FOR DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/clevelandstevens01camp CLEVELAND AND STEVENSON. " THEIR LIVES AND RECORD. “ GIVE ME THE FACTS." THE DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGN BOOK FOR 1892, •WITH A HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN POLITICS UP TO DATE, AND A CYCLOPEDIA OF PRESIDENTIAL BIOGRAPHY. Over Sixty Illustrations and Maps. Special Text by Special Contributors. COMPILED AND EDITED BY THOMAS CAMPBELL-COPELAND. THREE VOLUMES IN ONE. New York : CHARLES L. WEBSTER & COMPANY. 1892. Copyright, 1892, CHARLES L. WEBSTER & CO. (All rights reserved.) PRESS OF Jenkins & McCowan, NEW YORK. d iuc CONTENTS. PART I. page Introduction 7-8 Life and Record of Presidential Candidate 9-19 Life and Record of Vice-Presidential Candidate 20-22 Convention Proceedings 23-39 The Platform 40-44 PART II. History of the Party 1-4 The Farmers’ Alliance 5-7 The Sub-Treasury Warehouse Scheme 8-10 The Labor Party 11-12 The Prohibition Movement 13 Woman Suffrage 14—15 Republican National and State Committees 16-17 Republican League of the United States 18-19 Democratic National and State Committees 20-21 Prohibition National Committee : 22 People’s Party National Committee 23 The Australian Ballot 24 Gerrymandering 25 History of Tariff Legislation 26-29 L T nited States Customs Duties 30-34 Tariff Ref orm Votes . 35 Reciprocity 36-38 The Silver Question 39-40 The Single Tax Theory 41-42 PART m. Declaration of Independence 1-4 Constitution of the United States, with Amendments , 5-17 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 18 Biographies of the Presidents 19-38 The Presidential Succession 39-40 The Electoral College, with Votes, 1789-1881 40—14 The Electoral Vote of 1892 44 Popular Vote, United States, 1789-1888 . 45 Popular Vote, by States, 1824-1888 46-50 Departments at the National Capital 51-53 The Federal Government, 1892 54r-62 Origin of States and Territories 63 Settlement of States and Territories 64 State and Territorial Governors 65 State and Territorial Offices 66-77 Id 3 £ 9 O 7 C 9 O J o ( O C 4 CONTENTS. PAGE State and Territorial Legislatures 78 Population and Financial Condition of the States and Territories. .. . 79-81 Party Tendency in the New States 82-83 The Senate and House of Representatives 84-91 Apportionment of Representatives 92-93 States Redistricted 94-99 Rules of the Fifty -first Congress 100-101 Rules of the Fifty-second Congress 102-119 Supreme Court Decision concerning House Rules. 120-125 Principal of the Public Debt 126-127 Receipts and Expenditures, United States, 1791-1891 128-135 Appropriations Sanctioned by Congress, 1882-1892 136 Receipts and Expenditures, United States, in detail, 1891-1893 137-141 An Interesting Document 142-153 Population, Net Revenue and Expenditures of the United States, with per capitas, 1837-1891 154 Customs Receipts and Expenditures, by States, 1891 155 Internal Revenue Receipts and Expenditures, 1891 155 Imports and Exports, 1891 156-162 Our Pensioners — with numerous detailed statements 163-177 The United States Army 177-180 The United States Navy 181-185 The President’s Veto Power 186 Civil Service Rules 187-189 Grand Army of the Republic 190-191 Coast Defences 192-194 The Chilean Controversy 195-198 The Behring Sea Controversy 199-207 The World’s Columbian Exposition 208-213 Naturalization Laws 214 Voting Qualifications, by States 215-219 Registration of Voters 220 Map and Political Analysis of each State, 1872-1892 222-318 APPENDIX. Text of the Mills Bill 319-331 Text of the McKinley Bill 332-380 The Blaine Report on Reciprocity 381-385 The Silver Bill of 1890 386-387 Speech of Mr. Mills on his Tariff Measure 388-390 Tariff Message of President Cleveland 391-398 Speech of Mr. McKinley on his Tariff Measure 399-411 Speech of Mr. Carlisle on the Tariff 412-414 The President’s Centennial Message, December, 1888 415-418 Congressional Pluralities by States 419-421 Presidential and Other Votes of Cities 422 ADDENDA. The addenda, immediately preceding the index , contains the latest infor- mation, up to the moment of going to press, on the navy and other topics of interest. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Political Map of the United States Frontispiece. PAGE. The Nominee for President, 1892 I. facing 1 The Nominee for Vice-President, 1892 I. “ 11 Horace Boies I. “ 40 David B. Hill II. “ 25 The Presidents — Washington to Harrison III. “ 19 John G. Carlisle III. “ 88 Charles F. Crisp III. “ 102 Roger Q. Mills (Appendix). 319 The British Surrendering their Arms ■. III. facing 1 U. S. Flagship Chicago III. “ 181 U: S. Steel Cruiser Boston III. “ 183 U. S. Steel Cruiser Baltimore III. “ 185 Harbor and City of San Diego III. “ 195 The Chilean Insurgent Vessel Ita ta III. “ 198 The House in which Columbus was Born III. “ 208 Administration Building, Columbian Exposition of 1893. . . . III. “ 210 Harbor and City of Genoa III. “ 212 Machinery Hall, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. “ 213 CARTOONS. “The North Bend Farmer and his Visitors ” III. facing 29 “ Storming the Castle” III. “ 41 “ The Great Exhibition of 1860 ” III. “ 48 “ Honest Abe taking them on the Half-Shell ” III. “ 64 “ The Radical Party on a Heavy Grade ” III. “ 35 “ Blood will Tell ” III. “ 45 5 59S7S2 LNTKODTJ CTICXN'. Early in President Harrison's administration it became evi- dent that the campaign of 1892 would be a battle of political principles and not of personalities. The lines separating the two great parties became more clearly drawn, and it conld easily be foreseen that it would not be information regarding the lives and records of the candidates that the public would most desire, but information upon the political issues dividing the parties, and upon which the campaign would be fought. With this idea we arranged nearly three years ago with well-known compilers and statisticians in Washington, to gather information from the official records regarding all questions that would be likely to play a part in the campaign of 1892. This work is materialized in the following pages. As will be seen, the lives and records of the candidates are clearly and concisely given, together with a history of the con- vention and the party platform ; but the major portion of the work is devoted to information upon such subjects as are likely to be most frequently discussed from now until November 8th. As this information is taken from official records, it can be abso- lutely relied upon. We believe that a study of the Table of Contents and Index will convince any one that no question is likely to arise during the present campaign upon which this work will not shed abun- dant light. The Publishers. Hon. GROVER CLEVELAND. THE DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGN BOOK THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Grover Cleveland, wlio served a full term as President of the United States, 1884-1888, and was again nominated for the Presidency at the Na- tional Convention held in Chicago from June 21 to June 24, 1892, was born at Caldwell, Essex County, N. J., on March 18, 1837, and is the third of nine children. His father, Rev. Richard F. Cleveland, a Presbyterian clergy- man, married Anna Neil, the daughter of a Baltimore merchant. The record shows that the father of the Ex-President was graduated from Yale in 1824, was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1829, and in the same year began his married life in the parsonage at Caldwell, where Grover Cleve- land was born. On the paternal side, Grover Cleveland is of English origin. In an ex- cellent account of the family pedigree it is stated that Moses Cleveland emi- grated from Ipswich, Suffolk County, Eng., in 1635, and settled at Woburn, Mass., where he died in 1701. His grandson, Aaron, took up his residence in East Haddam, Conn., in 1738, where, by fortunate investments in real estate, lie became comparatively wealthy, leaving at his death an estate equivalent, to $15,000, which in those days represented in pounds sterling a much larger sum than the same figures would indicate at this time. In the town documents Aaron Cleveland was designated as a gentleman. One of his sons, Moses, was the grandfather of Major-General Erastus Cleveland, of Madison, N. Y., who commanded the United States forces at Saekett’s Har- bor in the war of 1812. Another son, Aaron, the great-great-grandfather of Grover Cleveland, graduated from Harvard in 1735, was ordained for the Presbyterian ministry, and served as a clergyman of that denomination. After- ward, at, Malden, Mass. , he was received into the Church of England as a priest , made missionary by the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and selected to take charge of a church at Carlisle, Pa. When at Philadelphia, en route , he became sick, and died in the house of his intimate friend, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Franklin wrote his obituary, and published it in his own paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, on August 18, 1751. A son of the clergyman, also named Aaron, and the great-grandfather of Grover Cleveland, became a Connecticut merchant, doing business at N or- wich. He was strongly opposed to slavery, and during a term of service in the State Legislature introduced a bill for its abolition. One of the merchant’s sons, Charles, was a city missionary in Boston. While working in that capacity he became well known and popular, the cit- izens frequently referring to him as “ Father Cleveland.” A sister of this son married Dr. Samuel Hanson Cox, father of Bishop Arthur Cleveland Cox, of Western New York. William, a brother of Charles, followed the calling of silversmith and watchmaker at Norwich, Conn. Richard Falley Cleveland, the father of the presidential nominee, was a son of William. As his wife, Anna Neil, was the daughter of an Irishman, Grover Cleveland, on the maternal side, is of Irish origin. Although the s on, who is the subject of this sketch, is popularly known as Grover Cleve- 9 10 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. land, his full name is Stephen Grover, given him in honor of Rev. Stephen Grover, who was the first occupant of the parsonage at Caldwell. In 1841, when Grover Cleveland was four years of age, his father was called to Fayetteville, near Syracuse, in Onondaga County, N. Y. The early education of the son began here at an academy, and was continued un- til he began work at a country store in his fourteenth year. In 1850 the family moved to Clinton, in Oneida County, and after remaining there three years, residence was taken up at Holland Patent, a village in Oneida County, N. Y. This was in 1853. Within a month of the time when the family set- tled in its new abode, the father died, leaving a widow and nine children. During his father’s residence at Clinton the future President took advan- tage of local facilities for education. Iu his seventeenth year (1854) he be- came a clerk and an assistant teacher iu the New York Institution for the Blind, New York city, where his brother William, an alumnus of Hamilton College, was then a teacher. There he remained about a year. The winter of 1854-55 was spent under his mother’s roof at Holland Patent. This was his last year at home. Ingham Townsend, a neighbor, who expressed him- self as anxious for Grover’s success in the future, proposed to him a course of theological study, to prepare for the ministry. This proposition was not favorably considered, as the young man had already resolved to adopt the law as a profession. He consented, however, to accept the use of $25, iu order that he might reach Cleveland, O., and there endeavor to obtain em- tain employment in the office of a legal practitioner. He started from home for Ohio, and on his way stopped at Black Rock, near Buffalo, on a visit to his uncle, Mr. Lewis F. Allen. By him Grover Cleveland was advised to remain at Buffalo rather than to travel westward. The advice was taken. For six weeks the student remained with his uncle, to assist him in the com- pilation of a volume of the American Ilerd-Book. For this work he received $60, and shortly afterward (August, 1855), entered the service of Messrs. Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, a law firm in Buffalo, receiving from them a sal- ary of $4 a week. With this firm he remained seven years, including three years after his admission to the bar. He attained the position of managing clerk at $600, and was advanced to $1,000, a part of which he devoted to the support of his widowed mother, who died in 1882. Grover Cleveland’s first public office was that of Assistant District-Attor- ney of Erie County, to which post he was appointed on New Year’s Day, 1863, holding the position for three years. Two of Cleveland’s brothers were in the army, and his mother and sisters were dependent largely upon him for support. Unable to enlist, he borrowed sufficient to send a substi- tute, and it was not until long after the war that he was able to repay the loan. In 1865, at the age of twenty-eight, he was the Democratic candidate for District-Attorney, but was beaten by the Republican candidate, his inti- mate friend, Lyman K. Bass. This defeat he accepted in good part, and taking as a law partner Isaac V. Yanderpool, resumed the practice of the law with marked success. In 1870 his many political friends in Buffalo proffered him the nomina- tion for Sheriff of Erie County. After considerable hesitation he consented to run, and was elected, serving three years in a manner satisfactory to citi- zens of all political denominations. Then the firm of Bass, Cleveland & Bissell was formed for legal work, and prospered exceedingly. About this time Grover Cleveland is described as having attained high rank as a law- yer, “noted for the simplicity and directness of his logic and expression, and his thorough mastery of his cases, rather than for brilliant rhetorical or oratorical display. The firm’s name was changed on the retirement of Mr. Bass, to Cleveland, Bissell & Sicard. This was in 1874. His practice of law was continuous from 1873 to 1881, when he accepted the nomination for the mayoralty of Buffalo THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 11 The contest brought about his election by a majority of 3,530, the largest ever given to a candidate in that city. It is a notable fact that at the same election the Republican State ticket was carried in Buffalo by an average majority of over 1,600. He counted among his supporters a number of Republicans, Independents and Reformers. On entering office, New Year’s Day, 1882, he said, among other things: “ It seems to me that a successful and faithful administration of the government of our city may be accomplished by constantly bearing in mind that we are the trustees and agents of our fellow-citizens, holding their funds in sacred trust, to be ex- pended for their benefit; that we should at all times be prepared to render an honest account of them, touching the manner of their expenditure ; and that the affairs of the city should be conducted, as far as possible, upon the same principle as a good business man manages his private concerns.” The various duties of the mayor’s office were conducted, during his ad- ministration, iu such a manner as to secure the indorsement of all who had the real interests of the city at heart. Frequent tributes were paid to his integrity and ability, and' by the time the State Democratic Convention assembled to select a candidate for Governor, in September, 1882, his reputa- tion had greatly helped to bring about his nomination on the third ballot. The Republican candidate running against him, Charles J. Folger, at that time Secretary of the Treasury, was overwhelmingly defeated — Cleveland receiv- ing a plurality of 192,854, and a majority over all of 151,742. An extract from his letter of acceptance, now a famous document, will be of interest at this present time, in the light of current events: “Public officers are the servants and agents of the people, to execute the law which the people have made, and within the limits of a constitution which they have established.” Governor Cleveland removed from Buffalo to Albany on the last day of December, 1882, and took the oath of office on the following day. It had been usual with previous governors to begin their term of office by parading through the streets at the State Capital: this the new governor declined to do, merely walking with a friend without escort from the Executive Man- sion to the State Building. Philip Ripley, in describing the events of this period, remarks that “the very beginning of his administration was marked by radical reforms in the Executive Chamber. Persons having business with the Governor were immediately and informally admitted, without running a gauntlet of clerks and doorkeepers. Less rich than many former governors, with private means of not more than $50,000, Governor Cleveland lived upon and within his official salary, simply and unostentatiously; keeping no car- riage, and daily walking to and from his duties at the capitol. The administration of Governor Cleveland was vigorous, one of its prin- cipal features being the careful personal examination and intelligent perusal of every legislative document of importance submitted for his signature or approval. Always outspoken and fearless in advocacy of right and in con- demnation of wrong, he at first astonished those to whom such methods were entirely foreign and in some cases repugnant, but, in course of time, through persistent effort and undaunted resolution it was found that astonishment and repugnance gave way to admiration for and hearty appreciation of his courageous conduct of affairs, in the face of what often appeared to be re- lentless and insurmountable opposition. It is a matter of record that many men who were in those days his bitter enemies are now his most steadfast friends, and this apart from all considerations of political advantage, either temporary or permanent. It was very evident that what Governor Cleveland said and did was ex- pressed earnestly and under a stern sense of duty, not with a view in any in- stance of creating a “good impression.” This single-mindedness and firm resolve on his part to do his whole duty without fear or favor has been the secret of his phenomenal success in public life. 12 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. “During his first year as governor,” says a veil-known writer, “it fell to his lot to make a large number of appointments to fill vacancies in public offices. He undertook to apply to this duty the same principles which gov- erned his conduct iu dealing with questions more strictly financial or business in {heir scope. He gave heed to the demands of his party, recognizing in general that it is neither possible nor desirable to separate important or re- sponsible places from accountability to the sentiment dominant among the people of a given locality. But this devotion to his own party was always accompanied by the most exacting demands of fitness, capacity, and charac- ter in the applicant. Wherever it was possible to do so he recognized the system of merit, by which men having special fitness, or experience in given lines, were promoted. Pie made the assistant in the Insurance Department its chief; he appointed a builder of character as Commissioner of the Capitol, and made a business man, whose qualifications he knew, Superintendent of the same building. The Superintendency of Public Works, a place which had often been filled by mere partisans with little regard to fitness, was given to a man whose long experience in the management of the canals had made him practical and thorough. The Railroad Commission, the appointment of the original members of which was imposed upon Mr. Cleveland during his first year’s service as governor, was selected with such judgment that the choice gave general party and public satisfaction.” His views on the subject of labor are thus expressed iu the letter of ac- ceptance written before he assumed the duties of State Executive: “The laboring classes constitute the main part of our population. They should be protected in their efforts to assert their rights when endangered by aggre- gated capital, and all statutes on this subject should recognize the care of the State for honest toil, and be framed with a view of improving the con- dition of the workingman.” Governor Cleveland’s conspicuous individuality in course of time made him known to, and esteemed by, the wisest and most far-sighted leaders of Democratic thought and action throughout the whole country. Gradually he came to be considered as the most available man to lead the party to vic- tory in a presidential campaign, and as a result of this growth of favorable opinion was selected, in the face of considerable opposition (in certain quar- ters), as the presidential nominee on July 11, 1884. The contest was sharp, and it was not until the second day’s balloting that a decision was made in his favor. The first ballot showed: Cleveland, 392; Bayard, 170; Thurman, 88; Randall, 78; McDonald, 56; Carlisle, 27; Flower, 4; Hoadley, 3; Hen- dricks, 1; Tilden, 1. Under the two-thirds rule, 547 votes were necessary for a choice. The second ballot showed Cleveland, 683; Bayard, 81; .; Hen- dricks, 45)4; Thurman, 4; Randall, 4; McDonald, 4. Upon a motion, the nomination of Cleveland was made unanimous. Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana was selected as nominee for the Vice-Presidency. In his letter of acceptance he said, in one paragraph: “If I should be called to the chief magistracy of the nation by the suffrages of my fellow- citizens, I will assume the duties of that high office with a solemn determina- tion to dedicate every effort to the country’s good, and with a humble reli- ance upon the favor and support of the Supreme Being, who I believe will always bless honest human endeavor in the conscientious discharge of public duty.” The Republicans selected James G. Blaine as their standard-bearer; Gen- eral B. F. Butler represented the People’s party, and Mr. St. John ran in behalf of the Prohibitionists. The popular vote gave Cleveland 4,874,986; Blaine, 4,851,981; Butler, 175,370; St. John, 150,369; blank, defective, and scattering, 14,904. The total vote cast was 10,067,610. The electoral vote gave Cleveland a majority of 37. The inauguration of Grover Cleveland took place on the 4th of March, THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 13 1885, and was followed by the selection of a strong Cabinet. President Cleveland’s administration was cordially approved by a large majority of the party, and found favor among many who preferred to stand aloof from party ties. His messages to Congress were well written, and unequivocal in their expressions on the various subjects dealt with. The two most famous communications are those relating respectively to the demand of the Senate for certain papers connected with the suspension of officers, and expressing the President’s views on the necessity of tariff revision. What was said on this latter subject may be found in the appendix. In his conflict with the Senate, the President distinctly refused to supply the papers called l'or, giv- ing his reasons in detail. In his letter referring to their requests for informa- tion he said, among other things: “ The pledges I have made were made to the people, to whom I am responsible for the manner in which they have been redeemed. I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my action and official conduct to them for judgment Neither the discontent of party friends, nor the allurements constantly offered of confirmations of appointees, conditioned upon the avowal that, suspensions have been made on party grounds alone, nor the threat proposed in the resolutions now before the Senate, that no confirmations will be made unless the demands of that body are complied with, are sufficient to discour- age or deter me from following in the way which I am convinced leads to better government for the people.” Space will not permit of a lengthy review in this place of President Cleveland’s administration, from 1885 until his successor was elected and in- augurated in 1888-1889. It is possible, however, to state the leading facts and to give briefly his opinions on the various public issues dealt with from time to time. The attitude assumed by President Cleveland on the subject of Civil Service Reform made for him many friends and a multitude of ene- mies, these latter leaving no stone unturned to embarrass and annoy the Chief Executive in promulgating his ideas. In his first inaugural ad- dress his views were definitely stated: “I am inclined to think,” said he, “ that there is no sentiment more general in the minds of the people of our country than a conviction of the correctness of the principle upon which the law enforcing Civil Service reform is based.” Farther on in his remarks he said: “ Parties seem to be necessary, and will long continue to exist; nor can it be denied that there are legitimate advantages, not disconnected with office- holding, which follow party supremacy. While partisanship continues bitter and pronounced, and supplies so much of motive to sentiment and action it is not fair to hold public officials, in charge of important trusts, responsible for the best results in the performance of their duties, and yet insist that they shall rely, in confidential and important places, upon the work of those not only opposed to them in political affiliation, but so steeped in partisan preju- dices and rancor that they have no loyalty to their chiefs and no desire for their success. Civil Service reform does not exact this, nor does it require that those in subordinate positions who fail in yielding their best service, or who are incompetent, should be retained simply because they are in place.” The question of the disposal and ownership of public lands was fully con- sidered by President Cleveland during his tour of office. He thus gives his opinion : “It is not for the ‘ common benefit of the United States,’ that a large area of the public lands should be acquired, directly or through fraud, in the hands of a single individual. The nation’s strength is in the people. The nation’s prosperity is in their prosperity. The nation’s glory is in the equality of her justice. The nation’s perpetuity is in the patriotism of all her people. Hence, as far as practicable, the plan adopted in the disposal of the public lands should have in view the original policy, which encouraged many pur- chasers of these lands for homes, and discouraged the massing of large areas. ” In 1886 active steps were taken to remove some of the abuses connected 14 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. with the possession and retention of large sections of the public domain. Fences were ordered to he removed from the ranch districts, thus throwing- open to settlers an immense area from which they had been practically barred out. Nearly 20,000,000 acres, held as indemnity, were thrown open to set- tlement. During the second session of the Forty-ninth Congress the Inter-State Commerce Commission was established. The President, in his first mes- sage, having drawn attention to the condition of the law relating to the Presidential Succession, practical action was taken in Congress, and the law amended. Steps were also taken to ensure, whenever possible, the peaceful arbitration of questions and disputes arising between capital and labor. Many other important measures were framed, and a large number became law, often originating from some suggestion made in a presidential mes- sage. Concerning the Tariff, some of his most famous expressions, as contained in a message to Congress, Dec. G, 1887, may aptly be quoted here: — “ Our progress toward a wise conclusion wdll not be improved by dwelling upon the theories of protection and free-trade. This savors too much of bandying epithets. “ It is a condition which confronts us — not a theory. “ Relief from this condition may involve a slight reduction of the advan- tages which we award our home productions, but the entire withdrawal of such advantages should not be contemplated. “The question of free-trade is absolutely irrelevant; and the persistent claim made in certain quarters that all efforts to relieve the people from un- just and unnecessary taxation are schemes of so-called free-traders is mis- chievous and far removed from any consideration for the public good. “ The simple and plain duty which we owe the people is to reduce taxa- tion to the necessary expenses of an economical operation of the government. ” His views on the Silver Question, more recently expressed, are clearly shown in the following lines: — “ It surely cannot be necessary for me to make a formal expression of my agreement with those who believe that the greatest peril would be invited by the adoption of the scheme embraced in the measure now pending in Con- gress for the unlimited coinage of silver at our mints. “ If we have developed an unexpected capacity for the assimilation of a largely increased volume of this currency, and even if we have demonstrated the usefulness of such an increase, other conditions fall far short of insuring us against disaster, if in the present situation we enter upon the dangerous, the reckless experiment of free, unlimited, and independent silver coinage.” An excellent review of the administration, from the party standpoint, was given by Hon. Patrick A. Collins, Chairman of the Democratic National Con- vention held at St. Louis, in June, 1888. In his opening speech he said: “The administration of President Cleveland has triumphantly justified his election. It compels the respect, confidence, and approval of the country. The prophets of evil and disaster are dumb. What the people see is the government of the Union restored to its ancient footing of justice, peace, honesty, and impartial enforcement of law. They see the demands of labor and agriculture met so far as government can meet them by the legislative enactments for their encouragement and protection. They see the veterans of the Civil War granted pensions long due them to the amount of more than twice in number and three times in value of those granted under any previous administration. They see more than 32,000,000 acres of land, recklessly and illegally held by the grantees of the corrupt Republican regime, restored to the public domain for the benefit of honest settlers. They see the negro, whose fears of Democratic rule were played upon by demagogues four years ago, not only more fully protected than by his pretended friends, but honored THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 15 as liis race was never honored before. They see a financial policy under which reckless speculation has practically ceased and capital is freed from distrust. They see for the first time an honest observance of the law govern- ing the civil establishment and the employees of the people rid, at last, of the political highwaymen with a demand for tribute in one hand and a letter of dismissal in the other. They see useless offices abolished and expenses of administration reduced, while improved methods have lifted the public ser- vice to high efficiency. They see tranquillity, order, security, and equal jus- tice restored in the land; a watchful, steady, safe, and patriotic administra- tion — the solemn promises made by the Democracy faithfully kept. ” It is hardly too much to say that the most popular event during Grover Cleveland's administration at Washington was his marriage, on June 2, 1886, to Miss Frances Folsom, the only child and daughter of Oscar Folsom. The marriage ceremony took place in the Blue Room of the White House, but was not made a public function, only a few personal friends and relatives with the cabinet officers and their wives being present. Rev. Dr. Sunder- land officiated. It would be superfluous to mention at any length the story of the courtship. This was published at the time of the engagement, and is well known to every one. Before his marriage, his sister, Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, performed in an admirable manner the duties of mistress of the White House. The marriage has been a happy one, husband and wife being to-day as sincerely devoted to each other as when they started on their hon- eymoon, which was spent at Deer Park, Maryland, amid the most beautiful natural surroundings, and made more delightful by the constant receipt of hearty good wishes, expressed verbally, in writing, and by telegram, from prominent persons representing all grades of political opinion in every section of the country. The four years’ conduct of affairs at the National Capital under the presidency of Grover Cleveland proved so satisfactory to the Democrats of the country as a whole that, when the Democratic National Conven- tion assembled at St. Louis in June, 1888, this esteemed public officer was renominated by acclamation, his name being presented by Hon. Daniel Dougherty. Mr. Dougherty’s speech included this now famous description of the man and his work: “ He is the man for the people. His career illustrates the glory of our institutions. Eight years ago unknown, save in his own locality, he for the last four years has stood in the gaze of the world, discharging the most exalt- ed duties that can be confided to a mortal. . . . “He lias met and mastered every question as if from youth trained to statesmanship. The promises of his lettter of acceptance and inaugural ad- dress have been fulfilled. His fidelity in the past inspires faith in the future. He is not a hope — he is a realization.” When notified on June 26, 1888, of his renomination, President Cleve- land in his reply said: “ I shall not dwell upon the acts and the policy of the administration now drawing to a close. Its record is open to every citizen in the land; and yet I will not be denied the privilege of asserting at this time that in the increase of the functions of the high trust confided to me, I have yielded obedience only to the constitution and the solemn obligation of my oath of office. I have done those things which, in the light of the understand- ing God has given me, seemed most conducive to the welfare of my coun- trymen and the promotion of good government. I would not if I could, for myself nor for you, avoid a single consequence of a fair interpretation of my course.” At the election which ensued, Gen. Benjamin Harrison represented the Republican party; Gen. Clinton B. Fisk accepted the nomination in behalf of the Prohibition party; Alson .1. Streeter occupied the post of honor as cham- pion of the Union Labor party; Robert H. Cowdrey headed the United La- 16 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. bor ticket and James L. Curtis was selected to represent the American party, The National Equal Rights party selected Belva Lockwood. The popular vote cast in November, 1888, gave the following results: Cleveland, 5,538,233; Harrison, 5,440,216; Fisk, 249,907; Streeter, 148,105; Cowdrey, 2,808; Curtis, 1,591. From this it will be seen that Cleveland’s plurality was 98,017. The vote of the Electoral college, however, gave Har- rison 233 and Cleveland 168, or a majority of 65. On March 4, 1889, Grover Cleveland handed over the reins of office to Benjamin Harrison, and from that time up to the present he has followed the practice of the law as consulting member of a well-known legal firm in New Y ork city. His domestic life has been made more attractive by the birth, less than a year ago, of a daughter, who has been named Ruth. The ex-President has made a number of speeches, and written numerous letters in reply to invitations, po- litical and otherwise, “but,” says a prominent New York morning newspaper, “ he has not made an address, nor written a letter, nor performed an act of any kind which could in any possible way be fairly coustrued as an attempt to persuade the Democratic Party that it should nominate him again for Pres- ident. Placed in a position far more trying than it is possible to conceive of, he has carried himself with such dignity that even the few enemies that he has had in his party have been unable to point to him as one seeking his own political advancement. “ He has known of the growth of the popular sentiment in his behalf — he could not read the papers without knowing it — but he has done nothing to encourage it nor refrained from doing anything for fear that it would inter- fere with it. Only a short time ago he did a thing known at the time only to a few of his intimate friends, the story of which fairly exhibits the manner in which he has conducted himself. “He had been called on to go to Rhode Island to make a political address. “ ‘ I must go,’ he said. “ ‘ But stop a minute, Mr. Cleveland,’ protested one of his friends. ‘ Con- sider what will be said. Rhode Island is sure to go against us. Now what will people say about you when the election is over ? ’ “ ‘ I don’t care for that,’ said Mr. Cleveland. ‘ Send them word that I’ll be there.’ ” The National Democratic Convention, 1892, assembled at Chicago on June 21st last. The name of Grover Cleveland was presented by Governor Ab- bett of New Jersey. The number of votes necessary for a choice was 606. On the first ballot Cleveland received 617%, and the vote of the convention was subsequently declared unanimous in his behalf. The vote in detail by states is given in another place, with the proceedings at the convention. Governor Abbett, in presenting the name of Grover Cleveland to the del- egates, said: “Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen op the Convention: In presenting the name to this convention, I speak for the united Democracy of the State of New Jersey, whose loyalty to democratic principles, faithful services to the party, and whose contributions to the success entitle it to the respectful consideration of the Democracy of the United States. Its Electoral vote has always been cast in support of Democratic principles and Democratic candi- dates. “ In voicing the unanimous wish of the delegation from New Jersey I pre- sent as their candidate for the suffrage of this convention the name of a dis- tinguished Democratic statesman, born upon its soil, for whom in the two great Presidential contests, the State of New Jersey has given its Electoral vote. “The supreme consideration in the mind of the Democracy of New Jer- sey is the success of the Democratic Party and its principles. We have been in the past and will be in the future ready at all times to sacrifice personal THE PBESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 17 preferences in defense of tlie clear expressions of the will of the Democracy of the Union. It is because this name will awaken throughout our State the enthusiasm of the Democracy and insure success; it is because he represents the great Democratic principles and policy upon which this entire convention is a unit ; it is because we believe that with him as a candidate the Democracy of the Union will sweep the country and establish its principles throughout the length and breadth of the land that we offer to the convention as a nomi- nee the choice of New Jersey, Grover Cleveland. “ If any doubt existed in the minds of the Democrats of New Jersey of his ability to lead the great Democratic hosts to victory they would not tire- sent his name to-day; with them success of the party and the establishment of its principles are beyond their love and admiration for any man. We feel certain that every Democratic State, though its preferences may be for some other distinguished Democrat, will give its warm, enthusiastic, and earnest support to the nominee of this convention. “ The man whom we present will rally to his party thousands of inde- pendent voters whose choice is determined by their personal conviction that the candidate will represent principles dear to them, and whose public life and policy give assurance that if chosen by the people they will secure an honest, pure and conservative Administration and the great interests of the country will be encouraged and protected. The time will come when other distinguished Democrats who have been mentioned in connection with this nomination will receive that consideration to which the great services they have rendered their party entitle them, but we stand to-day in the presence of the fact that the majority of the Democratic masses throughout the coun- try, the rank and tile, the millions of its voters, demand the nomination of Grover Cleveland. “ This sentiment is so strong and overpowering that it has affected and controlled the actions of delegates who would otherwise present the name of some distinguished leader of their own State with whom they feel victory would be assured and in whom the entire country would feel confidence, but the people have spoken, and favorite sons and leaders are standing aside in obedience to their will. Shall we listen to the voice of the Democracy of the Union? Shall we place on our banner the man of our choice; the man in whom they believe, or shall we, for any consideration of policy or expediency, hesitate to obey their will? “ I have sublime faith in the expression of the people when it is clear and decisive. When the question before them is one that has excited discussion and debate; when it appears to their interests and their feelings and calls for the exercise of their judgment and they then say, ‘ We want this man and we can elect him,’ we, their representatives, must not disobey nor disappoint them. It is incumbent upon us to obey their wishes and concur in their judgment; then, having given them the candidate of their choice, they will give us their best, their most energetic efforts to secure success. “We confidently rely upon the loyal and successful work of the Demo- cratic leaders who have advocated other candidates. We know that in the great State across the river from New Jersey, now controlled by the Demo- cratic Party, there is no Democrat who will shirk the duty of making every effort to secure the success of the candidate of this convention, notwithstand- ing his judgment may differ from that of the majority. The Democracy of New York and its great leaders, whose efforts and splendid generalship have given us a Democratic Senator and Governor, will always be true to the great party they represent; they will not waver nor will they rest in the coming canvass until they have achieved success. Their grand victories of the past, their natural and honorable ambition, their unquestioned Democ- racy, will make them arise and fight as never before, and with those that they represent and lead they will march in the great independent vote and 18 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. will again secure for us the Democratic victory in New York. The grand Democrats under whose leadership the City and State of New York are now governed will give to the cause the great weight of their organizations. ‘ ‘ The thundering echoes of this convention, announcing the nomination of Grover Cleveland, will not have died out over the hills and through the valleys of this land before you will hear and see all our leaders rallying to the support of our candidate. They will begin their efforts for organization and success and continue their work until victory crowns their efforts. All Democrats will fight for victory, and they will succeed, because the principles of the party enunciated here are for the best interests of the country at large and because the people of this land have unquestioning faith that Grover Cleveland will give the country a pure, honest, and stable government and an Administration in which the great business interests of the country and the agricultural and laboring interests of the masses will receive proper and due consideration. “The question has been asked, ‘ Why is it that the masses of the party de- mand the nomination of Grover Cleveland? Why is it that this man, who has no offices to distribute, no wealth to command, should have stirred the spontaneous support of the great body of the Democracy? Why is it that with all that has been urged against him the people still cry, Give us Cleve- land? Why is it, though he has pronounced in honest, clear and able lan- guage his views upon questions upon which some of his party may differ with him, that he is still near and dear to the masses ? ’ “ It is because he has crystallized into a living issue the great principle upon which this battle is to be fought out. If he did not create tariff reform he made it a Presidential issue; lie vitalized it and presented it to our party as the issue for which we could fight and continue to battle, until upon it vic- tory is now assured. There are few men in his position who would have the courage to boldly make the issue and present it so clearly and forcibly as he did in his great message of 1887. “I believe that his policy then was to force a national issue which would appeal to the judgment of the people. We must honor a man who is honest enough and bold enough under such circumstances to proclaim that the suc- cess of the party upon principle is better than evasion or shirking of true national issues for temporary success. When victory is obtained upon a principle it forms the solid foundation of party success in the future. It is no longer the question of a battle to be won on the mistakes of our foes, but it is a victory to be accomplished by a charge along the whole line under the banner of principle. “There is an another reason why the people demand his nomination. They feel that the tariff reform views of President Cleveland, and the prin- ciples laid down in his great message, whatever its temporary effect may have been, give us a live and vital issue to fight for, which has made the great victories since 1888 possible. It consolidated in one solid phalanx the De- mocracy of the nation. In every State of this Union that policy has been placed in Democratic platforms, and our battles have been fought upon it, and this great body of representative Democrats have seen its good results Every man in this convention recognizes the policy of the party. In Massa- chusetts it gave us Russell; in Iowa it gave us Boies; in Wisconsin it gave us Peck for Governor and Yilas for Senator; in Michigan it gave us Winans for Governor, and gave us a Democratic Legislature, and will give us eight electoral votes for President. In 1889 in Ohio it gave us James Campbell for Governor, and in 1891 to defeat him it required the power, the wealth, and the machinery of the entire Republican party; in Pennsylvania it gave us Robert E. Pattison. “In Connecticut it gave us a Democratic Governor, who was kept out of office by the infamous conduct of the Republican party; in New Hamp- THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 19 shire it gave us a Legislature, of which we were defrauded ; in Illinois it gave us Palmer for Senator, and in Nebraska it gave us Boyd for Governor; in the great Southern States it has continued in power Democratic Governors and Democratic Legislatures; in New Jersey the power of the Democracy has been strengthened, and the Legislature and Executive are now both Democratic; in the great State of New York it gave us David B. Hill for Sen- ator and Roswell P. Flower for Governor. “ With all these glorious achievements it is the wisest and best party pol- icy to nominate again the man whose policy made these victories possible. The people believe that these victories, which gave us a Democratic House of Representatives in 1890, and Democratic Governors and Senators in Re- publican and doubtful states, are due to the courage and wisdom of Grover Cleveland. And so believing, they recognize him as their great leader. “ In presenting his name to the convention, it is no reflection upon any of them as the leaders of the party. The victories which have been obtained are not alone the heritage of these States; they belong to the whole party. I feel that every Democratic State, and that every individual Democrat has reason to rejoice and be proud and applaud these splendid successes. The candidacy of Grover Cleveland is not a reflection upon others, it is not antag- onistic to any great Democratic leader. He comes before this convention not as the candidate of any one State. He is the choice of the great ma- jority of Democratic voters. “The Democracy of New Jersey therefore presents to this convention, in this the people’s year, the nominee of the people, the plain, blunt, honest citizen, the idol of the Democratic masses — Grover Cleveland.” News of his nomination reached Ex-President Cleveland by wire at “Gray Gables” about 1:20 a. m. on June 23d. Before retiring, Mr. Cleveland gave out the following statement: “I should certainly be chargeable with dense insensibility if I were not profoundly touched by this new proof of the confidence and trust of the great party to which I belong and whose mandates claim my legal obedi- ence. I am confident that our fellow-countrymen are ready to receive with approval the principles of true Democracy, and I cannot rid myself of the belief that to win success it is only necessary to persistently and honestly ad- vocate those principles. ‘ ‘ Differences of opinion and judgment in Democratic conventions are by no means unwholesome indications, but it is hardly conceivable, in view of the importance of our success to the country and the party, that there should be anywhere among Democrats any lack of harmonious and active effort to win in the campaign which opens before us. I have, therefore, no concern on that subject. It will certainly be my constant endeavor to deserve the sup- port of every Democrat.” 2d THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee for Vice-President of the United States, chosen by unanimous vote at Chicago, June 23, 1892, was horn in Christian County, Ky., on October 23, 1835. He is the eldest son of Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Stevenson. His family has been distinguished in the history of Kentucky and Virginia. The branch to which he belongs came originally from North Carolina. The early education of the man who has been selected to occupy second place on the Democratic national ticket began when he was but live years of age, under Dr. T. F. Worrell, in one of the Christian County schools. Later on, young Stevenson was sent to college at Danville. Among his classmates were Senator Blackburn, wdio now so ably represents Kentucky in the national legislature; Senator Davidson of Florida, and Governor McCreery. It is recorded that as a student Adlai Stevenson was fond of history, and always showed great interest in political affairs. “Asa great reader and a great student he rapidly came to the front among his young friends.” In 1852 the family moved to Illinois, and settled at Bloomington, where he entered the Illinois Wesleyan University. Thence, when twenty-one years of age, he went to Center College, in his native State, returning home, however, in 1857, on the death of his father, which event made any further study at Danville inconvenient, if not impracticable. Iiesolving to devote his life to the study and practice of the law, and lit- tle dreaming of the prominent part he would one day take in politics, Adlai soon began reading, his first -work being done in the office of Messrs. Wil- liams & Packard, afterward Williams & Burr. In 1858, when in his twen- ty-third year, he was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in Metamora, Woodford County, Illinois, where he remained ten years, holding office as Prosecuting Attorney twice during that period. From 1861 to 1865 he held the honorable position of Master in Chancery, under the appointment of the circuit judge. Whilst at Metamora Mr. Stevenson gained an enviable repu- tation as a keen and learned lawyer, who might safely be entrusted with the most difficult and complicated cases that might arise. In 1868 Mr. Stevenson again took up legal work in Bloomington, and, with his partner in the firm of Stevenson & Ewing, carried on an extensive practice in the State and Federal courts. It is worthy of mention that the citizens of the Twenty-third Judicial District became so favorably impressed with Mr. Stevenson’s conspicuous ability during his residence at Metamora that, in 1864, he was named as the presidential elector for the district, the highest honor possible for them to bestow. In 1867, shortly before commencing practice at Bloomington, Mr. Ste- venson married Miss Letitia Green, the daughter of Dr. William Green, his former instructor at Center College, Danville. There were four children by this union, i. e., Louis Green, now twenty-four years of age; Mary E., nine- teen years; Julia Scott, eighteen years, and Letitia Ewing, now in her six- teenth year. Mr. Stevenson has always been known as a thoroughgoing Democrat. His political career may be said to have commenced when he was chosen as a presidential elector in 1864. During the presidential campaign he spoke in behalf of General McClellan in every county of the State. In 1874, in a 20 Hon. ADLAI STEVENSON. THE TICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 21 district reliably Republican by about 3,000 majority, he was nominated for Congress and defeated General John McNulty, the Republican nominee, by 1,285 majority. He made a close and energetic campaign, the victory gained being a genuine surprise to his friends as well as to his political enemies. In 1876 his party renominated him for Congress, but on this occasion he was not successful. Again in 1878 his name was placed on the ticket, and for the second time in his political career he gained a signal triumph, the major- ity in his favor reaching 2,000. The district represented by him gave Hayes a plurality of 2,000 in 1876, and placed a similar plurality to the credit of Garfield in 1880. In the Congressional contest of 1880, as in that of 1876 — both being pres- idential years, when party lines are closely drawn — lie lost his seat in the House by little more than 200 votes. (In 1876 he was beaten by about 250.) Two years after (1882), contesting a new district in which every county was Republican, Mr. Stevenson came within 350 votes of victory. This was his last candidacy for Congress. In the next election his old opponent was re- elected by more than 2,700 majority. In 1884 Mr. Stevenson was sent as a delegate to the National Convention. On Grover Cleveland’s election to the Presidency, Mr. Stevenson’s friends successfully urged the appointment of their favorite, who has so bravely won his spurs, as First Assistant Postmaster-General. The appointment was con- sidered at that time to be an unsolicited tribute to his prominence as a Demo- crat and his abilities as a man. The duties of the office were laborious and exacting, yet the record made showed that energy and zeal were not wanting in his administration. He was popular in Washington with men of all political opinions, notwithstanding the fact that some 40,000 changes were made among the postmasters. At the close of the Democratic Presidential term Mr. Stevenson returned to Bloomington with his family. Concerning his life since that time the Chicago Tribune says: “Since his return Mr. Stevenson has not taken an active part in the extensive business of the firm of Stevenson & Ewing, of which he is a member, and has been away from the city and State a great deal, especially on business with the World’s Exposition at Chicago. In the interests of the Fair he traveled through all the South and has made a num- ber of diplomatic journeys to Mexico and other distant points. Mr. Steven- son, two years ago, was elected president of the Inter-State Building and Loan Association, and holds that office at present, the headquarters being in Bloom- ington. He has for many years been a leading stockholder of the McLean County Coal Company, whose mines are in this city, and is its present presi- dent. Upon the death of the president, Mr. Mathew T. Scott, Mr. Steven- son’s brother-in-law, some months ago, Mr. Stevenson was elected president of that company. The McLean County Coal Company has always employed non-union laboringmen, and under the management of Mr. Scott some years ago disputes with the miners were frequent and strikes not uncommon. During Mr. Stevenson’s presidency he has had nothing to do with the active management of the mines, which are controlled by the Scott estate. Mr. Stevenson is also a stockholder and director of the People’s Bank of this city. While in good circumstances, he is not considered a rich man. In private life and in his associations as a citizen Mr. Stevenson is a charming man. While he accomplishes a great deal, he always has time to chat with his friends, to meet newspaper interviewers in a courteous way, and to take part in social gatherings, in which he is a great favorite.” In 1877 President Hayes appointed Mr. Stevenson a member of the board to inspect the Military Academy at West Point. The Chicago Herald writes thus of the Vice-Presidential nominee: “ Mr. Stevenson has been always popular with the Democracy of Illinois. His popularity extends to the Republican Party, in which he has many warm 92 THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. and close friends, as was demonstrated by his election to Congress twice in a strong Republican Congressional district. He is rated among the very best lawyers of the State and is a forcible and convincing speaker, his oratory being of the persuasive character. “ While taking an active part in politics in the interest of his party, he has never been rated as a politician in the general acceptation of the word.” Congressman Worthington of Illinois, when placing the name of Adlai E. Stevenson before the convention at Chicago on June 23, 1892, said: “ Mr Chairman and Fellow-Delegates: Illinois has presented no Presidential candidate to this convention. It has within its borders more than one favorite son whom it would have delighted to honor, and who is worthy of all the political honors that could be conferred upon him. But here in this great City of Chicago, in this great commonwealth of Illinois, bordering upon the lake and the Mississippi, in the centre of this great Re- public of the Democracy, catching the vibrations of the ground swell that came from the South and the East and the West, we put aside our favorite sons, for the time buried our State pride, and with Texas, Connecticut, and California, with 48 votes shouted the name of Grover Cleveland. “But for the Vice-Presidency, for the second highest place in the gift of the people, it has a candidate so fully equipped by nature and education that it feels that it would be a political fault to fail to urge liis name for nomina- tion before you. I stand here, then, gentlemen, to name as a candidate for that position a man who is known by every woman and child and voter that ever licked a postage stamp in any village or hamlet of the land. “ He is a big-bod jed, big-hearted, big-brained man; a man of command- ing presence, of dignified mien; a man whose courtesy in his every-day man- ners is rarely equaled and never excelled; a man who in the administration of his duties in the last Democratic administration was the beau-ideal of an honest, honorable, useful, and efficient Democratic office-holder, like his great leader who bears your banner. “ He believes that a ‘public office is a public trust,’ but he believes, also, that the Democrats are the best trustees of this public trust. Nor can the pride of office make him proud or haughty. I appeal to every Senator and Congressman who is here if ever he found the haughtiness of office, the chill- ing indifference of a little brief authority, in the atmosphere of the room of the Assistant Postmaster-General during Cleveland’s administration. “ Gentlemen, we have nailed our banner to the mast. A Democrat never surrenders. We propose to make true what our Republican friends say of us — that we do our quarreling before the convention, and our fighting against our enemies afterward. We believe that every Democrat will put on his armor. We of the West have been making a magnificent campaign of late years. We have been educating the people, and the proud results are seen in Boyd of Nebraska, Boies of Iowa, and Peck of Wisconsin. “They are seen in that grand old man who represents Illinois in the United States Senate; they are seen in the reduction of the Republican ma- jority from 60,000 to 13,000 in Illinois; they are seen in the election of a Dem- ocratic Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in this Ssate. We propose in this campaign to attack the last citadel. We have a governor that we are going to elect. “Will you help us give the twenty-four electoral votes to Grover Cleve- land? If you will vote for the man whose name I now present, a man who does not have to get a certificate from a labor organization to prove that he is a friend of the people, a man that we all love — give us Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CON- VENTION, HELD AT CHICAGO, ILL., JUNE 21 TO JUNE 24, 1892. The Democratic National Convention for the nomination of President and Vice-President of the United States assembled at Chicago on June 21, 1892, and was opened by Chairman Brice of the National Committee. Prayer was offered by Rev. John Rose. The Secretary announced that the tempo- rary organization would include William C. Owens of Kentucky as chair- man and Simon P. Sheerin of Indiana as secretary. Mr. Owens in his open- ing speech said : “ Two great dangers menace the Democratic party. One is external, the other internal; the first is the organized machinery of organized capital sup- ported by the whole power of the government; the second is the tendency among Democrats to make issues among themselves. Two needs therefore stand before us indispensable to success, unity and harmony. Of the one this Chair and gavel stand representative; it remains for you to supply the other. “ In this spirit I greet you, fellow Democrats, as the advance guard of a grand army sent forward to blaze a pathway to victory. How momentous is your responsibility I need not tell you. If you work in wisdom, the mil- lions toiling in shop and mine and field will rise and call you blessed. The roll-call of the Republic attests that its heart and its conscience are with us in our war with the representative of greed. The best thought of our party is a platform that challenges the approbation and invites the sup- port of the people. “We can succeed ; we must do more — we must deserve success. Above the wreck, if need be, of selfish combinations, we must rear a temple to the plain people and build a shrine so broad that every lover of his kind may kneel. The burden must he lifted from the hack of toil, and to that end it has a right to demand that whoever bears our banner must lift it above the smoke of conflict and the din of faction, that every Democrat of the Union may follow its lead in exultant and irresistible combat. Let us not mistake. The gravity of the situation demands the broadest patriotism and every needful sacrifice. Our work but begins here. Under the suns of summer and the frosts of autumn we must carry it forward with unfaltering courage to a triumphant close. “This, again, must be a campaign of education. The study of the corn- field began in the West and South and must be carried into every hamlet of the East and North. The people must learn their true relation to the tax gatherer. They must learn that no railroad presidents champion the trib- unes of the people; no taskmasters write our tariff bills. “They must learn, too, that for personal and political advantage their country was menaced by the threat of war, and they will learn with shame and regret that on the day the warlike message of the President was read in the halls of Congress the peaceful response of the little eight by ten Repub- lic of Chili, accepting the terms of the Presidential ultimatum, was read in every capital of the world. Our opponents must be measured by their deeds and not by their professions. “The Fifty-first Congress wrote the blackest page in our legislative his- tory and became a thing of the past. It challenged the approval of the peo- 23 24 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. pie, and they responded in tones so portentous that it seemed the voice of God. With a unanimity that finds no parallel in the history of popular gov- ernment they determined that a billion of dollars was far too much to pay for such a museum of freaks. If we permit it they will stand by their verdict. “That our cause may triumph let us work in kindness. In the heat of contention let us not forget that our political brothers may be just as honest and perhaps better informed. “Impelled by one purpose — the public good, we will free ourselves from the bickerings and heartburnings that characterized the Republican party when its Marshal Ney went down at Minneapolis before the mailed legions of the Bread and Butter Brigade.” Then came the calling of the roll for the constitution of the committees on Credentials, on Rules and Order of Business, on Permanent Organizations and on Resolutions, each State to name one member of each committee. The committees on Credentials, Resolutions and Permanent Organization were announced by States and Territories, including Alaska and Indian Ter- ritory. Resolutions having reference to the admission of all ex-Union sol- diers to the galleries were referred to the Committee on Resolutions. One of the delegates from Oregon announced the receipt of a telegram stating that in a vote cast at Portland the majority was 1,000 in favor of the Democrats instead of 2,000 for the Republicans. A delegate from Illinois (Mr. Cable) offered a resolution tendering the profound sympathy of the Convention to James G. Blaine, the death of whose son had recently been made known. This resolution was adopted unanimously. A delegate from Maine (Mr. Swett) in behalf of the Democ- racy of Maine, thanked the delegates for the sympathy thus expressed. An invitation was read from President Baker, of the World’s Columbian Exposition, inviting the delegates to visit the grounds. On motion of Gen. Bragg of Wisconsin, the convention adjourned until 11 o’clock on the 22d instr At 11:30 a.m. on the 22d, Chairman Owens called the Convention to order for the second day’s session. Prayer was offered by the Rev. Alfred Henry of the Episcopal Church. The Committee on Credentials sent word that they were not ready to report and could not do so until 2 o’clock. A motion was made and adopted to extend the courtesies of the convention to Senators John M. Palmer and Trumbull of Illinois. A petition asking for the admission of two delegates from Alaska was referred to the proper commit- tee. While the delegates were awaiting the report of the Committee on Credentials, Senator Palmer was called upon to address the convention and did so briefly. A similar demand was made on John R. Fellows of New York, who responded in a few words. By this time the report of the Committee on Credentials was made complete and presented. This report was followed by the report of the Committee on Permanent Organization, which announced, amid great applause, the selec- tion of Congressman William S. Wilson of West Virginia as permanent Chairman of the Convention. The report was adopted, and a committee consisting of Don Dickinson, John R. Fellows of New York, Joseph B. Knox of Alabama and Congressman Martin S. Clardy of Missouri was selected to escort Mr. Wilson to the chair. He received an ovation on enter- ing upon his duties and then spoke as follows: “Gentlemen of the Convention: ‘ ‘ I thank you most heartily for this honor. I shall try to meet the duties of the high position to which you call me with the spirit of fairness and equality that is Democracy. This convention has a high and patriotic work to perform. We owe much to our party; we owe much to our country. The mission of the Democratic party is to fight for the under dog. When that party is out of power we may be sure there is an under dog to fight for, CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 25 and that the under dog is generally the American people. When that party is out of power, we may he sure that some party is in control of our govern- ment that represents a section, and not the whole country; that stands for a class, and not the whole people. “Never was the truth brought home to us more defiantly than by the re- cent convention at Minneapolis. We are not deceived as to the temper, we are not in doubt as to the purpose, of our opponents. Having taxed us for years without excuse and without mercy, they now propose to disarm us of further power to resist their exactions. Republican success in this campaign, when we look to the party platform, the party candidates, or the utterances of the party leaders, means that the people are to be stripped of their franchise, through Force bills, in order that they may be stripped of their substance through tariff bills. “Free government is self-government. There is no self-government when the people do not control their own elections and lay their own taxes. , When either of these rights is taken away or diminished, a breach is made, not in the outer defenses, but in the citadel of our freedom. For years we have been struggling to recover the lost right of taxing ourselves, and now we are threatened with the loss of the greater right of governing ourselves. “The loss of the one follows in necessary succession the loss of the other. When you confer on government the power of dealing out wealth, you un- chain every evil that can prey upon, and eventually destroy, free institutions — excessive taxation, class taxation, billion-dollar Congresses, a corrupt civil service, a debauched ballot-box, and purchased elections. In every campaign the privilege of taxing the people will be bartered for contributions, to cor- rupt them at the polls. After every victory a new McKinley bill to repay these contributions, which taxes were wrung from the people. For every self-governing people there can be no more momentous question than the question of taxation. It is the question, as Mr. Burke truly said, around which all the great battles of freedom have been fought. It is the question out of which grow all the issues of government. Until we settle this ques- tion wisely, permanently, justly, we build all other reforms on a foundation of sand. We and the great party -we represent are to-day for tariff reform because it is the only gateway to genuine Democratic government. “ The distinguished leader who presided over the Republican convention boasted that he does not know what tariff reform is. Whoever said that he did? Let us hope, with that charity that endureth all things and believetk all things, that he is truly as ignorant as he vaunts himself to be. “ Unfortunately the people are not so ignorant of the meaning of Protec- tion — at least of the protection which is dealt out to them in the bill that bears his name. They see that meaning “writ large ” to-day, in a prostrated agri- culture, in a shackled commerce, .in stricken industries, in the compulsory idleness of labor, in law-made wealth, in the discontent of the workingman and the despair of the farmer. They know by hard experience that protec- tion as a system of taxation is but the old crafty scheme by which the rich compel the poor to pay the expenses of the government. They know by hard experience that protection as a system of tribute is but the old crafty scheme by which the power of taxation of the people is made the private property of a few of the people. “Tariff reform means to readjust this system of taxation and to purge away this system of tribute. It means that we have not reached the goal of perfect freedom so long as any citizen is forced by law to pay tribute to any other citizen, and until our taxes are proportioned to the ability and duty of the tax-payer rather than to his ignorance, his weakness, and his patience. “Gov. McKinley further charges that the Democratic party believes in taxing ourselves. I’m afraid, gentlemen, we must admit that charge. Wliat right or excuse have we for taxing anybody else ? with a continent for a 26 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. country, with freedom and intelligence as the instruments for its develop- ment, we stand disgraced in the eyes of mankind if we can not and if we do not support our own government. We can throw that support on other people only by beggary or by force. If we use the one we are a pauper na- tion; if we use the other we are a pirate nation. “ The Democratic Party does not intend that we should he either. No more does it intend that they shall falsely call it taxing other people to trans- fer our taxes from the possessions of those who owu the property of the coun- try to the bellies and backs of those who do the work of the country. It be- lieves that frugality is the essential virtue of free government. It believes that taxes should be limited to public needs and be levied by the plain rule of justice and economy. “But, gentlemen, we are confronted with a new cry in this campaign. ‘ The Republican party, ’ says Gov. McKinley, ‘ now stands for protection and reciprocity.’ He was for protection alone when he framed his bill in the House, or rather permitted his beneficiaries to frame it for him, and firmly resisted all efforts of the statesman from Maine to annex reciprocity to it. No wonder that he favors the reciprocity added by the Senate. “ You may explore the pages of burlesque literature for anything more supremely ludicrous than the so-called reciprocity of the McKinley bill. It is not reciprocity at all. It is retaliation, and, worst of all, retaliation on our own people. It punishes American citizens for the necessities or the follies of other peoples. It says to a few small countries south of it; ‘ If you are forced by your necessities or led by your follies to make bread higher and scarcer to your people, we will make shoes and sugar higher and scarcer to our people.’ ‘ ‘ And now we are told that Reciprocity is to be their battle-cry. Already we are regaled with pictures of Benjamin Harrison clad in armor and going forth to battle for reciprocity on a plumed steed. Simple Simon fishing for whales in his mother’s rain-barrel, and in great triumph capturing an occa- sional wiggle-waggle, is the only true, realistic picture of the reciprocity of the McKinley bill. “ We are for the Protection that Protects and for the Reciprocity that Re- ciprocates. We are in favor of protecting every man in the enjoyment of the fruit of his labor, diminished only by his proper contribution to the support of the government, and we are for that real reciprocity, not through dicker- ing diplomacy and Presidential proclamations, but by laws of Congress, that removes all unnecessary obstacles between the American producer and the markets he is obliged to seek for his products. “ But, gentlemen, I must not keep you from the work that is before you. Let us take up that work as brothers, as patriots, as Democrats. In so large a convention as this, larger in numbers than any previous gathering of our party, and representing a larger constituency than ever before assembled in any convention, it would be strange, ominously strange, if there were not some difference of opinion on matters of policy, and some differences of judg- ment or of preference as to the choice of candidates. “It is a sign of a free Democracy that it is many -voiced and, within the limits of true freedom, tumultuous. It wears no collars; it serves no masters. We can not shut our eyes to the fact that many who have heretofore followed our flag with enthusiasm are to-day calling, with excusable impatience, for immediate relief from the evils which encompass them. Whatever can be done to relieve the burdens, to restore, broaden, and increase the prosperity of the people and every part of them within the limits and according to the principles of free government, that the Democratic Party dares to promise that it will do with all its might. Whatever is beyond this, whatever is in- compatible with free government and our historic liberty, it dares not prom- ise to any one. CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 27 “Inveterate evils in the body politic can not be cured in a moment any more than inveterate diseases of the human system. Whoever professes the power to do so is himself deceived or himself deceiver. Our party is not a quack or a worker of miracles. “It is not for me, gentlemen, the impartial servant of you all, to attempt to foreshadow what your choice should be or ought to be in the selection of your candidates. You will make that selection under your own sense of re- sponsibility to the people you represent and to your country. “ One thing only I venture to say. Whoever may be your chosen leader in this campaign, no telegram will flash across the sea from the castle of ab- sentee tariff lords to congratulate him. But from the home of labor, from the fireside of the toiler, from the hearts of all who love justice and do equity, who wish and intend that our matchless heritage of freedom shall be the common wealth of all our people and the common opportunity of all our youth, will come up prayers for his success and recruits for the great Demo- cratic host that must strike down the beast of sectionalism and the moloch of monopoly before we can ever again have a people’s government run by a people’s faithful representatives.” Mr. Owens, on the motion of Mr. Clardy of Missouri, received the thanks of the . convention for the able manner in which he conducted the business during his brief term of office. A delegate from Missouri (Wm. H. Phelps) presented the convention with a zinc gavel bearing the inscription, “We need no protection; we imported 2,000 tons of zinc last year.” William E. English of Indiana, Chairman of the Rules Committee, then made his report, and recommended a method of procedure, announcing that the rules of the last Democratic convention would govern the present con- vention. The report was unanimously adopted. It was remarked at this point that James S. Clarkson of Iowa, Chairman of the Republican National Committee was admitted by courtesy to a seat on the platform. While the delegates were awaiting arrival of a report from the Committee on Resolu- tions, Ex-Governor Campbell of Ohio was called upon for a speech, and re- sponded, being careful not to give offence in any quarter. It having been announced at this stage of the proceedings that the report of the Committee on Resolutions would not be complete for at least two hours, a motion was made and adopted to take a recess until 5 r. m. The convention opened at 5.30 p. m. It was 6.20 p. m., however, before the business really began. At that time the report of the Committee on Resolutions, and the platform of principles for presentation, were an- nounced ready. This platform will be found on another page, together with the amendment of Delegate R. Neal of Ohio, on the tariff plank. The plat- form as amended was, after considerable discussion, adopted. The vote on the Neal amendment was as follows: 28 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. States. No. of Delegates. For. Aqainst. Alabama 12 10 A rkansas 16 California *. 18 Colorado 8 Connecticut 12 12 Delaware — 6 Florida 8 8 5 Georgia 2G 22 4 Idaho 6 6 — Illinois 48 48 — Indiana 30 15 15 Iowa 26 26 — Kansas 20 — 20 Kentucky 26 26 — Louisiana 16 8 8 Maine 12 — 12 Maryland 16 7 9 Massachusetts 30 26 4 Michigan 28 28 — Minnesota 18 — 18 Mississippi. . . . .' 18 11 6 Missouri 34 34 — Montana 6 6 — Nebraska 16 16 — Nevada 6 6 — New Hampshire 8 — 8 New Jersey 20 — 20 New York 72 72 — North Carolina 22 17 5 North Dakota 6 6 — Ohio 46 46 — Oregon 8 7 1 Pennsylvania 64 — 64 Rhode Island 8 — 8 South Carolina 18 18 — South Dakota 8 1 7 Tennessee 24 5 18 Texas 30 30 — Vermont 8 — 8 Virginia 24 11 11 Washington 8 8 — West Virginia 12 12 r- Wisconsin 24 — 24 Wyoming 6 6 — Arizona 6 6 — Alaska 2 — 2 Indian Territory 2 2 — Oklahoma 2 2 — New Mexico 6 5 1 Utah 2 2 — District of Columbia 2 — 2 Totals 906 564 342 CONTENTION PROCEEDINGS. 29 Next in the order of business came the presentation of candidates for President and Vice-President. The name of Grover Cleveland was pre- sented by Governor Abbett of New Jersey. His speech is given at length in the article on the presidential nominee. The name of David B. Hill was presented by William C. De Witt of New York. The name of Horace Boies was presented by Mr. Dunseombe of Iowa. Air. De AVitt’s speech, advocating the nomination of David B. Hill of New York, was as follows: “Ain. President and Fellow-Delegates: By the favor of my col- leagues, I have now the honor to speak the voice of tiie State of New York in this council of the Democracy of the nation. Our majestic common- wealth needs no eulogy here. Gateway of commerce, both from the ocean and the lakes; vast arsenal of thought, through whose press the intelligence of the world is gathered and scattered throughout the land: joined to the agricultural regions by the fertile valleys of the Hudson, the Mohawk, and the Genesee, and opening up through the triple city seated upon its bay those greater, higher, affluent relations with the other peoples of the globe, the fullest development of which will be the source of our best prosperity, the State of New York is none the less paramount in our political than other national affairs. Her great city is the life-giving heart of the Democratic party. “Her electoral vote is the keystone of the Federal arch, upon which alone we can rest the citadel of our hopes. She realizes in her present re- lations with the Democratic party of the nation what was said of the Roman amphitheatre: “ 1 While stands the coliseum. Rome shall stand; When falls the coliseum, Rome shall fall; And when Rome falls, the world.’ “In view of this critical and important position occupied by our State in the impending contest, I take great pride, while speaking for its regular organization of the party, in pointing to our past triumphs. In 1885 we car- ried New York by 11,130 majority, in 1886 by 7,707, in 1887 by 17,077; in 1888 by 19,171, in 1889 by 20,527; and in 1891 by 47,937. So that the present organization speaks not only for the State indispensable to your suc- cess in the Presidential campaign, but speaks for that State organized and arrayed upon the lines of victory. These are stubborn facts, which hypoc- risy cannot conceal nor detraction obliterate. “So, too, at the outset, this convention should fully understand the true nature of the Democracy of the people of New York. It is fundamental and vital in character. AVe believe in the brotherhood of man and in all the hearty doctrines of equality and fraternity which arise from that faith. “ The supreme evil of our age is the use of the law-making power of State and nation for the enrichment of the few at the expense of the many. In olden times the bandit armed his followers and descended with fire and sword upon the industrial classes. In modern times the same spirit of rapine erects a manufactory, organizes a corporation, and through a clause in a tar- iff act, a donation of the public domain, or the acquisition of chartered privileges, effects the same result. “ Of the 4,000 millionaires in the country, 1,700 are said to have amassed their fortunes through the tariff, and an equal number through the corpora- tions. Out of these causes all the features of an aristocracy have arisen in our social life. Castes, class distinction, profligacy, and splendor, social dudes and political ascetics have taken the place of the plain, honest people of former generations. “The money power dominates the land and subordinates the sovereignty 30 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. of the people. Patriotic statesmanship and oratory no longer enjoy the honors of the Republic, and the apostles of truth, justice, and liberty are sup- planted by the pliant instruments of vast pecuniary and political combina- tions. “ In such a crisis the Democracy of New York wants a revival of the fundamental principles of the party. A leader who holds that corporations created by State or nation are not amenable to the control of their creator, or who fails to sympathize with at least an international effort to enlarge the currency of the world in the interest of productive industry, or who makes his friends and counselors among the plutocrats of the laud, lacks the qualities indispensable to a triumphant standard-bearer of our unterrified constituency. Humanity is better than dogma, and the love of man is the life of the Republic. Our people want a leader filled with the instincts, aspirations, shrewdness, sagacity, hopes, fears, joys, and sorrows which crowd their struggle for life and happiness. “ We therefore present for your suffrages the name of him who, having enjoyed all the honors of our State, still finds his highest boast in the senti- ment, ‘ I am a Democrat.’ However eminent may be his post of duty, he does not descend to us from above, but in the roll-call of the Democracy he steps proudly from the ranks. Do you ask for his credentials? We point you to the unbroken series of victories by which he has rendered New York a veri table Gibraltar to the Democracy of the Union. When with all the power and patronage of the Federal Government at his command, the distinguished ex- President lost the State of New York by a minority of 14,000, Gov. Hill car- ried it by a majority of over 19,000 votes, and at every election during the past ten years he and his friends have met with constantly increasing suc- cess. “ No sane man can reject the force of these statistics, and in pointing the finger of destiny it must outweigh all theory, prophecy, promises and dreams. The experiences of the past must, under like circumstances, forecast the events of the future, and in this instance the conditions remain unchanged. “Mr. Hill never had ‘ any allegiance with malcontents nor any favor in the Republican party. The class of men from our State who so violently oppose his nomination to-day have uniformly opposed him in the past. He has always been nominated under ar shower of their vituperation and abuse, and he has always emerged from the conflict with the increasing commenda- tion of the people. Beginning public life as an associate of Samuel ,T. Tilden in the Legislature, he has been Mayor of the city of his home. He was elected Lieutenant-Governor by the largest vote ever given to the candidate of any party in the State of New York; he has been twice elected its Gov- ernor, and now represents it in the Senate of the United States. “ It is not essential that I should embark in fulsome eulogy. His signally successful administration of these great trusts establishes liis capacity, and you will pardon the liberty of a friend when I say that the fact that iie is a poor man, fully and absolutely devoted to the service of his party, is worth a thousand labored eulogies in demonstrating the patriotism and integrity of his character. He is a cavalier rather than a roundhead. “In opposition to sumptuary laws, in persistent advocacy of the bill granting freedom of religious worship, in the increase of public holidays, Labor Day, and half-holiday, supporting out door sports and pastimes he has done more than any public man of his time to foster and develop general liberty appropriate to modern civilization. For these services he encounters the hostility of the bigot and the hypocrite. “He is a firm adherent to the principles of frugality and economy in public affairs, so long characteristic of his party. During his administration as Governor our State debt of $7,000,000 was reduced virtually to nothing, while the property and interests of the State were adequately maintained CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 31 and improved. These things speak in tones of thunder against the villifica- tion of his enemies. “ From the beginning of his public career he has remained the faithful, efficient, untiring "friend and servant of the laboring classes, and they have reciprocated his devotion by a loyalty and support which has rendered him invincible. You will understand how a character thus radical and active should stir up enmity and strife. “It is said if we make another nomination we shall have a calm election, our dear business interests will not be disturbed, and the people will be quite indifferent about the result. If it indeed be true that politics have sunk so low that no man can serve his party earnestly without personal reproach; if national contentions through regular organizations have indeed become per- nicious and disreputable, then the entire system of popular government is a failure. Nothing is more healthy than political agitation, and nothing is more dangerous than political stagnation. Men of kindred convictions and emotions naturally combine on all great questions of civil government and where population is immense there must be parties governed by appropriate organizations. ‘ • It is because Mr. Hill awakens party feeling, agitates the contending forces to the very dregs, excites the wrath of the Republican and the enthu- siasm of the Democrat, that he is a healthy and successful candidate. Politic nominations, made to placate Republicans, to pander to men who esteem themselves better than their party, or to suckle and support the heartless middlemen of the times, are distasteful to our people. “We present David B. Hill as the candidate of an unterrified and aggres- sive Democracy. His experience teaches us that such is the way to succeed. We love him not merely for the enemies he has made, but for the enemies he has conquered. He has never been defeated, and, having just entered upon the high office of Senator of the United States, if he entertained the slightest doubt of his ability to carry his State he would not suffer his name to be con- nected with the nomination. “Besides, the delegation from New York is not itself unmindful of its own responsibility and of the great duty of truth and candor it owes to this body. We have never misled you in presenting a sterling Democrat to your favor. We gave you Horatio Seymour and our people indorsed him against Gen. Grant. We gave you Samuel J. Tildenand, in turn, our State indorsed him. We acquiesced; we did not advise the nomination of 1888. The consequences are known. “ Not for a single instant would we counsel and urge this convention to nominate David B. Hill, were we not sure, from careful scrutiny and delibera- tion, fortified by the tests of our elections, that he can carry the State, the vote of which in the Electoral College, under the recent apportionment, is absolutely indispensable to a Democratic victory. “ Another thought, Mr. President, higher and deeper than any mere mat- ter of individual candidacy, must be expressed before my task is completed. In this national household of the Democratic party, a certain comity be- tween the different States is due to the sovereignty of each and the fraternity of all. “The delegates from New York were elected by the unanimous votes of a State convention, duly called under the authority which has held undis- puted sway since 1848, and which was approved by the party at the last election by a majority of 48,000 in the State. Not a dissenting voice marred the harmonious action of this regularly constituted and authoritative body. Our delegation is headed by the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, freshly chosen by unprecedented party majorities, and it is filled by representatives from the various districts, many of whom are well known to you all. “For no earthly reason worthy a moment’s consideration, other than that 32 CONTENTION PROCEEDINGS. this State Convention preferred the leadership of Senator Hill and this dele- gation sympathized with that preference, a revolt was set afoot in our State, an organization was formed, an attack was instigated upon us through an unfriendly press, a parcel of gentlemen were selected to come here to con- test our seats and nullify our influence, and thus a distinguished candidate for the Presidency, whom heretofore we had assisted in becoming Governor and President, was put upon a war footing toward the regular State organi- zation of the party. “The contesting delegation has been dismissed from your doors, and now you are asked not merely to defeat the choice of our State for the nomination, hut, in addition, to force upon us a candidate from our own homes hostile to our organization. Such is not the measure of courtesy and friendship which we of New York should think due, under like circumstances, to the repre- sentatives of a sister State. That consideration for the rights and sentiments of others which is the source of all gentility is indispensable to the nobility of this body. “There is no alloy of enmity or opposition in the fraternal affection with which the delegation from New York greets its brethren upon this floor. No scaly gauntlets with joints of steel glove our hands. Our pulses will throb in unison with our brothers from any State whose chosen son shall be pre- sented to the consideration of this convention. “ We salute the rising leader from Iowa, whose home victories shine upon our arms like a sunburst from out the parting clouds of his far Western sky. “We bow to the venerable sage of Illinois, or the rugged foe of the tariff barons who stands by his side. “We appreciate the capacity which has organized victory against the overwhelming odds in Pennsylvania. “We are at home with our friends from Indiana. “We fully sympathize with the battle-stained and indomitable leader in Ohio. “We watch with anxiety and affection the wonderful power for organiza- tion and triumph which characterizes the Senator from Maryland, and our hearts burned once more with the immortal fires of the sunny land when he was presented, who, in the forms of his incomparable genius evoked from the humanity of his character and the elevation of his oratory and statesmanship, towers in the vanguard of our thickening hosts, like a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night, the Senator from Kentucky. “Whomsoever of these may be selected, or whatsoever state may succeed in this convention, we shall join in the exultation and bear our end to the uttermost in the ensuing contest. “This is the spirit in which we meet our brethren, and this is the spirit we expect to be reciprocated. In no other way can the harmony and dignity of the States be fostered and preserved by this convention. “In thus presenting and conceding the force and strength of the candi- dates of the various States, you will not understand us as abating a single jot from our own preference or gainsaying in the slightest degree our unclouded conviction that the fortunes of our party will rest most safely in the cus- tody of our chosen leader from our own State. Hill heat Harrison in New York in 1888 under conditions less encouraging than those which confront us to-day, and he can repeat the triumph with redoubled effect. This is the conclusive point. Contemplate the ensuing controversy from whatever stand- point you may choose, you cannot escape the fact that our State is the battle- ground of the campaign. “Ours is the coign - of vantage, the point of strategy, the very spot of victory or defeat. We appreciate the responsibility of our position and would speak to you like men whose blood flows in their words. The common enemy is strongly intrenched in the capital. You are the generals of the CONTENTION PROCEEDINGS. 33 army of invasion in grand council assembled. We hail from Waterloo, and we fearlessly proclaim that Hill is the Blucher who can drive the Republican chieftain to St. Helena in November.” Mr. Dunscombe, in presenting the name of Horace Boies of Iowa, said: “Mn. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: To-day for the first time in the history of the American Republic, the name of a man whose home is west of the Mississippi River will be presented to a Demo- cratic National Convention for nomination to the exalted position of President of the United States. Heretofore the Northern, the Southern, the Eastern, and the Middle States have furnished all but one of the Presidential nomi- nees of the Democratic party. " For thirty-five years the Republican party has chosen all but one of its candidates from the West, and the Eastern candidate was defeated. For thirty-five years the Democratic party has chosen all of its candidates from the East, and during that time only one Democratic President has been inau- gurated. For over a quarter of a century no man residing outside of the limits of the Empire State has had the honor of a Democratic Presidential nomination. “If the Democracy of New York were united to-day her honored states- men might furnish Presidential candidates for a quarter of a century to come, and the Democracy of the great Northwest and the great Southwest would not complain or seek to pluck one honor from the brilliant stars which New York has placed in the crown of the Republic. All Democrats deeply regret that there is dissension within her borders, which they fear, if a candidate should be nominated from New York, would imperil Democratic success, and they know that there is a country west of the Mississippi River, pur- chased and made part of the Union by Thomas Jefferson, the father of Dem- ocracy, where there is but one Presidential candidate; a country forever hon- ored by the bravery of the gallant sons of the South, who fought in its de- fense under the lion-hearted leader of Democracy, Andrew Jackson. “There is a land, the great Empire of the Gulf, whose brave sons made the name of the Lone Star State immortal in their heroic straggle for liberty; where, forever enshrined in memory, are the names of those who were bap- tized in blood at the Alamo; whose deeds stand forth above the bravest acts of men like mighty mountains on the plain. ‘ ' There is a land, fragrant with flowers and orange groves, where the gold- en rays of the setting sun are reflected from the waves of the Pacific. There is a land where the glistening snow-capped mountain peaks of Nevada, Colo- rada. Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and the Dakotas sparkle with their silver and gold. There is a land, the heart of America, where hundreds of millions of bushels of wheat and corn and millions of cattle furnish food for our fa- thers and mothers in the East; a land filled with schools, colleges and uni- versities unsurpassed. “In that land, west of the Mississippi, is a State larger than New York, surrounded by her elder sisters, Missouri and Illinois, and her younger sisters, Nebraska and Minnesota; a State bordered on the east and on the west by the Father and Mother of Waters and held in their embrace; a State whose springs and brooks and rivers flow on unceasingly to the southern gulf, em- blematic of the eternal love which should forever bind in unity the dwellers ’n the great Mississippi Valley. “In that State there lives a noble son of New York, honored by an elec- tion to her Legislature over a third of a aentury ago, a son worthy and well qualified for the highest honor which this great, intelligent convention can place ‘upon him, a ^on who, bom and reared in poverty, accustomed to hard labor, has thereby learned to sympathize with the poor and distressed, with the laborers of the land. “The name of that noble son of New York and adopted son of Iowa is 34 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. Horace Boies. In the clays of Lincoln he was a Republican, but at that time and until 1880 the Republicans of Iowa were as ardent advocates of tariff reform as are the Democrats of to-day. Year after year they met in their State conventions and resolved in favor of a revenue tariff, but never before that time in favor of a protective tariff. At that time there was no prominent Republican in Iowa who favored a protective tariff. Grimes, Kirkwood and Allison were then all tariff-reformers. “When the Iowa Republicans in 1880 deserted their tariff-reform prin- ciples and Iowa followed the worshipers of protection, and then by sumptu- ary legislation confiscated millions of dollars’ worth of property without any compensation, our candidate refused to follow his party and united with the Democratic party. He did this without any political reward. He did it when the Democratic party in Iowa had been defeated by a majority for Garfield of over 78,000. He did it when Iowa was the banner Republican State. He was led to this course solely by the courage of his convictions, by his conscience, and his innate love of justice. “ From that time he has fought unceasingly for the cause of Democracy. His eminent legal talents led the leaders of the party to offer him the nomi- nation as Judge of the Supreme Court of Iowa and his name has been fre- quently mentioned for offices, but since he came to Iowa, and until 1889, he has declined to accept any nomination, and only consented to accept the nomination for Governor then at the urgent solicitation of his friends, and when chosen by acclamation. “ After receiving the nomination his sincere, logical, powerful, truthful and convincing arguments brought dismay to the intolerant bosses of the Repub- lican party all over Iowa. He abused no one, but was the subject of con- stant abuse. He kindled the smoldering embers of Democracy into a blaze of enthusiasm on every hilltop and in every valley in the State. Hisscimetar flashed at the head of an army of Iowa Democrats who had fought more than thirty battles, to be overpowered by numbers, but never conquered. He in- fused new courage into the hearts of all his followers, and the Iowa Democ- racy, by the aid of tariff-reformers and the opponents of sumptuary laws, who have since become Democrats, routed the enemy and placed the laurel wreath of victory upon the head of their hero, Horace Boies. ‘ ‘ Again, in 1890, his voice was heard rallying the forces of Democracy against the iniquities of the obnoxious McKinley law; against intolerance; against sumptuary legislation; against paternal government; against centrali- zation; against that tyrannical, kingly invention, the Force bill, and again the pennant, of Democracy waved aloft in victory. “In 1891 he was again, by acclamation, placed at the head of the Demo- cratic column for reelection ; and in the most stubbornly fought political bat- tle that Iowa ever witnessed, when 22,000 more votes were polled than had ever been polled before in any State election, and nearly that number more than in any Presidential election, his majority for Governor was increased from 6,523 to 8,216, and the entire Democratic ticket was elected. This in- crease in Democratic votes came, not from the residents of the cities, but from the farmers of Iowa, who were tired of being impoverished by constant- ly contributing to the wealth of others under the false pretence of raising money to pay the burdens of governmental taxation. “Under his administration the business of the State has been conducted systematically, successfully, honestly and satisfactorily. He lias proved his eminent executive ability. He has, by his acts silenced the vituperation of his political traducers, and stands to-day at the head of a united Democracy in Iowa, as aggressive, as courageous, and as heroic as the noble Democracy of Texas, Missouri, Kentucky, or any other State. ‘ ‘ Among the great leaders of the party no one has sounder views on the tariff or on any other political question. His ideas are those of a plain, old- CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 35 fashioned Jeffersonian Democrat. He is by nature Democratic as well as a Democrat in principle. His writings, his speeches, and his messages prove him to be a statesman, standing at the very head of the list of eminent men of the nation. His firmness, his judgment, his courage, his intelligence, his honesty, his easy assimilation with the masses, his power to make men feel his brotherly affection, his power to give confidence to all his followers, well fit him as a great leader. “ Iowa Democrats love him for the friends he has made and because he has led them through the wilderness into the promised land. When our Democratic fathers are convincing themselves that the right to nominate a Democratic candidate for President from the East is an exclusive, God-given right, let them remember that their Western sons are of age, and let them do justice to their honored names by doing justice to their sons. “ Our candidate has no one to fry fat from lusty protective tariff benefici- aries to corrupt voters, but around his head beams a bright halo of honor, of virtue and truth, which will, like a pillar of fire in the nighttime of Repub- lican misrule, lead a united host of Democrats and liberal voters to the glori- ous day of victory. “ If nominated as a laborer he will rally the laboring men of the country. As a practical fanner he will rally the farmers all over the land. His con- servatism will bring to his standard the solid business men of the nation. New-England, Hew York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, as they study the conservative character of our candidate, and Democrats all over the Union will thank God that under our leader they can fight the battles of tariff re- form unitedly. “In moving the nomination of the candidate of the Iowa Democracy I plead for one who, if nominated, will be supported by every Democrat and thousands of independent voters; I plead for the champion of labor, the champion of the farmers of the nation. I plead for the rights of that great country west of the Mississippi, in extent over one-half of the nation, that never before has had a Democratic Presidential candidate. I plead for the Democracy of eighteen States and Territories of that vast empire. I plead for the gallant men of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri, who never falter in their Democracy. I plead for a candidate whose nomination will insure the Electoral vote of Iowa to the Democracy. I plead for harmony and for Democratic victory. “ The delegates to this convention will make an irreparable mistake if they forget that before November there will be a calm of the surging billows of this great ocean of enthusiasm, during which calm the voters, in their quiet homes, at their firesides, in the midst of their families, and with their neigh- bors and friends, ■will discuss and decide the Presidential question; during which calm every voter will consider who is nearest his own heart; who is most in sympathy with his own condition, and who will best fill the Executive office in that plain, honest, old-fashioned Democratic way which the people most dearly love. “But this convention will make no mistake if it shall select as a nominee that man of correct habits, of honest purposes, of patriotic motives, of clear, cultivated mental vision, of sterling integrity, of calm deliberation and judg- ment, of manly and moral courage, of deep thought and study, of unflagging industry; that careful, painstaking man, without spot or blemish; that noble son of the East and adopted son of the West who has never been defeated, who has no foes in his own party to conciliate, who lias no errors to correct and no explanations or apologies to make, and who will, if nominated, fill the struggling, fighting Democracy of Iowa, the great West, and the entire Nation with unconquerable courage; that born peerless leader who will, in November, if nominated, march at the head of an army of 7,000,000 voters, with 50,000 waving banners under the triumphal arch, and on whose brow 3d 36 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. will again be placed the wreath of victory, whom Iowa now nominates — hon- est Horace Boies.” The nomination of Grover Cleveland was seconded by Messrs. McKenzie of Kentucky and Collins of Massachusetts. Messrs. Watterson of Kentucky and Kernan of Louisiana, seconded the nomination of Horace Boies. Hon. Bourke Cochran of New York seconded the nomination of David B. Hill in an eloquent speech of nearly an hour’s length. At the conclusion of Mr. Cochran’s speech, efforts were made by several delegates to secure an adjourn- ment, but the proposition failed to meet with the approval of the convention. The roll-call of the States was then proceeded with. At 3.22 a. m., on the 23d, the fact was recognized that Cleveland had received more votes than were necessary for a choice and was therefore the chosen nominee. The fol- lowing table shows the result of the vote by states and territories: OFFICIAL BALLOT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF VOTES GIVEN BY EACH DELEGATION FOR THE VARIOUS CANDIDATES. Delegates j States Cleveland § cn ’o W | Morrison | Campbell d cd s o O Carlisle Stevenson c o .52 Pn | Russell . M. Angle S. L. Plain' J. P. Newcome Vermont H. S. Peck G. A. Davis Josiah Grout Virginia A. W. Harris A. P. Funkhouser 11. DeB. Clay Washington B. C. Van Houten S. T. Armstrong T. H. Cavanaugh John T. Kelly New Mexico A. J. Fountain B. M. Read A. L. Morrison Utah *Pro tem, 18 SECRETARIES OF REPUBLICAN STATE LEAGUES. State. Secretary. Post-office. Alabama.. . E. P. Jennings. . . Jennings. Samuel J. Bryant Theo. Townsend. Philip Walter . . . West Haven. Milford. Jacksonville. Delaware .. Florida Illinois Indiana J. N. Patterson.. Otto Gresham. . . C. M. Junkon J. W. Butterfield. W. W. Huffman. B. F. Moseley Springfield. Indianapolis Fairfield. Topeka. Lexington. New Orleans. Kansas Kentucky. . Louisiana. . Maryland. . Mass Michigan . . Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana. . . Sam’l Whiteside. Baltimore. Somerville. Charlotte. St. Paul. C. E. Baxter F. C. Stevens L. M. Hall St. Louis. Nebraska . . Brad. Slaughter. Omaha. State. Secretary. Post-office. N. H N. Jersey. . New York . N. Carolina N. Dakota. E. N. Pearson E. W. Sanderson. Job E. Hodges. . Concord. Newark. N. Y. City. Ohio Oregon John J. Chester. Mert E. Dimmick William Linn ... H. A. L. Potter.. V. P. Clayton Chas.F.liackett. Columbus. Portland. Philadelphia. Providence. Columbia. Pierre. R. I S. Carolina. S. Dakota.. Texas Vermont. . . C. J. McPherson. Chas. S. Forbes.. Houston. St. Albans. Wash W. Virginia Wisconsin.. E. G. Kreider Robt. Alexander W. J. McEh-oy . . Olympia. Parkersburg. Milwaukee. N. Mexico.. Oklahoma. R. E. Twitchell. . Santa Fe. Harmel Pratt . . . S't Lake City D. C 19 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES The Democratic National Committee met at Washington during Jan- uary, 1893, to appoint a time and place for holding the next National Convention. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE. Chairman . . . Secretary . . . Alabama Arizona Arkansas California. . . Colorado Connecticut Delaware . . . Dist. of Col. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky . . . Louisiana . . . Maine Maryland . . . Mass Michigan Minnesota . . Mississippi . . C. S. Brice. . . S. P. Sheerin . H. D. Clay- ton, jr J. C. Herndon S. P. Hughes. M.F. Tarpey. C. S. Thomas C. French . . . J. H. Rodney W. Dickson.'. S. Pasco J. H. Estill .. J. W. Jones. . E. M. Phelps. S. P. Sheerin . J. J. Richard- son C. W. Blair.. H.Watterson J. Jeffries... A. Sewall . . . A. P. Gorman C. D. Lewis. . O. M. Barnes. M. Doran C. A. John- ston New York C’y Indianapolis' Eufaula Prescott Little Rock Alameda Denver Seymour Wilmington Washington Monticello Savannah Boise City Chicago Indianapolis Davenport Leavenworth Louisville Boyce Bath Laurel S. Fram’gh’m Lansing St. Paul Columbus Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada N. Hampshire. New Jersey . . . New Mexico . . New York No. Carolina.. No. Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. So. Carolina. . . So. Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington . . . W. Virginia... Wisconsin Wyoming J. G. Prather A.H. Mitchell Jas. E. Boyd. R. P. Keating A. W. Sullo- way Miles Ross. . . Neill B. Field. W. F. Shee- han M.W.Ransom W. R. Purcell C. S. Brice.. . A. Noltuer. . . Vacant S. R. Honey. J. C. Haskell. W. R. Steele. R. F. Looney. O. T. Holt... Wm. F. Ferry HiramAtkins J. S. Barbour J. A. Kuhn .. J. M. Camden J. L. Mitchell W. L. Kuy- kendall ... . St, Louis Deer Lodge Omaha Virginia City Franklin N. Brunswick Albuquerque Buffalo Weldon Walipeton New York C’y Portland Newport Columbia Dead wood Memphis Houston Park City Montpelier Alexandria Pt. Townsend Parkersburg Milwaukee Cheyenne DEMOCRATIC STATE COMMITTEES. Chairmen and Secretaries of the Committees appointed by the last Democratic State (and Territorial) Conventions : Alabama. — State Executive Committee of the Democratic and Conservative par- ty, Henry C. Tompkins, Montgomery, Chairman; Reuben C. Shorter, Mont- gomery, Secretary. Arizona. — Democratic Territorial Cen- tral Committee, L. M. Jacobs, Tucson, Chairman; J. E. Walker, Phoenix, Secre- tary. Arkansas. — Democratic State Central Committee, J. E. Williams, Little Rock, Chairman; W. J. Terry, Little Rock, Secretary. California. — Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, Russell J. Wilson, San Francisco, Chairman; A. T. Spotts, San Francisco, Secretary. Colorado.— Democratic State Central Committee, Frank P. Arbuckle, Denver, Chairman; Rod S. King, Leadville, Sec- retary. Connecticut.— Democratic State Com- mittee, Clinton B. Davis, Higganum, Chairman; J. H. Swartwout, New' Haven, Secretary. Delaware. — Democratic State Com- mittee, W. H. Stevens, Seaford, Chair- man; R. H. Taylor, Wilmington, Sec- retary. District of Columbia. — Democratic Central Committee, John Boyle, Wash- ington, Chairman; James F. Brown, Washington, Secretary. Florida. — Democratic State Executive Committee, James P. Taliaferro, Jack- sonville, Chairman; L. B. Wombwell, Tallahassee, Secretary. Georgia. — Democratic State Commit- tee, W. Y. Atkinson, Newman, Chairman. Idaho. — Democratic State Central Committee, George Ainslee, Boise City, Chairman; Jas. H. Wickersham, Boise City, Secretary. Illinois. — Democratic State Central Committee, Delos P. Phelps, Monmouth, Chairman; George M. Haynes, Chicago, Secretary. Indiana. — Democratic State Central Committee, Chas. L. Jewett, New Alba- ny, Chairman; Joseph L. Reilly, Indian- apolis, Secretary. Iowa. — Democratic State Central Com- mittee, Chas. D. Fallen, Fairfield, Chair- man; Thos. H. Lee, Red Oak, Secretary. Kansas. — Democratic State Central Committee — W . C. Jones, Iola, Chair- man; Charles Howard, Hays City, Secre- tary. Kentucky. — Democratic State Central Committee, John B. Castleman, Louis- ville, Chairman; W. B. Haldeman, Louis- ville, Secretary. Louisiana. — Democratic State Central Committee, John S. Lanier, Baton Rouge, Chairman; Geo. W. Flynn, New Orleans, Secretary. * For change in names, if any, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists, which are liable to constant alteration. 20 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 21 democratic state committees.— (Continued.) Maine. — Democratic State Committee, John R Dunovan, Chairman; F. E. Beane, Hallo we 11, Secretary. Maryland. —Democratic State Central Committee, Barnes Compton, Laurel, Chairman; Murray Vandiver, Havre de Grace, Secretary. Massachusetts. — Democratic State Committee, John W. Corcoran, Clinton, Chairman; TV. J. Dale, Jr., North Ando- ver, Secretary. Michigan.— Democratic State Central Committee, Daniel J. Campan, Detroit, Chairman; Alfred J. Murphy, Detroit, Secretary. Minnesota. — Democratic State Central Committee, TV. M. Campbell, St. Paul, Chairman; P. J. Smalley, St. Paul, Sec- retary. Mississippi. — Democratic State Execu- tive Committee, R. H. Thompson, Brook- haven, Chairman; Robert E. Wilson, Jackson, Secretary. Missouri. — State' Democratic Commit- tee, C. C. Maffit, St. Louis, Chairman; Robert Frank Walker, St. Louis, Secre- tary. Montana. — Democratic Central Com- mittee, Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls, Chairman; Leon A. La Croix, Helena, Secretary. Nebraska. — Democratic State Central Committee, Chas. Ogden, Omaha, Chair- man; Carroll S. Montgomery, Omaha, Secretary. Nevada. — Democratic State Central Committee, John H. Dennis, Virginia City, Chairman; P. J. Dunne, Secretary. New Hampshire. — Democratic State Committee, John P. Bartlett, Manches- ter, Chairman; James R. Jackson, Lit- tleton, Secretary. New Jersey.— Democratic State Com- mittee, Allan L. McDermott, Trenton, Chairman; Willard C. Fisk, Jersey City, Secretary. New Mexico. — Democratic Territorial Central Committee, TV. B. Childers, Al- buquerque, Chairman; Felix Martinez, Las Vegas, Secretary. New York. — Democratic State Com- mittee, Edward Murphy, Jr., Troy, Chair- man; Samuel A. Beardsley, Utica, Secre- tary; William B. Kirk, Treasurer. Executive Committee, Daniel G. Grif- fin, Watertown, Chairman; Charles R. De Freest, Troy, Clerk. North Carolina. — Democratic State Executive Committee, Ed. Chambers Smith, Raleigh, Chairman; R. C. Beck- with, Raleigh, Secretary. North Dakota. — Democratic State Committee, Daniel TV. Marratta, Fargo, Chairman; R. TV. Cutts, Grand Forks, Secretary. Ohio.— Democratic State Central Com- mittee, James E. Neal, Hamilton, Chair- man; L. C. Cole, Bowling Green, Secre- tary. Oklahoma. — Democratic Central Com- mittee, E. J. Simpson, Guthrie, Chair- man; J. l. Vanderwerter, Oklahoma City, Secretary. 2b Oregon. — Democratic State Central Committee, B. Goldsmith, Portland, Chairman; George A. Brodie, Portland, Secretary. Pennsylvania. — Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, James Kerr, Clearfield, Chairman; Benjamin M. Nead, Harris- burg, Secretary. Rhode Island. — Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, Franklin P. Owen, Provi- dence, Chairman; Elisha TV. Bucklin, Pawtucket, Secretary. South Carolina. — S t a t e Executive Committee of the Democratic Party, J. L. M. Irby, Laurens, Chairman; G. Dun- can Bellinger, Barnwell, Secretary. South Dakota.— Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, Otto Peemiller, Yank- ton, Chairman; E. M. O’Brien, Yankton, Secretary. Tennessee. — Democratic Executive Committee, T. M. McDonnell, Chattanoo- ga, Chairman; E. B. Wade, Murfrees- boro, Secretary. Texas. — Democratic State Executive Committee, N.TVebb Finley, Tyler, Chair- man; Ed. Kauffman, Austin, Secretary. Utah. — Democratic Territorial Central Committee, Samuel A. Merritt, Salt. Lake City, Chairman: A. G. Norrell, Salt Lake City, Secretary. Vermont. — Democratic State Commit- tee, Hiram Atkins, Montpelier, Chair- man; John H. Senter, Warren, Secretary. Virginia.— Democratic State Commit- tee, J. Taylor Ellyson, Richmond, Chair- man; James R. Fisher, Richmond, Secre- tary. Washington. — State Democratic Com- mittee, Daniel H. Gilman, Seattle, Chair- man; George Hazzard, Tacoma, Secre- tary. West Virginia.— Democratic State Ex- ecutive Committee, Thomas S. Riley, Wheeling, Chairman; B. H. Oxley, Charleston, Secretary. Wisconsin.— Democratic State Central Committee, E. C. Wall, Milwaukee, Chair- man; TV. A. Anderson, La Crosse, Secre- tary. Wyoming. — Democratic Central Com- mittee, Colin Hunter, Cheyenne, Chair- man; TV. L. Kuykendall, Cheyenne, Sec- retary. national association op democratic CLUBS. President, Chauncey F. Black, Pennsyl- vania. Treasurer, Roswell P. Flower, New York. Secretary, Lawrence Gard- ner, Washington, D. C. Executive Com- mittee, William L. Wilson, West Vir- ginia, Chairman; Robert Grier Monroe, New- York; Alexander T. Ankeny, Minne- sota; Chauncey F. Black, Pennsylvania; Harvey N. Coll'ison, Massachusetts; Ros- well P. Flower, New York; Lawrence Gardner, District of Columbia; George H. Lambert, New Jersey; Chas. Ogden, Nebraska: Harry Wells Rusk, Maryland; Bradley G. Schley, Wisconsin; Edward B. Whitney, New York. Headquarters, Metropolitan Hotel, Washington, D. C. PROHIBITION NATIONAL COMMITTEE. 6 > ?Sfi c ..S ■8S-2 >. CO £ O S.C o 0 C - « o 03 ; ; r m C/3 ^ U C3 ^ ®j ; 2 o 2 .3 i9.®o'S Pa3.2 2'a§i m > 1 5S --■M «£ 82 S^g5'^ 5 . 5?J =3 S g^S S-i S £T rocooi'gg.^^ .-^Tdo ^«u s ofe fa .Sg<4io =wS3^^“ g”® 6 ?- § £ § So ogoj gO^jS & oi0!3hS S^JcqP c 2 £ &£h a; • 03 . • • k» • ^ . r cJ — . . . . ■ ;r • rj o . c 3 . . . .^cs^o . = (L S f' 5 -’ > £ £ 2 <5 • ■_ w ,flX C .73 O 03 c5 -4-i i-i ^ ^ O ^ C P> t- 2 k S'o 4 - 3 t- -- £ HH 71 - ^ Ph 0«f • - *-<-r“d^i.rM7LEUo i* ^ ~ K 03 05 K 0 l ^ < ^ > +J p= 'r Of £ ^ E£] ^ . .3 • ^ X. ■ ■ ^ ^ ■ fc_J bJ .2 • r- - rj ^ CO* 05Op3^ii £ O • • *cd •■'i-C . . .>scd • • -[C . O *b»-J>- ■ O c ►-5 01 c^c^^pqQ*-? ^ X '7} l ~ 3 >/Ci < ’iOi>h l 7i^g : ? : H > -:o Sotf' w . _, : 5Wg ! .3 cs <1 < o o Q a 3 s M Z g V . CO . 'C^c £7 j 03 ^§:sp t. CO'q o3 ce.Sd 22 * See footnote on p. 16. % |5I s s 3 . 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Sifa^'o §5as j g4H|®!|a*®®o!2^ , 7 g,^w^(S^o^^SQoo|l|(Ssww“s a ol a«l^o _ 3 [j^^dd £■§ .• i ajOd^^Qocqd g p k ^ d P h' ' 2 aj d ^ d M Jfc'o3 2 « 5gz 6jbHS*< “ 9 = , “® •• - ! ® •••'•“ • •••'”•• ' ■ ' 5t -- w - • ; u TQrK • • . ^ <1 - w ^ .- C P O g g _ O £j o co^ _^.d jO _ . . hi w h* ■ _ ^ hh - • • 'n u m MH ^ ■ ■'h > 7 ^h^c’i_jW c 'P ~ o G CO 51 d-g o w .d ’boo W M 23 THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. * The advantages -which are claimed for the Australian Ballot System, as set forth hy the Rhode Island Ballot Reform Association, are: 1.' A secret ballot, cast as proposed in this plan, interposes the most effectual prevent- ive of the bribery of the voter ever devised. 2. A secret ballot secures the voter against coercion or undue solicitation of others, and enables the most dependent elector to vote as his conscience dictates, in perfect freedom. 3. Excuse for assessment of candidates is taken away. A poor man is placed on an equality with a rich man as a candidate. Money will be less of a fac- tor in politics. 4. The voter will be “ alone with his country, his conscience and his God,” and elections will be more than ever the intelligent and con- scientious registering of the popular will. 5. The method of ballot reform has been much discussed in the United States for several years, and lias received general favor, being recognized, after careful scrutiny, as a practi- cal and salutary measure! A marked feature of the ballot practice in New South Wales is that the names of all the candidates being on one list, the names of persons for whom the voter does not wish to vole must be crossed off, a blue pencil being pro- vided for the purpose by the authorities, while there are clearly printed on the ticket, in red ink, directions as to how many candidates must be voted for. If more than the limit are voted for, the ballot is informal. The Australian Ballot System was practically introduced in the United States in 1888 by its adoption by law in the State of Massachusetts and the city of Louisville, Ivy. The principle of the system was embodied in the Saxton bill which passed the New' York Legislature in the sessions of 1888-89, and was vetoed both times by Governor Hill. The grounds of the Governor’s vetoes were the unconstitutionality of the bill in that it would embarrass, hinder and impede voters in exercising the suffrage, and w'ould, for one class of voters — the blind and illiterate — destroy the secrecy of the ballot by com- pelling an avowal of their votes as a condition of exercising the right. At the instance of Governor Hill a reformed ballot bill, or modification of the Saxton bill, was introduced in the Legislature in the session of 1889, but was not passed; but another bill, a compromise of the Hill and Saxton plans, met with success in 1890. Law's adopting the new system of voting, and follow- ing the example of Massachusetts, were passed in 1889 by t he Legislatures of Indiana, Montana, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Minnesota, Missouri, Michigan and Connecticut, in the order given. Most of the laws passed adhered closely to the Massachusetts form. The Connecticut form varied from it more than the others. In 1890 laws which are more or less modifica- tions of the Australian system were adopted by the Legislatures of Wash- ington, New' York, Maryland, New' Jersey and Vermont. In 1891 the Legislatures of the States of Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaw are, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota and West Virginia, and the Territory of Arizona, adopted laws based on the Australian system. This leaves Iow'a, Kansas, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, and the Territories of Utah and New Mexico. In Kansas a reformed ballot bill has passed one branch of the Legislature. “ There are two methods of grouping the names on the tickets, and both have been tried. The first of these is the English, or original Australian style of alphabetical arrangement of the names of the candidates under the title of the office. This is used by the following States: California, Kentucky, Mas- sachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New' Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming. “The second is know'n as the Belgian system, and consists of grouping all nominations and offices by parties. It is used in Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland and Oklahoma Territory.” * For any f urther developments, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda. preceding Index. 24 Hon. DAVID B. HILL. GERRYMANDERING. This is a political terra, which came into use in 1811. The dominant party in Massachusetts, having a majority in the Legislature, determined to district the State anew. The work was sanctioned and became a law by the signa- ture of Elbridge Gerry, the Governor of the State at that time. The result was that the party in power carried everything and tilled eveiy office in the State, although it is alleged that the returns showed that two-thirds of the votes were those of persons holding opposite views. During the process of re-districting, Elbridge Gerry contrived a scheme which gave the district embracing Essex county, in its relation to districts and towns, a shape like that of a lizard. Gilbert Stuart, a well-known artist, enter- ing the room of Russell, the veteran editor of the “ Boston Sentinel,” who had a map of the new districts hanging on the wall over his desk, observed: “ Why, this district looks like a salamander,” and put in the claws and eyes of the creature with his pencil. “Say, rather, a Gerrymander,” the editor replied, facetiously, and the term became of general use in similar cases. The aim of gerrymandering is so to lay out the one numbered districts as to secure, in the greatest possible number of them, a majority for the party which conducts the operation. This is done sometimes by throwing the greatest possible number of hostile voters into a district which is certain to be hostile, sometimes by adding to a district where parties are equally divided a place in which the majority of friendly voters is sufficient to turn the scale. ' The so-called Shoe-string district of Mississippi, 500 miles long by forty broad, is an example of this system. In Missouri a district has been contrived longer, if measured along its windings, than the State itself, in which as large iT number as possible of the negro voters have been thrown. Hon. Harvey Watterson, after canvassing a certain district of Tennessee, stretching across mountains and rivers the whole length of that State, for the Confederate Congress, when asked what success he had met with, replied, he had “made but few votes, but learned a great deal of geography. ” By this process counties adjacent only by a stretch of imagination are included in these straggling districts, often divided by water, so that, as Hon. Roswell G. Horr said of the division of South Car- olina, “a connection can be effected only by tunneling under.” The following States have been re-districted under the Apportionment law of 1890: Districts, 1880. Districts, 1890. Increase in Districts. Alabama 8 9 1 Arkansas 5 6 1 California 6 1 1 Colorado 1 9 Georgia 10 11 1 Illinois 20 09 2 Kansas 8 1 Massachusetts 12 13 1 Michigan 11 12 1 Minnesota 5 2 Missouri 14 15 1 Nebraska 3 6 3 New Jersey 8 1 Oregon...'. 1 2 1 Pennsylvania 28 30 2 Texas. 11 13 2 Wisconsin 9 10 i In several States the districts have been changed, 1891, the number remaining the same. 25 HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. At the end of the eighteenth century the power to regulate trade and commerce with foreign nations was granted to Congress. The first Tariff Act was signed by President Washington, July 4, 1789. It was a measure suggested by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, and introduced in Congress by Mr. Madison, of Virginia, April 8, 1789, which imposed specific duties on forty-seven articles, and ad valorem rates of 73A, 10, 12 anc l 15 per cent, on four commodities. The unenumerated bills were compelled to pay 5 per cent. The second Tariff Act passed the House by a large majority, and the Sen- ate without division. It was approved by President Washington, August 10, 1790. In this Act the scale of duties was higher. The third Tariff Act, of May 2, 1792, which became effective in the following July, raised the duty on unenumerated merchandise to 7 l 4 per cent., and that on numerous articles paying 7y 2 to 10 per cent. The fourth Tariff bill, was passed June 7, 1794, and went into effect on July 1. It imposed numerous rates in addition to those already payable, some of them specific, and others 214 and 5 per cent, ad valorem. Other Tariff measures were enacted on March 3 and July 8, 1797, and on May 13, 1800. These acts imposed additional rates, and there was a further increase of 214 per cent, on March 26, 1804, on all imports then paying ad va- lorem rates. What is now known as a protective tariff was looked upon in an entirely different point of view by Alexander Hamilton. He considered a tariff an instrument of compensation and retaliation, and a like stand was taken by Jefferson in 1793, when he advocated countervailing foreign restrictions in case they could not be removed by negotiation. The greater number of re- strictions upon commerce, however, which existed during Hamilton’s time, have been removed. A more liberal system of commerce prevailed during the wars in Europe, which was largely beneficial to the merchants of the United States. From time to time moderate increase in the rates of duties were granted, but no real demand for protection until the return of peace in 1801, when the old restrict- ive system was reenacted by Europe. The commerce of the country was so involved by the resumption of hostilities as to create a demand for retaliation. Iu 1805 the importation of British manufactures was prohibited. Later on, the Berlin and Milan decrees of Napoleon, followed by the English Orders in Council, closed the ports of Europe to neutral vessels, and caused much suf- fering among American ship-owners. Mr. Jefferson’s administration retali- ated for the outrages on our commerce by the embargo law passed in Decem- ber, 1807. The result of this was, that the American people, prevented from obtaining their usual supplies from Europe, began to manufacture on their own account , rendered sure of a market by the war, and also by a doubling in all tariff duties, which was done in 1812 as a war measure. The “Tariff of 1812 ” passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 76 to 48, and the Senate by a vote of 20 to 9. Amendments to it were adopted on February 25, and again on July 29, 1813. On February 15, 1816, the ad- ditional duties imposed by the Act of 1812, were repealed, and additional du- ties of 42 per cent, to take effect on July 1, were substituted, but the law did not go into operation. From 1812 to 1816 the average rates on all imports was 32. 73 per cent. The first of the protective tariffs, known as the Lowndes-Calliouu bill, was HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 27 approved April 27, 1816, and took effect the following July. It was not alto- gether set aside until the administration of Mr. Polk in 1842, The ad valo- rem duties under it ranged from 734 to 33 per cent. The unenumerated goods paid 15 per cent., the manufactures of iron and other metals generally 15 per cent., the majority of woolen goods 25 per cent., with clauses estab- lishing “ minimu ms,” that is, in reckoning duties, 25 cents per square yard was to be deemed the minimum cost of cotton cloth; unbleached and uucolored yarn, 60 cents, and bleached or colored yarn, 75 cents per pound. These rates became prohibitory on the cheaper goods. The law was amended April 20, 1818, and on March 3, 1819. It had the support of New England and the Middle States, but the South was opposed to it. From 1817 to 1820, the av- erage rates on imports was 26.52 per cent., from 1821 to 1824, 35.02 per cent., and from 1821 to 1824 on dutiable goods only 36.88 per cent. The necessity for providing for the interests on the heavy debt incurred by the second war with England was due to the general increase of duties. The general tariff measure of Mr. Clay received the President’s signature May 22, 1824, and went into effect July 1, ensuing. It passed both the House and Senate by a close vote. It could not be regarded as a political measure nor yet as a party question. Adams, Clay and Jackson all voted for it. Both the Southern and New England States were dissatisfied with the result, but as iron, wool, hemp and sugar received protection, a combination of the Western and Middle States received sufficient support to pass the bill. The average rale of duties under the law of May '22, 1824, was 37 per cent. The financial crisis of 1825 caused by a great expansion in the paper cir- culation, and precipitated by extensive failures in London, gave the protec- tionists an opportunity to attribute the distress to the operation of the tariff of 1824. New England had heretofore opposed protection as hostile to her com- mercial interests. Manufactures were springing up in those States, and had made such progress as to create an entire change in public sentiment. In 1826 a petition came from Boston praying for higher duties on woolen goods in order to protect this industry in New England. In 1827 a bill to increase the duties on woolens passed the House but failed to become a law. A con- vention of wool growers and manufacturers was held at Harrisburg in July, 1827, at which the wool, woolen, hemp, flax, iron, glass and wood industries were represented and asked to be recognized in any scheme of protection. The tariff was made a leading issue in the presidential election of 1828. The planters of the South sought to resist a policy which they claimed as benefiting the North at their expense, and the North and East became more earnest in demanding a continuance of a system which, they alleged, had prompted them to put their capital into investments which must inevitably be ruined, unless the protective policy was maintained. As an outcome of the contention, a tariff bill drawn by Silas Wright, of New York, was passed by a vote of 105 to 74, the protective features of which he said were that “ it was intended to turn the manufacturing capital of the country to the working up of domestic raw material, and not foreign raw material.” The tariff act of 1828 was known as the “Tariff of Abominations.” It was the immediate cause of the nullification movement. South Carolina pro- tested against it as a “ violation of State rights and one grossly unequal and op- pressive.” North Carolina also protested against the law, and Alabama and Georgia denied the power of Congress to lay duties for protection. The tariff of 1828 had special reference to iron and wool and manufacture of wool. The duty on wool was 4 cents per pound and 40 per cent, for one year; then 4 cents and 45 per cent, for one year, then 4 cents and 50 per cent. The av- erage duty on all goods from 1829 to 1832 was 47.81 per cent, and on all du- tiable goods 51.55 per cent. The tariff measure passed July 14, 1832, maintained all of the protective features of the tariff of 1828, whiie reducing or abolishing many of the reve- 28 HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATIONS'. nue taxes. The tax on iron was reduced, that on cotton was unchanged, and that on woolens was increased, while some of the raw wools were made free of duty. It was known as “The Modifying Tariff.” It was passed by the Whigs, and approved March 3, 1883. Vote in the House, 132 to 66; in the Senate, 32 to 16. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was introduced by Mr. Clay. It was in- tended as a substitute for all bills pending, and looked toward a gradual re- duction in duties; of all duties which were over 20 per cent, by the act of 1832, one-tenth of the excess over 20 per cent, was to be struck off after 1835, and one-tenth each alternate year thereafter until 1841. A Provisional Tariff bill by which the operations of the existing tariff were to be continued until August, 1842, passed the House but was amended in the Senate by a proviso postponing the distribution of the proceeds of the public lands until the same date. The bill was vetoed by the President on the grounds that the bill united two incongruous subjects; that the bill pro- posed to give away a fruitful source of revenue, and that it was in violation of what was intended to be inviolable as a compromise in relation to the tariff system. A general tariff act was passed without the obnoxious clause. The Tariff of 1842 was a Whig party measure, and one of protection. It became operative on August 30, 1842, and changed all existing rates. 1 1 was amended in March, 1843, and became extinct December 1, 1846. New Eng- land and the Middle States strongly supported it. The South opposed it, aud the West was a tie. The average rate of all imports under it was 26.92 per cent., and on dutiable articles 33.47 percent. The Polk-Walker Tariff of 1846, was approved by President Polk on July 30 of that year. Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, who was President Polk’s Secretary of the Treasury, advanced the principles that “No more money should be collected than is needed for economical administration”; “the duty on no articles should exceed the lowest rate which will yield the largest reve- nue “ below such rate discrimination may be made, or for imperative rea- sons an article may be made free “ luxuries should be taxed on the mini- mum rate for revenue ”; duties should be all ad valorem and never specific ”; ‘ ‘ duties should be so imposed as to operate as equally as possible throughout the Union without respect to class or section.” The bill passed the House by 114 to 95. In the Senate it was a tie, Vice-President Dallas giving the casting vote in the affirmative, but on its final passage the Senate stood 28 to 27. The West and the South supported and the East opposed the bill. The average duty on all imports was, from 1847 to 1857, 23.20 per cent., and on dutiable articles 26.22 per cent. The Tariff of 1857 was approved on March 3 of that year. It made a still further reduction in duties and remained in force until April 1, 1861. It passed the House by a vote of 123 to 72, and the Senate 33 to 12. New Eng- land and the South united in securing its passage. The average duty on all goods from 1858 to 1861, was 15.66 per cent., and on dutiable articles 20.72 per cent. The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was dissimilar to all previous bills, in that it made a distinction between goods imported from different parts of the world, and provided for a general system of compound and differential duties, spe- cific and ad valorem. It passed the House May 11, 1860, by a vote of 105 to 64, and the Senate on February 20, 1861, by a vote of 25 to 14. It was an out and out protective tariff. It was several times changed during the war, from 1861 to 1865. Every year produced some revisions, and in 1879 there was a general modification of rates. Tea and coffee, taxed since 1861, were put upon the free list; the duties on cotton and woolen goods, wool, iron, paper, glass and leather were lowered about 20 per cent. The free list was enlarged, but the reduction was rescinded by the Act of March, 1875. The duty on quinine was abolished July 1, 1879. The average duty on all im- HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 29 ports from 1862 to 1883 was 34.16 per cent.., and on all dutiable articles 42.74 per cent. The Commission Tariff was passed by the Senate March 2, 1883, and the House March 3, 1883. The vote in the Senate was 32 to 31, and in the House 152 to 116. This tariff act remained in force until October 6, 1890, when it was superseded, except as to tobacco and tin plate, by the McKinley Tariff bill. The McKinley Tariff bill passed the House by a vote of 152 to 81, and the Senate by a vote of 33 to 27. Under it Senator Aldrich computed the average at 45.13 per cent., and Senator Carlisle computed the average at 60 per cent. — the highest in the history of the government. The tariff averages are as follows: From 1791 to 1812, 19.58 per cent. ; from 1812 to 1817, 32.73 percent.; from 1817 to 1825, 26.o2 per cent.; from 1825 to 1829, 47.17 per cent.; from 1829 to 1832, 47.81 per cent.; from 1832 to 1834, 28.99 per cent.; from 1834 to 1843, 19.25 per cent.; from 1843 to 1847, 26.92 per cent.; from 1847 to 1858, 23.20 per cent.; from 1858 to 1862, 15.06 per cent.; from 1862 to 1884, 34.16 per cent.; from 1884 to 1890, 45.50 per cent.; from 1890, about 60 per cent.* * For Cleveland’s Tariff Message, text of the Mills and McKinley Bills, and further developments of Tariff legislation, up to the moment of going to press, see Appendices and Addenda , preceding Index. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES, LEADING ARTICLES IMPORTED, GIVING RATE OF TAXATION AT ENTRY BY THE NEW TARIFF COMPARED WITH TARIFF OF 1883. The articles covered by the Tariff Act of 1890 number many thousands. The fol- lowing table embraces about 300 selected articles, being mainly those in most general use in the United States. * Indicates “When not otherwise provided for.” Articles. Old Tariff (1883) Rate. New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. Alcohol Aluminium, unmanufactured Aniline colors or dyes Animals for breeding Bagging for cotton Bags, grain Barley Beads, ornamental Beef, mutton, and pork Beer, ale, not in bottles Beer, porter, and ale, in bottles Bindings, cotton Bindings, flax Bindings, wool Blankets, value not over 30c per lb Blankets, value 30e to 40c Blankets, value 40c to 60c Blankets, value 60c to 80c Blankets, value over 80c per lb Bonnets, silk Bonnets, straw Books, charts, maps Books, over 20 yrs. old or for pub. lib Bronze, manufactures of Brushes Building stone, rough Building stone, dressed Butter, and substitutes for Buttons, pearl Buttons, sleeve and collar, gilt Buttons, wool, hair, etc Canvas for sails Caps, cotton Caps, fur and leather Carpets, treble ingrain Carpets, two-ply Carpets, tapestry Brussels Carpets, Wilton and Axminster Carpets, Brussels Carpets, velvet Cheese, all kinds Cigars and cigarettes Clocks* Clothing, ready-made, cotton* Clothing, ready-made, linen Clothing, ready-made, silk Clothing, ready-made, woolen Coal, anthracite Coal, bituminous Coffee Confectionery, all sugar Copper, manufactures of Cotton trimmings Cotton galloons and gimps Cotton gloves 10 per ct. ad valorem. Free 35 per cent Free 1 ViC. per lb 40 per cent 10c per bushel 50 per cent lc per lb 20c per gallon 35c “ 35 per cent 35 “ 30c lb. and 50 per ct 10c “ “35 “ .... 12c “ “ 35 “ .... 18c “ “35 “ .... 24c “ “ 35 “ .... 35c “ “40 “ .... 30 per cent 30 “ 25 “ Free 45 per cent 30 “ $1 per ton 20 per cent 4c per lb 25 per cent 25 “ 30c lb. and 50 per ct. . . 30 per cent 35 “ 30 “ 12c sq. yd. and 30 per ct. 8c “ “ 30 “ 20c “ “ 30 “ 45c “ “ 30 “ 30c “ “ 30 25c “ “ 30 “ 4c per lb $2.50 lb. and 25 per ct. . 30 per cent 35 “ 40 “ 50 “ 40c lb. and 35 per cent. Free 75c per ton Free 5c per lb 45 per cent 40 “ 35 “ 35 “ 10 per ct. ad valorem 15c per lb. 35 per cent. Free. 1 ,6c and 1.8c lb. 2c per lb. 30c per bushel. 10 per cent. 2c per lb. 20c per gallon. 40c “ 40 per cent . 50 60c a lb. and 60 per ct. 16He “ “ 30 22c “ “ 35 33c “ “ 35 “ 38Ke “ “ 40 38 He “ “ 40 60 per cent. 30 25 “ Free. 45 per cent. 40 11c per cubic foot. 40 per cent. 6c per lb. 2}£c line and 25 per ct. 50 per cent. 60c a lb. and 60 per ct 50 per cent. 50 35 19c sq.yd. and 40 per ct . 14c “ “ 40 28c “ “ 40 60c “ “ 40 “ 44c “ “ 40 40c “ “ .40 6c per lb. $4.50 lb. and 25 per ct 45 per cent. 50 55 “ 60 49J4c lb. and 60 per ct. Free. 75c per ton. Free. 5c per lb. 45 per cent. 60 40 50 30 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 31 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. Articles. Cotton handkerchiefs Cotton hosiery valued at more than 60c and not more than $2 per doz. pairs. . . Cotton hosiery, $2 to $4 per doz. pairs. . . Cotton hosiery, more than §4 per doz Cotton shirts and drawers, value $3 to §5 Cotton plushes, velvets, etc Cotton Swiss muslin Cotton webbing Cotton curtains Cutlery — Pocket-knives, value under 50c per doz. 50c to $2 per doz $1.50 to $3 per doz Over $3 per doz Razors, less than $4 per doz Razors, more than $4 per doz Table-knives not more than $1 per doz. Table-knives, $1 to $2 per doz Table-knives, $2 to $3 per doz Table-knives, $3 to $8 per doz Table-knives, more than $8 per doz Diamonds, uncut (free), cut and set Diamonds, cut but not set Drugs, crude Drugs, not crude Earthenware, common Earthenware, china, porcelain, etc Earthenware, decorated Eggs Engravings Extracts,Alyes, and logwoods Extracts, meat Fans, palm leaf, with handles Felt, hats Felt, shoes Fertilizers, guanos, manures Fire-arms, double-barreled, breech-load- ing, value not over $6 Fire-arms, value $6 to $12 Fire-arms, value over $12 Fire-arms, single-barreled Fire-arms, pistols, value over $1.50 Fish, American fisheries Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled... Flannels, under 30c per lb Flannels, value 30c to 40c Flannels, value 40c to 50c Flax, manufactures of Flowers, artificial Fruits, preserved in juice Fruits, apples Fruits, oranges and lemons* Fur manufactures Furniture, wood Glassware, plain and cut Glass, lamp chimneys Glass, polished plate, not over 16 x 24. . Glass, silvered, not over 16 x 24 Glass, Bohemian Glass discs for optical instruments Gloves, kid, men’s, plain Gloves, embroidered Gloves, lined Gloves, pique, lined Gloves, pique, lined and embroidered. Gloves, ladies’ and children’s plain. . . . Gloves, ladies’ lined Gloves, lined and embroidered Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 35 per cent . 40 40 40 40 35 35 “ 35 35 New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 35 “ 35 “ 35 “ 35 “ 35 “ 25 “ 10 “ Free 10 per cent 25 “ 55 “ 60 “ Free 25 per cent 10 “ 20 “ Free per cent 40c lb. and 35 per ct. . Free 50 per cent. 50c doz. and 30 per ct. 75c “ 40 “ 40 $1.25 “ 40 10c sq. yd. & 20 “ 60 per cent. 40 60 35 per cent 35 “ 35 “ 35 “ 35 “ Free Kc per lb 10c lb. and 35 per cent 12c “ “ 35 18c “ “ 35 35 per cent 50 “ 20 “ Free 25c per box 30 per cent 30 and 35 per cent 40 per cent 40 “ 5c per sq. foot 6c “ “ 45 per cent 45 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ 50 “ ....' 50 “ 50 “ 12c doz. and 50c $1 $2 $1 $1.75 10c 35c 40c $1 $2 50 per cent. 10 Free. 10 per cent. 25 55 60 5c per doz. 25 per cent. %c per lb. 35c “ 30 per cent 55 50 per ct. 50 50 “ 50 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 55 u 49>£c lb. and 60 per ct. Free. $1.50 ea. and 35 per ct. 35 35 35 35 Free. per lb. 16Ke lb. and 30 per ct. 22c “ 35 33c “ 35 50 per cent. 50 30 25c per bushel. 13c box and 30 per ct. 35 per cent. 35 60 60 “ 5c per sq. foot. 6c 60 per cent. 60 $1 dz. not less tlian 50p.c. $1.50 $2.50 $2.50 $3 $1.75 $2.75 $3.25 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 32 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES— Continued. Articles. Old Tariff (1883) Rate. New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. Gloves, su&des and scmaschen, emb’d . . . Gloves, sutldes, lined Gloves, suedes, lined and embroidered. . . Glucose Glue, value not over 7c per lb Gold, manufactures of, not jewelry Hair of hog's curled for mattresses Hair manufactures* Hair braids and ornaments Hair, human, unmanufactured Hams Handkerchiefs, linen Handkerchiefs, silk Hay Hemp cordage, untarred Hemp cordage, tarred Hides, raw, dried, salted, pickled Hogs Honey Hoops, iron or steel, for baling purposes. Hops Horn, manufactures of Horses, mules, value under $150 Horses, mules, value over $150 India-rubber, manufactures India-rubber, vulcanized India-rubber, wearing apparel Instruments, philosophical, metal Iron, manufactures of* Iron screws, % inch or less in length Iron tinned plates Ivory, manufactures* Jewelry Jute, burlaps Jute, cotton bagging Jute, other bagging. Knit Goods— Wearing apparel, value not over 30c lb. Wearing apparel, value 30c to 40c Wearing apparel, value 40c to 60c Wearing apparel, value GOc to 80c Wearing apparel, value over 80c lb Silk Knives, carving Laces, cotton Laces, linen Lard Lead, pigs, bars Lead, type metal Leather manufactures* Lime Linen manufactures* Linen, wearing apparel Linen thread Linseed oil Macaroni Malt Matches, friction, boxed Mats, cocoa and rattan Matting, jute Mathematical instruments, glass Meerschaum pipes Mica, ground Milk, fresh Milk, condensed Molasses Muffs, fur Musical instruments, metal Music boxes 50 per cent. . . 50 50 “ 20 “ 20 45 “ 25 “ 30 “ 20 30 2c per lb 35 per cent. . . .50 $2 per ton 3c per lb 3 Ac “ Free 20 per cent 20c per gallon 35 per cent 8c per lb 30 per cent . . . 20 20 30 “ 30 35 35 45 “ 12c per lb lc “ 30 per cent 25 “ . . . . 30 1 Ac per lb 40 per cent 10c lb. and 35 per ct. 12c “ “ 35 “ . 18c “ “ 35 “ . 24c “ “ 35 “ . 35c “ “40 “ . 50 per cent 35 “ 40 “ 30 “ 2c per lb 2c “ 20 per cent 30 “ 10 “ 35 “ 35 “ 35 ‘‘ 25c per gallon Free. 20c per bushel 35 per cent 20 “ 20 “ 45 “ 70 “ 10 “ 10 “ 20 “ 4c and 8c per gallon. 30 per cent 25 50c dz. not less than 50 p.c. $1 “ “ 50 “ $1.50 “ “ 50 “ %c per lb. IKe “ 45 per cent. 15 “ 33c a lb. and 40 per ct. 60c “ “ 60 20 per cent. 5c per lb. 55 per cent. 60 “ $4 per ton. 2Ac per lb. 3c “ Free. $1.50 per head. 20c per gallon. 1.3c per lb. 15c per lb. 30 per cent. $30 per head. 30 per cent. 30 35 “ 50c a lb. and 50 per ct. 45 per cent. 45 14c per lb. 2.2c “ 40 per cent. 50 1/sC per lb. 1.6c and 1.8c per lb. 2c. per lb. 33c a lb. and 40 per ct. 38Kc “ “ 40 44c “ “ 50 “ 44c “ “ 50 44c “ “ 50 “ 60 per cent. $1 to $5 doz. & 30 per ct 60 per cent. 60 2c per lb. 2c “ lAc “ 35 per cent. 6c per 100 lbs. 50 per cent. 55 45 “ 32c per gallon. 2c per lb. 45c per bushel. 10c per gross. 8c per sq. ft. 6c per sq. yd. 60 per cent. 70 35 “ 5e per gallon. 3c per lb. Free (after Apr. 1,’91). 35 per cent. 45 45 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 33 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. Articles. Old Tariff (1883) Rate. New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. Nails, cut Nails, horseshoe Needles, sewing Newspapers, periodicals Oatmeal Oil-cloths for floors, value over 25c sq. yd. Oil, olive Oil, whale and seal Onions Opium, liquid preparat ions Organs Paintings, by American artists Paintings, by foreign artists Paper manufactures Paper stock, crude Pepper, cayenne, unground Perfumery, alcoholic Personal effects (see note) Phosphorus Photograph Albums . Photograph Slides Pianofortes Pickles Pins, metallic Pipes of clay, common Plants* . . Poultry, dressed Potatoes Pulp, wood, paper-makers’ use, ground. . . Quicksilver Quilts, cotton Quinine, sulphate and salts Railroad ties, cedar Robes, buffalo, made up Roofing tiles, plain Rope, bale, of hemp Rope, bale, of cotton Rugs, oriental Salmon, dried or smoked Salmon, pickled and salted Salt, in bulk Salt, in bags Sauces* Sausages, Bologna Sausages, all others Sealskin sacques Seeds, garden Sheetings, linen Shirts, in whole or part linen Shoe-laces, cotton Shoe-laces, leather Shoes, leather Shoes, India-rubber Silk, raw Silk, spun in skeins Silk, laces, embroideries, handkerchiefs, and all wearing apparel Skins, uncured, raw Skins, tanned and dressed Slates, porcelain, plain Smokers’ articles, except clay pipes Snuff Soap, Castile Spelter in blocks Spirits, except bay rum Statuary, marble. Steel ingots — Slabs, etc., value 7c to 10c per lb Slabs, etc., value 10c to 13c per lb IMe per lb 4c “ 25c “ Free Me per lb 40 per cent. . 25 25 “ 10 40 25 “ Free 30 per cent . . . 15 Free Free $2 per gallon 10c per lb . 30 per cent 45 “ 35 “ 30 “ 35 “ Free 10c per lb 15c per bushel 10 per cent 10c per lb 35 per cent Free Free 20 per cent 20 “ 35 “ 35 “ 40 “ lc per lb 25 per cent 8c per 100 lbs 12c “ “ 35 per cent Free 25 per cent 30 “ 20 “ 35 “ 35 “ 35 “ 30 “ 30 “ 25 “ Free 30 per cent 50 “ Free 20 per cent 55 “ 70 “ 50c per lb 20 per cent 1 Me per lb $2 per proof gallon 30 per cent 2%c per lb 3 Me. “ lc per lb. 4c “ Free. Free, lc per lb. 15c sq. yd. & 30 per ct. 35c per gallon. 8c “ 40c per bushel. 40 per cent. 45 Free. 15 per cent. 25 Free. 2Mc per lb. $2.50 gal. and 50 per ct. 20c per lb. 35 per cent. 60 45 45 “ 30 15c per gross. 20 per cent. 5c per lb. 25c per bushel. $2.50 per ton, dry wt. 10c per lb. 45 per cent. Free. 20 per cent. 35 25 50 40 60c sq. yd. & 40 per ct. lc per lb. 30 per cent. 8c per 100 lbs. 12c 45 per cent. Free. 25 per cent. 35 20 50 55 “ 40 35 25 “ 30 Free. 35 per cent. 60 “ Free. 20 per cent. 60 70 50c per lb. lMc “ lKc “ $2.50 per proof gallon. 15 per cent. 2.8c per lb. 3Mc “ 34 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. Articles. Slabs, etc., value 13c to 16c per lb. . Slabs, etc., value above 16c per lb.. Stereoscopic Views, glass Straw manufactures* Sugars, not above 16 Dutch standard Sugars, above 16 Dutch standard Sumac, ground Tea Telegraph poles, cedar Telescopes Thermometers Thread — Old Tariff (1883) Rate. New Tariff' (McKinley) 1890. 3Xc per lb . 3'4c “ . 45 per cent 30 4.3c per lb. 7c 60 per cent, 30 1 2-5 min. per lb 3-3 y, c per lb 3-10c “ .... Free Free 45 per cent 45 “ Free (after Apr. 1, ’91). He per lb. 4-10c “ Free. 20 per cent. 60 60 Cotton, value from 25c to 40c per lb 40c to 50c per lb ( 50c to 60c per lb Flax or linen, value not over 13c per lb. Over 13c per lb Tin, ore or metal (after July 1, 1891) Tin plates (after July 1, 1891) Tobacco, cigar wrappers, not stemmed. . . Tobacco, if stemmed Tobacco, all other leaf, if stemmed Tobacco, unmanufactured, not stemmed. Tooth-brushes.. Trees, nursery stock Trimmings, cotton, linen and lace Trimmings, wool, worsted, etc Towels, linen damask Umbrellas, silk or alpaca Vegetables, natural* Vegetables, prepared or preserved Velvets, silk Violins Watches, and parts of Water-colors, for artists Wearing apparel (see note) Whips, rawhide and leather. Wheat Wicks and wicking, cotton Willow for basket-makers Willow hats and bonnets Willow manufactures* Wines — Champagne, in % pint bottles or less. . . Champagne, H pint and not over 1 pint Champagne, 1 pint and not over 1 quart Champagne, over one quart Still in casks Woods, cabinet, sawed Wool, first and second class Wool, third-class* Wool or worsted yarns— Value not over 30c per lb Value over 30c and not over 40c per lb. . Value over 40c per lb Woolen and worsted clothing Woolen manufactures* — Value not over 30c per lb Value 30c and not over 40c per lb Value 40c and not over 60c per lb Value 60c and not over 80c per lb Value over 80c per lb 15c per lb . . 20c “ . . 25c “ 35 per cent 35 Free lc per lb 75c “ — *1 “ . . . . 18c per lb. 23c 28c 6c “ 45 per cent. 4c per lb. 2.2c “ 40c “ 35 per cent 30 “ Free 40 per cent 30c lb. and 50 per cent. 30 per cent 50 “ 10 “ 30 “ 50 “ 25 “ 50c 35c 40 per cent. 20 60 60c a lb. and 60 per ct. 50 per cent. 55 25 45 $3.50 lb. & 15 per ct. but not less than 50 per ct. 35 per cent. 25 25 25 30 30 per cent . . . 20c per bushel 35 per cent 25 “ 30 20 35 per cent. 25c per bushel. 40 per cent. 30 40 40 $1.75 per doz $3.50 “ $7 “ $7 doz. and $2.25 gal . . 50c per gallon. .... Free 10c and 12c per lb 5c per lb $2 per doz. “ $8 and $2.50 per gal. 50c per.gallon. 15 per cent. 11c and 12c per lb. 50 per cent. 10c lb. and 35 per cent. 27 He lb. and 35 per ct. 12c “ “ 35 “ 33c “ “ 35 18c “ “ 35 38 H “ “ 40 40c “ “ 35 49 X “ “ 60 10c “ “ &5 33c “ “ 40 “ 12c “ “ 35 38 Xc “ “ 40 18c “ “ 35 44c “ “ 40 “ 24c “ “ 35 44c “ “ 50 35c “ “ 40 44c “ “ 50 “ Note. — Personal or household effects of persons arriving in the United States, in use over one year, or of American citizens dying abroad, free. Duty must be paid on all watches but one. Articles and tools of trade, when in actual use, free. TARIFF REFORM VOTES, 1865-1890. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES— BY STATES. STATE. March 3,1 1865. July 28, 1866. July 14, 1870. June 2, 1872. Feb. 8, 1875. March 3, 1875. March 3, 1883. How Cast — ainst. CO d ainst. in d ainst. ainst. in d o be o be o bo o bo o be o be bo In -a) In -4 In <1 In < In < In < In North Atlantic Division. Maine 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 i New Hampshire 2 1 3 — 2 — 3 — 2 i 2 i 3 — Vermont 3 — 3 — 3 — — 2 2 — i i 3 — Massachusetts 7 — 10 — 8 — 7 1 7 8 i 9 Rhode Island 2 — 2 — — — — 2 i 1 2 Connecticut 2 1 2 — 3 — 3 i 3 — 2 2 3 New York 10 12 16 5 16 10 18 5 15 8 13 6 21 8 New Jersey — 4 1 3 2 2 2 2 5 1 5 2 7 — Pennsylvania 19 1 19 2 19 4 3 20 18 5 21 5 20 5 South Atlantic Division. Delaware 1 _ 4§ _ — — 1 — 1 — 1 Maryland 2 — i 4 — 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 — 6 Virginia — — — — 5 1 6 — 3 4 1 7 4 4 West Virginia 2 — 3 — 2 — 3 — — 2 1 2 1 2 North Carolina — — — — 1 — 5 — 1 5 — 4 1 6 South Carolina — — — — 1 — 2 1 4 1 4 — 2 3 Georgia — — — — — — 6 — 2 5 1 5 1 7 Florida — — — — 1 — 1 — — — — 1 1 1 North Central Division. Ohio 3 9 15 3 13 2 5 11 13 8 10 10 7 11 Indiana 2 4 — 7 5 3 11 — 10 3 4 5 8 5 Illinois 4 5 — 12 11 2 13 — 7 7 2 12 43 6 Michigan 3 1 4 — 5 — 2 4 7 — 8 1 8 1 Wisconsin 3 2 2 — 5 1 4 2 5 1 6 1 6 2 Minnesota 1 — 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 — Iowa 5 — 2 3 5 — 6 — 5 2 5 3 7 1 Missouri 6 1 2 3 8 — 9 — — 13 2 11 4 8 North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska — — — — 1 — 1 — 1 — i — 1 — Kansas 1 1 — 1 — 1 — 2 1 2 1 3 — South Central Division. Kentucky — 2 1 6 5 1 6 3 — 10 — 10 1 8 Tennessee — — — — 8 — 7 1 4 6 4 5 3 7 Alabama — — — — 1 4 5 — 1 3 3 3 1 4 Mississippi — — — — 4 — 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 4 Louisiana — — — — 2 — 2 — — 5 — — 5 Texas — — — — 3 1 4 — — 6 — 6 — 5 Arkansas — — — — 3 — — — 3 1 1 1 — 3 Western Division. Montana 1 Colorado — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — Nevada — — 1 — 1 — 1 — — — — — — 1 Washington Oregon 1 — 2 — — — 1 — — — — — 1 — California 3 — 1 — 2 1 1 1 4 — 2 2 2 2 Total 85 43 95 49 152 35 149 61 136 99 123 114 152 116 1890. 164 142 35 Against. RECIPROCITY. The protective tariff in this country has, since the time it first made its appearance as a part of our national policy, acted as a check to the free im- portation of raw material or of manufactured goods from other countries. The Republican party, having from the first identified itself with a high pro- tective tariff, has urged as its reason for this the necessity of building up manufactures and enabling Americans to make the articles they use in the place of being dependent on the manufacturers in England and Europe. It is scarcely necessary to say that a protective tariff on any article stim- ulates the production of that article in the country levying the duty. As good an illustration of the result of the tariff as may be asked is to be found in the history of the attempt to make watches in Massachusetts. Three times, prior to the war, did a watch company start at Waltham only to fail. It was found impossible to compete with the watch manufacturers of Eng- land and the Continent. But with the duty levied soon after the civil war broke out, a fourth attempt was made. The result was, not only that a Waltham watch took the gold medal at the Paris Exposition in the seventies as against all competitors, but the American watches can to-day be sold in London and in Switzerland. The manufacture of them has reached a point where a duty is no longer necessary, and it has also reached a point where foreign markets are invaded. The lesson of this is obvious. A protective tariff makes the manufacture of a particular article possible, but it also stimulates that manufacture until the men engaged in it so develop it as to make it possible to compete with their rivals in other countries. There also comes a time in the history of every manufacturing country when the home market is outgrown, when— unless new markets may be found — there is a surplus of manufactures. It is an economic law that there may be no exports from a country unless there are imports also. The money of the world is used, so far as commerce is concerned, only to pay balances. This may be shown in a very simple way. The total amount of gold and silver in the United States in Novem- ber. 1890, was $1,004,200,553. The total value of imports for the fiscal year ending June 1, 1890, was $823,286,735. Had this country paid in cash for those imports there would have been only $180,913,818 left, or enough to pay for imports for about a month and a half longer; at the end of which time we would have had no more money. But as the value of the exports during that year was $881,076,017, we had only the balance of $57,789,282 to pay. This law, which makes it impossible for a country to export unless it im- ports as well, makes the protective tariff operate against the manufacturer so soon as the time comes when he is obliged to seek a foreign market or limit his production. The election of General Harrison to the presidency stamped the Repub- lican policy of protection with the people’s seal of approval. Thus encour- aged, Congress was enabled to pass the McKinley bill, in which the protective tariff was carried to a higher point than before. But by this time, under the stimulus of the tariff, the manufacturers of the country had reached the position where for many of them a foreign market was necessary if they would still develop. Mr. James G. Blaine saw that the natural markets of 36 RECIPROCITY. 3 the United States were to be found in the Spanish American countries of Central and South America. He had long been leading up to a closer union, commercial and friendly, between the Republics of the two Americas, and he had driven his scheme of a Pan-American Congress to a successful ending. He caused to be introduced in Congress what was called the Reciprocity amendment to the McKinley bill. Under this section the President, when he becomes convinced that any country which produces sugar, molasses, coffee, tea or hides, is imposing duties on agricultural products or manu- factured articles produced in the United States, has the power to suspend the operation of the McKinley bill so far as sugar, molasses, coffee, tea or hides imported from such country are concerned. In other words, this gives the President the power to lessen the duty paid on these specified articles when he sees fit to do so. This in turn means that if Brazil will reduce her duties levied on agricultural products and manufactures of the United States, the President will reduce our duties on coffee, sugar and hides from Brazil. The working of this amendment is almost apparent when one reads it. It is bringing the old principle of mutual concessions into international trade in order to increase the commerce of the United States, and in turn, that of the country to which the concession is made. In effect, reciprocity is free trade with this limitation: It trades off the reduction of duties at this end of the line for similar reductions at the other, and it is a form of free trade especially designed to foster the trade with a particular country. It provides a market for those manufactures which have outgrown the home demand, and it increases the market for the farmers. It is easy to see, from what has been written, that reciprocity is the natural outcome of a protective tariff. The tariff has fostered and stimulated American manufactures until the home market is no longer sufficient, and therefore a new market had to be found. The introduction into Congress of the Reciprocity resolution produced some excitement. Senator Mitchell was the first to advocate it, but he was speedily followed by all the Republican Senators. The New York Produce Exchange held a meeting and passed resolutions in favor of the scheme, which action was repeated by nearly all the commercial bodies in the coun- try. A vigorous fight was made against it in the House by Major McKinley and Speaker Reed, but when it became apparent that public sentiment was strongly in favor of it, the amendment passed. Since then a number of treaties have been begun, and some have been concluded, looking towards putting the plan into active operation. During the debate on the measure, an effort was made to enlarge the scheme sufficiently to bring Canada in, but this was defeated owing to the opposition of Representatives and Senators from the States along the Northern border. TEXT OP THE RECIPROCITY SECTION OF THE MCKINLEY BILL. Section 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries producing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first day of July, 1892, whenever, and so often as the President shall be satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, molas- ses, coffee, tea and hides, raw and uncured, or any of such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the production of 3b 38 RECIPROCITY. such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such case and dur- ing such suspension, duties shall he levied, collected, and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from such desig- nated country, as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, syrups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 75 degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; and for every additional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two-hundredths of one cent per pound additional. All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. All sugar above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per pound. Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. On coffee, three cents per pound. On tea, ten cents per pound. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled, Angora goat- skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured, asses’ skins, raw or unmanu- factured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on, one and one-half cents per pound.* * For most recent developments as to Reciprocity treaties, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. THE SILVER QUESTION. The silver question in this country to-day is the result of a demand on the part of many people for more money in circulation, stimulated doubtless by the desire of the owners of silver mines to find a market for their product. As the law stands now, gold may be taken in unlimited quantities to the United States mints and there coined into money. The director of the mint has no power, acting as the agent of the Secretary of the Treasury, to refuse to re- ceive the metal or to pay for it, either in gold coin or in United States notes, which are, of course, gold coin in another form. When England demonetized silver, France was left as the great bi-metallic country of the world. At that time (1792 to 1834) the United States was coining silver and gold at the ratio of 15 to 1. France was coining at the rate of lo 1 ^ to 1, and as a result the United States was stripped of its gold coin. In 1834 the United States raised the ratio from 15 to 1 to 16 to 1, and there being 3 per cent, profit in the transaction, the silver left this country and gold came in. Then the United States, in order to keep its subsidiary coinage, depreciated it and thus stopped the drain. When the war broke out, all questions of metallic coinage were speedily swallowed up in the flood of “greenbacks” and “ shinplasters.” When, however, we renewed specie payment, things went on as before. In 1873 France stopped the free coinage of silver in order to escape from the flood of German silver which was draining the country of its gold. Coincident with this came the enormous development of silver-mining in this country, follow- ing the discovery of the “Bonanza” deposit in the Comstock in Nevada. All the silver of the world rushed in here and the United States was forced to demonetize the metal. The demand for more money in circulation, which naturally followed the great development of the country during the seventies and eighties, brought with it the greenback movement. This was a demand made by a large sec- tion of the people for the issue by the government of an unlimited and irre- deemable currency. The greenback advocates were defeated and so thor- oughly beaten that as a party in politics they practically ceased to exist. The nation realized that greenbacks were the notes of hand issued by the government and obtaining their value from the government’s credit. It was as absurd to say that a government note should never he redeemed as it was to say that the note of an individual could be circulated in business if there was no redemption provided for it. But while the common sense of the nation rejected the irredeemable greenback project, this did not in the least affect the demand for more money in circulation. It was apparent to all men that when the time came to move the wheat crop, all other enterprises felt the need of money greatly. It took about all the money in the country for the wheat. Consequently there came a time every year when business generally languished, owing to the fact that the money, which is the life-blood of business, was withdrawn from it. Nor was this all. The scarcity of money brought with it a high price for its use, and the interest demanded on mortgages was such that the net profit derived from the cultivation of the ground would not, except under exceptional cir- cumstances, pay this interest. Men who were confronted with this situation, and especially the farmers, who feel the bite the most keenly, looked at the vast mass of silver in the 39 40 THE SILVER QUESTION. country with longing eyes. They declared that silver was as good a basis as gold on which to rest a currency, and they demanded that the United States once more go back to the bi-metallic standard. They urged that, were there unlimited coinage of silver; were silver put on the same basis as gold in this regard, the dearth of money would cease at once and interest would fall. As a result of this feeling the Bland bill was introduced into Congress providing for the unlimited coinage of the white metal. It was fiercely opposed. Many able men, led by John Sherman, Ex-Sec- retary of the Treasury, argued that, were the United States to adopt the bi- metallic standard when no other of the great nations would do the same thing, it would at once create a market for the silver of the world, and that it would he drained of its gold. This would result, they declared, in an ad- vance in the price of gold, and as all balances in commerce with nations hav- ing a gold standard would have to be paid in this metal, any legislation mak- ing gold subject to fluctuations in price would result disastrously to the mer- chants and manufacturers. The gist of their argument was that the mone- tization of silver would make gold a commodity subject to changes in price and to all the evils of speculation. The opposition was strong enough to get the Allison amendment tacked on to the Bland bill. By this the Secretary of the Treasury must buy not less than two millions nor more than four millions each month. This measure has resulted in making silver a commodity. During the last two years the party in favor of free silver and a bi-metallic standard has grown enormously in this country. The gist of the whole question lies in the ratio given to silver and gold in any law making both legal tender and giving both free coinage. The ratio in the markets of the world to-day is, generally speaking, one of gold to fifteen and a half of sil- ver. But silver, being demonetized, fluctuates in price. Were the United States to adopt this ratio, then it would find itself alternately a purchaser and a seller of silver, as silver went down or up abroad. Whether these would be equal in the long run it is difficult to say. It is probable that the advantages and disadvantages of free coinage for silver have been exaggerated somewhat by the advocates and opponents of the measure. There remain two facts after all the froth has been blown away. First, the farming and other interests of the country seriously need cheaper money; second, that any ratio established by Congress will force this coun- try to buy or sell silver in accordance with the price elsewhere.* * For most recent developments as to silver legislation, etc., up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. There is a Single Tax National League of tlie United States of which Henry George, of New York, is the foremost champion. The theory of the League is that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of what God has created and of what is gained by the general growth and improve- ment of the community of which they are a part. That no one should be permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all for any special privileges thus accorded to him, and that that value which the growth and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken for the use of the community: that each is entitled to all that his labor produces; therefore, no tax should be levied on the products of labor. The League is in favor of raising all public revenues for national. State, county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land values, irrespec- tive of improvements, and all the obligations of all forms of direct and indi- rect taxation. With respect to monopolies other than that monopoly of land, the League hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as in tele- graphs, railroads, water and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned, through their proper government, local, state or national. THE SINGLE TAX PLATFORM. Platform Adopted at the Conference of the Single Tax Na- tional League of the United States, at Cooper Union, New York, September 3, 1S90. At the meeting of the Single Tax National League of the United States held at Cooper Union, New York, September 3, 1890, Henry George, as Chair- man of the Committee on Platform and Address, reported the following, which was adopted: We assert as our fundamental principle the self-evident truth enunciated in the Declaration of American Independence, that all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. We hold that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of what God has created and of what is gained by the general growth and im- provement of the community of which they are a part. Therefore, no one should be permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all for any special privilege thus accorded to him, and that that value which the growth and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken for the use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor pro- duces; therefore, no tax should be levied on the products of labor. To carry out these principles, we are in favor of raising all public reve- nues for national, State, county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land values, irrespective of improvements, and all the obligations of all forms of direct and indirect taxation. Since in all our States we now levy some tax on the value of land, the single tax can be instituted by the simple and easy way of abolishing, one after another, all other taxes now levied, and commensurately increasing the 41 42 THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. tax on land values until we draw upon that, one source for all expenses of government, the revenue being divided between local governments, State government, and the general government, as the revenue from direct tax is now divided between the local and State governments, or by a direct assess- ment being made by the general government upon the States and paid by them from revenues collected in this manner. The single tax would: 1st. Take the weight of taxation oil the agricultural districts when land has little or no value irrespective of improvements, and put it on towns and cities where bare land rises to a value of millions of dollars per acre. 2d. Dispense with a multiplicity of taxes and a horde of tax-gatherers, simplify government and greatly reduce its cost. 3d. Do away with the fraud, corruption and gross inequality inseparable from our present methods of taxation, which allow the rich to escape while they grind the poor. 4th. Give us with all the world as perfect freedom of trade as now exists between the States of our Union, thus enabling our people to share through free exchanges in all the advantages which nature has given to other coun- tries, or which the peculiar skill of other peoples has enabled them to attain. It would destroy the trusts, monopolies and corruptions, which are the out- growths of the tariff. 5t,h. It would, on the other hand, by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the com- munity, make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profit- able only to the user. It would thus make it impossible for speculators and monopolists to hold natural opportunities unused or only half used, and would throw open to labor the illimitable field of employment which the earth offers to man. It would thus solve the labor problem, do away with involuntary poverty, raise wages in all occupations to the full earnings of labor, make overproduction impossible until all human wants are satisfied, render labor- saving inventions a blessing to all, and cause such an enormous production and such an equitable distribution of wealth as -would give to all comfort, leisure and participation in the advantages of an advancing civilization. With respect to monopolies other than monopoly of land, we hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as in telegraphs, railroads, water and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned through their proper government, local, State or national, as may be. The following are the officers of the Single Tax League of the United States: Chairman, Louis F. Post; Treasurer, August Lewis; Secretary, George St. John Leavens, 42 University Place, New York.* *For most recent developments of the Single Tax theory, up to the moment ol going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. PART III. l'rom The Chautauquan,” By permission. THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. INTRODUCTION DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. The Declaration of Independence was first considered at a Congress of the thirteen united British colonies, held in Philadelphia on the 5th of Septem- ber, 1774. An Act of Parliament had been passed which closed the port of Boston on account of destruction of tea, and which removed the custom- house to Salem. This act gave offence to the people of Massachusetts, who considered that their chartered and constitutional rights had been violated. When the first Congress adjourned, it did so after a resolution had been adopted providing for the assembling of a second Congress, which also met at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was elected President for the second time, but oii account of being called home on urgent business, John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was selected to take his place. Congress declared that in de- fense of their freedom and rights, they would take up arms, and troops were raised with George Washington in command. As early as January, 1776, Massachusetts instructed her delegates in Con- gress to vote for independence, and was followed later on by all the States, with the exception of New York and Pennsylvania. An adjustment of the trouble was then thought likely by these States, but they eventually fell into line and added the illustrious names of their delegates, as two of the original thirteen States of the Union contributing to complete the memorable docu- ment that made the Union free and independent of British dominion and rule. On June 11, 1776, a resolution to the effect that “the united colonies ought to be free and independent,” was offered by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, and adopted. A committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Ben- jamin Franklin, John Adams, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and others, was then appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. History tells how well and wisely they labored during the production of that instrument. On the 28th of June, 1776, the committee made their report to Congress. New York and Pennsylvania had not, up to that time, instructed their dele- gates, and action upon the report was deferred in consequence. On the 4th of July, 1776, a day ever memorable in the history of the United States, the report of these two colonies was received and adopted, and the independence of America was proclaimed throughout the world with salvos of artillery and the ringing of the old State Bell. The Declaration of Independence received the unanimous vote of all the delegates in Congress, and was voted upon and adopted by all the 'colonies. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In Congress, July 4, 1776. By the Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled. W hen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the. laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; 1 2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriviug their just pow ers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of govern- ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government., laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- tate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fu- ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the estab- lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- tained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- turned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convul- sions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that pur- pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent, to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 3 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to he tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free' system of English Laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments: Foi r suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and des- troved the lives of our people. 'He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar- ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- peated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have con- jured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpa- tions, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinit} r . We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war; in peace, friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and hv the authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reli- ance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Signed by order and in behalf of Congress. SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Name. From Colony. 1 John Adams Massachusetts Bay .... o Samuel Adams Massachusetts Bay 3 Josiali Bartlett 4 Carter Braxton Virginia. . * 5 Charles Carroll Maryland 6 Samuel Chase Maryland 7 Abraham Clark .... New" Jersey 8 George Clvmer Pennsylvania 9 William Ellery Rhode Island, etc. . . 10 William Floyd New York. 11 Benjamin Franklin 12 Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Bay 13 Button Gwinnett 14 Lyman Hall 15 John Hancock Massachusetts Bay 16 Benjamin Harrison 17 John Hart 18 Joseph Hewes 19 Thomas Heyward, Jr South Carolina 20 William Hooper 21 Stephen Hopldns 22 Francis Hopkinson New Jersey 23 Samuel Huntinsrton Connecticut 24 gliomas Jefferson Virginia 25'Francis Lightfoot Lee 26 Richard Henry Lee 27|Francis Lewis' 28|Philip Livingston New York 29 Thomas Lynch, Jr SOlThomas McKean 31 Arthur Middleton South Carolina. . . . 32 Lewis Morris 33 Robert Morris 34 John Morton 35 Thomas Nelson, Jr 36 William Paca.. 37 Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts Bay 38 John Penn 39 George Read Delaware 40 Ceesar Rodney 41 George Ross Pennsylvania 42 Pennsylvania Connecticut Pennsylvania 46 Richard Stockton New Jersey Maryland Pennsylvania New Hampshire Georgia New Hampshire 52, 56 George Wythe Virginia Occupation. Born. Died Lawyer 1735 1826 Merchant 1722 1803 Physician 1729 1795 Pkinter 1736 1797 Lawyer 1737 1832 Lawyer 1741 1811 Lawyer 1726 1794 Merchant 1739 1813 Lawyer 1727 1820 Farmer 1734 1821 Printer 1706 1790 Merchant 1744 1814 Merchant 1732 1777 Physician 1725 1790 Merchant, 1737 1793 Farmer 1740 1791 Farmer 1708 1780 Merchant 1730 1779 Lawyer 1746 1809 Lawyer 1742 1790 Farmer 1707 1785 Lawyer 1737 1791 LawVer 1731 1796 Lawyer 1743 1826 Farmer 1734 1797 Statesman 1732 1794 Merchant 1713 1803 Merchant 1716 1778 Lawyer 1749 1779 Lawyer 1734 1817 Planter 1743 1787 Farmer 1726 1798 Merchant 1733 1806 Surveyor 1724 1777 Statesman 1738 1789 Lawyer 1740 1799 Lawyer 1731 1814 Lawyer 1741 1788 Lawyer 1733 1798 General 1730 1783 Lawyer 1730 1779 Physician 1746 1813 Lawyer 1749 1800 Shoemaker 1721 1793 Lawyer 1719 1806 Lawyer 1730 1781 Lawyer 1743 1787 Foundry man 1710 1781 Physician 1714 1803 Lawyer 1740 1804 Sailor 1730 1785 Statesman 1731 1811 Lawyer 1742 1798 Educator 1722 1794 Soldier 1726 1797 Lawyer 1726 1806 A Convention was held at Charlotte, Mecklenburgli County, N. C„ May 20th, 1775, which announced a Declaration of Independence severing the people, represented by the Convention, from their allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain. It was not until the early part of the year 1776 that the idea of independence was seriously entertained throughout the Colonies. In Congress, Friday, June 7th, 1776, Richard Henry Lee moved that “ these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and indepen- dent. States, * * * and that a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approval.” This was adopted June 11th. The Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence were: Thos. Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert B. Livingston. They reported June28th, and the Declaration was adopted unanimously July 4th, 1776. 4 INTRODUCTION CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. On the 14th of May, 1787, the Federal Convention assembled in Philadel- phia, and took up for revision and amendment the first Constitution of the U nited States, which had been previously adopted. The convention, presided over by George Washington, was in session from May 14th to September 17th, inclusive. Congress had been urged by appeals from the several States to adopt a resolution calling for such a convention, the first Constitution not being considered broad enough in its provisions to serve the purposes of the government and the people. At this convention, composed as it was of the ablest men in the country, each of the thirteen original States were represented, with the exception of Rhode Island. Congress approved the Constitution, and it was adopted and ratified by eleven of the States before the close of 1788. Later on North Carolina and Rhode Island signified their approval. As a State paper the Constitution of the United States has always been looked upon by other na- tions as one of the wisest, soundest and most practical efforts ever made to form a basis of government both for the nation and for the people. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more per- fect Union, establish .justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- vide FOR THE COMMON DEFENCE, PROMOTE THE GENERAL WELFARE, AND SECURE THE BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY TO OURSELVES AND OUR POSTERITY, DO ORDAIN AND ESTABLISH THIS CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNITED STATES of America. Article I. Section I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. II. — 1 . The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their re spective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 5 6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be mane, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, live; New York,' six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. __ 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any Slate, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- ment, according to law. Sec. IV.— L The times, places, and manner of holding elections for sen- ators and representatives shall be prescribed in the State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regu- lations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day. Sec. V. — 1. Each House shall be judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any ques- tion sliall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Sec. VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. VII. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law. be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House, re- spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being dis- approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. VIII. — The Congress shall have power — 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; 8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations; 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 16. To provide foj organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States,' and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- ings; and 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. IX.— 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- quire it. 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No captation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- enue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law: and a regular statement and account of the re- ceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec. X. — 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 9 make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- nage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree- ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. Sec. I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Presi- dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall imme- diately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the live highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the Pres- ident, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate. shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President. 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors,* and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States, f 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall * The time for choosing the electors is the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. t The time for the meeting of the electors is the first Wednesday in December. Lb 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a res- ident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Pres- ' ident, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability he removed, or a President shall he elected. 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation : “ I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Sec. II. — 1. The President shall he Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opin- ion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap- pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. III. — He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occa- sions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors, and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- cuted; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. IV. — The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Sec. I. — The judicial power of the United Slates shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin- ished during their continuance in office. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 11 Sec. II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, cit- izens, or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall beheld in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. III. — 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi- mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture ex- cept during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Sec. I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. II. — 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and'be found in another State,’ shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he tied, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there- of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law, or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. III. — 1. New States maybe admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sec IV. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode or ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred aud eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Sen- ate. Article VI. 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any oftice or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and Deputy from Virginia. NEW HAMPSHIRE. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. CONNECTICUT. Wm. Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW YORK. Alexander Hamilton. DELAWARE. George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 13 NEW JERSEY. William Livingston, David Brearley, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. NORTH CAROLINA. William Blount, Rich’d Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. Benjamin Franklin, George Clymer, James Wilson, PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsimons, _ Jared Ingersoll, Go U VERNE UR MORRIS. MARYLAND. James McHenry, Dan. of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. The following named delegates from other States were present, hut did not sign the Constitution : MASSACHUSETTS. , Elbridge Gerry, Caleb Strong. NEW JERSEY. Wm. C. Houston, George Wythe, James McClurg. CONNECTICUT. Oliver Ellsworth NEW YORK. John Lansing, Jr., Robert Yates. MARYLAND. John Francis Mercer, Luther Martin. NORTH CAROLINA. Alexander Martin, Wm. R Davie VIRGINIA. Edmund Randolph, George Mason. GEORGIA. Wm. Pierce, Wm. Houston. Of the 63 delegates originally appointed ten did not attend, two of which vacancies were filled. Of those attending, 39 signed and 16 did not. The Constitution was adopted by the Convention on the 17th of Septem- ber, 1787, appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the Congress of the Confederation of the 21st of February, 1787, and ratified by the Conventions of the several States, as follows : 14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Delaware, December 7th, 1787, unanimously. Pennsylvania, December 12th, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23. New Jersey, December 18th, 17S7, unanimously. Georgia, January 2d, 1788, unanimously. Connecticut, January 9th, 1788, by a vote of 128 to 40. Massachusetts, February 6th, 1788, by a vote of 187 to 168. Maryland, April 28th, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. South Carolina, May 23d, 1788, by a vote of 149 to 73. New Hampshire, June 21st, 1788, by a vote of 57 to 47. Virginia, June 25tli, 1788, by a vote of 89 to 79. New York, July 26th, 1788, by a vote of 30 to 25. North Carolina, November 21st, 1789, by a vote 193 to 75. Rhode Island, May 29th, 1790, by a majority of 2. Vermont, January 10th, 1791, by a vote of 105 to 4. Declared ratified by resolution of the old Congress, September 13th, 1788. The adoption of the Constitution was opposed by many who believed that the extensive powers granted by it to Congress and the executive would be dangerous to the liberties of the people. It was, however, finally adopted chiefly through the exertions and writings of James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. Virginia ratified the Constitution with the declaration that she was at liberty to withdraw from the Union whenever its powers were used for oppression; and New York, after Hamilton had declared that no State should ever be coerced by an armed force. There were two great parties: The Federalists, in favor of a strong, centralized government, and the Anti- Federalists, supporters of States’ rights. Washington and Adams, Federalist leaders, were elected, and the government was organized with Thomas Jef- ferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Secretary of War; and John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Article I.* Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. * Twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, September 25th, 1789; the last ten were adopted, which are the first ten as shown above, and were proclaimed to be in force December 15tli, 1791. The rejected Articles were as follows : I. After the first enumeration required by the First Article of the Constitution there shall be one Representative for every '30, 000 persons, until the number shall amount to one hundred; after which, the proportion shall be so regulated by Con- gress, that there shall not be less than one hundred Representatives for every 40,000 persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every 50,000 persons. II. No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Repre- sentatives shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. The twelve proposed amendments were acted upon by the States as follows : All ratified by Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Vermont and Virginia — 7. All, excepting Art. I., ratified by Delaware— 1. All, excepting Art. II., ratified by Pennsylvania— 1. All, excepting Arts. I. and II., ratified by New Hampshire, New York and Rhode Island— 3. All rejected by Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts— 3. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 15 Article II. A well regulated militia being necessaiy to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IY. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place Jo be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article Y. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, lib- erty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article YI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- tion; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article YII. In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article XT .* The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of' another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. * Article XI. was proposed by Congress March 12th, 1794, and declared in force Jan- uary 8th, 1798. 16 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Article XII.* * * § The electors shall meet in their respective States, f and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabi- tant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and t ransmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; \ the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediate- ly, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person havingthe greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, ii' such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no per- son constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Article XIII. § SEC. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. || Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State * Article XII. was proposed in the first session of the Eighth Congress, and declared in force September 25tli, 1804. , . + Tlie time for the meeting of the electors is the first Wednesday m December. i The time for counting the votes is the second Wednesday in February. § Article XIII. was proposed by Congress February 1st, 1865, and declared in force December 18th, 1865. . Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan. Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — 34. Ratified conditionally by Ala- bama and Mississippi. Rejected by Delaware and Kentucky — 2. || Article XIV. was proposed by Congress June 13th, 1866, and declared in force July 28th, 1868. ^ . T11 . . Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, % Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota. Missis- AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 17 wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- tection of the laws. Sec. .2. Representatives shall he apportioned among the several States ac- cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebel- lion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have en- gaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the LTnited States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enfore, by appropriate legisla- tion, the provisions of this Article. Article XV.* * Sec. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- priate legislation. sippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin— 33. Of the above, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, first rejected the amendment but finally ratified it. New Jersey and Ohio rescinded their ratification. + No final action was taken by California— 1. Rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland — 3. * Article XV. was proposed by Congress February 26tli, 1869, and declared in force March 30th, 1870. Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — 30. Of the above, Georgia and Ohio at first rejected but finally ratified. New York rescinded her ratification. Rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey and Ore- gon— 6. No final action was taken by Tennessee — 1. 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PhPh gPh c P-c g >%>G < ■> It •5 3 C^ w - ,^* 2 io ^ ^ Ph d) *"9 £ w .2 . _, S . ;PPpp|P a > > rt >’ r > o ^ ph ^ J 18 •3 : 2 P : | S :E © '.T2 be u ^ © ^ O d Jh o-r— o M >. §,^2 ^“2 N S :« :« 0 .^ d © > % ^ % £ « g>l fe ^"5 «£= c .0 = 0 00 = 2 S ^ . ce . £ ^■ 5 ^ SJ K s ' r GK > ' G < < c3 c-w ->-' O ^ lp'p gp gps l>'l 1-5 P m . . 33 P K l 02 £5 ■§W|fc — © . ce © >^WP 5 .5 SPh °t> - > P. ^ 0 ^ o » 18 From Kind’s Hand Book of the U. S By permission Matthews-Northrup Co. 1. Washington; 3. J. Adams; 3. Jefferson: 4. Madison; 5. Monroe; 6. J. Q. Adams; 7. Jackson: 8. Van Buren: 9. W. H. Harrison: 10. Tyler; 11. Polk; 13. Taylor; 13. Fillmore; 14. Pierce; 15. Buchanan; 16. Lincoln:' 17. Johnson: 18. Grant; 19. Hayes; 30. Gartield; 31. Arthur; 33. Cleveland; 33. B. Harrison. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. GEORGE WASHINGTON. The first President of the United States was introduced to politics in the exciting times prior to the Revolution, when all men in the colonies were in- terested in the questions forced on them by the attitude of Great Britain tow- ard her American dependencies. Although a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses when he was quite young, Washington took little part in the proceedings. It is not in record that he made any speeches, but he is credited with having done a great deal of quiet committee work in behalf of the farming interests. He indorsed the agitation against the Stamp Act, and was thoroughly in sympathy with the opposition to the tea tax and the Boston port bill, the two measures which led to Bunker Hill. He was a delegate to the First Continental Congress, and to the Second, which elected him Com- mander-in-Chief of the Continental army. His work in the war is known to all students of American history. Dur- ing the long struggle, he took little part in the politics of the time, except so far as he showed the utmost respect for all commands of Congress. When the Revolution ended with the surrender of Cornwallis and the evacuation of New York, Washington came out in favor of more power for Congress, and against the new confederation of the States. During his term as President of the United States, he opposed, with all the power and influence he pos- sessed, the desire of many people to take part in the war between England and France. His action at this time laid down, as a principle in American politics, strict neutrality in all quarrels between nations of the Old World. Washington saw, with perfect clearness, what has been proved beyond doubt by the experience of the United States, that the people of this country were not and could not be interested in the dynastic or other wars of Europe. At the time that he was elected President the connection between America and England had been too recently severed, for the men here to understand the full effects of the Revolution. They had been accustomed to seeing the quarrel between France and England fought out on this continent, and they were unable to understand that work of this sort was at an end forever. It was natural for Americans to imagine they could cripple England, the country they were most afraid of, by helping France, and the pressure brought to bear on Washington in this direction was very great. He was one of the few who understood that England was the natural ally of the United States, and he also understood that this country had everything to gain, and nothing to lose by remaining neutral. He, therefore, stood firm, and his sendees during the Revolution were paralleled by those he rendered at this period. The presidency of Washington was not a time during which politics were very active. The country had just emerged from a most exhausting war, and the one thing needed was peace. It was the duty of all public men then to bind up the wounds, and to devote themselves to working out the prob- lem of self-government, which had come upon them demanding a solution. All was new, untried, almost in a chaotic state. It was the business of Wash- ington to produce the precedents under which the new government was to run — to shape what was practically shapeless. As it was, a few years after, 19 20 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. to be the glorious task of John Marshall, as the great chief justice, to pro- duce the law which would govern us, so it was the task of the first President to evolve the government. No one in the United States was more fitted for this great and most necessary work. Washington combined the most abso- lute reverence for Congress, and the will of the people as therein expressed, with the full ability to see when that Congress was making a mistake. That the Congress should make mistakes at first was a foregone conclusion. Wash- ington was peculiar in this: he could recognize the error, exert his influence to correct it, assume for the moment almost the initiative of an absolute monarch, and force his ideas on the representatives of the States; and yet, when the emergency was over, he could return to the position of the first servant of the people. He was never tempted to make his temporary sover- eignty perpetual, and his sure judgment enabled him to understand just when and where it was necessary to assume the power. Although the Federalists and Republicans began to show themselves dur- ing the two terms of Washington, they did not become defined. He sym- pathized with the former in some things, but for the most part he kept out of politics. It is not necessary here to go into the many little political ques- tions which arose at this time, because most of them, with the issues that produced them, have been forgotten, and could not be understood now with- out a long and somewhat tedious explanation. Washington’s great ability, his marvelous character, and his extraordi- nary insight into the conditions that surrounded him, were best shown in the manner in which he kept his government out of politics. He gave the coun- try what it most needed — rest; and he fought off all issues that would have disturbed it. He put no check on the little questions which came up from time to time, feeling that t hey were of just enough interest to assure the peo- ple, and not of enough importance to seriously disturb them. He believed in keeping quiet, in giving the government time to work out its own methods, in allowing the people to recover from the struggle, and by their industry to make themselves prosperous. He succeeded in all this, and he was then, as he had been before, emphatically the right man in the right place. The debt which the American people owe to Washington is the result of his wisdom as President, as much as his courage and genius as a soldier. JOHN ADAMS. As others of the men of the Revolution, John Adams, of Massachusetts, the second President of the United States, began his political career as a “patriot American.” He was in full sympathy with everything done by the men of his State against the British power, and was the more dangerous op- ponent of British dominion, because of his singular clearness of mental vision. A man who was never extreme, he condemned the English rule on the most purely logical grounds. A man, also, of great ability, he was bound to come to the front in Revolutionary times. He became the legal adviser of the Patriot party in his State, and took an active part in those operations which resulted in Massachusetts taking the initiative in the war. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, and proposed Washington as commander-in-chief. He was sent to France with Franklin and Routledge as commissioners during the war, and ' he went from there to the Hague, where he secured a recognition of the United States from the Dutch. He negotiated the treaty of peace with England in 1783, and, coming soon after- ward to this country, was nominated for the presidency. Under the system then in force, the candidate who received the most votes became President, and he who tallied the next lowest vote took the position of Vice-President. THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. 21 Under this rule John Adams became Washington’s Vice-President, and as presiding officer in Congress did much to lay down the rules governing that body to day. When Washington refused a third term, Adams was elected to succeed him. He was a strong Federalist, and believed in increasing the power of Congress to the utmost. Adams was a believer in the aristocracy of birth, and he gave great offence by using the expression “the well-born” in one of his essays. He thought that all men should be free and equal before the law, but he denied absolutely that all men are born equal. During Adams’s term of office, the people became greatly excited over the prospect of war with France. Against this war the President bent the whole power of his office, then much greater than now, because less thor- oughly defined. He succeeded in keeping the country out of the war, al- though he brought a perfect storm of abuse on his head by the attitude he assumed. By giving out to the public the letters written by Prince Talley- rand, in which that astute diplomat had apparently tried to blackmail the American commissioners, Adams brought such a tempest of ridicule and scorn to the door of the French minister that he was forced to disavow the demands, and France had to withdraw the claims so obnoxious to America. This put an end to the war cry. It was during this time that .Jefferson became the avowed leader of the Republicans, and as such took the position of the great antagonist of the President. Adams was a Federalist, because he believed that in no other way could the country be governed. But during his term of office the party sank into insignificance, and ceased to be, in its original shape, a factor in politics. Generally speaking, Adams followed the lead of Washington in his efforts to prevent war. In other respects he kept out of politics as much as possible. THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. The term “ Federalist ” is unmeaningto our ears now, and “Republican ” has greatly changed since it was first used. When -the Revolutionary War closed, the thirteen colonies became the thirteen States, still symbolized by the stripes in the flag. They were at that time bound together in a confederation, as were the Swiss Cantons a century ago. The general government had no power at all over individuals. It could deal only with the States in their sovereign capacity. Congress had no power to compel anything. Its every action had to be ratified by the State Legislatures. The bundle of sticks was tied together, it is true, but the fastening was of the loosest and flimsiest description. . It was at once seen by the men who came face to face with this condition of things that two courses were open to them. The power of the general government could be increased and a nation could be formed, or it could be left where it was and the confederation of independent sovereign States could continue. Those in favor of making the nation were called Federalists, those who prepared the confederation were termed Republicans. It seems a won- derful thing to us to-day that there could have been any dispute as to the safe course, yet the disputes were very bitter. The extreme of Federalists were in favor of a strong government such as was then the government of Great Britain, and some of them proposed that Washington should be elected or made king. They were willing to introduce all features of the English gov- ernment which had strength in them, including hereditary nobility. On the other hand, the extreme Republicans desired no government whatever. Al- though they believed in individual ownership of property, they were very close to being Anarchists. They founded their beliefs on the ‘ ‘ Rights of 22 THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. Man ” and the doctrinaire utterances of the French writers — such as Rousseau (in his Contrat Civile), who preceded the French Revolution. Fortunately, France was allowed to work these theories out and America was saved from them. Washington and Adams took the Federalist side, probably as much from • their practical experience of the impossibility of carrying on a government without power of any kind as from their theoretical disapproval of Republi- can ideas. But neither Washington nor Adams were extreme in their ideas, and both scouted the suggestion of a monarchy with an indignation not un- mixed with contempt. They were in favor of giving Congress sufficient power to govern in fact, for they realized the position in which Congress then was — that of a body which could only suggest legislation to the States — to be little less than ridiculous. At this time the question of States’ rights was not even raised. It seemed to be conceded that the States had the power to draw out of the confederation into which they had gone, should they see lit. In fact, the States were then everything and the general government nothing. This should, perhaps, be modified a little. The general government afforded in Congress an oppor- tunity for consultation between the representatives of the States on matters of interest to all. It then became the duty of the respective Legislatures to in- dorse the conclusions arrived at, should they see fit. The practical working of this system showed within the first year or two its absurdity, and it ranged the strongest men on the Federal side. But in this country it has often been proved that we arrive at a desired point some- what in the same manner as does a ship when the wind is ahead. We run to starboard for a while and then tack to port. In other words, we reach the position which is satisfactory to all, by trying first one thing and then another, always moving steadily on, even when we seem to be sailing the farthest away. In our history it has been proved time and again that neither party has all the right, but that each owns and clings to something that is good. This was prominently brought out in the struggle between the Federalists and the Republicans. The Federalists succeeded under Washington and Adams in giving some strength to Congress and in attaching some importance to the national counsels. Adams, with his strong bias toward a powerful central government, carried the Federalists a little too far, and as a result he was succeeded by Jefferson, the leader of the Republicans. But the good had been done — Congress had acquired a power and dignity it was never to lose. It was time for the other side to have a chance — time for it to correct the tendency towards extreme Federalism which was beginning to show itself. A central government having been established, the Federalists took a new name and became the Whigs. The Whigs were those who were in favor of a liberal construction of the powers of Congress. Events, in modifying the Federalists, also modified their opponents, and the Republicans became the party in favor of a strict construction of Congressional powers. The former held that Congress had all power not specifically given to the States, the latter believed the powers of Congress were confined to those expressly granted to it. To the former the nation had become the fountain and spring of power; to the latter t he power resided wholly in the States, except so far as they had parted with it. This difference of opinion was destined to produce in time the question of States’ rights. It was inherent in the American people that they should in time build up a nation, but in the transformation necessary for the confederation of independent States to the nation in which the States are enlarged municipalities, it was certain that two parties should arise. The one would be anxious to build the nation as rapidly as possible; the other would try in conservative fashion to hold the people back and delay the change. Surveying the history of the United States, main differences between the parties have had their rise in this one fact, which has dominated all others. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 23 When John Adams gave up the reins of government to Jefferson he left a man behind who was to do more to establish the power of Congress than any other man ever did. This was John Marshall, the great Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The chief justice defined the powers of Congress and of the Constitution in a way that made the latter the supreme law of the land, and he made it plain that no act of a State could stand when in conflict with it. It was a foregone conclusion then that State sov- ereignity should gradually disappear and that the nation should be builded. The names of parties changed. The Federalists became the Whigs, and these melted into the Republicans. The original Republicans changed their name to Democrats. Although there were small parties arising from time to time, these were they which continued. THOMAS JEFFERSON. Thomas Jefferson — he who wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, for which his name was placed among those proscribed by the government of George the Third — became President of the United States as the leader of the Republican party. Prior to the Revolution Jefferson had been a member of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and in 1779 he was elected governor of his State. In 1782 he went to France as the American Minister, and in the following year, as Chairman of the Committee on Cur- rency in Congress, he gave this country the decimal coinage. In 1784 he went to France again, and while there studied the condition of the French people under that form of government we all now believe to have been the worst the world ever saw. What Jefferson examined day after day produced a pro- found impression on him, and when he came back to this country in 1789 he came as the most firm believer in the rights of the people. Jefferson trusted the people absolutely. He believed that while they might make mistakes, the country was safer in their hands than it could ever be in those of any minority who were not elected and who could not be de- posed at any tijne. He imbibed the utmost hatred of institutions, such as those of France under the last three representatives of monarchies, and he de- tested a privileged class. He believed the existence of one to be exceedingly dangerous, and he was opposed to any form of centralization of power. As Washington’s Secretary of State, Jefferson made his exceedingly acute mind felt in all the foreign relations of this government. When John Adams had served his term as President, Jefferson succeed him. His first effort was to republicanize the government. The alien and sedition laws passed by the Federalists were believed by Jefferson to be in direct opposition to the Con- stitution, and to be also a step toward the creation of a privileged govern- ment. He at once pardoned all those who had been convicted under these acts, and denounced in the strongest way any attempt to coerce opinions. He believed in the fullest personal freedom, and in politics he ranged him- self on this side always. He held that differences of opinion in politics were not cause for dismissal from office, and no President has made fewer changes among the office-holders. He divested the position as President of all the pomp which Washington and Adams had permitted to grow up around it. He abolished the weekly levees and .other receptions, as savoring too much of royalty, and he traveled always as a private citizen. In fact, he believed himself to be nothing more than a private citizen temporarily serving the people. The power of the President to pardon those convicted of offenses against tire people he restricted in practice by never pardoning any one unless the judge who sentenced him joined in the petition. When urged to prosecute newspapers that attacked 24 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. liim, Jefferson refused on the ground that freedom of opinion was sacred, and that no guardian of the people’s rights was equal to a free press. His terms in office are marked as those in which the freedom of the indi- vidual in his opinions, his speech, and his action was made a part of the un- written law of the land. It would, perhaps, be better to say that this freedom became, as the result of Jefferson’s work, one of the traditionary principles of the nation. To him must be given the credit of creating American citi- zenship as we know it, and of putting into practical and enduring shape the dreams of countless visionaries. No people on earth are as free, even from the domination of caste, as are the Americans, and this great privilege they owe to Thomas Jefferson. But Jefferson showed he thoroughly understood that freedom of the indi- vidual involves the resistance to oppression from any quarter by the com- munity. The Barbary pirates had tyrannized over European nations, as rep- resented by the crews of their ships, for centuries, and they had endured the shame. Jefferson sent Decatur to put a stop to the outrages, so far as Amer- icans were concerned, and the pirates of North Africa were driven out of the business. The President had a keen eye to the future, and when Napoleon offered to sell Louisiana — under which name were included the valleys of the Mississippi and the Missouri, and the country as far west as the Rocky Mountains — he promptly availed himself of the opportunity, more than doubling the territory of the United States, and giving us that which we were soon to need. Thomas Jefferson added to the structure which was slowly being built within the limits of this country, the corner stone of citizenship with all that the word means now. On it, as he defined it, rests nearly everything we have. Had he done nothing else his name would live so long as the flag shall be known on earth. JAMES MADISON. James Madison, fourth President of the United States, began his polit- ical career as a member of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, where he ranged himself on the side of individual rights as expressed in that instru- ment. In 1780 he went to Congress, and he was struck at once by the absurd position in which the Confederation theory had placed the government. As Congress owned nothing, and had no power to tax individuals, it could only raise money by making requisitions on the States. These the States might honor or let alone, as they saw fit, and it more than once happened that Leg- islatures adopted the latter course. Apart from the absurdity of the general government making requisitions which might not be honored, it was apparent that the government could not go on without money. Madison therefore identified himself with the Federalists iu advocating the impost law, which was the first tax levied by Congress. It was at this time that he devised the celebrated three-fifths rule, count- ing five slaves as equal to three individuals. As the impost was levied on the population, the representatives of the slaveholding States desired to have slaves counted as chattels only. Madison’s rule was, however, adopted. He opposed any support of the Church by the State, opposed the issue of paper money by the States, and was in favor of giving the control of foreign com- merce to the general government in order to increase its revenues by customs. Madison’s fame as a statesman will, however, rest on his definition of the true relation between the general government and the States, which was called the “Virginia plan ” in the convention which drew up the Constitution. Prior to the passage of this great instrument, the States alone were represented in Congress; the general government had no direct relations with the people. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 25 Madison devised the plan of having Representatives elected by the people themselves in the Congressional districts, while the States continued to be represented in the Senate. The value of this became apparent at once. It gave the people a voice in proportion to the population, and, giving them direct control over national legislation, reconciled them to government taxes and courts. In electing the Representatives the three-fifths rule was applied to the slaveholding States. When Madison was elected President to succeed Jefferson, he was chosen as belonging to the Republican party. While he believed in giving the nation more power, and was so far a Federalist, he also believed that the rights of the citizen were the foundation of prosperity. During his first term he took the position that if England or France would repeat the embargo against American commerce, he would revive the non-intercourse act against the other country. France took advantage of the offer, and the President declared non-intercourse with England. This resulted in hostilities which brought on the War of 1812. Although the war was popular, Madison, who was essentially a man fitted for peaceful times, did not increase his reputation while it lasted. As is always the case during a war, the parties became merged for the time it went on, so that it is, perhaps, not too much to say that during Madison’s second term there were no politics. JAMES MONROE. James Monroe, after an experience in the army, began his civil life as a member of the Assembly of Virginia in 1782. He served as a member of the fourth, fifth and sixth sessions of the Continental Congress, and opposed the ratification of the Constitution. He was, however, the third Senator elected by Virginia, and in 1794 went to France as an envoy. He was a strong anti-Federalist, and one of the bitterest opponents of Washington. For all that, the President sent him to France again. When he appeared before the French Convention he made a speech that was severely criticised by Randolph. From 1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia. Jefferson sent him to France, where he negotiated 'the purchase of Louisiana, and Madison made him Secretary of State. When Monroe was elected President in 1816 he was the candidate of the Republicans. His whole political life had been marked by the most bitter anti-Federalist feelings. The subjects which engaged his attention princi- pally were the defenses of the Atlantic seaboard, the internal improvements of this country, the Seminole war and the acquisition of Florida, the Mis- souri Compromise, and resistance to foreign interference as expressed in the Monroe doctrine. He believed in making the defenses of the Atlantic coast as complete as possible, and he urged Congress to move in the matter again and again. He was very much interested in the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and at last succeeded in concluding the treaty. The Seminole war did not call for much attention from the President. He took little part in the fierce contro- versy and the many contests which rose over the celebrated “ Missouri Com- promise.” He felt that the President should keep out of such purely political issues. He was, however, very much interested in the question of internal improvements, but he laid down, in his message vetoing the Cumberland road bill, the principle that the government should only help those internal improvements which were of manifest advantage to the nation. This belief of President Monroe was brought to the front at the time the Union and Cen- tral Pacific railroads were subsidized. The fame of James Monroe will rest for all time on the celebrated “Monroe 5 b 26 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. doctrine.” The words of this famous utterance constitute two paragraphs in the message sent by him to Congress on December 2, 1823. In the first of these he informs Congress that the governments of Russia and Great Britain have been informed that the American continents henceforth are not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European power. In the second paragraph he says that the United States woidd consider any attempt on the part of European powers to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety! He goes further, and says that if the governments established in North and South America, who have declared their independence of European control, should be interfered with by any European power, this interference would be regarded as a manifesta- tion of unfriendly disposition toward the United States. These utterances of President Monroe were especially addressed to Spain and Portugal, but they were meant to be understood by all the governments of Europe. The prin- ciple they laid down had been vaguely felt by all the governments since that of Washington, but had never been clearly expressed before. The utterances of the President were not only veiy popular at the time, but they have increased in popularity since. During the Civil War Napoleon III. challenged the Monroe doctrine when he sent Maximilian to Mexico. His action was sharply commented on by Mr. Seward, then Secretary of State, and he was plainly told that, so soon as the Civil War ended, steps would be taken to enforce the Monroe doctrine. The public men of this country have again and again given their adherence to this doctrine. It will probably always hold its place as one of the cardinal principles of this government. James Monroe was the exponent of the idea of “America for the Amer- icans; ” that the territory of the United States should be enlarged, and that no foreign interference would be permitted. He always took this position in his speeches, and he bent his whole public policy to agree with it. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Of John Quincy Adams, the son of John Adams, it might almost be said that he was educated in statecraft from the time of his boyhood. He was a man of the most severely Puritan character, to whom the idea of duty was above everything else. What he thought was right, that he would do with- out thought of the consequences to himself. He was Minister to Holland, to France, and to Berlin, the latter by his father’s appointment on the advice of Washington. As Senator from Massachusetts he was in favor of the War of 1812, brought on by the intolerable treatment of American ships by England. He was sent to Russia by Madison, and from there to England, where he negotiated the treaty of peace. As Monroe’s Secretary of State he negotiated the treaty with Spain which gave Florida to this country. He took liis first stand in opposition to slavery when the Missouri Compromise was being brought about. When elected to the Presidency to succeed Monroe, Adams came out in favor of national banks, internal improvements, and a high protective tariff. By this time the Federalists had become Whigs, and the Republicans had adopted the name of Democrats. As the policy which included these fea- tures was that of the Whigs, Adams was regarded as a Whig President, and he was most bitterly denounced by the Democrats. During his tenure of office he lent his influence to all these measures. When Adams left the Presidential chair he was elected to Congress from Massachusetts as the result of the Anti-Masonic excitement, and he remained a representative until his death. It was during this period of his life that BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 27 lie made some very strong friends, and many of the most 1 litter enemies any man ever had, and acquired his fame. He ranged himself on the Anti-Slavery side, and became the first prominent man among the Abolitionists. He fought the slaveholders, session after session, and brought on his head a storm of abuse which exceeded in virulence and ferocity anything ever seen in this country. Adams, however, did not quail ; the man was never afraid of any- thing in his life. He fought the gag law, which forbade Congress receiving any Anti-Slavery petitions, session after session, until he succeeded in having it repealed. As a President, Adams was not remarkable, but as a member of Congress, taking the side of freedom for the slaves, he was one of- the greatest men in that body. ANDREW JACKSON. In some respects, Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, was the most extraordinary man that ever ruled this country. Com- ing, as he did, from the very lowest stratum of the people, so far as educa- tion and intelligence were concerned, he was one of those strong characters fitted to rule in troublous times. He was an ideal soldier, patient and wary, yet able to seize an opportunity in the most brilliant way; almost insensible to fatigue, with the ability to control the most turbulent of men, and possess- ed of a will that drove him ahead to the end he had marked out for himself, in spite of every difficulty and every danger. The boy was a prisoner of war at the age of thirteen. As he grew up, and Tennessee became a territory, he went to Congress. When the territory arrived at the dignity of Statehood, he was elected to the Senate, a place he resigned to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of his State. After some years spent as a merchant, he entered the army during the War of 1812, and was sent to Hew Orleans. From there he was ordered to the command of the troops in the .war with Tecumseh, and, in 1814, returned to Hew Orleans in command of the Department of the South. He won the battle of Hew Orleans on January 8, 1815, and after that his name alone was sufficient to excite the people to enthusiasm. He commanded in the Seminole War, and was made governor of Florida in 1821, when the territory was purchased from Spain. In 1828 he was elected President as a democrat. He was the first to in- troduce what has been termed the “spoils system” into national politics. In order to understand Jackson and his policy it is necessary to remember he looked on affairs and questions of state as a soldier looks on them. Those who were not on the side of the right — which, with Jackson, was his side al- ways — were enemies, and must he dislodged from their positions of vantage as soon as possible. He was an autocrat by nature, yet he was, curiously enough, personally the most popular President the United States ever had. In fact, Jackson thought as the then great body of the people thought — he was as ignorant, so to speak, as were they. He organized what was called his “Kitchen Cabinet,” a body of men with whom he consulted over all his measures, and who might be compared to his personal staff. His Cabinet officers he used as he would the colonels of regiments in his division. He gave them orders. To the surprise of the Democrats, Jackson came out against the doctrine of nullification. This was the form in which States’ rights showed themselves, and was, in effect, the right of a State to nullify a tariff imposed by Congress. South Carolina nullified the tariff with a threat to secede, but Jackson declared “no State has a right to secede ” and threatened war. The result was a compromise on the tariff. 28 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. The feature of Jackson’s administration which stands out more promi- nently than any other was his fight with the United States Bank. This great institution was founded on the lines of the Bank of England, and was the depository of the United States fund. Jackson hated Henry Clay, who was, as were all the Whigs, in favor of the bank, and he also had all the dis- trust of banks felt by uneducated mountaineers. He succeeded in securing a resolution of censure from Congress for the part the hank had played in politics. It must be remembered that the attacks of Jackson had forced the hank to help Clay, its only defender, and that it was no part of the bank’s policy to take sides. Having done this, Jackson demanded that his Secretary of the Treasury withdraw the funds of the government from the custody of the hank. The then Secretary refused, was dismissed, and his successor ap- pointed. only to meet the same fate and for the same reason. Then Jackson found Roger E. Tracey, who proved more pliable, and withdrew the money. Jackson’s scheme was to deposit the money in certain specified banks, called “pet banks.” He did so, but soon after withdrew it in order to return the surplus to the States. Jackson knew little or nothing about finance, and he treated the banks in the same way he might have treated his personal creditors when in business. He could never understand that the shifting of large sums of money about would upset the whole financial system of the country, nor could he ever be made to realize that the disastrous panic of 1837 was in great part his own work. No President has cost the country as much, and no President did the country as much harm. In the foreign relations of the United States, Jackson forced France to pay the $5,000,000 she owed the United States, by his threat of seizing Eu- ropeanErench vessels to make up the amount. During his Presidency, rail- roads and steamship lines were introduced, and there was an enormous ex- pansion of the business of the country. In hardly any sense of the word was Jackson a statesman. He was an honest man, true as steel, and his views were always on the side of right so far as he could see it. The evil he did was the result of a want of knowledge, but the good he did in the nullification business, and as a soldier, will out- weigh that evil. He was a popular hero, followed by the people as no other man has been, and he is, to this day, the central figure in many traditions which are still active forces in our politics. MARTIN VAN BUREN. The first approach to what we, nowadays, call a ‘ ‘ machine politician ” ever elected to the presidential chair was Martin Van Buren, eighth president of the United States. He was a Republican when young, but, following the change of name of his party, was elected as a Democrat. He had played an important part in the politics of New York before he went to Washington as Senator from the State. He was in favor of a strict construction of the Con- stitution, and while he voted for a protective tariff was really in favor of a tariff for revenue only. As governor of New York, he opposed free banking, and became a strong supporter of Jackson. Jackson appointed him Secre- tary of State, in which position he was able to settle the trouble with England oveF the West Indian commerce. Nominated as Minister to England, the Whig Senate refused to confirm him, on which his popularity increased to the point that he was elected Vice-President with Jackson for the second term. He sympathized thoroughly with Jackson in the war on the United States Bank. In 1836 Van Buren was elected President, and in 1837 the crash came. THE NORTH BEND FARMER and HIS VISITORS BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 29 The business of the United States was paralyzed, and commercial credit did not exist. Van Buren saw that the power of affecting the business of the country must be taken away from the administration, and he advocated suc- cessfully the present Treasury system, in which the government takes care of its own money. This was the principal achievement of his term of office. He was opposed to slavery, but in other respects was a faithful member of his party. He thoroughly believed in the “spoils system,” so far as the offices were concerned, and helped to make that a part of the government policy. During the last part of his administration the panic of 1840 struck the country, which, without being anything like as bad as that of 1837, was yet severe enough to give the President a good deal of anxiety. WILLAM HENRY HARRISON. The financial distress which had marked the administration of Van Buren had disgusted the people with the Democrats, and a Whig candidate was demanded. He was found in William Henry Harrison, the man who had won the battle of Tippecanoe, and that of the Thames in Canada. The record of the candidate was that of a successful soldier. He was known in politics principally as Governor of the Territory of Indiana. His campaign was one of the most popular ever seen in this country. It was called the ‘ ‘ Log-Cabin and Hard Cider ” campaign, owing to the fact that people be- lieved General Harrison lived in a log-cabin and drank cider. These habits were considered to be American, as opposed to living in a frame house and drinking wine, which were English. The cry of the campaign was ‘ ‘ Tippe- canoe and Tyler too,” and this cry won. General Harrison only lived for one month after his inauguration. Dur- ing his period of office the opportunity for Presidential action of a kind open to criticism from either party did not arise. JOHN TYLER. The first demand made on John Tyler (elected as the Whig Vice-Presi- dent, and, through the death of General Harrison, the Whig President) by the members of his party, as led by Henry Clay, was a new charter for the United States Bank. But Tyler had seen that Van Buren was right; that the power to interfere with the business of the country was too great to entrust to any administration. He, therefore, steadily refused the demand. The Whigs then devised a scheme by which a Bank of the District of Columbia should be chartered by the government to have branches in all the States. This bill passed Congress, but was vetoed by the President on the ground that it was unconstitutional. Tyler held that the government could not go into the banking business. Prom this time out the Whigs would have noth- ing to do with him, and the Democrats rallied to his support. With the aid of the President, the Democrats were able to pass the bill reducing the protective tariff. On the question of internal improvements the President signed the bill to improve the Mississippi River, holding this to be a national measure, but vetoed bills relating to other parts of the country. During Tyler’s term of office, the Ashburton treaty with England was negotiated. The question of the ownership of Oregon was raised, as was that of the admission of Texas as a State. The President was in favor of both. 30 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. JAMES KNOX POLK. James Knox Polk was the most brilliant stump-speaker ever elected President. He was a Jeffersonian Democrat, and was in favor of collecting only such revenue as was needed to carry on the government. He held that a surplus was a robbery of the people. He was opposed to the United States Bank. As Speaker of the House of Representatives, he supported Jackson and Van Buren. Polk was elected Governor of Tennessee in 1839. He ex- pressed himself in favor of the admission of Texas. When elected President in 1844, he declared he would not accept a second term, and kept his word. One of his first acts as President was to order General Taylor to march into Mexico, after the aggressive acts of the Mexicans. General Taylor fought and won the battle of Palo Alto, and Texas was admitted into the Union. The Oregon question, which had risen in Tyler’s time, turned on the boundary between the United States and Canada. The Americans became greatly exercised over it, and ‘ ‘Fifty-four forty (54 degrees, 40 minutes of north latitude) or fight ” became the popular cry. President Polk was able to set- tle this question in a way that satisfied all parties to the dispute. One result of his diplomacy is that we own the Columbia River, with its inexhaustible wealth in fish. „ He was in favor of a tariff for revenue only, and he exerted all his influ- ence to bring it about. He vetoed the river and harbor bill (brought in to make internal improvements), on the ground that the nation had no right to spend money for improvements which were purely local in character. "Dur- ing his administration, members of the Slavery party in Congress were very active, and President Polk was strongly on their side. He believed slavery to be right, and he looked on the attacks of the Abolitionists as being not only a violation of contract as between the States, but as being radically wrong. His administration was a most brilliant one, partly because the country had recovered from the abyss of business stagnation into which it had been plunged during Jackson’s administration, and partly because there was a series of diplomatic negotiations, which culminated with good results during the four years he was in office. JAMES BUCHANAN. James Buchanan began life as a Federalist, but while in Congress he drifted over to the Democrats. He was Jackson’s Minister to Russia, a Sen- ator from Pennsylvania, Secretary of State for Polk, Minister to England under Pierce, and President of the United States in 1856. Buchanan’s experience until the question of slavery began when the right of petitions was attacked by the Pro-Slavery men. In the beginning of the slave agitation, the members of the Anti-Slavery party made themselves known by petitions to the government to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. The Southern men held that all such petitions should be laid on the table. While Buchanan did not think the petitions should be granted, he was strongly opposed to any interference with the right to send them to Congress. In 1856 the one question before the country was the extension of slavery to the territories. The Democrats, who favored it, nominated Buchanan, and the Republicans nominated General Fremont. Buchanan was elected with all the Southern and five Northern States voting for him. His foreign policy would have been much more brilliant than it was could BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 31 Congress have been induced to attend to anything outside the slavery fight. As it was, Buchanan put an end to the English search of American vessels on the ground they might be slavers, by sending an American fleet to the West Indies. He settled the Paraguay claims satisfactorily, and was able to settle the dispute about English occupation of Central America. Congress having recognized the Pro-Slavery party in Kansas, President Buchanan was forced to acknowledge its action. But he absolutely denied the right of any State to secede. When Lincoln was elected and South Caro- lina set the example of secession, the President refused to receive her com- missioners. He urged in Congress that steps should be taken to enable the President to move, but Congress was dumb. He prepared reinforcements for Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, but Major Anderson declared he did not need them. No man has ever been more abused than Buchanan, and by both parties. The truth is that he was a man fitted for times of peace and not ,in the least able to cope with a condition of things which would have required genius to solve. Buchanan tried to hold both parties back, to keep men at peace who knew no peace. He failed as any man would have failed in his position. He was a wise, careful and honest man, placed in a position where no man could have done anything, and forced to sit quiet while the two parties came nearer and nearer to the actual conflict. The outcry against him was as un- just as it was inevitable. FRANKLIN PIERCE. The fall of 1852 found the Democratic party united and triumphant, and the Whigs disunited and cast down. The latter nominated General Winfield Scott, in the hope that with another Mexican war veteran they might repeat their success with General Taylor. General Scott carried the State of Mas- sachusetts only, and the Whig party was dead for all time. It had served its purpose and had contributed to the building of the nation; it went down be- cause it was not based on convictions strong enough to carry it through the fierce battle slavery had brought on. It was essentially the party of compro- mise, and the time for compromise had passed. The Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. He had been Speaker of his State’s Legislature, a United States Senator, had led a brigade at Conteras in the Mexican War, had been President of New Hamp- shire’s Constitutional Convention, was one of the greatest orators of the day, with a voice that was melody itself, and had been in favor of the two com- promise measures, the fugitive slave law and the admission of California as a free State. He carried every State in the Union except one. He entered on his term with a strength no President had had since Washington’s day. The impor- tant acts of his government — important enough at any other time — were set- tling the dispute with Mexico over the boundary by arbitration, concluding a reciprocity treaty with England, putting a stop to the recruiting of soldiers for the Crimea in this country, and sending the English Minister, Mr. Cramp- ton, home for his share in the work; vetoing the bills for public works and the appropriation of public lands for the support of the insane. These acts of the President were as nothing to his policy in regard to slavery, for slavery was swallowing up everything else. President Pierce believed slavery to be guaranteed by the Constitution. The opening of Kansas to the slave-owners was endorsed by him, and his gov- ernment recognized the State Constitution passed by the temporary colonists from Missouri. The people of Kansas held a Constitutional Convention at 32 THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. winch they passed an Anti-Slavery Constitution, confirmed by an overwhelm- ing vote of the people. Under this Constitution State officers were elected only to be treated as rebels by the general government. The Pro-Slavery men had won a great victory when they passed the fugitive slave law and secured Fillmore's signature, hut it was a victory more costly than defeat. It aroused the Anti-Slavery party to madness; they refused all compromise, and the actual civil war in Kansas increased the trouble. The question of slavery had become the one thing that men cared about, and Pierce as a Pro- Slavery President only cast oil on the flames. When his term was over, and when the “irresponsible conflict ’’was on us, Pierce supported the Union in the strongest way. He urged men to go to the front, and proved himself loyal to the Union before all things. THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. Looking back now, as we all can easily enough, it is possible to see how much right there was on both sides of the great question which was tearing the Union asunder. The position of the Abolitionists or Republicans was simple and logical in the extreme. They held that slavery was radically, absolutely, intrinsically wrong. They believed that the color of a man’s skin had absolutely nothing to do with his right to own himself, to be at liberty to support himself by such means as he saw fit to adopt, to cleave to his wife and to own his own children. It would probably be exceedingly difficult to find a thousand men in the United States to-day who would not subscribe to this doctrine, and it is certain it is believed nowhere more profoundly than in the Southern States. Holding and believing as the Abolitionists did, they went to the logical end and said the slaves must be set free. The Pro-Slavery men had about one-third, roughly speaking, of all their property in slaves. The proposition to set the slaves free was a proposition to deprive the inhabitants of the slaveholding States of one-third of all their property, put into a different form of words. The refusal to allow slaves in the territories meant the drawing of a line around the slave States as around a section afflicted with a fearful disease. It made it impossible for a man to emigrate from them unless at a sacrifice of his slaves or a forced sale. The forced sale, breaking as it did the ties between the slaves and the families to which they had been born, was intensely repugnant to the Southern mind, then. The feeling in the South was precisely that which would be felt in any State or city or town to-day, were the people threatened with confiscation of one-third of their property. Apart from the frightful financial disaster which such confiscation would bring, it is no new thing in the Anglo-Saxon race to fight when their property is attacked. The ship-money was but a small tax, yet the ship-money helped to bring Charles the First to the scaf- fold. It must be borne in mind that the men of the days of Buchanan’s Presi- dency were for the most part innocent so far as slavery was concerned. The slaves represented to them investment as the result of effort, inheritance, property seizure for a just debt. They were not responsible for the system, for it was inherited. They had been born into a community whereof slavery was part and parcel. This property they were asked to give up because it represented a wrong to men and women, and so asked by men and women who owned not one dollar’s worth of it. To ask a race to give up one-third of their property, to ruin themselves, to upset every industry by which they live, to beggar their wives and children, was to ask much. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 33 No movement to buy the slaves, make them the property of the nation, and set them free, seems to have been seriously considered. This is the more wonderful because this is what England had done. The Abolitionists would be satisfied with nothing less than confiscation, the Pro-Slavery men would hear of nothing else than “Property in one State shall be property in all States,” and tins the fugitive slave law gave them. Is it any wonder, then, that war was the only way out? Both sides had a part of the right: both were determined their right should win. Morally, too, the Abolitionists were right, for slavery is wrong. Morally, too, the Pro-Slavery men were right, for it is wrong to punish a man for that for which he is not responsible. Now the heat and passion has passed away, buried in the graves of those who fought so gallantly during the four long years. Now we can see things as they were in reality, and we can accord to those of a generation fast pass- ing- away equal honesty In their belief, equal heroism in their support of them. The question is settled forever in this country, and all that can be said is that it had to be fought out. Yet when one thinks of what it cost to North and South alike, one can but sigh over “ the pity of it! ” ZACHARY TAYLOR. General Zachary Taylor’s career before he became the twelfth Presi- dent of the United States was that of an officer in the army. In 1808 he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry, and from that time until he took part in the Mexican War he spent his days fighting Indians. His first independent command was at Port Harrison, in 1812, when he success- fully defended the place during the Black Hawk War. He won the battle of Okechobee in Florida against the Seminoles. In 1845 Texas was annexed, and as Mexico threatened to invade the new territory of the United States, General Taylor was sent down to defend the border. He won the battle of the Rio Grande, at which time he said to the council of war that recom- mended retreat, “I shall go to Fort Brown or stay in my shoes.” Under orders from the President he invaded Mexico, and won the battle of Monterey on September 24, 1846. Although he was succeeded in his command by General Scott, he fought and won the battle of Buena Vista on February 27, 1847. The Whigs took advantage of his great personal popularity in the country and nominated him for the Presidency. He was elected in November, 1848, and he died in the White House in 1850. During his term of office President Taylor showed himself exceedingly conservative. He restrained the out- breaks of the slavery question, and prevented its influence with the action of the government. During his term the gold rush to California began, and the President was forced to meet the strange political conditions this gave rise to. He sent Commodore Perry to Japan, and the Perry treaty was con- cluded. Had President Taylor lived he would have done much; as it. was, he left behind him the memory of a good man. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. When Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office “to support the Consti- tution of the United States,” that oath which he kept so loyally and well, he was able to look back over as hard a life of struggle and toil as that passed over by any American. Born among the poorest of the poor, self-educated and self-taught, he had begun his public career as a member of the Illinois 34 BIOGRAPHIES OP THE PRESIDENTS OF THE V. S. Legislature. In 1846 he went to Congress, where he was particularly notice- able for his urgent desire to see the slaves in the District of Columbia eman- cipated. In 1854 the repeal of the Missouri Compromise brought Lincoln out in debate, and his speeches marked him as one of the most fiery of the Anti- Slavery orators. When the Republican party was formed he became, natur- ally, its head in Illinois, and during 1858 took part in his great debates with Senator Douglass, in which his speeches outlined the policy of the Anti-Slavery men for all time. In 1860, Douglass and Breckinridge being his two opponents, he was nominated and elected sixteenth President of the United States. Already States had seceded, and Lincoln was, from the first, face to face with a disrupted Union. He treated secession as a nullity, and in his intense de- sire to find some way out of the difficulty before him, proposed that Con- gress should pay for the slaves. This Congress agreed to do, but the suggestion had come too late. The war issues absorbed everything, and although there were politics in the country still, they were as nothing. Lincoln’s course from first to last was the same. With him the Union was before everything else, and he woidd listen to any plan which even looked toward its restoration. Even the emancipation of the slaves was only forced upon him — near as was the meas- ure to his soul — by the exigencies of the war. The history of the war is alike too well known and too long to be even summarized here. The President returned Slidell and Mason to England and bent his efforts toward keeping the peace between this country and France as well as Great Britain. He maintained friendly relations with President Juarez in Mexico, and he welcomed the visit of the Russian fleet gladly and warmly. But, in fact, he had but onethouglit, the war; and the politics and the foreign rela- tions of other presidents played but a small part in the gigantic task before him. Still, what there was of them he managed with great wisdom. No President has had such a responsibility as that which Lincoln was called upon to bear. Even Washington had no such war to manage, no such anxious hours, for Washington’s enemies were foreigners. Calmly, quietly, with infinite patience and almost infinite wisdom, the President carried on the government of the country and brought the war to an end. We are only beginning to learn now how great and good this man was: we will never fully realize how much we owe to him. ANDREW JOHNSON. Andrew Johnson was elected to Congress in 1843 and to the Senate in 1857. In both he was a bitter opponent to slavery. In 1862 Lincoln made him military Governor of Tennessee, where he was successful in his adminis- tration of the affairs of the State. When Lincoln died Johnson became President. His hatred of secession found utterance in such expressions as “ treason is a crime,” and for a time it was feared he would become the exponent of what was called the “ Party of Vengeance ” in the North. Owing, however, to the influence of Secretary Seward, Johnson moderated his sentiments. He went so far in the other di- rection that he found himself in conflict with Congress. He attempted to nullify various acts of Congress, and was impeached by the House before the Senate. He was acquitted by a vote of thirty-five for conviction to nineteen for acquittal. The difference of one vote would have turned the tide. For- tunately the country was spared the scandal. The remainder of his time in the White House Johnson spent in fighting Congress. During his term there were no politics to amount to anything, the the radical party on a he aw grade BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 35 country being fully occupied in recovering from tbe cliaos of the war. After his term had ended Johnson was elected to the Senate from Tennessee. ULYSSES S. GRANT. U. S. Grant — “ Uncle Sam ” Grant, as Lincoln called him when he heard of the capture of Donelson — after serving through the Mexican War under General Taylor and spending a few years in civil life, entered the service of the State of Illinois at the beginning of the war as mustering officer. He was made colonel of the twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, and soon after received his commission as brigadier-general. He captured Fort Donelson, the first capture of any importance made by the Union troops, and he followed this up by taking Vicksburg. Assuming the command of the Army of the Poto- mac,' he received the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, which act virtually ended the war. General Grant appeared prominently in politics during the administration of Johnson. As general of the army, a rank revived for him by Congress, his position and influence were alike important in national affairs.' President Jolmson had committed himself to the policy of punishing the Confederate leaders, and the work was begun by a persecution of General Robert E. Lee. General Lee appealed to General Grant, and the latter, who firmly believed the war was over, and that the best way to secure its fruits was to simply as- sume that the Confederates had been punished enough, at once responded to the appeal. He declared that the terms on which he had paroled General Lee and all other Southern officers must be respected, and that, no one should be punished. Although there were enough hot-heads in Washington to have carried the policy of the President into effect. General Grant’s influence was so great that against his objections nothing could be done. In order to pre- vent the President using the army officers in the South to further embitter the people, Congress passed an act declaring that no orders should be given to the army except through its general. This, in effect, placed Grant above the President in the administration of the army, a position Johnson vainly tried to get out of by sending Grant to Mexico as the U. S. Minister, a posi- tion the latter refused. In 1868 he was unanimously nominated as the candidate of the Republican party for the presidency, and was elected by a sweeping majority. In his letter of acceptance he used the famous phrase, “Let us have peace,” and it is the proud record of the man who carried the war to its most bloody end, that he bent the whole power of his office to binding up the wounds and bringing the nation back once more to Constitutional government. General Grant believed in the nation, and in the inherent power of the national gov- ernment, as he believed in the people and their capacity for self-rule. One of the distinguishing features of his government was his desire to re- store the finances of the country to a sure basis. He advocated specie pay- ment of the bonds and resumption as soon as possible. He was warmly in favor of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, as he believed this would secure to the negro race the full benefits of the war. A request for annexation to the United States having been forwarded by the government of Santo Domingo, in the West Indies, President Grant did his best to secure the passage of the treaty, but, largely owing to the opposition of Charles Sumner, failed in the Senate. The necessity which is apparent now for some naval station to the south of us makes plain the wisdom of General Grant in his views of this matter. When it appeared that the negroes in tbe South were not reaping the benefit of the Fifteenth Amendment, and were being oppressed by men in de- 36 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. fiance of the law, Grant took prompt measures, and by a show of govern- ment troops in North Carolina put a stop to the whole business without diffi- culty. The consistent and firm friendship shown by the President for the men of the Southern States gave him an influence with them that materially assisted all the reconstruction measures. A feature of Grant’s administration, which will always redound to his credit, was his success with the treaty of Washington. The claims for dam- ages to American commerce by Confederate vessels which had been built and armed in England, had created very sore feelings between the Americans and English. War talk was heard often, and affairs at one time looked dan- gerous. Grant’s inflexible desire for peace curbed those of the angrier sort, and he finally had these and other American claims referred to arbitration. As a result of the Geneva congress, which grew out of the treaty of Wash- ington, England paid the “Alabama” claims. The San Juan boundary question was decided in our favor. During Grant’s second term the so-called “Whiskey Ring ” was exposed, and the men who had been robbing the government were tried and pun- ished. The President vetoed the Currency Inflation Bill, and his reasons were so good that the measure died. The peculiar glory of Grant’s administration is to be found in his firm and unvarying friendship for the Southern States. While he made it plain that he would cause the law to be obeyed, he would allow nothing to be done to further embitter those who were then slowly recovering from the effects of the war. No President ever gave utterance to a nobler sentiment than ‘ ‘ Let us have peace, ’’and to this, in spirit as in word, Grant acted up. His wisdom in this regard brought the country together much sooner than it otherwise would have come, and the policy he stamped on the government survived him. Unlearned in statecraft, he saw this part of his duty plainly, and, see- ing it, he was not found lacking. The reunited nation of to-day should hold Grant in higher honor for this than is due to him from the North for his vic- tories in the war. RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES. Ruthebford B. Hayes won his rank as Major-General by brevet for his gallantry in the war. He went to Congress in 1865, and became Governor of Ohio four years later. He made for himself, from his entrance into pub- lic life, a record as an advocate of honest money, civil-service reform, and the pacification of the South. When he became President in 1876 he announced these three as the main features of his policy. He was able to withdraw the troops which had been kept in the South, an act which did much to soothe the feelings of the people of that section. He attempted to inaugurate civil- service reform, but was unable to bring it about. He vetoed the Silver Cur- rency Bill on the ground that silver could not honestly be used as a legal ten- der in excess of its market value. It is a marked feature of the administration of President. Hayes that resumption of specie payment went into effect on January 1, 1879. To this end the President had worked hard, and he had the delight of seeing it an accomplished fact. The dollar of the United States government once more became a dollar in fact. President Hayes made himself felt in the scheme of a canal to join the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He took the ground that no such canal could ever be built unless it was to be controlled by the United States, and this view has been accepted as sound American policy since that time. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 37 JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. James A. Garfield liad a war record of- no small glory when he was elected to Congress. There he came to the front as a champion of specie payment. He was made chairman of the committee of finance and banking, and his speeches laid down the soundest principles of national finance. He was a member of the electoral commission which awarded the Presidency to Mr. Hayes, and he fought in all ways the attempts of his political opponents to control the elections unfairly. He was elected to the Presidency as a com- promise candidate in 1880. The one feature of his life in the White House was the celebrated patronage fight. Garfield held out for the power and dignity of his office, although he con- ceded the national patronage to the Republican leaders. It was while the quarrel between these leaders for the spoils was going on that he was shot by Guiteau, and, after lingering for a few weeks, died. His administration was not old enough at his death to have had any political questions of mo- ment submitted to it. CHESTER ALLAH ARTHUR. As Quartermaster-General of the State of New York during the war, Arthur showed his power of administration. When he became President on the death of Garfield, he set himself at work to cpiiet the feuds in the Repub- lican party, and in this he succeeded well. His administration was a tran- quil one, there being no great questions to settle and no great political issues to be fought out. He appointed that Central and South American commis- sion which finally resulted in the Pan-American Congress. He made a treaty with Nicaragua looking forward to an inter-oceanic canal, and began the work of erecting defenses for the coast, which has gone on steadily ever since. The new navy was begun during his term of office, and the first of those ships which now give us some power on the sea were designed and built. The great problem of polygamy in Utah was grappled with, and this tenet of the Mormon belief was done away with. The fight was long, hut the government won. The foreign relations of the country during his adminis- tration call for but little comment in any way. GROVER CLEVELAND. There had been a long lease of power for the Republican party — from 1860 to 1884 — when Grover Cleveland was elected President on the Demo- cratic and Independent-Republican nomination. His career in politics had been almost phenomenally short. Mayor of Buffalo in 1881, and Governor of New York in 1882, he was chosen to carry the standard of the Democracy. During his term of office in Albany he became known as the “ Veto Gov- ernor,” and he earned a similar title'in Washington. Mr. Cleveland had from the first ranged himself on the side of economy in public expenditures. As mayor he saved Buffalo $1,000,000 in a year, and as Governor he refused to sign bills which involved heavy expenditures for the State. When he became President he made it apparent that his belief 38 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. in his own judgment had not diminished. In two years he had vetoed 115 out of 987 bills passed by Congress. Mr. Cleveland had the bitterest fight of his term on the question of civil- service reform. His party demanded that all Republicans be turned out of office and their places filled with Democrats. This demand the President refused to comply with. During his term he took steps to recover the public lands which had been unlawfully seized. He promised protection to the Chinese from the mobs that had attacked them, and he took extremely strong ground against Canada as the result of outrages on American fishermen. The Senate attempted to compel him to give the reasons for such removals as he made from among the office-holders, and this the President resisted strongly and won the fight. His administration was marked by tranquillity in our relations with other countries and prosperity in our own. BENJAMIN HARRISON. Benjamin Harrison, a grandson of President Harrison, was elected to many local offices in his own State before he was sent to the Senate. In 1888 he was elected President on the nomination of the Republicans. The features of his term have been the passage of the McKinley bill to increase the tariff, and the Pan-American Congress. At the latter, repre- sentatives of all countries in North and South America, except Canada, met in Washington and debated subjects of common interest. From this it is hoped the best results may, in time, come. The events of President Harrison’s term of office are too recent to make it necessary to allude to them at length in this place. THE PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION. An Act relative to the Election of a President and Vice-Pres- ident, AND DECLARING THE OFFICER WHO SHALL ACT AS PRESIDENT IN CASES OF VACANCIES, APPROVED MARCH 1 , 1792 , PROVIDES AS FOLLOWS: That the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December, at such place in each State, as shall be directed by the Legisla- ture thereof; and the Electors in each State shall make and sign three certifi- cates of all the votes by them given, and shall seal up the same, certifying, on each, that a list of the votes of such State, for President and Vice-Presi- dent, is contained therein; and shall, by writing, under their hands, or under the hands of a majority of them, appoint a person to take charge of, and de- liver to the President of the Senate, at the seat of government, before the first Wednesday in January then next ensuing, one of the said certificates; and the said Electors shall forthwith forward, by the post-office, to the Presi- dent of the Senate, at the seat of government, one other of the said certifi- cates; and shall, forthwith, cause the other of the said certificates to be deliv- ered to the judge of that district in which the said Electors shall assemble. That the executive authority of each State shall cause three lists of the names of the Electors of such State to be made, and certified, and to be de- livered to the Electors on or before the said first- Wednesday in December; and the Electors shall annex one of the said lists to each of the lists of their votes. That if a list of votes from any State shall not have been received at the seat of government, on the said first Wednesday in January, then the Secre- tary of State shall send a special messenger to the district judge in whose custody such list shall have been lodged, who shall forthwith transmit the same to the seat of government. That Congress shall be in session on the second Wednesday in February, and the said certificates, or so many of them as shall have been received, shall then be opened, the votes counted, and the persons who shall fill the offices of President and Vice-President ascertained and declared, agreeably to the Constitution. That in case there shall be no President of the Senate at the seat of gov- ernment on the arrival of the persons intrusted with the lists of the votes of the Electors, then such persons shall deliver the lists of votes in their custody into the office of the Secretary of State, to be safely kept and delivered over, as soon as may be, to the President of the Senate. That in case of a removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate pro tempore , and in case there shall be no President of the Senate, then the Speaker of the House of Bepresentatives, for the time being, shall act as President of the United States, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. That whenever the offices of President and Vice-President shall both be- come vacant, the Secretary of State shall forthwith cause a notification to be made to the executive of every State, and shall also cause the same to be pub- lished in at least one of the newspapers printed in each State, specifying that Electors shall be appointed or chosen, in the several States, within thir- ty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing; Provided , There shall be the space of two months between the date of said notification, and the said first Wednesday in December; but if there shall not be a space of two months between the date of such notification and the first 39 40 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. Wednesday in December, and if the term for which the President and Vice- President last in office were elected shall not expire on the third day of March next ensuing, then the Secretary of State shall specify in his notification, that the Electors shall be appointed within thirty -four days preceding the fourth Wednesday in December in the next year ensuing, further action to be fol- lowed as prescribed by law for elections ordinarily. The Presidential Succession Bill, passed at the first session of the 49th Congress, reads as follows: Chap. IV.