. 1. Point out in which of the following eenttnces, u^Jio^ which, and trhot, are i-ekitivcn ; and in ■which, iiirfr/inlteft. AVho steals my purse, steals trash. To Avhom did you give that book ? What I do, thou kiiowest not now. Who you arc, Avhat you are, or to whom you belong, no one knows. What shall Ido ? Who built that house? J)o 3-ou know by whom that house was built ! Is that the man who built that house '/ Which book is yours ? Do you know Avhich book is yours? I saw a book which was said to be yours. I know which book is yours- What in me is dark, illumine. What is crook- ed, can not bo made straight. Wha^t is wanting, can not be numbered. AVhat is wanted? I know what is wanted. 2. Write sentence?, ench of which shall contain one of the pronouns in one or the other of these diflferent senres. QUESTIONS. What is n. relative pronoun? What niaj the antecedent be? TIow many kinds ? Name the simple relatives. Decline them. How arc they ppplied? When is w/'Wi applied to collective nouns? Is 7'-'/?f//'. a simple, or a cornpo^ind relative? (1V4). What are the oRice5 of the relative ? Stato the difference between the additive and the restrictive relative? When is i&hich a demonstrative adjective pro- noun? Is rt5 a relative? What are compound relatives? What kind of an antecedent have they? When are whatever, vt'hichever, *c., indefinite adjectives? How is ft relative parsed? What are interrogative pronouns? How are they applied, \ybftt do they enquire for when applied to persons ?• How may the indefinite pro- noun be known ? (193), How are interrogative pronouns parsed ? ETYMOLOGY— PRONOUNS. 47 IV. ADJECTIVE PrvOxXOUNS. 196. Adjective Pronouns are words used, sometimes like adjectives, to qualify a noun, and sQmctimes Ike pronouns, to stand intead of nouns. 191. Adjectives used as notins, or willi a noun understood, com- monly take the article (he before tiioni ; as, f/ie young ; (he old ; ifie good, &c. Adjcc'ivc pronouns do not. 193. Of the adjective pronouns, the Possc^sivcs clearly hare a double character. As an adjective, they qualify a noun, and as a pro- noun, stand inftead of anoun. The DisfyibutU-ee, Dcmonstmiircs, and IiidejhiHes, a*adjcctivcs, qualify a noun expressed or u.nderstood. or they Etand instead of a noun, and thus may be regarded eouietimei? as adjcctiTcs. and sometimes as pronouns. Hence they are classed by pome grauitnaTians as adjectives, and called y>ro»o/;<(»<7/' orZ/cc^iVrs ,• and by others as pronouns, and oslled ctdjertive jjrovouus. The latler classification and name are here preferred, because they have been admitted into the grammars of almost all languageg ; and' because a change o' established nomenclature is an evil of so serious a kind that it shouM not be incurred unless for the mo;t urgent reasons. 190- Adjective Pronouns are divided into lour class- es : rosscssivr, Distril)utit*e, Veuionstratlvc and Jndefiyiite^ POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 200. The Possessive Pronouns -arc such as denote possession. They arc mij, thij, hi^, her, ifs, — our, your their, — own. ^ ' 201. The possessive pronouns are derived from the personal, anl ccmbinothe office of the adjective and pronoun, for they a'ways lim't one noun denoting the object posfefsei-t, and stand instead cf another denoting the possessor. They agree viVh the pos-e68;ve cape of the personal pronoun in mea-ning, but diff.r frcm it in construct'on. The ^ possessive pronoun, like the adjective, is always followed by its n'un • as. "This is >H//book;" tho possessive case of the personal is never follow'ed by anonn.bH refers to one known or previoue'y expresred; a.", "This book is mine." The possessive ease of nouns is used botlx ways; as, " This is Jolm's book ,; " or, " This book is John'e." 48 EXGLISII GllAMMAIl. 202 Former'^ ;.i.';;c and f/i!';ie were u-cd before a vowel, or the let- tor /<,, iostBad of my aiid- thi/ ; as, ''B'.ot out all mine iniquities j '* '• Commune wih- i/ific heart." TLio fo'm is still in use. 20,j. Hie, Ii"'-, and itn, when fuUowod by a subotautive, are posses- eive pronouns, not f I'lowed by a substative, his is thu possessive case ot he ; hir. tHeobjecti\e case of o/ie y a::d it«, the posteij.sire case of it. Iq theE jg'ith liiblo, h'a is neuter^aa well as masculinp, and is used wliere iis now would bj u>eJ- Sjc Fruv. xxiii. ;U , /«. Is. 22. 204. Orn is not used "a^ a possessive pronouu by itaelf, but is ad- ded to the other posec-ssive pronoijnb, or to the possessive case of Doun.->, to render the poso'ea^ion^eipresscd by tbtm emphatic ; as, <' My oif;) book ;" *' The possessive proQuuu, with uuii, following it, may have it3 eubitantivo uadcrctood; m, *' This boyU iis utij own." . JJlBTRlBUTIVE rilONOUI.'G. 205. Tliie Distr[buriue''Y>vouonnH ropresont objects us taken soparatoiy. They arc each^ everj/, either, neither. 206. F'lch deuoles two or more objects taken separately. 207. Eccry denotes each of more ih in tvyo objects taken individ- ually, and coiuprebeuds thfem .Ml. 208. £Uher means one ol two, but not both. It is sometimes used lor each ; a;, '-On eUhcr side of the river." 209. Tbe distrihutivco are always o! the lliird person singular, even when Ihcy relate lo the persons s[i«rtkia;;, Or to tlt^se spoken to ; as, "Each of EXERCISES ON ALL THE PRECEDING PARTS OP SPEECH. ' Id the following Sentences, point out the nouns, articles, adjec. iives, and pronouns, in the order in which they occur, and parse them: .,«! --, .^i, My son, forget not my law ; but let thy heart keep my commandments: For length of days, and long life, and peace, eball tbey add to thee. Let not mercy and ET^YMOLOGY — VERBS. 51 ti-utli foi'8iike llicc : biiul them about tliy neck, write them upon the tabic of tli}' iicavt. Honor tlie Lord with thy substance, and with the first-fruits of all thine increase : So shall thy barns be filled with plen- ty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine. — ■ Happy is the man that findeth Wisdom. Length of daj's IS in her right' hand, and in her left hand, riches and honor. Her w^a3's are ways of pleasantness, and all her pat lis are peace." QUESTIONS. Wlmt are Adjective Pronouns? Do they take an article be- fore them ? What are the two characters of the Possessive? Into what classes are Adjective Pronouns divided ? AVliich are Pos- sessives ? Can they be used without a noun? How were minr and thine iormcrly used? Wiiat is said of hi.s, Iter and its in No. 201 ? How is ou-n used ? What are Distributive pronouns ? Wtjat are the words and what does each of Ihem.niean? What are De- monstrative pronouns? What words? What is said of ?/6?/, what, former ami latler ? What are Indefinife pronouns? Name thera? What is said of £)«<• .? What is said o\ none Kt\(\ some? — How are Adjective pronouns parried ? THE VERB. 220. A Verb is a w^ord used to express the act, being, or state, or its subject; as, "John runs -/' "The bo}' sleeps;" '^\Sq are;" ''lie is loved." Hence — A word that expresses the act, heing, or slate of a thing, is .i verb. Thus, w^ say runs is a verb, because it expresses the act of Jqhii, 221. The subject of a verb is that person or thing, whose act, heiug, or state, the verb expresses. Thus, ia the preceding examples, ** runs" expresses the act of John" — "sleeps/' the state of *' ho^" — "are," 52 EXGLTSTT GRAMMAR. the being or existence of" //v," ami "is loved," the state of "he" as the object acted upon. In like manner, in the sentences, *' Let him come;" "I saw a iiiau < »7^'».7 wood;" " Zc^" expresses the act of thou uQderstood, denoting the person addressed— " mmr," the act of "him," and *' onttinij" the act of *'/»«»." 222. Verbs are of two kind.S; Transitive and Intrans- itive. 223. A Transitive verb expresses an act done by one person or tiling to another; as, ^' James strikes the table." 224. An Intransitive verb expresses the being or state oi Ms subject, or an aci not done to another; as, ''I^m;" Vlq sleeps-/^ '< You runj' 225. In this division, Transitive (passing over,) verbs include all those which express an act that 2)a8fic>i over from the actor to an ob- ject; or the n caning of which has such a reference to an object, a« to render the expression of it necessary to complete the sense ; as, '^ lie LOVES ns ;" "I HEAR i/ov :" "James RESE^fBLES /<("'< brother;" *' He HAS a hook." Intransitive verbs include all tly)se which are not transitive whether they can express action or uot*; as, " I ain .-" " You valk ;" " They rnn." 226. These two classes of verbs may be thus distinguished : — 1. Transitive veibs ic the active voice require an ohject after them to complete the sense; as, " James {<." Hence — When a verb in the active voice, has an object, it is transifice : when it has not an ^bject, it is inlransitice. 3. In the use of trausiiive verbs, three things are always implied — the actor, the art, and the ohjcet acted upon ; in the use of intransitire verbs, there are only two— the s»/yVc^, and the heiny, state, or act, a<;cribed to it. , ETYMOLOGY — VERBS. 63 227. Intransitive verbs are sometimes rendered transitive — 1. When followed by a noun of the same, or similar significa- tion, as an object; as, intransitive y '■^l run ;' transitive^ '■'■ I run a race." 2. By the addition of another word ; as, intransitive, "I laucfh;" transitive, " 1 lauf/h at." 228. The same words are sometimes used in a transitive, and sometimes in an intransitive sense. Thus, in the sentence, "Char- ity thinkcth no evil," the verb is transitive. In the sentence, " Think on me," it is intransitive. 329. So also verbs, really transitive, are intransitive, when they have no object, and the sense intended, being mcre)y to denote an exercise, is couaplete without it. Thus, when we say, " That boy reads and inritcn well" — " rendu" and '' writes," are really transitive verbs; because a person who reads and writes, must read or write aomHhiu'j. Yet as the sense is complete without the objfect nothing more being intended than simply, " That boy is a good reader and writer," the verbs, as here used, are intransitive. EXERCISES. In the following sentences, tell which words are verbs, and why — which are intransitive, and why. That boy studies grammar. The girls play. Grass grows in the meadows. The former ploughs his field, and sows his grain. Eomuhis bnill Eomc. The sun shines. The winds blow. The tree fell. Biing your books, and prepare your lessons. Have you recited 'i Who read last? God created the heavens and the earth. Columbus discovered America. QUESTIONS. What is a verb ? What is the subject of a verb ' How man/ kinds of verbs ? What is a transitive verb? What is an intransi- tive verb ? Do intransitive verbs express action ? What do tran- sitive verbs require alter them ? How may a transitive verb be known? What three things ore required in the use ol transitive verbs? How are intransitive verbs rendered transitive? When may transitive verbs be used intransitively ? 54 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. DIVISION (tF VERBS. 230. In respect of form, vcrb.s arc divided into Ecouhir, Irregular, and Df/'trfire. 2ol. A REGi LAR verb is one that forms its j}((sf fmse in the indicative actUc,and its j>«.s7^>«/7ic ?)>/(;, by adding ast tense in the indicative active, and its j^ttaf participle, hy adding d or cd to the present ; aS; present, /crile ; past, tcrotc ; past participle, vriltrn. 233. A DEFECTIVE vcrb is one in Avliich some of the parts arc wanting. To this class belong chiefly, Aux- iliary and Impersonal verbs. AUXILIARY VERBS. 201. Auxiliary (or helpina) veibs are iliosy by the help of which othor verbs are iuflecieJ. They are do, hare, be ; — shall, will ; — may, can, must : and except he, they are used odI}'' in the present and past tenses; thus,— Present. Do, have, shall, will, may, can, must. Fast. Did, had, should, would, might, could, . Be, do, and hai:c, are alto principal verbs. ShaIl and Will, expressing resolution, purpose, » writing;" "He //rr* writing." 249. All these auxiliaries are sometimes used, without their verb, io express, by elipais the same thing as the full form of the verb, to- gether with its adjuncts, when that is used immediately before, eith- er in the same or in a dilVerent tense; thus, "Ho writes poetry as Tfell as I do." , 250. The verb do (not auxiliary) is sometimes used as the su^-sti- tute of another verb or phrase previously used; as, "We have not •yeifoxmd them all, nor over shall do."~ -Milton.—'" Lucretiiis wrote on the nature of things in Latin, as Empedocles had already done in .Gre'ek." — ActQu. EXERCISES. 1. Correct the errors in the following sentences, and give a reason for the correction : — I will be a loser by that bargain. I will be di owned and Jiobody shall help me. I will be punished if I do wrong. — You Bhall be punished if you do not'reforui. It shall prob- ably rain to-morrow. If you shall cooie 1 shall come also. — I will be compelled to go home. I am resolved that I ebail do my duty. I purposed that if you would come home I should pay you a visit. I hope that I will see him. I hoped that I would see him. You promised that you should "write me soon, lie was of opinion that we should hear ^ good lecture, lie shall come of his own accord, if encour- agement will be given. 2. In the following, tell which expressions are right, and which are wrong, and why :- - It is thought he sliall come. It will be impossible to get ready in time. Ye will come to me. He shall have . your reward. They should do as they ought. We are re- solved that we will do our duty. They are resolved that they ETYMOLOGY — VERBS. 57 shall do tlieir duty. 1 am determined that you will do your duty. I am sure you will do your duty. QUESTIONS. ^, What is a regular verb ? An irregular ? A Defective? What are auxiliary verbs ? Nutne them. Give the present^an(l[past teuse of each. Which are also principal verbs? What docs nUEST10Ni5. What belong to the iiilleclion of verbs V What i.-^ voice? How many voices? What does the active voice represent? What does the passive voice represent ? Have intransitive verbs any distinc- tion of voice ? What form have they? What are the three ways by which intransitive verbs are rendered transitive? What pecu- Ifar form of the verb is sometimes ii^ed? MOODS. 258. MooLt is the /node or iiiiiniier of exprcs.sitig the sig- uiScation of ihe verb. ETYMOLOGY — MOODS^ 59 250. The moods in English hKe' Jf^e; namely, the Tiu dicdfioe, Potential, Subjuncfive, Imperative, and hifinitive. 2G0.;/nie Indicative mood declares the fact expressed by the verb, s«myit8 the Rubicon, and (ntera Italy." 2?7. It is used sometimes, intead of the ]>i cacitt per/f't iensc, \n speaking of authors long since dead, when reference is made to their works which still exist; as, "Moses ^t//«us who wtre the descend- ants of Abraham." 2*78. The Present-perfect tense represents an action or event as completed at the present time, or in a period of which the present forms a part ; as, " I have sold mv horse" — •' I have walked six miles lo-day " — "John has heen busy this week. 279. The sign of the present-perfect is //arc— inflected, h(is(, h-Jt, or hath. 280. This tense is used to express an act or state continued through a perioi of time reaching to the present; "He ho8 nfndicd grammar six months." 281. It is used to express acts long since completed, when the refer- ence is not to the ac\ of finishing, but to the thing finished and still existing; as, "Cicero hus aritttn orations." 282. Sometimes this tense is used in eflfect to deni/ the present ex- istence of that of which the verb expressesHhe completion ; "I have hten young "—meaning, this is now finished — I am young no more. 283. The Past tense exprssres what took place in past time ; as^ " In the beginning God created the heavens"— 62 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. '' God said, Let there be light" — " The ship saik^ when the mail arrived." 281. The time expressed by this tense^is regarded ae entirdy past' and, however near to the present, it does not embrace it: as, "I saw your friend a mf mentago." 285. This tense is used to express what w.i3 customary in past tiuce : as, " She attended church regularly all her life." 286. The Past-perfect tense represents an action o^ event as completed at or before a certain past time ; as, " 1 had walked six miles that day '' — " John had Jbtcn busy that week." 287. Thcsjgu of the past-perl'ect is had : second pcrscn, liud^il. 288. The Future tense expresses what will take place in future time; as, " I will see you again, and your hearts shall I'c/'oire." 2F9. The Bigna of the future arc .<*/;«//. I'i/f. 2U0. The FuTURE-PERFF.(T tense intimates that an ac- tion or event will be completed at or befoie a certain time yet future ', as, " I shall have (jot my lesson by ten o'clock/" — *• He icill have finished hi.s letter before you are ready. '^ 291. The signs of the future perfect are ihull have, uill have. TENSES OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD. 292. The Potential mood has ./'"t tenses — the Frcrent^ the Present perfect, the Pasty and tbe Past-perftct. 293. The /'/•ef«'«^ potential C'ipres&e.s inescnt* liberty, power; or obligation. The signs of the Present are, mai/, can^ must. ' 294. The signs of the Present perfect iMitcnIiar aire, via^ have, (.(at hnvf, muHf hnre. ' .., ^^ 295. The signs of the Past prtentijil nre. uni/h'f, could, KOuld, shovid, 290. The 8ij|Tifi of the Pa>it-perfect potei Jial "are, iiti^/ht ,yffn e. ci>ii/d lace, woidd hare, shovid hare. v^:.:"l'^ ■ '^' ' ^ ''-^'-' ■' ^' ^^ ^ •^•' "- 297. The F>/fin->' atiil Fnhirc-ph-ftd arc wanlinjr in tlurrulcudal. ETYMOLOGY — TENSE. 63 TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 29^ The Subjunctive mood, in its proper forno, has only the Present 'tense. The verb " to be" has the present and the past. 299. The Present subjunctive, in its proper form, according to present approved usage, has always a future reference; thus, •' If he write,^' is equivalent to, " If he should write," or, " I( he shall write."' Uncertainty or coutiugency respecting a supposed presait action or state, is expressed by the present indicatire used sulfjunctively; as, " If he writes as well as he reads, he will succeed." 300. The Present-perfect subjunctive is only the same tense of the indicative, used subjunctively. 301. The Past subjunctive is used in two senses — 1. It is used to express a past action or state, as conditional or contingent; as, " If he u-rote that letter he deserves credit, and should be rewarded." 2. It expresses a suppooition with respect to something present and implies a denial of the thing supposed ; as, '• If I had the money now, I would pay it," implying, I have it ugt. TENSE OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 302 The Imperative mood has only the present tense, and thakhas respect to the time of the command, or exhortation. TENSES -OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 308. The Intinitivc mood has two tenses, the Present and the Fer/'ecf. These do not so properly denote the th/ie of the action, &c., as its sfafe ; as, " To write " — '•' To have written." 304. The Present inhnitivc expresses an act or slate not finished, indefinitely, or at any time referred to, expressed or implied ; as, " I wish to write'' — '' I wished tn go'' — " Apt tn teavh.