— In case of removal, death, res- ignation, or inability of both the President and Vice-President, a member of the Cabinet shall, in the following order, act as President until the disability is removed or a President elected : The Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior; Provided, That whenever the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States shall devolve upon any of the persons named herein, if Congress be not then in session, or if it would not meet in accordance with law within twenty days thereafter, it shall be the duty of the person upon whom said powers and duties shall de- volve, to issue a proclamation convening Congress in extraordinary session, giving twenty days’ notice of the time of meeting. — [Approved January 19, 1886. ] THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. The Presidents and Vice-Presidents are chosen by Electors, the people of each State voting for as many Electors as it has members of both Houses of Congress. After the votes are cast and counted in the several districts in each State, the Electors meet at a place designated in the State law, and vote for the candidate whom they have been elected to choose. “By this plan the electoral vote of each State is solid for one candidate, and the popular vote for the minority candidate is lost. ” It may happen, and has so occurred, that the candidate receiving the largest number of popular votes has not been elected. If the number of votes cast by Electors for each candidate is equal, the House of Representatives is called upon to choose a President. This has happened twice. The Representatives vote, in such a case, by States, each delegation representing one vote for or against. The plan of procedure when Electors meet is not generally known, and may be of interest: As noted above, they meet on a given day (Act of 1845) after the election, at a place designated by the State law. No particular or- ganization for business is called for. As a rule, however, a chairman is selected when the Electors assemble. Then, by ballot, they vote for Presi- dent and Vice-President, the ballots for each office being separate. This done, three lists are made of the persons voted for, including designation of the office to be filled and number of votes cast for each. Following comes the preparation and signing of three identical certifi- cates (one for each of the lists), stating that “a list of the votes for President and Vice-President is contained herein.” To each list of votes is added a list of the names of the Electors, made and certified by the Governor of the State. The next step is to seal (separately) the certificates, certifying upon each that it contains a list of all the electoral votes of the State. These several documents having been made ready, the Electors appoint by writing a person to deliver one certificate to the President of the Senate at Washington. Another document (duplicate) is forwarded through the post-office, also to the President of the Senate at Washington. The third (or triplicate) is de- livered to the Federal Judge of the district in which the Electors assemble. “ The Electoral College is then dead in law, whether it adjourns tempora- rily or permanently, or never adjourns. ” ‘OLD ABE” OK (jTT. ELECTORAL VOTE PRIOR TO 1872. 05 :c Of 05 i- O 05 OC o CO CO o ( C Of CO o 00 o w CO 00 00 Of CO Of CO QO 1836 o Tf< CO 1844 1 1848 1852 o iO QC 1860 1864 1868 | No. of States. . 13 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 30 31 31 33 36 37 3 5 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 Connecticut . . . 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Delaware 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Georgia 5 4 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 11 11 11 io 10 10 10 10 9 9 3 3 3 5 5 5 9 9 11 11 11 16 16 3 3 5 5 9 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 4 4 4 4 8 8 3 3 4 4 4 8 8 12 12 12 14 14 15 15 15 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 Maryland 8 10 10 10 11 11 ii ii a ii H 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 Massachusetts 10 16 16 16 19 19 22 22 15 15 15 14 14 14 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 8 8 4 4 4 Mississippi 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 4 4 4 9 9 9 11 11 3 3 3 N. Hampshire. 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 New Jersey . . . 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 New York 8 12 12 12 19 19 29 29 29 36 36 42 42 42 36 .36 35 35 35 33 33 North Carolina 7 12 12 12 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 3 3 8 8 8 16 16 21 21 21 23 23 23 23 23 21 21 3 3 3 Pennsylvania . io 15 15 15 20 20 25 25 25 28 28 30 30 30 26 26 27 27 27 26 26 Rhode' Island . . 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 South Carolina 7 8 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 3 3 5 5 8 8 8 1J 11 15 13 13 12 12 12 10 10 4 d 4 4 6 6 Vermont 4 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 Virginia 12 21 21 21 24 24 25 25 25 24 24 23 23 23 17 17 15 15 15 10 10 West Virginia. 5 5 4 5 5 X 8 Total 91 135 138 138 176 176 218 221 235 261 261 288 294 294 275 290 296 296 30.3 314 317 6b 41 ELECTORAL VOTE, 1872-1888. States. 1888. 1884. 1880. t 1876. 18 72 . Cleveland, Democrat. Harrison, Republic'n. Cleveland, Democrat. Blaine, Republic’ll. Garfield, Republic’n. Hancock, Democrat. Hayes, Republic’n. Tilden, Democrat. Grant, Republic’n. * Hendricks, Democrat, j 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 8 8 1 5 6 6 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 12 12 11 11 22 22 21 21 21 15 15 15 15 15 13 13 11 11 11 9 9 5 5 5 13 13 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 11 7 5 5 5 9 9 8 8 8 10 16 15 15 6 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 36 36 35 35 35 11 ii 10 10 10 23 23 22 22 22 3 3 3 3 3 30 30 29 29 29 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 7 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 8 8 8 4 4 5 5 5 12 12 11 11 11 6 6 5 5 5 11 11 10 10 10 Total 168 233 219 182 214 155 185 184 286 43 * In 1872 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican candidate for Presi- dent, having died before' the electoral vote was cast, the Greeley electors voted as above for Thomas A. Hendricks in five states. Kentucky, Georgia, and Missouri cast 18 electoral votes for B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for President; Georgia, 2 votes for C. J. Jenkins, of Georgia, and Missouri 1 vote for David Davis of Illinois, and 17 votes irregularly cast wei'e not counted by Congress, t Count of the Electoral Commission. 4: THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE, 1892. The Electoral College in 1892, based upon the apportionment bill, will contain 444 votes, requiring 223 to elect a President. For ordinary purposes, there are but two doubtful States, New York and Indiana. New Jersey and Connecticut are frequently included in the doubtful list, but they are more reliably Democratic thau New Hamp- shire and Rhode Island are Republican. There are really but two doubtful States, leaving the electoral vote in 1892 as follows: Rep. Dem. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana 3 4 13 24 13 10 13 8 6 15 14 9 8 9 17 3 Doubt- ful. Rep. Dem. Doubt- ful. Nebraska 8 Nevada 3 New Hampshire. . 4 New Jersey 10 New York.. 36 North Carolina. . . 11 North Dakota 3 Ohio 23 4 32 4 9 4 12 Texas 15 4 12 4 6 12 3 215 178 51 “From this it will be seen that if the other States vote as given, the Democrats must carry both New York and Indiana, to elect a President, while either State would suffice for the Republicans. Or, the Republicans could lose both New York and Indiana, and still win by carrying New Jersey.” This table is based upon a Congressional apportionment of 356, which would repre- sent the States as follows: Alabama 9 Arkansas 6 California 7 Colorado 2 Connecticut 4 Delaware 1 Florida 2 Georgia 11 Idaho 1 Illinois 22 Indiana 13 Iowa 11 Kansas 8 Kentucky 11 Louisiana 6 The following States gain Alabama 1 Arkansas 1 California 1 Colorado 1 Georgia 1 Illinois 2 Maine 4 Maryland 6 Massachusetts ... 13 Michigan 12 Minnesota 7 Mississippi 7 Missouri 15 Montana 1 Nebraska 6 Nevada 1 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey 8 New York 34 North Dakota 9 North Carolina 1 Representatives : Kansas 1 Massachusetts 1 Michigan 1 Minnesota 2 Missouri 1 Nebraska 3 Ohio 21 Oregon 2 Pennsylvania 30 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 South Dakota 2 Tennessee 10 Texas 13 Vermont 2 Virginia 10 Washington 2 West Virginia 4 Wisconsin 10 Wyoming 1 New Jersey 1 Oregon 1 Pennsylvania 2 Texas'. 2 Washington 1 Wisconsin 1 43 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT ELECTORAL VOTE. States. Electoral votes in the next Presiden- tial Elec- tion. States. Electoral votes in the next Presiden- tial Elec- tion. States. Electoral votes in the next Presiden- tial Elec- tion. 11 Maryland 8 32 8 4 9 14 9 4 9 4 6 9 12 3 17 15 4 3 4 13 8 12 3 3 4 24 4 6 15 10 12 13 36 3 10 11 3 13 444 8 23 Maine 6 Oregon 4 Electoral votes necessary to a choice, 223. 44 POPULAR VOTE— PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES, 1789-1888. Names of Candidates. State. George Washington John Adams George Washington John Adams John Adams Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr Thomas Jefferson C. C. Pinckney James Madison C. C. Pinckney James Madison DeWitt Clinton James Monroe Rufus King James Monroe John Q. Adams J. Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson J. Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay Martin Van Buren W. H. Harrison W. H. Harrison Martin Van Buren James K. Polk Henry Clay Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Frankiin Pierce Winfield Scott James Buchanan John C. Fremont Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckenridge. Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan.. Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley R. B. Hayes Samuel J. Tilden James A. Garfield W. S. Hancock Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland Virginia Massachusetts.. . Virginia Massachusetts . . Massachusetts.. . Virginia Virginia New York Virginia South Carolina . . Virginia South Carolina. . Virginia New York Virginia New York Virginia Massachusetts.. . Massachusetts.. . Tennessee Tennessee Massachusetts.. . Tennessee Kentucky New York Ohio Ohio New York Tennessee Kentucky Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire. New Jersey Pennsylvania California Illinois Kentucky Illinois New Jersey Illinois New York Illinois New York Ohio New York Ohio New York New York Maine Indiana New York Party. Date of Election. Popular vote cast. Percentage of each candidate. Federalist . . . Jan. 7. 1789 Federalist . . . Federalist . . . Federalist . . . Nov. 8, 1796 Dein. Hep Dem. Rep Dem. Rep Nov. 11. 1800 Dem. Rep Federalist . . . Nov. Iff 1804 Dem. Rep. . . . Federalist . . . Nov. 8, 1808 Dem. Rep Federalist . . . Dem. Rep Federalist . . . Nov. 12, 1816 Dem. Rep Opposition. . . Coalition Dem. Rep Nov. 9, 1824 105,321 155,872 647,231 509,097 687,502 530,189 761,549 29.92 44.27 Democrat Nat. Rep Nov. 11, 1828 55.97 44.03 Democrat Nat. Rep Nov. 13, 1832 54.96 42.39 Democrat Whig Nov. 8, 1836 50.83 Nov 10. 1840 1,275,017 1,128,702 1,337.243 1,299,068 1,360,101 1,220,544 52.89 46.82 Democrat... . Nov. 12, 1844 49.55 48.14 Nov. 7, 1848 47.36 Democrat 42.50 Democrat Nov. 2, 1852 1,601,474 2,386,578 1,838,169 1,341,264 1,866,352 845,763 50.93 44.10 Democrat Republican. . Nov. 4, 1856 45.34 33.09 Republican. . Nov. 6, 1860 39.91 18.08 Republican . . Nov. 8,1864 2,216,067 1,808,725 3,015,071 2,709,613 3,597,070 2,834,079 4,0.33,975 4,284,873 4,454,416 4,444,952 4,874,986 4,851,981 5,440,708 5,536,242 55.06 44.94 Republican . . Democrat Nov. 3, 1868 52.67 47.33 Republican. . Dem. & Lib. Nov. 5, 1872 55.63 43.83 Republican . . Nov. 7, 1876 47.95 50.94 Republican. . Democrat Nov. 2, 1880 48.31 48.20 Democrat Nov. 4, 1S84 48.48 48.22 Republican.. Democrat Nov. 6, 1888 47.83 48.63 45 POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT FROM 1824 TO 1888. CO CO 00 V. Bu’n Dem. ODO^iOtONOiOWONrHOOiftWNiOOCOiOTf ONh COOCO iO«05QOCOlGOOOCDI»G50lTfi-ir-rl.0 04 CO CD o_vr^o?^T-H r- © ^ rf co cc 't-* 10 co cs os i- co go os os Tf_os Os'oTos'rt' of 00 04" of C*f 04" of CO t-TofcT 00 co Cd"cO co"n"of co Tt cT n i—i 04 n CO CO 04 04 CO i—i t- ( 04 CO 04 OS OS 04 n CO 761,549 Hn.etc. Whig. i-QOCOOOOCOi-tmcOOSOiCOOOQt-OpOJCOCOiOi-iO 04 i—i 00 CO CO CO CO CO 00 GO 1C 00 CO iO OS O OC CO 04 CS -f 04 Cl— 1—1 CO OS' CO CO^Oi^t- OS 03 04 OS CO 04 00 © O CO CO 04 00 iO CO Tf 1-1. t- OS CS CO iff t-T CC Tf rf tjT 1 -T co CO iff iff n" rf" of 00 CO CO 00 co" iff l- of iff © of 1-1 1-1 04 n Vf CO n 04 ff 04 CO 04 O 00 CO 04 04 CD iO CD CD co i- oi CO o 6 Jack’ll Dem. J’son. 11,269 4,110 20,750 14,147 31,552 36,247 4,049 33,291 19,156 14.545 5,919 5,192 25,486 23,856 168,497 24.862 81,246 90.9a3 2,126 28,740 7,870 33,609 04 O iO l- 00 CD Clay N. Rep. No op. iOcO • OS 04 CO 00 if © CO •O t- • 04 l— OS 04 O CO O 4-04 • it O CO *C 04 i-> O i>Tjf ! iff iff co of i- os" co 1-1 . 1-1 Tt 04 1-1 CO O CO CD CO OS CO O CD 04 i— ■ . i— < OS OS CD CO n h CO»OiO • — 5 O CO.OO iC iO t-00 rf lit of ctf if- Tf" CO CO of 111 . g 1 04 10 l- iO H H OS I CO 10 GO 04 00 Jack- son. 00 CO N-" COOSG5COl--fiOt'-QOCS — t — t O CD CO GO © 04 t— i—i itCCi^t- 04/© CO d r lO O; if if" CC CO of of ff C»f if" co" i-i 04 CO 11 04 CO 04 04 O CO i- N Ol I -010 04 CD CO O iO CD iO OS' iO 04 OS O iD t- 04 CD OS GO iO CO 00 ~ 0.041- cdgoOhoVn'i-' Rrfooco 04 04 if CO CD 0 ^ if 04 To if If 0 Adams 1,938 OSOS -104 04NC0 050 04 CO • 00 iO l- 05 t- lO CO 00 l- ;WO f iiON i> 00 COrf ! n" r-T rjn' cT iff of n n CO 04 04 04 1,581 3,422 24,076 23,758 135,413 13,918 63,396 50,848 2,7.54 y Legi 2,240 24,784 12,101 509,097 '4881 Clay. CO • £- iO 04 ■ iO • if n 00 -OS • OWN • CO • : 1 -Tiffco ; : • 1 — ( • iO OS ■ ,0 CD • if • ■ • 04 CD • fl Tf r-f ' ‘ • of 11 ‘ ’ , i-i . . • zz • w • • • • ‘O’ t- 00 *0 CD Tf Craw- ford. 1,680 1,978 lature. lature. 219 lature. 3,646 6,616 119 1,196 lature. 15,621 4,206 200 ctors c 312 lature. 8,489 04 8 S' Jack- son. 9,443 ■ C/) 75 n CO CO (COCO • • T "T >0 *— CO 04 • • tc OtiOS CO if OJDCO lO • ; • r*5 k*5 if I— CO iO 75 iO l- Q .5 • >s 04 00 iff iO Adams 2,416 7,587 B B 1,542 3,095 B 6,870 14,632 30,687 1,694 311 4,107 9,110 B 12,280 5,440 2,145 216 B 3,189 04 CO iff 0 : J 2 :'S. : 9#J £ • 8 6 ■ -k^iCC ■ r ^3-; c »j- , .Hc/i'c*c3 ' '77! 4^> • Ijp'ig ill ilifiplss jfSS 1 1:1 04C0Tfi0CDt~000SOii04C0ifi0C0t^G00S©ii04C^£tiqO 46 POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT. V. Buren F. Dem. • • lO O • ■ o ^5 ■ • CO 40 00 05 ■ -0050 -Tf wo • • f — 05 CO • • O 00 • ■NOW • ■ 05 W O 00 • -OW t-h ■ iO CO CO • -CO i-H • • O • -Nrirl • ■O'-'OW • • 40 00 40 • CO Of i> • • GO T }3 ! ! irf '. Iio'qot-T I !of ooV ! In o' ! iff r-T ! !co o • • • ■ rH CO . ■ Cl ■ CO T™i . • rl 1 1 291,263 Cass Dem. COOOCONWOiOCOOOOCOrHNNNCOriQOOSiOcOCO C 5 COCOOH O O 'T C 5 'i 1 O O 't C 5 W N X' W QO 30 CO O O ri O N {- Tf< r-CfXO CO^Cq© 00 00 00 CO i> CO X^iO^O O^NOS^CCX^N H JO ^©. 05 ^ 40 © i-T of i-T Iff T-*-r?{^~-rt of os' o' of rf 1 C © CO cf i>f <«f Tjf -f •<& r-T co" 00 0^0 ccrio - CO Of 'CiOL-r-i^T^COCOCOMiWOWCC’-'COON Onrr^ri 3 o' Of Of. Taylor Whig. 30,482 7,588 30,314 0,421 3,116 47,544 53,047 09,907 11,084 67,141 18,217 35,125 37,702 01,070 23,940 25,922 32,671 14,781 40,015 218,603 43,550 138,360 185,513 0,779 64,705 4,509 23,122 45,124 13,747 C 5 • 05 o o co CO 3' oo Bn’y Abln’t. • :S i • o © • i-o • O 1-1 Ico'of • -CO • O Of • -1—11—1 Of -OXN ■ -CO -COCO • COCOi— 1 ■ lO CO O • -00 - 00 CO • • t— i t— < GO -Oi— 'V-t I ItjT loco ! ItjT 40 iooco*' ! : : : : : : g : 40 • 05 • co ! 0 0 cq of co zi £ o 0) PhQ OOhO t- 40 GO 05. t-cfcf4rf CO Of l> O 1— < t- Of GO 1-4.05^1—4. 'rj4‘j>cT TJ3 40 t> XCIC500C5COC50LOXNMON r,N COOOi— 't— TtTt>r^c5''c5" t-' tjT x cf *0 i—t Tf CO 40 Of Of Tf O f CO CO CO ^ CO T. 40 Of 1-4 1-4 Ctl 0) a 1-3 O Tf3 {- O 40. GO of 1-4 Tf3 CO Of. t'f CO cq >>5P d'r-> -t* Of GO QOOMN O O 00 Of. oo of o' Of CO OXN O Of CO 1-3.10.00 of io i> ~f rj3 O iOCOOOTt3QOi-Oi-icOGOOfOft-COOf (DO lO GO t— GO i— < CO o »o CO i— i X CO iC O Of r+ CO of^o.cq.cq'q.co^of.of.oqcq^.of.o^o^cq.'^ ©. i-4*' co — f3~ 40 i- -f cf i— T t-focf of co 4rf i-Tt> o’ coi-icococoofi-icoi-icocoTf40co *>.© d 0 i> t- t- CO co of Of Tf Of CO 0 of 05 Of. © oo >5;p : : • C5 . ;Tt< • • if . . - CO G5 GO • CO CO Of (D • • • C5 • Of Of • ■ Of O C5 • O Tt3 TJ3 in • • -i—l • CO CO • -1—4 t— ■ C5 CO Q 05 • CO ■ C5 40 0 t- d 0) • t- d > i-3 C5 © Tt< C5 -t* 05 00 C5.C5.of.oq. CO~ ©~ 4ff -f CO Of CO CO lO CO i> C5 C5.TH.CO. co ^ o COf-riOfOOOOiOOOTt3C5000fOi-3-*JC5 1-3 1— O4G1'OC5ONC0i-ihXNO OCO CO cq.Of^t> 05.0 C5.i>.CO O ^ *q.Of.t> co CO rj Of. Of o'gOt-T^Co'o' of 1-f of CO CO ^ 00 CO TJ3 Of 40 Of 1-4 Of CO co 1-1 CO Of Tf3 Of 1-4 1— • 05 CO 0 0 00 sq Of 0 i> 00 Of |.5P a 1-3 O ~ O- NCOO rh.i-i.CO.05 00 O 1-1 o' Of CO 1HNO) CO CO o Of.iq.cq. cf 10 no 4j3lf CO C5COOfQOTt3COGOOfOOi-Ht-COt-i-iOO i-t X C5 i—i Of N- CO i— 1 t— 40 40 i—i i — 40 Of L— 05 Tf*.of. cq. 40.oq.C5. 40. C5.i-4.cq. oocq. 1—4.0. Of. co OOi-fcOCO of of of of CO CO 40* CO GO ^ T^4cf 0 40 1-4 t} 3 co i> of i-t of of co of Tj3 ^3 Tj3 co O 1-3 qs of of co ^ 0 ^ 10 {- Of ci • £ o S*-sSs»S & P u : $ :g.s ^ 2 S ^ ^crr 5 : d‘^07-d.S ) xdK , '' :) P' H f r3 " ^ £ _cj x 2 c ■§* g -1 s §| gtsf | |Msi | & & *1.2 gif § * s-[c ~-s-oa).2a;;d2do.f3rirf ; - ; £j.2a)a)oo,dG).d6oS«-~4- >56 ^ d a c3 S J» d* „ d ^ - 5 H "d cjrt - a) > co d GOC5©T 47 POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT. Bell Union. lO’TNm-NOw'OCXXtOCruCWOWH Ci © 1— © © CO -iH GO i- 03 ©.03 ic GO TP 04^© i-i_© O^Tf Ci^QO i— t- 03 i-h 00 00 TP TP t> 00 1 -T of of r-T of of CO of Iff © 1 -T of Tpoicor-. © r-t © o* tp tpco 48,339 11,405 3,006 178,871 ©00 00 03 00 © Tp t-i 04 GO L-i3N 03 00 Tp' {- Tp~ © TP £- 03 © i> Iff TP 00 Douglass Dera. rHNONCONOLOCirlHlOCCCNNOCO^rHr-lOi-lNHinNO ©0iT-.04 04©©i->Oi-i©04©©t-©0ia0©a0©i-i©03©©©© ©04©©©03©04© i-i © © ©©03©©0400 00GO©t-04©t— 1-03 of ©''oo iff t-T r-f© io iff iff i-cDuf -p' iff i-T cooo'iffofof of i> of CD - 1> t-T 1-1 03 1-1 T-I CD T-( O 04 04 03 © t— ( lONOrH 00 i-i r-t 6,849 16,290 65,021 g Iff t— 03, Lincoln Rep. 39,173 43,692 3,815 172,161 139,033 70,409 1,364 62,811 2,294 106,533 88,480 22,069 17,028 37,519 58,324 362,646 231,610 5,270 268,030 12 244 33,808 1,929 86,110 04 03 © © 00 /9S8I Fillmore Ame’n. 04 t— © © © 03 QC © 00 © i—i C- 03 04 © I- th © t-hOOO GO ©© of© TP O 04 i-i 03 Tp TP © © © © © © © O TpGOQOr-1© 04 ©04© Tp 03 i-i Tp^t— _03 Tp © © ”i- of of t- ©of t- cfr-T 03 04 © 04 Tp ri 24,195 48,524 422 24,115 124,604 36,886 28,126 © © 00 © © © © i- i.- L- 03 Tp . 1, i-J,© 1-J.CD © 03 © Of t-T©'©' ©' 00 © 1-1 © 03 ©. Tp' t— GO Buch’n Dem. ©©©©TtiQ0 00Gp©©O4Tp©©©© COi— 1©©©©1— Tpl.— t«.—p©GCi— 'TrO0 i- 05 03 05 ©03 © 03©i-H©t-i©i- . . 04 • • © © © *04 • • © © 04 • GO • • © 03 03 ■ © : i 10 ' S' :S © Tp . .1—1 . TP 04 TP • *04 -i-i ©CO • • © "GO GO ICO*' ‘.00 s 00 iff © Pierce Dem. i—i 03 © © GO GO ©i— ©03©t— ©©©04 GOt— 04Tpr— it— i©©'P‘©©—P© 04©— P GO_i— i_©_04_03 CO_ {.- ©_ CO t- 00 ©_ CD ©_ ©_ GO ©" of cf of CD Tp" Tp" cf iff t— ' of Qtf t-T cf tP* i— T 04 tH Tp 03 03 00 © tH © rH TP TP Tp tP © 03 t- © 03 TP © t- © © © GO Tp 04 00_O3 ©^03^©_l- 04_ cefoo cfTp’ofcfof 04 03 04 TP © 03 © 04 T-i 00 © 00 04 Tp CO GO © 03 i-i © Tt> © © ©,£^©,©,©00 © od'ocft-ofofofof © © ri ri £- 03 s TP © © Scott Whig. COTPt— i> 03©©Tpi— l©>G0©03©03© 03©©©©C— ©03©©©©Tp©00© C^tP^oS^OO ©_©_© 00©©4,©©,©00 iffbT«o"»ofco^o"iff^^ofiff©f of i-( 03 03 t— i©G0t— i©rT0303©03 17,548 29,984 16,147 38,556 234,882 39,058 152,526 Tp © CO © 03 04 © £- 04 © © £- £- TP t—i. CO. GO, 05. t-i. ©.04 cf t— 'of Tp" of oo of t- © 04 © 04 00 © to s c3 § =, ~ 3 - „ c3§Oj>^2 be*? x c W Cy Tt .Vi c3 o g) M S cu>*> £ X — ' c3 %h a £■- «3 ce-p.SS a >> % £ S 2 nD ‘''“III a 2 » K S K fc'3 « ? 2 C ^ ! cS ^ cc £> ~ ^ ~ — . w — n rs — w ._, L_,Ei,_ic_, 1 _i2^ (1 ) 1, 0-Cim^!5(ii(lj.: 0'tcoi-uC0a0dC0©O05t>L'-©ir3C0 00TfdC0'* ndi-O5da0a0COiadCDC0i-HCO3 h0Jt-Q0«^C00S©rH05QOO®MC0Tf0lTl'00(NT '®MTfnOr(05«r(ON^nN lOXiClWCO'tCJOaO^iOiON ”T Cl O CO i- O ?? i- CO 10.0 «D_Tl^Tl^ i t- cb t-T o' I> © rf i> of iO cf tjT to O i-T oT CO ' — — ^ ^ d os co i-< os d ao Grant Rep. CO d CO *G CO CO T-H 00 05 d CO^Tl lO 05 CO o' d"-^ ©~^r t>d JO IO 57,134 250,303 176,548 120,399 31,048 39,560 33,263 70,493 30,438 136,477 128,550 43,545 O05Oi-ii-iC005C0i-tOC0i-HG0 CO d 00 05 CO GO CO d CO GO C5 © d GO i> i? r8iH(»Nd r 05 dOS^COC©^ co'oTco oocfofco'© © r-t CO lO T}1 d CO | 5 lO l- t- »o 1-^00 cfoO d o N ©^ 1C © co" 1 Seymour Dem. 73,088 19,078 54,077 47,953 10,980 dCOOOOOOOt-Q005iO CJifQOif 05 05dcom00i- i>T^05_oo^cod^co ^ ^o_o d oTcd'-ifco lo'cTcfd' of t^Tco O 05 CO i> i — I i— < GO if CO lO 05 d 65,628 5,439 5,218 31,224 83,001 429,883 84,601 238,606 11,125 313,382 6,548 45,237 26,129 12,045 CO 1- o o CO i- ©%* d 00 CO cq, 05 o i> ot O Cl, O 0 .£« hJ OClOTHtO COCOCJthO © »C if 5 d CO OOr.l^O T-T cT CO t-T o' CO -if d © d CO o CO lO d © d co GO ^ i> oTco cTao d GO c5q8 NCJiOCCC 1-1 05 ip lO rHCOTfQN d t- t> CO CO Tf i-h rf CO 05 i>dC© 1CQOOC5 00 1— CO o OiOhN LC if CO it 00 -if rc X rt 00 >iC3 ■X C CO O c3 jj M .-3 .$2 a) £ | S| g o8 .3 m s JiScSS^SSejSS-S.^ c.3 i o =S 5 ~ a 3 -C^OGQtaO- -■■ C: ' " ' ‘ cn k! Q,>5 . ^ r J & & stt-2 g’g o-g a * n £r S » — — ^ ^ "C Q) CO ^ 00 05Or h d CO -f lO © 49 POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT. 73 P toscocoo o*rtX X c. TO CO lO : io c; co 4 *t to os a r- i - cs co w f o w ^ w n w w i- o rno o: i- ci oj --i -f '.i: io ffi . X>'-fn-t<0*C0OOC0n0*»a'_.._. - *0 *0 0* lO i— ri W *t C— O ri GO lO CO t-» 05 G n WOJ OJr-irH : *o o oo co n St. John Pro. 0* 'Or-iOiOWiOrf XWOC5 n • Oi CO O iO t-- 05 i'- O? i — 05 CO co • 05 1 - co^ n oocfTfrt ! of of of CO r-T Tjf co ! o ^ co co Tft CO' 05 O* Q GO H *>0 ■ ^_CO of of o' GO ^ r-t r-t CO 05 • n 05 CO Tf 05 O* CO CO *0 05 -t^OniOCOOsGOO* ri GO ^rtOrttO^ 0*^05 of of ri co" *rf ri lO O* n n n rf O* 00 05 CO CO CO *o ?? CO lO lini^rt 05 CO rlCOr-T tr 05 CO CO of *o Butler Gbk. CO t'* 1'- 05 GO CO ■ 1C O CO • n n N’t 1 mix ■-* «— 05 -Tt*05 oo GO © OS_CO • T— 05 o* - co co_ r-T Of t-T -t-T © GO - CO r-T CO ri CO CO CO lO CO CO -4 GO 05^10 rf o* lO CO~ rfofco 0* Ttt • • CO O* co -f -OSCOOiO* • • OI O 05 05 • i> O* 05 o* • • iO rt< 05 •. n t- 05 rr ! coco ’.iff co i-nio • O GO O O* GO • n C5 05 CO l-» ■ CO lO CO I TP o t- co *o" Clevel’d Dem. iHt-XC0 05'tCOt-lOOOCIrHOOWrHlO'^OXriXCOXTfO}0'i'lOrHOX05rHi-Na lO Oi GO O* 05 CO CO CO *C 05 n CO CO ' r t* CO GO CO 'T t— < GO 05 t— 00 05 lO lO GO O GO 05 05 *0 O CO 05 n JO 05 05 C* {.- r-> 05 l> CO CO 05 CO n 05 lO r- 05 ^ X rH lO 05 CO lO >-i {- i-i 05 OiCO l- CO CO O* CO CO ~+ CO -t coofoft-f^ccfri --^of rf ti"cfcf ofofco cfofcfcoio rfirfofir co of go" of of of co 10 1 ^ 10 1 - co 05 i.- co o) co t— < co 05 »-h -4* 05 io co o 05 o* -t* 1 - co jo coojcovfcoo{C5j-(cocoo?i-HTrcorf' COOlrt T-1 rlH 0< HlOr-CO CO r-t OJ r-i r-i CO GO 05_ -f (- GO rf Blaine Rep. T-Hi0C0OC0rHTHC0-*C0C5C00J«'-0505-t‘05C0C5O0*C005O»0Q0 0iO'-t < OC0C0r-i-fC0C0i- 05 O H 05 OJ to CO O N co X O O) ■H' O 05 O) CO W C OJ h 05 -f O O X O C o: CO i - rH 1C 05 in lO GO 'to* 05_05 OCO^^q r-^CO OJ_CO l- CO 05_10 C5 05 rH OJ o O O GOGOO l-O »c co^o rH of oof CO lO of 00 GO t^CO {-^ ^oo'co .of io" ccf of I-Tco of Co't'-Tco’co of JO^O^CO CO 05 T-H -t CO of of CO r-T lOiOOCOCOT-HOJ'-J’COCOOSiOT-iTM^QO-tOST-.'-f'Oi.^ 'cf0*C00*O0*I-r-(0*0*C5C0C0C0C0 r-t COO* r-trlr-t r-t i— 1 r-t o* rH lO r-t ^ Tj< r-t r-t r-t GO 05 B GO rjf 409 •co -0*10 GO -CO • O* O* CO • •rf -050**0 -05 • oo -t 00 • • • O n t- • O • • 00 05 n • n • 05 O • CO • • • CO O* • rft • • • ■ . . i— t . o* (N05NI0 00O ’fi-cco CO Of ffiO COv 00 r-t 5 GO CD H n 05 05 GO GO 0 sujcooiooimQrH’ 5 CO O 1^00 2^Tjt ^CO ii cocfcfofri rjT •< OOi>COCOC005QOCOCOt>iOiO 0*r1t>C — “ lO CO CO T of of i 05 CO l-CO O 05 o . § s C ® ccS Q w hCO^OJOS-tCOiOQOGOOOr-il^OSiOCOl^COiOCOt-iOiOOi GO 05 -* CO ■ -H O O -f 't lO (' OK' in m C5 05 iO lO CO CO lO OO OO 05 O Cl O 1 O O i ' o o> Cfi O GO X' N -f 05C0a0C*C0nC*Ot-0*O*0^C0C005nC0i0i-O0* 't 6l CO oi ^ ri O rt ih 01 lO HOJOJrt ri Hrt O* T-UOi-H W T* ri ri r-t 5 o? rn X 05 •i,TT co ff5co CO DOOt'f' lO* lO- o ■i CO -t ON 05 CO N 05 1C lO r H.CO 0_0_T i COOO ^ GO *6 lO CO CO i . . , . _ cs CO O* r 5 10 100-f ssfc*! -. - . .HNMI-OCOO ©OSt^t^OSCOOjHjQ -uO O iO rf CO rf * glg'goScs.s^g >5(3 c : c w O c3 • ci d s-rs • C -m S' : ^ c3 O .&••: •* C3 S g %*3 ix a . J t.^3 ■0,0 0 :>-sW ** ■§ JS ° g <*§ s’a| i I al| gi §3 >w fe Isoi g>g| 5-5o6ofiEoSS,SMw3sgsSSgsl»!z:^»l500(Sg o Cfl o> cn c3 £ d £ OC^ 0> . a a a To 2 aig r<-> g iNC 0 ^l 0 C 0 NQ 0 C 5 OrHNC 0 '* 1 , l 0 C 0 J>aD 05 OT 50 THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. The Executive is divided into numerous departments, several of these departments having within them a number of bureaus, each with separate and distinct functions and under the control of a subordinate officer who, in his turn, answers to the officer in charge of the department. The departments are set forth as follows: Department of State. Treasury Department. Supervising Architect’s Office. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Secret Service Division. Office of Steamboat Inspection. Bureau of Statistics. Life-Saving Service. First Comptroller’s Office. Second Comptroller’s Office. Commissioner of Customs. Register of the Treasury. First Auditor. Second Auditor. Third Auditor. Fourth Auditor. Fifth Auditor. Sixth Auditor. Treasurer of the United States. Comptroller of the Currency. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Director of the Mint. Bureau of Navigation. Lighthouse Board. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Marine Hospital Service. War Department. Headquarters of the Army. Adjutant-General’s Department. Inspector-General’s Department. Judge- Advocate General’s Department. Quartermaster’s Department. Subsistence Department. Medical Department. Pay Department. Corps of Engineers. Public Buildings and Grounds and Washington Monument Ordnance Department. Signal Office. Publication Office War Records. Navy Department. Bureau of Ordnance. Bureau of Equipment. Bureau of Navigation. United States Hydrographic Office. 51 52 THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. Bureau of Yards and Docks. Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. Bureau of Steam Engineering. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Bureau of Construction and Repair. Office of the Judge- Advocate General. Nautical Almanac. Naval War Records, Office and Library. Board of Inspection and Survey. Office of Naval Intelligence. Navy-Yard and Station. U. S. Naval Hospital. Navy Pay Office. Steel Inspection Board. Museum of Hygiene. Naval Dispensary. Naval Examining Board. Naval Retiring Board. Naval Medical Examining Board. Naval Observatory. Post-Office Department. Office of the Postmaster-General. Office of the First Assistant Postmaster-General. Dead-Letter Office. Office of the Second Assistant Postmaster-General. Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster-General. Office of the Fourth Assistant Postmaster-General. Department ofv the Interior. General Land Office. Patent Office. Bureau of Pensions. U. S. Pension Agency. Office of Indian Affairs. Office of Education. Office of Commissioner of Railroads. Office of Geological Survey. Census Office. Department of Justice. Office of the Solicitor of the Treasury. Assistant Attorneys — Department of Justice. Department of Agriculture. Office of the Secretary of Agriculture. Weather Bureau. Bureau of Animal Industry. Division of Statistics. Division of Chemistry. Office of Experiment Stations. Division of Entomology. Division of Ornithology and Mffinmalogy. Division of Forestry. Division of Botany. Division of Pomology. Division of Vegetable Pathology. Division of Microscopy. Fiber Investigation. Division of Accounts. THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 53 Division of Records and Editing. Division of Illustration and Engraving. Seed Division. Department of Labor. National Board of Health. United States Civil Service Commission. Building for the Library of Congress. United States Fish Commission. Government Printing Office. Printing Department. Binding Department. Congressional Record. United States Board on Geographic Names. The Soldiers’ Home. Bureau of the American Republics. Inter-Continental Railway Commission. In addition to the above departments and bureaus, there are the follow- ing Federal establishments at the National Capital or controlled therefrom: Supreme Court of the United States. Circuit Courts of the United States. Court of Claims. Interstate Commerce Commission. The District Government. Commissioners. The District Officers. The Police Court. Metropolitan Police. The Fire Department. Telegraph and Telephone Service. The Health Department. Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. U. S. Attorney’s Office. U. S. Marshal's Office. Register of Wills Office. Recorder’s Office. The Smithsonian Institution. The National Museum. The Bureau of Ethnology. National Zoological Park. The Washington National Monument Society. The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Washington City Post-Office. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892.* A List of Principal Officers with Salaries. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. President, Benjamin Harrison (Ind.) $50,000 Priv. Sec., Elijah W. Halford (Ind.) 5,000 Vice-President, Levi P. Morton (N. Y.) 8,000 U. S. Dist. Marshal, D. M. Ransdell (Ind.) 6,000 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Secretary, James G. Blaine (Me.) 8,000 Asst. Secretary, W. F. Wharton (Mass.) 4,500 Second Asst. Secretary, Alvey A. Adee 3,500 Third Asst. Secretary, John B. Moore 3,500 Chief Clerk, Sevellon A. Brown (N. Y.) 2,750 Chief of Diplomatic Bureau, Thomas W. Cridler (W. Va.) 2,100 Chief of Consular Bureau, F. O. St. Clair 2,100 Chief of Bureau of Archives and Indexes, John H. Haswell 2,100 Chief of Bureau of Accounts, Francis J. Kieckhoefer 2,100 Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Michael Scanlon (N. Y.) 2,100 Chief of Bureau of Rolls and Library, Frederic A Bancroft 2,100 Passport Clerk, Henry P. Randolph (Ya.) 1,800 BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Director — William Eleroy Curtis (111.) 5,000 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Secretary, Charles Foster (O.) 8,000 Priv. Sec., Robert J. Wynne 2,400 Asst. Sec., A. B. Nettleton (Minn.) 4,500 Asst. Sec., O. L. Spalding (Mich.) 4,500 Asst. Sec,, Lorenzo Crounse (Neb.) 4,500 Chief Clerk, Fred A. Stocks (Kas.) 3,000 Chief of Appi. Div., Daniel Macauley (Ind.) 2,750 Chief of Warrants Div., W. F. Maclennan 2,750 Chief Pub. Moneys Div., Eugene B. Daskam 2,500 Chief of Cus. Div., John M. Comstock (N. Y.) 2,700 Chief of Rev. Marine Div., 2,500 Chief of Stationery, Printing and Blanks Div., A. L. Sturtevant 2,500 Chief of Loans and Currency Div., Andrew T. Huntington (Mass). . . . 2,500 Chief of Misc. Div., J. A. Tomson (Ind.) 2,500 Supervising Sped Agt., A. K. Tingle (Ind.) $8 day Government Actuary, Wm. Fewsmith (N. J.) 2,250 * For changes in the various departments, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. 54 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 55 SUPERVISING ARCHITECT’S OFFICE. Supervising Architect, W. J. Edbrooke (111.) $4,500 BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING. Chief \ IV. M. Meredith (111.) 4,500 Asst. Chief, Thomas J. Sullivan 2,250 Supl. Engraving Die., Geo. W. Casilear 3,600 OFFICE STEAMBOAT INSPECTOR. Supervising Inspector, James A. Dumont 3,500 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. Chief, S. G. Brock (Mo.) 3,000 LIFE-SAVING SERVICE. Gen’l Supl., S. I. Kimball (Me.) 4,000 Asst., Horace L. Piper (Me.) 2,500 COMPTROLLERS. First Comptroller, Asa C. Matthews (111.) 5,000 Deputy, John R. Garrison 2,700 Second Compt., B. F. Gilkeson (Pa.) 5,000 Deputy, E. N. Hartshorn (O.) 2,700 COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS. Commissioner, S. V. Holliday (Pa.) 4,000 Deputy, H. A. Lockwood 2,250 REGISTER OF THE TREASURT. Register, Wm. S. Rosecrans 4,000 Asst., L. W. Reid (Va.) 2,250 AUDITORS. First Auditor, Geo. P. Fisher (Del.) 3,600 Deputy, A. F. McMillan (Mich) 2,250 Second Auditor, J. N. Patterson (N. H.) 3,600 Deputy, J. B. Franklin (Kas.) 2,250 Third Auditor, W. H. Hart (Ind.) 3,600 Deputy, Augustus Shaw (Ind.). 2,250 Fourth Auditor, J. R. Lynch (Miss.) 3,600 Deputy, Andrew J. Whittaker (111.) 2,250 Fifth Auditor, L. W. Habercomb (D. C.) 3,600 Deputy, J. Lee Tucker (N. Y. ) 2,250 Sixth Auditor, Thos. B. Coulter (O.) 3,600 Deputy, J. I. Rankin (Pa.) 2,250 TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES. Treasurer, Enos H. Nebeker (Ind.) 6,000 Asst. Treasurer, James W. Whelpley 3,600 Supt. Eat. Bank Red. Div., Thos. E. Rogers 3,500 COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY. Comptroller, E. S. Lacy (Mich.) 5,000 Deputy, Robert M. Nixon (Ind.) 2,800 COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE. Commissioner, J. W. Mason (Ya.) 6,000 Deputy, G. W. Wilson (O.) 3,200 56 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. DIRECTOR OP THE MINT. Director, E. O. Leech (D. C.) $4,590 BUREAU OP NAVIGATION. Commissioner, Wm. W. Bates (N. Y. ) 3,600 UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Superintendent, T. C. Mendenhall (Ind.) 6,000 MARINE nOSPITAL SERVICE. Supervising Surg.-Gen., Walter Wyman 4,000 WAR DEPARTMENT. Secretary, Stephen B. Elkins (W. Ya.) 8,000 Priv. Sec., S. D. Miller (Ind.) 2,000 Asst. Sec., L. A. Grant (Minn.) 4,500 Chief Clerk, John Tweedale (Pa.) 2,750 HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY. Major-General, J. M. Schofield. Asst. Adjt.-Gen’l, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. T. M. Vincent. Aides-de-Camp, Capt. C. B. Schofield, 1st Lieut. T. H. Bliss and 2d Lieut. A. D. Andrews. Chief Clerk, J. B. Morton. ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. Adjl.-Gen’l, Brig.-Gen. J. C. Kelton(Pa.). Assistants, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. R. Williams, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. S. Breck, Maj. Tlieo. Scliwan, Maj. A. MacArtliur, Jr., Bvt. Lieut. -Col. J. C. Gilmore, Capt. D. M. Taylor. Chief Clerk, R. P. Thiau $2,000 INSPECTOR-GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. Inspector -Gen’ l, Brig.-Gen. J. C. Breckinridge. Ass' is, Lt.-Col. H. W. Lawton and Maj. J. P. Sanger. Chief Clerk, W. H. Orcutt. quartermaster’s department. Quarterm.-Gen’l, Brig.-Gen. R. N. Batchelder. Ass’ts, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. M. I. Ludington, Maj. Jas. Gilliss, Capt. W. S. Pat- ten, Capt. C. P. Miller. Depot Quartermaster, Lt.-Col. G. IL. Weeks. Chief Clerk, J. Z. Dare. SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT. Commissary-Gen'l, Brig.-Gen. B. DuBarry. Assistants, Bvt. Lt.-Col. J. H. Gilman, Capt. John F. Weston, Capt. O. M. Smith. Chief Clerk, Wm. A. DeCaindry. Depot Commissary, Capt. F. E. Nye. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. Surgeon-Gen’l, Brig.-Gen. Charles Sutherland. Ass’ts, Lt.-Col. C. R. Greenleaf, Bvt. Lt.-Col. J. S. Billings, Maj. Clias. Smart, Capt. J. C. Merrill. Chief Clerk, John J. Beardsley. Attending Surgeon, Col. A. Heger. THE FEDERAL GOVERHjVIE'nT, 1892. 57 PAY DEPARTMENT Paymaster- Gen’ l, Brig. -Gen. William Smith. Ass’ts, Lt.-Col. W. R. Gibson, Maj. D. R. Larned. Chief Clerk, G. D. Hanson. CORPS OP ENGINEERS. Chief of Engineers, Brig. -Gen. T. L. Casey. Assistants, Maj. H. M. Adams, Capt. J. G. D. Knight, Capt. Thos. Turtle. Chief Clerk, Wm. J. Warren. Sec. to Lighthouse Board, Maj. J. F. Gregory. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. Officer in Charge, Col. 0. H. Ernst. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. Chief of Ordnance, Brig. -Gen. D. W. Flagler. Assistants, Capt. Chas. S. Smith, Capt. Rogers Birnie, Capt. V. McNally, Capt. Wm. Crozier, Capt. Charles Shaler. Chief Clerk, John J. Cook. JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. Judge Advocate-Gen., Col. G. N. Leiher (acting). Assistant, Lieut. -Col. Wm. Winthrop, deputy. Chief Clerk, J. N. Morrison. SIGNAL OFFICE. Chief Signal Officer, Brig. -Gen. A. W. Greely. Assistants, Capts. Robert Craig, James Allen and Charles E. Kilbourne. Chief Clerk, Otto A. Nesmith." PUBLICATION OFFICE — WAR RECORDS. Board of Publication, Maj. Geo. B. Davis, L. J. Perry, J. W. Kirkley. Assistants, Capt. Wyllys Lyman, Capt. J. J. Knox, Capt. J. A. Buchanan, Capt. C. D. Cowles, Lieut. Frank Taylor, Lieut. J. H. Duval. Agent Collection Confed. Bee., M. J. Wright. NAVY DEPARTMENT. Secretary, B. F. Tracy (N. Y.) $8,000 Private Secretary , Henry W. Raymond 2,250 Asst. Secretary, J. H. Soley (Mass.) 4,500 Naval Aide, Lieut. B. H. Buckingham Chief Clerk, John W. Hogg (Md.) 2,500 BUAEAU YARDS AND DOCKS. Chief, Commodore N. H. Farquhar. BUREAU OF NAVIGATION. Chief, Commodore Francis M. Ramsay. Commanders, A. S. Barker and C. M. Thomas. Lieutenant Commander, E. B. F. Heald. Lieutenant, T. D. Griffin. NAUTICAL ALMANAC. Superintendent, Prof. Simon Newcomb. Assistants, Prof. H. D. Todd, E. J. Loomis, G. W. Hill, Dr. J. Morrison. 7b 58 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. OFFICE NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. Chief Intelligence Office r, Comdr. C. H. Davis. Lieuts., G. W. Mentz, W. H. H. Southerland, Chas. E. Fox, Aug. F. Fechteler, Charles C. Rogers, J. T. Newton, Benj. Tappan. Ensigns, Edward Simpson, J. M. Ellicott. LIBRARY AND WAR RECORDS. Lieut. -Commander F. M. Wise, Acting Superintendent. Lieutenants, Prof. E. K. Rawsou, F. E. Beatty. OFFICERS ON DUTY IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Acting Hydrographer, Lieut. -Commander Richardson Clover. Lieut’s, R, G. Davenport, C. M. McCarteney, F. H. Sherman, L. S. Adams, H. M. Witzel. Ensigns, L. S. Van Duser, Benj. Wright. NAVAL OBSERVATORY. Superintendent, Capt. F. Y. McNair. Lieut. -Commander, Walton Goodwin. Lieutenant, II. Taylor. Ensigns, Hugh Rodman, Thos. Snowden, W. B. Hoggatt, H. H. Whittlesey, J. A. Hoogewerff. Professors of Mathematics, Asaph Hall, William Harkness, J. R. Eastman, Edgar Frisby, S. J. Brown. . BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. Chief, Commodore W. M. Folger. Lieut. -Commander, Albert R. Conden. Lieutenants, C. A. Stone, S. H. May, Prof. P. R. Alger, Frank F. Fletcher, C. Y. Boush. BUREAU OF EQUIPMENT AND RECRUITING. Chief, Capt. Geo. B. Dewey. Ensigns, John Gibson, Gilbert Wilkes. BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Chief, Surgeon-General J. Mills Browne. Asst. Medical Inspector, W. Iv. Van Reypen. Special-Duty, Surg. W. A. McClurg. BUREAU OF PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING. Chief, Paymaster-General Edwin Stewart. Paymaster, C. P. Thompson. Asst. Paymaster, A. K. Michler. BUREAU OF STEAM ENGINEERING. Engineer-in-Chief G. W. Melville. Chief Eng's, Montgomery Fletcher, N. P. Towne. Passed Asst. Engineers, J. H. Perry, H. Webster, F. H. Bailey. Asst. Engineers, Emil Thiess, W. H. Chambers, W. M. McFarland, H. G. Leopold, C. A. Carr, F. M. Bennett, W. W. White. BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR. Chief Constructor, T. D. Wilson. Naval Constructor, Philip Hichborn. OFFICE OF JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL. Judge Advocate- Gen' l. Col. William B. Remey, United States Marine Corps. Lieutenants, S. C. Lemly, F. L. Denny, Marine Corps. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892 . 59 NAVAL EXAMINING BOARD. Commodore W. R. McCann, Capt. R. R. Wallace, Commander S. W. Terry. Medical Directors, J. J. Taylor, W. T. Hord, David Kindleberger. RETIRING BOARD. Commodore W. P. McCann, Pres.; Capt. R. R. Wallace, Commander S. W. Terry, Medical Directors J. F. Taylor, D. Kindleberger. STATE, WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENT BUILDING. Supt., Thomas Williamson, Chief Engineer. Assistant, G. W. Baird, 1st Assistant Engineer. BOARD OF INSPECTION AND SURVEY. President, Rear-Admiral T. J. Kimberley. Members, Capt. T. O. Selfridge; Comdr. W. R, Bridgeman; Chief Engineer W. G. Buchler; Naval Constructor John F. Hanscom; Lieutenant L. C. Logan. NAVAL DISPENSARY. Surgeon, P. M. Rixey. Passed Asst. Surg., Frank Anderson. MUSEUM OF HYGIENE. Medical Director, P. S. Wales. Passed Asst. Surg., S. H. Griffith. NAVY PAY OFFICE. Pay Director, Edward May. HEADQUARTERS OF UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS. Col. Commandant, Charles Heywood. Adjt. and Inspector, Maj. Aug. S. Nicholson. Quartermaster, Maj. H. B. Lowry. Paymaster, Maj. Green Clay Goodloe. MARINE BARRACKS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Lieut. -Col., G. P. Houston. Captain, D. Pratt Mannix. First Lieut., S. W. Quackenbush. POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Postmaster-Gen’l, John Wanamaker (Pa.) $8,000 Chief Clerk, W. B. Cooley (Pa.) 2,500 Stenographer, John B. Minick (Mich.) 1,800 Asst. Ally. -Gen’l, James N. Tyner (Ind.) 4,000 Law Clerk, Ralph W. Haynes (111.) 2,500 Appointment Clerk, James A. Yose (Me.) 1,800 Supt. and Disbursing Clerk, Theodore Davenport (Conn.) 2,100 Topographer, Charles Roeser, Jr. (Wis.) 2,500 OFFICE FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. First Asst. P. M.-G., S. A. Whitfield (O.) 4,000 Chief Clerk, E. C. Fowler (Md.) 2,000 Supt, Division Post-office Supplies, E. H. Shook (Mich.) 2,000 Supt. Division Free Delivery, William J. Pollock (Kas. ) 8,000 Asst. Supt. Div. of Free Delivery, Win. Helm (Wis.) 2,000 Chief Division of Salaries and Allowances, Albert H. Scott (Iowa) .... 2,200 60 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. Supt. Money Order System, Charles F. MacDonald (Mass.) $3,1500 Chief Clerk Money Order System, James T. Metcalf (Iowa) 2,000 Supt. Bead Letter Office, David P. Leibhardt (Ind.) 2,500 Chief Clerk Bead Letter Office, Waldo G. Perry (Vt.) 1,800 Chief Bivision of Correspondence, James R. Ash (Pa.) 1,800 OFFICE SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. Second Asst. P. M.-G., J. Lowrie Bell (Pa.) 4,000 Chief Clerk, George F. Stone (N. Y.) 2,000 Supt. Railway Adjustments, John M. Young (Mich.) 2,000 Chief Biv. of Inspection, John A. Chapman (111.) 2,000 Chief Biv. Mail Equipment, R. D. S. Tyler (Mich.) 1,800 Gen’l Supt. Railway Mail Service, James E. White (111.) 3,500 Asst. Gen’l Supt. Railway Mail Service, Wm. P. Campbell (111.) 3,000 Chief Clerk Railway Mail Service, Alexander Grant (Mich.) 2,000 Supt. Foreign Mails, N. M. Brooks (Va. ) 3,000 Chief Clerk Foreign Mails, George M. Drake (Tenn.) 2,000 OFFICE THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. Third Asst. P. M.-G., Abraham D. Hazen(Pa.) 4,000 Chief Clerk, Madison Davis (D. C.) 2,000 Chief Biv. Postage Stamps, E. B. George (Mass.) 2,250 Chief Biv. Finance, A. W. Bingham (Mich.) 2,000 OFFICE FOURTH ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. Fourth Asst. Postmaster-General, E. G. Rathbone (O.) 4,000 Chief Biv. of Appointments, P. H. Bristow (Iowa) 2,000 Chief Biv. of Bonds and Commissions, Luther Caldwell (N. Y.) 2,000 Chief Biv. of P. O. Inspectors and Mail Bepredations, M. D. Wheeler (N. Y.) 3,000 Chief Clerk, James Maynard (Tenn.) 2,000 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. Secretary, John W. Noble (Mo.) 8,000 First Asst, do., George Chandler (Kas.) 4,500 Asst, do., Cyrus Bussey (N. Y.) 4,000 Chief Clerk, Edward M. Dawson (Md.) 2,500 Appt. Clerk, A. C. Tonner (O.) 2’000 GENERAL LAND OFFICE. Commissioner, Thomas H. Carter (Mont.) 5,000 Asst, do., Wm. M. Stone (Iowa) 3,000 Chief Clerk, Manning M. Rose (O.) 2,500 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. Commissioner, T. J. Morgan (R. I.) 4,000 Asst, do., R. V. Belt (Md.) 3,000 Supt. Indian Schools, D. Dorchester (Mass.) 4,000 PENSION OFFICE. Commissioner, Green B. Raum (111.) 5,000 First Beputy do., Andrew Davidson (N. Y.) 3,600 Second Beputy do., Chas. P. Lincoln (Mich.) 3,600 Chief Clerk, A. W. Fisher (N. C.) 2,250 Medical Referee, Thomas D. Ingram (Pa.) 3,000 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 61 OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER OF RAILROADS. Commissioner, Horace A. Taylor (Wis.) $4,500 PATENT OFFICE. Commissioner, Wm. E. Simonds (Conn.) 5,000 Asst, do., Nathaniel L. Frothingham (Mass.) 3,000 Chief Clerk, Joseph L. Bennett (Conn.) 2,250 OFFICE OF EDUCATION. Commissioner. IV. T. Harris (Mass.) 3,000 Chief Clerk, J. W. Holcombe 1,800 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Director, John W. Powell (111.) 6,000 Chief Clerk, Henry C. Rizer(Kas.) 2,400 CENSUS OFFICE. Superintendent, R. P. Porter (N. Y.) 6,000 Chief Clerk, A. F. Childs (O.) 2,500 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Atly. -Gen’l, W. H. II. Miller (Ind.) 8,000 Solicitor Gen’l, Wm. H. Taft (O.) 7,000 Asst. Atty. -Gen’l, Wm. A. Maury (D. C.) 5,000 Asst, do., J. B. Cotton (Me. ) 5,000 Asst, do., A. X. Parker (N. Y.) 5,000 Asst, do., (Dept, of Dit.), Geo. II. Shields (Mo.) 5,000 Asst. do. (P. O. Dept.), J. N. Tyner (Ind.) 4,000 Solicitor of Int. Rev. ( Treas . Dept.), Alphonso Hart (O. ) 4,500 Examiner of Claims (State Dept.), Frank C. Partridge (Vt.) 3,500 Laic Clerk and Examiner of Titles, A. J. Bentley (O.) 2,750 Chief Clerk and Supt. of Building, Cecil Clay (W. Ya.) 2,500 Gen’l Agent, E. C. Foster (Iowa) $10 per diem Appt. and Disbursing Clerk, Frank A. Branagan (O.) 2,000 Clerk of Pardons, Chas. F. Scott (W. Ya.) 2,400 Solicitor of Treas. (Treas. Dept.) W. P. Hepburn (Iowa) 4,500 Asst. Solicitor (Treas. Dept.), F. A. Reeve (Tenn.) 3,000 Chief Clerk Solicitor’s Office (Treas. Dept.), Charles E. Vrooman (Iowa) 2,000 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Secretary, J. M. Rusk (Wis.) 8,000 Asst. Secretary, E. Willits (Mich.) 4,500 Chief Clerk, S. S. Rockwood (Wis.) 2,500 Statistician, J. R. Dodge (O.) 2,500 Chief of Div. of Accounts, B. F. Fuller (111.) 2,000 Horticulturist, etc., W. Saunders (D. C.) 2,500 Entomologist, C. V. Riley (Mo.) 2,500 Botanist, Geo. Vasey (111.) 2,500 Chemist, H. W. Wiley (Ind.) 2,500 Microscopist, Thomas Taylor (Mass.) 2,500 Chief Experimental Stations, O. W. Atwater (Conn.) 3,500 Ornithologist, C. H. Merriam (N. Y.) 2,500 Chief Forestry Div., B. E. Fernow (N. Y.) 2,000 Pomologist, H. E. Van Demen (N. C.) 2,500 Bureau Animal Industry, D. E. Salmon (N. C.) 3,000 62 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. INDEPENDENT DEPARTMENTS. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. Public Printer , Frank W. Palmer (111.) $4,500 Chief Clerk, W. H. Collins (N. Y.) 2,400 Foreman of Printing, H. T. Brian (Md.) 2,100 Foreman of Binding , Jas. W. White (D. C.) 2,100 UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt (N. Y. ), Charles Lyman (Conn.), Hugh S. Thompson (S. C.) 3,500 Chief Examiner, W. H. Webster (Conn.) 3,000 BUREAU OF LABOR. Commissioner, Carroll D. Wright (Mass.) 3,000 Chief Clerk, Oren W. Weaver (Mass.) ..... 2,500 ORIGIN OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. State or Territory. Alabama Alaska Territory Arizona Territory. . Arkansas California Colorado (a)Connecticut (a)Delaware Dist. Columbia Florida (a)Georgia Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a)Maryland (a)Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (a)New Hampshire. . (a)New Jersey New Mexico Ter (a)New York (a)North Carolina. . . North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon (a)Pennsylvania (a)Rhode' Island (a)South Carolina. . . South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Territory Vermont (a)Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming „ . Set- Popular name. t j e From what Territory formed. Cotton. Bear Golden Centennial . Nutmeg Blue Hen . . Peninsular. Cracker Sucker. Hoosier Havvkeye . . Sunflower . Bluegrass . . Pelican Pine Tree. . Old Line. . . Bay Wolverine . Gopher Bayou Black- water. Silver Granite Empire Old North . Buckeye. Beaver . . . Keystone . Palmetto. Volunteer . Lone Star . 1713 Green M't.’n. . . Old Dominion. Badger . 1590 1685 1769 1540 1633 1697 1660 1565 1733 1842 1720 1832 1730 1835 1850 1775 1699 1630 1634 1620 1670 1819 1716 1755 1852 1850 1850 1623 1627 1582 1623 1585 1859 1768 1889 1811 1648 1633 1562 1859 1765 1690 1847 1763 1607 1845 1607 1745 1867 Dist. of Louisiana, Ga., Fla., Miss. Terr. Bought from Russia. New Mexico. Dist. of Louisiana, Miss., and Ark. Terr. New Albiou, Upper California. Dist. of Louisiana and Mexican Cession. North Virginia and New England. New Netherlands. Maryland and Virginia. Florida Territory. North Virginia and Netv England. Idaho Territory. Northwest and Illinois Territory. Louisiana. Northwest and Indiana Territory. Dist. La., La. Ter., Mo., Mich., Wis. Ter. Dist. Louisiana, and Kansas Territory. Virginia. Dist. Louisiana, Territory of New Oi'leans. New England, Laconia, Massachusetts. North Virginia and New England. Northwest, Indiana and Michigan Terr. Dist. of Louisiana, Minnesota Territory. Dist. of Louisiana, Ga. and Miss. Terr. Dist. of Louisiana, Missouri Territory. Montana Territory. Dist. of Louisiana, Nebraska Territory. Upper California. North Virginia, Laconia, New England. New Netherlands. North Virginia, New Netherlands. Albemarle Colony. Dakota Territory. Northwest Territory. Indian Territory. Dist. of Louisiana, Oregon Territory. No. Va., N. E., Aquiday, Prov., R. I. Plan. Cartaret Colony. Dakota Territory. Kentucky Territory. New Philippines. Upper California. New Netherlands, Netv Hampshire Grants. South Virginia. Washington Territory. South Virginia, Virginia. Dist. Louisiana. Illinois Ter., Michigan Ter. Wyoming Territory. (a) The thirteen original States. 63 SETTLEMENT OP STATES AND TERRITORIES. State or Territory. Alabama Alaska Territory Arizona Territory. . . Arkansas California Colorado (a)Connecticut (a)Delaware Dist. Columbia Florida (a)Georgia Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a)Maryland (a)Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (a)New Hampshire.. (a)New Jersey New Mexico Terr (a)New York . . (a)North Carolina. .. North Dakota. Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon (a)Penusylvania. (a)Rhode Island. South Dakota. . Tennessee Texas Utah Territory. Vermont (a) Virginia Washington West Virginia. . Wisconsin Wyoming By whom settled. Date of admiss’n Organization. (b)Population when adm’d. ..Dec. 14, 1819.... 127,901 ..July 27, 1868.... ..Feb. 24, 1863... . .June 15, 1836. . . 52,240 . .Sept. 9, 1850 92,597 . . Aug. 1, 1876 150,000 . .Jan. 9, 1788. . . . 237,496 Swedes and Finns. ..Dec. 7, 1787.... 59,096 . . July, 1791 . .March 3, 1845. . 58,080 . .Jan. 2, 1788 82,548 ..July 3, 1890.... 84,229 ..Dec. 3, 1818.... 34,620 . .June 30, 1834. . . ..Dec. 11, 1816.... 63,805 Em. from N. E ..Dec. 28, 1846. .. 81,920 Em. from West. St. . .Jan. 29, 1861.. . . 107,200 ..June 1. 1792.... 73,077 ..April 30, 1812 .. 76,556 ..Mar. 15, 1820... 298,209 ..April 28, 1788... 319,728 English Puritans .. ..Feb. 6, 1788.... 378,787 . .Jan. 20, 1837 — 212,267 Em. from N. E ..May 11, 1858.... 172,023 ..Dec. 10, 1817.... 75,512 French ..Aug. 10, 1821. .. 66,586 Em. from South. . . ..Nov. 8, 1889. .. . 131,769 . .March 1, 1867. . 60,000 ..Oct, 31, 1864.. .. 40,000 ..June 21, 1788... 141,885 Dutch and Danes, . . .Dec. 18, 1787.... 181,139 ..Sept. 9, 1850.... ..July 26, 1788.... 310,120 ..Nov. 21, 1789... 393,751 Em. from Mid. St. . ..Nov, 2, 1889.... 182.425 Em. from N E . . . . ..Jan. 19, 1803.... 41,915 April 22, 1889... Em. from N. Y Feb. 14, 1859... 52,465 ..Dec. 12,' 1787... 434,373 English May 29,' 1790.... 68,825 . May 23, 1788.. . . 249,033 Em. from Mid. St.. ..Nov. 2, 1889.... 327,848 Em. from N. C . . . . 77,202 .Dec. 29, 1845... 212,592 . .Mar. 4, 1791 . . . . 85,339 June 25, 1788. . . 747,610 . .Nov. 11, 1889. .. June 19, 1863. . . 442,014 . .May 29, 1848... . 305^391 Em. from Mid. St.. ..July 10, 1889.... 60^589 Population 1890. 1,513,017 38,000 59,620 1,128,179 1,208,130 412,198 746,258 168,493 230,392 391,432 1,837,353 84,385 3,826,351 345,000 2,112,404 1,911,896 1,427,096 1,858,635 1,118,587 661,086 1,043,380 2,238,943 2,093,889 1,301,826 1,289,600 2,679,184 132,159 1,058,910 45,761 376,530 1,444,958 153,593 5,997,853 1,617,947 182,719 3,672,316 61,8:34 313,767 5,258,014 345,506 1,151,149 328,808 1,767,518 2,235,523 207,905 1332,422 1,655,980 319,390 762,794 1,680,880 60,705 (a) The thirteen original States, (b) According to nearest census. 64 HONEST ABE TAKING THEIVS ON THE HALF SHELL. STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS, 1892-3. + 65 tories. Capitals. Governors. I Arizona Prescott Lewis Wolley. I Oklahoma Guthrie :a Sitka Lyman E. Knapp. \ New Mexico. Santa Fe. . . L. Bradford. Prince. | Utah. . .Salt L’ke City . . Arthur L. Tl Democrats in Italic. * Biennially. t For changes and additions, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3. >> | SSSoS U 00 00 hWO £ I 1 -Tr-T Ci Cl r-T d CO CO CC CO CO CO b§8ooo88o§ "OOOOOOO'tO '^co'co'cd'co^coco'co'ofo ooooo 03 w» » © © GO 00 00 00 00 u u u u O O O O O g s as s OOOOO ooooo OOOOO QQflPQ Sic* Cl >>>>£ ^ ~ d d d g 33 ^ c s 3 .o d d r D io'cTthcT ,g ,g ^ ,33 o o o— o U U U U d d d G, d *T C sT £ £ >— ' ^COCOCOt-i qj ^ t, u ■“ -2 -2 -2 t-t-^i-ooot-ppacp d d d d^,D^ eg g § g § § SSSSStlnS 0 - 0 -- 2 - 0 - dddd^^dooooo ^^-i^-i^OOO^wwwww !T!r , Tr'!r , !r'!r'rr'd ^ ® 3 GO uo ;ju uu iju au n * I >i >i >j >> >i 3 > >s 333^93 K *1 ► > ~. ddddddd^r'nd S3 S3 d d S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 d d d d d •"O ’“5 >“5 >"0 >"0 m to oi m » d d d d d OOOOO Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl (A CO CO <0 Sd *H i- Sd d d d d o o o o r*i r>J r-*^ r*5 ry Tt< ry CO CO 73 CO CO S_ s-, t* t- tn d d n ^ d OOOOO r*) r»> K*} ^ ci ci ci ci cococococococococococococo ddddddddddddd ooooooooooooo Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CO 00 GO 00 rf 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 Sd J_ Sh Sd Jd U Sh d d d d d d d o o o o o o o r*i r*i r*J r*5 r*5 r*l Tf ^ ^ Tf Tf O C 3 K CO 8 o|’E-S m oW| «> 6 o H O >. C Cs. '-aC.Tdg OSo ajH^' 73 C3 Oo® ^ t* 32 5 Ss'E 0^0 £1 73 G3 fs^ | s *o£- ^ScSHo d c d bo Og o§ o ”|s|p|||«|S| >.j= <5™ cHSPhw gtc-i^o- . c * . cK 8 s5 . d2 1 | c = Bc“^ a o d ^ l5 •- .2 3 S«g^ U« i'OSew-S .t 3 ■ j « o ^ t « 05 d O • O ‘Vt^'S'S^S WcOgS^^H g.” O *33 • . . £* , O g £ o o ’•*2 c d 9 oC5 t. >, ( 1 )V (fl . t, ^33 O O d O C3.+J O 3 ~ G o ^ 3 65 . 2.2 C 8 _: o OOg^'S • • -J*cd WWW ^!C . . . O o o ^'d T 5 Jh S3 ^ d ? . a> .-3 ■ :„s| t o 83 g cx l • OSd^ O-M^ O Q* o ^ -J fc. s c»^ bD cn+j j r 3 0<5 G S 3 ^ d '■S-Pr !- J 73 ? 1 . u Cm 5 :-p-*jp+ci S 3 ^ t— I S •- nj 73 73 73 73 o ^ O ,bC 5 3 3 3 3 C 5 «s al^“ 3 ’2s8§8228 3 c ofCga^.S.d d d 73 G . . . O c3 > ow . . - 0«m ; ! n) d o >-; S3 d73 ^ 2 o dJ P S3 c o % u G i- "B d O O O g O -*j .55 (D O u ■** ^ • .2 *■« G : “ 2 r; • 73 g % d’S.2 S 3 o 5 Cfl ol8l| I? § 0 2 5H?S §■= 5 d 2 mjJQ 66 Railroad Commissioners, William Beckman, J. M. Litchfield and J. W. Rea, receive $4,000 each. * For all available changes, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1803-3.— Continued. ooooo© ooooo oooqioo . ~ o 3 3 o co o o OC' io o h d - * ^ ~ 2 « co oi oi oi oooooooo O © © © O © © © 00 QO o.©.^©.© ©_ t-T l-Tcf t-T r-TcO CO CO* 6 o,coo t-T Ol r-T CO of d d C5 Oi cs i> >»>»>.>! 1- - - 5- d d d d 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ►0) ^ ^ '”3 co co co co 1- S- i- i- d d d d 0 0) ID 0 >>>>>>>> C? 01 Ol 01 >i > 5 >. >5^ C* d d d § 5! — 3* d d d d 0* 0-2 >“3 ^3 >“3 *“5 "s CO CO oo co co co co d d d d d d d , * -* - - - ® 5) o a o ® rO, >s >j >5 >s >j -0 -0 -r "X -d-dOSOiOE-d-dH-li— iH-l>-j >— © Ol 05 Oi OS 05 '’l r*l d d d d d d 3 3 3 3 3 3 d d d d d d ►o 'o 'o *-i *-s co co co co co co d d d d d d U D D 5) jj k*) i>) K*) ^ K*) -T -y ry oooooooo Oici©ci©cio:ci QC 1 GO 00 00 GO GO 00 GO fc- 3 1- S- - S- i- i- 00000000 32,0,3,3 ,3 ,3,3,0 ssssssss (DOjjiyoajiDa) >>>>>>>> oooooooo 525 & £ £ & £ £ COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO dddddddd oooooooo r > 5>3>^!>5>rjr > >K'5>-,i CO CO CO CO CO CO lQ t- GQ 01 < QCCC C_ . . .. .- »- ,X> 2 >. >J > i r ~ l £1 d d d— £ 3 o 3 o o 3 3 3 0 > d d d*3.0 >-3 *-i S £ CO CO CO CO CO h 'h L b ^ d d d d d ooooo >> >1 >> >1 >1 0? 01 Q1 Ql mi S 2 g>^l . d .3 H^cg~ CCPhHZ * bc.jj c 3 = lX c3 O»o .fl X hj ,§8 “ cd 4 t/i 5 , • 3 >»g Sh ZCO oi O SPs-Sa'b ■ 3*8 3 SIO £tc 0 3- > S K ® d»>' 0-0 . . ►> • •• Q >- 3 >>- 32 -i , - 3 , -:>" 3 k£>- 3 > -30 ^ s- d d d,3 *« S x o - £ o 2 £ * CO* CO P Q d° 3 £ § S ma ^M J • £2 S'O’o |§X ” oX d S rt'x o 3 ?fl 6w =^s ^ § o«h'z &W J — o r • . o . c = 3-5 oc 6 O (uK^t» cs 5 OSO c -vL 1 - d C oi> - d ' 37 ^ o •*- s 0 y gSd-g o o o g .3 0 t* O « b d ^ • GQ 2 g 'S 0 g O ‘2 >54i O 3 ,3 J dS-’IX 0^000 X- 4^ g $ d d d w.g 00^0 >iyi Ou o d ®+i^+j cccc< 1 c ZJ 2.2 -g +3 +3 +J co co 3 3 t “5 l "5 3 » 0 0 3 3 -m ^ ^hjdd • «w O O 4f o O O 3.-- co co 2 33 CO CO a) 0 << 3 © 0 d > _ rr> 0 >1 o O .. „ 0 >s Cd^® 0^033 0 4-5 CO u 3 1.3 d O 0 o id 04 J .303^4^ 67 (a) Also fees. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892 - 3 .— Continued. I SS 000 S 8800 t-T ?f t-T oi Oi of co" co" co" co" 5 _io_io_fflinqqqo r ooq conmncocokoioioin irficf o’ .•OOOOQOQOOOO >-.o oooooocooo cj O i o_io^»no^O f qo r O r O i O i ^3 of of w of oT co" co" co" co" co ccT 0000 0000 NOOQOt- NHHnrlNOHOJN OiOiGSOiOlOiCiOiCSX 1 xxxxxxxxxx i>i >1 j>5 >> t*S j>5 r>i dddddddddd ££££££££££ ££££££££££ dddddddddd h 0 , - 5 ^'-:“ 5 H 5 , - 5 h - 5 > - 5 H 0 CO GO CO 00 00 00 ; — r-fT— r— r°° co a? o ci go cx 5 r-cririT-.riT-.ccJ'XX'QOXQO r'Ttnr'rt 'S '£ '3 3 3 3 » -* ■* ££££££a)0OQ c££££££££££££ dddddd£££££££ 1C t-C5 of of of of of of of 5 S 2 O >s >»>»>»>»>»>» ^ ^ d*d-s>^2 2 S E 2 £ ^ 3 3 ~ 3 . 0.5 5 a. O a) d d a> U) C£ *-5 *-3 GQ XXXXXXXXXX dddddddddd 0 > O? O? O j O? O* CO CO CO 0 XXXXXXXXXXXXX ddddddddddddd » >> >> >> ^ rt- O £ J O® J S o 03-^ h 3 wM* g^tf 2 s j= s ~5 H oCQ l ~5CQ h dP-lO >i 2 d 5 5 IFNI'S. .(£> r/ £=M S* S'S^gg- 3 o-r 3 Jj&irg £ S d S s o > >>S5 — u d jSowaaa 3 «i : >> ■336 60 ® s. ^Z3 o -r d 3 OJ 3 •— ,3 3 3 r-J Hpiccjf-m 3 2 • qlJ be ^ J 2 O'G'of^ coo? o X £OflCJ x H O d .£ — O • *-5 >~5 Cfl <1 ^0 PQ ts j - c . » O m St, p - s ■^K'S «W» I S^'k- 3 , | -j= Sdl 3 -iO<)ci eg §fcg£ o.£^ ^ S a ^.r.^ „ . cO o fcj o . a> ^ 03^0 >> _j ji) 223 • o d ® c c 'H fl)73 0 ◄ WlfligW d^’ced 1 ^ C ^ %t +3 1— « co d d !!§ A °o I - cd»“ ss 5 3 t 03 ri , 2 §S 3 2 A -fi o ■^ £ £ £ d .2 .2 .2 d co'to to +3 X X X x •£ •- -d £ S £ 2 ^ 2 £ £ © O q o o u gOQOS ddT^jrd d ^1 ri d dd .900^ J£ S .2 3 ^d d d£ cotf O 2 d > +-> 0«2 0-4H o §b £ d d 0+^9 td 9 -^ e 0 0'S o + id*-+i-P+j+j !- d ^ 1, d £ d £ £ £ £ £ OOOOOOO 2 J OOOOOOO +^dQ)(Da)0000 caJSSSSSSE ^£0000000 • I O d* 5 h d^ d 4 d* d^ d< .HrKao-aaaaa TdV £££££££ 3 >ZflUlVlUlVlUl r Jl ££ %o«oooffl d i- o ci d ci o d cl> .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 O o '-*3 '^3 +2 '£ 'fj ‘43 ’43 Ca-u x x x x x x x £*-;£££££££ C/}<1 h Q > -5 > -5 | -0 > ~5 l ~0 , ~5 • d -i 0«2 2 iiooooecc ,.0 = s---- OOO S 6-.-E 2 £ 2 ' 53'3 'S dOro'SOxxx | i^^Ts ’SB dO-+fO-i- ; '-*o£££ at 4 ^ Qs-' x x £ £ £ d-^d-£xxoOO H^CQO^^OOO £ 0) d. -m •*-> occ O'^H +j O XO d 3 u d£3 O .EggsS 68 (a) Also fees, (b) $10 a day while Senate is in session. *And extras. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3— Continued. OOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOO © O © © © O O © © Q © O © Q Q © O © © 1C 10 ©_iO © iO_QO lO © 1C lO lO lOO © lO © © iO_ t-T t-T of r-T i-T t-T t-T r-f rH t-T t-T of of of of CO C*COOiOiOiO*r-«r ©©©©©©©©©©©© ©©©©©©©©©©©© 0 © 0 ic© © 1C © 10 © -rr C OiCOOCOiCCOCOCO^COCOt- xxxxcoo G G C Cr-Irt d d d d s-, 7-1 1 “ < G >j>>g' . • . . d ~ g ^3 G3 G3 G5 3 G d 3 G)(DiDlD«33^a) > > > > rG G G.G C 0 d d 0 G pG >-3 >“3 pG >"3 Oi o? 3© © - 00 CO G G G j£*GO^ G G d d d d d 3 3 35/,' GG GGC-^I^GC d d d 0\2 *£ c3 d ©o*o*o$o?©©ao^oo£g >*>>>>>> d d d d d G G G “ ‘ C C C C C d d d d d h O*-5 h 3 , © , -3 - p G G fyTO- ^ ! d dg*<*r ; 2 G . 0 . K : c g .! 3 cj " G G G 3 *“3 ^0 r=3 >-3 '-S ►© ccxmtnxMMccxtcxfflcncoxtflMcctfl GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ddddddddddddddddddd CJOOOO(l)OOC)4)0Oa)D5)OOfl}ill r*5^*)K > 1^5> > 3r > l^*>?*Sr > l^ > 5! > )Kbr > lr > »r > ;r > >r > l^lr*5 OjOjOjQjCOCO^-^OjCOCOCO^Tf-^tCOCOCOt^ coMcotntototnm GGGGGGGG dddddddd 00000000 >1 >!>>>> >1 >1 >> >> GGGGGGGCOCOCOCO 1 ddddddri«GGG: iDiDDiu^ajajRnrid' 4) D 0 : >> >i >» >s/ t-Ht-1t-ItHt-(t-, ^ P 'P : l<© fa >-3 H G 03© c3;g ~,0 r>0 wo^ S 3 S £ d d bo . . . ==o^«& CO 0 =3^ G O G O i/ ^ • > % 0 0.2 bX) G 0 0CO^hS d fee to . • x = SS«!£f K 0 0 . .►r ^OOKW^ 0 +-> — . d d +-> G m 0 'o ^ ^>,5 S Jc?3 2 § O-G G 0 0 ^ O G m< QH G G 0 0 G G O O 2 2 g £££d O O £*d ! g 2-^5 • w g — d J g 0-e 0 G .G,-^ CO d r— d h£o|<5gq C >jG d g 0 G d G 0 -G> ’i % 0 0 S G 03 0 0 0 o G 0 ■ y SG O 5*5) d G.! 0.0 'd , 2' Sjd’g S'o t-g-g" 3 G«W g so ■ .3 d -*2 0 0 g 000 G G G O .O p ’co CO CO OC CO sea . sees ooo.s coos ■3 pats 3 c3 ra rf p~5 000 .^ “ = = 5 d d d _G dStfKO 69 STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1893-3.— Continued. OOQQOO — o 2 — o o GO O O 00 oo 1 -Tof Gif-4 ooooooooo 22222223 - coqq © o o © © coc^cocococococ*fco ooooooooo CO CO CO CO Oi -xf rj’ Tt’ O'? J*) ^ J*5 rt c! rt c 3 Cj rt ri 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 d d d d cj ci d •o ^0 l o *o >1 >» >» >s d 3 d d 3 3 3 3 ddcjcj ►“5^3’-O h “5 ffi35C5C:r-.NC5rlO dddddcSddd C5C5 0'C101C5C5C50i X X X X X X X X X OOOOGOQOOOOOOOOOOO OOQOOOOOOOOOGOOOOO (DCJi)i)iDiD©a)o; ,2 ,2 ,2 2> ,2 .O ,2 ,Q ,Q SSSSSSSES OOOOOOOOO >>>>>>>>> OOOOOOOOO 2 ; £ 2 ; £; to «J M OJ M w m d d cd d cd cd 3 o o o o o o o K“1 rO« i>> k'S K'S J>i Gi Oi Qi Gi Oi CM O? CO W CO X d d d d O 0) O 5 £>5 >S £>S Ci OJ o? XXXXXXXXX ddddddddd 0)00000000 ^ lo ^ < >o lo ^ ^ Tt* Tt* i-Tr^ocoTf COCOCOCOCOpjCO^ ddddd^d^ O O fl) C) O, Or i>5 >i >s >» r'-t >j K*S >J Tt'Tl'TfTfrJ'rjUDCX) cd >i II” Hh >» to to p co co co co co co co 3 in 3 2 3 3 3 d d d d d d d o o o o o o o >> >> >» >> >. >> >> C) Gl m Gl Of G} Gi a 53.2 S 5(2 r— o Iw-g C-I 2 w CO' 2 ^ _ d 0 0 d fcobCO-.^ S '|m o o o t o cd . o odd 0 a k, a a -’t fa d- l-ggs g«SH o x *T«§ • c -2 0 r; to ^ q o£ 2 -3 o* is • -= 2 ~ 3, 33 x 3 'O |JJ o^Se''* S. 2 ? tea S c a .a g>d^ r "'.a cd o 0.2 a . • o I 53 5 n ’J'3 >-. q Ofl M o o = Sfa is g -3> X ( w> , 22W H 2 t d-5 ? :gfg . . .— o = ?SS Efa j 0) ■ ; ®5 ffi, 3 sow rtW a a 5 : : : E 3 0 ; -O O td •3 r Cd-^ > 2 3 co OC«^3d^ = O-^ 3 ^h-3 2 Vq S s H ^ y td 0 d = §b293w§ g^SwaPn J O O 4 o o d ■'§ S -s o -2 = O +3 3 w vw o r - 5 S 22 o o o OOO 0 o o x x x 3 3 3 o o c- SjS§'s||go c.td &%$?**•**% O O O co • • • • % OlS^(^73 0ioigj<) o o 0 d o ^ O^ -3 ° . 2 >,3 d *? q 2 d 2 O -*- 1 3 ■P O 2 33 d 0 o o .3 0 3 2J ? 3 O 2 si o o? = ’x >--'2 sf S(2 ,•*0 2 3 . 3 SSa. . 2 o -m 3 70 (a) Regular term, C years, (b) $3.00 a day during Legislative session, (c) $10.00 a day during Legislative session. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3 — ContinvCgfl. OOQOOOOO oo_ooooo 1 C ©. © c? © o_o_o_ 7) CO CO CO CO CO Oi CO 50000 O OOC 5000000 5 O’ O' o o o o 5 W OO O O O g -i-T^co'c'fcTo oi ciooooooc; xacixxxxco t-t.i-i-.S-t-t.tH dddddddd 33333333 C3sc333s dddddddd *-5 '-5 >“3 >-5 h -5 OOt-< xc.c QOOOGCc- o o ~ — 00 00 3 g S a a cu*e d d g g g x 's^znttznO 0 1C COOJ G 1 £££§> G G 3 3 r3 3 o — t- t- t- t- 3 o- < 1 SS <1 cocococococococo t-t-t-t-s-t-t-t- dddddddd OHJO0OODD r*}b > Sr > lr > 5* > ii > }r'lr > S cntflcoxiBffltcco® t-t-t-t-t-S— S— t-t- dddddddddC O) O i CO CO CO CO CO CO O* CD W CC CD t, t- t- i. d d d d G G G G >1 >1 >1 >» iC CO CO iC -© © -*t _ gg rH ©* c* <* *T GO >> >5 >> >>? ^ s- t. t- t- >5 ,-r d w d <3 s- 10 3 3 3 3 d d t- t- t- s- d C 3333 G 3 © © 3 a) d CD CD CD JJ CD CD i-i-i-t-i-i. d d d d d d ® ® ® ® ® r*J r*) r*! ■>! K*) .>1 ot ct a o? ot CO r co O 2 ■3 >>3 e ^ c to o -3 G t- rt ■ r- § 0 EH iH« 5 • . o r- co 3- O - . . d O £ o F-*O05E-» ddOd 3 UP. t- ^ d 35 - Sd j w «j° 02 co J s V go S N O !i 0503 ' S £ ’>*'• g • , ^ 5 ® r . ^ 3 5 & J CD hh t- G w r*3 'GO' © >>£, -2 CO -3 — »V It; .0 3 g o 3 .— mw* WOao ?- t-O C 5 8. '" 1 § b --- >. « ■«o te >!J S 410® 3 M . . = go« 0) g >.<“ ; .©J h® r ' ;T dfo 1-offl.S G - c d u § X P--> l ^G b ;'o|ro . -ps © g 3 © : J 03 Prilgg =~ d ^ d _.3 gCeu^p- g^P-1-4 |fe G d > OtH 4-1 O ; d dl : G G j _ i 11^ § S 2 frof s +a 3 C >P Lt ^ G-co t- G -v. 3 3 o >-*i: S5ogb = §-ii «M0h^a;350 3 d G 4i 4-> G bo d 3 4 ^ ^ G <0 t- d G G G r - 03 E- 1 8 8 5 £ ® 0 o 5.2.2 I'll .1.1 BBS g S B S S 1 1 ooS'S'S ic be be^ 'S G C 3 ^ ^ .3 .3 .3 O O d d d 3 d cacQpqtf « 8a'o c o a) CSS 1 § I B-s 3 5 SCO : c w ® >0.2 o ' 2 3 3 s^r! 1 ? 5 ° 23 Ph o — 3 33 t- 3 G ” 3 2 3 S tt 1-1 .3 o s c 0 s " : -OSis S 3 s >>■£ 3 3-2s 33o JSjmfcJs 2§b^s •"'- O G C O . 0) G 3 .2 © 35 Sot a - 3 3 G s an «3 2 oSso g-jdSJJ 80>9 3 O 3 3 Q. -3 2'5^ I 3 OS 3 4) Oq g o 3 y 3 a 71 (a) Until 70 years old. (b) and fees, (c) Also fees. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3 .—Continued. © © o o o SSS8888 in idco in in in in co i> © cd co 06 go in co . ..^38 s€88S_~S8888888S5S888_-_^ s.o^ooSooS©.© ® in in in© d d d © ©©©.©©© ©25. inoio in in d d d d ■T >rC erT J^T ctT per -in rfT crT »rT rr Cd ^ 73 73 73 co" 00~ CO* oT 0>>> ^ !>)>»>> >5 >S !»,*>»►>!>>!>>>> ^>>>S >>>»>, >>>>0 O O >>>>>, !»-.!>, co o? 01 o? oi 01 co co co co o m'm m o -» o* o* ot o? ci o © © co co co co Z^i^eocooioicococo©©©© - rji>J Qj •“ n-^ d s-'d O* O Q <1) C<*-i d O 3 c ®°OM fl a oc> d d-!> Wx gg-S goi 'oc/2^ & ? .5 H *=> id • | 5 %7Z> 'd ■gij jji -5!i|§3- 6 " l^sM ^ :>>>> u s-t ^ o o o Oi 3 ^ ^ c3 C g = fi C G o.o o d d d ‘tfl ‘55 h 3 j ■S-S-S ccc J in L l- !©(D(D ■SCO 2 o o o U U, U o O So m m M ° ° U 0 c ^ s o3 0 . u u h a p a ^ .•S.'S.'S o ooo . : CO p. _ - -- 1 1 tn BOi p c p ? _ - - .-, ■ > r^i £} .5 C d pH flj 103 id J-i M 0 — 0§o3^0eaEgS©«©.. w J d^.OR/R 2 m£oOO O 0.0 S S vu.~'w'^/w - — _ ® >sL C HH r-rrt-rt B B (C cn S ^ ^ ^ ^ £ O 1 - ' O ' ” 73 73 73 73 , - - o o o^ f 2 g !!||m ^o^^^QQ^onddoooo ^gguooooaiagggaooo 72 STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3 .- Continued i.jSalary. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . No sal. . $10,500 . 10,000 . 10,000 . 10,000 10,000 . 10,000 10,000 ! • c - July 9, 18H9 'July 9, 1889 iMay 11, 1880 April 10, 1878 (April lit, 1873 May 23, 1873 1 January 21, 1880. . May 31, 1882 January 14, 1885. April 7, 188(5 January 2, 1879. . . May 23, 1879 April 30, 1884 July 13, 1887 July 0, 1888 April 12, 1804 February 10, 1870. April 24, 1873 February 11, 1874. March 9, 187(5 January 31, 1877. . January 31, 1877. . April ll‘, 1877 January 11, 1878. . January 17, 1878. . February 2, 1881 . . February 2, 1881.. January 10, 1883. . March 18, 1885. . . . March 18, 1885. .. February 2, 188(5. . January 24, 1888. . April 15, 1890 April 15, 1890 S. January 1, 1883. . . January 1, 1891 . . . November 8, 1881 January 1, 1883. . . January 1, 1887. . . January 1, 1889. . . January 1, 1890. . . 1 o ^ m a 03 « « cc of ® :::::::::::::::::::::::: hJ : o i i u i § 8 1 1 i : : : : . >. tft >> >5 Jft >. u u u u u u cd o3 ^ c3 w d G G G G G G p a p p a a a d d d d d d co ►“5 ^ >“5 *”5 *-S 'ft *ft : p . ft C/3 CQ _ 03 W C > d° ft 0< o ; ^ Ig c St. ib£m.2> 1 - .„03 43 ,« S 03 , ftft ° ft i 3 > 03 ft ' >ftftO 4b -*b *”5 d d d d d d (hO'So’S’S'B 0 ) o o o o o o •-* C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 32 c/3 C/3 C/3 c/3 C/3 C/3 |.S •S-3 33 t- 3* d £W d«j c o o be "H o d 03 PhO |5 fa o b§ 2 (Dfa d -H;3 m-S° b fcH = 3 g?S g> S'S o OHS sfi °o S g J»o §4 3 a o o 4-> 4b 3 CO ^b «fl g "t " 1 'o ft .O 2 .S2 O ’£ d cc «5 'S? a ft i « 2 IgjM c3 2 a !i> bb® jj ?) ” bO CO-rJ O O 3 0J .33 ft 13 d ft o 03 ft 4< ft CO bo • br.ft O 03 O • 5 !>»>»>»>. 20. 6d|s.bo CO d 2 ^’03 5^’^fag C3 . . . O ft O H co d -*e 03 P r* cj o — -is +J 3 O 03 c/3 43 ^ . G d ft O 4f o o/ftft a <0 U 5 tJ 3 CPft ^ <103 74 STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-8 .—Cmtinued. ?ssss 5000000 ooooo _ 888 10 iO X X QOOQOQOOOOOOOO o^inwn o^o o co w 0.00 o 10^ CO rfsiCOCtCOiacOQ* cfco T-HOfx 00000000000 ddddddddddd '^ H 3 H 0 ^’O l O h -: H - 5 h - 5 s - 5 , -5 NrtgSWO ■ • • • O 02 02 05 05 Cl G5 00 05 O 1—1 03 cs XXXXXXXXC5C5C5X ■n 1 — < ti i-H t— t ti '00 ‘00 00 00 00 T—t 3 3 3 3 s'^OOOOO^ 444444bbbbb£ 3 3 3 3 3 • 333333333333 OOOOOOt-tH^«l.O O 05 o o ^ Oi oj oj o? 3 ; !>) r*l ^ r>) I>) S- fc, fc. fc, ^ d d d d d 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 d d d d d h 3' _ 5 , ^ H 3 > -5 OOOOO ''Z- ' 02 Ol 72 72 72 >5 3 >_ >5 >> >> >, ^ ^ ddddd^^ 3333320^ 3 3 3 3 fH rS rR rH ^ • ■Tli-.OCl • i-H C5 C5 05 l i-i os x x x 0 OXl-lTHT-iT- X i-« „ „ _ ^ K*5 K"5 r , >-,o* 3 d 3 ; 3 tcajMccMcoajcoajcotc ddddddddddd 00000000000 r*i ^5 1*1 02 02 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 MCOOHDtDt/JOJMMOJtO® 3333333dd3d3 OOOOOOOOOOOO W^i l ‘KWWOOOOiflW co co co co co 3 3 3 d 3 OOOOO r*i n *5 K *5 K *5 r »5 CQCQCOCGCOCOWCOCOCOCOCOCOCO dddddd3dddddd>j OOOOOOOOOOOOO ^ r*) r*) »>} !>) k"5 K") ’'■ --t B-a^SsilaSSlj ^ 3 : . o 3 • &0 ^ ; 3 a a r 4 -i j e o. :r.- - £ OoO • ■ •03j^ 5 '-; >*Z~r O p H ® o 5 P'S S 0 'SK©oSSWg,i5fl.S^ O 3 ^ 3 . 2 g 5 o HH Ph • ”1 HH . — ^ L> KH «■= N S Si£H = O C3 PQ cd PP O -3 . v, . OpHWfeH, o >5 3 cd assists §«.,<•< .ir* • <0 o .'O ^S^o affl sv' - £ - - . 3 2 01 % EaSgSij ?*S . 2 to 2 3 002 Cv. J> O 3 b P c? h O cn : o'S >-/ 2.22 o. ^ Ph .2 ^ ^ 3 >s^ o o r3 ~ ~ On 5 O 3 “ c (V , 0 +3 CO c ti • l 3 d p O+f 1 0 3 o ^ p 0^°^3 I 02 ^ EH O <1 02 o^ 2 2 o o c O — co CO 0 — =2 O r*V h O ® 3 3 '3 CO U - 3 O ^ O 3 0-2 S “s _ 3cC^E-i<)0 - +3 +3 >3 43 0 3 3 3 3 3 Z - O O O O O 3 300000 C -0000 o ^ 1 3 S £ 3 £ £ 2 ^ 0 0 0 0 0 3 H.S.S- 3 -a^ 33333 a 02 C/2 02 02 02 ^ 02 OOOOO be be be be be-? 33333 ^ 1 *-5 ^-5 ^"5 ^-5 O cq p o 5 o o d 00 • o O s-< +3 -2 +J 0 rt g-d c5 O+J 3+1+j 02 02 C/2 02 02 4J 3 3 O O & ? . c a ioo = ss g s s >00 Soo 0 *-*H pOO i 43 o .2 ® S' pJtgQ 3 3 ?3i3 3 >v_ . i- O o 3 t2 O o o O SS£===~ csssir”? ^<9 2 bo-g OL-r.^02 = b‘ o t - 1 L' M , ^ ^ lig; S'c 8 I 2 -Cm i«S3 ;ojo 75 (a) Paid for work done. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3— Continued. Oi CO Oi ©i CO Oi r 888888888 000000000000000 8888888 conno^K r-T ©f ©f CO of of of d C? 88888 8888 OOCiOiO OlOlOO of r}T CO of of of of ©i' of SSSSSr-iSffltJX 00 00 00 GO GO 30 GO t ri >» >> >> >> § >» § 2 dddd^d — d^ci, _S S S S_f5 SfO S £ <1_ I 1 I .' I : CO CQ "09 CQ dddddddddd ^ r*! k rO -O ^ ^ ^ rlHHrlHrlOCO iQ lQ CiCSOSOJOOJOOCS OOOOCCOOOOQOGOOC 00 ddddddddd ddddddddd ddddddddd ddddddddd l ”5 ^0 *-5 *~3 >~3 >~5 ^0 *-5 WC0IQC0uicfiU}IQ(0 P.JwP.Pli-.iHl-lJ-.Pl ridcirtriciddd OOd/a/Q/l/Q/OQ)!) >» >» >» >> >s >> ^ >> J>> Oi Oi Oi ©i ©i Oi ©i Oi ©i • O «§"-i§§§ >n >> s ricr" £ p £®:ap = ■? S® §*0.3 a. fc< S cc <1 8 -3 c /3 c /5 73 73 co co 73 ^ p, p, p. p. u u ci d cj rt d d d <13 D 00 Q) G) 13 D r*j >-. kP Tti ©i Oi 00 ©l ©i 09 aoiocscso oooooocooooo - - 5- U t- SP d rf d d d d d 3 5 5 3 d c d c c c d ci ci ci cj rt rt ^ h-j l-j l-j h-j M L 1- ^ d Cj oi d d 5 d d S3 C S3 d d d d d C/3 C/3 C/3 73 C/3 C/3 _ _ p _ ■_. _ oil ri d rt rt 0 U 3 : 3 dtj 1 ? d-— ^ - fli S^snsg M , 3 '4' . "T — fl) 4/ -S'St O ® -ip O 3 O ° pO • §h 3(/2 c3 . 65^ £OpQWr4^ d • 'd • p. d ? : fn : : ~ j d £ 3$ fc.2 : -£S fs “W o .2 >»^5 o id p WWf2 H S« Mob" W ;ob|||h d a* ^ d) f? o dX , d gSwS 3 o « g«Jw .acsp d> . • OhJ oooph^p^ a S)®ja >. g,2+3 o d hWW o S3 d) o o 5 ° tn Pi oc^-^d) °"|o i- 53 gSM'S, S^3s 2S a .« — w oSg o 73 c 73 w , S3 S ^ d 2 Sj 1 ^ ^ d 2 dO 0 d 1 S Spcr'5'So sssisill h^c^^IO^OOPh d3 d <50^ o . d 0 d3 d > 4-> 002 OCM ^ o gJo=££i oi d» ; d ^ - 53^ S 5 SS O 5 a 5?Iw 5 S.S 3 S3 Cfl '4-1 O ho 5 ^ o d . to _ c< d-S 5 *-* • U 4^ O rJi O d . d .5 J d-r ?§•§£ d o O j ajj i* 5 c8 g g 5m»2 «lo§ o §-gs ■gfa s d fll i-> m o Qj — ^ H 73 -4-1 73 Ph O’d o O — <01 — — o 5*- u 4 d o - qj 4-> : — CU 4-- , — I — 1 di o u pj d o d d)f ^ f d , o 3 u h d o S fcr -'-^ d d) -2 S2SS|afi^8S ^ y+j 93 C C dy~- 1 %4J«000 M 3t. , 0 -la}^^ooo cqEh^ 76 (a) Also Fees. STATE AND TERRITORIAL OFFICES, 1892-3— Continued. i. Salary. JM S5T' sf 1. 1,000 h 2,500 1. 2,000 1. 2,000 1. 2,500 ). 2,000 1. 2,000 . (b)l,000 . (b )2,000 1,400 1,300 1,500 1,200 1,000 . (b) 700 t-T in in coco co co 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 When term begai October 2, 1890... October 2, 1890. . . October 2, 1890... October 2, 1890... November 18, 188! November 18, 188! November 18, 188! November 18, 188! November 18, 188! November 18, 188! November 18, 188! March 4, 1889 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1889 March 4. 1889 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1889 2 years J January 5, 1891.. 2 years. January 5, 1891 . . 2 years. January 5, 1891 . . 2 years. January 5, 1891 . . 2 years. January 5, 1881 . . 2 years. January 5, 1891 . . 2 years. January 5, 1891 . . 4 years. 1 Mon. Jan., 1891 . 4 years. 1 Mon. Jan., 1891 . 4 years. 1 Mon. Jan., 1891. 4 years. 1 Mon. Jan., 1891. Pleas ure of Governor. Pleas ure of Governor, 6 years. 1 Mon. Jan., 1891 . Term. 2 years. 2 years, 2 years. 2 years. 3 years. 3 years. 3 years. 3 years. 3 years. 3 years. 3 years. 4 years. 4 years. 4 years. 4 years. 4 years. 4 years. 4 years. 4 years. Name. Henry A. Fletcher Henry F. Field C. W. Brownell E. Henry Powell C. E. Laughton Allen Weir T. M. Reed A. A. Lindsley R. B. Bryan W. T. Forrest W. C. Jones 1 c 1 P. F. Duffy W. T. Thompson Alfred Caldwell B. S. Morgan B. H. Oxley C. L. Hagan C. W. Young 8^ | T. J. Cunningham John Hunner Jas. L. O’Connor O. E. Wells W. M. Root Thos. Thompson Amos W. Barber Otto Gramm C. W. Burdick Stephen T. Farwell Charles N. Potter F. A. Stitzer H. V. S. Groesbec.k Office. Lieutenant-Governor Treasurer Secretary of State Auditor of Accounts Lieutenant-Governor Secretary of State State Auditor State Treasurer Supt. Public Instruction Commissioner Public Lands.. Attorney-General a: o Auditor Treasurer Attorney-General Superintendent Schools Ad j utant-General State Librarian Bank Examiner > 1 2 | Secretary of State Treasurer Attorney-General Supt. Public Instruction Insurance Commissioner Railroad Commissioner Secretary of State Treasurer Auditor Supt. Public Instruction Attorney-General Adjutant-General. . . Chief Justice Capital. Montpelier Olympia Charleston Madison \ Cheyenne State or Territory. Vermont Washington > i * Wisconsin Wyoming 77 (a) Daily allowance, (b) Also fees. STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES, 1802-3. V 'd •daa maQ •pui unouaiuy | i • ■ ! •s^ido^c! | 1 MoqET j 7-4 CO " : 1 ' ip-id | ; : 1 V d 1 00 o° 03 X cc - :® •day; | 03 1 ricoaoapocs nriCC^Tn n ^ iO C OH' iO iO N N Tf CO n X ifC^£'OOjT-iCOi-iNlOO rlOCO CO CO CO © CO 25 03 lO^nNOOif i- 03 CO W. 03 co c- CW’fQD X r- X Oi -iTnr TtuOTHiOK'TC'.C.a.On' CO 03 03 CO T r House. *0 < S 'V 'd 1 • iO • O •dag 1 s iO 05 CO GO IO 1 o X i- 7-1 CO CO -T 03 03 Li CO 4t o -i Ji •inaa | 5 GO -t • CO • CO l- i- CO : o -t CO £> IO co co 03 CO l- 't 03 3 O • 05 o • *o • -t • 05 07 • . 03 • ■ •pui j co IO " o ■ •ueouaury 1 1 •s.atdoaj | " : Moq^y | 03 •ipjd | 1-1 ■v 'd | co • © 05 05 s CO 't dag | 50 X CO n 03 CO rf nOCOCOri ■«tnC0C0C0i>O73OOONC0 C0L'-03iO03i-irHi- 00 L- 7-1 7-H l- Q 03 ~f CO -t '>3 O. T-I o OiitL-T-iiJiCiO 003 73 CO n h o iO 1- CO 03 CO 03 •inaa | & O GO CO t- C0rHOt--tC000l0C0r-ia0OC003 i> L> L— 1- -t L— GO T}< 03 O lO 106 25 28 CO 03 CO Tji i- 03 CO IO CO 1- C O iO CO 05 COOnCO 7i O. Cl r-i *t i- 03 L- t- 7 CO t> CO 05 71 It CO Senate. ►o r5 •Y 'd 1 1 CO •dan j o co oco i- co CO 03 GO -t 7-<0 CO 03 05 ss CO 03 COO. , ■ uiaa | S3 co o Oi © 30 44 70 GO GO n 03 00 7— 1 CO ^ CO CO CO O • L- CO • 71 :SS co ■ • - ■pui 7-4 X •ireouatay •s^fdoag • • . •joq'B'i 1-4 7-4 • • ) : : l •qo.id •V d 1-1 CO GO in 03 • : r J •day CO CO 1- CO i> lO 03 T-t 'tt-CO'tX©lO-'t''t-t ,T **£> n03n©3C0 03 tHO3 GO CO L— co io tNlOO«r 7-i 03 03 03 cr X CO CO X 03 03 C5 71 O O X 01 -J 03 CO n Hi - •raaa S3 CJOOJON'II 03 Hrt rH i-H'^^t+ , t#»Op-iGOCOI>03COCOCO CO 03 CO 03 03 CO 03 03 t-( t— i th lOOGO 03 7-i 05 CO N^iCOOi'C 05 CO 7-H »o CO 71 03 71 05 't co »o co : 5 03 a> 03 r 1 2 ^ O c E 3„ l 0 a 0 3.2 c t 'Z +- c it ! ! a E ! .5 5 c/ > a I : r: C c C/3 4-» 13 CO j U S c it i] L J ! ! a a 'u c E K a c •p a d S3 a i! c3 c 30(2 ; C E c ; c E j- 2^ C Carolina Dn.tnt.fl. !, +i fl c 1 c 1 L± : :: • it, .* ; ; f -.B tit cfl C* g 3s S gl^-3 %% 2.5 g S-g-g-S S'3 s c£ g te fe te s ??od we-gS o®£2, a),55^:3 S 1:3 ^ 5 12 S S s S »2 0 15 0 ^ 0 ° o o^:-^ 2 § xi o Jw’S'S'S' o o «3<1>P : F ; P :: f s 78 |s +- £ 'o c O v cp CO o d 0 = z p 5 M d a d'35 >> ® c 5 S° 3 ® d 3 — X 1 o .2 p § o ^ **-* c co O O i> In'S® +3 -o d 3 4-> O co £ Is 3 d ce P dS x o ,_ o •- o Eh dJ c d d -*d 72 O +3 bX) a o a d O ff d 1 1 » 3 5 o 5 o S’ o^ d mP <9 d o jd +3 O d ■*5 QQ d-* ■fi o a £ .3 a) t!) 43 w g X 3 £ o o 3 3 J3 £ 6 fl*C ^33 § =s P-o s o is W ™ ++ 43 5 5C = -■- a) 44 c a d z O o ,3 be O 3 d;s O o > z d ■— ° m pH +_, * z o £; x S - 3 CO d O r— O 3 = ( 1 ) •P o s* O 03 2 b ©*? g t^'g 1.243 J; V) « ft <3 -£ ®4>® bo - « 43 > •SS2— a " ^ ~ Sts +5 0 O c X fl - d 3 Q> c d©s r* 'Z ■ — -*-> o §s §1 O o d^ fcJDO ojd U 4-> bn b£P * § b£a o •3 O >o id 2 ^ 0 rfl += d of > P |^1 35 o . ® gw cw a. ijtgo alJ-IS « m ® >.(3 ^id tg 45 a) 5. ! 0 = d ^+5 72 p ; Pnd ,s 'at £ Pm « 72 fl _ CO >.2£ P >*5 X K co o be d ^ i ? _d ‘Sb u ■^8 o ^ c ^3- 0 d 1 ^ d •2 -I «£ o . §2 >-20 'S o 'd o a co tx) x d +-> ^ iS^II § 8 .«s & . « o JO 2 J ® If §3 §"313 ■sgfeila S=g5-|S 53 g o rs bc.g m ci 1 " 3 5 ■S=SLv! 2^72 co d g2l-s 2 n g 4 sj c3 O '4 •£ 3 m < S3 /—v c? 3 X w '^ 3 'd u o c d b 3 P ^ O £ M” : > pH d §43 8,3*6 « £ « ~ » "B _ S tf 0 d i" "d CQ^CqKI Si^ S °§ a .s® | 111 . §>i s .£ ^ d O o p 3 — 1 rz ~ o. 2 ^§; ^ 5 ^ © p ’2 o ,d 4 ^ > g'g^S o :« 343-S^ S'S oTfi 43 1 g 43 4 = i2g'c o 1 1^, !h d X O g> O . 75 O 2 CO CO d ^ o o ; .S 5 o a S &$ s ° r° £ "2 O ' d i5 g o ^ ^ x !S g§ a ^x- ^• S s o > o rr« d;d O^ j a 4 O o Sj 3^ v p- 1 oE-> o d co >30 4-3 o 8 -Oo C7 d __ >33 •t^ O ^73 ^3 3 O d g ^ O o -P+3 ■S d 3.b go 2*2 ■3 | 7) O d+4 co O O Sh o o ZrO 2 S X 3 3 3 ’£.2 d ,d P d o ^ .2 o +3 rz S-. ■ "-■ d » Q, 2 r^o >30 d^ ■g o o| "d 72 g 1 a « c^o.8 2 I S fl a § iS^o If^SI SO 0-^*0 3 d;dr^ a o 0=5-0 0 S '-3 ©O 72 > d i? - -' »,4 ~® ^ 5P° ® 5 1 2 5 >,56 j 3 3 jJm 5 SW 6 >S 2 O >-5 o+3 . O^sJ 0 «. ^I 5 | ^>»)3- d.- x r/5 -j O'. t£ O — 72 72 o < 6 o d< Total Available Resources of Munici- palities. (Aggre- gates.) in e* o of t> of o5 m NOOOJCOM03DW V'OTX^i+COCr-’ 1 -H 30 CD_t- 7_Q0 o_o^-^ CD in r-T t+T of t> cf of d cT x r i '*-? ,5,CCiC CO 'Oi^rH OS_i>^CO idTt't in r-T cf of of d of of ^ CO 05 CD Total Debt of Munici- palities. (Aggre- gates.) CO t> co" 00 m CO N i 4 o? O CO lO ri r— i OXNCCCCCOl- O5_?OO^C0i>C0^Q0 w CO of oo ddofeddeo co" -HCOH'COCOrl'WiO L- d t- 65 Tf 00 o t- w i-T-rf t^'dd'dinoo 05 rl rH Oi Tt t- m oi papniouis^i'e -dpiunj\i *°M c5 coi^t>cocot^cDi^in rl Oi T-H CO i> CO CD Total Debt of Counties less Sink- ing Fund. (Aggregate of Counties.) i> So in i> OJ 0700 • £+- 00 O 'Tf rf in 0 co • -rf co co cc COO r^QO ■ U>CO T+ ^ d cf in r-T : d CD 00 r-T co *n in . co co 0 ? Tt< , T m 0 . os_t> 00 ^ d ; 0 " co" t- •sai^unoQ jo '°N 55 OO'^'tlOX'Or.N HHHH CD 07 CD Sinking Fund (State only). c- of oo CD d % • • • c : cd • in ooc5 • • ■ CO ih 'OJiCN • • - 05_®, ■ CD CD t-J_ ! ! ! in" cf i cd of cd . . .T-i CD • CD t- O . . . o^oo • Tt_o : ; : i-T ; d of . . -OJ • • m Floating Debt (State only). in Oi i> S 00 C 5 OO • • rt< -o O' 1 — 1-1 O • • 05 • 0 HWTHO • • 0 ^ • o_ ofo"oo"of ; • of Il> a t— co • • o? • y-t Nr(H • • rH -in m : : : Bonded Debt (State only). o of CO cf CD m OO • GO O O O O t-i O O • 'X O O CD O t- 00 i> ; NOOJ^TO Cft of cf ! t-T co" 0 " of cd" cf d* o? .mooTf in 05 co t- ic^ - oj_oj_t-7CD > in_co of of ! of r-T cf cd" r-T Co" Oi T-. State Expendi- tures, 1890. (Gross.) $46,963,039 $1,318,130 488,629 700,798 11,481,502 937,095 1,893,901 17,440,855 4,527,268 8,168,861 State Receipts, 1890. (Gross.) $49,133,883 O0?l^T-i05C0C5C005 ooooi-f ocoin^ o_'^_in_t>in oi co -r-t os 0 " cf of -r-T co" t-T of t-T in' cc co t — 1 00 vn co i— < in oj O^CD 00 CO 0 0^0^0,0 d t-T t-T of go" 10 " 00 " ^ H tH Assessed Valuation of Property, 1890. co o C3 o rf S o" 7> T-HCDCpcOCOCDOOt—OJ Cp- in T-^i>O 5 ^C 0 ^C 0^00 of of 1 — T d r-T of uf of of ©moinojmt'Xcs COOJrl r-^CO co i> © in ^ of cf of Popula- tion, 1890. T— 1 O T t I> 661,086 376,530 332,422 2,238,943 345,506 740,258 5,997,853 1,444,933 5,258,014 o CO t- w g r d s g? ; >;s S * 5 m Oj e 3 _. £ko’2 ?>> * o o Ss 03 W 2 c3 ® 03 >3 1-3 K .5 &.g IS O g & & 2 d 0*0 d,d o 0 0 0 Sa>gf 40 ^ZW 79 POPULATION, ASSESSED VALUATION, RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, DEBT AND RESOURCES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES, WITH AGGREGATES OF COUNTY DEBT AND MUNICIPAL DEBT AND RESOURCES, mm.— Continued. Total Available Resources of Munici- palities. (Aggre- gates.) O t> 3 3 3 SI ONONOOihOOO t-COO©i©TPOX© rsi-cCtrCOiCCKOT 33©f 333333 GO CO X i- CO Oi l- tt 0 < O.GO 00 o' Of 00 i- p 3 CO

COOOOOCOOOO i — tt lO O O O y ~V O O' ©i aO © 05 © CO AO CO CO of GO T-t' r-T GO oT t-T of OOXO®iOOriO 3 of 05 3 3 3 05 ' ^ CO t-t r* OJ CO ©5 p 3 ©i 3a COAOrrNiNT-OTpi-OOO COXOTOi'NO'.nCCTT OJaOaOI— COttCOaOOaOCOtt 3333333333 if if lOLOaOCT. OirTTpTpI-.05iOO ppTp O r NO,WWO °V C i 3 3 3 3 3 3 t£ 33 papnpuis^i'B -diDiunj\i o^[ co lO CCOriOWXO'-uO CO s COOtOaQJJXCOCONwN aO CO Tp CO CO t-t ©i CO O} Total Debt of Counties less Sink- ing Fund. (Aggregate of Counties.) 3 LO GO QO if 0 co •Aooioooao © t- 'COOOOXIO pi> • AO. TP CO t- CO.O COCO ;tftf3©f33 3 go CO p 3 CO p Aff CO m XaOOXttNCOiNhtji-h © iAoxcr.GOAOt-cocccoxAO p- rp pp pppo^o^ 333if3333©*333 05 AO TT O Cl TT O p* {- t O 31 pi- O oj p CO Tp Of . p P AO. p 333333333333 tt t-t tt •sai^anoQ jo ‘°N AO 05 Tp co tp • 0 -p 0 co t - iO O? • O AO 05 CO CO Tp • r-T r- ( 0 CO p X CO ©i CO X O 05' 0 QC X O O X050XCOXC5rTTpA0050 Sinking Fund (State only). lO CO Tp o' 05 p if : : : : : : Floating Debt (State only). © TP ©f 05 ©^ CO 0 • ■ 0 ? O ■ O ©i aO • • AO O • O O • t- • • CO p • X ©*. • of l it— Tof -33 i CO • . ©i Tp • 05 05 • €£> ; ; t j ; ; ©I Tp ©* 3 0 p tf SI O 'i»050 • aO O • • -T-T X • O CO 05 -COO • • • 05 T-T -TpOCO -TpO • • -t— 3 ! 33 3 :3q' • • -3 X t CO TT 05 .TpX . . -TT aO . t-t CO OJ -OICO • • -CO 3 : 333 ; 3 ! : 1 <^> . . ... Bonded Debt (State only). 05 CO 1 3" GO m ONOtPhOOJOO CO O O T-T O -P Tp — . O AO P.CO AO HO CO AO 33 t-T if 3333©f IOi>QOXCOOi— aOCO CO CO 1- Or-t i> CO cop ^©'cfx 3333 rirtU T-i i> 0 if GO © if ©* m aOaOOCO -p 'Ql-Ct-O co tt 0 05 • 0 • p 0 0 co 0 pppp -p -ppppp 3333 i 3 : 333 33 05 -p tt CO -CO .COXCOTTO £— AO • p • p CO X Tp x ofx : 3 !x (£> State Expendi- tures, 18110. (Gross.) co i> CO CO 00. of OCOCOOCOCOOJCOO ©xo5co-p©o:o:C5 O Tp TP IO AO ©i O i- Tp Aff Tp" of Iff cf ao' of T-f of ©< X CO 05 -p tt tt co 05 HOOO OO^TH CO ^3 Aff of t-T 1 -T 3 ©f* CO p 3 00 3 CO m t-t X C5X*0C0C0C0pp05X AO Tp CO CO CO X CO 0 ; Oi O AO t- pppppGC pi- p. pp 333333 3333x3 CO i-— 05 —p X O’ CO CO O TT TT TT GOtPCOCOaOPcOOJaOCOaOCO 33333333 Of TT m * * State Receipts, 1890. (Gross.) CO 3 05 CO ©f Oi m OAOXNTpiOCDTPTt 0 O X ©i T-T Q CO 05- -P LO p p p TP. Tp. © p p 3 cf CO ItT 3 QO 0 ' of of 01 CO c— 00 O CO 05 t — CO TTCOl-COWOrTOC’fi ^33©f3* 33* 0 ? 0 ? if co p 3 CO $5,853,078 3,737,195 3,659,775 3,377,239 3,742,936 2,150,157 1,715,387 3,757,852 609,512 060,000 *2,283,165 *1,284,426 Assessed Valuation of Property, 1890. S s lO © ©f m tt Tp t-t t-t l— t— GO Tp 00 QOjTfTpXXCOOOCO paopi>.p©i.ptT p 3 3 if 3 if tf of 0 ' co' cooooo?o*c5gocoo* 1 -T.rT CO Tp_po T-T CO 05 3333 3©f©f tf 3 t— X AO CO O tt CO i— l— <^Tp T-T CO T-t Oi T-T CO -X- 0 p 3 p 3 co CO if I-COCIOOCOCOCOCNaOtt aQ©?aOOtttPPiOCOXOt-t ppoi.pc- 1 - pp pppp x' of 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' 3 x' p' 3 of 33 CO tT TT JO C5 CO TT P 05 05 05 T-t x Tp px P co CO CO AO i- AO xcf if 333x3x333 i— X O? tP 05 GO t— X i— CO X 05 i- i- i- 05 AO A?5 Tp i- TT TT Oi ' * * * Popula- tion, 1890. O' ©? if lO 00 GO CO O Oi O Tp i— C5 CO 0 ? O5O5O5XC5TPTpiO0? pCO.COppppCO.Tp x'©f©'3©f3333 CO TP CO AO CO t-t lO 'CO 05 T-tOO^COi-OT-TGOCO © of of CO p 3 3,672,316 2,192,404 3,826,351 2,093,889 1,686,880 1,301,826 1,911,896 2,679,184 182,719 328,808 1,058,910 1,427,096 States and Territories. o • CO Delaware Maryland Dis.of Columbia Virginia West Virginia. . North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Florida If eo I 5 Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa.. Missouri North Dakota. . South Dakota . . Nebraska Kansas 80 POPULATION, ASSESSED VALUATION, RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, DEBT AND RESOURCES OF STATES AND TI WITH AGGREGATES OF COUNTY DEBT AND MUNICIPAL DEBT AND RESOURCES, 1890.— Continued. 81 * 1889. ** 1886. PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. The facts concerning the party tendency in each of the new States are briefly thus: Idaho. There is a Republican majority of ten in the Senate and 26 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 36 in favor of the Republican party. At the election for Governor, 1890, Shoup, the Republican candidate, laid a majority of 2,314 over Wilson, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 18,210, of which 10,262 were cast for Shoup. This was the first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Idaho to the Union. The State government and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, Democratic majority, 1,514; 1882, no record available; 1884, Democratic majority, 786; 1886, Republican majority, 426; 1888, Republican majority, 3,203; 1890 (short term), Republican majority, 2,112 (long term) 2,104. Montana. There is a Democratic majority of 4 in the Senate and a Republican majority of 5 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 1 on joint ballot. At the election for Governor, 1889, Toole, the Democratic candidate had a majority of 556 over Power, the Republican nominee. The whole vote cast was 38,552, of which 19,564 were cast for Toole. This was the first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Montana to the Union. The State government and judiciary, except the Governor, consists entirely of Republicans. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 1,428, Democratic; 1882, 1,484, Democratic; 1884, 199, Democratic; 1886, 3,718, Democratic; 1888, 5,126, Republican; 1890, 283, Democratic. North Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 11 in the Senate and 18 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 29. The minority in the Senate consists of 5 Democrats and 5 Farmers’ Alliance, in the House, of 16 Democrats and 6 Farmers’ Alliance. The 11 Farmers’ Alliance votes are included with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At the election for Governor, 1890, Burke, the Republican candidate had a plurality of 6,449 over Roach, the Democratic, and Muir the Independent nominees. In 1889, Miller, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plu- rality of 12,632 over Roach. The State government is entirely Republican. Since 1884, the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1884, 25,554, Republican; 1886, 8,027, Republican; 1888, 9,489, Republican; 1890, 6,535, Republican. South Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 1 in the Senate and 4 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 5. The minority in the Senate consists of 14 Democrats and 8 Independents; in the House, of 46 Democrats and 11 Independents. The 19 Independent votes are included with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At the election for Governor, 1890, Mellette, the Republican candidate, had a plurality of 9,896 over Taylor the Democratic, and Louks the Farmers’ Alliance nominees. Louks received 24,591 votes out of a total of 77,607. In 1889, Mellette, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plurality of 30,124, McClure being the Democratic nominee. The State government and judiciary are entirely Republican. The vote for South Dakota for Repre- sentatives, 1886 and 1888, was that of the counties of Dakota Territory, which now compose the State of South Dakota. This vote is as follows: 1886, Democratic, 22,339, Republican, 43,365; 1888, Democratic, 25,044, Repub lican, 44,906; 1891, Democratic, 7,199, Republican, 17,614, Farmers’ Alli- ance, 14,587. The Republican majorities or pluralities have been respect- ively 21,026, 19,862 and 3,027. 82 PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. 83 Washington. There is a Republican majority of 26 in the Senate and 44 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 70 on joint ballot. At the election for Governor, 1889, Ferry, the Republican candidate had a majority of 8,979 over Semple, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 58,443, of which 33,711 were cast for Ferry. The State govern- ment and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880, the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 1,797, Republican; 1882, 3,008, Republican; 1884, 148 Democratic; 1886, 2,192, Democratic; 1888, 7,371, Republican; 1890, 6,322, Republican. Wyoming. There is a Republican majority of 9 in the Senate and 18 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 27. At the election for Gov- ernor, 1890, Warren the Republican candidate, had a majority of 1,726 over Baxter, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 16,032, of which Warren Received 8,879. The State government is entirely Republican. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 147, Democratic; 1882, 1,111, Democratic; 1884, 1,639, Republican; 1886, 7,146, Republican; 1888, 2,894, Republican; 1890, 2,859, Republican. SENATE. * Levi P. Morton, V.-President, Presiding. | C. F. Manderson, Neb., Pres’t pro tem. Republicans, 47; Democrats, 39; Alliance,!; INDEPENDENT,!. ALABAMA. John T. Morgan..' Selma 1895 James L. Pugh Eufaula. 1897 ARKANSAS. James H. Berry Bentonville 1895 James K. Jones Washington. . .1897 CALIFORNIA. Charles N. Felton San Francisco. 1893 Leland Stanford San Francisco. 1897 COLORADO. E. O. Wolcott Denver 1895 Henry M. Teller Central City. . .1897 CONNECTICUT. Joseph R. Ha wley Hartford 1893 Orville H. Platt Meriden 1897 DELAWARE. Anthony Higgins Wilmington. ..1895 George Gray Newcastle 1893 FLORIDA. Samuel Pasco Monticello 1893 Wilkinson Call Jacksonville.. 1897 GEORGIA. Alfred H. Colquitt Atlanta 1895 John B. Gordon Atlanta 1897 IDAHO. George L. Shoup Salmon City.. .1895 Fred T. Dubois Blackfoot. 1897 ILLINOIS. Shelby M. Cullom Springfield ....1895 John M. Palmer Springfield 1897 INDIANA. Daniels. Turpie Indianapolis... 1893 Daniel W. Voorhees... Terre Haute... 1897 IOWA. James F. Wilson Fairfield 1895 William B. Allison Dubuque 1897 KANSAS. Bishop W. Perkins. . .Oswego 1895 William A. Peffer Topeka 1897 KENTUCKY. John G. Carlisle Covington 1895 Jos. C. S. Blackburn. .Versailles 1897 LOUISIANA. Randall L. Gibson New Orleans. .1895 Edward D. White New Orleans .. 1897 MAINE. William P. Frye Lewiston 1895 Eugene Hale Ellsworth 1893 * For changes in the Senate, up to ( preceding Index. MARYLAND. Arthur P. Gorman Laurel 1893 Charles H. Gibson Easton 1897 MASSACHUSETTS. George F. Hoar Worcester 1895 Henry L. Dawes Pittsfield 1893 MICHIGAN. James McMillan Detroit 1895 F. B. Stockbridge Kalamazoo 1893 MINNESOTA. Wm. D. Washburn Minneapolis. . .1895 Cushman K. Davis St. Paul 1893 MISSISSIPPI. E. C. Walthall Grenada 1895 James Z. George Carrollton 1893 MISSOURI. Francis M. Cockrell.. . Warrensburg. .1893 George G. Vest Kansas City. . . 1897 MONTANA. William F. Sanders. . Helena 1893 Thomas C. Power Helena 1895 NEBRASKA. Chas. F. Manderson . . Omaha 1895 A. S. Paddock Beatrice 1893 NEVADA. W. M. Stewart Carson City... 1893 John P. Junes Gold Hill..... 1897 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Wm. E. Chandler Concord 1895 Jacob H. Gallinger Concord 1897 NEW JERSEY. John R. McPherson. . .Jersey City 1895 Rufus Blodgett LongBranch. .1893 NEW YORK. Frank Hiscock Syracuse 1893 David B. Hill Elmira 1897 NORTH CAROLINA. Matt AV. Ransom Weldon 1895 Zebulon B. Vance Charlotte 1897 NORTH DAKOTA. Lyman R. Casey Jamestown... .1893 L. C. Hansbrough Devil’s Lake.. 1897 OHIO. John Sherman Mansfield 1893 Calvin S. Brice Lima 1897 OREGON. Joseph Dolph Portland 1895 John H. Mitchell Portland 1897 moment of going to press, see Addenda , HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 85 PENNSYLVANIA. Matthew S. Quay... James D. Cameron. . . . Beaver . . .Harrisburg. . . . 1893 ..1897 RHODE ISLAND. Nathan F. Dixon. . Nelson W. Aldrich . Westerlv . . .Providence.. . 1895 ..1893 SOUTH CAROLINA. M. C. Butler John L. M. Irby ...Edgefield ... . . Laurens . . 1895 . .1897 SOUTH DAKOTA. F. T. Pettigrew J. H. KY'LE . . .Sioux Falls. . . . . Aberdeen ..1895 ..1897 TENNESSEE. Isham G. Harris William B. Bate . . .Memphis . 1895 . . 1893 TEXAS. Richard Coke Roger Q. Mills . . .Waco . . . Corsicana. . . . . 1895 . . 1897 VERMONT. Red field Proctor Proctor 1803 Justin S. Morrill Strafford 1897 VIRGINIA. John S. Barbour Alexandria 1895 John W. Daniel Lynchburg 1893 WASHINGTON. John B. Allen Walla Walla.. 1893 Watson C. Squire Seattle 1897 WEST VIRGINIA. John E. Kenna ..Charleston 1895 C. J. Faulkner Martinsburg . .1893 WISCONSIN. Ph iletus Sawyer Oshkosh 1893 William F. Vilas Madison 1897 WYOMING. Joseph M. Carey Cheyenne 1895 Francis E. Warren.. .Cheyenne 1893 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. + CHARLES F. CRISP, Georgia, Speaker. Republicans , 88; Democrats, 236; Farmers’ Alliance, 8; whole number, 332. Those marked * served in the List House. Those marked t served in a previous House. Those marked i were unseated by the List House. ALABAMA. 1. Richard H. Clarke* . Mobile. 2. Hilary A. Herbert*.. Montgomery. 3. William C. Oates*. . .Abbeville. 4. Louis W. Turpint Newbern. 5. James E. Cobb* Tuskegee. G. J. H. Bankhead* Fayette C. H. 7. Wm. H. Forney* Jacksonville. 8. Joseph Wheeler* Wheeler. ARKANSAS. 1. William H. Catej Jonesborough. 2. C. R. Breckinridgett.Pine Bluff. 3. Thomas C. McRae* . . Prescott. 4. William L. Terry Pulaski. 5. Samuel W. Peel* Bentonville. CALIFORNIA. 1. Thomas J. Geary Santa Rosa. 2. A. Caminetti Jackson. 3. Joseph McKenna*. . . Suisun. 4. John T. Cutting San Francisco. 5. Eugene F. Loud San Francisco. 6. Wm. W. Bowers San Diego. COLORADO. Hosea Townsend* . . .Silver Cliff. CONNECTICUT. 1. Lewis Sperry Hartford. 2. W. F. Wilcox* Chester. 3. Charles A. Russell* . . Killingly. 4. Rob't E. DeForest . . Bridgeport. DELAWARE. John W. Casey Milford. FLORIDA. 1. Stephen R. Mallory. .Pensacola. 2. Robert Bullock*. ... .Ocala. GEORGIA. 1. Rufus E. Lester* Savannah. 2. Henry G. Turner* Quitman. 3. Charles F. Crisp* Americus. 4. Charles L. Moses Turin. 5. L. F. Livingston Atlanta. G. James H. Blount* .. .Macon. 7. R. William Everett. .Fish. 8. Thos. G. Lawson Eatonton. 0. Thomas E. Winn Laurenceville. 10. Thomas B. Watson . .Thomson. IDAHO. Willis Siveet* Moscow. ILLINOIS. 1. Abner Taylor* Chicago. 2. L. E. McGann Chicago. 3. A. E. Durborow, Jr . Chicago. 4. Wm. C. Newberry. . .Chicago. 5. Albert J. Hopkins* . Aurora. 6. Robert R. Hitt* Mount Morris. 7. T. J. Henderson* Princeton. 8. Lewis Steward Plano. 9. Henry W. Snow Sheldon. 10. Philip S. Post* Galesburg. 11. Benj. T. Cable Rock Island. 12. Scott Wike* Pittsfield. 13. Wm. M. Springer*. . .Springfield. 14. Owen Scott. Bloomington. 15. Samuel T. Busey Urbana. 16. Geo. W. Fithian* Newton. 17. Edward Lane* Hillsborough. 18. Wm. S. Forman* Nashville. 19. Jas. R. Williams* ... .Carmi. 20. Geo. W. Smith* Murphysboro’gh t For changes in the House of Representatives, up to the moment of going to press,' see Addenda , preceding Index. 86 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. INDIANA. 1. Wm. F. Parrett* Evansville. 2. John L. Bretz Jasper. 3. Jason B. Brown* Seymour. 4. Wm. S. Holman* Aurora. 5. Geo. W. Cooper Columbus. C. Henry U. Johnson. .Richmond. 7. Wm. D. Bynum* Indianapolis. 8. E. V. Brookshire*. . . Crawfords ville. 9. Daniel Waugh Tipton. 10. David H. Patton Remington. 11. A. N. Martin* Bluffton. 12. C. A. O. McClellan*. .Auburn. 13. Benj. F. Shively* South Bend. IOWA. 1. John J. Seerley Burlington. 2. Walter I. Hayes* Clinton. 3. D. B. Henderson* . . .Dubuque. 4. Walter H. Butler West Union. 5. John T. Hamilton. . Cedar Rapids, fi. Fred. E. White Webster. 7. John A. T. Hull Des Moines. 8. James P. Flick * Bedford. 9. ThomasBowman Council Bluffs. 10. John. P. Dolliver* . . . Fort Dodge. 11. George D. Perkins. .Sioux City. KANSAS. 1. Case Broderick Holton. 2. Edw'd H. Vunston* . Iola. 3. Benj. H. Clover Cambridge. 4. John G. Otis Topeka. 5. John M. Davis Junction City. 6. William Baker Lincoln. 7. Jerry Simpson Medicine Lodge. KENTUCKY. 1. William J. Stone*.. .Kuttawa. 2. William T. Ellis* Owensborough. 3. Isaac H. Goodnight*. Franklin. 4. A. B. Montgomery*. .Elizabethtown. 5. Asher G. Caruth* .... Louisville. 6. W. W. Dickerson*. . . Williamstown. 7. W.C.P.Breckinridge*Lexington. 8. Jas. B. McCreary* . . .Richmond. 9. Thos. H. Paynter*.. .Greenup. 10. John W. Kendall West Liberty. 11. John H. Wilson* Barboursville. LOUISIANA. 1. Adolph Meyer New Orleans. 2. Matthew D. Lagan. .New Orleans. 3. Andrew Price* Thibodeaux. 4. N. C. Blanchard*. . . .Shreveport. 5. Chas. J. Boatner*. . .Monroe. 6. SamT M. Robertson*. Baton Rouge. MAINE. 1. Thomas B. Reed* ...Portland. 2. Nelson Dingley, Jr.*. Lewiston. 3. Seth L. Milliken * . . . .Belfast. 4. Chas. A. Boutelle* . Bangor. MARYLAND. 1 . Henry Page Princess Anne. 2. Herman Stump* Bel Air. 3. H. Welles Rusk*. . . Baltimore. 4. Isidor Raynert Baltimore. 5. Barnes Comptontf .. Laurel. 6. Wm. M. McKaig Cumberland. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. Chas. S. Randall* . . .New Bedford. 2. Elijah A. Morse* Canton. 3. John F. Andrew* Boston. 4. Joseph H. O’Neil*.. .Boston. 5. Sherman Hoar Waltham. 6. Henry Cabot Lodpe*Nahant. 7. Wm. Cogswell* Salem. 8. Moses T. Stevens North Andover. 9. Geo. Fred. Williams. Dedham. 10. Joseph H. Walker* . . Worcester. 11. Frederics. Coolidge. Ashburnham 12. John C. Crosby Pittsfield. MICHIGAN. 1. J. Logan Chipman* . Detroit. 2. James S. Gorman Chelsea. 3. James O'Donnell*... Jackson. 4. Julius C. Burrows* .Kalamazoo. 5. Chas. E. Belknap * . . Grand Rapids. 6. Byron G. Stout Pontiac. 7. Justin R. Whiting* . St. Clair. 8. Henry M. Youmans. Saginaw. 9. Harrison H.Wlieeler.Ludington. 10. Thos. A. E.Weadock.Bay City. 11. S. M. Stephenson* . . .Menominee. MINNESOTA. 1. Wm. II. Harries Caledonia. 2. John Lind* New Ulm. 3. Orrin M. Hall Red Wing. 4. James N. Castle Stillwater. 5. Kittel Halvorsen. .South Fork. MISSISSIPPI. 1. John M. Allen* Tupelo. 2. John C. Kyle Sardis. 3. Thos. C. Catchings* . Vicksburg. 4. Clarke Lewis* Macon. 5. Joseph H. Beeman . . Eley. 0. Thos. R. Stockdale*. Summit. 7. Charles E. Hooker*. Jackson. MISSOURI. 1. Wm. H. Hatch* Hannibal. 2. Chas. H. Mansur* .. .Chillicothe. 3. Alex. M. Dockery*. .Gallatin. 4. Rob’t P. C. Wilson*. .Platte City. 5. John C. Tarsney* Kansas City. 6. John T. Heard* Sedalia. 7. Richard H. Norton*. Troy. 8. John J. O’Neillt St. Louis. 9. Seth W. Cobb St. Louis. 10. Samuel Byrns Potosi. 11. Richard P. Bland*.. .Lebanon. 12. D. A. De Armond Butler. 13. Richard W. Fy ant ... Marshfield. 14. Marshall Arnold Benton. MONTANA. Wm. W. Dixon Butte City. NEBRASKA. 1. Wm. J. Bryan Lincoln. 2. Wm. A. McKeighan. .Red Cloud. 3. O. M. Kem Broken Bow. NEVADA. Horace F. Bartine* . Carson City. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. L. F. McKinneyt Manchester. 2. Warren F. Daniell. . .Franklin. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 87 NEW JERSEY. 1. Chris. A. Bergen *. . .Camden. 2. James Buchanan*. Trenton. 3. J. A. Geissenhainer*. Freehold. 4. Samuel Fowler* Newton. 5. Cornelius A. Cadmus. Paterson. 6. Thos. Dunn English. Newark. 7. Edw. F. McDonald. . .Harrison. NEW YORK. 1. James W. Covert* . . . Long Island City 2. Alfred C. Chapin Brooklyn. 3. Wm. J. Coombs Brooklyn. 4. John M. Clancy* Brooklyn. 5. Thos. F. Magner* Brooklyn. 6. John R. Fellows New York city. 7. Edw. J. Dunphy* New York city. 8. Tim. J. Campbell!.. New York city. 9. Amos J. Cummings*. New York city. 10. W. B. Cocki'ant New York city. 11. J. DeWitt Warner. . .New York city. 12. Joseph J. Little New York city. 13. Ashbel P. Fitch* New York city. 14. W.G. Stahlnecker*. .Yonkers. 15. Henry Bacon! Goshen. 16. John H. Ketcliam* . Dover Plains. 17. Isaac N. Cox Ellenville. 18. J. A. Quackenbush* . Stillwater. 19. Charles Tracey* Albany. 20. John Sanford* Amsterdam. 21. John M. Wever Plattsburgh. 22. N. M. Curtis Ogdensburg. 23. Henry W. Bentley. . .Booneville. 24. George Van Horn Cooperstown. 25. James J. Bidden* . . .Syracuse. 26. George W. Rayf Norwich. 27. Sereno E. Payne* .. .Auburn. 28. H. H. Rockwell Elmira. 29. John Raines* Canandaigua. 30. Henry S. Greenleaft. Rochester. 31. J. W. Wadsworthi . Genesee. 32. Dan'l N. Lockwoodt. Buffalo. 33. Thos. L. Bunting Hamburgh. 34. Warren B. Hooker .. Fredonia. NORTH CAROLINA. 1. Wm. A. B. Branch.. .Washington. 2. H. P. Cheatham* Henderson. 3. Beni. F. Grady Wallace. 4. Benj. H. Bunn* Rocky Mount. 5. A. H. A. Williams Oxford. 6. S. B. Alexander Charlotte. 7. John S. Henderson*. Salisbury. 8. Win. H. H. Cowles*. Wilkesborough. 9. Wm. T. Crawford Waynesville. NORTH DAKOTA. Martin N. Johnson . Petersburg. OHIO. 1. Bellamy Storer Cincinnati. 2. John A. Caldwell* .. .Cincinnati. 3. George W. Houk ... Dayton. 4. Martin K. Gantz Troy. 5. Fred'k 0. Layton . . . Wapakoneta. 6. Dennis D. Donovan. .Deshler. 7. Wm. E. Haynes* Fremont. 8. Darius D. Hare Upper Sandusky 9. Jos. H. Outhwaite*. Columbus. 10. Robert E. Doan Wilmington. 11. John M. Pattison ...Milford. 12. Wm. H. Enochs Ironton. OHIO. — ( Continued .) 13. Irvine Dungan Jackson. 14. James W. Owens*. . .Newark. 15. Michael D. Harter. .Mansfield. 16. John G. Warwick Massillon. 17. Andrew J. Pearson. .Woodsfield. 18. Joseph D. Taylor * .. .Cambridge. 19. Ezra B. Taylor * Warren. 20. Vincent A. Taylor . . Bedford. 21. Thos. L. Johnson Cleveland. OREGON. Binger Hermann* . .Roseburg. PENNSYLVANIA. 1. H. H. Bingham *. . . .Philadelphia. 2. Charles O'Neill* Philadelphia. 3. William McAleer Philadelphia. 4. John E. Reyburn*. .Philadelphia. 5. Alfred C. Hammer * . . Philadelphia. 6. John B. Robinson . . .Media. 7. Edwin R. Hallowell.. Willow Grove. 8. William Mutchler*. .Easton. 9. David B. Brunner* . . .Reading. 10. Marriott Brosius* . .Lancaster. 11. Lemuel Amerman. . .Scranton. 12. George W. Shonk. . .Plymouth. 13. James B. Reilly* Pottsville, 14. John W. Rife* Middleton. 15. Myron B . Wright* . .Susquehanna. 16. Albert C. Hopkins. . .Lock Haven. 17. Simon P. Wolverton . Sunbury. 18. Louis E. Hffcmson*. Mitfhnton. 19. F. E. Beltzhoovert . . Carlisle. 20. Edward Scull* Somerset. 21. George F. Huff Greensburg. 22. Joh n Dalzell* Pittsburg. 23. William A. Stone . . .Allegheny City. 24. Andrew J. Stewart. .Ohiopyle. 25. Eugene P. Gillespie. .Greenville. 26. Matthew Griswold . .Erie. 27. Charles W. Stone*. .Warren. 28. George F. Kribbs Clarion . RHODE ISLAND. 1. Oscar Lapliam* Providence. 2. Charles H. Page Scituate. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. William H. Brawley. Charleston. 2. George D. Tillman*. Clark’s Hill. 3. George Johnstone. . .Newberry. 4. George W. Shell Laurens. 5. John J. Hemphill*. .Chester. 6. L. T. Stackhouse Little Rock. 7. William Elliotttt Beaufort. SOUTH DAKOTA. 1. John L. Jolley Vermillion. 2. John A. Pickier* Faulkton. TENNESSEE. 1. Alfred A. Taylor*. . .Johnson City. 2. John C. Houk Knoxville. 3. H. C. Snodgrass Sparta. 4. Benton McMillin* Carthage. 5. Jas. D. Richardson*. Murfreesboro’. 6. J. E. Washington*. . .Cedar Hill. 7. Nicholas N. Cox Franklin. 8. Benj. A. Enloe* Tackson. 9. Rice A. Pierce* Union City. i 10. Josiah Patterson Memphis.' 88 FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. TEXAS. 1. Charles Stewart* Houston. 2. John B. Long Palestine. 3. C. Buckley Kilgore*. Will’s Point. 4. David B. Culberson*. Jefferson. 5. Joseph W. Bailey Gainesville. 6. Joseph Abbott* Hillsboro. 7. William H. Crain*. . .Cuero. 8. Littleton W. Moore*. La Grange, i). Joseph L). Sayers*. . .Bastrop. 10. S. W. T. Lanham*. . .Weatherford. VERMONT. 1. H. Henry Powers. . .Morrisville. 2. William IT. Grout* .Barton. VIRGINIA. 1. William A. Jones Warsaw. 2. John W. Lawson . . . Isle of Wight. 3. George D. Wiset} Richmond. 4. James F. Epes Blackstone. 5. Posey G. Lester* Floyd C. H. 6. Paul C. Edmunds*. . .Halifax C. H. 7. Chas. T. O’Ferrall*. .Harrisonburgh. 8. E. E. Meredith Prince Williams. !). John A. Buchanan*. Abingdon. 10. H. St. G. Tucker* Staunton. WASHINGTON. John L. Wilson * — Spokane Falls. WEST VIRGINIA. 1. John O. Pendleton} .Wheeling. 2. Wm. L. Wilson* Charlestown. 3. John D. Aldersou*. .Nicholas C. H. 4. James A. Capeliart. .Mount Pleasant. WISCONSIN. 1. Clinton A. Babbit. ...Beloit. 2. Charles Barwig* May ville. 3. Allen R. Bushnell Madison. 4. John L. Mitchell Milwaukee. 5. George II. Brickner*. Sheboygan Falls 0. Lucas M. Miller Oshkosh. 7. Frank P. Coburn West Salem. 8. Nils P. Haugen* River Falls. 9. Thomas Lynch Antigo. WYOMING. Clarence D. Clark* .. Evanston. TERRITORIES. Arizona— M. A. Smith*. Tombstone. New Mexico— A. Joseph*. O.jo Calient e. Oklahoma — D. A. Harvey. Oklahoma City. Utah— John T. Caine*.. Salt Lake City. FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893.* SENATORS (Alphabetically Arranged). Aldrich, N. W Allen, J. B Allison, William B Barbour, J. S Bate, W. B Berry, James H Blackburn, J. C. S Blodgett, Rufus Brice, Calvin S Butler, M. C Call, Wilkinson Cameron, J. D Carey, J. M Carlisle, J. G Casey, L. R Chandler, W. E Cockrell, F.M Coke, Richard Colquitt, Alfred H Cullom, Shelby M Daniel, John W Davis, C. K Dawes, Henry L Dixon, N. F. Dolph, Joseph Dubois, F. T Faulkner, C. J Felton, C. N Frye, William P Gallinger, J. H George, James Z Gibson, C. H Gibson, Randall L Gordon, John B Gorman, Arthur P Gray, George Hale, Eugene Hansbrough, L. C Rhode Island Washington Iowa Virginia Tennessee Arkansas Kentucky New Jersey Ohio . South Carolina Florida Pennsylvania Wyoming Kentucky ...North Dakota .New Hampshire Missouri Texas Georgia Illinois Virginia Minnesota . . Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island Oregon Idaho . . .West Virginia California Maine New Hampshire Mississippi Maryland Louisiana Georgia Maryland Delaware Maine . . .North Dakota Harris, Isham G Hawley, Jos. R Higgins, Anthony.. . Hill, David B Hiscock, Frank Hoar, George F Irby, J. L. M Jones, James K Jones, John P Kenna, John E Kyle, J. H Manderson, Chas. F McMillan, James McPherson, John R. Mills, Roger Q Mitchell, John H Morgan, John T Morrill, Justin S Paddock, A. S Palmer, John M Pasco, Samuel Peft'er, W. A Perkins, B. W Pettigrew, F. T Platt, Orville H Power, T. C Proctor, Redlield Pugh, James L Quay, M. S Ransom. Matt W Sanders, W. F Sawyer, Pliiletus Sherman, John Slioup, Geo. L Squire, W. C Stanford, Leland. . . . Stewart, W. M Stockbridge, F. B — Tennessee Connecticut Delaware New York New York Massachusetts — South Carolina Arkansas Nevada West Virginia South Dakota Nebraska Michigan New Jersey Texas Oregon Alabama Vermont Nebraska Illinois Florida Kansas Kansas South Dakota Connecticut Montana Vermont Alabama Pennsylvania ...North Carolina Montana Wisconsin Ohio Idaho Washington California . . Nevada Michigan *For changes, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. Hon. J. G. CARLISLE. FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 89 SENATORS (Alphabetically Arranged).— Continued. Teller, Henry M Colorado Turpie, D. S' Indiana Vance, Z. B North Carolina Vest, George G Missouri Vilas, W. F "Wisconsin Voorhees, D. W Indiana Walthall, E. C Mississippi Warren, F. E Wyoming Washburn, W. D Minnesota White, E. D Louisiana Wilson, James F Iowa Wolcott, E. O Colorado REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arranged). Abbott, Joseph Texas Alderson, J. D West Virginia Alexander, S. B North Carolina Allen, J. M Mississippi A merman, L Pennsylvania Andrew, J. F Massachusetts Arnold, Marshall Missouri Atkinson, L. E Pennsylvania Babbitt, Clinton Wisconsin Bacon, Henry New York Bailey, J. W Texas Baker, William Kansas Bankhead, John H Alabama Bartine, H. F Nevada Bar wig, Charles Wisconsin Beeman, J. H Mississippi Belden, James J New York Belknap, C. E Michigan Beltzhoover, F. E Pennsylvania Bentley, H. W New York Bergen, C. A New Jersey Bingham, H. H Pennsylvania Blanchard, N. C Louisiana Bland, R. P Missouri Blount, J. H Georgia Boatner, C. J Louisiana Boutelle, C. A Maine Bowers, W. W Colorado Bowman, Thomas Iowa Branch, W. A. B North Carolina Brawley, W. H South Carolina Breckinridge, C. R Arkansas Breckinridge, W. C. P Kentucky Bretz, J. L Indiana Brickner, G. H Wisconsin Broderick, C Kansas Brookshire, E. V Indiana Brosius, M Pennsylvania Brown, J. B Indiana Brunner, D. B Pennsylvania Bryan, W. J Nebraska Buchanan, J. A Virginia Buchanan, J New Jersey Bullock, R Florida Bunn, B. H North Carolina Bunting, T. L New York Burrows, J. C Michigan Bussey, S. T Illinois Buslinell, A. R Wisconsin Butler, W. H Iowa Bynum, W. D Indiana Byms, S Missouri Cable, B. T Illinois Cadmus, C. A New Jersey Caldwell, J. A Ohio Caminetti, A California Campbell, T. J New York Capehart, J West Virginia Caruth, Asher G Kentucky Castle, J. N Minnesota Catchings, T. C Mississippi Cate, W. C Arkansas Causey, J. W Delaware 9b Chapin, A. C Cheatham, H. P Chipman, J. Logan. Clancy, J. M Clark, C. D Clarke, R. H Clover, B. H Cobb, J. E Cobb, S. W Coburn, F. P Cockran, W. B Cogswell, Wm Compton, B Coolidge, F. S Coombs, W. J Cooper, G. W Covert, J. W Cowles, W. H. H.... Cox, I N Cox, N. N Crain, W. H Crawford, W. T Crisp, C. F Crosby, J. C Culberson, D. B Cummings, A. J Curtis, N . M Cutting, J. T Dalzell, John Daniels, W. F Davis, John DeArmond, D. A DeForest, R. E Dickerson, W. W. . . Dingley, N., Jr Dixon, W. W Doan, R. E Dockery, A. M Dolliver, J. P Donovan, D. D Dugan, I Dunphy, E. J Durborow, A. C., Jr. Edmunds, P. C Elliott, W Ellis, W. T English, T. D Enloe, Benj. J Enochs, W. H Epes, J. F Everrett, R. W Fellows, J. R Fitch, Ashbel P Fithian, G. W Flick, J. P Forman, W. S Forney, W. H Fowler, S Funston, E. H Fyan, R. W Gantz, M. K Geary, T. J Geissenhainer, J. A New York .North Carolina Michigan New York Wyoming Alabama Kansas Alabama Missouri . Wisconsin ...... New York . . Massachusetts Maryland . .Massachusetts New York Indiana New York . .North Carolina New York Tennessee Texas .North Carolina Georgia . .Massachusetts Texas New York New York California . .Pennsylvania New Hampshire Kansas Missouri Connecticut Kentucky Maine Montana Ohio Missouri Iowa Ohio Ohio New York Illinois Virginia .South Carolina Kentucky New Jersey Tennessee Ohio Virginia Georgia New York New York Illinois Iowa Illinois Alabama New Jersey Kansas . Missouri Ohio California . . . .New Jersey 90 FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891 - 1893 , REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arranged) . — Continued. Gillespie, E. P Goodnight, I. H Gorman, J. S Grady, B. F Greenleaf, H, S Griswold, M. R Grout, W. W Hall, O. M Hallowell, E. N Halvorson, K Hamilton, J. T Hare, D. D Harmer, A. C Harries, W. H Harter, M. D Hatch, W. H Haugen, N. P Hayes, Walter I . . . Haynes, W. E Heard, J. T Henderson, D. B. . . Henderson, J. S Henderson, T. J . . . Herbert, H. A Hemphill, J. J Hermann, Binger. . Hitt, R. R Hoar, S Holman, W. S Hooker, Charles E Hooker, W. B Hopkins, A. C Hopkins, A. J Houk, G. W Houk, John C Huff, G. F Hull, J. A. T Johnson, H. U Johnson, T. L Johnson, M. N Johnstone, G Jolley, J. L Jones, W. A Kern, O. M Kendall, J. W Ketcham, J. H Kilgore, C. B Krebbs, G. F Kyle, J. C Lagan, M. D Lane, Edward Lanham, S. IV. T.. Lapham, O Lawson, J. W Lawson, T. G Layton, F. C Lester, P. G Lester, R. E Lewis, Clark Lind, John Little, J. J Livingston, L. F. . . Lockwood, D. N. . . . Lodge, H. C Long, J. B Loud, E. F Lynch, T Magner, T. F Mallory, S. R Mansur, Charles H Martin, A. N Meredith, E. E Meyer, A . .Pennsylvania Kentucky Michigan North Carolina New York . . Pennsylvania Vermont Minnesota . .Pennsylvania Minnesota Iowa Ohio . .Pennsylvania Minnesota Ohio Missouri Wisconsin Iowa Ohio Missouri Iowa North Carolina Illinois Alabama South Carolina Oregon . Illinois . Massachusetts Indiana Mississippi New York . . Pennsylvania Illinois Ohio Tennessee . . Pennsylvania Iowa Indiana Ohio . North Dakota .South Carolina . South Dakota Virginia Nebraska Kentucky New York Texas . Pennsylvania Mississippi Louisiana Illinois Texas . . Rhode Island Virginia Georgia Ohio Virginia Georgia Mississippi Minnesota New York Georgia New York . Massachusetts Texas California Wisconsin New York Florida Missouri Indiana Virginia Louisiana Miller, L. M Milliken, S. L Mitchell, J. L Moore, L. W Montgomery, A. B. Morse, E. A'. Moses, C. L Mutehler, W McAlles, W McClellan, C. A. O. McCreary, J. B McDonald, E. F McGann, L. E McKaig, Win. M. . . McKeighan, W. A. . McKenna, J McKinney, L. F McMillan, B McRea, Thomas C. Newberry, W. C Norton, R. H Oates, W. C O’Donnell, J O’Farrell, C. T O’Neil, J. H O’Neill, C O’Neill, J. J Otis, J. G Outh waite, J. H. . . Owens, J. W Page, C. H Page, H Parrett, W. F Patterson, J Pattison, J. M Patton, D. H Payne, S. E Paynter, T. H Pearson, A. J Peel, S. W Pendleton, J. O Perkins, G. D Pickier, J. A Pierce, R. A Post, Philip S Powers, H. H Price, Andrew Quackenbush, J. A Raines, J Randall, C. S Ray, G. W Rayner, I Reed, T. B Reilly, J. B Reyburn, J. E Richardson, J. D . . . Rife, J. W Robertson, S. M Robinson, J. B Rockwell, H. H ... Rusk, H. W Russell, C. A Sanford, J Sayers, J. D Scott, O Scull, Edward Seerley, J. J Shell, C. W Shively, Benj. F. . . Shouk, G. W Simpson, J Smith, G. W Snodgrass, H. C — Wisconsin Maine Wisconsin Texas Kentucky . .Massachusetts Georgia . . .Pennsylvania . . .Pennsylvania Indiana Kentucky New Jersey Illinois Maryland Nebraska California New Hampshire Tennessee Arkansas Illinois Missouri Alabama Michigan Virginia . .Massachusetts . . .Pennsylvania Missouri Kansas Ohio Ohio . . . Rhode Island Maryland Indiana Tennessee Ohio New York . New York Kentucky Ohio Arkansas . West Virginia Iowa . . . South Dakota Tennessee Illinois Vermont Louisiana New York New York . . Massachusetts New York Maryland Maine . . . Pennsylvania . . .Pennsylvania Tennessee . . . Pennsylvania Louisiana . . . Pennsylvania New York Maryland Connecticut New York Texas Illinois . . . Pennsylvania Iowa .South Carolina Indiana . . .Pennsylvania Kansas Illinois Tennessee FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891 - 1893 . 91 REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arranged).— Continued. Snow, H. W Sperry, L Springer, W. M Stackhouse, E. T . . Stahlnecker, W. G Stephenson, S. 31 . . Stevens, M. T Stewart, A Stewart, C Stewart, L Stoekdale, T. R Stone, Chas. W Stone, W. A Stone, W. J Storer, B Stout, B. G Stump, H Sweet, Willis Tarnsey, J. C Taylor, A Taylor, A. A Taylor, E. B Taylor, Joseph D . Taylor, V. A Terry, W. L Tillman, G. D Townsend, H Tracey, C Tucker, H. S. G Turner, H. G Illinois . . . Connecticut Illinois . South Carolina New York Michigan . Massachusetts . . . Pennsylvania .'.Texas Illinois Mississippi . . .Pennsylvania . . Pennsylvania Kentucky Ohio Michigan Maryland Idaho Missouri Illinois Tennessee Ohio Ohio Ohio Arkansas South Carolina Colorado New York Virginia Georgia Turpin, L. W Van Horn, G Wadsworth. J. W. . Walker, J. H Warner, J. D Warwick, J. G Washington, Jos. E Watson, T. E Waugh, D Weadcoek, T. A. E. Wever, J. M Wheeler, H. H Wheeler, J White, F. E Whiting, Justin R . . Wike, Scott Wilcox, W. F Williams, A. H. A. . Williams, G. F Williams, J. R Wilson, J. H Wilson, J. L Wilson, R. P. C Wilson, W. I Winn, T. E Wise, G. D Wolverton, S. P Wright, M. B Youmans, H. M Alabama New York New York . Massachusetts New York Ohio Tennessee Georgia Indiana Michigan New York Michigan Alabama Iowa Michigan Illinois . . . Connecticut North Carolina Massachusetts Illinois Kentucky Washington Missouri . West Virginia Georgia Virginia . . Pennsylvania . . Pennsylvania Michigan TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. Caine, J. T. . . Harvey, D. A Utah I Joseph, A New Mexico Oklahoma | Smith, M. A Arizona States. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi . . Missouri Montana RECAPITULATION. R. D. FA States. R. D. 8 Nebraska 1 5 New Hampshire 2 4 2 New Jersey 2 5 1 Nevada 1 1 3 New York 11 23 1 North Carolina 1 8 2 North Dakota 1 10 Ohio 7 ii 1 Oregon . . 1 6 14 Pennsylvania 18 io 2 11 Rhode' Island 2 5 6 South Carolina 7 2 5 South Dakota 2 1 10 Tennessee 2 8 6 Texas 11 4 Vermont 2 6 Virginia io 5 7 Washington i 4 7 West Virginia 4 1 3 i Wisconsin i 8 7 Wyoming i 14 — — 1 Totals 88 236 APPORTIONMENT OP REPRESENTATIVES, 1789-1893. The act of 1891 provides that after March 3, 1893, the House of Repre- sentatives shall be composed of 356 members, to be apportioned as follows : Alabama 9, Arkansas 6, California 7, Colorado 2, Connecticut 4, Delaware 1, Florida 2, Georgia 11, Idaho 1, Illinois 22, Indiana 13, Iowa 11, Kansas 8, Kentucky 11, Louisiana 6, Maine 4, Maryland 6, Massachusetts 13, Michigan 12, Minnesota 7, Mississippi 7, Missouri 15, Montana 1, Nebraska 6, Nevada 1, New Hampshire 2, New Jersey 8, New York 34, North Carolina 9, North Dakota 1, Ohio 21, Oregon 2, Pennsylvania 30, Rhode Island 2, South Carolina 7, South Dakota 2, Tennessee 10, Texas 13, Vermont 2, Virginia 10, Washington 2, West Virginia 4, Wisconsin 10, Wyoming 1. Whenever a new State is admitted, Representatives assigned to it shall be in addition to the number 356. In each State entitled under this apportion- ment the number in the Lllld and each subsequent Congress shall be elected by districts composed of contiguous territory, and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants. These districts shall be equal to the number of Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Con- gress, no one district electing more than one Representative. In case of an increase in the number of Representatives from any State under this appor- tionment, such additional Representatives shall be elected by the State at large, and the other Representatives by the districts now prescribed by law until the Legislature shall redistrict such State, and if there be no increase in the number of Representatives from a State, the Representatives shall be elected from the districts now prescribed by law until such State be redis- tricted, as herein prescribed by the State Legislature. Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Kansas, Massachu- setts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon and Wisconsin gained one Representative each : Illinois, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Texas two each, and Nebraska three. The basis of representation for the last apportionment is found by divid- ing the total population of all the States by 356. Then by the quotient, which, from results of the Eleventh Census, is 173,901, the population of each State is divided. If the population be exactly divisible by that number, the answer will show how many members of Congress the State is entitled to ; though no State can have less than one. As there is often a fraction left over after doing this sum in division, the total of all the answers will be something less than 356, as it happens 339. These seventeen Representa- tives are then allotted to the States having the largest fractions, one to each. The following exhibit shows the apportionment for the House of Repre- sentatives since the formation of the government : S2 c H • 0 » OO 05C0t'HC'*Tj*i-i0*i-i,-i<>*C0i-ia0i-'C0'<}tri0rHCC>i-(0*00Tt<05rHTHC*OC*£'-CJOC00*©CiTP© i“« Oi r-» th th i-t i-i t-i CO Ci CO T— 1 7—1 T-t T-t COOOiiTfMNO OWrtl.nOTj'OWrHiflt'. 1 CO C* i> 'OnflO • r* 05 • o^ao GOTj'Tti-irJ'-rHOiO •©C0©C0©C01 OCDth©C0COC0 ort® CD CO CO ■ TP r-H H HOr C* O* • TP rH tH CO • 05 rn 01 • O Tf O O H Tj (?} Jfl N SIS ■00 -t-O • •Orf^ffiOCO -t CO r Eco OhCC oSoo e ceco O 5 ; ©* 0^*00 •CO CO 00 OOO? •OCOOCO -05 • 00 O 05 -CO ■ 10 r •< CO • -OJ C0l>05C0 • CO CO ‘•'P CO -Tp .CO0JO5 -05 -©w E dc • ^ 0 E C3 rn 0 g C 0^00 • O • -050 • CO CO tr CO • -COOiOS -CO -COCO •000*00 -CO ■ Tt c* • O* • • 00 r^ go Ogg •GOrHiO • .3 < H d EH* 3 1 H £.co g'O O c3 c3.2 • E-oP^'SbnO oC 3 **->3 ; -a 3 a : ; a : g g-g g 3 § ;io ^§-|-=!|3 3 ^ 0 Q 3 CE > « h 5t 2 2 o C m m 9-° ^ ^ ^tt-2 jfp O W uww„* r SE^d®O^^^S l 2 ®»»l ) ^0 0 ' :3 ««- £: g-g 0 E E O’E -Ck" bn co co • d 0 >• 0 -C B. ^0 CO E EE O C 0 O >> 93 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT— STATES REDISTRICTED.* CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENTS. ALABAMA. Alabama as redistricted Feb. 13, 1891: 1st District — Counties of Mobile, Washington, Clark, Monroe, Choctaw and Marengo. 2d District — Counties of Baldwin, Wilcox, Escambia, Covington, Con- ecuh, Butler, Crenshaw, Pike and Montgomery. 3d District — Counties of Geneva, Coffee, Dale, Henry, Barbour, Bullock, Russell and Lee. 4th District — Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun and Cleburne. 5th District — Counties of Lowndes, Augusta, Elmore, Macon, Tallapoosa, Coosa, Chambers, Clay and Randolph. 6tli District — Counties of Sumter, Greene, Pickens, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, Fayette, Walker and Marion. 7th District — Counties of St. Clair, Etowah, Cherokee, Marshall and De- Kalb. 8th District — Counties of Colbert, Lawrence, Morgan, Jackson, Madison, Limestone and Lauderdale. ARKANSAS. Arkansas as redistricted by the Legislature of 1890-91: 1st District — Counties of Chicot, Desha, Phillips, Lee, St. Francis, Crit- tenden, Woodruff -Cross, Jackson, Poinsett,' Mississippi, Craighead, Law- rence, Greene, Sharp, Randolph and Clay. 2d District — Counties of Bradley, Drew, Cleveland, Lincoln, Dallas, Jefferson, Grant, Hot Springs, Garland, Saline, Montgomery, Polk, Scott and Sebastian. 3d District — Counties of Ashley, Union, Calhoun, Ouichita, Columbia, Clark, Nevada, Lafayette, Hempstead, Pike, Howard, Sevier, Little River and Miller. 4th District — Counties of Pulaski, Perry, Yell, Logan, Pope, Johnson and Franklin. 5th District — Counties of Faulkner, Conway, Van Buren, Searcy, New- ton, Boone, Carroll, Madison, Washington and Burton. 6th District — Counties of Arkansas, Monroe, Prairie, Lonoke, White, Cleburne, Independence, Stone, Izard, Marion, Baxter and Fulton. COLORADO. Colorado as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Lorimer, Weld, Morgan, Logan, Washington, Sedgwick, Phillips, Yuma, Arapahoe, Jefferson, Lake and Park. 2d District — The remainder of the State. GEORGIA. Georgia as redistricted in 1891: 1st District — Counties of McIntosh, Liberty, Bryan, Chatham, Tattnall, Bullock, Effingham, Screven, Emanuel and Burke. 2d District — Counties of Thomas, Decatur, Berrien, Colquitt, Worth, Mitchell, Miller, Baker, Early, Calhoun, Dougherty, Clay, Terrell, Ran- dolph and Quitman. * For revisions and additions to this list, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. 94 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 95 3d District — Counties of Wilcox. Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Dooley, Lee, Sumter, Macon, Crawford, Taylor, Schley, AYebster and Stewart. 4th District — Counties of Marion, Chattahoochee, Muscogee, Talbot, Harris, Meriwether, Troup, Coweta, Heard and Carroll. 5th District — Counties of Johnson, Laurens, Dodge, Montgomery, Tel- fair, Irwin, Appling, Coffee, Pierce, Wayne, Glynn, Camden, Charlton, Ware, Clinch and Echols. 6th District — Counties of Baldwin, Jones, Bibb, Monroe, Butts, Henry, Spalding, Pike and "Upson. 7th District — Counties of Cobb, Paulding, Haralson, Polk, Floyd, Bar- ton, Gordon, Chattooga, Murray, AYhittield, Catoosa, Dade .and Walker. 8th District — Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Greene, Morgan, Oconee, Clarke, Oglethorpe, Wilkes, Madison, Elbert, Hart and Franklin. 9th District — Counties of Gwinnett, Alii ton, Jackson, Banks, Hall, For- sythe, Cherokee, Pickens, Dawson, [Habersham, White, Lumpkin-Gilmer, Fannin, Union Towns and Rabun. 10th District — Counties of Wilkinson, AYashington, Jefferson, Bullock, Hancock, AVarren, Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, McDuffie and Taliaferro. 11th District — Counties of Walton, Newton, Rockdale, DeKalb, Fulton, Douglass, Campbell, Henry, Clayton, Fayette and Spaulding. INDIANA. Indiana as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Posey, Vanderburg, Gibson, Pike, AA r arwick, Spencer and Perry. 2d District — Counties of Crawford, Dubois, Orange, Lawrence, Alartin, Daviess, Green and Knox. 3d District — Counties of Harrison, Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Jen- nings, Jackson and Washington. 4th District — Counties of Switzerland, Ohio, Dearborn, Ripley, Decatur, Franklin, Rush and Shelby. 5th District — Counties of Bartholomew, Brown, Johnson, Alonroe, Alor- gan, Hendricks, Owen and Putnam. 6th District — Counties of Fayette, Union, AVayne, Randolph, Henry and Delaware. 7th District — Counties of Alarion, Hancock and Aladison. 8th District — Counties of Sullivan, Vigo, Clay, Vermillion, Park and Fountain. 9th District — Counties of Hamilton, Boone, Tipton, Howard, Clinton, Tippecanoe, Warren and Benton. 10th District — Counties of Lake, Newton, Porter, Jasper, Pulaski, Fid- ton, White, Cass and Carroll. 11th District — Counties of Aliami, Wabash, Huntington, AVells, Adams, Jay, Blackford and Grant. 12th District — Counties of Lagrange, Steuben, Noble, DeKalb, AATiitley and Allen. 13th District — Counties of Elkhart, Kosciusko, Marshall, St. Joseph, La Porte and Starke. MICHIGAN. The following gives the Congressional districts of Alichigan as the State was apportioned under the census of 1890 by the last Legislature. The arrangement of the different counties under the bill, with the population of each, is: 1. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, and 15th wards of the city of Detroit; population, 173,841. 96 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 2. Jackson, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Monroe, and the townships of Plym- outh, Canton, Van Buren, Romulus, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown, Mon- guagon, Taylor and Ecorse, and the city of Wyandotte in Wayne county; population, 192,779. 3. Hillsdale, Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Eaton; population, 173, 309. 4. St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry; population, 180,874. 5. Ottawa, Kent and Ionia; population, 178,081. 0. Ingham, Livingston, Genesee and Oakland, the townships of Livonia, Nankin, Dearborn, Redford, Springwell and Greenfield in the county of Wayne, and the 13th, 14th and 16th wards in the city of Detroit; population, 190,443. 7. Huron, Sanilac, Lapeer, St. Clair and McComb, and the townships of Grosse Pointe and Hamtramck in Wayne county; population, 181,441. 8. Tuscola, Saginaw, Shiawassee and Clinton; population, 172,342. 9. Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, Wexford, Manistee, Ben- zie, Leelanaw and Manitou; population, 149,558, 10. Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona, Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Emmet and Otsego; population, 154,811. 11. Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Osceola, Clare, Roscommon, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix; population 167,629. 12. Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, Marquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle Royal, Alger, Luce, Iron and Gogebic (comprising the upper peninsula); population, 180,658. It is intended to give six safely Democratic districts — the 1st, 2d, 5th, 7th, 8th and 10th. The 6tli and 9th are set down as doubtful, but as giving the Democrats more than a fighting chance. The 3d, 4th, 11th and 12th are safely Republican. By some the 5th is also classified as doubtful, but under ordinary circumstances it would undoubtedly be hard for the Republicans to carry it. MINNESOTA. Minnesota as redistricted in 1891: 1st District — Counties of Wabasha, Winona, Houston, Olmsted, Fillmore, Dodge, Mower, Steele, Freeborn and Waseca. 2d District — Counties of Blue Earth, Nicolet, Faribault, Brown, Waton- wan, Martin, Jackson, Cottonwood, Redwood, Chippewa, Lac qui Parle, Yellow Medicine, Lincoln, Lyon, Pipe Stone, Murray, Rock and Nobles. 3d District — Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Carver, Meeker, Sibley, Le Sueur and Renville. 4th District — Counties of Washington, Chicago, Isanti and Kanabee. 5th District — The county of Hennepin. 6th District — Counties of Anoka, Wright, Sherburne, Stearns, Benton, Mille Lacs, Morrison, Todd, Crow Wing, Atkins, Pine, Carlton, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard, Beltrami, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake and Cook. 7th District — Counties of Kandiyohi, Swift, Big Stone, Stevens, Pope, Traverse, Grant, Douglass, Wilkin, Otter Tail, Clay, Becker, Norman, Polk, Marshall and Kittson. NEBRASKA. Nebraska as redistricted in 1891: 1st District — Counties of Richardson, Pawnee, Johnson, Nemaha, Otoe, Lancaster and Cass. 2d District — Counties of Sarpy, Douglass and Washington. THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 97 3d District— Counties of Merrick, Nance, Boone, Antelope, Knox, Pierce, Madison, Platte, Colfax, Stanton, Wayne, Cedar, Dixon, Dakota, Thurston^ Coining, Burt and Dodge. 4tli District — Counties of Gage, Jefferson, Thayer, Saline, Fillmore, Seward, York, Hamilton, Po.k, Butler and Saunders. 5th District — Counties of Clay, Nuckolls, Hall, Adams, Webster, Kearney, Franklin, Harlan, Phelps, Furnas, Gosper, Red Willow, Frontier’ Hitchcock, Hayes, Dundy, Chase and Perkins. 6th District — The remainder of the State. NEW JERSEY. New Jersey as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District— Counties of Cape May, Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester and Camden. 2d District — Counties of Atlantic, Burlington, Ocean and Mercer. 3d District — Counties of Monmouth, Middlesex and Somerset. 4th District — Counties of Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Essex and Sussex. 5th District— Counties of Bergen and Passaic. 6th District — City of Newark. 7th District — Cities of Hoboken and Jersey City. 8th District — County of Union. NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina as redistricted in 1891: 1st District— Carteret, Pamlico, Pitt, Beaufort, Hyde, Dare, Tyrrell, Washington, Martin, Chowan, Hertford, Perquimans, Gates, Pasquotank and Currituck. 2d District — Counties of Lenoir, Wayne, Greene, Wilson, Edgecombe, Warren, Halifax, Northampton and Bertie. 3d District — Counties of Craven, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Bladen, Samp- son, Cumberland, Harnett, and Moore. 4th District— Counties of Vance, Franklin, Nash, Johnson, Wake, Chatham and Randolph. 5tli District — Counties of Granville, Durham, Person, Orange, Alamance, Caswell, Guilford, Rockingham and Stokes. 6th District — Counties of Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, Robson, Richmond, Anson, Union and Mecklenburg. 7th District — Counties of Montgomery, Stanly, Cabarrus, Rowan, David- son, Davie, Yadkin, Iredell, Catawba and Lincoln. 8th District — Counties of Gaston, Cleveland, Burke, Alexander, Cald- well, Mitchell, Watauga, Wilkes, Ashe, Alleghany, Surry and Forsythe. 9th District — Counties of Polk, Rutherford, McDowell, Yancey, Bun- combe, Henderson, Madison, Haywood, Transylvania, Jackson, Swain, Macon, Graham, Cherokee and Clay. OHIO. Ohio as redistricted by act of March 11, 1890: District 1. That so much of the county of Hamilton as is now contained within the limits of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 26th, and 27th wards of the city of Cincinnati, as they are now consti- tuted, and the townships of Anderson, Columbia, Spencer, Symmes, Syca- more and Southeast, St. Bernard and Clifton precincts of Mill Creek town- ship. 9S THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 2. The balance of the county of Hamilton as is now contained within the limits of the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14tli, 15t,h, 16th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 28tli, 29th and 30th wards of the city of Cincinnati as they are now con- stituted, and the townships of Springfield, Colerain, Green, Delhi, Miami, Whitewater, Harrison, Crosby and College Hill, Winton Place, Western, Avondale, Bond Hill, Elmwood and Northeast precincts of Mill Creek town- ship. 3. The counties of Butler, Montgomery and Warren. 4. The counties of Champaign, Darke, Mercer, Miami, Preble and Shelby. 5. ' The counties of Allen, Auglaize, Hardin, Logan, Putnam and Van Wert. 6. The counties of Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Paulding, Williams and Wood. 7. The counties of Erie, Lucas, Ottawa and Sandusky. 8. The counties of Hancock, Marion, Seneca, Union and Wyandot. 9. The couisties of Franklin, Madison and Pickaway. 10. The counties of Clark, Clinton, Fayette, Greene and Ross. 11. The counties of Adams, Brown, Clermont, Highland and Pike. 12. The counties of Athens, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs and Scioto. 13. The counties of Fairfield, Hocking, Jackson, Morgan, Perry and Vinton. 14. The counties of Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum and Tuscarawas. 15. The counties of Ashland, Crawford, Delaware, Knox, Morrow and Richland. 16. The counties of Holmes, Medina, Wayne and Stark. 17. The counties of Belmont, Noble, Monroe and Washington. 18. The counties of Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, Harrison, and Jef- ferson. 19. The counties of Ashtabula, Geauga, Mahonhig, Portage and Trum- bull. 20. The counties of Huron, Lake, Lorain, Summit, and the townships of Bedford, Chagrin Falls, East Cleveland, Euclid, Mayfield, Newburg, Orange, Warrensville, Solon, Brecksville, Brooklyn, Dover, Middleburg, Olmstead, Parma, Independence, Rockport, Royalton and Strongsville, in Cuyahoga county, and the 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 27th wards of the city of Cleveland as they are now constituted. 21. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26tli, 28th, 29th, 30tli, 31st, 32d, 33d, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th wards of the city of Cleve- land as they are now constituted. OREGON. Oregon as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Tillamook, Washington, Clarkamas, Yamhill, Polk, Marion, Benton, Linn, Lane, Douglass, Coos, Curry, Josephine, Jackson, Klamath and Lake. 2d District — Counties of Clatsop, Columbia, Multnomah, Wasco, Sher- man, Gillman, Morrow, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Grant, Crook, Harney and Malheur. TENNESSEE. Tennessee as redistricted in 1891: 1st District — Counties of Johnson, Carter, Sullivan, Washington, Unicoi, Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hawkins, Granger, Hancock and Claiborne. 2d District — Counties of Scott, Campbell, Union, Anderson, Morgan, Roane, Knox, Jefferson, Sevier, Blount and Louden. THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTEH. 99 8d District — Counties of Monroe, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Bradley, James, Hamilton, Marion, Franklin, Sequatchie, Grundy, Bledsoe, Yan Buren, Warren and White. 4th District — Counties of Fentress, Pickett, Overton, Putnam, Jackson, Clay, Macon, Trousdale, Wilson, Smith and Sumner. 5th District — Counties of Lincoln, Moore, Coffee, Bedford, Marshall, Cannon, Rutherford and DeKalb. 6th District — Counties of Davidson, Cheatham, Robertson, Montgomery, Humphreys, Houston and Stewart. 7th District— Counties of Dickson, Hickman, Williamson, Lewis, Maury, Giles, Lawrence and Wayne. 8th District — Counties of Henry, Carroll, Benton, Perry, Decatur, Hen- derson, Madison, Chester, McNairy and Hardin. 9th District — Counties of Lake, Obion, Weakley, Gibson, Dyer, Lauder- dale, Crockett and Haywood. 10th District — Counties of Tipton, Shelby, Fayette and Hardeman. WISCONSIN. Wisconsin as redistricted in 1890: 1st District — Counties of Kenosha, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green and Lafayette. 2d District — Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia, 3d District — Counties of Grant, Iowa, Crawford, Richland, Sauk, Ver- non, Juneau and Adams. 4th District — County of Milwaukee. 5th District — Counties of Waukesha, Washington, Ozaukee and She- boygan. 6th District — Counties of Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Mani- towoc, Calumet, Winnebago, and Waushara. 7th District — Counties of LaCrosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin and Eau Claire. 8th District — Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outgamie, Brown, Kewaunee and Door. 9th District — Counties of Clark, Taylor, Pierce, Ashland, Oneida, Lin- coln, Marathon, Shawano, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and Oconto. 10th District — Counties of Bayfield, Douglass, Sawyer, Washburn, Bur- nett, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. RULES ADOPTED BY THE PIETY-FIRST CONGRESS. The principal changes made by the fifty-first in the rules of the former House were these: 1. In new Rule VIII., it was required that every member shall be pres- ent within the hall of the House during its sittings, unless excused or neces- sarily prevented, and shall vote on each question put, unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. The old rule required him to be present and to vote “unless on motion made before division or the commencement of the roll-call and decided without debate, he shall be excused,” or unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. The provision within quotation marks gave opportunity for frivolous and dilatory motions. 2. As to questions of privilege, the new rules gave them “precedence of all other questions, except motions to adjourn.” The old rules gave them precedence of “all other questions except motions to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, and for a recess.” 3. The new rules required that “all proposed action touching the rules, joint rules and order of business shall be referred to the Committee on Rules.” The old rule did not contain the clause “ and order of business, ” and left the struggle over precedence of business to go on under the general rules in the House. 4. The new rules struck from the rule touching committees the old provision that “any commission authorized by law to report by bill to the House shall have leave to report such bill at any time and may call the same up for consideration, as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV.” Their report, it was intended under the new rules, should come in as reports from the committees of the House. 5. The new rules established three calendars, and provided that “all reports of committees, except as provided in clause 51 of Rule XI., together with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker, in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the Journal and printed in the Record.” The old rules per- mitted the reporting of bills and their reference in open session, with the reference of them in certain prescribed cases to be determined by vote of the House. 6. The new rules added this clause to Rule XV. : “ On the demand of any member, or at the suggestion of the Speaker, the names of members sufficient to make a quorum in the hall of the House who do not vote, shall be noted bv the clerk and recorded in the Journal, and reported to the Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be counted and announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do business.” 7. The new rules (XVI., clause 4) reduced the number of motions in order when a question is under debate, by striking out the motions “to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, and to take a recess.” Motions to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, to postpone to a day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone indefinitely were left. 8. The new rules struck out the clause that “a motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to adjourn and to take a recess shall always be in order.” 9. The new rules inserted as clause 10 of Rule XVI. the words: “No dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker.” 10. ' The new rule struck out the old clause which required that the pre- 100 RULES ADOPTED BY THE FIFTY-PIRST CONGRESS. 101 vious question should extend only to the engrossment and third reading of a bill, and then be renewed so as to reach the question of passage; and in- serted a clause that it maybe made to “include the bill to its passage or rejection.” 11. The new rules struck out as motions having preference of a motion to reconsider a vote, the motion “to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn or to take a recess.” 12. The new rule extended to bills, the old rule relating to memorials and petitions, and provided for the introduction of all by handing them to the Speaker or clerk for appropriate reference to committees. 13. The new rule changed the old rule so as to fix “one hundred mem- bers ” as a quorum in the Committee of the Whole. The old rule had no provision on the subject, but a quorum in Committee of the Whole was treated the same as a quorum in the House. 14. The new rules required that all propositions involving a tax or charge upon the people “originating either in the House or Senate,” shall be first considered in a Committee of the Whole. The words within quotation marks were not in the old rule. 15. The new rale changed the “order of business” so as to conform to the other changes made; but these variations are of minor consequence and are not stated. 16. There were several other unimportant changes to make the plan harmonious. THE ACTION OF THE HOUSE. The new rules came up for debate and action in February, 1890. On the 13th, pending the clause to insert the words: “No dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker,” a motion to add the words; “But a demand for the yeas and nays shall not be considered dilatory,” -was rejected — yeas, 119 (Republicans 2, Democrats 117); nays, 149 (Republicans 147, Democrats 2). A motion to add the words: “And the Speaker shall not in any case refuse to entertain an appeal from his decision, ” was rejected — yeas, 114 (all Democrats); nays, 140 (all Republicans). A motion on the 14th to strike out the clause was rejected — yeas, 140 (all Democrats); nays, 155 (all Republicans). RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Rule I. DUTIES OF THE SPEAKER. 1. The Speaker shall take the chair on every legislative clay precisely at the hour to which the House shall have adjourned at the last sitting, imme- diately call the members to order, and on the appearance of a quorum, cause the journal of the proceedings of the last day’s sitting to be read, hav- ing previously examined and approved the same. 2. He shall preserve order and decorum, and in case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries, or in the lobby, may cause the same to be cleared. 3. He shall have general control, except as provided by rule or law, of the hall of the House, and the disposal of the unappropriated rooms in that part of the Capitol assigned to the use of the House until further order. 4. He shall sign all acts, addresses, joint resolutions, writs, warrants, and subpcenas of, or issued by order of, the House, and decide all questions of order subject to an appeal by any member, on which appeal no member shall speak more than once, unless by permission of the House. 5. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting; and shall put questions in this form, to wit: “As many as are in favor (as the question may be) say Ay; ” and after the affirmative voice is expressed, ‘ ‘ As many as are opposed say No; ” if he doubts, or a division is called for, the House shall divide; those in the affirmative of the question shall first rise from their seats, and then those in the negative; if he still doubts, or a count is required by at least one-fifth of a quorum, he shall name one from each side of the question, to tell the members in the affirmative and negative; which being reported, he shall rise and state the decision. 6. He shall not be required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, except where his vote would be decisive, or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot; and in all cases of a tie vote the question shall be lost. 7. He shall have the right to name any member to perform the duties of the Chair, but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment: Provided, however, That in case of his illness, he may make such appoint- ment for a period not exceeding ten days, with the approval of the House at the time the same is made; and in his absence and omission to make such appointment, the House shall proceed to elect a Speaker pro tempore, to act during his absence. Rule II. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. There shall be elected by a viva voce vote at the commencement of each Congress, to continue in office until their successors are chosen and qualified, a Clerk, Sergeant at Arms, Doorkeeper, Postmaster, and Chaplain, each of whom shall take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, and for the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office, to the best of his knowledge and ability, and to keep the secrets of the House, and each shall appoint ail of the employes of his department provided for by law. 102 Hox. CHARLES F. CRISP. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 103 Rule III. DUTIES OF THE CLERK. 1. The Clerk shall, at the commencement of the first session of each Congress, call the members to order, proceed to call the roll of members by States in alphabetical order, and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore , preserve order and decorum, and decide all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member. 2. He shall make, and cause to be printed and delivered to each member, or mailed to his address, at the commencement of every regular session of Congress, a list of the reports which it is the duty of any officer or depart- ment to make to Congress, referring to the act or resolution and page of the volume of the laws or journal in which it may be contained, and placing under the name of each officer the list of reports required of him to be made also make a weekly statement of the resolutions and bills upon the Speaker’s table, accompanied with a brief reference to the orders and proceedings of the House upon each, and the dates of such orders and proceedings, which statement shall be printed. 3. He shall note all questions of order, with the decisions thereon, the record of which shall be printed as an appendix to the Journal of each session; and complete, as soon after the close of the session as possible, the printing and distribution to members and delegates of the journal of the House, together with an accurate and complete index; retain in the library at his office, for the use of the members and officers of the House, and not to be withdrawn therefrom, two copies of all the books and printed documents deposited there; send, at the end of each session, a printed copy of the Journal thereof to the Executive and to each branch of the Legislature of every State and Territory; preserve for and deliver or mail to each member and delegate an extra copy, in good binding, of all documents printed by order of either House of the Congress to which he belonged; attest and affix the seal of the House to all writs, warrants, and subpeenas issued by order of the House, certify to the passage of all bills and joint resolutions, make or approve all contracts, bargains, or agreements relative to furnishing any matter or thing, or for the performance of any labor for the House of Repre- sentatives, in pursuance of law or order of the House, keep full and accurate accounts of the disbursements out of the contingent fund of the House, keep the stationery accounts of members and delegates, and pay them as provided by law. He shall pay to the officers and employes of the House of Repre- sentatives, on the last day of each month, the amount of their salaries that shall be due them; and when the last day of the month falls on Sunday he shall pay them on the day next preceding. Rule IY. DUTIES OF THE SERGE ART- AT-ARMS. 1. It shall be the duty of the Sergeant-at-Arms to attend the House during its sittings, to maintain order under the direction of the Speaker, and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore , under the direction of the Clerk; execute the commands of the House, and all proc- esses issued by authority thereof, directed to him by the Speaker, keep the accounts for the pay and mileage of Members and Delegates, and pay them as provided by law. 2. The symbol of his office shall be the mace, which shall be borne by him while enforcing order on the floor. 104 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Rule Y. DUTIES OF OTHER OFFICERS. 1. The Doorkeeper shall enforce strictly the rules relating to the privileges of the hall and be responsible to the House for the official conduct of his employes. 2. At the commencement and close of each session of Congress he shall take an inventory of all the furniture, books, and other public property in the several committee and other rooms under his charge, and report the same to the House, which report shall be referred to the Committee on Accounts to ascertain and determine the amount for which he shall be held liable for missing articles. 3. He shall allow no person to enter the room over the hall of the House during its sittings; and fifteen minutes before the hour for the meeting of the House each day he shall see that the floor is cleared of all persons except those privileged to remain, and kept so until ten minutes after adjournment. Rule YI. The Postmaster shall superintend the post-office kept in the Capitol for the accommodation of Representatives, delegates, and officers of the House, and be held responsible for the prompt and safe delivery of their mail. Rule VII. The Chaplain shall attend at the commencement of each day’s sitting of the House and open the same with prayer. Rule VIII. OF THE MEMBERS. 1. Every member shall be present within the hall of the House during its sittings, unless excused or necessarily prevented; and shall vote on each question put, unless, on motion made before division or the commencement of the roll-call and decided without debate, he shall be excused, or unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. 2. Pairs shall be announced by the Clerk, after the completion of the second roll-call, from a written list furnished him, and signed by the mem- ber making the statement to the Clerk, which list shall be published in the Record as a part of the proceedings, immediately following the names of those not voting: Provided , That pairs shall be announced but once during the same legislative day. Rule IX. QUESTIONS OF PRIVILEGE. Questions of privilege shall be, first, those affecting the rights of the House collectively, its safety, dignity, and the integrity of its proceedings: second, the rights, reputation, and conduct of members individually in their representative capacity only; and shall have precedence of all other ques- tions, except motions to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to ad- journ, and for a recess. RULES, HOUSE OE REPRESENTATIVES. 7 M 105 Rule X. OF COMMITTEES. 1. Unless otherwise specially ordered by the House, the Speaker shall ap- point, at the commencement of each Congress, the following standing com- mittees, viz.: On Elections, to consist of fifteen members. On Ways and Means, to consist of fifteen members. On Appropriations, to consist of fifteen members. On the Judiciary, to consist of fifteen members. On Banking and Currency, to consist of fifteen members. On Coinage, Weights, and Measures, to consist of thirteen members. On Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to consist of seventeen members. On Rivers and Harbors, to consist of fifteen members. On the Merchant Marine and Fisheries, to consist of thirteen members. On Agriculture, to consist of fifteen members. On Foreign Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On Military Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On Naval Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On the Post-Office and Post-Roads, to consist of fifteen members. On the Public Lands, to consist of thirteen members. On Indian Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On Territories, to consist of thirteen members. On Railways and Canals, to consist of thirteen members. On Manufactures, to consist of eleven members. On Mines and Mining, to consist of thirteen members. On Public Buildings and Grounds, to consist of thirteen members. On Pacific Railroads, to consist of thirteen members. On Levees and Improvement of the Mississippi River, to consist of thir- teen members. On Education, to consist of thirteen members. On Labor, to consist of thirteen members. On the Militia, to consist of thirteen members. On Patents, to consist of thirteen members. On Invalid Pensions, to consist of fifteen members. On Pensions, to consist of thirteen members. On Claims, to consist of fifteen members. On War Claims, to consist of thirteen members. On Private Land Claims, to consist of thirteen members. On the District of Columbia, to consist of fifteen members. On Revision of the Laws, to consist of thirteen members. On Expenditures in the State Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Treasury Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the War Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Navy Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Post-Office Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Interior Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Department of Justice, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures on Public Buildings, to consist of seven members. On Rules, to consist of five members. On Accounts, to consist of nine members. 10b 106 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. On Mileage, to consist of five members. Also the following joint standing committees, viz. : On the Library, to consist of three members. On Printing, to consist of three members. On Enrolled Bills, to consist of seven members. 2. He shall also appoint all select committees which shall be ordered by the House from time to time; 3. The first-named member of each committee shall be the chairman; and in his absence, or being excused by the House, the next-named member, and so on, as often as the case shall happen, unless the committee by a ma- jority of its number elect a chairman; and in case of the death of a chair- man, it shall be duty of the Speaker to appoint another. 4. The chairman shall appoint the clerk of his committee, subject to its approval ; who shall be paid at the public expense, the House having first provided therefor. Rule XI. POWERS AND DUTIES OE COMMITTEES. All proposed legislation shall be referred to the committees named in the preceding rule as follows, viz. : Subjects relating — 1. to the election of members: to the Committee on Elections; 2. to the revenue and the bonded debt of the United States: to the Com mittee on Ways and Means; 3. to appropriation of the revenue for the support of the government as herein provided, viz.: for legislative, executive, and judicial expenses; for sundry civil expenses; for fortifications and coast defenses; for the District of Columbia; for pensions; and for all deficiencies: to the Committee on Ap- propriations; 4. to judicial proceedings, civil and criminal law: to the Committee on the Judiciary; 5. to banking and currency: to the Committee on Banking and Currency; 6. to coinage, weights, and measures: to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures; 7. to commerce, life-saving service, and lighthouses, other than appro- priations for life-saving service and lighthouses: to the Committee on Inter- state and Foreign Commerce; 8. to the improvement of rivers and harbors: to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors; 9. to the merchant marine and fisheries: to the Committee on the Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries; 10. to agriculture and forestry: to the Committee on Agriculture, who shall receive the estimates and report the appropriations for the Agricultural Department; 11. to the relations of the United States with foreign nations, including appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Foreign Affairs; 12. to the military establishment and the public defense, including the appropriations for its support and for that of the Military Academy: to the Committee on Military Affairs; 13. to the naval establishment, including the appropriations for its sup- port: to the Committee on Naval Affairs; 14. to the post-office and post-roads, including appropriations for their support: to the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads; 15. to the lands of the United States: to the Committee on the Public Lands; 16. to the relations of the United States with the Indians and the Indian tribes, including appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Indian Affairs; RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 107 IT. to Territorial legislation, the revision thereof, and affecting Terri- tories or the admission of States: to the Committee on the Territories; 18. to railways and canals, other than Pacific railroads: to the Committee on Railways and Canals; 19. to'the manufacturing industries: to the Committee on Manufactures; 20. to the mining interests: to the Committee on Mines and Mining; 21. to the public buildings and occupied or improved grounds of the United States, other than appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Pub- lic Buildings and Grounds; 22. to the railroads and telegraphic lines between the Mississippi River and the Pacific coast: to the Committee on Pacific Railroads; 23. to the levees of the Mississippi River: to the Committee on Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River; 24. to education: to the Committee on Education; 25. to and affecting labor: to the Committee on Labor; 26. to the militia of the several States: to the Committee on the Militia; 27. to patents, copyrights, and trade-marks: to the Committee on Patents; 28. to the pensions of the Civil War: to the Committee on Invalid Pensions; 29. to the pensions of all the wars of the United States, other than the civil war: to the Committee on Pensions; 30. to private and domestic claims and demands, other than war claims, against the United States: to the Committee on Claims; 31. to claims arising from any war in which the United States has been engaged: to the Committee on War Claims; "32. to private claims to lands: to the Committee on Private Land Claims; 33. to the District of Columbia, other than appropriations therefor: to the Committee for the District of Columbia; 34. to the revision and codification of the statutes of the United States: to the Committee on the Revision of the Laws; 35. The examination of the accounts and expenditures of the several Departments of the government and the manner of keeping the same; the economy, justness, and correctness of such expenditures; their conformity with appropriation laws; the proper application of public moneys; the security of the government against unjust and extravagant demands; re- trenchment; the enforcement of the payment of moneys due to the United States; the economy and accountability of public officers; the abolishment of useless offices; the reduction or increase of the pay of officers, shall all be subjects within the jurisdiction of the eight standing committees on the pub- lic expenditures, in the several Departments, as follows: 36. In the Department of State: to the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department; 37. In the Treasury Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department; 38. In the War Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department; 39. In the Navy Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department; 40. In the Post-Office Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Post-Office Department; 41. In the Interior Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Interior Department; 42. In the Department of Justice: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice; 43. In the Department of Agriculture: to the Committee on Expendi- tures in the Department of Agriculture ; 108 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 44. On public buildings: to. the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings; 45. All proposed action touching the rules and joint rules and order of business shall be referred to the Committee on Rules; 46. Touching the expenditure of the contingent fund of the House, the auditing and settling of all accounts which may be charged therein by order of the House: to the Committee on Accounts; 47. The ascertainment of the travel of members of the House shall be made by the Committee on Mileage and reported to the Sergeant-at-Arms; 48. ' Touching the Library of Congress, statuary, and pictures: to the Joint Committee on the Library; 49. All proposed legislation or orders touching printing shall be referred to the Joint Committee on Printing on the part of the House; 50. The enrollment of engrossed bills; to the Joint Committee on En- rolled Bills; 51. The following-named committees shall have leave to report at any time on the matters herein stated, viz. : The Committee on Rules, on rules, joint rules, and order of business; the Committee on Elections, on the right of a member to his seat; the Committee on Ways and Means, on bills raising revenue; the committees having jurisdiction of appropriations, the general ap- propriation bills; the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, bills for the im- provement of rivers and harbors; the Committee on the Public Lands, bills for the forfeiture of land grants to railroads and other corporations, bills pre- venting speculation in the public lands, and bills for the preservation of the public lands for the benefit of actual and bona fide settlers; the Committee on Enrolled Bills, enrolled bills; the Committee on Printing, on all matter re ferred to them of printing for the use of the House or two houses: the Com- mittee on Accounts, on all matters of expenditure of the contingent fund of the House. It shall always be in order to call up for consideration a report from the Committee on Rules, and pending the consideration the Speaker may enter- tain one motion that the House adjourn; butafter the result is announced, he shall not entertain any other dilatory motion until the said report shall have been fully disposed of. Any commission authorized by law to report by bill to the House shall have leave to report such bill at any time, and may call the same up for consideration as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV. 52. No committee shall sit during the sitting of the House without special leave. 53. It shall be the duty of the several committees having jurisdiction of the general appropriation bills to report said appropriation bills (except the gen- eral deficiency bill) within eighty days after the committees are announced in a long session, and within forty days after the commencement of a short session ; and if any committee fail to so report, the reasons of such failure shall be privileged for consideration when called for by any member of the House. Rule XII. DELEGATES. The speaker shall appoint from among the delegates one additional mem- ber on each of the following committees, viz.: Coinage, Weights and Meas- ures; Agriculture; Military Affairs; Post-Office and Post-Roads; Public Lands; Indian Affairs; Private Land Claims; and Mines and Mining; and two on the Committee on the Territories; and they shall possess in their re- spective committees the same powers and privileges as in the House, and may make any motion except to reconsider. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 109 Rule XIII. CALENDARS. 1. There shall he three calendars of business reported from committees, viz. : First. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union; to which shall be referred bills raising revenue, general appropri- ation bills, and bills of a public character, directly or indirectly appropriating money or property; Second. A House Calendar, to which shall be referred all bills of a public character not raising revenue nor directly or indirectly appropriating money or property; and Third. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House, to which shall be referred all bills of a private character. 2. The question of reference of any proposition, other than that reported from a committee, shall be decided without debate, in the following order, viz: a standing committee, a select committee; but the reference of a propo- sition reported by a committee, when demanded, shall be decided according to its character, without debate, in the following order, viz.: House Calendar, Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, Committee of the Whole House, a standing committee, a select committee. All reports of committees on private bills, together with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the journal and printed in the Record. Rule XIV. OF DECORUM AND DEBATE. 1. When any member desires to speak or deliver any matter to the House, he shall rise and respectfully address himself to “Mr. Speaker,” and, on be- ing recognized, may address the House from any place on the floor or from the Clerk’s desk, and shall confine himself to the question under debate, avoiding personality. 2. When two or more members rise at once, the Speaker shall name the member who is first to speak ; and no member shall occupy more than one hour in debate on any question in the House or in the committee, except as further provided in this rule. 3. The member reporting the measure under consideration from a com- mittee may open and close, where general debate has been had thereon; and if it shall extend beyond one day, he shall be entitled to one hour to close, notwithstanding he may have used an hour in opening. 4. If any member, in speaking or otherwise, transgress the rules of the House, the Speaker shall, or any member may, call him to order; in which case he shall immediately sit down, unless permitted, on motion of another member, to explain, and the House shall, if appealed to, decide on the case, without debate; if the decision is in favor of the member called to order, he shall be at liberty to proceed, but not otherwise; and, if the case require it, he shall be liable to censure or such punishment as the House may deem proper. 5. If a member is called to order for words spoken in debate, the member calling him to order shall indicate the words excepted to, and they shall be taken down in writing at the Clerk’s desk and read aloud to the House ; but he shall not be held to answer, nor be subject to the censure of the House therefor, if further debate or other business has intervened. 110 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 6. No member shall speak more than once to the same question without leave of the House, unless he be the mover, proposer, or introducer of the matter pending, in which case he shall be permitted to speak in reply, but not lint il every member choosing to speak shall have spoken. 7. While the Speaker is putting a question or addressing the House no member shall walk out of or across the hall, nor, when a member is speaking, pass between him and the Chair; and during the session of the House uo member shall wear his hat, or remain by the Clerk’s desk during the call of the roll or the counting of ballots, or smoke upon the floor of the House; and the Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper are charged with the strict enforcement of this clause. Rule XY. ON CALLS OF THE ROLL AND HOUSE. 1. Upon every roll-call the names of the members shall be called alpha- betically by surname, except when two or more have the same surname, in which case the name of the State shall be added; and if there be two such members from the same State, the whole name shall be called; and after the roll has been once called, the Clerk shall call in their alphabetical order the names of those not voting; and thereafter the Speaker shall not entertain a request to record a vote or announce a pair. 2. In the absence of a quorum, fifteen members, including the Speaker, if there is one, shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, and in all calls of the House the names of the members shall be called by the Clerk, and the absentees noted; the doors shall then be closed, and those for whom no sufficient excuse is made may, by order of a majority of those pres- ent, be sent for and arrested, wherever they may be found, by officers to be appointed by the Sergeant-at-Arms for that purpose, and their attendance secured; and the House shall determine upon what condition they shall be discharged. Members who voluntarily appear shall, unless the House otherwise direct, be immediately admitted to the Hall of the House, and they shall report their names to the Clerk to be entered upon the journal as present. Rule XVI. ON MOTIONS, THEIR PRECEDENCE, ETC. 1. Every motion made to the House and entertained by the Speaker shall be reduced to writing on the demand of any member, and shall be entered on the journal with the name of the member making it, unless it is withdrawn thePsame day. 2. When a motion has been made, the Speaker shall state it, or (if it be in writing) cause it to be read aloud by the Clerk before being debated, and it shall then be in possession of the House, but may be withdrawn at any time before a decision or amendment. 3. When any motion or proposition is made, the question, Will the House now consider it ? shall not be put unless demanded by a member. 4. When a question is under debate no motion shall be received but to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, to take a recess, to lay on the table, for the previous question (which motions shall be decided with- out debate), to postpone to a day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone indefinitely, which several motions shall have precedence in the foregoing order; and no motion to postpone to a day certain, to refer, or to postpone indefinitely, being decided, shall be again allowed on the same day at the same stage of the question. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Ill 5. A motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to adjourn, and to take a recess shall always be in order, and the hour at which the House adjourns shall be entered on the journal. 6. On the demand of any member, before the question is put, a question shall be divided if it include propositions so distinct in substance that one be- ing taken away a substantive proposition shall remain. 7. A motion to strike out and insert is indivisible, but a motion to strike out being lost shall neither preclude amendment nor motion to strike out and insert ; and no motion or proposition on a subject different from that under consideration shall be admitted under color of amendment. S. Pending a motion to suspend the rules the Speaker may entertain one motion that the House adjourn; but after the result thereon is announced lie shall not entertain any other dilatory motion till the vote is taken on suspen- sion. 9. At any time after the expiration of the morning hour it shall be in order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the purpose of considering bills raising revenue, or general appropriation bills. Rule XYH. PREVIOUS QUESTION. 1. There shall be a motion for the previous question, which, being ordered by a majority of members present, if a quorum, shall have the effect to cut off all debate and bring the House to a direct vote upon the immediate ques- tion or questions on which it has been asked and ordered. The previous question may be asked and ordered upon a single motion, a series of motions allowable under the rules, or an amendment or amendments, or may be made to embrace all authorized motions or amendments and include the bill to its engrossment and third reading, and then, on renewal and second of said mo- tion, to its passage or rejection. It shall be in order, pending the motion for or after the previous question shall have been ordered on its passage, for the Speaker to entertain and submit a motion to commit, with or without instruc- tions, to a standing or select committee ; and a motion to lay upon the table shall be in order on the second and third reading of a bill. 2. A call of the House shall not be in order after the previous question is ordered, unless it shall appear upon an actual count by the Speaker that a quorum is not present. 3. All incidental questions of order arising after a motion is made for the previous question and pending such motion, shall be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without debate. Rule XVIII. RECONSIDERATION. 1. When a motion has been made and carried or lost, it shall be in order for any member of the majority, on the same or succeeding day, to move for the reconsideration thereof, and such motion shall take precedence of all other questions except the consideration of a conference report, a motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, or to take a recess, and shall not be withdrawn after the said succeeding day without the consent of the House, and thereafter any member may call it up for consideration : Provided, That such motion, if made during the last six days of a session, shall be disposed of when made. 112 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 2. No bill, petition, memorial, or resolution referred to a committee, or reported therefrom for printing and recommitment, shall be brought back into the House on a motion to reconsider; and all bills, petitions, memorials, or resolutions reported from a committee shall be accompanied by reports in writing, which shall be printed. Rule XIX. OF AMENDMENTS. When a motion or proposition is under consideration, a motion to amend and a motion to amend that amendment shall be in order, and it shall also be in order to offer a further amendment by way of substitute, to which one amendment may be offered, but which shall not be voted on until the original matter is perfected, but either may be withdrawn before amendment or decis- ion is had thereon. Rule XX. OF AMENDMENTS OF THE SENATE. Any amendment of the Senate to any House bill shall be subject to the point of order that it shall first be considered in the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union if, originating in the House, it would be subject to that point. Rule XXI. ON BILLS. 1. Bills and joint resolutions on their passage shall be read the first time by title and the second time in full, when, if the previous question is ordered, the Speaker shall state the question to be: Shall the bill be engrossed and read a third time? and if decided in the affirmative, it shall be read the third time by title, unless the reading in full is demanded by a member, and the question shall then be put upon its passage. 2. No appropriation shall be reported in any general appropriation bill, or be in order as an amendment thereto, for any expenditure not previously au- thorized by law, unless in continuation of appropriations for such public works and objects as are already in progress. Nor shall any provision in any such bill or amendment thereto changing existing law be in order, except such as, being germane to the subject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expen- ditures by the reduction of the number and salary of the officers of the United States, by the reduction of the compensation of any person paid out of the Treasury of the United States, or by the reduction of amounts of money cov- ered by the bill: Provided, That it shall be in order further to amend such bill upon the report of the committee having jurisdiction of the subject- matter of such amendment, which amendment, being germane to the sub- ject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expenditures. 3. All bills for improvements of rivers and harbors, and all bills of a pri- vate nature, shall be delivered to the Clerk, as in the case of memorials and petitions, for reference to appropriate committees. 4. No bill for the payment or adjudication of any private claim against the government shall be referred, except by unanimous consent, to any other than the following-named committees, viz. : To the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to the Committee on Pensions, to the Committee on Claims, to the Committee on War Claims, to the Committee on Private Land Claims, and to the Committee on Accounts. BULES, HOUSE OF KEPRESENTATIVES. 113 Rule XXII. OF PETITIONS, MEMORIALS, BILLS, AND RESOLUTIONS. 1. Members having petitions or memorials or bills of a private nature to present may deliver them to the Clerk, indorsing their names and the refer- ence or disposition to be made thereof; and said petitions and memorials and bills of a private nature, except such as, in the judgment of the Speaker, are of an obscene or insulting character, shall be entered on the journal with the names of the members presenting them, and the Clerk shall furnish a tran- script of such entry to the official reporters of debates for publication in the Record. 2. Any petition or memorial or private bill excluded under this rule shall be returned to the member from whom it was received ; and petitions and private bills which have been inappropriately referred may, by direction of the committee having possession of the same, be properly referred in the manner originally presented; and an erroneous reference of a petition or pri- vate bill under this clause shall not confer jurisdiction upon the committee to consider or report the same. 3. All other bills, memorials, and resolutions, may in like manner be de- livered, indorsed with the names of members introducing them, to the Speaker, to be by him referred, and the titles and references thereof shall be entered on the journal and printed in the Record of the next day, and cor- rection in case of error of reference may be made by the House in accordance with Rule XI within three days immediately after the reading of the jour- nal, by unanimous consent, or on motion of a committee claiming jurisdic- tion, or on the report of the committee to which the bill has been erroneously referred. 4. All resolutions of inquiry addressed to the heads of Executive Depart- ments shall be reported to the House within one week after presentation. Rule XXIII. OF COMMITTEES OF THE WHOLE HOUSE. 1. In all cases, in forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker shall leave his chair after appointing a Chairman to preside, who shall, in case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries or lobby, have power to cause the same to be cleared. 2. Whenever a Committee of the Whole House finds itself without a quo- rum, the Chairman shall cause the roll to be called, and thereupon the com- mittee shall rise, and the Chairman shall report the names of the absentees to the House, which shall be entered on the journal; but if on such call a quo- rum shall appear, the committee shall thereupon resume its sitting without further order of the House. 3. All motions or propositions involving a tax or charge upon the people; all proceedings touching appropriations of money, or bills making appro- priations of money or property, or requiring such appropriation to be made, or authorizing payments out of appropriations already made, or releasing any liability to the United States for money or property, shall be first considered in a Committee of the Whole, and a point of order under this rule shall be good at any time before the consideration of a bill has commenced. 4. In Committees of the Whole House, business on their calendars shall be taken up in regular order, except bills for raising revenue, general appro- priation bills, and bills for the improvement of rivers and harbors, which shall have precedence, and when objection is made to passing over any bill or proposition, the committee shall thereupon rise and report such objection ] 14 RULES, HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. to the House, which shall decide, without debate, whether such hill or prop- osition shall be considered or laid aside for the present; whereupon the com- mittee shall resume its sitting without further order of the House. 5. When general debate is closed by order of the House, any member shall be allowed live minutes to explain any amendment he may offer, after which the member who shall first obtain the floor shall be allowed to speak five minutes in opposition to it, and there shall be no further debate thereon; but the same privilege of debate shall be allowed in favor of and against any amendment that may be offered to an amendment; and neither an amend- ment nor an amendment to an amendment shall be withdrawn by the mover thereof unless by the unanimous consent of the committee. 6. The House may, by the vote of the majority of the members present, at any time after the five minutes’ debate has begun upon proposed amend- ments to any section or paragraph to a bill, close all debate upon such section or paragraph, or, at its election, upon the pending amendments only (which motion shall be decided without debate); but this shall not preclude further amendment, to be decided without debate. 7. A motion to strike out the enacting words of a bill shall have prece- dence of a motion to amend; and, if carried, shall be considered equivalent to its rejection. Whenever a bill is reported from a Committee of the Whole with an adverse recommendation, and such recommendation is disagreed to by the House, the bill shall stand recommitted to the said committee without further action by the House. But before the question of concurrence is sub- mitted, it is in order to entertain a motion to refer the bill to any committee, with or without instructions, and when the same is again reported to the House it shall be referred to the Committee of the Whole without debate. 8. The rules of proceeding in the House shall be observed in Committees of the Whole House so far as they may be applicable. Role XXIV. ORDER OP BUSINESS. 1. After the journal is read and approved each day, the Speaker shall lay before the House, for reference, messages from the President, reports and communications from the heads of Departments, and other communications addressed to the House, and also such bills, resolutions, and other messages from the Senate as may have been received on previous days, but no such message, report, communication, bill, or resolution shall be printed except by order of the Speaker of the House; and House bills with Senate amend- ments which do not require consideration in Committee of the Whole maybe at once disposed of as the House may determine. 2. On all days other than the first and third Mondays in each month as soon as the business on the Speaker’s table has been disposed of, there shall be a morning hour for reports from committees, which shall be appropriately referred and printed, and a copy thereof mailed by the Public Printer to each member and delegate, if requested in writing by the member or delegate; and the Speaker shall call upon each standing committee in regular order and then upon the select committees; and if the whole of the hour is not con- sumed by this call, then it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of other business as hereinafter provided; but if he shall not complete the call within the hour, he shall resume it in the succeeding morning hour where he left off. 3. The morning hour for the call of committees shall not be dispensed with except by a vote of two-thirds of those present and voting thereon. 4. After the morning hour shall have been devoted to reports from com- mittees (or the call completed), the Speaker shall again call the committees RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 115 in regular order for one hour, upon which call each committee, on being named, shall have the right to call up for consideration any hill reported by it on a previous day, on either the House or Union Calendar. And whenever any committee shall have occupied the said hour for one day, it shall not be in order for such committee to designate any other proposition for considera- tion until all the other committees shall have been called in their turn; and when any proposition shall have occupied two hours on this call it shall there- after remain on the Calendar as unfinished business and be taken up in its order: Pravided, That when the hour herein prescribed shall expire while the Committee of the Whole House ou the state of the Union is considering a bill, the said committee shall rise without motion therefor. 5. After the hour under the preceding clause shall have been occupied, it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of the unfinished business in which the House may have been engaged at an adjournment, and at the same time each day thereafter, other than the first and third Mondays, until disposed of; and it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of all other unfinished business whenever the class of business to which it belongs shall be in order. 6. Unfinished business, if any, having been disposed of, motions shall be in order as follows: First. That the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union to consider, first, bills raising revenue and general appropriation bills, and then other business on its Calendar. Second. To proceed to the consideration of business on the House Calendar. Third. On Friday of each week, after the morning hour, it shall be in order to entertain a motion that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House to consider business on the Private Calendar; and if this fail, then public business shall be in order as on other days. Rule SXV. PRIORITY OF BUSINESS. All questions relating to the priority of business shall be decided by a majority without debate. Rule XXVI. PRIVATE AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BUSINESS. 1. Friday in every week shall be set apart for the consideration of private business, unless otherwise determined by the House. 2. The second and fourth Mondays in each month shall, when claimed by the Committee on the District of Columbia, be set apart for the considera- tion of such business as may be presented by said committee. 3. Every Friday, unless otherwise ordered by the House, there shall be a session of the House, to begin at 8 o’clock p. m., and to terminate at half- past 10 o’clock p. m., to consider and dispose of bills to remove political dis- abilities of individuals and private bills reported by the Committee on Pen- sions and the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Rule XXYII. UNFINISHED BUSINESS OF THE SESSION. After six days from the commencement of a second or a subsequent ses- sion of any Congress, all bills, resolutions, and reports which originated in the House, and remained undetermined at the close of the last preceding session, 116 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. shall be in order for action, and all business before committees of the House at the end of one session shall be resumed at the commencement of the next session of the same Congress in the same manner as if no adjournment had taken place. Rule XXVIII. CHANGE OR SUSPENSION OP RULES. 1. No standing rule or order of the House shall be rescinded or changed without one day’s notice of the motion therefor, and no rule shall be sus- pended except by a vote of two-thirds of the members present, nor shall the Speaker entertain a motion to suspend the rules except on the first and third Mondays of each month, preference being given on the first Monday to indi- viduals and on the third Monday to committees, and during the last six days of a session. 2. All motions to suspend the rules shall, before being submitted to the House, be seconded by a majority by tellers, if demanded. 3. When a motion to suspend the rules has been seconded, it shall be in order, before the final vote is taken thereon, to debate the proposition to be voted upon for thirty minutes, one-half of such time to be given to debate in favor of, and one-lialf to debate iu opposition to, such proposition, and the same right of debate shall be allowed whenever the previous question has been ordered on any proposition on which there has been no debate. Rule XXIX. CONFERENCE REPORTS. The presentation of reports of committees of conference shall always be in order, except when the journal is being read, while the roll is being called, or the House is dividing on any proposition. And there shall accompany every such report a detailed statement sufficiently explicit to inform the House what effect such amendments or propositions will have upon the measures to which they relate. Rule XXX. SECRET SESSION. Whenever confidential communications are received from the President of the United States, or whenever the Speaker or any member shall inform the House that he has communications which he believes ought to be kept secret for the present, the House shall be cleared of all persons except the members and officers thereof, and so continue during the reading of such communica- tions, the debates and proceedings thereon, unless otherwise ordered by the House. Rule XXXI. READING OP PAPERS. When the reading of a paper other than one upon which the House is called to give a final vote is demanded, and the same is objected to by any member, it shall be determined without debate by a vote of the House. Rule XXXII. DRAWING OP SEATS. 1. At the commencement of each Congress, immediately after the mem- bers and delegates are sworn in, the Clerk shall place in a box, prepared for RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 11 that purpose, a number of small balls of marble or other material equal to the number of members and delegates, -which balls shall be consecutively numbered and thoroughly intermingled, and at such hour as' shall be fixed by the House for that purpose, by the hands of a page, draw said balls one by one from the box and announce the number as it is drawn, upon which announcement the member or delegate whose name on a numbered alphabet- ical list shall correspond with the number on the ball shall advance and choose his seat for the term for which he is elected. 2. Before said drawing shall commence each seat shall be vacated and so remain until selected under this rule, and any seat having been selected shall be deemed forfeited if left unoccupied before the call of the roll is fin- ished, and whenever the seats of members and delegates shall have been drawn, no proposition for a second drawing shall be in order during that Congress. Rule XXXIII. HALL OF THE HOUSE. The hall of the House shall be used only for the legislative business of the House, and for the caucus meetings of its members, except upon occasions where the House by resolution agree to take part in any ceremonies to be ob- served therein; and the Speaker shall not entertain a motion for the suspen- sion of this rule. Rule XXXIV. OF ADMISSION TO THE FLOOR. The persons hereinafter named, and none other, shall be admitted to the hall of the House or rooms leading thereto, viz: The President and Vice- President of the United States and their private secretaries, judges of the Supreme Court, members of Congress and members-elect, contestants in election cases during the pendency of their cases in the House, the Secretary and Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, heads of Departments, foreign ministers, governors of States, the Architect of the Capitol, the Librarian of Congress and his assistant in charge of the Law Library, such persons as have, by name, received the thanks of Congress, ex-members of the House of Repre- sentatives who are not interested in any claim or bill pending before Con- gress, and clerks of committees, when business from their committee is under consideration ; and it shall not be in order for the Speaker to entertain a request for the suspension of this rule or to present from the Chair the request of any member for unanimous consent. Rule XXXV. OF ADMISSION TO THE GALLERIES. The Speaker shall set aside a portion of the west gallery for the use of the President of the United States, the members of his Cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court, foreign ministers and suites, and the members of their respective families, and shall also set aside another portion of the same gal- lery for the accommodation of persons to be admitted on the card of mem- bers. The southerly half of the east gallery shall be assigned exclusively for the use of the families of members of Congress, in which the Speaker shall control one bench, and on request of a member the Speaker shall issue a card of admission to his family, which shall include - their visitors, and no other person shall be admitted to this section. 118 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Rule XXXVI. OFFICIAL AND OTHER REPORTERS. 1. The appointment and removal, for cause, of the official reporters of the House, including stenographers of committees, and the manner of the execution of their duties, shall be vested in the Speaker. 2. Stenographers and reporters, other than the official reporters of the House, wishing to take down the debates and proceedings, may be admitted by the Speaker to the reporters’ gallery over the Speaker’s chair, under such regulations as he may, from time to time, prescribe; and he may assign seats on the floor to a representative of both the Associated and the United Press Associations, and may admit to the privileges of the floor an assistant to each of such representatives. Rule XXXVII. PAY OF WITNESSES. The rale for paying witnesses subpoenaed to appear before the House, or any of its committees, shall be as follows : For each day a witness shall attend, the sum of two dollars; for each mile he shall travel in coming to or going from the place of examination, the sum of five cents each way; but nothing shall be paid for traveling when the witness has been summoned at the place of trial. Rule XXXVIII. * PAPERS. 1. The clerks of the several committees of the House shall, within three days after the- final adjournment of a Congress, deliver to the clerk of the House all bills, joint resolutions, petitions, and other papers referred to the committee, together with all evidence taken by such committee under the order of the House during the said Congress, and not reported to the House; and in the event of the failure or neglect of any clerk of a committee to com- ply with this rale, the Clerk of the House shall, within three days thereafter, take into his keeping all such papers and testimony. Rule XXXIX. WITHDRAWAL OF PAPERS. No memorial or other paper presented to the House shall be withdrawn from its flies without its leave, and if withdrawn therefrom, certified copies thereof shall be left in the office of the Clerk; but when an act may pass for the settlement of a claim, the Clerk is authorized to transmit to the officer charged with the settlement thereof the papers on file in his office relating to such claim, or may loan temporarily to any officer or Bureau of the Execu- tive Departments any papers on file in his office relating to any matter pend- ing before such officer or Bureau, taking proper receipt therefor. Rule XL. BALLOT. In all other cases of ballot than for committees, a majority of the votes given shall be necessary to an election, and where there shall not be such a majority on the first ballot, the ballots shall be repeated until a majority be obtained; and in all balloting blanks shall be rejected and not taken into the count in enumeration of votes or reported by the tellers. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 119 Rule XLI. MESSAGES. Messages received from the Senate and the President of the United States, giving notice of bills passed or approved, shall be entered in the journal and published iu the record of that day's proceedings. Rule XLII. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS. Estimates of appropriations, and all other communications from the Ex- ecutive Departments, intended for the consideration of any committees of the House, shall be addressed to the Speaker and by him submitted to the House for reference. Rule XLI1I. QUALIFICATIONS OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES. Uo person shall be an officer of the House, or continue in its employment, who shall be an agent for the prosecution of any claim against the govern- ment, or be interested in such claim otherwise than as an original claimant; and it shall be the duty of the Committee on Accounts to inquire into and leport to the House any violation of this rule. Rule XLIY. Jefferson’s manual. The rules of parliamentary practice comprised in Jefferson’s Manual shall govern the House in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they are not inconsistent with the standing rules and orders of the House and joint rules of the Senate and House of Representatives. Rule XLY. RULES OF THE HOUSE. These rules shall be the rules of the House of Representatives of the pres- ent and succeeding Congresses unless otherwise ordered. Rule XLVI. AS TO PRINTING BILLS. There shall be printed 500 copies of each bill of a public nature, of which 25 shall be deposited in the office of the Clerk of the House, 100 copies shall be delivered to the Senate document room, and the remainder shall be depos- ited in the document room of the House for the use of members; and there shall be printed 100 copies of each private bill and bills relating to rivers and harbors, of which 25 copies shall be delivered to the Senate document room, and the remainder shall be deposited in the document room of the House for the use of members. Motions to print additional numbers of any bill, report, resolution, or other public document, shall be referred to the Committee on Printing; and the report of the committee thereon shall be accompanied by an estimate of the probable cost thereof. Unless ordered by the House no bill, resolution, or other proposition reported by a committee shall be reprinted unless the same be placed upon the Calendar. Rule XLVII. PROPOSITIONS INTRODUCED “BY REQUEST.” When a bill, resolution, or memorial is introduced “by request” these words shall be entered upon the journal. SUPREME COURT DECISION. AFFECTING THE RULES OF THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. {Handed down February 29, 1892.) Supreme Court of the United States. No. 1061. October term, 1891. The United States, appellant, vs. Ballin, Joseph & Co. Appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York. In July, 1890, the appellees imported into New York certain goods, which they claimed to be dutiable as manufactures of worsted at the rate described in Schedule K of the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Statutes, 509). The collector assessed them at the rate prescribed in that schedule as manufactures of wool (22 Statutes, 508). This he did by reason of an act claimed to have been passed by Congress in 1890, as follows: “ Chapter 200. — An act providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens. “Be it enacted , etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury he, and he hereby is, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloths all imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth or under the names of worsteds, or diagonals, or otherwise. “ Approved May 9, 1890.” (26 Statutes, 105.) The board of general appraisers found these facts: “1. That the goods in question are worsted, and not woolen goods. “ 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury never examined or classified the goods in question. “3. That the journal of the House of Representatives shows the facts attending the passage of the act of May 9, 1890, thus: “ The Speaker laid before the House the bill of the House (H. R. 9548) providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens, coming over from last night as unfinished business, with the previous question and the yeas and nays ordered. “ The House having proceeded to the consideration and the question being put “ Shall the bill pass ? “There appeared “ Yeas — 138. “Nays — 0. “Not voting — 189. “ The said roll-call having been recapitulated, the Speaker announced, from a list noted and furnished by the Clerk, at the suggestion of the Speaker, the following-named members as present in the hall when their names were called, and not voting, viz. : ” [Here follows an alphabetical list of the names of 74 members.] “ The Speaker thereupon stated that the said members present and refus- ing to vote (74 in number), together with those recorded as voting (138 in number), showed a total of 212 members present, constituting a quorum present to do business; and that, the yeas being 138 and the nays none, the said bill was passed.” On appeal, the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York sustained the claim of the importers and reversed the decision of the collector, from which judgment the United States appealed to this court. 120 SUPREME COURT DECISION. 121 [February 29, 1892.] Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court. Two questions only are presented: First, was the act of May 9, 1890, legally passed ? and second, what is its meaning ? The first is the important question. The enrolled bill is found in the proper office, that of the Secretary of State, authenticated and approved in the customary and legal form. There is nothing on the face of it to suggest any invalidity. Is there anything in the facts disclosed by the journal of the House, as found by the generalap- praisers, which vitiates it ? We are not unmindful of the general observa- tions found in Gardiner vs. The Collector (6 Wall., 499,511), .“that whenever a question arises in a court of law of the existence of a statute, or of the time when a statute took effect, or of the precise terms of a statute, the judges who are called upon to decide it have a right to resort to any source of infor- mation which in its nature is capable of conveying to the judicial mind a clear and satisfactory answer to such question, always seeking first for that which in its nature is most appropriate, unless the positive law has enacted a different rule.” And we have at the present term, in the cases of Field et al. vs. The United States, had occasion to consider the subject of an appeal to the journal in a disputed matter of this nature. It is unnecessary to add anything here to that general discussion. The Constitution (Article I., section 5) provides that “each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings ; ” and that “the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the de- sire of one-fifth of those present be entered on the journal.” Assuming that by reason of this latter clause, reference may be had to the journal to see whether the yeas and nays were ordered, and if so, what was the vote dis- closed thereby; and assuming, though without deciding, that the facts which the Constitution requires to be placed on the journal may be appealed to on the question whether a law has been legally enacted, yet, if reference may be had to such journal, it must be assumed to speak the truth. It can not be that we can refer to the journal for the purpose of impeaching a statute properly authenticated and approved, and then supplement and strengthen this impeachment by parol evidence that the tticts stated on the journal are not true, or that other facts existed which, if stated on the journal, would give force to the impeachment. If it be suggested that the Speaker might have made a mistake as to some one or more of these 74 members, or that the Clerk may have falsified the journal in entering therein a record of their presence, it is equally possible that in reference to a roll-call and the yeas and nays there should be a 'like mistake or falsification. The possibility of such inaccuracy or falsehood only suggests the unreliability of the evidence and the danger of appealing to it to overthrow that furnished by the bill enrolled and authenticated by the sig- natures of the presiding officers of the two Houses and the President of the United States. The facts, then, as appearing from this journal, are that at the time of the roll-call there were present 212 members of the House, more than a quorum; and that 138 voted in favor of the bill, which was a majority of those present. The Constitution, in the same section, provides that “each House may determine the rules of its proceedings.” It appears that in pur- suance of this authority the House had, prior to this day, passed this as one of its rules: ‘ ‘ 3. On the demand of any member, or at the suggestion of the Speaker, the names of members sufficient to make a quorum in the Hall of the House who do not vote shall be noted by the Clerk and recorded in the journal, and reported to the Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be counted and announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do busi- ness.” (House Journal, 230, February 14, 1890.) 11b 122 SUPREME COURT DECISION. The action taken was in direct compliance with this rule. The question, therefore, is as to the validity of this rule, and not what methods the Speaker may of his own motion resort to for determining the presence of a quorum, nor what matters the Speaker or Clerk may of their own volition place upon the journal. Neither do the advantages or disadvantages, the wisdom or folly, of such a rule present any matters for judicial consideration. With the courts the question is only one of power. The Constitution empowers each House to determine rules of proceeding. It may not by its rules ignore constitutional restraints or violate fundamental rights, and there should he a reasonable relation between the mode or method of proceeding established by the rule and the result which is sought to be attained. But within these limitations all matters of method are open to the determination of the House, and it is no impeachment of the rule to say that some other way would be better, more accurate, or even more just. It is no objection to the validity of a rule that a different one has been prescribed and in force for a length of time. The power to make rules is not one which once exercised is exhausted. It is a continuous power, always subject to be exercised by the House, and, within the limitations suggested, absolute and beyond the challenge of any other body or tribunal. The Constitution provides that ‘ ‘ a majority of each' [House] shall consti- tute a quorum to do business.” In other words, when a majority are present the House is in a position to do business. Its capacity to transact business is then established, created by the mere presence of a majority, and does not depend upon the disposition or assent or action of any single member or fraction of the majority present. All that the Constitution requires is the presence of a majority, and when the majority are present the power of the House arises. But how shall the presence of a majority be determined ? The Constitu- tion has prescribed no method of making this determination, and it is there- fore within the competency of the House to prescribe any method which shall be reasonably certain to ascertain the fact. It may prescribe answer to roll-call as the only method of determination; or require the passage of mem- bers between tellers, and their count as the sole test; or the count of the Speaker or the Clerk, and an announcement from the desk of the names of those who are present. Any one of these methods, it must be conceded, is reasonably certain of ascertaining the fact, and as there is no constitutional method prescribed, and no constitutional inhibition of any of these, and no violation of funda- mental rights in either, it follows that the House may adopt either or all, or it may provide for a combination of any two of the methods. That was done by the rule in question ; and all that that rule attempts to do is to pre- scribe a method for ascertaining the presence of a majority, and thus estab- lishing the fact that the House is in a condition to transact business. As appears from the journal, at the time the bill passed the House there was present a majority, a quorum, and the House was authorized to transact any and all business. It was in a condition to act on the bill if it desired; and the other branch of the question is whether, a quorum being present, the bill received a sufficient number of votes; and here the general rule of all parliamentary bodies is that when a quorum is present the act of a ma- jority of the quorum is the act of the body. This has been the rule for all time', except so far as in any given case the terms of the organic act under which the body is assembled have prescribed specific limitations, as, for instance, in those States where the Constitution provides that a majority of all the members elected to either House shall be necessary for the passage of any bill. No such limitation is found in the Federal Constitution, and there- fore the general law of such bodies obtains. It is true that most of the decisions touching this question have been in SUPREME COURT DECISION. 