-^ ;^.0i>. The sign of tlio pre.sent infinitive 'i9, (<>. :i06. After the verl» to t,i\ the present infinitive is " sumotiiues used to expres-s a future action or event: as, " He is to r/o;"' "If we were to fJO." 04 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 307. The Fii/tTt iufiuitivo expresses an act or state as perfect or finished, at any time referred to, expressed or implied; as, " He is said (o have ivritlen." ', 308, The sign of the perfect infinitive is, to have. H09. In the use of the infinitive, it* is necessary to observe, that the Present must never be used in circumstances which imply a, jinish- ed act; nor the Ptr/x-t in circumstances which imply an act not fin- ished. QUESTIONS. What are tenses ? How many, and what are they? Which of them are simple tenses? Explain the uses of the present tense des- cribed in Nos. *27t), 2Y7 ? What does the present-perfect represent? W^hat is its sign ? What is its use in Nos. 280-1-2 ? What does the past tense express ? What other uses has it ? What does the past- perfect represent? What is its sign ? How many tenses has the potential mood ? Name thera. What does the present express? What are the signs of each of the tenses? .How many tenses has the Subjunctive ir^ood, properly? Give the substance of 299. What are the two senses of the past ? How many tenses has the imperative mood ? How many has the infinitive ? What does each of thera express ? What are their signs ? PARTICIPLES. olO. A Participle is a word which, as a verb, express- es an action or slate, and, as an adjective, qualifies a noun ; as, "J/e came seeing'' — •' Having finished our task wem^y play." 311. Verbs have three participles — ihQ present^ the 7)«sif and iha perfect ; as, loving^ loved, having loved, in the active voice ; and being loved, loved, having been loved, in the pas- sive. 312 The present participle active always ends in ruff. In all Teibs it has an active signification, and denotes an action Or state as continuing and progressive; as, "James is building a house. ^ ETYMOLOGY — PARTICIPLES. 65 313. The Present participle passive has always a passive signifi- cation, but it has the same difference of meaning with respect to the time or state of the action as the present indicative passive. 3lt. The P'ist participle has the same form in both voices. In the active voice it belongs equally to transitive and intransitive verbs- has always an active sense forms, with the auxiliaries, the Present- perfect and the Past perfect tenses and is never found but thus com- bined ; as, "has loved," "had loved," k^, In the pnsaive voice it has always a passive sense, and, with the verb to he as an auxiliary, forms the passive voice; as, "lie is loved;" or without it, qualifies a noun or pronoun : as, "A man loved by all, hated, by none." The difference between Ifee active and the passive participle will be seen in the following example, viz. Active "He ha? comenled a dagger under his cloak;" PAssiVE---"He has a dagger co/icta/rd under his cloak." ."US. The r/e or j/oii : in the third person, the su\iject is- llie name of any person or thing spoken of, or a pronoun of the third per- ^jou, in its stead ; a^so it may be an inlinitivc mood, or a claus,^ of a sentence, or any thing of which a person can thiiik or .speak. 32 J. In ordinary discourse, the ini[ierative mood has only the^ second i>crsou, because a comnittml, cxftordilion, &c., can lie address- ed only to the jicrson f<}>vlc/i to. 32?. In such expressions as ' f.'i 119 fort"--- ' L>i him A. »■-•"-. -"./c« ///.cw;t /ut-e"- -phrases by which the first .and the third person of the imperative in some languages are rendered' --let is the proper imper- ative in the second person, with tJioa or ^utt as its subject underPtocd, and loie the infinitive without the si^n. Thus, "Let [f/ion] us love," ' AST-1'EUFEC'J Sign, ?ia(f. . I had been. 2. Thou hadst been! 3, He had been. 1. We had been. 2. You had been.' 3. They had been. ETYMOLAGY — CONGUGATION. 60 FUTURE TENSE. Signs, s/<«//, loill, — Inflect with each. Singulars Plural. 1. I shall be. 1. We shall be. 2. Shon Shalt be. 2. You shall be. 3. He shall be. 3. They shall be. PUTURE-PERPKCT TENSE. ' Signs, shallhave, willhave. — Inflect with each. 1. I shall have been. 1. We shall have been. 2. Thou sbalt have been. » *2. You shall have been. 3. He shall have been, 3. The}' shall have been. POTENTIAL MOOD, PRESENT TENSE. Signs, may, can, must. — Inflect with each. 1. I maybe. 1. We may bo. 2. Thoumaystbe. • 2. You may be. 3. He may be. 3. They may be. PRESENT-PERFECT TENSE. Signs, may have, can have, or munt have — Inflect with each. 1. I may have been. 1. We may have been. 2. Thou mayst have been. 2. You may have been. 3. He may have been. 3^ They may have been PAST TENSE. Signs, might, could, would, sho>uld. — Inflect with each = 1. I might be, 1. We might be. 2. Thou niightst be. 2. You might be 3. He might be. 3. They might be. PAST- PERFECT TENSE. Signs, might have, could have, would have, should have Inflect with each. 1. I might have been. 1. Wgrnighthave been. 2. Thou mightst have bepu, 2, You might have been. 3. He Bttight have been. 3. They mighthave been. 72 ENOLTSIT OTIAMMAR. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PKKSKXr tenSe. Singular. Plural. ■•1. If I be. 1. If we he, 2. If thou be. ' ' 2. If you be. 3. If he be. 3. If ihey be. PAST* TENSE. 1. If I were, 1. If we were. 1 2. If thou wert, or wore. 2. If you were. 3. If he were. 3. Iflheywere. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Siuguhtr. Plural. 1. Be, or be thou 2.. Be, or be ye or you. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. PERFECT TENSE. To be. To h.ave been. PARTICIPLES. Present, Being. Past, Been. Perfect, Having been, 1:538. All the tenses of the indicative, and also of the potential mood, are used siibjunctively, by placing the conjunction before them, thus : Present — *'lfl am," "If thou art," ^'Ifhe is," &e. Prcaenf perfect — "If I have been," &e. Past—'-lil was," &c. '..'59. The verl) to //<• followed by an inflnitive, forms a particular future tense, which often expresses ^^i^. 71 ting it^Sind staling its t^isfi, moo(f, voice, person^ an»i num- ber, and also the snhject of which it affirms ; thus, '•He ii " — h is a verh, intransitive, irregular— «»?, was, been — f«)und in the present, indir-ative, active -thini person, singular, and nffirraa of its subject, Ir. M\. Parsinu; witli llic reasons : Is — a vcrh, because it afTirms being or existence of " ffi." intraiisitire — it has no object. in-rrjular — Its past tense and past particicle do not end in eJ— am, iiuifi, been. present — it refers to present time. 7'H/^//oa^"re— it declares simply and without limitation. active — its subject is not acted upon. third pcrfioii — its subject in spoken of, singular — -it asserts cf but one, "He," PROPOSITIONS. ;M2. Every proposition must liavc & snhject tiwd predL cafe. Tlie subject may be a noun , pronoun, or j^^^^^^j^^^ must always be in the nominative case. The predicate must be a verb, in the indicative, subjunctive or poten- tial mood. Ifllie predicate is the verb "to be," it will be followed by a noun, pronoun, adjective or phrase^ which is called the (lescriptive. ^ EXERCISES, 1 Stato^the innee, moody fu-Ron and nuinler, of the terb "to bi<," in the following examples : thus, "Am," present indicative, active, Grst person, singular. Am, is, art, I was, we were, tliey are, you have been, she had.been, he was, he will be, they shall.be, we had been, htist been, hadst been, wast. We may be, they may have been, he might be, you might have been, you must be^they should havebe^n 72 ENGLISH r.KAMMAE. if I be, thou wert, though lie were, if I luid been, though I were, if we coukl have been, they might be. 13e, to be, do ihou be, be ye, to have been, being, been, having been, be thou. 2. la tae following propositions, tell the suhject, predicate and descriptive, and parse each word carefully. Snow is white. Soh)nian was a wise man. Time is preeious. Trutli is powerful. Falsehood is base. Al- exander was a great conqueror. You shou d be dili- gent. The telegraph is a useful jnvention. If you be attentive, 3'ou will be a good scholar. If they had beeji diligent, they would have been wiser. Be careful. Honesty is the best policy. " Wisdom is the principal thing." " Counsel is mine, I am under.-tanding." CONJUGATION OF THE REr,ULAR VERB, " TO LOVE." o43. The regular transitive verb " To love'' is Inflect- ed through all its moods and tenseSj as follows : — ACTIVE VOICE. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pre3e?it, love. Past, loved. Ftiftt pariici/jle, loved, INDICATIVE MOOD. PRKSENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I love. ], We love. 2. Thou lovest. 2. i^ou love. 3- He loves {or loveth). H. They love, PRESENT- PERFECT TENSE. Sign, hni'^. 1. I have loved. 1. We have loved. 2. Thou hast loved. 2. You have loved/ 9. He has loved. 3. They have loved. *v- ^^•^i■ic^•■::'s^-s«!p:^^f . I ElYMOLOGY — CONJUaATION, ^^ PA'^T TENSK. 1. T loved. 1. We loved. 2. Thou lovedst. 2. You loved. . i. He loved. 3. They loved. , J Past PERFECT tense. Sign, hud. 1. I had loved. 1. We had loved. 2. Thou hadst loved, 2. You had loved. 3. He had loved. 3. T^hcy "bad loved. future tense. SigQF, shaU, will. — Inflect with each. 1. I shall love. 1. We shall love. 2. Thou Shalt love. ' 2. You shall love. 3. He sh ill love. 3. They shalUove. FUTURE PERFECT TKN.SE. Signs, shall have, will have. — Inflect with each. 1. I shall have loved. 1. We shall have loved. 2. Thou shult have loved, 2. You shall have loved. 3. He shall have loved. 3. They shall have loved. POTENTIAL MOOD. o PRESENT TENflE. Sign-?, mat/ can, inuf.i. — Inflect With each. Singular. Plural. 1. I may love. 1, We may love. 2. Thou mayst love, 2. You may love. 3. He may love. 3. They may love. Present-perfect tense, Signs, may have, cdn hive, must have. — Inflect with each, 1. 1 may have loved. 1. We may have lovac" 2. Thou mayst have loved. 2. You may have JO^^d. 9t He may have loved. 3< They may have loved. EXGLL^n ORAMMAB. FAST Tf:NSE. Signs, iiii'jht, co'uldj irunhl, sJinvld. — Tnllect with CAch. , 1. I might love. 1. Wc might love. 2i Thou mightst love. '-. Voii might love. 3. He might love. 3. They iuii^'hl love. PAST PFRVKCT tt:n.sf:. UignS, might have, couhf hare, v^^nhl hare, ahorilif have. — loflicivvith each. 1. I thigbt have loved. 1. We might hojie loved. 2. Thou mightst have loved. 2. Von might have loved. 3. He might have loved.. 3. They miglit have loved. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TL'KSE. /Singular, rUiral. 1. If I love, 1. If we love. 2. If thou love. -. If you love. 3. If he love. 3. It they love. IMPERATIVE MOOD. l^hiijuhir. riural. Common form ^ 2. Love, &/• love thou,- 2 Love, or love ye o;- yoil Emphatic prm. 2. Do thou love. 2. Do ye o;- you love. INFINITIVE MOOD. Prksent, to love. I^krfkct, to have loved r . PARTTCTPLES. Present, loving. Past, loveil. Pr.uKKrT, having loved. T'ARRTN(K 344. John loves learning. *'L(fve8." — db verb, transitive, reijHhir, coajugated ^orf, loced, hv- •fd — f9UU4 IX^ ti)a,9 J>rQ8eiit indicative, avtlv», third jierio'i, Bingularp and tTl'MOLOGt — PARSING <5 ■"..'■ » exp^egse^ the act of "John." This is called parsing, iu which the pame order of statement should always be olse ved. ' 315. This may be extended, by giving tbo reas ns of each state- ment, as follows : , • 'Loves."— a r^rb, because it expresses an dct of ita subject. trAnaititf, because it has an object — feaniuifj. reijiilnr', because its past tense and participle ends in eci. coiiJu writing. 2. Thou wast writing. &c. Past-Per. 1. 1 had been wri- 2. Thou liadst been writing, &,c. ting. . FrruE. ] I bhall be wri- 2. Thou shalt be writing, &c. ting. Fut.-Per. 1. 1 shall (>r will 2. Thou shalt or wilt have been have been writing. writing, &c. 353. EMPHATIC FORM. PRESKiNT TEXSK. 1 I do love. 1. We do love. 2. Thou dost love. 2. You do love 3. He does love. 3. They do love. PAST TENSK. 1. I did love. 1. We did love. 2. Thou didst love. 2. You did love. 3. He did love. 3. They did love. ' EXERCISES. O 1. Change the following verbs from tho simple into the progressive and emphaHc form.s : — He writes. They road. Tliou. tt^acliest. W.o. have learned. He bad written. They go. Y« u will build. Iran. John has done it. We taught. He stands. ETYMOLOGY— CON JUG AT roN"; ^79 Ho .slu(xl. Tlioy will stand. They may read. We c »n sew. You should study. . We iiiigbt have read. 2. Change tbc followiog, from the progrtvji-, o into the simple and emphatic fbrins :— ' We arc writing. They were Fingiog. They havo been riding. We might be walking. I ma}' have been sleeping. They are coming. Thou art teaching. They have been eating. He has been moving. W^o havo been defending. 9. Parie tKe'Ke verbs, in each lortn ; thus," We nr<' n-riting" — "arti vritiiiq" is a verh. tranBitive, irregular — n:ritc, irrote, nridev — in the pre»er»t, indie itiv.\. active, first i>crson, plural, pregressive form. f»AS.SIYE VOICE. .3^4. The Passive voice is inflected b}' adding tho past partiQJple to Uie verb '' /o te," as an auxiliary, through all its moodts and tenses, thus : — TRINCIPAL TAUrS. Pffscni, Am luvcd. Past,, Was loved. Paf^t participle, loved, INDICATIVE M<)')D . . , rUtSENT TKNSi:. Singular Plural. 1 I am loved. 1. We are loved. 2. Thou art loved 2. You arc loved. 3. He is level. o. They are loved. rRKSi:N T-1'KKH:CT TENSi:. 1. T Imve been loved. 1. Wc have been loved. 2. Thou hast'^ been loved. 2. I'ou have been loved. 8 Jle lias been loved, 3. They have been lovef]. so ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PAST TENSE. 1. I was loved.^ 1. We were loved. 2. Thou wast loved. 2. Vou were loved. ;). lie was loved. 3. They were loved. PAST-PERFKCT TEN"»E.l Sign, had. 1. 1 had been loved. 1. We hnd been loved. 2. Thou luidstbeen loved. 2. You had been lovfedii- 8. lie had been loved. 3, Thej had been loved. FUll'UE TENSE. Signs, shall, will. — Inflect with encb. 1. T shfill be loved. 1. We shall be loved. 2. Thou sbalt be loved. 2. You shall beloved. 3. He shall be loved. 3. They shall be loved. FUTURE-PERFECT TENSE. Signs, iJiall have, uill have. — Inflect with each. 1. I shall liave bccu loved. 1 We shall have bee)CJ loved. 2. Thou sbalt have been loved. 2. You shall have been loved. 3. He shall have been loved. 3. They shall have been loved. POTENTIAL MOOD. PRESENT TENSE, Signs, may, ran, nmst. — Inflect with each*. Singular. Pltual. 1. I may be loved. 1. We may be loved. 2. Thou mayst be loved. 2. You may be loved. 3. lie may be loved. 3. They may be loved. PRESENT-PERFECT TENSE. Siprns, may have, can have, must have. — Inflect with each, 1. I may have been loved. 1 . We may have been loved. 2. Thou mayst have been loved 2. You may have been loved. 6. He may have been loved. 3. They may have i>een lovedt ETYMOLOGY — ^^C()NJIJ(JAT10N. 81. PAST TENSE. SignF, might, could, ico'uld, «Aoj«?c/.— Inflect with each. 1. I might be loved. ' 1.. We might be loved. 2. Thou mightst be loved. 2- You, might be loved, Sf. tic might be loved. ' 3. They might be loved, PAST-PERFKCT TENSE. Signs, might have, could hare, tcdttld have, should have. — Inflect with each. I. I might have been loved. 1. W6 might have been loved. I. Thou mightst have been loved. 2 You might have been loved. 3. He might have been loved. 3. They might have been loved. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. If I beloved. 1. If wc be loved. 2. If thou be loved 2. If jou be loved 3. If ho be loved. . A. If they, be loved. P.\ST TKNSE. 1. If I were loved. 1. If wc were loved, 1. If thou wertt»/ were loved. 2. If you were loved. 3. If he were loved. . 3 If they were loved. IMPERATIVE MOOD. iiinf^ular. Plural. 2, Be thou loved. 2. Be ye o/ you loved. . INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, To be loved. Perfect, To have been loved PARTICIPLES. Pres.. Being loved. Past, Loved. Per., Haying been loved. 4b 82 ENGLISH GKA31MAR. PROGRESSIVE PASSIVJE. 355. Nearly all gratnmarians condemn the use of the progressive passive as improper ; but if the practice of the best speakers and writers, is a legitimate standard, such forms must be accepted. "The house is heivg huih;" '' The money teas beivg raised," are samples of this form. EXERCISES. 1. In the following txercisee, tell the tpnsr mnod, vo'cr, nvnihcr and person, and always in thie order, viz : "Is loved " — present indica- tive, passive, third person, singular. They are loved ; we were loved ; thou art loved; it is loved ) she was loved ; he has been loved ; you have been loved ; I have been loved -, thou hadatbecn loved ; we shall be loved ; thou wilt be loved ; they will be loved ; I shall have been loved ; you will have been loved. He can be loved ; thou mayst be loved ; she must be loved ; they might be loved ] ye would be loved ; they should be loved; I could be loved; thou mayst have been loved ; it may have been loved ; you might have been loved ; if I be loved ; thou wcrt loved ; we be loved ; they be loved. Be thou loved ; be ye loved ; you be loved. To be loved ; loved ; having been loved ; to have been loved ; be- ing loved. 2. Put the above exercisep, first in the negative form, and then, ia the indicative and the potential mood, in the interrogative form. QUESTIONS. Conjugate the verb to he through all its moods and tenses. Give all the signs of the tenses. AVhat is a tense sign ? How are the indicative and potential moods use subjunctively ? What parlicn- Jar future is formed by ^o 6e .^ How ie a verb parsed? Parse is ETYMO^LOGY — VERBS — IRREGULAR. 83 both ways. How many parts hns a proposition? What may the subje.ctbe? What case? What runy the predicate be ? What m6od? When the verb to be is predicnto, what mnst follow? Con- jugate the verb to love. Parse loves both way?. When a transitive verb is predicate what n^ust follow? How many parts has a transw itive proposition ? Give the negative form of the verb. Give thft. interrogative form. Conjugate fhe progressive form. The emphat- ic form. How is the passive voice formed ? Conjugate the passive. What is said of the passive progressive "i* - LREEGULAI^ VEEBS. 35G. An IRREGULAR vcrb is cue that does not form itk'^ past tense in tlio ttidicalivo active, and its past partici- ple by addin;;- rd lothc ]!rof?cnt. 457. The following Hat couijjrisfs nearly all the irregular verbs in tbelanguago. These conjugated regularly, aa well as irre|rular!y. aretnarkod with an R. Those in >'UrI>c^ are obsolete, or obsolescent* and DOW but HI tic used •• •? Present. r.Mt. I'asl Farik'q>ie^ Abide abode abode Am was been AriiiC arooc ai'iseu Awake nwokc; U awaked Bake bakod baked, bakcn Bear, to ht ifig frrt/i bore, hair born Bear, (o carrj/ boro. bare borne Beat beat beaten, beat Begin began begun Bend bent, R bfeut. K. Bereave bereft. R bereft, R Beseech besought besoi!g!-it Bid bid, bade bidden, bid Bind, un- bound bound Bite bk. bitten, bit Bleed bkd bled Blow blew- blown Break broke ;6r«/ie broken, brok^. S4 ENGLISH GEAMMAB. Tresent, Past, Past Participle. Breed bred bred Dring brought brought Build, re- built, R, built, R. Burn burnt. R. burnt, R Burst burst burst Buy bought bough t Cast cast cast Catch caught R. caught, R, Chide chid chidden, chid Choose chose chosen Cleave, to adhere cleaved, clave cleaved Cleave, to split cleft, clave cleft, R. cloven Cling clung clung Clothe clad,R. clad. R Come, Ac- came come cost cost cost Creep crept crept Crow crew, R. crowed Cut cut cut Dare, to venture durst dared Dare to challenge, R. dared dared Deal dealt dealt, R Dig dug, R. dug, R. Do, mis- un- did done Draw drew drawn Dream dreamt, R dreamt, R. Drink drank drank, drunk Drive drove driven Dwell dwelt, R. dwelt, R. Eat ate, eat eaten Fall, he- fell fallen Feed fed fed Feel felt felt Fight fought fought Find found found Flee fled fled Fling flung flung Fly flew flown ETYMOLOGY — VERBS — IR REGULAR. 85 Present. Past. Forbear forbore Forget forgot Forsake forsook Freeze froze Get, be- for- gotj gat Gild gilt, R. Gird, be- en- girt, R, Give, /or- mis- gave Go, under - went Grave, en- R, graved Grind ground Grow grew Hang hung Have had Hear heard Heave hove, R. Hew heved Hide hid Hit hit Hold, be- with- heid Hurt hurt Keep . kept Kneel knelt, R. Knit knit, R, Know knew Lade, to load laded Lay laid Lead, mis- Led Leave left Lend lent Let let Lie, to recline lay Light lighted, lit Lose lost Mflkc made Mean meant Xlcet met Mow mowed Past Participle. forborne forgotten, forgot forsaken frozen gotten, got gilt, R. ^vi, R. gi^en gone graven, graved ground grown hung had heard hoven, R. hewn, R. hidden, hid hit held, holden hutt kept, kjjelt, R. kni*^ knitted known laden laid led left lent let lain, lien lighted, lit lost made meant met mown 86 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Present. Past Past participle. Pay, re- • paid p"aid Ton, to enclose pentjR. pent, R. Put put put Quit ■ quit, R; quit, R. Read read lead Rend rent rent Rid rid rid Ride rode, rid ridden, rid Ring rang. rung lung Rise, a- rose lisen Rive rived riven, R. Rot rotted rotten, R Run ran. f ftn run Saw sa'wed sawed, R. Say said snid See saw seen Seek sought sought Seethe seethed, sod seethed, sodden Sell sold Fold Send sent sent Set, Ac- set get Shake ebook shaken Shape, mis- eliaped shapen, R Shave thaved shaven, R Shear sheared shorn, R* Shed shed shed Shine shone, R' shone, R. Shoe shod shod ShoDt shot shot Show showed shown, R Shrink shrunk, sh) aiik shrunk Shred shred shred Shut shut shut Sing sang, sung <-ung Sink sunk, sank sunk Bit sat sat Slay slew slain Sleep slept slept ETYMOLOGY — VERBS— -IKREGULAR. Present, Past. Past participle. Slide slid slidden, slid Sling slung, slang slung Slink slunk slunk Slit slit slit, slitted Smite smote smitten Sow, to scatter sowed sown, K. Speak, he- spoke, spake spoken Speed sped sped Spell 6pe?t. R. spelt, R. Spend, mis- spent spent Spill spilt, R. ' spilt, R. . Spin spun, span spun Spit, be- spit, spat spit Split split split "Spread, be- spread spread Spring sprang, sprung sprung Stand, with-. &c- stood stood Steal stole stolen Stick stuck stuck Sting stung stung Stride, be- strode, strid stridden, strid Strikc ^ truck struck, stricken String strung strung Strive. strove striven Strew, 6c- strewed strewed, strewn Strow, Re- strowod strewed, strown swear swore, sware sworn Sweat sweat, R. sweat, R. Sweep swept swept Swell swe'led swollen, R. Swim swam ur swum swum Swing- swung swung Take, 6c-, &c, took taken 'J each, mis- re- taught taught Tear tore, ^rt re torn Tell told told Think be- (■bought thought Thriye thrived, throve thriven, R. 8T 88 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ,, . y ■ '{TA Present. Throw Tlr ust Tread Past. thiew thrust trod Past participle. thrown tlirust trodden, trod Wax wuxed waxen, R. Wear •were worn '' '' Weave wove woven Weep Wet wept wet, R, wept .wet, R. Whet whet, R. whet.R. Win Wind won wound, R. won wound Work • wrought, R. wrought, R. Wring Write .wrung, R. wrote wrung written DEFECTIVE VEKBS. 358. A Defective verb is one in which some of the parts are Avanting. The following list comprises the most important. They are irregular, and chiefly aux- iliary : — Present. Past. Present. Past. Can could Shall should May Must might Will Wist would wist Ought Quoth 359. Ought, origin quoth Imperatii ally the y )asi Wit, ) Wot 5 -Beware. t teusc of owe, U wot now used to signify present duty, and must, to denote present obligation or ne» cessity. IMPiJRFONAL VERBS. 360. hvjycrsonul verbs arc thok' which assert ihe ex- ETYMOLOGY — EXERCISES. 89 * istence of some action or state, but refer it to no par- ticular subject. They are always in the third person eingufar, and in Englisli are preceded by the pronoun k '; as, ''It rains"— It hails"— ''It hehooves,*' &c. ■ '^"^^ " 361. To this class of words belong the expressions, /n^TAin^*, methought ; nusectns, ?iiesccvicd ; someiimes used for ''Jt seems to me"— "It appears to me" &c. EXERCISES. 1. Cpnjugato tho following irregular verba, and tell which are tran- »itive, and which are also regul.ar, Take, drive, creep, begin, abide, buy, bring, arise, catch, bereave, am, burst, draw, drink, fly, flee, faJI, get, give, go, feci, forsake, grow, have, hear, hide, keep, know, lose, pay, ride, ring, shake, run, seek, sell, see, fit, slay, slide, smite, speak, stand, tell, win, write, weave, tear. EXERCISES ON THE PRECEDING PARTS OF SPEECH. Tell what kind of a preposition and give the parts ; parse each word carefu'lj-, [The words in Italics are/'ro/'osi7io;?cS, and the nouns oriiroripuns following them are in the objective case.] The wind f^hakes the trees. The apples fell ^o the grou' d. Cod created all things. The heavens are the work of his liands. Alexander the Great conquered many countries. The sun shines. The fields are covered with grain. The crops are excellent. The rivers run into the sea. A good man shows pity to the poor. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. Eemember thy Creator in the days o/ thy 3'outh. Time flies. All things come foanerid. A bad man can not be happy. Redeem time. Do good to all men. Truth is mighty. 90 ENGLISH GRAAIMAR. ADYEEBS. 332. An Adveri; is a word, j'^ined to a i^erb, ah «<:?- ;>(:?ii;e^ or another mhuiih, to inudify it,, or lo denoie some ci rciinistanpe respect ini;- i L ", as . '* A n r. speaks dk- tinctlff ; she in remar/uibly diligent, and rcadn very car- recthj," '^^?>. Anadrerl) li geneT-ally rnuivulent to fi modifying pbrapp. or a-^juDct of the wori to wbich it is joined. Thus, in the i re'«cding example, ' ditilinclfj/" mettni^, in a dint'w.-l vnuincr ; "rcmoihnhhf," i'» a rtiu'ii ktible decree. Ilenco, a-'verbs ard adv rbial a<)juiicts are often u»ed indiscriminately in modifying verbs, adjectives, aiid adver'be. 864, On the eaiuo }irinciplo that an jidverb modifies another adverb, it somotirnes also modirt^a an a'lju'^ct, a phrase, or a s'onteno, ; as, * I met your brother far front, home." ,■ 365. An adjunct, .without tiie word to which it belongs, is called an adverbial j^hrase ; as, in $hn^ sentence to another ; a?, "Not this man, bat Barabbas. Now liarabbas uas a robber." ?6S. The words io day, to nlijhi, to utorroir, i/cHlLidt>i^ used ae ad- juncts, ttiBy be called adveibs oftjme, or they may be regarded as nouns in the objective caPC, without the governing word. 369. In comparison, f«8 aud*o, in the at teoedent clause, are usual- ly reckoned advc.b?, because they modify an adject' ve or an'ther adverb. The corroppontsing f»« and «*>, sometimes called conjunctions, are properly adverbs also, because resglvable into an adjunct. H70. Therefore, ic/icrcj'orc, aho, sometimes called conjunctions, are more prwperly adverbs, because used for the a.nREPaSlTiONS. 93 EXRRCISE3 ON ADVERBS. IRREGULAR VERB3, Besides. / Between rnderuenth Vntil Into Tp Upon With Within Without Of Through Off Throughout On Till Over To Out of Toui'bihg Past Toward \ Regarding Towards j Respecting Fnder • the seoee of at, in, oti, &c., seeras-to have the force of a prepoKitiop in such expressions as a vemliitf), a nmnifig, a gciiiy, a huntinfj, dc, and may be parsed as such. 380. To, the sign of the iafinitivc miiuil, shA)ubl not be regarded as a prepositioQ, but as a. sort of prefix bcdouging to the form of the verb in that part. 381. When a piejoition has not an object, it becomes an «(//-fri ,• as, «'He rides about." But in such phrases as cost nj,, hold out, fall on, (i'c., up, out, on, should ba considered as a part of the verb to whii b they are joined, rather than as preposi-ions or adverb.>». 382." All words used ii.s prepositions are followed by au objective case, and may by this be distinguished from other words. PARSING . '183. A preposition is parsed by statlnf^ what part of speech, and between what words it shows the rehition ; * tinis, "■ The waters o/ Jonhm." O/is a preposition, and shows the rehition betsveeii Jordan and ivatern. Here Jordan is the rogimpn of the preposition of ; of Jordan U th« adjunct of toafe/-»; an I iya<<;>-a is the principal tj which the aLOGY — CONJUNClTOS. 97 I o3> Coiijiinotivnii are divided iuto two classes : Cop- ' 7'^ ///r<; and D'sj'unc'ive. ^ '•'i [. Copul.itive conjimctioas connect things, that are to be con- si I 're>Vt;J!.i^'.nUei\ Thev are, and^ hoi/ij^as, heeause^for, if, since,tha&i : I") I V / i^ tlie princip.il copulative, and connects what follows H ^ h) that which pr'Ocedes. The oihers connect what (uIImw.^ ;i:i w ■ yidltioii, 'f.fi^osUion , caus/", motive, Si'c. ; ' yp'D'y'ifirUec co'-^n'wAiom connect tliiag.j that are to be con- > ; ;el st'poritely. Tu.t Jeading disjunctives are, or, nor, either^ . r, (hvi, I'lO'ij'i, aWi^i/h, i/'it, ha', excqH, whether, Icsf, unless, .;'i''an ti.ij. nar-\ prori '(■^•1, ichereas. i PAUSING. oOT. A conjiiiciion i^ par.-ed by stating the part of iiU; if J ( 1-IS3, an 1 the words or Gontcuces which it con- rio 'ii'-I r nrnt g» ; '>;i' you imy stay/' Ind—ii (■•.)[nilati vt." co* "ju'iclion ami connects Jle and /. /; /.' — i fR jiinotivo <:oi)juMClion, nnd coniiect.? the sentences, *' He ill f ^iistrm"tM»ii. 2. ^Vhf'i ( > > verbs aro onticcrrtl, they have the saiuo subject; as •' .f i!'; r- :<;;.l; and writes." li \Vlieii liv» a.lj !v.'t'ves are comcctHl, tlic^y ((tialify the fame noun ,. , or i.i' Ji.i'un. 4 Wh-Mj »>v'. ahcibs nro connected, ns connect «t'»r:,»ccs, they do not conncrt indi- , '^ vi'ame the copulatives. How is a conjunction parsed ? Repeat ac- curately the live observationB (398.) PARSING. ': 399. Parsing is the resolving of a sentence into its el- ements or parts of speech. 400. Words may be parsed in two ways: Etymologicdllify and SijntacttcaVi/. 1. Etymological parsing consists in stating the parts of •speech to which each word in a sentence belongs, its uses and accidents, its inflection, changes, and derivation. 2. Syntactical parsing adds to the above a statement of the relation in which the words stand to each other, and the rules according to which they are combined in phrases and sentences. EXERCISES IN PARSING. 401. Parse the following exercises etymologically as di- rected un^ler the various parts of speegh, in tb« r^receedin^ part of the book, ETYMOLOG^Y — PARSING* 99 1 State what kind of a proposition tlie sentence is ; point out the subject, predicate and object or descriptive, where these two latter Bzist. 3. Read the proposition without any qualifying words, that you may see the essential parts more clearly; thus, Servant tvill study in- tereat. Cloud overhamjn city. 3 Observe that all other words in any proposition directly or re- motely qualify the essentials, viz. subejct,predicate, object, or discrip. tive. 4. Articles, adjectives, adjective pronouns, participles and ad- juncts belong to nouns and pronouns ; verbs can be modified by ad- verbs and a'^juncte. Nouns in the possessive case, and nouns iu ap- position modify or explain the nouns to which they refer. 6. State what words refer to the subject, predicate, object or des- criptive. Note. Every proposition has both subject and predicate; if the predicate is a transitive verb there must be an object; if the predi- cate is the verb to he, there must'be a descriptive. 6. Study carefully the explanation over each exercise. 7- Parse each word accurately. EXAMPLES. I. Two or more atljectives in succession, either with or without a conjunction qualify the same word ; us, 1. A wise and/aithful servant will always study his master's in- terest. 2. A dismal, dense, and portentous cloud overhangs the ci- ty. 3. A steady, sweet, and cheerful temper affords great delight to its possessor. 4. He has bought a fine new coat. 2. When an adjective precedes two nouns, it generally qualifies them both ; as, 1. They waited for a// /me and T^Z^/rf. 2. I am delighted with the sight of green woods and fields. 3. He displayed great pru- dence and moderation, 4. He was a man of great wisdom and moderation, 3. When an adjective comes after a verb intransitive, it generally qualifies the nominative of that verb; as , 1. John is wise. 2. Thcf/ were temperate. 3. The sky is very clear. 4. These rivers are deep and rapid, 5. The apples will soon be ripe. 6. We have been attentive to our lessons. These mountains are very high, 4. Whatever tb« verb to he serves to unite, referring to th« saoiQ 100 ihhxj nhirh, and in parsing iii..y be so rcsofvf d. It lUHy represent two cases, ciihcr both nomi- li.aivo, or both objective ; or, the one nominative, and the other ob j joliv.c : as, 1. This is precisely ichai was necessary. 2 \Vhat can not be prevented, ninst be endured. 3. "We must not delay till to-m'onow wiiat ought to be done to-day, 4. Choose what is most fit ; cus- ' torn will make it the moSt agreeable. 5, Foolish men are more apt to consider what they have lost, than what they pessess. 6. What he »aineil by diligence, he squandered by cxlravigancew . \'Z. ^yhncccr and uJionoerer are equivalent to a simple relative, and* :i gener;il or indefinite antecedent, and in ])irsir^ may be so resolved; I litis, ichoerct'^niii/ one irho. The :Si me is ihe case with uhalerer and ' /, tm)erc)- ; irhntero^^cic ytliin'j which ; a?, I. Whoever told such a sttiry, must hare been misiwiormed. — 2. Whoever is not content in poverty, would not be perfectly happy in the midst of plenty. 3. Wlioever pa his make but little improvement. 4. Whatever gives pain to others, doserves not the name of pleasure. 5. Whatever is worth doing at ;ill, is worth doing well. NuTR ir/taV'fTr is m' at frequently u ed, as ivhut sometimes is» .•^iiiijdy teu on its application ; as, 1. (7i//m was the day and the. scene delightful. 2. We may ex- , pect a calm after a storm. 3. To prevent passion is easier than to calm it- 4. Better is a little with content, than a great deal with -anxiety. 0. The gay and dissolute think little of the miseries whicu are stealing soltly after Ihcm. 6. A little attention will rectify BOpie errors' 7. Though he is out of danger, he is still afraid.- 8. He labored to ttill the tumult. 9, Still waters are commu deepest. 10. Lamp air is unwholesome. 11. Guilt often casts . ^♦damp over our sprightliest hours. 12. Soft bodies damp the souna much more than hard ones. 104 EXGLI?il GRAMMAR. ^'Z.ff>», have, nriHiho, arc principal vrba when used by themselves, bnt auxiliaries when connected with other verbs : as, 1. He (Joes all in his power to gai>i esteem. 2. He did bis utmost to please his friend. 3. We must do nothing that will sfllly oor leputation. 4. She has a strong claim to our re.i nnd does it not, is without excuse. 2. He will regret his having neglected cpporta- nities of improvement when it may be too late. 3. He declared that nothing could give him greater plcai'ure. 4. Of making ma- ny books there is no end. 5. You will never repent of having done your duty. 2't. When a substantive phrase is govrrnfd by a verb orprepoai- tiop, this regimen does not affect the case of indiviJual notins or pronouns in that phrusc, but leave.'! them subject to tha inlliience of other words within the phrnso itself; a?, 1. He had the honor of being a director for life. 2, By being a 4liligent student, he soon acquired eiuiienco in his profe.^^sion. — v.. Slany benefits result to men from being wise and temperate (men). 2.25. It often refcrs^lo persons, or to an irfinitivo coming after; os» 1. // is John that is to b^arae. 2. It wns T that wrote the letter. V,. It is the duty of all to improve. 4. It is the business of every Bian to prepare for death. 5. It was reserved for Newton to dis- cover the law of gravitation. 0. It is easy to form good resolutions but difficult to put them in pravticp. 7. It is incumbent on the ETYAtotOGY — PARSING. 105 young to love and honor their parents. 20 Words, especially in poetr'-, are much transposed; a?, 1. Grcrtt is Diana of the Ephesians. 2. On yourself depend for aid. ?>. Happy the man who puts his trust in his Maker. 4. Of night the gloom was dark and dense. y 5. Or -whefe the gorp-eons pastrwirtfrtpbest hand, ^' Showers on her kiosrs, liarbarie, pearls and gold, fi. No hive hast thou of hoarded sweets. 7. A tranhient Ciilin the happy '^ccncs bestow. i bn 106 SNQLISH QRAMMAR. PARTIIL SYNTAX. 402. Syntax is that part of Grammar whicli treats of tlie proper arrangement and connection of words in a sen- tence. 1. A SEXTBNCE is such Ati assemblage ot words as makes complete lense ; as, " Man \Qrcba!\tbaught * corn And HiJieat, which, were sc/tre^ and ih.tr." 5. Two or more simple ]>ropsitions conncc'ed by a coi.junction ; gL9,\ •'John lenrnoil these rale8^ but did Qot /-evitf^f the u. 408. lidative Clauses. Every relative pronoun ami the wonls connected with it, make a relative clau.^e, lliouii^li not ahvaya aepA- Tated frotn the proposition; a3, " Qcn. Hoke, icho ctijjlurej v^ft y;- . 414. Cumulatioe Claucc. Several words of the same purt of speech governed in the same v,-i\y. make cumulative clauses; as, 'A dar/:, dense, and portentous cloud everhangs the city. "(OCO) 4l5.» Independent or Absolute Clause. This is made by a noun in the nominative case independent or absolute ; fts, " Thomas, lake this letter." (CG^) 416. Conditional Clause. This is formed by any conjuiiction or adverb separated fr m the words in the sentence (C65.) 417. An Infinitive Clause is formed by tlie infinitive mood and its dependent word3,,when separated tVorn the rest of the sentence ; as ^■''To find out the iruth of the report, I sent a mcsSeagor to the army." (671. SYNTAX — ANALYSIS. 109 418, DIRECTIONS FOR ANALYSIS. 1. ISUilc wLat kuid of « seutence, and whether simjile or com- pound.... . i,. iy 2. If compound, tell what kind of ft compound it is, arMJtliie;'a5t>\ ferent members'. - '■:. '^^' 3 State what kind of a clause each one in the sentence i3, and. shoAv what word any subordinate chiuse modifies. 4. Tell what kind of a proposition you have, Jiow many essen- tial elements, and what they are. 5. Show to which of the essentials, all the other words in the proposition belong. QUESTIONS. Wh:it is syntax ? ^Vhat is a sentence ? A phrase ? Flow many kinds of sentences ? What is the use cf j'unctuatioh ? Whvt is u chiu?e? From what are they named ? How many kinds of propo- sitions ? What is the test of each? How in my essential parts has each ? What projKjsitions have have no descriptive ? What is uu independent [)ro})Osition ? A di [»eiiuant ? How many kinds ot cwnipound propositions ? Ni>n;ie t o ch*-. 'icter of each. What is a relative clause? Anadjecti\o cl; use ? A participle clause ? An adjunctive clause? A cumulative claase? A connected clause? — All Hp[tositional clause ? An iudejiendent clause? A conditional clause? An infinitive clause ? Wliat is the test ot each clause? Kjtdte the live directions for analysis. EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. >^<)lomon, the son of David, built the temple at Jerusalem. Jose- phus, the Jewisli historian, relates the destruction of the temple. — That picture is a tolerably gootl copy of the orig^inal. Pride, that never-failing vice of fools, is not easily defined. The author of Ju- nius's letters is still unknown. Pride and (^nvy arc the first two of the seven sins — gluttony and libidinonsness the last (wo. Truly great men are far above wo«ldly pride. Few men can be. said to be truly great in all things. That which is most diflicult in perform- ance, is most praiseworthy in execution. All things tliat are durable, are slow in growth. Human knowl- edge is progressive. A mind open to flattery is always in danger 110 ENGLISH GRAMMAil. Our knowledge of a future world is imperfect. Time is money. Righteousness eialteth a nation. A soft answer turneth away wrath. He that despiseth his neighbor, sinneth. He that hath raerc-y on ihe poor is happy. Do they not err that devise evil. According to some ancient philosophers, the sun quenches his flames in the ocean. Sincerity and truth form the basis of every virtue. The coach will leave the city in the morning at sunrise. — The Spartau youth were accustomed to go barefoot. The attrocious crime of being a young man I shall attempt neither to paliate nor deny. Trusting in God implies a belief in him. His pretence was that the storm prevented his attendance. His intention was to de- stroy the fleet. Time flies rapidly. I confess that I am in fault. — William has determined to go. I wish that he may succeed in his enterprise. Theysaid, "Thouhast saved our lives." Ignorance moves our pity, and that modifies our aversion. If we hare not always time to read, we have always time to reflect. The poer is hated even of his own neighbor, but the rich hath many friends. The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good. Righteousness exalteth a nation but sin is a reproach to any people. Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall. Death and life are in the power oftho tongue. Though he slay me, yet I will trust in him. The slothful man saith, "There is a lion in the way." When the righteouis are in ftuthority, the people rejoice. COHSTRUCTION OF SENTExVCES. 419. Words are arranged in sentences, according to cer- tain rules, called the Rules of Syntajc. 420. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. . tn every sentence there must be a verb and Its notnindltve. 3. Every article, adjective, adjective pronoun, or pariicip'e, must have a substantive expressed or understood. 3. Bvery nominative or subject has its own verb, expressed or un- /sr-^i^J-Ii SYNTAX — APPOSITIOI^. Ill derstood. 4. Every finite verb (that is, every verb not in the infinitive) has its own nominative expressed or understood. 5. Every possessive case is governed by a noun or substantive whose signification it serves to limit. 6. Every objective case is governed by a transtive verb in the ac- tive voice, ora preposition, or denotes circumstance of time, value, weight, or measure. 7. The infinitive mood is governed by a verb, adjective, or lioun The exoeptioDS to these general principles will appear in the Rules of Syntax. PARTS OF SYNTAX. 421. The Rules of Syntax may all be referred to three heads, viz , Concord, or agreement, Government and Poii- tion. 422. Concord is the agreement which one word has with another in gender, number, case, or person. 428. Government is the power which one word has in determining the mood, tense, or case, of another word. — • The word governed by another word is called its regimen. 424. Position means the place which a word occupies in relation to other words in a sentence. 43&. In the English language, which has but few inflectiuns, th0 meaning of a sentence often doponda much on the position of thd words of which it consists. SUBSTANTIVES IN APPOSITION. 426. Rule I. — Substantives, denoting the game person of thing, agree in case ; as — " Cisero the orator.^' — *• I Paid have written it.'* — " We^ the peo- ple of the United States." — " Ye woods and wildn,'^ — " This was said to us men>" 112 EN0LTihiiii/iroJtibition hurtful to U3 both." 430. A plural term is somfctimes used in apposition with several . substantives singuiar,to cnjliiue and give thtni cmphanis; as," Tinie labor, woiKij, all were lest.'' 4S'. Distrilutive words are sometimes put in apposition with a plu- ral substantive ; a"?, ** T"!"'.'/ went enth of them on hi.s. way." i'^'l. Of this character are such exprassitns as the following : "They stood ia eacli other's way" — that i?, ilny stood cocA in the ether's way. Throughout the exercises in syntax— first correct the errors; secondly, analyze orally the sentences so corrected; thirdly, parse any word etymologioally ; and last, j.ane syn- tactically the word or words to which the rule refers. EXERCISES. qiTM puB 'uoiiisodJxr ni OitJ spjoii -jutiAi 'saouaiuas Suimohoj eq-^ ai what? lu what case do they agree? Give the rule ; — Religion, ilie support of adversity, adorn,^ piosperity. Byron, the poet, the only ECU of Captain John Byron, was born in 1*788. Cole- ridge, a remarkable man and lich iuiaginalive poet, wa3 the f.iend of Worddworlh. My brother William's estate has been sold ''And on the palace floor, a lifclesi c- rse she Isty." EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED. As the nominative and the objective cas«>.s in ncuns are alike in Ecigliah, there ia no liability too.ror under this rule, except 'n the case of pronouns. £*tYMOL0GY — ADJECTIVES. llB t*lease give that book to ray brother William, he who stands by the window. The gentleman has arrived, him whom I mentioned before. Do you spf ak so tome, I who have so often betriended you ? I speak of Virgil, he who wrote the ^neid. QUKBTIONS. How arc wor-.ls arranged ? What mn-^l be in every sentence?—' What of f'very article, Ac ? What of every nominative ? Of every ti* iiite verb? Of every posEessive Y Of every objective ? Of the in* finitive mood ? To what he.id3 may the rules of syntax be referred ? What is concord ? What is government? What does pdsitioti mean? What is Rule 1 ? What is the use of apposition ? What ofa conplexname? Explaio 429. What word expl .ins 430 ? What governs each in 4:52 ? What direction is given for the exercises? AN ADJECTIVK WITH A SUBSTANTlVJi:] 48o. Rule II. — I. An mljectlvp nr partinple qualifies the suhatnutive to vhich if heloriys ; ap, "A good m&n." 2. Ailjectives donotivg ONE, qu^klifi/ nvvns in thesmgular : adjectives denoting MORE THAN ONE, qualify nnun^ in the plural ; as, " This man." — These men." — "aS'/:/ feot." 434. Wben ony of these is Joined with a plural noun, the whole i regarded as sre aggregate ; as, 'The first hco ii:ee/:i"—"^verytfH miltit" — The last four linen" -"The last dai/v of aummer," JlO. But tha verb after aoob subjects is usually plural. 435. Two or more adjectivep, expressing qualities that belong each to diffe ett objects of the same nam'', and that name expressed ou\y with the last, should hav« an article bifore eaob ; as, *• The red aijd the white loEc" — that is, tiio rises, the one icd aui the i.ther while. So, *Tbe first and the second page." 43ft. Atljectives without a substantive expressed, are often used as nouns ; a.", " The rich and the poor meet together." 437. An adjective aometimes qualifies the subject, not considered simply as a fubslantive, but as a subbtantive afl'ected by the action of the connecting veib ; as, " That ti/pf stands low." "'this fruit tastes bitter.'* 114 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 438. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs ; thus, " mUerable poor," should be, ^'■miserably poor'" — "sings elegant^^ should be,. ^^ sings eli'ffantlt/.^' So also, adverbs should not be used as adjec- tives ; thus, " He arrived safely," should be, " He arrived safe.'^ Afi9.' Thin here, that there, them books, aro vulgarisma, (nr this, that those hooka. 440. Sometimes an a*^ though it appears to move plow. Wo jrot home sntily before daik, and found our friend.^ sitlinp; comfortably around Ihi' fire. Ti'ieboitt plides smooth over the lake. Magnesia r( els ?mootl:ly. Oj-on the door widely. Tlie door i.= painted greenly. (4'.0.) Hand nie.that there pen, for lhi.=; here one i? worse LhnnalL Them books were sold for a Jojser price than they cost. (H2 ) •' For beast and hi d ; These to Lhcir grassy couch, those to their tests, repai'." ** Night'jj shadows h- nee, from tho ce tho mor ings shine; That bright, this' dark, this earthly, that divine." (414) That vej-y su^je ;t which we are now discussing is s'ill in- volved in mjstery. This vessel, of which you spoke ofjesierdny, sailedMn the evening (4;T.^ That merchant is the wealthiest of all his neighbors. — China has a greater population than any nation on earth. That ship is larger than any of its class. Theie is more gold in Cali- lornia Llian in any part of North Am'-'rici*. The birds uf Brazil are more beautiful than any'Jn South America. rUiUidelphia is the most- regular of any city in Europe. Israel loved Josepli more than all his children. Solomon was wiser than any of ihe ancient kings. (410-50.) A more worthier man you c:innot find. The nightin- gale's voice is the most sweetest in the grove. A worser evi) yet awaits us. The rumor has not spread so univer.'ally ns we snjipos- ed. Draw that line more perpendicular. This fiigure is n more • -perfect circle than that is. He is far from being fjo ])eifeet as h® -tllinks he is, QUESTIONS. What is the rule for adjectives? When should the adjectives be expressed belorc each noun? What of adji'ctives without a sub- stantive? E.xplain 4'J>1. Miiy adjectives be used a.s adverbs ? Can* ■ one adjev live modify another?. How nuir.y may the sanie noun b.a;ve? K.xpiain the use uitkks, tluil, thef^e, those. When is, the com- piu:ilive used? Wlien the superlative ? Which excludes? Wiiat of »h)uble comparatives? VVli.it is the position of the rttljecfive?- W hen may it lie placed after the noun? ETYMOLOGY — ARTICLE. 117 THE ART CLE AND ITS NOUN- 452. Rule III. — 1. The article a or an is put be /ore common noiim^ m the aivgnlal' nmnher^ ichru used INDEFI- NITELY ; a3, " A man"— ".l/i apple;" that is, ' an^ man', — *'a??// apple/' 2 The art iele 'ill r. is j)nt h ./ore cornmon noiina, cither sifujiilaror^yhiral^ichfnusejl DEFrxiTELY; as, '^Vftsua rise."— ''7'Ae city ot llilei^li.'' 433 A common noun, in the siiignljir number, without an article or limiting word, is usu;Uly tuken iu its widest sense; as, '■'■Man is mo'.tal" 404. Every article belongs: to a noun, expressed or understood except IS in (l^Sand 4r)t>). 45). When several rouiis aro combined in tbe same construction the articlo ii commonly expressed w'tb the li:s?, and understood wi«h the rest; ap, 'Tbe men, wonin, and children, aro rxpeefcd." ~liG. But when several n'uns in tbe same c< nslructicn arr dig*'' junclivcly connected, tbe nrtide luu-t bo repeated; a?, "The mcr, or the woiMjjr, or the cbi'dren, aro expected " 4o7. The is commonl)' put before an adjective used as a noun ; as, . " Tlie ritjldcoux i s in >rc e.vcolb.ut than bis ne'ghbor." Also before ^** a'ljcctives io the Fuperlative degree, when comparison is implied. But when comparison is net implied, the iurerlativo is ei lev with- out an article, or has a or un preceding it ; us, < A mo.«t rxf'ellent man.*' 458 T!.e is somctimt s put iytrnnice^i/ before rdjoctive^ and adverbs in tbe comparative degree; as, " The higher the mountain, tht; colder its top." ih'J. An adjective placed aTt-.r its poun rs an (pitbet; commonly hns tVe arti-le ihe bef.re i(; as, "Alexander the Great " 460. ^ orara is somelimrs put before the a''j'.-ctivcsyV*'-, hiiudro/ thovmoidf^qllovnd by a plural noun ; as, " A fen- meii" — "A hundtxa acres"- "A /hotiscmd miles.' 4fil When two or more adjectives bclorg to flje s-'me noun, the ar-; tide of the noua i.-^ put with the first adjective, but not with tbcreet; as, * A red upd uhilc roMc," that is, vitc rose, partly red and partly tchiit. 118 ENGLISH GRA3rMAR. 4^2. When two or more adjectives belong each to a different object of the same name, the article of the noun is put with each adjective ; aji, " A red and a white roso''=r-"A red rose and a white rose," that is, Uno roses, one red and the other white. 463. So also when two or more epithets follow a noun, if both des- ignate the game person, the article precedes the first only. If they designate different persons, the article must precede each ; an "Johnson, the bookseller and stationer," means one man, who is both a boekfeller and stationer; but "Johnson (he bookseller, and the gla- tioner," moans two men, one a bookseller, named Johnson, and the other a stationer, not named. 464. When two nouns after a word implying comparison, refer to the same person, or thing, the last must uant the article ; as, '* He is a better soldier than statesman." But when they refer to different persons, the last must havf the article ; as, "Ho is a better soldier than a statesman [would be] " 465. The article «, befcre the adjectives /<*« aud little, recders the meaning positive ; as, "A few men can do that" — " He deserves a lit- tle credit" But without the article the me&u'vag'xsneyative ; as, "/"'«te men can do that" — "He deserves little credit." 466. The article is generally omitted before proper name»,ab$trae nouns, and names of vlrtiiee, vices, arts, sciences, Ac, when not restrict- ed, and such other nouns as are of themselves so manifestly definite ae not to require it. EXERICSES TO BE CORRECTED. Change, or omit, or insert the article, where necessary, and give a reason for so doing : — (452.) The fire, the air, the earth, and the water, are four ele- ments of the philosophers. Reason was given to a jman/.o controll his passions. A man was made to mourn. The gold is corrupting. The silver is a precious metal. (455.) Neither the man nor boy was to blame. A man may be a mechanic, or farmer, or lawyer, arjd be useful and respected ; but idler or spendthrift can never be either. (458.) We should ever pay attention to graceful and becoming,—^ The memory of just is blessed , but the name of wicked shall rot. Best men are often those who say least, Your friend is a ipan Qt ETYMOLOGY — PRONOUN. 119 the most brilliant talents. Keep good and throw bad away. (4<>I.) A red and a white flag was the only one displayed from the tower. A beautiful stream flows between the old and new man- sion. A hot and cold spring were found in the same neighborhood. The yonng and old man seem to be on good terms. The first and second book are difficult. Thompson the wfttchmaker and the jew- eller made one of the party. (464.) A man may be a better soldier than a logician. There is much truth in the saying that fire is a better servant than a master. He is not so good a poet as an historian. (465.) It is always necessary to pay little attention to business. — A little respect should be paid to those who deserve none. Let tbe damsel abide with us few days. Are not my days a few ? A, few naen of his age enjoy so good health, QUESTIONS. What is rule third? How is a noun without an article taken ? Must the article be used before each of the several nouns combin- ed? Explain 457. How is the article used intensively ? When are a and an used before plural nouns ? How rau!*t the article be used with two or more acjectives. Does Branson the publisher and the stationer mean one, or two men ? What is the force of a before few V Before what nouns is the article omitted ? A PRONOUN AND ITS ANTECEDENT. 367. Rule IV. — Pronouns agree with the words for which they stand, in gender, number, and person ; as, "All that a ?rt//n hath will Ae give for his life." — ^-A tre4X^ known by its fruit," SPECIAL RULES. '""-iosTRuLE 1. — When a pronoun refers to in-o or more word* iakm together, andof different per&o^nSy it becomes plural, and prefen the flrtt person to the tecond, and the $€<:0T\d to the third ; as, John and you and / WJU do qur duty, . 120 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. •v->oiOK-:'ir Rl'LK 2. — Warn a prnn.)uiir^]frrs to two or mtrc ironJ.^ in the sin- ■gnlar takenrSffava'tdif, or to one of Ihain exdHsicdfi^yil mMt he Hiigulax-; <,<:> >as,'* A clock or a Wiitch moveij merely .13 il in niored." f>i;i^l' 3;: — ]iu( if rifhcr of iM ivnnb referred to is plurcd. (he pro-'ir nouti mist be jilural (Hio ; sis, " Neitlior he nor thrtj trouble them-'-*'^^ sclrrJ:'\ ' ' •'- ■:■'.-: dT 400. Nouns :iire tnken together when connecled by and— pop ^y>^ aratcly when connected by or or nor. 113 above : filso after each, ev^'' '^* erylno, though connected by and ; as, " E.ich boot and eacH p^ipef) is in //6- place." ../-"" 470. When singular nouns of dilTjrynt genders *are taken scp rate- ly, they cannot bo r-.-p-escnt© ' by a pr<»n<.>ua, for want of a J^ipguJar jtroaoun, common gcnlcr, except by a clum?y rojtelitinn of pronouOii' •■ of corresponding Venders ; th'r?, "If any»j'f»i or woman sha'l ▼{•olftt*' h\M or her p'edge, he or i//(rf { pronoun in fuoh cases, though somatiincs used, !s tmpr«j|ef. , 471. Pronouns referring to singular n(iUi;S or other words, of the <><)tumon goudcr, taken in a general s ;ri.^e, are c.)0)monly u\asculino : as. "A parent shouSl love his child." 47?. Pronouns representing nouns jxrsonifiod, take thfl gender of the noun as a jjimhoh ; as, "Au/hi. s..ble gt diess, fri^ui her cbisii throiib." 4/3. It is iinpr"p^r in ihepr')gros: . ,' :i ientcvco (o dor.oto On- sa mo pers-'Ds by pror.ouns of different nnmbrr? : a.'', '■! lahrtrcd long to make thee hai'iiv, aid now //o« rew-i'd ma ly iig" at i'ude." It sh- u'd bo either ' t'« m-ik(7/-/« happy," or'' thou re.virdo.n." EXERCISE.Vt > BJ" r iicjted. Id cb.ch sen-CMce, state^ tho woKis' k^'whi h the pronouns rflPor, change the prorjouns v.'biuh aio i^r.njr, aid give a reason fi^r t'.o changf- : — (4(3.0.) A persons succe-5 ill life depends on their exertions.; if ,. th«y aim at nothinjr, they sb :'I certainly a<-hieve nothing. Ex- tremes are not in its nature favorable to happinci^s. A man'.'? rec- ollections of the past regulate their antit ipnlions of the future— r Lat^evecy IJoy aqswer for themselves. I'^ach of us had more thiui - w6>wanted!. Every one of you should attend to your own business. ;(fl67 1.) Dircontcut and gonow pmailcsted itself in bis counte- Sl^NTAS— PAESIxa. 121 nance. Both cold and heat have its extremes. Yqu and your friend, should take c;ire of themselves. You and I must b*3 diligedt in youi: studies, (46Y-2.) John or James will favor us with their company. Ona or the other must relinquish their claim. Neither wealth n6r honor confers happiness on their votaries. Every plant and every Howep proclaims their Maker's praise. P^iich day aud each hour brings their changes. Poverty and Avcalth have eaeh their own tompta- tioBi. No thought, no word, no action, can escape in the judgment, whether they be good or evil. > . (467.) Let every man and every woman strive to do tlieir best. — If any boy or girl shall neglect her duty, they shall forfeit theiir' place. Nolady'or gentleman would do a thing so unworthy (rf them. (4'?0.) One should not think too highly of themselves A teach- er should always coneult the interest of her pupils. A parent's care for her children is not always requited. Every one should con- sider their own frailties. Let each esteem others better than her- self. (471.) The earth ig my mother; I will recline on its bosom.— ^ That freedom, in its fearless flight, may here aunounce its glorious reigu. Policy keeps coining truth in its mints, suoh truth as it caa tolerate, and every die except its own it breaks and casts away. Aa time advances, it leaves behind him the traces of its flight. (472.) Though you are great, yet consider thou art a man. Caro for thyself, if you would have others to care for thee. If thou wert not my superior. I would reprove you. If thou forget thy friend, eau you expect your friend will remember theo ? QUESTIONS. What is the rule for the pronoun.' When does a pronoun i^fer to twe or more words .' If eithei* of the words is plural ? V/heii ure words taken together .' When, separately ? AVhat, whonsia- gular nouns of difl'erent genders are taken separately.' Explain. 17^. Wkat of pronouns representing personified nouns .' What must must be erved in the progress of a sentence? 3^2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. THE RELATIVE AND TrS'^&rKCEJDENT. ' 474. Tlu-LE Y. — The rdative ag.rees,v^Uliii&MiiteGed,e,ii{,i in number andj^erson ; as "Thou who speakost." — ••Tlua book which was lost.'' 475 The number of the relative can be determined only rtbm ta6' number of the antecedent. * < > - - ■ O") 476. Who is applied to.pcrs'ons'or ' things ;^er^o}} ijUd ';' tf Ji',J *^The man tvho^' — ^'Tha /btc lohS had n'^ior' seen k li'on.*''^ ^ 477. Which .u applied to thitigs\a,HdJnferioffanimals,-:ty^ sonietimesHo children — to .collecti\^e nouns ju the lin- gular, implying unity — ajid,oal&o to ])ci-&o!ns in asking -th pctirsbiia and things; a^- "The man and the horse that we savf." 3. After the interrogative who, and pften after tbo personal pro- nouns; a.?, "Who that knew Kim could ,'ibia^ so'?'j'-—*'I'<7t('^ speak jn righteousness." ''*''' ^■''' ''' '""-*^- '■■ ■^' 4. Geaerally when the propriety ^fw// a or iohi(W\i Itfoilbled/'ft^, "The little c/it"W f7to ^was placed in the miilfet.'*' '*=^J -'•'-' 479. The relative in the objective- cs[se'iS''6fteil'6inittoay''ks/'*'']^ro as the book I promised you." • ■'; i.,'!t:' s/; no^ dgiu. 'i' ITl- 480. ll'Vmi should not be used, for t^e eoojxmctitvn that: "Wbue,' ''" I can not believe la\xttchat it jp so/' shq^ild be,;'| Intji thai it iq.-ao.^: i > EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE, 481. The relative is <>:encrally ]>I:i('ed nUor its ai)le cedent. «42. To prevont ambiguity, the rolativ.o, should bo .placed as near •its antecedent as possible. When the anlep.^/^|e^t,)cau Jvofc b,«: d«ter- mined by the sen>ie, it should bo detcj,mtne4 bj;, tl«5; ufW'i^8%< <>^' .*!^9 relative. ' ' ' •'""'..-■•••■ ,' .. SYNTAX— ^XOMINATIVE. 128 EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED. la the foliowiug sentenoea which are the relatives ? Whatislho antecedent to which each refors':' Correct thr.se which are wrong, and give the lule, or the reasn for the eh an go : — (475.) Those which seek wisdoAi will certainly find her. This is th« friend which I {oVo.~(47C) That is thfe Tice whom I hate. The tiger is a beast Of'prey who destroys without pity. The court who gives c6Tr«Jircy to- sach luAnners should be exemplary. The nations who have the hcstrulera arc hajipy. Your friend is one of the coin- mittee who was appointed yesterday. The family, with whom I liV6d has left the city. Tils, father set him np as a meccluxnt, who was what he desire,(|!.to be. ,If you intend to, be a teacher, who you can not be without learning, you must study. (477.) It is the best situation which can be got. That man was the first who enter^t^.j . This is the* same horse which we saw yester- day. Solomon was tho w iscst king whom the world ever saw. — The lady and the Inpdog,- which we saw at the window, have disap- peared, TJie man aiid the things which he has studied have not im- proved his morals. 1 who speak unto you am he. No mAn who respects hi-nigeif would doao mean an action. I can not believe but whatydii have been sick. It is not impossible but what you Hre mi.<5takeu.' : V'-'f " ' i' - . . -■ ; . (481)'"''The'king'dismIssed h^sl minister without inquiry, who liad never bcfot-e committed so unjust an act. QUIESTIONS. What is the rule for the relative ^ For who .' For which ? Give the four rule.ri for the use of thftt. St^ite 471>. What should bo the position of the relative.' Explain 481. I 'VHE SUBJECT NOMINATIVE* 483. KuLK Vf. — The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative -; as,- ^'' / ain'^ — ^^ Thou art'' — ^'TTe is" — " They are'' — ^'Timc flics.'' 124 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 48 1. A ftnito verb is a verl> in tho indicative, potential, subjunct- ive or imperative mood. 485. The subject of a finite verb may be a noun, a pronoun, an in- finitive mood» a participle used as a noun, or a clause of a sontencw All these, when tho aubjeet of the verb, are reg^arded as the »omiua- tive. 4<6. It 13 improper to use both a noun and its pronoun as the nom* inative to the same verb. The nominative, especially in the answer to a question, and after than or «», often has the verb understood ; at •' W7(o said 80 ?" — *'Hc [said so]." — "James is taller than /[am] but not so tall as ynu [ar^]." 487. The subject is commonly placed before the verb. But in im- perative and interrogative sentences, and in sentences inserted for tho sake of emphasis or euphony, the subject in often placed after verb ; as, ''Go fkou." — "Did he go ?" EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED. Which nouns or pronouns in the following sentences are tho sub- ject of the verb ? IfHotinthe proper case, change them, and give the rule, or a leason for the change : — - [■483.] Him and me are of the same age. Suppose yo»i and me go. Them are excellent. Whom do you think has arrived? Them that seek wisdom will find it. You and us enjoy many privileges.; [486..] John is older than me. You are as tall as her. Who has aknife? Me. Who came in? Her and him. You can write a^ well as me. That is the boy whom we think deserves the prize. Virtue, however it may be neglected for a time, yet men are so constituted as to respect genuine merit. QUESTIONS. t U'b»* is the rule for the subject ? What is a liuitc verb ? What may th^if subject be.' Explain 480. When is the verb understood .•' AVkere sbouid the subject be placed ? THE NOxMIXATIVE INDEPENDENT. 4-8S, lluLE Vll. — A suhatantloe whose case depends on SYNTAX — NOMINATIVE. 125 no other word, is put in the nominative. This occurs un- der the following — SPECIAL RULES. 489. KuLE 1. — A substantive iclth a 'participle whose case depends on no other word, is jmt in the nominative also- hite ; as, " He being gone, only two remain." 4^0. In this construction, the substantive is sometimes understood; as, " His conduct, viewing it even favorably, can not be command- ed;" that is, ice, a, person viewing it, &c. Pometitues beiitg and hao- intj been are omiUed ; a.", "Iler wheel [/>t('»y] at re?t" — "He de$troyed or won, rf'C. that is, "lie hnvtnr/ hccn dtstroyed or won," &0. 491. lluLE 2- — A person or thing addressed^ without a verb or governing word^ is put in the nominative uidqicn- dent ; as, " I remain, dear sir, yours truly" — '^ Flato, ihou reasonest well." 492. Rule 3. — A substantive, unconnected in mere ex- clamation, is put in the nominative indeiiendent ; as, " O, the times .'" *'0 the manners .'" 494, Rule 4. — A substantive, used by pleona&m before an affirmative is put in the nominative independent ; aii, "The bog, oh where was he ?" — ''Your fathers, where arc they ? — the prophets, do they live forever?" exercises to be corrected. Point out the noun or pronoun whose case depends on no other word — put it in the case required by the rulo, and give the special rule requiring it. Me being absent, the business was negloted. lie made as wise proverbs as any body, him only excepted. All enjoyed themselves very much, us excepted. Whom being dead, we shall come. - ' Whose gray top Shall tremble, him descending. The bleating sheep with my complaints agree ; 'J'hem parched with heat, and me inflamed by thee. 126 EN&LISH CtR-V^IMA^, Her quick relapsing to bor Corracr sta^e. Then hII thy gifts and grace? we display, Thee, ouly thee, directing all our way, : THE VERB AND ITS NOMINATIVE; 494. ^VrX'E.Ylll,--4.'VepJ)^qgrefis loith^ its n()mtnative^^\nf^ n umber aiHiiKrson,; ■. a^„ , ^*I, xmi,^' , "Thou rmd^sV^ otB<> reads,'' <'We ;Ta<^/" &c. SPECIAL RULES. 495. lluLE 1. — A aingulnr fiotcn used in a jf^^n^^al sehsc, lias a verb in the^^lural ; as, "I'on snif ork ixi sight.'' 496. llULE 2.'— TWo or iriore substantives, * singular, ta- Icr.H tog ether,, have a verb lit the plural •' as]''-*^J^or»>«, sometimes tavc a plural verb; as, "The ship witb'th9 crow ir^re ]o&t.'' This construction is incorrect, and should not be imitated-! 498. "When substantives connected by ami denote one person or tbingf, the verb is singular ; as, **Why is (h)8t. and tJsAes ptoud ?"^' * The saiiit, the father, and the /i utiha nd, prai/nJ'-'-Biimv.- ^ *■' \ 49d. Singular nouns preceded by ^toA, ercr^, jiOjthougli fcorJ.no'Cted by and, have the verb in the singular; as, "Each book and each pa/>er ivaa arranged." When a verb,.having soVsval nomiualivos connect- ed by and, is placed after the first, it agrees with that, and is under- stood to the rest; as, -., , , "Forth in thp pleasing 8pri"g Thy beauty loalhs, thy iciiderncix, and hcc" 500. When ^he substantives connected arq_ of dillereiit /^ ftii^thkiepif^'-^*^! ckp then ort to bUimc." .^(^5. 'fetTLV. t^.^^^ A collective noun^ejcpressinj mani/y as ONt WilOLE, Ki'ix^avei'h'm the sing vJar ; as, '' TIic compa^ //// ivas lar.:(\ ' 50G— ^. B lit iciieiKja.cpUective noun expresses mani/ as, indiviihmhythc verb wui^t he plural; as, ^'^ly peoj^l^.do not c'on,si(.l!er.'' ;^,,^ I.f,;? i>:i7. It i^ S(7naotiw93 jlifllcult to determine] whether a col'etftire tiuuaiQXuresses «/(/(y qj:,^il^raliiy. . It is now; considered gtneraily best to US© the plural. wLere the.s,iag.aiar is manifestly required. ^ i 60,^. A'nominatlvoafter '^many. a" has a verb in the singular j a?* EXERCISES TO EE CORRECTED. ■ '■'■/, '■.'.■'-■"' "What is t'le verb in each of the following sentences ? What is the Fubjcct'/ ceo. if they iugroe.. If they do, give the rule and show- how it'kpplios-. If tbey do not, change .the verb so as to agree With.; ii.s nolffihativo, andC give the rule.' 1?hus.^ores should be love, to agree Avifc"Si''//ia Ihefit'st; ^'(ir^uii/'sin'gular.' ''i^jV^e--" A verb agrees," &c.' '(^l04.f t'^tives JreadinV. "K soft answer turn away wrath.-T-.[ ^Vo is bat of yesterday, and knows nothing. The days of man, is as'giNfe^. •'Thrfii^s3e>'ho\v Vi'tlle ha^' been dWc. He dare hbt act (Hh<¥T\Viso. Fifty pburtds 'of W'he'atpTodtfc.es forty pounds of ^ flour. ""^A Variat is special rule 3 ? Hiovr are nouns connected separately, exclusive- ly .' The rule for oouns of different numbers.' Tb« lules for eolieetive nouns ? l^^xplaiu 507. Nominative after 7««7?y a ? *■■ :\ (\- '■•■* .' M.:ovr THK PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. i){)9^ ^Vh^lXtiT^ The desonptice ioor<7^ after a verb is put in thg same, cfist an i]it subject l\e/ore it ; m^-'^ '♦Jt i» 1"^'*^' Hc^gh^ll be cfvUed Juku'^'-r-n" She walks a quettOi' 130 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. —'-Si took it to bo /«:»»"— -He seema t6 be a :?c%^/tfr-'^"The' oipmion IB, that he willlive." HoAce — Note. As th2 su'^joiit oi' tho vorb can he only in the nd-ioativiir objective, tho descripiivo word eaa be ouiy iu tho nomidativo or'ob- jective. " ^ 510. Any v?rT> may be tho copula betw leu tbe subject and tbi des- criptive word, exoaj.t a transit ve verb in the active v<.ice. But tbose most commonly used in tbis way are tboWerbs to lie, to bevomtt io sctm, to appear ; intransitive- verbs of iiiotiuu, position, Ac, and passive verbs, denoting to cnV, name, ■*ti/If, appoint, choose, make, ««- item, reckon^ ti,ii.i. (509 ) It is mo. It was me who wrote tho letter, and him who carried it to the post office. I am sure it could noi have "been hei*. It is them, you say, wlio deserve most bli\n\e. Vfui -would probably ilo the same thing it you were him. I under- derstood it to be he. It may have been him,,, bui. there is no proof ot it. , . , , . , / Whom do you think he is? Who do you think him. to be : Whom do men say thai I am X She is the per«6nN«'ho t under- stood it to be. He is the man whom you said It was. Lot him "be whom he may. Can yoa tell whom that man is ? Is it not him whom you thought it was '\ PARSINOpTrY^RB. 131 THE OBJF.CTi V' E GOVERNED BY VRPJSS. 512. Rule X. — ,1 ..hsitive^ verh in the active voice gov- ems (he ohJecUiecosc ; iis, *'Wc \o\Q Ji'wi." — "He loves Ks"— " Whom did tluy send?" 513. Th'e infinitive moo i nr participle used as a noun, or pare of a sentence, may be i'.>e object of a transitive vfti'b, as well as a noun or pronoun ; bb, -'boys love to play."—'-'' I know lolio is there.'' — " I wiaii that th^>j v^nr nvV-'." — ''You see ho^ few have returned. srECIAL RULES. 14 r Rule 1. — An fnfravsilive vrrh does not lG. To tbid usage may bo referred such eypressions as tbefol'ow- iug : ''The brook ran ntctur." "The Iro^s wept gum» and lalme." ' " Jler lips blush deeper mocetfi," &c. h\1. To this rule also belongs the objective after caiiso'Vif^ ; as, *'Ilo runs a nfcf/e. ''John walks bis horse " " He •works him harfi/ L &e. Such exprssiiion?, how-aver, as, *' yroicn corn," aro inelegant, ai;d [i should be aroi'Ie 1, h 518. •Rule 3. — Litrandtive irrhs do rtot admit a%ass've voice, ejxept 7chen nsrd transitive/^. Thus — I k 'I am purposed"—'! am perished," should be/* 1 have pur, 'posed" — "■ I am perishing.' iJut we can say, "My race is run.i becnu-c rvn is used transitively. 519. A transitive verb in the aotive vo^ce, without an object, eith- er has an obj .ct understood, or is used intransitive'y. 520. Rule 4. — A traiuitive verh does not admit a prep" 132 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. tf9ki&n a/Ccr it ; tluiH, "I iDTist premi it a fow oli- jservationsi." "I M'ill not allow of it." Omit with aad 521. Rult: 5. — Verbs siv8r'Ws o {loqk." But when the ramota obj-jct conifcs bvst, the preposition must be expressed ; as, *'John gave ji &oici?Jto :.rn'" Thb verbs thiis used are such .ae sigDify to- Wsft, <^cA{ y^<^/'y provkli^y^iv^j ''2ittif,'uil, ulUw, dcft^/, an'd'Somo oih- ^,j- , , ., ,; .,...,..,■;,.,,.,,!■;« ...'• ...f,,. .,-.' >,■,..;,.,:-'•./..- ' rosiVipJf V 524. As t lie nominative and objective case of nouas are alike, the arrang^amcnt of the sen;epcp shpulcl clearly distingpjgh th*) one case from' tbc o'tuer. The nominative i'enerAi.]y»/'(t;cj2df!.v tlie verb, and the ohjecCwb follows it. .• ;,,;;,,,••,.'; 525. Wlien theobj^c'.ivo is a relative or interrogative pro- uoun, ifcprc^ii'^'les, both the verb und its nominative; as, .'•' The 3tnan «v^o/«.,we'!5awi^.iddad."T'^" jr/i07» did you send ?^ * ' 526. The objective sh on] u not, if pDSPibie, be separated Vroni ils ▼erb by iatcTVf^nintj'clauScJs. Thu:^, " We could hot discoLur, for tb>^ ■want of proper tQ^,riitff<^lii^ of them tal.*' Better, "We could japt, for the wiint of^pfoparvfejits, discover Ihc q^iality of the lutital." iXEttWsfis TO PE COHIIECTED. "^ tho foUor7ia«: semsxi'^es. c-errect thccrrora jiccordirj: to the rule. SYNTAX — VERB. 133 and gire a reason for thie change: 'Parse the sentences corrected.-^ "" Thus, / should b« //«c, because gover::ed by lovtu. Rule, *-A transit- tiv9 verb,*' Jk«. :- . /ii ". ^va»» (515 ) Several p .if-ons wore entered into atjonspiracy. Fi^'^ ty men are dq.scrted trom the army. 1 am purposed thftt I wiW''u allow of such aprftctice.. False accu- sation cannot diminish from his real mofitv*.. His servants ve are to whom ye obey. - He iogratiatos with some by traducing oth- ers, Thsy shall nOt want for entjoura^^onient. We donot want for fifnythin^. -OoVe't'^af nearly for ^he 'lj^j?t gifts.' ' * '' ' '" (5'2'oy docket could ncit better discover, , tiiun by attacking^ s) powerful an interost, his resolutioxi to maintain .his rigjil. — Tli^^troops j2,ar.3«Gi, without waiiing,l:p. r^st, the enemy to,, Ihfiix? gate's. ' ' ■ ' ' Wliat is the rule for the transitive verl. : WhatfHkrt of speech may thc./i^j ict be .' Th1^^':T. Why may a transitive vc^b not h;^.ve a preposition ? WI>WlVfrrb.%'^^ovei-h t'.vo objljcts .' HoW aV>J•!^ngcd iu the passive ? ■\V hat ocher form of remote obj'jci- .-' What id the vtpsition of tl»e nomiaatiy9 .^nd objective [ ., Explain o'l-]. 134 ENGLISH GRAMMAJl, THE OBJECTIVE GOVERNED BY PREPOSITIONS. 526. Rule XI. — A prepoaithn (jfoccrns tlte objtctivc cas^; as, '* To whom much is ijivon, oi' him uiuvh tliail bo re- quired." -mi i TDH. -ii JUfi) • ' Tha obje«i !df ftf'pripoiilion is ponjotimes an iDfinit're mood— a par- ticiple u-ed as a nouu — part of a sentence— a pbraao, or dependent clause, M well ae a noun or proaoun j as, ''lis is about to dtfart.' * * ktT%Vi %ee cam:'" "Os rcceiviiitj hit dlftloiua." " Muoh depends on «*A« art hit advitvKt.'' ^27. As a general ru\e, it is considered inelegant to eonneot either an active transitive verb and a preposition, ortwo prepositions with the same object. Thus, "I wrote to, tkxnl icameU him." Better, "I mrott to htm, and uonied him." 529, When ihe preposition to, at, in, stand btrfor* names of places, the following usaj^e .••houUl be cirefully observed, viz : 1. To — 18 used after a verb of rootit n towards: as, " He went f*> Spain," But it is omitted before home ; as, *' tto hmme." 2. At — is used before names of //".(«*«, viUag>:t, tomht, and /vreign cities ; as, *'He resides at the Aluusiwii House." ''At SaratO|;« Springs." "^< Lisbon." .3. In is used before coiintrie* and Ivgo cities : as, " He lives in England," * In Lond'm," " In N-» ar York." But at is used be- fore the names of places ana lar^e ci'ios aftdr the verbs iouvhy tirrive, lanil, and frequntly after the verb to he; as, ''We touch- ed at Liverpool, and after a short rassiijre, lande i at New Or- leans." "Iwas a( New York."' 4. In speaking of one's residence in a city, at is used before the No., and iu before the street; as, " do resides at N ;-. — ." "He lives in Stata street." Wtien both are mentioned together, the preposi ion is conamooly understood b-^fore tbe last ; as, "He lives «t No. , State street," or " He lives in State street, No. ." f»36. The preposition is froqiionily understoo.l. as follows : — 1. A preposition expressed with the first noun or pronoun of a se- ries, may bo understood to tho rest ; a9, "Be kind to Juhn and Jarneis and Mart/.'' 2. When the reraoto object of aver>>, governed by a preposition, is .placed between tjc verb and its immediate object, the preposi- SYNTAX — PREPOSITION. 135 tion id ofteH omitted; as, *'Qivo ot« your, .l^tnid." *' Bring hip a chair," "Get. 7•> nijfh'^'M, "£ikt hii lathor," '•iW(l on oor way to New Vork. He ha* been, to home for some d^>y^rt. Ho Ievks at Uudsou t^trcGt, in No.. 42. ^Ve remained in a village in the vieinitj of London. (530.) Bo 80 good as lend ta m-e your gmnimar. Get to him a book like that. A.^k ot' uie that Cjueation again.. This ha* tauglyt to me a lesson which i will ulwaj^ Ix? mindful of. t'ay lome what yon owo to me. I shall be pleased to do to him a kindness. Will yuu do to me a favor. (53j.) The naiui-e of the undertaking was $uch as tp render th« progress very slow of the work, l^eyond this perl^ tho artg i^aw not be traced of civil society. The wronR posUioii of the preposition and its regimen often pro- duces very liidi«rotig senteDees. Ta« ft>ll.>Kying are a speciuien: ,VV,ante qn EST IONS. What is tl'.e rule for i\\t preposition .' What uiiiy he governed by a preposition ? State 52&). Narac the four dli-ecnonfj under 529. Wlien may the prcpositior) bo tuider.stnoa .' Kipluiu the phrases Vm vain, &c. What nouus have jio goY$riii»g wv»rsi ' Whi^-re sho^l. placec] ? SYNTAX — PREPOSITION. 13T 539. Rule XII. — Certain words and phrases should he foUewedhi/ ajiprojwiate prepositions.^^ j? J ^' The following ligt may be useful for refcreB«e:~ Abhorence e/./ Abound m, iciih. Abridge ^orr. Absent from. Access to. Aceommodate io. Accord with. Accui9 of. Acquaint teith. Acquit of Acqwicsce tn. Adapted ^0. Adequate to. Adhere to. Adjudge to- Admonish of. Address to. Admission (access) tc. Admission (entrance) into. Aspire io, after. Aisociate with, seldom to. Assent to. Assure of. Attain to. Averse to, from. Banish from, io. Believe in. sometimes 07i. Bereft of. Bestow upon, on. Betray io a person ; into a thing. Boast of. Bind to, in. Blush a t. Border upon, on AdTRDtnge over, of. Affinity to, with. AffectioB for. Agree with a person ; to a propo- sition from «noth«rj upo* a thing among thticselref. Agreeablt to. Allude to. Alter to, alteraticn ii. A mere© in. Annex to. Analogy to, wth. Antipathy ?o agamst. Approve of. Arvstj teith, in. Arrive at. Ascendant ovtr. Aik 0/ a person ; for a thing; after what vft Irish to hear of. Dtmand of. Denounce against a person. Depend, dependent M/on, on. Deprive of. Derogate from, derogatory /•. Derogation from, of. Despair of. Despoil of. Devolve on. Die, perish of a disease; by an in- strument, or violence ; for an- other. Differ, different/?ow. Difficulty in. Diminish /row, diminution 0/, 138 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Call on a person ; at a place. Disabled ./>o>?). Capacity /or. Disagree with a person; to a pro- Careful of, in. posal i Catch at. • Disagreeable to. Change (exchange) /o;-; (alter) Dis.ippoiiitfcd oAwhat we do not to, into. get ; in what does not answer Charge on a person ; with a thing. when got. Compare mom. Confide in. Divested of. Conformable, conformity to, with. Divide heticccn two, (niung more. Congenial to, Eager in, on, of, for ^ after. Congratulate upon, on. Embark in. Consonant to. Employ in, on, about. Consist (to be composed) of, .^to Enamored with. be comprised) in. Encroach upo7i, on. Consistent with. Endeavor after a thing. Contrast with. Engage in a work ; for u time. Conversant with men ; in things ; Enjoin upon, about and ainong are less prop- Entrance into. er. Equal to, with. Convict of & crime ; in a penalty. Equivalent to. Copy after a person; frovm. thing. Esponsc to. Correspond (to be consistent) Estimated at. with; (answering or suitable) Exception //o?", to. to. Exclude, exclusion. /ro/«. Correspondence with. Exclusive of. Cured of. Expelled from. Debar from. Exp#rt at (before a noun) ; in (be- Defend (otbers)/ro/?i; (ourselves) fore an active participle ) against. Fall under disgrace ; from a tree ; Syntax — prepositions. 139 iFarailiar to^ with ; a thing is fa- miliar fo us — we w///t it. Fawn upon, on. Followed hij. Fond of. Foreign to, sometimes y)o7«. Founded upon^ on, in. Free /row. Fruitful in. Full of. Glad o/something gained by our- selves ; a( something that be- falls another. Grateful tea, person ;. /"or favors. Hanker offer. Hinder /ro?/i. Hold of; as, "Take hold 0/ me." Impose ujjon. Incorporate (active transitive) into ; (intransitive or passive) with. Inculcate on. Independent of. Indulge with a thing not habitu- al ; in a thing habitual. Indulgent (0. Influence on, over, iciih. I u form of, about, concerning. Initiate into a place ; in an art. Inquire. — (See ask.) Inroad into. Inseparable /ro?7i. Insinuate into. Insist uj)on. Instruct in. Inspection (prying) into ; (super intemdence) over. Intent upon, on^ Marry to. Martyr for. Militate against. Mistrustful of. Need of. Obedient to. Object to, against. Observance, observation of. Obtrude upoii, on. ■ Occasion for. Oflfensive to. Operate upen, on. Opposite, opposition to. Partake of; participate o/,tn. Penetrate into. Persevere in. Pitch upo7i. Poor in. Prefer to, over, above. Preference to, over. Preferable to. Prefix to. Prejudice against. Preside over, Prevent /rom. Prevail (to persuade)"it*V3.- W\ion conlinjency or doubt only, and not futuvitr, isiia* plied. tViei indicative is used ; as, " If he has money he keeps it." i5 t CoBtingjtey 'or doubt is n«^iially expressed by the connectives *;/,. tlHMtyh, HiiU 9, ex:cpf, whether. &(i. ; but wheihsr futuri y is implied t-f Qot, must be g^ithesed from tli© context. Ibh. Formtrly, t'- e fcubjuKC;ive wps used to express contingency, ordfubt, whit-er futur.ty vfa3 ini; lied cr not. 0'' tbis, theJiigliall Bible furnish' 6 CNampIvs in a'tuo.-t.evcry p 'go. liZ.G. Lest and that, jinncxcd to 5'fo thera^e be in tie subjunctiro mood, and w'.iat ia the iiidicative ?— corrcot lUeia aecorJinjjly— p irse tho scnieacoi coirectol. 552.) If ij» man smites hi3 servant and he d C3 he shall surely \>e put to death. Wu umiit go to-tnorro«-, un'cs if. ;siin3. Tl:ere will be .euglito do next week, if t!io wea'.her is good. Thoujrli \beaky ' ©clear, it ia cold. lie vv-ill iniiutaiu hi3 cause, thouLjIjhe iQ^m Ua f 9tate« Wo may g(ii tliQ IclWxv U' ilic mull umvvs in, Uttd* 1 1 7 14^5 -^ KNOUSU ORAUilAR. jobn ba come, why UiJ you not tell mc? It' it stiows all nijrUt, tUd road* will be imp!\ssilile, A-k John if he kno>^ wlieu Jhe.legiflla- T.ufe meet. If he know anything, be surely knows, ihat unlers he gtti better he can not be removed. Ifthonbe the Son or(ji)<], com- mand that these stones be n\ uie bread. ^.^)56.) Take cure that the lior^e do>.'S nm niii iiuny. .^i-i- ilitit l!r<»!i do§t it not. Let hiiu ihat btundei^i taUo h( ei)a oreitake thiMii. if he t«* but in health, I am coiiteiii. O, \}ui\ lie was wise' I wish 1 wa^ at home. (550.) If I WMS not Ale.xamlcr, I vo-iUl be niticf^i"'-?- If'il ft'i-*-<» not so, 1 would havu told yon. If he wan a yfa: olJci , 1 would Sfud him to pchool. Was gold m ivc. aliuii>iaiii. ii. wt»uld be of le.^s vaJ- iie. If he was an impostor, lie inusl bavtr lieeii delected. If 1 v us* li*, I would ac.-eplilie ofT.r. \V;is I ht', 1 wouM accept tip uflcr. Q.U i: .ill OXS. "Wliftt ij; t!ie rulf» for the subjun tive ni.*>:il ' \V1ti:r (.:?:•) v.biMi doabf, only is iinpH'»d7 How i.^ C'tntincenf y cxpi eiicd? Mnw vrai The subjunclive formerly utcd? \\"h;it cf /fsf ;',\a\ tfiai K A^hat of »/ with A/'.M'o!lowing? How i atli.-iif or ui-b e.xprcSaeu ? Ei- plftiu f).",l». TITK TXFIXlTi-\-l-: Mr,Oi>. 500. rtULT: W . — TJie i: /u(i/'ce mnnd U ijft'rruc'l ly V6KBS, NOIJNS Of ADJECTIVKS ; flS, " t '//r(' after a cojMilutive veib ; as, '-'Jle is.tO be m 9i):t[9^." ■ A. la tJij>2^osi (ion with uttOlhot noun;" as, "'SpaYe', Spiift' I SYNTlX—lNFr^trTlVB. 14? .YOijr frlemi the tesk, to read, (o no'1, io acnjf] /n cMirfff^.n." :■>. Thet-i. Jcef of a prpposilion ; .ms, " About fo r/rp'irf,'^ '"What weiit ye 'out for Io .tee Y" SVVX'IAL nt'ij-.s. oi\i, V.i i.K 2. — Oi}*' vi'i-l) ijnri-,-n.< iinnihcr u.^ iU cbjict. or com- ■ -I yltuiy'iti ini'if. lufmiUce; us. -JJ -ys love to jih/i/'—'-Thoy seciu fi<55. Vcrhs wliifh t ike tlie inliai ive as tbelr ohJr.<'l are transitiva \ orf>8 in tlio netiv«; voioo »Tid tlif iiiliirfix f, tiib^r j>I<»nf, or ttioditled by otlier vordji, b equivHltml t*^) Uu* oVjetiive cufcc (^(.'3 ) Verbs which t:ibe tbeinthnuvf* as their c<) — 7//C' iiijinilli'f, a ^ t'n- .^uhl-rl. or th^ oUjcrt of' a t>iirrb, sOiKrfin.c^- hu.s- a suUj.-.'vl of i(.i Oivu in iht ohjertivecoi.se. , • - ♦ ■■ , 5rt7. TeehUer ronstrucHoi^ thtj, infiuU'vc, witi its ?u''jt>ot, U an iibridjr<^^l de;)en'l'^«»t cUufS-.-. nnd when iHtvl as \\i<^ s»n^-JHft, is ititro- duoed by /./#•. Tht.8, S'thjeci — * V ,r m t.t d) ?i| .iPi' fo hLim^." 3)9.Wh3!i ujvi u3 ;i I i-ripnvtf i'"tc e.ijorf." t, *V*hi*; is po»sidrt or o'jIs.^ it»f? ; a^, ' ll^ld is to b«/(,uuof in Call ff^mia'. — "The liws are ^v fr? c't^-»rn»^." ■ •' 3 What 18 settled ail dotormiiod* u^i'jh, n'n roif (*-)urJse, ('af>nf. ; a-j. The ^b'p i.^ ^» *io7 ^o•la trrf'\f ." • ^ 570. Fit ».«•: r*. -'!'(•, //<{- ,s«'///j o/'Me iiifin-if.ivf, it not lued afit-r t!t9 C^trhs 01U. DAKf, N'EKP, MAKK, SKE, ftR\B, FBK.L, afifi LfIT, i/< /A€ actu"^ t'olee, nyr after let i;i the pa.'tsia ; as, 'I saw hioi do ii" ''Yell n^erl ntd go." 571. To ttis rule there are s:me exceptions. As it relartes only 14^^ E^'iiUar .^liiAMJklAB. to euptooy aTjd uaas?, ^o may be inserted when barBbnesa wUl not thereby be produced ; tbu?, ''CocfoloaB that his' o^*tione'need'^^■be disguircd." — M':Keiyi{t. 57 3. For the satue roa:on, to x-i so-.uetiine«i omitt*?! aft«r the rerbs ^terceire, behold, obnrrvo, have, aud hnow. 675. Wbeu eovori^l Irfiratlvea ooa>b t-getber in tba sauiR conbtnio. tinn, the Kicjn fo cxprcsod iritb ibo lir5> is.ei'mitlines omitted vith those (bit f How ; tbus, "It is better tj be a king and dre, tban to live and be a vrlDor«," Tbi^ aliould re?er boVlurie when tiibr barsb' nePS or c-hicur ty wonld bo tborooOlr. ' ' 574. To, the sign of th.» infif^itlve, s'loiM never hy u'^od furtbelo/ fioitlve itself. Tliaa, ' I bavo net ■wrriiton, aud do not intend to," ia a coTloquial vulgirlsm for, "I bav«» not written, and I do not iotood to ■write '' 575. RuL»:-5, — Th\X !is to r<\,vi ih\^ letter" 'Too uM ioUixrn.^^ "vViscr than ioundcrkd:eit.*' 3'8<, The i flnitiv* J8 Pom»jtiii ea usoi to a»^ign, lu aa abridged f,»nn,tb(» rf;)*»on « ftha^ which g*>i:? before , a9, 'Bate coward tbattbe^ art /o _/?««.'" ''Vograteful raRn ! fa ua«.*e rnj fortune^ rot' me of icy peace." AT8. 1b« ioilnUivc it 5' Dielancs put absolutely, wlthoul a g^T^rn inj5 Vscr.l ; " /'(/ ca-j the truth, 1 way in fault.'* a79. The inflniiira i* scraetitiiefi omiiLd: as, '*I oonsi ler hiqi (to bs) a!i bonffit man.*' 58 K ib© inii. i ire, in tbeFeeeveai foustructioas, in parsing maybe britfiy elated tbua ; • Tiio iufinifive as the subject of--^— " "ntthecd, ^tct o*"-— -" *'ae the ;»,"e'iHcaf6 aftor— - — " "The luSnitivo o/ j/>n,r^c9i^^ «o»»/)ari5Q» —cause— iw«rf ubsofutefy *' KXERICPES TO »JE CoRBKOTEb, Tb1i.) You need not to bs lo serious. I have teen lomo yoapg c SYNTAX— FAETIGUPLE8. 149 pereoni *sflj it. He ^ as heard say it bj «verTb»dy. SoDiaoue b?it iLem to jiass il^ehoase. Tbey were seen pa B6 the bo'.ise. I hare observed some gaiirisca to us«~ tb» torra. D*ire ba wise. They wore bii Gom? into the bouip. - B^ safe to wfito yourself, tiud tell bL'»i to. And Uv« M Ood designed «9 to. P' In^ rtt»t tH« tiseoft^e SriBDH'Tfl 3*1 f^*^ ff iLo-cpir^. scd'^c^c?. and sliow bow it l8 gortrned. Analyze fbe ienteacesi it too often happens tbat lo be ftbore tb« reach of want just pla- ces uft within the reavjh of am; ico. It does^ no good to prea by knowing our own \^'ea}ines6fb». If we have not nlwnje time to read, we hats always time to ir#»fi€5i, To be of Jud t« be ■ that ie ib« tjuestion Whatie {ha tn\« k^i tbc-lftfinitive? Fr. what vfayh if Hi«. uifuiitlre nied? Uppeat rule 1 ftnd ?, What verbs take the Intiniiivt- «san obje:t? Ap A cotnplemont? Repeat rule 3. Wh:U is thO lufiiii* tive wirh itt* subject? Repeat rule 4. What UotiS the -infinitive denote wben used as ft doscriptivo ? riepoat rule 5, What except- i-jas? May the siy-n of tiie infinitive be tised without the verb? — Repeat ruie 6 ftnd T. Wh.vl ia the infinitive absolute? How ftife tl^^ ^iffrieoT vonitrncrioris parsed '' TKF. PARTIOIPLE. , 581. Rvi'f-Xy I.— i^2iic'(^r€* havt ih^ t'^n${/u('tk>H q/ ngun$^ adf€ciiv€»^ and verh* 50 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ♦- . . ' . SPECIAL RULES. Rule 1. — .1 pnrticipfe v.^ed on n n.ixn mrty h^ I'hfi nrrlHi- r\atioeto nu or :•. flfootive." fn;vy be modified in all rt'HpectH as ihe v«rh. srKriAf. nrT,EP. - 583 Rulk i.~ W/,ni thr present or per/rrf pnrtidpU is iised as a nov.n, a noun hcfure it i§ pntin the po^^e-fif^'ive ease-ySiiy "Much deponils on the /)S'^R- fiive pronour», arvl not the possossivo cupo ; us, '-Muoh doppiids on your coniposinj;," &o. ; v\ot i/uur.s. .7»5. lu ma')» «u>l on the jmpil'n comp-isinir," and '^Muoh will (iepedil on the jxip'f c iiH;>) the lirst, thoi/tju <;*;/<'/'<«! is on the c<> //»/>«* •'w.y, in lh*» flooyn«l if is «tu l\nij.)npil ; and thoutjh in these examples iL^ souse ia iie irly l'«o saute, yot there are ofton ex- amples ia wbirh the 801130 id eutirely /-«tl li- i .^^ lUi' vcrij. (>/cj,n Lot be used whan a- prcp^sitr ij fol'ows. 5^"8. T^v,hw.Z — yi':it.n\t!i''rcrhal nonn expresses some- I 'ili.i):(*'fifu'!i'CfiVer)iyii:nfolorri7i(] is t l.e rotR, it should lnr,^f!tA ariij:fe^andfhej>ri:j)(>Jtio)); iu<, "It was said in rAfiiir^i^r/^^^o/ilie \vuiu!>s/' But v hen it (Xfi^sc^ ^i^mc- *'(''*[! 'f e- hich ilie raun ("II'iU'Iikj is not the doer, bid tlie f^y.iiCT. O'ifh ahoviii be 01,, i ted ; iis, '"The court ?pcut f^oine fiijic ii> huir wj. tlie v. itjioss.'' 089 Ki'L" 4.-»- '/Vii participie and not the pa^t U:.iiSe, Siiovld hciis-d ii/ter the avxHiories uavk and UEja's, 'I have y-rff'tM' Xiiot'wru^r)— "Tlio letter is written*' ^not w,oe:)' 500' .S I, :jts;),_the pai^l participle Hiumld not bo iiseil for tlie , j>;igt ,terise:,as, -"'iin /^;<," not run — -I saw,'' nut aecn-^'^ldid'^' "tiutdoue. .7^1. Til'. jKii 1 jiple iif 3om-tiuie=i used absolutely, having no de- p^D'i«7t:c o I aoy'other Wiv.l ; a.», "Prcpciiy Kpeuki«tlljaj; a^aini^t his Maker, brought him into rirrir. — .|4>fv}.'h h irir.g been sold by hii! brethren, was overruled for goos:,l '«Iii.!* was" ( qi!:.l -o rcji'Ciing nf/lha jimnosiil. 'I jio t<'iH'))ni;r :'.Myiliii!;i; well i ('qnlrcs {.ivrnl npttllca-* ti'ni. Lo:n'"fi:g"f njivtliiii- wtll rfqMirijs jiih lit-ation., .i\lfitf'k* ncss is in;inir«'Moci in Miff'iii.;: (.fil-s |.:itientlv^-i:j tl.e suffering alls pfiri('ntl_v--i!i ilif m.C" r'w^n; ,,f ilis juiir-jiily. . In the pttiient pufF.-ritin ills — ill j aiictii Miif.'i-iri;i (if ilis. RocatJiie of piuVi^king Ills .sons jiikJ dati;;litovs. jlio l^urd al»honed tliem. (oH8 ) In tlip licarin;:^ ( F tlic will i-oad- nrul in .the csaininjrj]; orMiM'lry piipcrs, n.iuli i'.v.a' wis j^pctit. Tl.c greattBt phin it guff vimI ill rhi' cnttiii;:; of ihi* skin. ^ (o8D ) l.'s has i.rdke li:s c:ip i hnvo dranl? rnough. "The tret! \v..» sIkioIv hy tlio w nd. 'I'he tree has K-il. S<>ino (jno hns t<)M>: TTiy pen. I f^ooh the rn:»n who d^no it. lie llH^• brgjin the Avoik- Some rt'll liv tho waysi'le mid- \vji< trnde down. Th« Fronoh lan;:uaj^o isspi»k(; m ovt'»y rart of Kurt.pe. (50 \) Th«' fortri'S^ was hoinj; builr. '! ho ppf)C whrre this new and "tranjre tva;rf'dy wa.^ hein;:; actpd. An ntteinpt wns "beinj; made in ihc Kii;^li~h pavliainnnt. T!ic ».ia;:;nificent ehuroh now h.'lng fM'OUfcd in ihe oi'3M)f New York. VVhile thcpe thing* Were holng transactod in Ki glaiid. Wliile tho crrcniony was neinjr pP'h)i'niod The enn?t was ihcn iieing held. And fitill lie l»t'i»ig dnn" and irovor done. \V!iG:it is being stdd Jit a fuir prirc. G' IJ is being foniKi in great qnaiiiitics. A report 18 n"W being prrpavcd. G'lnds arc b^ing Kidd « ff ut first cost.-i^* While the Ilcee^^a^y mcvcn.cnt vmis bi-ii g made. .QUESTIONS. TThilt is iho rule Tor the pai-tiflple? rtcp^at, the two ppcciAl rnles. Ilepejii tlip notp. WIumi nri^t 'ho nom befoi-o the pnrrioiple he in tlio possessive case ? Kcpr^at ilu'Suh.etani'e of 585. Whfo must offo low the paiti('i|)Ic ? vriuU is the rule for iijsinjr or omitting the Hrti(de and ^>r(•po^ilion ? U'hat is tlio rule lor the past partl» Ctjile? VVIiiit is tin absolute participle ? . -V^' ■Vin i'J !'J'.( r ;•••;.., ' . t- ■•. .: CONNEXIO:^ OF TENSES. 502 Rr LE X V I L — //<- (he u $6 r>f v n- js ^ and wor4^ ' '^tfaf, ■ , in point of (hue r<.late to each. rtJier, f/'« order of time mvM ht chhercfd ) fls. "I hiivo known liim these ni.'iur yenrB,"' not, **I know him these mar^ rcfir? ;" nor, '•'I 'knew him these many je.irs." A^'8. liKXSAfK. — The part'«u^or ttnsc nc:f p--arv to bo uj^* 1 n nst "p- pntiijD- ed/' ' ■ ■ '' f67. Tbc pr'if«Dt and post of tie a\ xiiiari'if, »/.///. %ciff, >*//»^. rM»,, sh'uJd never ho afaocUted in the j?anic ftr 'e'>oo; a d carcJJL>u^t J»o taken that, the eubBet^u«'nt verb be expr* teed iii iLu fame tinse with t'>e antecedent verb ; tbne, *'I HK reib. in'' fTn» piij't toiihe in the Jeuuiug ulnuse. TLu', w« can i^y. '*I be'itvod la; }ifl,< d(Mi© ii," I at not, "I hvp?d ho bad dono it j", bccuuse //?.<>/ U5u.v re^er lo <»lt*t. i- pBPl^ but /i"//e always vortT? tw sjoiolhiug: ii» the futui«. ^ , , M3y. When sfujaul is uBci i^u'teud of o-"^?,.t it i xp**t »»/>/■**<>/<< du*y, it may be fyll:.w?d ?y t>.c prcff^nt or prr^cut poritct ;'?..«, "Yuu nhnuKi study, iliRt y..a TRdj/bcoom-j lo>lfll^^l " ilOO. Tae SadLoativJ pr-^tf t is fri'^uwutly xxft'-n af ?.r f o wtrd,--««, , '-'Hc: wi'l nsror be bettor ti,li h.'ihaf W.t the pan»a tjf pfsTcrty,'" K. 154 ENGLISH GRAJIMAB. 601. A rerb in the infiaiiirj mood must be in the ;>re»enf Vns^.when It expresses what is a^utemptjrarif ip point of time ^^itb its govcraing verb, or unUfq'Knt to it: 35, '' lle'appelifed f • A-^ a man of letters. "— "The apa-tlefl were dtiterruined t'j prench the goov''^ ". H»;uoe T«rb» denotiftg hope, dzxirf, ii.fett u>n, or command, Jnuet b« foUowetl br fba P'-eKrnt iufiuitke, ftod not tb« ptrffrt. fiftj. "But th^ porfert tnfiiiitiv* mupt bo used to cM»rc8S wha' }i» ">». rt ffrf^Mf to the fime <'f the iJov«rDiiig v*rl»; hf. " KoruuJus li« jJHivHo fiuvfJ^Hiihfl Home." EXERCISES TO BE CORTIECTED (594.) Tl»e "ix^tor f^aid t^iat fevrr always pnHUooil thirst. -- The philosopher ttiid tliat heal alwnys pspanfied inotalj*. He Knid that truth wafi immuLib'e. (595 ) 1 knotv the family mare than tweniy vearjs. I am ir»w. at f^chool six months. My brother was sick four week-*, and i«' 110 better. He tells lioslono; enoiij:;h. Thoy oontinne with nW noTv three d'lys. (oOIk) He has lately lo^t nn only <^on. He has ]»r>en formerly.,^ very disorderly. I hav*' been in Lrvndon last year, anil seen iIip king li^st J'ummer. 1 have once, or twice told the story to our friend before he went away. He ha.s dona it bofoie yesterday. Some one has lon«r a^^o t«dd the samo story. (507.) I should bo obliged to him if hcwill gratify me in that particular. Ye will fiot come to me, that yo toi«i;h( have lif<\ — Vm v;\>c and good, that ytai mi^^ht be happy. Ho was tuld his danger, that he may shun it. (503.) We had h. pod that Lord Xu-eat would have been able to collect much new rtnd interesting: informati(»n. Tolunj- l)us hoped that he >vould have rendered the natives friT)U!ary to the crown of Spain. We expected that ihey would have come to-day. We tru<^tcd that it had^been_^?fe who should have redeemed Israel. (599.) He should study dili'j;eiiLly ihtU he might, become lefti'ned. We should rest»ect those per.?ons, because ttiey oiftVt- '' linued long attached to i>*. . . . PARSING — ADVERBS. 155 ' " r [600 ] We shall welcome him \vhf*n he shall arrive. As soon as be shall return we vill vecomnioncc our «t«{Jio». A prison- er is not accMunte-l guilty till he he convicted. [GDI. 3 t^'riHn the litl le CJtnvorsation I had wiib him. heap- .. peared to have hrcn a m.»n nf le:nnin^. Our friends intended tOi^ have met n^^. Up m ns iirrtiid lie would l::ive died. j |'6<'2.] Kirfita!! Aldif-y, ikjw in ruin«, :ipjioar55]to be an o:*ton-i * sive huiidinu;. r.)'Ctii;;iis,i he, Spar-tan lawgiver, is said to h© " h1 •■//A r .Altvf;i'.r>s ; :is. ^' ,}i]\n sjhnks (lUfivrt/j/ ; "■ »>)4. Aff"** adv^irb> .•<( uiclimes modify a<;/'.i.< or ;>ro/JOJni>^ Mi ^ 'S'otn}ili!iioiieii.\>\\n\\c iru)n£n also, were prese^^ '^'^1, ^ f-f:>z I. A' briuo; H ti od Sii'Kfi.vi.fiuie.^ an :..:•.■... •^•Mi-'O' rt. prcpofitio". ^^^ Fonictimos - ^Ch!). Til Lri 1 —/(/'■(:///,>• i^h- iCdnot in nacd as leti n ptyl*. In otdinarv flis"!. U'?^, "hrre, there^ 8rr i» trhich. crc^rt t^c rtfor'nco Is to place T us, •■• They friiCTe-? a protest.aion, irAere [in uhich] ibcy r»:peaifd their fonn^'r o'ulias " filO The a Ivo'b* iioin, tho, icVn, ichcre. in pu-'b vbrase? BS tVl nfnt, til tlietifSitice whev. to wh re & ; , nre snmoiin-.cs used by •.O'^d wr.lerB as nouns. This, howrd. 61.'. Ti.e:''}, nrip r'y an aWar^ tf Vi'?-, *h ohii unl ai aa i3!:r>- dnctory oX l-'tlve; /.a, " T/icre cvmo to the beaob."' C13. KuLs 2 — Ttfo vrjnf'ces nrc cqivv^lf-nf fo an nflr* ed ; as '•[c:inuot drink n^j ['/??;.] moR^," t-r, '-lean drink no nioro " ft'4 One nc|;:atir<5 is rom'-t'ir!'-? m-non'od w*tb nn'-tbcr iTplicd in tbe ne^'tiv^ ir(fi.v dU,nn im. in, il! ir &o.; af, "Tboii a't tint «no«- tjiiainted with his werits," t:iat U, "'Yiu are acquiintod," Ac. In this ■w»y apb'a-^ipg variety v)f exproesion is S'^racti'ne': produced. Butth* •word ^rtiy wifi the noga+ivo ^rcso-vee the nogatiun; ae, *^ wasnot cn?i/ llibe.al but ccvotous." 615. Th** adi't-rbs na>/, no. ynn, ya, of pti stand a'or!0 .1^ a Tippntico or «ffi-matirea .«^vr., ,,»:. qirst!Mo:«s, "I? hf>a^. hom>?*' '=rcV — "He 18 a- h...„..." Amer^u an a3.-iiiaii.vo alvcrb, man" "n^fore an »d.jj.-.tit s"", or i& ueing adverbs where oth*- wordf< .arc required- Correct the ©rroni itt the foll'owiug >-- i 006. They hoped for i soon and procporous isguc to the war. The then emperor was ibtcd lor his evuoUy. He ^'hk befriend* ; ftd by the then reigningjukc^ ^"»^"^"^'^s graceiully. He»poke ■V eloquent. She did il^^'i'^ well. Our frie.nds arrived Pafclr. ' The boat move- -^^- »^v.i expressions sou ndod lijirshly. She is a re--*^'*^'' P'^^'^ S''^' '^'-^ ^*^t ^^'^?V^l and I prPf.j n^^t _ **ii down. '158 EXGLISH GRAMMAR. ■^^ ■" , '- ■ . "-Z^i * "..4 [GOT ] He departed from thence inb a dcpert place. T will send thee far from hence to the Gentie*. Fiom hence 1 awa^^r^ [608 i Where art thou gene ' Andhesnid unto me. ' Qomt^ up here." The city is near, oh ! K-'i mr ctoape there, n'berr I a>rt, there ye cannot come \ -'•^•' ""'' •''*'^' ^'* "^ fOOf>.] He drew i«p a petition, where lie represented h\«! own TnVrit. The coiidifioii where I found hi»'i> towrte lidrcifrc^ ''f^ortt-"* )ng never can justity ingratitude. Hi' Ko*kInd ae ttall\by present evt^ntij, -^ "'.Ve always should prrf»r ourdu^y to .a>r pleiHurc it is inipviwi-* pibJe coniinu;illy to l^c at. work. Not only tiefoimd her employ* ed. bof pk-asod ar.tl Ii-um'^uiI al.«*o In i\io poper difp»N*ition'oi>» adverbs, the ear yiroi'uily reijaircs »o l. ; cvksuIumI ii« ac!l a> the sense They Keenied to \h\ nearly dr«>.<^rd alike. The brttik*^ Chtri5 x'i * (<>18.) riio w«Mnen . o.)utri!)u?cd all ih«r ring-; and j.•w^!8"'* voimt.irily, to as.~i.st tlie ;::^«»veinnient. !lt-'vos nrnpus^ed. he fail- ed of PUCCess, [6121*.]. Tlu'isin can (Uilv be op p used to >oi yrlje;.tir»«the public j;ood. wc«»r»- ly di.sohurge our/au..>. M.. ,,nlv rcad'Mio book, ml two. ). e u vly. read the book but r\A the letter, y« j.^^ | tiie b"ok only batdid not keep it. He chiefly ppyfce oT vu- ^^^^ ^^. ^^^^.^ J. H^only reads English, not F»'^n"f»- ' ^ syntax-7-conjuxcti6ns. 169 [621.] Scholars 8Hou1^1Se*taugnvfo careTullj scrutinize tne"*" sentiments advant^ed in all the books thev r«ad. "To make t^iirf scnterioe perftpieuous, it \irould l>e neeesi^.jfy to entuelj remod'eV^ it. QUESTIONP. ^^bat i^ tlie r;iio for alverbs'' Do thr'y ever modify nottns*''-^ What othet pait^ <-tApVecli do they someiini^s Tiko«iify ? May ad- ♦ verbs be used as a/ij.;ciivi!S V WIih* is ^'av] o\ heucc-. ihcvc.^ &c, ? .^ ^^'l^en are hUhrr, !h'!f,tr, kc, iisod •'.' Wbut is ^fli7 Wtint is ttmriile of poftitio;* ' VVIihi ii the ruif» tor oiiiui' Wbnl is 9rti«i CONSTRUCTjOX OF < •< )X.I rxOTIOXS. 624. Rule XfX -• ('■.v/it-irn'> up conncrf woni',- TF:Nrb;P. ■'>2'). N^'nj-vN nl'du' s,"»tM' ciUM-;, tin viu'j; a siniili»r rphilion to anorhor to wliifli tlu-y lirl(.»i!%;. aw runneolcd hy a fonjiiiu'tiitn. Thus - t. N«»iin'fi or p'tin<.\i''.'fi : afi, **J>intf:s and .h-lu jvihI / are-hcre.'* 2. Adjecfivef : a?. "A {•nuLnf. Junvr, f\\\\ llmtoroli'c !n;t)i." ■A. Verbs: o^, *• t'jvo'r 'ir.v,. and «'(»• ;hk\ r-/( A*/;. ., " ft. rr«^pr)>.itioi)f* ; a.^ *• 7'.» nr^d /c.^i t Hfl '•ity"— " T;- nn.l ./nc/i the hill •' fi2ti. \'^erbi! conncfted :j;\v/! (h : . .uae ir.miii;i ;ive : '-.Jiuiics /ffii/K an I MTiVeW.""' " •■■-'' 027. N'iiinf'ir pT*)noun'? ciinni'rted ia -tlift uarrtinativc cose, either }>« su'jjpct^ f^v dc^criptivf: itr-* rel:ii*»-d a.s !»jnh t) th/» .'?tQi«,yer\> } as, "./.».'. n and ./«;«r* are c )u^ins." ' H ■» i» a •/.■'/m /.'<"/i and s./,o/ i;.." t}-8, Noun.<< or pronuutis CO rn'c^ed in the possessive caso arag^ov-- ened by tbe same ni>uo : aa, ••Juun'v and ,/.j///r'« Imoiv." 6iy. NoviDS orproaouaa, conneoted in the objoctire ease, are gov- ertied by the eaTne verb or p?eposi'/ioa; as, "He studies grammar a.ni lo^ic." "Give the books to h{}i% and ?n«." ft30. AVbcn uAminatirefl belon? fo fliffofeot i^crbs, or verbg to dif- ferent noaaiotttives, the conjunct-oa crnntcts the seutecces, not t^je word«; as, **Joht, reads and Jamee tcriie^.'* 631. Simple eentences or clauses arc connected by conjun«. tions^ so Qd to form one compouod sentence j vm. ' JBaiA that ye me Goc/s'.- but ijr ah all Oicy ftSa. SioiiUr sentencef, whether defoauoiit or indcpcalen*, are cob- iv««'od bj the ooTijuuctioHS h-n.d, o^, nor, hut, y^t, ^n. 633. CoBJanetioae are frequentlv uudaratooii bitw«ea the w.^tde or 8*uter-oeB eoitaocted ; us, "Caesar €Of?;e, ««fr, and «c7>^»«e''x.'V "Th* •.s*#h, f«>o.'T?€>»^ and fJiH(h-«it^ were precect.' SPECIAL RULES. 634. RuLa.- — Oorijuncticm connect the same moods and tenses of verbs^ and cases oj ii.oun^ or pronouns ; as, *'i?o g^od and s^c/ispcace/^—** Honor thyjather s'nd7nothcr.'* 635. Verbs of fhe eame mood aad tenj^, under this rule, are geH' ©rallf ale > la the sa-nti.^ form ; "He readi 'XuAtcrifei." (ttot tloes writ4 I. 636, When verbe cofinecLel ara not of the j-ame Diood, tfiise^ o* •form, a»d eppLcial^y if contraet or opposit'oa, txpres-jied by bvti, though, f/'cf, is intended, the nominative is repeated; ae, ''He caioa but h-e would not stay." 6»)7. After expressions imply iag fZowy ',/««*■, or denial, (he ooDJuua- tion thnt is properly osed—not lest bu(, hu( t\(H ; a^, ' i do not, doubt t*mt he is hunest"— "I am afraM that ho will die." Also, ahut should. Tjot be used in tV« t U«e of t?,rt.*. 'Th-^e, 'H^ will not bt?l'evo but uhm V am to blame," shouid b»i. "but that i uua to bluUie. GB8. lllTLK 2. — Certain worot'. m the (tntcvuhnt memb'-t. tif a sen(euc€f require vorrcifponding connectives in the ^ubr itrqufnt onf ; thus — 1. In clauses oiword,^ simply Ov^tunected — Il>-h requirea oftti; as, "i?(ifA he an? I i-ain*-. ■ U'th-^r '- or : n.s, * EitJirrha or I whl come." JftUher • t,(,r ,• ft)*, " Scith'^r tie n / I cftmfl," [__ Xyh^th^r- f,r : as, " Whcthf:r h© f-r I «ft!a«." ytf.i ac^'Tiioa^^lie ilay mc, y t will. I trust in -» h^ifaho,- E% ''iVof oiV ^^ ^^ «?«o hit broth- er goes." 2. In c^aa?e8 imjly eompsrJsoc^- fbc romparnHr^ d'gr^^ requires r' <>.'/ ; ap, "He iB^#^^#> ♦/*/^ftif « "^ OfXe," require? if^'^n; a?, " It ii no ot}^er than h*." ' i'/gf — — -- . fi^fln; ag, ''^ li.if tUi do yon expect t^tn Itis.'' A» .=-!».... o« (expressing fqualitj?) ; tkf, "He is e« tall « I am " Af' '—- M (• xt-rcseiDg equftUtT; ; 6f, "yie ibj doy ♦#« « etall iby Btrenglh bti." . P': — • A* (wiih a nygatirc, cxp-esting iti^quality) ; «*, "Jlrt is not »© learned «• hie ferotber." 3'j *h/it (elpresslng ccnfe^ucnoe) ; ftf, "He is •© Irwifc ^^«i be can not walk." 5'?.'e,^ — 43. When thiJ ruleia vijiatou, tie crrcctioii Is m,'A>\f, cjtli«r— 1. By altering one of the nstccoJeni c RUres, so that the 9ttl>>>eV:d thxn C^ntbi >, but not bo muob aliui-di " FXFRrjSE.S TO nr r;i>RlA«;f TED. ^Jnith** f Hawing s^rifeucoa p«vint out the '.'07jjii;i,ctioq'^, Ibe w^ a or ii->nte>ic p connected Uy them — se wix^tber tbe^ jcorresp'HjdpedyTditig t ' iV»« rul^fi, «.ofl -f n't f rre t an* j.''v3 a re iPfrP t«'r t h e cban^fif. > '-f*><4 )t-ila reaL^ aid vvrjio, well. Atij;iH the V.jp.iRt «;f a.wist^ n»:n, lujt wili roN. U he fi1id('rsiriii!l rfip. 4io>>jcct irrl Ml tends lo it. he can ^ciVeflv fiil alhuccem. t/u>ylM2 lto;ilth iintl tu \\\ p. in peaco are trre-a t hU;8'ry fmx)i)^.'i .U' .yV'j[\»V'"i^ !<'<»«■ '»'«^lge than aba ^iv.hU mat-fcr be twet'n jou and i. My f.uhfT and liini arc rery in'imate ''^tje is^ti^ller than rne , but. i am i.Ki< r than hitn. (645 ) He reads a^d wriSfMli uril. IJe toads and does^wH^f wf.ll He icij,:is and in vMvt'n.i^ vvod Hne-s he not rca^.Hinrl wr;toft vrell ? Did h-j («>!. lell ihef l»i» fuijU, and euheattd ,h«e to forgive him ? F.-irth has her MdliudeSj and so ]\hh lifo,; , (017.) 1 do iK.t deny bal ho U.'.8 ujurit. dhoy \\vvia( hi> is wrll t '(•{»* n.trs^fr t.iiii whalMi^ Is^Vfdl ' t^j'f!* IV^ tt*isV^i\h!*-t*'r^M- f.r h..r. It -is >«> ci.-ar r. « I -n.f«-.f! not cxphiin it. 'Jho rriisiim.x an' so uiM.'itain, a?! that U. (•;*'■'*♦• •juii't! mmdi vxan)ina; t;in. 'i h*- '.m.: i^ iqually (K'.x'J'n lu^g iifj »)ip tdiuT. r «mi«it h«; jju I'ai.dld lu;;h.ho f?hiy mo to wdl I tiusi in hiiil. HfliBuet gorliiniself or sond his torvani. 'I horo is no contntlon so secure fts can r.6t admit vf change. He in not ns eniinont and fio muoh PHteerfied I SYNTAX — iKTERo^ECTION. 163 (648-2.) He Ims little rnoro of thf echolar besides the name. Be I'parJy to sacof)r suc'i p^'Wof^s who need thy as«i>~tarice. — Jficy hj.i«l jio siopnorrrscii ht»t thf'V anpiu-d thcnisplvcs to iheir Phillies. ' 'f fiOJ^^ ^avH'^t' pnoph; -iet^urfMl to huvo no ether clemen i>!if vfiir'. Buch ujpf i!i:>t :icUhMc'i«rw»isly mi*ht to heavnid'- p.I. He i^aiBC"! noihijij; funhtnby IjJH 5pei.'C-i, b;it ol''^v t»» l^ rn!ii;jnfleit for hi^ td<»4.'i<;iine vfl»ifiv>>|j>,!il '•^'J^-^'i!^ (651.) I ah^ays !iavo and j ;i]'.vnj9 (shtill hn of this rtpinicn. MeHs liotder bur riot so w.iie al bis en.-npariinn, Siu-JOiity '* hm vtilnable and even more so tluin knowiedgi?. Tbfi.r inle»>ii<-tis Ml ij;ht and probably wcr^' r'nuA TIip revv.ird has already o^ ingcd ibivrdu^^o I' ' )ks arc Ks ul.i-or evo;'» older than tradifioo Pbis l)o«jk xa preferably jind etioap^TThan ibe other, lie t.i«r.^ no er.re fuT mtero.vt in the nt itrf^r; '■ -' " Wiiat i? the rul? tor coMj!i(if;tion.g ? Wh it iM\y ho ronnecto_d? What, if verbg tir6 ro:\neoteU'? ■S'ni-A? flri*! pr-dilonns ? If thn nom- iiiRfives heU)usf*to d-mereut varbs V How Hfc rompoii-vd sewtenees f'ormvd? Aie ciinjaii-.tiions uudtr.-tood ? Whuf is the rule tor niouds iiiid lousfi? W i.iL id ruMiit l)ji; vys-liK ot the Siiiu- loriu 1' Wliea mUiil the nomiuative T)o iVpenled ? ^Vhen is that projieriy usi'd? Uope.it Ihe e<>rre.-pondiuj[2: eonJHuelit)i)8. WhiU oevuis in ^^nStoeftri of vonip;i"'i>ijn y AVh:V. wFit'ii a ebtnsx; h corhmon fiy'rwo ditforent p;»rfpi ot jt sentence? ito^v can «Ti«»rs ii' 'I if tx- o«rr»«ti. ... Ul'LiK XX. — /.•i,icrjecu'>jiis.hfifc n> •♦- rcpive pronoun,, e^ipcipially la indirect dlfr«ou.r»ft. £IX1:RQIS£S. '_.^' The following »6ateiiod6 aro not gramm .t;citll,y iaoowect, but frwni some of th© causes mentionod above,, a.ro ohivurt,intitigant, anirtffiton$, fit nHintfUigihle. Let the pupil point oat the error aud eorrect it. fend give a reftson for the oorrectioiu Tho son said to his fjither that he had '^inncMlaj^fau.st Heaven, A fsirmcr wentioa hiwyor, and t-olJ him timt his bull hfiUo:or©4 h{» ox. The Greeks fearing to be surrounded on nW -^ides wheel* ed v'ibout find hidiPil with the river on their b-iek.'^, Nor was PhilHpTwftntinj!; to corrupt Deraosthenea, as he had most of the ieadinji; men of (Ireece. ' Parmenio hnd served, with ^reai lid"?]- it?, Fhillip the f.ither of Alexander, as'woU a* himself, for whom hefirat opened the way inU> Asia. . Belisovius M-aiJ.gen* ftral of all the forces under Jasti-nian the Pirsi, a tnatj ofrw^ t«loi'. Lvsiss pro.mifte4 Uii f*th»r i3©T«r.tc ahAftdf^n l»i* frleprt* Carthage was demolished to the ground »o that ^TC are anablt to say where it stood; at this daj. Thus ended tha war \rith A Btioohus, twelve years oftor the second Punic war, and two after it had begun. Claudius v;as canonized among the ^od€, who scarcely deseiVGd the nar/ie of a man. He was nt a win- 'low jn Litchfield-, where a party of the roynli^ts had fnnifie^i th**^ selves, luking tv view of tho cathedral. ELLIPSIS Heaptctiog tbe use of tliis flguiw notbitg wore Jvfinil* cau he \aH JtuvD lliJiB wtiat H eotitHi'.ed in tbe following. J5 VEf.'I A L RULES' [ 047. IxiLi: 1 — *d *'£?/'}>£ '«, «?• omaaion a/ uofxh, is ad- mifsaht^ when thrf/ can he tnipvh'cd hy the mind with suek a^taintj/ and rc^d.iness atvot to ohscure th*t i'^}sf. 64S. HuLB 2. — All tllipsis i« not aUowalU^wken xtaoM . 0t*»eur6 the iGiitencf^, weakot ii^ force, nr be attended with «H iinpropricti/ ; a$. 'W« 9pealc Ibat we do know," fot that whkh^ &c. • eJ0. Articles, proncaea sni prciositi'»DP, should aiwaya be re^ttat- »\ T»be« the words with which they staad eonneotedareusad emph^t ical y. Under sucb cli'.UDastaucos, even nouns, adjectlree, and rerba, mast often be repected ! as^ " ot oiilj the year, but ths day aud th* bour were appointed.'' 650. It is gcnerilly Improper, except in poetry, to omit the aatd- e«dent to areUtive : aad it i» alv.iys go, to omit a r«latiT0 wbes i% is in the fiumvuatire. EAEECTSK6 TO SE er>BBF.OTE©. Iti the ioDowing sentenci^a. omit 9ueb word-d as arc j)»t aeo6g9aE>/ t« the eenee ;— Cicero wps an eloquent man, an able man, a generous aiafi, aad he was truly a pauiolie U3an, Avarice and onDoiog may gain an estate, hut avarice aiid cunning can not gain friends. I 6 » ENQtiSH (JKAiitAR 166\ tFrcp •■' • -. ' .♦: ;■ .3« vwierntti hini, IjOM'cot liim, I lo.vo him, on iio.nunt. ot "his vlr^ tuc's -. ^.^ ,_ . ;; H«j !);i» nn aEfjctiunate ))rpllier and jin affoctiona-'ft sistpj-.^ Cenuhie virt«i«.' supposes our be)u-vi»h«j.ro to \te stfcnj^theuod rindto b*.' oo'^tfirnVc'. i>y |'nnc»{>:t\ Ppi-s;'V(*r('nce in lnuo y»»n!i'^ii>-<» iinpiii'lf'tiily. (.'!i:ni irgavtls tlie truln, Vmt tlioii (Ji»«t not r(';>:!U' iirri nirnjMi'y inciiir'l t.o pr.ii<:^ \v")o. pr.iiso n-i, im;! I a tiiiti.'i- wlio llittor u-<. Who be^s^■ «.v»u sisfVin"" be:>t «:jn »ln. A beaufiru! a;arJori and tn;"S woro ?^f)l'i. Ills honor. iJifori-^f, re- ligion, vvero ill! nn>.b:ivki'd in this irid.^r^akinji;. IMr.l^y days and tM'en npi^ks pass awn y nniroprov^ d. ! iu- ('apa'irt lunl sovotm I men di-'d in his shjp. I !i.< con>lni't i« lutt .« oandiklin^ ?♦,'••,« nd l-hat* is ihe \)"st r.an be- -lid ofiL. '! hoy i>r.i n;-n have., oral, lya'^it. may a-t* t:»in.' . Thi:-; prop'.-'rty hn.s or uiil hi sold Y.pr)se biai V?iunge!' than I. It ro«i!iirps T-.v tnl.-^nt"' t-vwhioh most men a'e not' horn. Vi-'abvii'^t hiiy not iJCi.i'iit'o. He rn ly be said to buvo Mayp^l, the lii"'*^ of' u tn^/.;^a. and consoqaently,p,ntit1o I Vo t,1i<^ fp- vv)|r4.,. '1 hi' ii:'Opi.'^^or t!ii.so.njjU.lcy..|iQHlnird. A noh!/3 .spirit di.sdiir»L!th the malice oi turJui-.i; ; his gieatness of u.ul is not to be cast down. - .< QIK/TDNS. Whnt is tlie rale tor inftMJf^-'iions? Wiiat lor proti*)ari«! of tli« first person ? What ia the -ieueral rult^ for constraciioii ? What, are the five evil? to be avoidfii? Wjint is ellipsis ? Whatai th« rules? Tbs rules for nouasaud pronouns ? For thec'uiiiparativ©" •■"*.' *.':&!* tf ■ if ***: ' :*^ .5r> •••'^ :? c ";•"■■ -' '1^*"^ ♦"^T i^jC;?rce? FortA'^a.or mur;! adjeclirea? An jpidjective'rin.l ai^icle/'^ A verb with t'ijo Gonv\ imMs'e" ? S.veril cU-trses hnriifio: the Sitrof' )) eilit";itf* ■? Tiie ver*) '-/o '>^''' For (>r>f»rry"? The seconri clrtii^^e II ',H 3«nfp;iJ;».' Alver')r.' "I'ft>[t > ill ions'' Oonjuodion ? loiiir- nV\.E^ OK SYNTAX. R»'t,ii 1.— Siiijsl.intivos *]on(Ming the sauu- ]>cr.-*ciij or ih lii^ Hjree in case. Pau.sir. — I. An fi 'j.>.-!.ivo or ]):n"ti('i]!l(> liii.'ilifi ■* •; be ' suSs'iinllve to \^ Uich it l)eli)nL!;s. t 2. Au number and person. BUL": Vf. — The ;jeet of a linitc \cib i.'i put in tli^ nomi'ativc. Rlle All. — A substajitivij \n hcjse case ciepWds on. no Other word IS piit in. the nominative. .^ ' : KtTLE Till. —A verb agrees trith ite tio-^itts^ivo In number aubr.]>^t!8 ^bi»u!d bd followed by np})ro])riatcprepo:>iiiou?. KVLE XIII.— One subetantivo '^(,vcr\\^ .inoiber i« t.ho poBsessivc, Mbcn tbo b-iKor inuhstantjvo bmit** tLd ftignificatioi) of the fbiinor. KuLE XIV — Tbo subjur.ctivo mood is itf.^.) In d.t|>©n- ' dent clauses, \rhon liolb oontin}.^onc\» or .!ri«il.i, ui»d fqtHrit}', are expressed. .^ Jivht, XV.— Tbo Inianitivc mood ia governed by tcf'j, ic-QUHS, or ttdj^ctioes, • Kci.K XVL— Paniciples bavc the cotistructiou of B0U118, adjeiitive!^, and verba. Rule XVII.— In the use of verbs, and wordd ihat . in point of time relata to each other, the order of timo m'ust b© observed. RuL^XVlIL— Adverbs raodify verls, aJJ& tices, and otber adverbs. EtJLS XlX-^Conjooctlotis connect uorJs or itruiin- RutE XX. — Interjactiona have no gramsi'^atieal con- nexion with the oth«r words in a uQutenQo. *!£? ilcI^i'ZS 911 SQfNmX — PARSlmj. ^ - ^»9*i In every senteiiRe, tb€f."V\^cird^ em ployed, ar.d the or- der in wliich tlie}^ are arranged, slioukl be suc^ as clearly and properly, tq oxpress tlie idea intended ^and^ at the same tioic> all the parts of a scntciK-e should correspond, and a regular aad-depfJ4i4^nfecftn^f;u§itiou -be preserved tkroughout. • . '. The abuse of mercies ripen us for judgments. G. John, WiK )iam, and Henry's hats, were stolen 7. A man's manners fre- r,aently influence his fortune, S. Much depends on this rule I'oing observed. 9. Such will ever be the effect of youth asso- ciating with vicious companions, 10. Give to every one their Hue. 11. It has been fully shown that neither of them are cor- rect. 12. Every bone, every muscle, every part of man, are tknown to Him which made him. 4. — 1. He writes tolerable well. 2. Three monihs' notice are required to be given previous to a pwpiTs leaving of the sohool. 3. That rose smells sweetly. 4. He employed acoth- rr friend of his father to assert his claim — (whose claim 1) 5. 'A soul inspired with the. love of truth will keep all his powers iiitentive tothe pursuit of it. C. It is remarkable his continual endeavors to serve us. 7. It is the duty of every one to. becare- iu! of their reputation. 8. Whatever antiquities he could pro- .cure, he purchased them at any price, 9, I am not so well a» Avhen you was here. 10. It is three days yesterday, since you Have promised that money. 11. This mode of expression has l)cen formerly in use. 12. He promised long ago, that he had 1.1 'ended to that matter. e3. He was expected to have arrived earlier. 5. — 1. Twice threeare six. 2. Six times three are eighteen. 3. As two are to four, so are six to twelve. 4. Five are the half of ten. 5. The half of ten are five. G. Nine are not an even number. 7. One man and one boy is sufficient. 8. Two boys is equal to one man. 9. Two boys ore less than t r^f— SYNTAX— PABfliiNO* 171 iViixe arc better Uian nothing.: ,.10. Two i^ better than onc.-- il. Two are an even number — three are rot. 12. Two are twice one, 13, Two^and*two makes four. 14. Throe fourths are more than one Iiaif. 15. Five n-.en is too many for such a j)ieoe of work— 'three is too few. IG. Thre« shot was fired with- out effect. 17. Thefieet consisted of six sails. 18. A drove of forty heads of catthi passed along. 6.— 1. Molasses are thicker than water. 2. The mcaslcsare spreading throup;h the <;ountry. 3. Wheat is Ix^ing sold for a dallar a bushel, and oats is in demand. 4. "fh-e newg by the iast arrival is better than we expected. 5. We hoped to have *'-'heard from you before this. G. Do yon not think he writes ^good "? 7. The wind blows coldly from th.;iy littTe regard. 6. Without firmness, nolhing that is great e^n be undertaken ; that is hazardous, accomplished. 7. That is property most men have, or at least may attain. 6. The pyramids of Egjpt stood more than three thousand ycar»«. 9. It is thought they have been built by the Egyptian kings. 10 When the nation complain, the rulers should listen to their Tojce. 11. Whom say the people that I am "^ 10. --1. They that honor ine, I will honor. 2. He only got the muney for a few days. 3. He was mistaken evidently in his calculations. 4. No man is fit for free conversation, for the in- quiry after truth, if be be exceedingly reserved, if he he haugh- ty and proud of his knowledge : if he be positive and dogmatic* al in his opinions; if he be one who always affects to outshine all the company ; if he be fretful and peevish ; if ho affect wit, and IS full of puns, or quirks, or quibbles. 5. A good end does not vrarrant the using bad means. 6, A good end does not war- rant using of bad means. 7. Humility neither seeks the last place, or the last word. 8. Either wealth or power may ' rain their possessor. 9. Avoid lightness and frivolity; it is allied to lolly 10. Do you know who you are talking to? 11, Atfc thou the man who hast dared to insult me *? 12, Oh that the winter was gone. 11.— 1. We are often disappointed of things which, before possession, promised much enjoyment. 2. We can fully con- fide on no one but the truly good. 3. You may rely in that.— 4. The Saxons reduced the greater part ofBritain to their poi^ f ^ PUNCTUATION. 173 er. 5, He was accused with acting unfairly, nt least in a man- ner ill adapted r the writer to eonvey his own meaning with certainty, "♦y'for the reader accurately to comprehend what iS written by anoth ' ■■'. A goad knowledge of punctuation is absolutely essoctial in trana-i 1 .ting Latin and Greek- COMMA. 657. KuLE 1. — In a s-lio:t, simple piopositiou tlie comm,a is not used. When the subject or a transitive or descriptive predicate i^ fol lowed by an adjunct, the adjunct should be separated by commas. NoTK. When a short adjunct follows the subject, only one comma is used, and that is placed before the verb. EXERCISES. The Lord is good to his people. The young often ruin themselves. Tho way of the transgressor is hard. The punishment of the reckless disturher of ?03iety tends to se- cure peace. The want of some pursuit to occupy rpw time is often productive (;-f lasting evil. The inte'mix'ivc oi ^' 'Tt/NOttTATlON. 175 fcvil into^Qcietv' seems to exercise the noblest virtues oflhe suul. A steely and undivided attention to one purttiit commonly gives success. Indifference to the ordinary pur- suits of life is indicative of a defective judgment. The voice of reason and mercy prevailed over strong passion and re- venge. The belief that God is merciful affords us relief in time of distress and trouble. Propriety of conduct and un- divided allention to your profession will make you popular and esteemed. The son and daughter of the emigrant per- isfied in the conflagration. C58, — RuLB 2. In compound sentences, the clauses amd members aro usually separated by coniDftas : but when tbo clauses are short the comma is not used. Dependent propositions, usually introduced by if^ though, izeeft^ tcAm,&c. must be separated by commas. \ »^>^ EXAMPLES. "'•TT We som'itimes forget our faults wlien we are not remind- ed of them. Virtue^supports in adversity and moderates in prosperity. Your patron though he might have had large possessions was poor and in gicat want. The principlei that had been instilled in his mind in boyhood influenced the whole conduct of his life. Revelation teaches us how. we may attain happiness both here and hereafter. Love, not *^', *leep lesfc you come td poverty. ?^ensuality cent aminatei the body depresses the understanding deadens the moral feel- ings and degrades man from hisrank in cieaticn. The path « \of piety and virlue pursued with a firm and constant spirit ^oewilllead to honor. James would have gone with yqu.to fcsT.the fair if you had iuvited him. G59. — Rule 3. Two words of the »ame class, connected by a conjunction expressed^, do not admit a comma between jjyg them. Wi!ei;i t^e coTij unction is not expressed, a comma ^is inseirted,,^ ^^ ^^^^ . ; ' , ' <^IT5 ENGLISH ORAMMAJt. r^ NoTx. If the coBnected words hava adjuncts, a comma may be in- , isfted. Two w«rds making a compound name do not ta^e a comma' EXAMPLES. 6).'.. -0 A man of integrity and honor may be trusted. The great : 41«autiful modest unaffected and lovely. Ihat large florid d > ^mpous man is a tyrant. ^ 662, — RuLB 6. Nouns in apposition are separated by a fomma, when the latter noun has words or adjuncts connect- «d irith iti but a simple noun in apposition is not separated by a comma. 663. — EiLn 7. The ncntinative independent, and the nominative absolute, with the M-eMs dependent otithem,are cparatcd by commas from the rest of the sentence. I'uNCTu ATioir . 177 ^Q^. — KuL-E 8.. Comparative and antithetical clause: !":•> separated by commas EXAMPLES, Herscbel th« greatest astronomer of bis time discovcredi Uranus. Paul the apostle sufiered martyrdom. Ilen-ry bring me some water. Continue my son to w^lk in I be path of Virtue. I remain sir your obedient lervant. Sbame be- i'lg lost ruin is inevitable. Deft ated and forsaken Le abJJ- catcdtbe throne. The Lord the preserver of his people is graci'^us to all. My son give mc thy heart. Youth wasted middle age will be miscrbale. Though deep j-^t clear tbougk gentle yet not dull. 665. — KuirE 9. Adverbs, adverbial plirascs, and conjuunc' tions used as adverbs, wlien they modify a whole clause and not any particular word, and especially at the beginning of a sentence, should be separated by commas; \iz., nai/, so, hence, again ^ secondly^ moreover^ consequently^ hoicever, in- deed, d^'C. CG6. — Rule 10. A relative with its cl use should be separa* ted from the rest of the sentence. 667. — Rule 11. That, used as a conjunction, and prece* ded by another clause, has a comma before it. Examples. i proceed thirdly to give my reasons. I saw tlie man who did me that great favor. He came to town that he might meet his friend. Such undoubtedly is my inteniion. The trees which he planted are dead. Well do that and I am content. Attend first to your du'y that you may be entitled to pleasiire. Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. I said so consequently I must abide the issue. The m; n wh© made that application is sometimes in great d;str© fj^uotation is separated by commas ; also the words my, re- ply and similar expressions, introducing a quotation or re- mark, arv». separated by commas. EXAMPi-LS, Ypu succeed by flattery ] I by meiit. Holy holy holy is- the Lord Almighty. Yerily vt rily I say unto you. Ta avoid his debts he left the country. T^e book of nature; said he is open before thee. In the midst of ihe debate he replied that the hour had come. Homer leads us by power Virgil by attraction. In hope of victory I prepare. ()T2. — EuLE 16. Adjectives^ participles, adverbs, infini- tives, conjunctions, and prepositions with their cases, when- separated from the w'ord on which they depend, or when ac- companied by several explanatory Avards, must, uith the words dependant upon them, be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. 673. — EuLE 17. VV hen a sentence or an infinitive is the subject of the verb, and the verb stands after it, the verb must have a comma b' fore it. 674. — EuLE 18, When the subject of the verb consists of many words, a comma should be placed before the. verb. 675. — EuLE 19. Except dates, figures consisting of four or more characters, must have a comma before eve-y three from the end. i^Ui^CTUATlON. 1^9 676. Rule 20. When no rule applies, the Gomnia must nofe * be used. EXAMPLES. A man desirous of military fame will generally aot brave* ly, Murat with all his military grdatnesi was fond of gau- dy dress- To win her esteem is the object of my life. — Length of days success in life a'.id glorious peace are the jfruits of virtue. To save my countiy 1 would give and dare all. The old man leaning serenely upon his staff seemed" happy in his poverty. I saw the senator but in a room so crowded I could not approach him. The population of Chi- na is 148897000 ; Corea 8463000. The old general gate all his vast wealth to his grand-soa. QUESW[ON«. What is the rule for a 8im{>l© proposition? For a compound proposition? For dependent propositions ? Two or more words of the sacie class? When are words of the same class ? Thtralc for- words in pairs ? What is meant by pairs? The rule fertieUDB in apposition? The nominative independent? Absolute ? How will you know when nouns arc independent, absolute ©r In appo- sition ? The rule for antithetical clauses ? Make such a tlaiit. The rule tor adverbs, conjunctions, &c. ? When is a eonjunctiaa nsed adverbially? The rule for the relative? What if the rela* tive is compound ? The rule for that ? The rule whem the verk i* understood ? For w«rds repeated ? The rule for inverted seBt««- ces? Make such a sentence. Tfee rule for quotations, &e.? Gi^ tke rule for adjeetives, participles, &c., and naake a sentenetfor each, shewing the application. When a sentence or infiailir»ic the|8ubject? Give an example of each. The rule for figurei ?-i^ What is the chief use of pnnctuation ? What languagea h&T« Xh^ game system? SEMICOLON. ' 677. The aemicolon is used to saparate the parts of a sentience ISO ENGLISH GILLMJlAb. which are l(ss closely connected than those which are separated bjr a eomma, and more closclj than those which are separated bj the ettlon. GENERAL RULE. Th« parts of a sentence sjeparated by the semicolon, shouU f^ntainin themselves a complete and independent proposition, but •till having a connexion with the other parts. SPECIAL RULES. ♦78. Rule 1. — When the first division ofa sentence contains a coDi- pi«t«ptopositIoY», but is followed by a clause added a9 an inferone* •r reason, or to give some explanation^ the part t'lus added mast be separated by a semieolon; as, "Perform your duty faithfully; f©r tkii will procure you tho blessing of Heaven." $f9. RuL* 2. — When several short sentences, complete in tkem- selrei, but having a slight oonnexion in idea, follow in] suoeessioB, iJk»j should be separated by a semioolon ; as, "Ike epic peem recites tk« exploits of a hero ; tragedy represents a disastrous event; com- edy ridionles the vices and follies of mankind ; pastoral poetry de- ««ribe8 rmral life; and ele^y displays the tender emetions fcif tbo» keart.' $99. Bulb 8 — When a sentence consists of several members, ao4 thweBiembers are complex, and subdivided by eomas, the larger dlr ritieas of the sentenoe are gometlmea separated by a semicolon; a^ ** As the de«ire of approbation, whan it werks according to reason, improres the amiab'o part of our species in every thing that is lau- d»kl«; 8<» nothing is more destructive to them, when it is governed Vf ramiiy and folly." Ml. EuLE 4. — When a generkl term has several others, as partie- vlftTS, in apposition under it, the general term is separated from th« partiealars by a semicolon, and the particulars, from each ether by ••mmas ; an, '^ Adjectire pronouns are divided into four classes j pvisessive, demonstrative, distributive, and iadefinite." Bi^t if the word namely be introduced, the separation is made by a comma only. COLON. 682. The colon is used to divide a sentence in two or more parts, less connected than those which are separated by a semicolon but Bfi^j^independent as to require a period. Punctuation. 1^1 SPECIAL RULES. 683. Rule 1 — A c^lon is used when a seutence is complete in it- ielf, in both sense and construction, but is followed by eome addi- tional remark or illustration, depending upon it in sense, though not in Syntax; as, "A brute arrives at a point of perfection that he can never pass : in a few yoars he hasall the endowments of which he is bftpable." 684. Rule 2. — When several short sentences follow in EuccestioDi each containing a complete fensq in itself, but all having a common dependence on somt enhscqueyit clause; these sentences are separated from the subsequent clause by a colon, and from each other by a ifemicolcn ; as, " That Nature is unlimited in her operations; that ehe h 1.8 inexhaubtible resources in reserve ; that knowledge will al- ways be progressive; and that all future generations will continue to make discoveries : these are among the assertions of philosophers.'* •85. Rule 3. — Either a colon or semicolon may be used when ail example, a quotation, or a speech, is introduced; as, " Always re- member this ancient maxim; 'Know thyself/" — "The Scriptures give us an amiable representation of the Deity in these words : *Qod Is loVe/ ** 686. Rule 4. — The insertion or omission of a conjunction before the concluding member of a sentence, frequently determines the use of the colon or semicolon. When the conjunction is not expreesed befere the concluding member which would otherwise be separated by a semicolon, the colon is used ; but when the conjunction is ex- prafised, the semicolon; as, "Apply jourself to learning: it will redout d to your honor." — " Apply yourself to learning; for it will redound to your honor." PERIOD. 68?. Sentences which ate complete in sense, and not connected in either meaning or grammatical construction, are separated by a period; thus, •' I^ear God. Honor the king. Have charity toward ail men." 688. But when short sentences are connected in meaning, but not in construction, they are sepaTated by a semicol»n. 689. Long sentences, if com])lote, even though grammatically coa- nfectcd by conjunctions, often insert a period ; thus, " He wke lifts up himself to the notice and observation of the world, is, of all men, the least likely to avoid censure. F«r b« draws upon bisrs*!! a thousand fyes, th^it will narrowly inspect bim .• every part." iSi ENGLtSU GRAMMAR. 690. A period uiust bo used at the end of all books, chapter*, let- lions, Ac; aUo after all abbreviations; as, A D , M. A, Art. II», Obs. 3., J. Smith, Ac. INTERUOOATION. C91. A question is regar^led as a complete sentence, and the otark of ia'er'-ogatJon as ciual to a period. 692. The interrogation is always put at the end of Adrect question} as, *' What is truth ?" But the indirect question do*s not require the interrogation ; as, " Pilate inquired what is truth.'* OTHER CHARACTERS USED IN WRITING; 693. lihe Dash ( — ) is used where the sentence breaVs off abruptly | also^ to denote a significant pause— ah uue:^pected turn in the senil- tnSnt — or that the first clause is common to all the reet, as in thif definition. 694. The Exolamation (1) is used after expressions of sadden emo- tion of any kind; also, in invocations or addresses; as, ** Eternity I thou pl'asing, dreadful thought" Ok has the mark immediately after it, or aft^r the next word ; as, " Oh ! that he Would come." Bat when is used, the point is placed t fter some intervening words j as, "0 njy friends!" 695. Parentheses ( ) include a clause insertsd in the body of a ien» tence, in order to convey some itseful or necessary information or re- mark, but which may be omitted without ii^juring the construction of the sentence ; »s, " Know ye not, brethren (for I speak to them that know the law,) bow that the law hath domi .ion over a man as long as he liveth." In reading, the parenthetic part is distinguished by a lower or altered tone of voice. The use of parentheses should be avoided as much as possiWe ^jj^l 696. Brackets [] are properly used to enclose a word or phrase in* tCTpolatcd tor the purpose of explanation, correction, or supplying a deficiency in a sentence quoted or regarded as such, f nd which did not belong to th« original cotnpcsition ; thus, It is said, '* The wiieat men [and, it mijht be added, the bast too] are not exempt from hu- man fraiUy." 697. The Apostrophe (') is used When a letter ot letters are omiUed J as, e'tr for ever, tho' for though; or to mark the possessive caio. 698. Q lotatton marks (* ") are put at tho boginaing and en4 of .a passage qaotei from an author ia his own worde> or to aark a pal- age regarded as a quotation. I ftlKcTUATlOX. 18^ ^99. Tao Hiji^hen (-) is used to connect eompound words which afd h.f>i permanent compounds, as, lap-dog; aloo at the end of a line to shotv that the rest of the word tot completed, is at the beginning of the next lino. 700. Section (^) is used to divide a discourno or chapter into por- tions. 701 Paragraph (^) w^iS fo-uierly use i t-^ denote the beginning cf a new parn>rrapb. 70 . The 2?race ( — -— >) is used to conneefc T^ords whi)h have one comm'U term, "rtlirce lines in poetry h-ving the same rhyme, called a Ir'ph't. 703. EUpxis ( ) is ust d wLeu soiu^ lettc-ra s'.ro otfiiUcd ; ag K g for King.. Soveral aster'sks Ae somctimeB us'/d for tho same purpose; a:? . A''**^/ 704. The Card (A) is usod 'o show that some word is either omit-" ted or interlined. 705. The Index {^^'^) is used to point out anything remarkable. 7P6. The vowel-marks are: Th-^ Diceresia (..) oa the last of t\^o concurrent vowels, showing that they aru not to bo pronounced as a d3pth'-»n|?; the Acute acc-rM {') ; the Grave {') ; the Long sound (-) the Short soan» gj'von a-p'riaelttg yariety to the A'prse;' as '' ^ '-"'■ •!'.•!•; • •' Planets and suns run law less thmugh the sky, Fierce, hard y, proud in con scions free dom bold. 7.32. Itxmhic rentametcr. — Iambic ve^se of five feet is called Heroic verse. S'uch is Miltf^n*^s "Paraclise Lost," ous ringing, Forgets to say her morning prjy^r! Cam xihsU. LiJf/tihit* PKOfcODT. 11)1 And, lo ! f.-om tba heart of that far floating gloom, Whatglramson the darkaeaj soswSnIikc aoi white? - Lo ! aa arm and a neck, g'anc ng up from the tomb ! — Thej battk— the JMaa's with t-e E e men t*s might, he— it ia be f— in his left hand behold, , ° ' As a sign— as a joj i— shines tb« goblet of gold i . :.•• • ■ - H -,,.. . Schiller. One more .Unfortunato, Weary of breath, 'f ila&hlj importunate, Gone to her death ! Talcc her up tcnderlj, Lift her with care ; — Fashion'd so slenderly, Young, and so fair J With fingers weary and worn, With eyelids heavy and red, A woman sat, in unwomanly rags, Plying her needle and thread— Sh'tch ! stitch! stitch ! In poverty, hunger and dirt And still with a voice of dolorous pitch, She sang the "song of the ^"hirt !" THE FATHER'S SOLILOQUY FOR HIS PATRIOT SONiS. HooJ. Hood. FALLEN BY DR» S. G. WARDv Ah I I had fondly fancied, that I'd spead the remnant of my days Ifith my beloved sons in peace, And share with them the rich reward Oi all their long, long years of toil And conflict on the the tented field Fhen peace, with healing, balmy wings. My bleeding conntry's wounds should close, But God, in wisdom and in love, For us haih otherwi-e oruained, The last 1 ed, pfecious drop, that coursed Tbl-ough my descendants, now hath flowed In ra«Bae«d freedom's sacred cause 192 ENaLISH GRAMMAR. Now, all alone, t must descend The hill of life, without a son To guide my weary, tottering steps. I'd not recall them, if I could. To fight life's dubious battle o'er, And risk their chance for Heaven again. IFithout a murmcr I submit To God's all-wise and holy -will, Tfhoge eye surveys all time and space, Directs the currents of events. And brings the greatest good to all. 1 dedicated them to God, And to my country s sacred cause, But little thought that they co soon Jf culd fill the great commission up, And wear the patriot martyr's crown. 1 thank m} God, that in the morn Of their young life and hope, they both Obeyed the Heavenly Spirit's call, And heard their country's first appeal. They died as heroes, not as bpies Or traitors to their native land. 'i hey chivalrously lead the van irhere fiercest raged the battle-storm And death held highest carnival, And won a nation's gratful praise. If vandal hordes from every land Must sweep resistless o'er these plains, ( Tfhich Heaven forbid to such a foe) The darksome glass that hides from view All boundlesss and eternal things, May consolation give, to know The "Free indeed" can never live Poltroons, nor slaves of tyrants die. I know not on what gory field They sleep, I only know they're dead, And with them is my broken heart. I know His everlasting arms H^ere underneath them when they fell. For parent's heart, nor virtue's self Could vi^ish no more, so pure in heart And life were my brave patriot boys, < )h ! thou Eternal God Supreme, By Thy unerring wisdom guide The father to his martyrd sons, That we may rest in realms of peace. Where war's discordant trump no more Shall break the reign ol endless bliss. BND. r 1 Branson & Farrar, ! l'i:i5LlsHK!i^ AMI bK.AI.KiiS IN' I SCHOOL HOOKS J OF ALL KINDS, i SHLICET MUSIC \ FOR ClilLDKKN, I \ STATK)NARy | ! PAII^TiN(is,PH0T06H^PHS, i j W R 1 T I N G A N D { SF ;>rhW^^|) BEAUTIFUL Maps of Mortii Carolina, kv t^'O., J (]ij^- Tlie us\ia) (ieductions made to tlie ! I Trade. ^ " ) Xo. 4(L Favettcville St., Raleigli, N. C. Vvi.-"^»-s-s>a«er