123 respect to the actions of trustees and directors of a private corporation, or of the minor legislative bodies which represent and act for cities and other municipal corporations, hut the principle is the same. Those are legislative bodies representing larger constituencies. Power is not vested in "any one individual, hut in the aggregate of the members which compose the body, and its action is not the action of any separate member or number of mem- bers, but the action of the body as a whole, and the question which has over and over again been raised is, what is necessary to constitute the official action of this legislative and representative body ? In Rex vs. Monday (2 Cowp., 530, 538) Lord Mansfield said: “ I will take it for granted that a ma- jority of the mayor and aldermen for the time being was sufficient to consti- tute the corporate assembly; and the fact found by the special verdict is that the majority of those in being did meet. When the assembly are duly met I take it to be clear law that the corporate act may be done by the majority of those who have once regularly constituted the meeting. In 5th Dane’s Abridgment, page 150, the rule is thus stated: “When a corporation is composed of a definite number, and an integral part of it is re- quired to vote in an election, a majority of such integral definite part must attend, aliter there is no elective assembly, but a majority of those present when legally met will bind the rest.” In 1 Dillon’s Municipal Corporations (fourth edition), section 283, the rule is thus stated: “ And, as a general rule, it may be stated that not only where the corporate power resides in a select body, as a city council, but where it has been delegated to a committee or to agents, then, in the absence of special provisions otherwise, a minority of the select body, or of the committee or agents, are powerless to bind the 'ma- jority or do any valid act. If all the members of the select body or commit- tee, or if all the agents are assembled, or if all have been duly notified, and the minority refuse or neglect to meet with the others, a majority of those present may act, provided those present constitute a majority of the whole number. In other words, in such case a major part of the whole is necessary to constitute a quorum, and a majority of the quorum may act. If the major part withdraw, so as to leave no quorum, the power of the minority to act is in general considered to cease.” This declaration has been quoted approvingly by this court in the case of Brown vs. The District of Columbia (127 E. S. 579, 586). In 2 Kent’s Com- mentaries, 293, the author draws a distinction between what is necessarily a meeting of a representative and a constituent body in these words: “There is a distinction taken between a corporate act to be done by a select and def- inite body, as by a board of directors, and one to be performed by the con- stituent members. In the latter case a majority of those who appear may act; but in the former, a majority of the definite body must be present, and then a majority of the quorum may decide.” In Horr & Bemis’s recent work on Municipal Police Ordinances, 42, the authors observe: “Those who are present and help to make up the quorum are expected to vote on every ques- tion, and their presence alone is enough to make the vote decisive and bind- ing, whether they actually vote or not. The objects of legislation can not be defeated by the refusal of any one to vote when present. If eighteen are present and nine vote, all in the affirmative, the measure is carried, the re- fusal of the other nine to vote being construed as a vote in the affirmative, so far as any construction is necessary.” See also Ex parte Willcocks (7 Cowen, 402); Commonwealth vs. Green (4 Wharton, 531); State vs. Green (37 O. S., 327); Launtz vs. The People (113 111., 137); Gas Company vs. Rushville (121 Ind., 206); Gosling vs. Yeley (7 A. & E., 406); S. C. (4 H. of L. Cases, 679). In State vs. Dehesseline (1 McCord, 52) it is said: “For, according to the principle of all the cases referred to, a quorum possesses all the powers of the whole body; a majority of which quorum must of course govern. * * * The constitutions of this State and the United 124 SUPREME COURT DECISION. States declare that a majority shall be a quorum to do business: but a ma- jority of that quorum are sufficient to decide the most important question.” In Wells vs. Rahway Company (19 N. J. Eq., 402) we find this language: ‘ ‘ A majority of the directors of a corporation, in the absence of any regu- lation in the charter, is a quorum, and the majority of such quorum when convened can do any act within the power of the directors.” And in Attorney-General vs. Shepard (62 N. H., 383, 384) the question was whether an amendment to a city charter had been properly adopted by the board of aldermen. All the members of the board were present but one. The ordinance was duly read and put to a vote, and declared by the chair to be passed. The yeas and nays were then called; three voted in the affirma- tive, three refused to vote, and the chair declared the ordinance passed. The court held, Chief Justice Doe delivering the opinion, that the amend- ment to the charter was legally adopted by the board of aldermen. He said: “ The exercise of lawmaking power is not stopped by the mere silence and inaction of some of the lawmakers who are present. An arbitrary, technical, and exclusive method of ascertaining whether a quorum is present, operat- ing to prevent the performance of official duty and obstruct the business of government, is no part of our common law. The statute requiring the pres- ence of four aldermen does not mean that in the presence of four a majority of the votes cast may not be enough. The journal properly shows how many members were there when the vote was taken by yeas and nays; there was no difficulty in ascertaining and recording the fact; and the requirement of a quorum at that time was not intended to furnish a means of suspending the legislative power and duty of a quorum. No illegality appears in the adoption of the amendment. ” Summing up this matter, this law is found in the Secretary of the Treas- ury’s office, properly authenticated. If we appeal to the journal of the House, we find that a majority of its members were present when the bill passed, a majority creating by the Constitution a quorum, with authority to act upon any measure; that the presence of that quorum was determined in accord- ance with a reasonable and valid rule theretofore adopted by the House; and of that quorum a majority voted in favor of the bill. It therefore legally passed the House, and the law as found in the office of the Secretary of State is beyond challenge. With reference to the other question: The opinion of the circuit court seemed to be that the act cast upon the Secretary of the Treasury a special duty of classification in all cases of the import of worsted cloths, and that unless he so acted in any particular case the duty remained as it was prior to the passage of the act. We quote its language: “ This act proceeds on an entirely novel theory. It provides expressly for a classification in direct nonconformity to the facts. It authorizes an officer of the government who may find an import to be in fact an article which under the tariff laws pays one rate of duty, to call it something else which it is not, in order to enable the revenue officers to levy upon it a rate of duty which that other article, which it is not, pays. * * * I do not mean by that to suggest for one moment that under the phraseology of this act it is the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to himself examine the packages of goods, to handle or see their contents; but having been informed and ad- vised as to the facts in the same way in which he is informed and advised upon any facts upon which he is required to pass, by the examination and report of such trustworthy subordinates as he may select, the final classifica- tion of the particular articles is one to be made by him. ” We do not so construe the act. We understand it rather as a declaration by Congress as to the construction to be placed upon that portion of the act of 1883 which refers to imported woolen cloths. It was an act suggested by the contest then pending in the courts, and which was finally decided ad- SUPREME COURT DECISION. 125 versely to the government, in the case of Seeberger vs. Cahn (137 U. S., 95), in which it was held by this court that ‘ ‘ cloths popularly known as ‘ diagon- als,’ and known in trade as ‘ worsteds,’ and composed mainly of worsted, but with a small proportion of shoddy and of cotton, are subject to duty as a manufacture of worsted, and not as a manufacture of wool, under the act of March 3, 1883, c. 121.” The form of expression used in the act may be novel, but the intent of Congress is quite clear. Recognizing the fact that the Secre- tary of the Treasury is the head of the financial department of the govern- ment, that to him, as its chief administrative official, is given the supervision of the tariff and all the collections thereunder, it directs him to classify all worsted cloths as woolen cloths, and it gives to him no discretion. He may not classify some worsteds as woolens and others as not. There is given no choice or selection, hut it is the imperative direction of Congress to him, as the chief administrative officer in the collection of duties, to place all worsted cloths, by whatever name properly known or known to the trade, within the category of woolen cloths, and, of course, if placed within that category, or, using the familiar language of the tariff, ‘ ‘ classified as woolen cloths, ” subject to the duty imposed on such cloths. If action were necessary by the Secretary of the Treasury to put this act into force, which we think is not, such action was taken by the circular letter of May 5, 1890, from the Treasury Department to all customs officers, publishing the act for the information and guidance of the public. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the act was legally passed ; that by its own terms, and irrespective of any action by the Secretary of the Treasury, the duties on worsted cloths were to be such as placed by the act of 1883 on woolen cloths. The judgment of the circuit court will be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings, in accordance with this opinion. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE 1st OF JANUARY OF EACH YEAR FROM 1791 TO 1843, INCLUSIVE, AND ON THE 1st OF JULY OF EACH YEAR FROM 1843 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. Year. Amount. Year. Amount. Jan. 1, 1791 $75,463,476.52 77.227.924.66 80,358,6:34.04 78.427.404.77 80.747.587.39 83,762,172.07 82,064,479.33 79,228,529.12 78.408.669.77 82,976,294.35 83,0:38,050.80 80,712,632.25 77.054.686.40 80,427,120.88 82,312,150.50 75.723.270.66 69,218.398.64 Jan. 1, 1842 $13,594,480.73 20,201,226.27 32.742.922.00 23.461,652.50 15.925.303.01 15,550,202.97 38,826,534.77 47,044,862.23 63.061.858.69 63.452.773.55 68.304.796.02 66,199,341.71 59.803.117.70 42 242,222.42 35.586.956.56 31,932,537.90 28,699,831.85 1792 1843 1793 1794 ' 1844 1795 1845 1796! 1840 1797 1847 1798 1848 1799 1849 1800 1850 1801 1851 1802 1852 1803 1853 1804 1854 1805 1855... 1800 1856 1807 1857 1808 65,196,317.97 57,023,192.09 1858 44,911,881.03 58,496,837.88 1809 1859 1810 53,173,217.52 48,005,587.70 45,209,737.90 18(30 64,842,287.88 90,580,873.72 524,176,412.13 1811 1861 1812 1862 1813 55,902,827.57 81,487,846.24 99,833,060.15 127,334,933.74 1803 1,119,772,138.63 1,815,784,370.57 2,680,647,869.74 2,773,236,173.69 1814 1804 1815 1805 1816 I860 1817 123,491,965.16 1867 2,678,126,103.87 1818 103,466,633.83 1868 2,611,687,851.19 1819 95,529,648.28 1869 2,588,452,213.94 1820 91,015,566.15 1870 2,480,672,427.81 1821 89,987,427.60 1871 2,353,211,332.32 1822 93,546,676.98 1872 2,253,251,328.78 1823 90,875,877.28 90,269,777.77 83,788,432.71 1873 *2,234,482,993.20 *2,251,690,468.43 *2,232,284,531.95 1824 1874 1825 1875 1826 81,054,059.99 1876 *2,180,395,067.15 1827 73,987,357.20 1877 *2,205,301,392.10 1828 67,475,043.87 1878 *2,256,205,892.53 1829 58,421,413.07 1879 *2,349,567,482.04 1830 48,565,406.50 1880 *2,120,415,370.63 1831 39,123,191.68 1881 *2,069,013,569.58 1832 24,322,235.18 1882 *1,918,312,994.03 1833 7,001,698.83 1883 *1,884,171 ,728.07 1834 4,760,082.08 1884 *1,8130,528,923.57 1835 37,733.05 1885 11,870.424,275.14 1836 37,513.05 1886 41,756,445,205.78 1837 336,957.83 1887 41,688,229,591.63 1838 3,308,124.07 1888 41,705,992,320.58 1839 10,434,221.14 1889 41,640,673,340.23 1840 3,573,343.82 1890 41,585,821,048.73 1841 5,250,875.54 1891 41,560,472,784.61 * In the amount here stated as the outstanding principal of the public debt are included the certificates of deposit outstanding on the 30th of June, issued under act of June 8, 1872, for which a like amount in United States notes was on special deposit in the Treasury for their redemption, and added to the cash balance in the Treasury. These certificates, as a matter of accounts, are treated as a part of the public debt, but being offset by notes held on deposit for their redemption, should properly be de- ducted from the principal of the public debt in making comparison with former years. + Exclusive of gold, silver, currency certificates, and Treasury notes of 1890, held in the Treasury’s cash, and including $64,623,512 bonds issued to the several Pacific railroads. 126 ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1858-1891. 127 RECEIPTS AND STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, 30) FROM Year. Balance in the Treasury at commence- ment of year. Customs. Internal revenue. Direct tax. Public lands. 1791 $4,399,473.09 1792 $973,905.75 ' 3,443^070.85 $208,942.81 1793 783,444.51 4,255,306.56 ' 337,705.70 1794 753,661.69 4,801,065.28 274,089.62 1795 1,151,914.17 5^588,561 .26 337,755.36 1796 516,442.61 6,567,987.94 475,289.00 $4,836.13 1797 888,995.42 7,549,649.05 575,491.45 83,540.60 1798 1,021,899.04 7,106,001.93 644, .357.95 11,963.11 1799 617,451.43 6,610,449.31 779,136.44 1800 2,161,807.77 9,080,932.73 809,396.55 $734,233.97 443.75 1801 2,623,311.99 10,750,778.93 1,048,033.43 534,343.38 107,726.06 1802 3,295,391.00 12,438,235.74 621,898.89 206,565.44 188,628.02 1803 5,020,697.64 10,479,417.61 215,179.69 71,879.20 165,675.69 1804 4,825,811.00 11,098,565.33 50,941.29 50,198.44 487,526.79 1805 4,037,005.26 12,936,487.04 21,747.15 21,882.91 540,193.80 1806 3,999,388.99 14,667,698.17 20,101.45 55,763.86 765,245.73 1807 4,538,123.80 15,845,521.61 13,051.40 34,732.56 466,163.27 1808 9,643.850.07 16,363,550.58 8,190.23 19,159.21 647,939.06 1809 9,941,809.96 7,256,506.62 4,034.29 7,517.31 442,252.33 1810 3,848,056.78 8,583,309.31 7,430.63 12,448.68 696,548.82 1811 2,670,276.57 13,313,222.73 2,295.95 7,666.66 1,040,237.53 1812 3,502,305.80 8,958,777.53 4,90.3.06 859.22 710,427.78 1813 .3,862,217.41 13,224,623.25 4,755.04 3,805.52 835,655,14 1814 5,196,542.00 5,998,772.08 1,662,984.82 2,219,497.36 1,1:35,971.09 1815 1,727,484.63 7,282,942.22 4,678,059.07 2,162,673.41 1,287,959.28 1816 13,100,592.88 36,306,874.88 5,124,708.31 4,253,635.09 1,717,985.03 1817 22,033,519.19 26,283, 348.19 2,678,100.77 1,824,187.04 1,991,226.00 1818 14,989,465.48 17,176,385.00 955,270.20 264,333.36 2,606,564.77 1819 1,478,526.74 20,283,608.76 229,593.63 83,6:50.78 3,274,422.78 1820 2,079,992.38 15,005,612.15 106,200.53 31,586.82 1,6:35,871.61 1821 1,198,461.21 13,004,447.15 69,027.63 29,349.05 1,212,966.46 1822 1,681,592.24 17,589,761.94 67,625.71 20,961.56 1,803,581.54 1823 4,237,427.55 19,088,4133.44 34,242.17 10,337.71 916,523.10 1824 9,463,922.81 17,878,325.71 34,663.37 6,201.96 984,418.15 1825 1,946,597.13 20,098.713.45 25,771.35 2,3:30.85 1,216,090.56 1826 5,201,650.43 23,341,331.77 21, .589.93 6,6:38.76 1 ,393,785.09 1827 6, 358, 086.18 19,712,283.29 19,885.68 2,626.90 1,495,845.26 1828 6,668,286.10 23,205,523.64 17,451. .54 2,218.81 1,018,308.75 1829 5,972,432.81 22,681,965.91 14,502.74 11,335.05 1,517,175.13 1830 5,755,704.79 21,922,391.39 12,160.62 16,980.59 2,329,356.14 1831 6,014,539.75 24,224,441.77 6,933.51 10,506.01 3,210,815.48 1832 4,502,914.45 28,465,237.24 11,630.65 6,791.13 2,623,381.03 1833 2,011,777.55 29,032,508.91 2,759.00 394.12 3,967,682.55 1834 11,702,905.31 16,214,957.15 4,196.09 19.80 4,857,600.69 1835 8,892,8:58.42 19,391,310.59 10,459.48 4,263.33 14,757,600.75 1836 26,749,803.96 23,409,940.53 370.00 728.79 24,877,179.86 1837 46,708,436.00 11,169,290.39 5,493.84 1,687.70 6,776,236.52 1838 37,327,252.69 16,158,800.36 2,467.27 3,730,945.66 1839 36,891,196.94 23,137,924.81 2,553.32 755.22 7,361,576.40 1840 33.157,503.68 13,499,502.17 1,682.25 3,411,818.63 1841 29,963,163.46 14,487,216.74 3,261.36 1,365,627.42 1842 28,685,111.08 18,187,908.76 495.00 1,335,797.52 1843 * 30,521,979.44 7,046,843.91 103.25 898,158.18 1844 39,186,284.74 26,183,570.94 1,777.34 2,059,939.80 1845 36,742,829.62 27,528,112.70 3,517.12 2,077,022.30 1846 36,194,274.81 26,712,667.87 2,897.26 2,694,452.48 1847 38,261,959.65 23,747,864.66 375.00 2,498,355.20 1848 33,079,276.43 31,757,070.96 375.00 3,328,042.56 1849 29,416,012.45 28,346,738.82 1,088,959.55 1850 32,827,082.69 39,668,686.42 1,859 '894. 25 1851 35,871,753.31 49,017,567.92 2,352^305.30 1852 40,158,353.25 47,339,326.62 2,043,239.58 1853 43,338,860.02 58,931,865.52 1,667^084.99 Miscel- laneous. $10,478.10 9,918.65 21,410.88 53.277.97 28.317.97 1,169,415.98 399,139.29 58,192.81 86.187.56 152,712.10 345,649.15 1,500,505.86 131.945.44 139,075.53 40,382.30 51,121.86 38,550.-12 21,822.85 62.162.57 84,476.84 59,211.22 126.165.17 271,571.00 164.398.81 285.282.84 273,782.35 109,761.08 57,617.71 57,098.42 61.338.44 152,589.43 452,957.19 141.129.84 127.603.60 130.451.81 94,588.66 1,315,722.81 65,126.49 112,648.55 73,227.77 584,124.05 270.410.61 470.096.67 480,812.32 759,972.1.1 2,245,902.23 7,001,444.59 6,410,348.45 979,939.86 2,567,112.28 1,004,054.75 451,995.97 285,895.92 1,075,419.70 361.453.68 289.950.13 220,808910 012.610.69 685.379.13 2,064,308.21 1,185,166.11 464,249.40 988.081.17 * For the half year from 128 EXPENDITURES, 1791-1891 TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843, AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED JUNE THAT TIME. Interest. Premiums. Receipts from loans and Treasury notes. . . $361,391.34 5,102,498.45 1,797,272.01 4,007,950.78 3,396,424.00 320.000. 00 70,000.00 200.000. 00 5,000,000.00 1,565,229.24 $4,800.00 42,800.00 78,675.00 10,125.00 2,750,000.00 12.837.900.00 26.184.135.00 23.377.826.00 35,220,671.40 9,425,084.91 466,723.45 8.353.00 2.291.00 3.000. 824.13 5.000. 324.00 300.00 85.79 11,541.74 68,665.16 267,819.14 412.62 $32,107.64 686.09 40,000.00 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 2,992,989.15 12,716,820.86 3,857,276.21 5,589,547.51 13,659,317.38 14,808,735.64 12,479,708.36 1,877,181.35 71,700.83 666.60 28,365.91 37.080.00 487,065.48 10.5.50.00 4,264.92 28,872,399.45 21.256.700.00 28.588.750.00 4,045,950.00 203,400.00 46.300.00 16.350.00 22.50 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 Dividends. $8,028.00 38.500.00 303,472.00 160,000.00 160,000.00 80.960.00 79.920.00 71.040.00 71.040.00 88.800.00 39,960.00 202,426.30 525.000. 00 675.000. 00 1,000,000.00 105.000. 00 297.500.00 350.000. 00 350.000. 00 367.500.00 402. . 500.00 420.000. 00 455.000. 00 490.000. 00 490,000.00 490,000.00 490,000.00 474.985.00 234,349.50 506,480.82 292,674.67 Net ordinary receipts. 3,669,960.31 7.546,813.31 20,540,666.26 25,260,434.21 24,844,116.51 28,526,820.82 31,867,450.66 31,482,749.61 19,976,197.25 8,231,001.26 35, 698, 699.21 Gross receipts. $4,771,342.53 8,772,458.76 6,450,195.15 9.439.855.65 9,515,758.59 8.740.329.65 8,758,780.99 8,179,170.80 12,546,813.31 12,413,978.34 12.945.455.95 14.995.793.95 11,064,097.63 11,826,307.38 13.560.693.20 15.559.931.07 16.398.019.26 17.060.661.93 7,773,473.12 12,134,214.28 14.422.634.09 22,639,032.76 40.524.844.95 34.559.536.95 50,961,237.00 57.171.421.82 33,833,592.33 21.593.936.66 24.605.665.37 20,881,493.68 19.573.703.72 20.232.427.94 20.540.606.26 24.381.212.79 26,840,858.02 25.260.434.21 22.966.363.96 24,763,629.23 24.827.627.38 24.844.116.51 28.526.820.82 31.867.450.66 33.948.426.25 21,791,935.55 35.430.087.10 50.826.796.08 27,947,142.19 39.019.382.60 35.340.025.82 25,069,662.84 30,519,477.65 34,784,982.89 20,782,410.45 31.198.555.73 29.970.105.80 29.699.967.74 55.368.168.52 56.992.479.21 59,796,892.98 47,649,388.88 52.762.704.25 49.893.115.60 61,603,404.18 Unavail- able. $1,889.50 63,288.35 1,458,782.93 37,469.25 11,188.00 28,251.90 ' 30,000.66 103,301,37 January 1 to June 30, 1843. 129 STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED Balance in the Treasury at commence- ment of year. Customs. Internal revenue. Direct tax. 1854 1855 1850 1837 1858 1859 1800 1801 1882 1803 1804 1805 1806 1867 $ 50 , 261 , 901.09 48 , 591 , 073.41 47 . 677 . 672.13 49 , 108 , 229.80 40 . 802 . 855.00 35 , 113 , 334.22 33 . 193 . 248.00 32 , 979 , 530.78 30 , 963 , 857.83 46 , 965 , 304.87 36 . 523 . 046.13 134 , 433 , 738.44 33 , 933 , 657.89 160 , 817 , 099.73 $ 64 , 224 , 190.27 53 , 025 , 794.21 64 , 022 , 863.50 63 , 875 , 905.05 41 , 789 , 620.96 49 , 565 , 824.38 53 , 187 , 511.87 39 , 582 , 125.64 49 , 056 , 397.62 69 , 059 , 642.40 102 , 316 , 152.99 84 , 928 , 260.00 179 , 040 , 051.58 176 , 417 , 810.88 $ 37 , 640 , 787.95 109 , 741 , 134.10 209 , 464 , 215.25 309 . 226 . 813.42 266 . 027 . 537.43 $ 1 , 795 , 331.73 1 , 485 , 103.61 475 , 648.96 1 , 200 , 573.03 1 , 974 , 754.12 4 , 200 , 233.70 Public lands. $ 8 , 470 , 798.39 11 , 497 , 049.07 8 , 917 , 644.93 3 , 829 , 486.64 3 , 513 , 715.87 1 , 756 , 687.30 1 , 778 , 557.71 870 , 058.54 152 , 203.77 167 , 617.17 588 , 333.29 996 , 553.31 665 , 031.03 1 , 163 , 575.76 Miscel- laneous. $ 1 , 105 , 352.74 827 , 731.40 1 , 116 , 190.81 1 , 259 , 920.88 1 , 352 , 029.13 1 . 454 . 596.24 1 . 088 . 530.25 1 , 023 , 515.31 915 , 327.97 3 , 741 , 794.38 30 , 291 , 701.86 25 , 441 , 556.00 29 , 036 , 314.23 15 , 037 , 522.15 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 198 , 076 , 437.09 158 . 936 . 082.87 183 . 781 . 985.76 177 , 604 , 116.51 138 , 019 , 122.15 134 , 666 , 001.85 159 , 293 , 673.41 178 , 833 , 339.54 172 , 804 , 061.32 149 , 909 , 377.21 214 . 887 . 645.88 286 . 591 . 453.88 386 , 832 , 588.65 231 , 940 , 064.44 280 , 607 , 668.37 275 , 450 , 903.53 374 , 189 , 081.98 424 , 941 , 403.07 521 , 794 , 026.26 526 , 818 , 755.46 512 , 851 , 434.36 659 , 449 , 099.94 673 , 399 , 118.18 691 . 527 . 403.76 164 . 464 . 599.56 180 . 048 . 426.63 194 . 538 . 374.44 206 , 270 , 408.05 216 , 370 , 286.77 188 , 089 , 522.70 163 . 103 . 833.69 157 , 167 , 722.35 148 , 071 , 984.61 130 , 956 , 493.07 130 , 170 , 680.20 137 . 250 . 047.70 186 , 522 , 064.60 198 , 159 , 676.02 220 , 410 , 730.25 214 , 706 , 496.93 195 , 067 , 489.76 181 , 471 , 939.34 192 . 905 . 023.44 217 , 286 , 893.13 219 . 091 . 173.63 223 , 832 , 741.69 229 . 668 . 584.57 219 , 522 , 205.23 191 , 087 , 589.41 158 , 356 , 460.86 184 , 899 , 756.49 143 , 098 , 153.63 130 , 642 , 177.72 113 , 729 , 314.14 102 , 409 , 784.90 110 . 007 . 493.58 116 , 700 , 732.03 118 , 630 , 407.83 110 , . 581 , 624.74 113 . 561 . 610.58 124 . 009 . 373.92 135 . 264 . 385.51 146 , 497 , 595.45 144 . 720 . 368.98 121 . 586 . 072.51 112 , 498 , 725.54 110 , 805 , 936.48 118 , 823 , 391.22 124 . 290 . 871.98 130 . 881 . 513.92 142 , 606 , 705.81 145 , 686 , 249.44 1 , 788 , 145.85 765 , 685.61 229 , 102.88 580 , 355.37 315 , 254.51 93 , 798.80 30 85 1 , 516.89 160 , 141.69 108 , 156.60 70 , 720.75 108 , 239.94 32 , 892.05 1 , 565.82 1 . 348 . 715.41 4 . 020 . 344.34 3 , 350 , 481.76 2 , 388 , 646.68 2 . 575 , 714.19 2 , 882 , 312.38 1 , 852 , 428.93 1 . 413 . 640.17 1 , 129 , 466.95 976 , 253.68 1 . 079 . 743.37 924 , 781.60 1 . 016 . 506.00 2 . 201 . 863.17 4 . 753 . 140.37 7 . 955 . 864.42 9 . 810 . 705.01 5 , 705 , 986.44 5 . 630 . 999.34 9 . 254 . 286.42 11 , 202 , 017.23 8 , 038 , 651.79 6 , 358 , 272.51 4 , 029 , 535.41 17 , 745 , 403.59 13 , 997 , 338.65 12 . 942 . 118.30 22 , 093 , 541.21 15 . 106 . 051.23 17 . 161 . 270.05 32 , 575 , 043.32 15 . 431 . 915.31 24 . 070 . 002.31 30 , 437 , 487.42 15 . 014 . 728.09 20 , 585 , 697.49 21 . 978 . 525.01 25 , 154 , 850.98 31 , 703 , 642.52 30 . 796 . 695.02 21 , 984 , 881.89 24 . 014 . 055.06 20 , 989 , 527.80 26 , 005 , 814.84 24 . 074 . 446.10 24 , 297 , 151.44 24 , 447 , 419.74 23 . 374 . 457.23 6 , 751 , 086 , 380.39 4 , 111 , 760 , 797.61 28 , 131 , 990.32 280 , 505 , 641.52 690 , 871 , 302.70 ♦Amount heretofore credited to the Treasurer as 130 STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.— Continued. Dividends. Net ordinary receipts. Interest. Premiums. Receipts ^ ' °Treasury Gross receipts, notes. Unavail- able. 1854 1855 1850 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1802 1803 1804 1805 1800 1807 1868 1809 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 $73,800,341.40 05.350.574.08 74,050,099.24 08,905,312.57 40,055,305.90 52,777,107.92 , 50,054,599.83 41,470,299.49 51.919.261.09 112,094,945.51 243,412,971.20 322,031,158.19 519,949,504.38 402,840,079.92 376.434.453.82 357,188,256.09 395,959,833.87 374.431.104.94 364.694.229.91 322,177,673.78 299,941,090.84 284,020,771.41 290,006,584.70 281,000,642.00 257.446,776.40 272.322.136.83 333,526,500.98 300,782,292.57 403.525,250.28 398.287.581.95 348.519.809.92 323,690,706.38 336,439,727.00 371,403,277.66 379,206,074.76 387.050.058.84 403,080,982.63 392,612,447.31 $709,357.72 10,008.00 33,630.90 68,400.00 602,345.44 21,174,101.01 11,683,446.89 38,083,055.68 27,787,330.35 29,003,629.50 13,755,491.12 15,295,043.76 8,892,839.95 9,412,037.65 11,560,530.89 5,037,665.22 3,979.279.09 4,029,280.58 405,776.58 317,102.30 1,505,047.63 110.00 $2,001.67 800.00 200.00 3,900.00 23.717.300.00 28.287.500.00 20.776.800.00 41,861,709.74 529,092,400.50 776,652,361.57 1,128,873,945.30 1,472,224,740.85 712,851,553.05 040,420,910.29 625,111,433.20 238,678,081.06 285.474.496.00 208,768,523.47 305.047.054.00 214.931.017.00 439,272,535.46 387.971.556.00 397.455.808.00 348.871.749.00 404.581.201.00 792.807.643.00 211.814.103.00 113.750.534.00 120.945.724.00 555.942.564.00 206.877.886.00 245.196.303.00 116.314.850.00 154.440.900.00 285.016.650.00 245.111.750.00 245.293.650.00 373,208,857.75 $73,802,343.07 65, 351 ,374.68 74,056,899.24 68,969,212.57 70,372,665.96 81,773,965.64 76,841,407.83 83,371,640.13 • 581,680,121.59 889,379,652.52 1,393,461,017.57 1,805,939,345.93 1,270,884,173.11 1,131,060,920.56 $15,408.34 11,110.81 6,000.01 9,210.40 6,095.11 172,094.29 721,827.93 1,030,749,516.52 609.621.828.27 696.729.973.63 652,092,468 36 679.153.921.56 548,669,221.67 744,251,291.52 675,971,607.10 691.551.673.28 630,278,167.58 662,345,079.70 1,066,634,827.46 545, 340, 713.98 474.532.826.57 524.470.974.28 954,230,145.95 555,397,755.92 568,887,009.38 452.754.577.06 525,844,177.66 664,282,724.76 632,161,408.84 648.374.632.63 765.821.305.06 2,675,918.19 *2,070.73 *3,396.18 *18,228.35 *3,047.80 12,691.40 *1,500.00 47,097.65 7,997.64 ”*73l'.ii $9,720,136.29 11,872,076,248.83 $485,224.45 204,259,220.83 13,259,392,976.59 25,336,213,670.70 2,714,730.71 unavailable, and since recovered and charged to his account. 131 STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, JUNE 30, FROM Year. War. Navy. Indians. Pensions. Miscellaneous. 1791 S632, 804.03 127,000.00 $1^5,813.88 $1,083,971.61 1792 1,100,702.09 13,648.85 109,243.15 4,672,664.38 511,451.01 1793 1,130,249.08 27,282.83 80,087.81 1794 2,639,097.59 S61, 408.97 13,012.46 81,399.24 750,350.74 1795 2,480.910.13 410,562.03 23,475.68 08,673.22 1,378,920.60 1796 1,260,203.84 274,781.04 113,563.98 100,843.71 801,847.58 1797 1,039,402.46 382,631.89 62,396.58 92,256.97 1,259,422.62 1798 2,009,522.30 1,381,347.76 16,470.09 104,845.33 1,139,524.94 1799 2,466,946.98 2,858,081.84 20,302.19 95,444.03 1,039,391.68 1800 2,560,878.77 3,448,716.03 31.22 64,130.73 1,337,613.22 1801 1,672,944.08 2,111,424.00 9,000.00 73,533.37 1,114,768.45 1802 1,179,148.25 915,561.87 94,000.00 85,440.39 1,462,929.40 1803 822,055.85 1,215,230.53 60,000.00 62,902.10 1,842,635.76 1804 875,423.93 1,189,832.75 110,500.00 80,092.80 2,191,009.43 1805 712,781.28 1,597,500.00 196,500.00 81,854.59 3,768,598.75 1806 1,224,355.38 1,649,041.44 234,200.00 81,875.53 2,890,137.01 1807 1,288,085.91 1,722,064.47 205,425.00 70,500.00 1,697,897.51 1808 2,900,8:34.40 1,884,067.80 213,575.00 82,576.04 1,423,285.61 18119 3,345,772.17 2,427,758.80 337,503.84 87,833.54 1,215,803.79 1810 2,294,323.94 1,654,244.20 177,625.00 83,744.16 1,101,144.98 1811 2,032,828.19 1,965,566.39 151,875.00 75,043.88 1,367,291.40 1812 11,817,798.24 3,959,365.15 277,845.00 91 ,402.10 1,683,088.21 1813 19,652,013.02 6,446,600.10 167,358.28 86,989.91 1,729,435.61 1814 20,350,806.86 7,311,290.60 167,394.86 90,164.36 2,208,029.70 1815 14,794,294.22 8,660,000.25 530,750.00 69,656.06 2,898,870.47 1816 16,012,096.80 3,908,278.30 274,512.16 188,804.15 2,989,741.17 1817 8,004,236.53 3,314,598.49 319,463.71 297,374.43 3,518,936.76 1818 5,662,715.10 2,953,695.00 505,704.27 890,719.90 3,835,839.51 1819 6,506,300.37 3,847,040.42 463,181.39 2,415,939.85 3,067,211.41 1820 2,630,392.31 4,387,990.00 315,750.01 3,208,376.31 2,592,021.94 1821 4,461,291.78 3,319,243.06 477,005.44 242,817.25 2,223,121.54 1822 3,111,981.48 2,224,458.98 575,007.41 1,948,199.40 1,907,996.24 1823 3,096,924.43 2,503,765.83 380,781.82 1,780,588.52 1,022,093.99 1824 3,340,939.85 2,904,581.56 429,987.90 1,499,326.59 7,155,308.81 1825 3,659,914.18 3,049,083.86 724,106.44 1,308,810.57 2,748,544.89 1826 3,943,194.37 4,218,902.45 743,447.83 1,556,593.83 2,000,177.79 1827 3,948,977.88 4,203,877.45 750,624.88 976,138.80 2,713,470.58 1828 4,145,544.56 3,918,786.44 705,084.24 850,573.57 3,076,052.04 1829 4,724,291.07 3,308,745.47 576,344.74 949,594.47 3,082,2:34.65 1830 4,767,128.88 3,239,428.63 622,262.47 1,363,297.31 3,237,410.04 1831 4,841,835.55 3,856,183.07' 930,738.04 1,170,065.14 3,004,646.10 1832 5,446,034.88 3,956,370.29 1,352,419.75 1,184,422.40 4,577,141.45 1833 6,704,019.10 3,901,356.75 1,802,980.93 4,589,152.40 5,716,245.93 1834 5,696,189.38 3,956,260.42 1,003,953.20 3,364,285.30 4,404,728.95 1835 5,759,156.89 3,864,939.06 1,706,444.48 1,954,711.32 4,229,698.53 1836.. . . 11,747,345.25 5,807,718.23 5,037,022.88 2,882,797.96 5,393,279.72 1837 13,682,730.80 6,646,914.53 4,348,036.19 2,672,102.45 9,883,370.27 1838 12,897,224.16 6,131,580.53 5,504,191.34 2,156,057.29 7,160,604.76 1839 8,916,995.80 6,182,294.25 2,528,917.28 3,142,750.51 5,725,990.89 1840 7,095,267.23 6,113,896.89 2,331,794.86 2,603,562.17 5,995,398.96 1841 8,801,610.21 6,001,076.97 2,514,837.12 2,388,434.51 0,490,881.45 1842 6,610,438.02 8,397,242.99 1,199,099.68 1,378,931.33 6,775,624.61 1843* 2,908,671.95 3,727,711.53 578,371.00 839,041.12 3,202,713.00 1844 5,218,183.66 6,498,199.11 1 ,256,532.39 2,032,008.99 5,645,183.80 1845 5,746,291.28 6,297,177.89 1,539,351.35 2,400,788.11 5,911,760.98 1846 10,413,370.58 6,455,013.92 1,027,693.64 1,811,097.56 0,711,283.89 1847 35,840,030.33 7,900,635.76 1,430,411.30 1,744,883.63 6,885,608.35 1848 27,688,334.21 9,408,476.02 1,252,296.81 1,227,496.48 5,050,851.25 1819 14,558,473.26 9,786,705.92 1,374,161.55 1,328,867.64 12,885,334.24 1850 9,687,024.58 7,904,724.66 8,880,581.38 1,663,591.47 1,866,886.02 16,043,733.36 1851 12,161,965.11 2,829,801.77 2,293,377.22 17,888,992.18 1852 8,521,506.19 8,918,842.10 3,043,570.04 2,401,858.78 17,504,171.45 1853 9,910,498.49 11,067,789.53 3,880,494.12 1,756,306.20 * For the 17,463,068.01 half year from 132 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843 AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED THAT TIME. Year. Net ordinary expenditures. Premiums. Interest. Public debt. Gross Expenditures. 1791 $1,919,589.52 $1,177,863.03 $699,984.23 $3,797,436.78 1792 5,896,258.47 2.373,611.28 693,050.25 8,962,920.00 1793 1,749,070.73 2,097,859.17 2,633,048.07 6,479,977.97 1794 3,545,299.00 2,752,523.04 2,743,771.13 9,041,593.17 1795 4,362,541.72 2,947,059.06 2,841,039.37 10,151,240.15 1796 2,551,303.15 3,239,347.68 2,577,126.01 8,367,776.84 1797 2,836,110.52 3,172,516.73 2,617,250.12 8,625,877.37 1798 4,651,710.42 2,955,875.90 976,032.09 8,583,618.41 1799 6,480,166.72 2,815,651.41 1,706,578.84 11,002,396.97 1800 7,411,369.97 3,402,601.04 1,138,563.11 11,952,534.12 1801 4,981,669.90 4,411,830.06 2,879,876.98 12,273,376.94 1802 3,737,079.91 4,239,172.16 5,294,235.24 13,270,487.31 1803 4,002,824.24 3,949,462.30 3,306,697.07 11,258,983.67 1804 4,452,858.91 4,185,043.74 3,977,206.07 12,615,113.72 1805 6,357,234.62 2,657,114.22 4,563,960.63 13,598,309.47 1806 6.080.209.36 3,368,968.26 572,018.64 15,021,196.26 1807 4.984,572.89 3,369,578.48 2,938,141.62 11,292,292.99 1808 6,504,338.85 2,557,074.23 7,701,288.96 10,762,702.04 1809 7,414,672.14 2,866,074.90 3,586,479.26 13,867,226.30 1810 5,311,082.28 3,163,671.09 4,835,241.12 13,309,994.49 1811 5,592,604.86 2,585,435.57 5,414,564.43 13,592,004.86 1812 17,829,498.70 2,451,272.57 1,998,349.88 22,279,121.15 1813 28,082,396.92 3,599,455.22 7,508,668.22 39,190,520.36 1814 30,127,686.38 4,593,239.04 3,307,304.90 38,028,230.32 1815 26,953,571.00 5,990,090.24 6,638,832.11 39,582,493.35 1816 23,373,432.58 7,822,923.34 17,048,139.59 48,244,495.51 1817 15,454,609.92 4,536,282.55 20,886,753.57 40,877,646.04 1818 13, SOS, 673.78 6,209,9.54.03 15,086,247.59 35,104,875.40 1819 16,300,273.44 5,211,730.56 2,492,195.73 24,004,199.73 1820 13,134,530.57 5,151,004.32 3,477,489.96 21,763,024.85 1821 10,723,479.07 5,120,073.79 3,241,019.83 19,090,572.69 1822 9,827,643.51 5,172,788.79 2,676,160.33 17,676,592.63 1823 9,784.154.59 4,922,475.40 607,541.01 15,314,171.00 1824 15,330, 144.71 4,943,557.93 11,624,835.83 31,808,538.47 1825 11.490,450.90 4,366,757.40 7,728,587.38 23,585,804.72 1826 13.062,316.27 3,975,542.95 7,065,539.24 24,103,398.46 1827 12,653,095.65 3,486,071.51 6,517.596.88 22,656,764.04 1828 13,296,041.45 3,098,800.60 9,064,637.47 25,459,479.52 1829 12,641,210.40 2,542,843.23 9,860,304.77 25,044,358.40 1830 13,229,533.33 1,912,574.93 9,443,173.29 24,585,281.55 1831 13,864,067.90 1,373,748.74 14,800,629.48 30,038,446.12 1832 16,516,388.77 772,561.50 17,067,747.79 34,356,698.06 1833 22,713,755.11 303,796.87 1,239,746.51 24,257,298.49 1834 18,425,417.25 202,152.98 5,974,412.21 24,601,982.44 1835 17,514,950.28 57,863.08 .328.20 17,573,141.56 1836 30,868,164.04 30,868,164.04 1837 37^3^14.24 21,822.91 37,265,037.15 1838 33^849^718.08 14,996.48 5,590,723.79 39,455,438.35 1839 26,496,948.73 399,833.89 10,718,153.53 37,614,936.15 1840 24,139,920.11 174,598.08 3,912,015.62 28,226,533.81 1841 26,196,840.29 284,977.55 5,315,712.19 31,797,530.03 1842 24,361,336.59 773,549.85 7,801,990.09 32,936,876.53 1843 * 11,256,508.60 523,583.91 338,012.64 12,118,105.15 1844 20,650.108.01 1,833,452.13 11,158,450.71 33,642,010.85 1845 21,895,369.61 $18,231.43 1,040,458.18 7,536,349.49 30,490,408.71 1846 26,418,459.59 842,723.27 371,100.04 27,632,282.90 1847 53,801,569.37 1,119,214.72 5,600,067.65 60,520,851.74 1848 45.227,454.77 2,390,765.88 13,036,922.54 60,655,143.19 1849 39,933,542.61 82,865.81 3,565,535.78 12,804,478.54 56,386,422.74 1850 37,165,990.09 3,782,393.03 3,656,335.14 44,604,718.26 1851 44,051,717.66 69,713.19 3,696,760.75 654,912.71 48,476,104.31 1852 40,389,954.56 170,063.42 4,000,297.80 2,152,293.05 46,712,608.83 1853 44,078,156.35 420,498.74 3,665,832.74 6,412,574.01 54,577,061.74 Balance in Treasury at the end of the year. $973,905.75 783,444.51 753,661.69 1.151.924.17 516,442.61 888.905.42 1,021,899.04 617.451.43 2.161.867.77 2.623.311.99 3.295.391.00 5,020,697.64 4,825,811.60 4,037,005.26 3.999.388.99 4.538.123.80 9,643,850.07 9,941,809.96 3.848.056.78 2,672,276.57 3.502.305.80 3.862.217.41 5.196.542.00 1,727,848.63 13,106,592.88 22, 033, 519.19 14,989,465.48 1.478.526.74 2,079,992.38 1,198,461.21 1,681,592.24 4.237.427.55 9.463.922.81 1,946,597.13 5,201,650.43 6.358.686.18 6,668,286.10 5.972.435.81 5.755.704.79 6.014.539.75 4,502,914.45 2.011.777.55 11.702.905.31 8.892.858.42 26,749,803.96 46,708,436.00 37,327,252.69 36,891,196.94 33.157.503.68 29,963,163.46 28.685.111.08 30.521.979.44 39,186,284.74 36,742,829.62 36,194,274.81 38,261,959.65 33,079,276.43 29.416.612.45 32.827.082.69 35.871.753.31 40,158.353.25 43,338,860.02 50.261.901.09 January 1, to June 30, 1843. 133 STATEMENT OF THE EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED Year. War. 1854. 1855 1850. 1857 1858 1859 1800. 1801 . 180-1. 1803. 1864. 1865. 1800. 1867. 1868. 1809 1870. 1871. 1871 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881 1882. 1883. 1881. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Total . . $11,722,282.87 14,048,074.07 16,903,160.51 19,159,150.87 25,079,121.63 23,154,720.53 16,472,202.72 23,001,530.67 389,173,562.29 603,314,411.82 090,391,048.60 1,030,690,400.06 283,154,676.06 3,568,038,312.28 *3,621,780.07 3,572,200,092.35 95.224.415.63 123,246,648.62 78,501,990:61 57,655,675.40 35,799,991.82 35,372,157.20 46,323,138.31 42.313.927.22 41,120,045.98 38.070.888.64 37,082,735.90 32.154.147.85 40.425.060.73 38.116.910.22 40,460,400.55 43,570,494.19 48,911,382.93 39,429,603.36 42,670,578.47 34.324.152.74 38.561.025.85 38,522,436.11 44.435.270.85 44,582,838.08 48,720,065.01 4,777,863,340.62 Navy. $10,790,096.32 13,327,095.11 14.074.834.64 12,651,094.61 14.053.264.64 14,690,927.90 11,514,649.83 12,387,156.52 42,640,353.09 63,261,235.31 85,704,903.74 122,617,434.07 43,285,662.00 717,551,816.39 *77,992.17 717,629,808.56 31,034,011.04 25,775,502.72 20,000,757.97 21,780,229.87 19,431,027.21 21,249,809.99 23.526.256.79 30,932,587.42 21,497,626.27 18,963,309.82 14.959.935.36 17.365.301.37 15,125,126.84 13.530.984.74 15,686,071.06 15,032,046.26 15,283,437.17 17,292,001.44 10,021,079.67 13.907.887.74 15.141.126.80 10,926,437.65 21,378,809.31 22,006,206.24 26,113,896.46 1,207,598,470.37 Indians. $1,550,339.55 2,772,990.78 2.644.263.97 4, 354, 418.87 4,978,266.18 3.490.534.53 2.991.121.54 2,805,481.17 2,327,948.37 3.152.032.70 2.629.975.97 5.059.360.71 3,295,729.32 103,369,211.42 *53,286.61 103,422,498.03 4.642.531.77 4,100,682.32 7,042,923.06 3,407,938.15 7,426,997.44 7.061.728.82 7,951,704.88 0,692,462.09 8.384.656.82 5.966.558.17 5,277,007.22 4.629.280.28 5.206.109.08 5.945.457.09 6.514.161.09 9,736,747.40 7,362,590.34 6.475.999.29 6,552,494.63 6.099.158.17 6.194.522.09 6,249,307.87 6.892.207.78 6,708,046.67 8,527,409.01 264,471,240.10 Pensions. $1,232,665.00 1,477,012.33 1,296,229.65 1,310,380.58 1,219,768.30 1,222,222.71 1,100,802.32 1,034,599.73 852,170.47 1,078,513.36 4,985,473.90 16,347,621.34 15,605,549.88 119,607,656.01 *9,737.87 119,617,393.88 20,936,551.71 23.782.386.78 28.470.021.78 28,340,202.17 34,443,894.88 28,533,402.70 29,359,426.80 29,038,414.60 29,456,216.22 28,257,395.69 27,963,752.27 27,137,019.08 35,121,482.39 50,777,174.4-1 50,059,279.62 61,345,193.95 66,012,573.64 55,429,228.00 56,102,267.49 63,404,804.03 75.029.101.79 80,288,508.77 87,024,779.11 106,936,855.07 124,415,951.40 1,373,889,938.50 Miscellaneous. $26,672,144.68 24,090,425.43 31 , r 94,038.87 28,565,498.77 26,400,010.42 23,797,544.40 27,977,978.30 23,327,287.69 21,385,862.59 23,198,382.37 27,572,216.87 42,989,383.10 40,613,114.17 643,604,554.33 *718,769.52 644,323,323.85 51,110,223.72 53,009,867.67 56.474.061.53 53.237.461.56 00,481,916.23 60,984,757.42 73,328,110.06 85,141,593.61 71.070.702.98 73,599,601.04 58.926.532.53 58.177.703.57 65.741.555.49 54,713,529.76 64,416,324.71 57.219.750.98 68,678,022.21 70,920,433.70 87,494,258.38 74,166,929.85 85,204,825.59 72,952,260.80 80,604,064.26 81.403.250.49 110,048,167.49 2,308,549,295.48 * Outstanding Note. — T his statement is made from warrants paid by the Treasurer up to warrants issued 134 STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.— Continued. i (H 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Net ordinary expenditures. 351.967.528.42 56,316,197.72 66,772,527.64 66.041.143.70 72,330,437.17 66,355, 950.07 60.056.754.71 62,616,055.78 456,379,896.81 694,004,575.56 811,288,676.14 1,217,704,199.28 385.954.731.43 Premiums. $2,877,818.69 872.047.39 385,372.90 363.572.39 574,443.08 1,717,900.11 58,476.51 5,152,771,550.43 *4,481,566.24 5,157,253,116.67 202,947,7:33.87 229,915,088.11 190,496,354.95 7,611,003.56 10,813,349.38 7.001.151.04 1.674.680.05 15,996,555.60 164,421,507.15 157,583,827.58 153,201,856.19 180,488.636.90 194,118,985.00 171.529.848.27 164.857.813.36 141.209.963.28 1:34,463,452.15 161,619,9:34.53 169,090,062.25 177.142.897.63 186,904,232.78 206.248.006.29 189,547,865.85 208.840.678.64 191,902,992 53 220,190,602.72 214,9:38.951.20 240,995,131.31 261,637,202.55 317.825.549.37 9,016,794.84 6,958,266.76 5,105,919.99 1,395,073.55 2,795,320,42 1,061,248.78 8,270,842.46 17,292,362.65 20,304,224.06 10,401,220.61 9,992,372,291.13 125,698,013.65 Interest. $3,070,926.69 2,314,464.99 1,953,822.37 1,593,265.23 1,652,055.67 1,637,649.70 3,144,120.94 4,034,157.30 13,190,344.84 24,729,700.62 53,685,412.69 77,395,090.30 133,067,624.91 502,689,519.27 *2,888.48 502,692,407.75 143,781,591.91 140.424.045.71 130,694,242.80 129.235.498.00 125,576,565.93 117.357.839.72 104,750,688.44 107,119,815.21 103,093,544.57 100,243,271.23 97,124,511.57 102,500,874.65 105.327.949.00 95,757,575.11 82,508,741.18 71,077,206.79 59.160.131.25 54,578.378.48 51.386.256.47 50,580,145.97 47.741.577.25 44.715.007.47 41.001,484.29 36,099,284.05 37,547,135.37 Public debt. $17,556,896.95 6,662,065.86 3,614,618.06 3,276,606.05 7,505,250.82 14,685,043.15 13.854.250.00 18.737.100.00 96,097,322.09 181,081,6:35.07 430,572,014.03 609,616,141.68 620,263,249.10 2,374,677,103.12 *100.31 2,374,677,203.43 735,536,980.11 692,549,685.88 261,912,718.31 393,254,282.13 399,503,670.65 405.007.307.54 233,699,352.58 422,065,060.23 407,377,492.48 449,345,272.80 323.965.424.05 353,676,944.90 699,445,809.16 432,590,280.41 165.152.335.05 271.646.299.55 590,083,829.96 260.520.690.50 211, 760, .353.43 205,216,709.36 271,901,321.15 249.760.258.05 318,922,412.85 312.206.367.50 365,352,470.87 2,682,075,770.18 11,807,130,532.43 Gross Expenditures. $75,473,170.75 66,164,775.96 72,726,341.57 71,274,587.37 82,062,186.74 83,678,042.92 77,055,125.65 85,387,313.08 565,667,563.74 899,815,911.25 295,541,114.86 1,906,433,331.37 1,139,344,081.95 8,037,749,176.38 *4,484,555.03 8,042,233,731.41 1,093,079,655.27 1,069,889,970.74 584.777.996.11 702,907,842.88 691.680.858.90 682.525.270.21 524.044.597.91 724.698,933.99 682,000,885.32 714.446,357.39 565.299.898.91 590,641,271.70 966,393,692.69 700,233,238.19 425,865,222.64 529.627.739.12 855,491,967.50 504,646,934.83 471,987,288.54 447,699,847.86 539.833.501.12 517,685,059.18 618,211,390.60 630,247,078.16 731.126.376.22 24,607,276,607.39 Balance in Treasury at the end of the year. $48,591,073.41 47,777,672.18 49,108,229.80 46,802,855.00 35,113,334.22 33,193,248.60 32,979,530.78 30,963,857.83 46,965.304.87 36,523,046.13 134,433,738.44 33,933,657.89 165,301,654.76 *4,484,555.03 160,817,099.73 198,076,537.09 158.936.082.87 183,781,985.76 177,604,116.51 138,019,122.15 134,666,001.85 159,293,673.41 178,833,339.54 172,804,061.32 149,909,377.21 214.887.645.88 286.591.453.88 386,832,588.65 231,940,064.44 280,607,668.37 275,450,903.53 374,189,081.98 424,941,403.07 521,794,026.26 526,848,755.46 512,851,434.36 659,449,099.94 673,399,118.18 691,527,403.70 726,222,332.60 warrants. June 30, 1866. The outstanding warrants are then added, and the statement is by from that date. 135 APPROPRIATIONS SANCTIONED BY CONGRESS, 1882-1892. Deficiencies Legislative, Executive and Judicial Sundry Civil Support of the Army. Naval Service Indian Service Rivers and Harbors. . . Forts & Fortifications Military Academy Post-Office Dept Pensions Consular & Diplomatic Agricultural Dept* District of Columbiat Miscellaneous Totals 1882. $5,110,862 17,797,398 22,011,223 26,687,800 14,566,0:38 4,587,867 11,451,300 575,000 322,435 2,152,258 68,282,307 1,191,435 335,500 3,379,571 1,128,006 $179,579,000 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. $9,853,869 20,322,908 25,425,479 27,032,099 14,903,559 5,219,604 18,988,875 375,000 335,557 1,902,178 116,000,000 1,256,655 427,280 3,496,060 5,888,994 $2,832,680 20,763,843 23,713,404 24,681,250 15,954,247 5,388,656 None 670,000 318,657 Indefinite. 86,575,000 1,296,255 405,640 3,505,495 1,806,439 $4,385,836 21,556,902 22,346,750 24,454,450 8,931,856 5,903,151 14,948,300 700,000 314,563 Indefinite. 20,810,000 1,225,140 480,190 3,594,256 7,800,004 $3,332,717 21,495,661 25,961,904 24,014,052 21,280,767 5,773,329 None. 725.000 309,902 Indefinite. 60,000,000 1,242,925 580,790 3,622,683 2,268,383 $13,572,883 20,809,781 22,656,658 23,753,057 16,489,557 5,561,263 14,464,900 59,877 297,805 Indefinite. 76,075,200 1,364,065 654,715 3,721,051 10,194,571 $251,428,117 $187,911,566 $137,451,398 $170,608,114 $209,659,383 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. Deficiencies Legislative, Executive $137,000 $21,190,996 $14,239,180 $34,137,737 $38,516,227 and Judicial 20,772,721 20,924,492 20,865,220 21,073,137 22,027,674 Sundry Civil 22,369,841 26.316,530 25,527,642 29,760,0.54 35,459,163 Support of the Army. 23,724,719 24,474,711 24,316,616 24,206,471 24,613,529 Naval Service 25,786,848 19,938,281 21,675,375 23,136,035 31,541,645 Indian Service 5,234,398 5,401,331 8,077,453 7,256,758 16,278,492 Rivers and Harbors. . . None. 22,397,616 None. 25,136,295 2,951,200 Forts & Fortifications. None. 3,972,000 1,233,594 4,232,935 3,774,803 Military Academy 419,937 315,044 902,767 435,296 402,070 Post-Office Dept Indefinite. Indefinite. Indefinite. Indefinite. Indefinite. Pensions 83,152,500 81,758,700 81,758,700 98,457,461 135,214,785 Consular & Diplomatic 1,429,942 1,428,465 1,980,025 1,710,725 1,656,925 Agricultural Dept* 1,028,730 1,715,826 5,056,679 1,669,770 1.796,502 3,028,153 District of Columbiat 4,284,592 5,682,410 5,762,236 5,597,125 Miscellaneous 4,694,635 10,129,502 10,186,689 10,620,840 2,721,283 Totals $193,035,861 $245,020,173 $218,115,440 $287,722,488 $323,783,079 * Previous to 1881 appropriations for the Agricultural Department were included in the Legislative, Executive and Judicial appropriations. t Previous to 1881 appropriations for the District of Columbia were included in the Sundry Civil expenses appropriations. 136 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. (FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS.) RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. Fiscal year 1891. The revenues of the government from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1891, were: From customs $219, 522, 205.23 From internal revenue 145,686,249.44 From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays 7,701,991.82 From sales of public lands 4,029,535.41 From fees — consular, letters-patent, and land 3,019,781.84 From sinking-fund for Pacific railways 2,326,359.37 From tax on national banks 1,236,042.60 From customs fees, fines, penalties, and forfeitures 966,121.82 From repayment of interest by Pacific railways 823,904.04 From sales of Indian lands ' 602,545.38 From Soldiers' Home, permanent fund 308,648.34 From tax on seal-skins 269,673.88 From immigrant fund 292,271.00 From sales of government property 259,379.05 From deposits for surveying public lands 131,422.80 From Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad Company 500,000.00 From sales of ordnance material 122,668.01 From sales of condemned naval vessels 78,037.36 From depredations on public lands 55,905.83 From the District of Columbia 2,853,897.74 From miscellaneous sources 1,825,806.35 From postal service 65,931,785.72 Total receipts $458,544,233.03 The expenditures for the same period were: For the civil establishment, including foreign intercourse, public build- ings, collecting the revenues, deficiency in postal revenues, rebate of tax on tobacco, refund of direct taxes, French spoliation claims. Dis- trict of Columbia, and other miscellaneous expenses $110,048,167.49 For the military establishment, including rivers and harbors, forts, ar- senals, and sea-coast defenses 48,720,065.01 For the naval establishment, including construction of new vessels, ma- chinery, armament, equipment, and improvement at navy -yards — 26,113,896.46 For Indian service 8,527,469.01 For pensions 124,415,951.40 For interest on the public debt 37,547,135.37 For postal service 65,931,785.72 Total expenditures $421,304,470.46 Leaving a surplus of $37,239,762.57 12b 137 138 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893, To this sum was added $54,207,975.75, deposited in the Treasury under the act of July 14, 1890, for the redemption of national hank notes; $9,363,- 715 deposited during the year on the same account; $3,810 received for four per cent, bonds issued for interest accrued on refunding certificates con- verted during the year, and $34,132,372.16 taken from the cash balance in the Treasury, makinga total of $134,947,635.48, which was applied to the pay- ment of the public debt, as follows: Redemption of Bonds, fractional currency, and notes for the sinking-fund, includ- ing $3,860,086.28 premium paid on bonds Loan of 1847 Loan of July and August, 1861 Loan of 1863 Loan of 1863, continued Five-twenties of 1862 Five-twenties of June, 1864 Consols of 1865 Consols of 1867 Consols of 1868 . . Ten-forties of 1864 Funded loan of 1881 Funded loan of 1881, continued Loan of 1882 Bounty land scrip Old demand, compound interest, and other notes National bank notes Purchase of — Funded loan of 1891 Funded loan of 1907 Premium on funded loan of 1891 Premium on funded loan of 1907 Total $47,866,197.65 300.00 21,100.00 100.00 300.00 150.00 10.650.00 15.850.00 35.450.00 20.050.00 11.500.00 5,000.00 7.800.00 60.200.00 100.00 5.055.00 23,553,298.50 30.286.150.00 26.507.250.00 1.35.99 6,540,998.34 $134,947,635.48 As compared with the fiscal year 1890, the receipts for 1891 have fallen off $5,418,847.52, as follows: Source. Increase. Decrease. Net decrease Postal service $5,049,687.80 3,079,5+3.63 500,000.00 483,794.85 230,257.23 118,212.52 112,185 47 82,301.71 77,096.89 67,255.06 50.807.00 44,766.81 20,053.46 19.108.01 7,173.88 266,859.66 Repayment of interest by Pacific railways. . . $10,146,379.34 2,515,252.43 2j328j7.37.10 196,730.03 179,885.43 129,118.85 65,283.98 42,365.92 24,198.42 Customs fines, penalties, etc Total $10,209,103.98 $15,627,951.50 $5,418,847.52 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891 - 1893 . 139 There was an increase of $57, 636, 198. 14 in the ordinaiy expenditures, as follows: Source. Increase. Decrease. Net increase CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT. Legislative — $436, 874.00 16.542.00 380.439.00 92.556.00 35.052.00 45.711.00 139.948.00 332.645.00 770.082.00 11,521,497.00 3.039.763.00 1.983.830.00 44.611.00 102.546.00 30. 052.00 87.688.00 433.872.00 476.4133.00 218.363.00 169.378.00 1.085.240.00 305.780.00 21.796.00 357.559.00 462.401.00 4.938.333.00 1,081,000.00 25.445.00 184.351.00 5,757.00 39.220.00 371.358.00 34.785.00 60.091.00 1.398.298.00 Department of State — Treasury Department — Salaries and expenses, internal revenue.. Repayment to importers excess of deposits Navy Department — Interior Department — Colleges for agricult're and mechanic arts Post-Office Department — Department of Agriculture — Department of Labor — Department of Justice — Executive Proper — 1 $11,648.00 41,909.00 6,465.00 2,024,373.00 District of Columbia — W ar Department— Post-Office Department — Postal Service $28,644,911.00 Total Civil Establishment $30,729,306.00 $2,084,395.00 MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. Pay of the Army $378,725.00 531.651.00 203.484.00 613.169.00 178j940.00 195.634.00 208.680.00 513.189.00 177.327.00 327.117.00 98.794.00 548.569.00 158.294.00 210.236.00 75.482.00 93,475.93 Pay and bounty claims . . . Transportation of the Army. Ordnance service Forts and fortifications Signal Service Official records of the rebellion Supplies taken by the Army (Bowman act). . $32,660.00 207,880.00 1.35,000.00 Relief of sufferers from flood Total Military Establishment $4,512,766.93 $375,540.00 $4,137,226.93 140 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891 - 1893 . Increase in Ordinary Expenditures.— Continued. Source. Increase. Decrease. Net increase NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. $60,478.00 3,777,394.00 76.297.00 648.992.00 279.043.00 91.960.00 8,792.00 27.327.00 100.619.00 72.060.00 47.774.00 165,270.22 $28,679.00 381.202.00 34,102.00 339.577.00 464.756.00 Pay of the Navy $5,356,006.22 $1,248,316.00 $4,107,690.22 1,819,422.34 17,479,096.33 1,447,851.32 $57,636,198.14 Fiscal year 1892. For the present fiscal year the revenues are estimated as follows: From customs $185,000,000.00 From internal revenue 152,000,000.00 From miscellaneous sources 25*000,000.00 From postal service 71,000,000.00 Total estimated revenues $433,000,000.00 The expenditures for the same period are estimated as follows: For the civil establishment $100,000,000.00 For the military establishment 46,000,000.00 For the naval establishment 32,000,000.00 For the Indian service 12,000,000.00 For pensions 125,000,000.00 For interest on the public debt 23,000,000.00 For postal service 71 ,000,000.00 Total estimated expenditures $400,000,00 0.00 Leaving an estimated surplus for the year of $24,000,000.00 The following is a statement of the probable condition of the Treasury at the close of the present fiscal year, June 30, 1892: Cash in the Treasury July 1, 1891, including gold reserve $153,893,809.83 Surplus for year, as above 24,000,000.00 Deposits during the year for redemption of national bank notes 3,000,000.0 0 Total amount available $180,893,808.83 Less — Redemption of national bank notes during the year. . $16,000,000.00 Redemption of bonds, interest notes, and fractional currency to November 1, 1891 20,911,163.00 Redemption of same items during remainder of year. 4,254,500.00 jg5 663 00 $139,728,145.83 Cash balance available June 30, 1892 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891 - 1893 , 141 Fiscal year 1893. It is estimated that the revenues of the government for the fiscal year 1893 will be: From customs $195,000,000.00 From internal revenue 158,000,000.00 From miscellaneous sources 2d, 000, 000.00 From postal service 80,336,350.44 Total estimated revenues $455,330,350.44 The estimates of appropriations required for the same period, as submitted by the several Executive Departments and offices, are as follows: Legislative establishment Executive establishment — Executive proper $143,850.00 State Department 166,510.00 Treasury Department 9,108,386.10 War Department 2,247,178.00 Navy Department 416,920.00 Interior Department 5,202,924.00 Post-Office Department 923,360.00 Department of Agriculture 3,360,995.50 Department of Justice 184,750.00 Department of Labor 175,470.00 Judicial establishment Foreign intercourse Military establishment . Naval establishment... Indian affairs Pensions Public Works — Legislative $1,041,885.00 Treasury Depart ment 3,125,479.95 War Department 13,208,393.00 Navy Department 828,985.05 Interior Department 290.665.00 Department of Justice 5,800.00 Miscellaneous- Legislative $3,076,141.86 State Department 3,000.00 Treasury Department 9,779,084.90 War Department 5,501,861.60 Interior Department 3,928,821.00 Department of Justice 4,765,787.60 District of Columbia 5.602,125.17 Postal service Permanent annual appropriations — Interest on the public debt $26,000,000.00 Refunding — customs, internal revenue, etc 17,431,200.00 Collecting revenue from customs 5,500,000.00 Miscellaneous 24,300,680.00 $3,492,089.95 $21,930,343.60 692,600.00 2,138,466.14 26,299,170.77 26,365,654.75 8,603,907.76 147,064,550.00 $18,501,208.00 $32,656,822.13 80,323,400.51 $73,231,880.00 Total estimated appropriations, exclusive of sinking-fund... $441,300,093.61 Or an estimated surplus of $14,036,256.83 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT SHOWING THE ITEMS OF RECEIPT AND EXPENDITURE IN THE FEDERAL OFFICES, ETC., FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 , 1891 . ( From the report of the First Auditor.) RECEIPTS. Accounts adjusted. Duties on merchandise and tonnage Fines, penalties, and forfeitures Marine hospital money collected Immigration fees Money received on account of deceased passengers Money received from sale of old material, public documents, etc Miscellaneous receipts Treasurer of the United States for moneys received Mint and assay offices Accounts of the collector of taxes for the District of Columbia for taxes collected by him and deposited Fees for copyrights Quarantine stations $198,599,088.42 132,169.05 5,970.69 275,021.95 860.00 158,617.48 750,432.98 666,965,384.93 113,154,195.88 4,950,971.95 24,788.86 109.00 Total $985,017,611.19 DISBURSEMENTS. Legislative. UNITED STATES SENATE. Compensation of President of the Senate $8,000.00 Salaries and mileage of Senators 464,120.24 Salaries, officers and employees 436,967.38 Contingent expenses: Stationery and newspapers 17,799.97 Horses and wagons 8,685.26 Fuel for heating apparatus 13,162.15 Furniture and repairs 14,524.50 Folding documents 12,884.94 Materials for folding 9,992.90 Packing-boxes 1,494.99 Expenses of Special and Select Committees 19,128.74 Miscellaneous items 62,924.90 Salaries of Capitol police 36,599.96 Reporting proceedings and debates 25,000.00 Compiling Congressional Directory 1,200.00 Postage 380.00 One month’s extra pay to officers and employees 41,102.15 Furniture, cleaning 535.86 Cleaning and sewing carpets 243.27 Payment to Hons. W. F. Sanders and Thomas C. Power 2,453.00 Payment to heirs of Hon. James B. Beck 5,000.00 Payment to W. B. Clarke, Senate 280.00 Payment to Martin Maginnis and William A. Clark 10,000.00 Payment to Ex-Senator George E. Spencer 6,543.38 Payment to Ex-Senator F. A. Sawyer 6,543.38 Payment to widow of Hon. E. K. Wilson 5,000.00 Payment to Charles H. Evans 500.00 Reimbursement to official reporter 6,000.00 142 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 143 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Salaries and mileage of members and delegates $1,964,915.74 Salaries, officers and employees 903,365.27 Contingent expenses: Stationery and newspapers 61,279.43 Fuel for heating apparatus 11,407.06 Furniture and repairs 13,872.00 Material for folding 16,657.58 Miscellaneous items 90,622.92 Packing boxes 3,587.00 Postage 225.00 Payment to widow of Hon. James N. Burnes 6,000.00 Payment to widow of Hon. W. D. Kelley .- 6,225.06 Payment to Hon. George A. Matthews 6,697.70 Payment to widow of Hon. Samuel J. Randall 4,501.70 Payment to widow of Hon. R. W. Townsend 10,691.46 Payment to widow of Hon. S. S. Cox 7,596.17 Payment to estate of Hon. James Laird 604.00 Payment to widow of Hon. E. J. Gay 9,904.37 Payment to widow of Hon. David Wilbur 4,974.99 Payment to widow of Hon. James P. Walker 3,593.76 Payment to Henry H. Smith 1,000.00 Payment to John'H. Rogers 500.00 Payment to George W. Rae 180.00 Payment to William W. Kelser 300.00 Reimbursement to official reporters to committees 1,500.00 Salaries, officers and employees — reporters 33,083.00 Rent of stables and carpenter shop 840.00 Miscellaneous 8,716.02 Compiling testimony in contested-election cases 2,500.00 Compiling tariff changes 2,000.00 Office of Public Printer. Public printing and binding 2,768,227.03 Public Printer — Miscellaneous. Relief of G. B. Kane & Co 517.60 Library of Congress. Salaries 78,505.55 Increase of library 5,815.02 Contingent expenses 1,244.35 Catalogue of library 2,068.10 One month’s extra pay in law department 327.20 Botanic Garden. Salaries 15,089.45 Improving Botanic Garden 4,341.99 Improving buildings 3,054.44 Court of Claims. Salaries, judges, etc 32,240.00 Reporting decisions 2.000.00 Contingent expenses 2,704.87 Payment of judgments 381,747.77 Legislative — Miscellaneous. Expenses of investigation concerning immigration 12,192.73 Expenses of contesting seat in Congress 84,749.30 Conveying votes of Presidential electors 522.75 Statement of appropriations 2,400.00 Executive . OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT. Salaries executive office 33,615.32 Contingent expenses 9236.04 Preventing the spread of epidemic diseases 3s’68o]88 144 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Civil Service Commission. Salaries $33,819.95 Traveling expenses 4,962.11 Contingent 3,521.20 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Salaries, office of — Secretary 585,524.11 Supervising Architect 11,150.00 First Comptroller 88,039.94 Second Comptroller 91,535.43 Second Comptroller, accounts of Soldiers’ Home 2,698.57 Commissioner of Customs 49,137.32 First Auditor 88,323.37 Second Auditor 240,566.59 Second Auditor, repairing rolls, bounty pay of Indians, soldiers, etc. 21,483.23 Second Auditor, accounts of Soldiers’ Home 0,113.53 Third Auditor 188,528.13 Fourth Auditor 68,831.95 Fifth Auditor 47,288.65 Sixth Auditor 531,822.48 Treasurer of the United States 269,299.54 Treasurer (national currency, reimbursable, permanent) 63,716.00 Register 173,583.43 Comptroller of the Currency 102,237.67 Examination of national banks' and bank plates 369.92 Salaries: Office of — Comptroller of Currency, national currency, reimbursable, permanent 16,317.36 Life-Saving Service 46,602.84 Lighthouse Board 35,150.79 Salaries: Bureau of — Navigation, Treasury Depart ment 31,689.76 Statistics 45,129.19 Collecting statistics relating to commerce 5,895.68 Salaries: Secret Service Division 12,701.36 Office of Supervising Surgeon-General, Marine-Hospital Service 31,747.40 Office of Supervising Inspector-General, Steamboat Inspection Ser- vice 12,671.77 Office of Standard Weights and Measures 2,320.45 Contingent expenses, Office Standard Weights and Measures 605.43 Salaries Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) 218,765.33 Contingent expenses Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent). . . . 42,536.21 Salaries and expenses of special inspectors, foreign steam vessels (permanent) 13,989.14 Treasury — Miscellaneous. Contingent expenses. Treasury Department: Stationery 80,072.12 Binding newspapers, etc 1,924.91 Investigation of accounts and traveling expenses 852.99 Freight, telegrams, etc 1,521.13 Rent 5,459.99 Horses, wagons, etc 3,983.86 Ice 2,550.03 File holders and cases 2,169.09 Fuel etc 8,090.95 Gas, etc 13,683.90 Carpets and repairs 2,823.82 Furniture, etc 9,859.63 Miscellaneous items 8,965.54 Contingent expenses, national currency, Treasurer’s Office, reimbursable (permanent) 21,799.14 Sealing and separating United States securities, 1890-’91 1,678.67 Distinctive paper for United States securities 23,108.31 Transportation of silver coin 48,580.57 Pay of assistant custodians and janitors 218,701.69 Fuel, lights, and water for public buildings 783,511.51 Furniture and repairs of same, public buildings 297,297.83 Inspector of furniture, etc 3,972.28 Heating apparatus for public buildings 86,291.19 Vaults, safes, and locks for public buildings 32,210.88 Plans for public buildings 4,454.40 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 145 Treasury — Miscellaneous. — Continued. Lands and other properties of the United States $33.50 Suppressing- counterfeiting and other crimes 58,520.03 Expenses Treasury notes 209,367.00 Interstate Commerce Commission 178,554.31 Decorating public buildings, New York City 0.00 Postage to postal-union countries 1,500.00 To promote the education of the blind (permanent ) 15,000.00 Outstanding Labilities (permanent) 33,933.13 Sinking fund, Pacific railroads (permanent) 5,419,063.78 Settled for appropriation 452.93 Miscellaneous accounts 0.00 Payment to E. F. Gobel .- 1,096.68 Damages to fishing schooner Lucy Ann 25.00 Repayment to importers, excess of deposit 71.45 Relief of Frank A. Lee 100.00 Payment for portrait of J. C. Spencer ... 500.00 Expenses World’s Columbian Exposition 124,053.97 Quarantine Service 61,522.47 Disposal of useless papers, Treasury and War Departments 1,193.76 Canceling United States securities and cutting distinctive paper 646.55 Payment to legal representatives of Samuel Hein 1,000.18 Additional compensation for services in connection with the issue of 3 per cent, bonds 80.33 Protecting salmon fisheries of Alaska . 498.57 Lease fur-seal islands 681.04 Statistics fur-seal islands 1,760.00 Refund to national banks 317.64 Payment of French spoliation claims 1,062,092.411 Relief to Tlios. J. Parker 40.89 Relief of Charles N. Felton 9,930.00 Credit in accounts of Treasurer United States at San Francisco for loss, etc 10,000.00 Customs. Expenses of collecting the revenue from customs 7,142,530.53 Detection and prevention of frauds upon the customs revenue 18,428.73 Excess of deposits 6,456,226.25 Debentures and drawbacks 4,950,334.80 Official emoluments 248,863.77 Expenses of immigration 166,150.04 Duties, etc., refunded 2,949,893.46 Additional pay to inspectors of customs 15,465.80 Miscellaneous accounts 10,286.28 Salaries of shipping service 59,734.16 Services to American vessels 24,811.91 Compensation in lieu of moieties 28,617.11 Expenses of local appraisers (quarterly meeting) 2,524.34 Prevention of obstructions, New York Harbor 67,480.16 Marine Hospital Service 791 ,657.40 Enforcement of alien contract labor law 50,912.68 Enforcement of Chinese exclusion acts 42,733.09 Salaries and traveling expenses of agents at the seal fisheries 10,953.35 Public debt ( permanent ). Interest i Consols of 1907 20,948,513.00 Funded loan of 1891 4,381,574.82 Pacific Railroad bonds 5,407,851.12 Coin coupons 4,424,601.12 Navy pension fund 420,000.00 Funded loan of 1881 476.48 Funded loan, continued 319.08 Funded loan, final dividend 58.83 Three per cent, loan, 1882 537.36 Loan of July and August, 1861, continued 8.75 Sixes of 1881, final payment 15.00 Miscellaneous securities: Spanish indemnity fund 28,500.00 Spanish indemnity unclaimed interest 98.15 146 AH INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Public debt (permanent).— Continued. Interest on District of Columbia securities: Three-sixty-five bonds $513,499.28 Three-sixty-five bonds, judgment cases 25,286.12 Water stock bonds 38,535.00 Old funded debt 461,993.25 Redemption of bonds retired : Funded loan of 1891 31,475,419.26 Funded loan of 1881 6,484.66 Funded loan of 1881, continued 12,857.10 Three per cent, loan, 1882 60,929.14 Ten-forties of 1864 11,956.47 Ten-forties of 1861 1,136.00 Five-twenties of 1862 967.72 Five-twenties of 1864 10,993.26 Loan of 1863 103.00 Loan of 1863, continued 302.73 Consols of 1865 4,663.44 Consols of 1867 41,278.73 Consols of 1868 20,059.88 Bounty land scrip 108.71 Loan of 1847 300.00 Redemption sinking fund: Funded loan of 1891 26,472,760.36 Three per cent, loan of 1882 6,344.76 Loan of 1863 103.00 Loan of July and August, 1861 978.50 Bonds purchased, circular: Funded loan of 1891 1,352,111.69 Consols, 1807 34,324,986.15 Bonds purchased, sinking fund: Funded loan of 1891 2,613,998.65 Consols, 1907 19,978,450.93 Redemption of bonds of District of Columbia: Old funded debt, sinking fund 45,853.37 Water stock bonds, sinking fund 28,357.50 Three-sixty-five bonds, sinking fund 243,916.91 Louisville and Portland Canal 1,330.00 Miscellaneous securities: Refunding certificates 15,904.80 Gold certificates, March 3, 1863 9,060.00 Gold certificates, July 12, 1882 38,025,000.00 Certificates of deposit, June 8, 1872 25,495,000.00 One-year notes 493.50 Two-year notes 275.00 Six per cent, compound interest notes 3,211.00 Seven-thirties, 1864-65 1,258.53 Circulating securities destroyed: Legal-tender notes 59,692,000.00 Fractional currency 3,818.65 Gold certificates 23,067,460.00 Silver certificates 58,745,249.00 Treasury notes 1,124,000.00 Old demand notes 410.00 Engraving and Printing. Salaries, Bureau of Engraving and Printing Compensation of employees Materials and miscellaneous expenses Plate printing Custody of dies, rolls, and plates Special witness of destruction of United States securities Portrait of the late James N. Burnes Portrait of the late Wm. D. Kelly Portrait of the late S. S. Cox Portrait of the late Samuel J. Randall Portrait of the late James B. Beck Portrait of the late Richard W. Townshend 21,525.23 420,103.00 246,234.40 679,442.18 7,734.15 1,950.00 291.00 825.00 868.30 818.00 821.00 685.00 ah interesting document. 14 ? Coast and Geodetic Survey. Salaries §248,150.81 Party expenses 150,572.80 Repairs of vessels 15,849.17 Publishing observations 1,071.07 General expenses 51,744.66 Alaska boundary survey 1,685.34 Revenue-Cutter Service. Expenses, Revenue-Cutter Service 951,798.04 Revenue vessels for South Atlantic coast 123,618.00 Revenue steamer for southern coast 7,607.81 Refuge station, Point Barrow, Alaska 2,507.89 Three months’ extra pay, Mexican War, Revenue Marine 96.00 Revenue Marine storehouse, Woods Holl, Mass Life-Saving Service. Life-Saving Service 859,777.92 Establishing life-saving stations 844.99 Lighthouse Establishment. Salaries, keepers of lighthouses 797,263.74 Supplies of lighthouses 469,311.93 Repairs of lighthouses 377,244.47 Expenses of light-vessels 346,491 .54 Expenses of buoyage 485,341.57 Expenses of fog signals 62,362.38 Inspecting lights 2,148.77 Lighting of rivers 292,690.97 Construction of light-stations, ships, and tenders 997,612.52 Miscellaneous lighthouse accounts 15,783.04 Public buildings. Treasury Building, Washington, D. C., repairs 18,665.89 Construction of court-houses and post-offices 3,058,426.91 Construction of custom-houses, etc 476,980.57 Construction of appraisers’ stores 586,948.84 Construction of marine hospitals 26,999.94 Construction of mints 470.00 Construction of United States jail 292.35 Construction of building for Bureau of Engraving and Printing 345.13 Construction of Government building for World’s Columbian Exposition. 1,359.73 Construction of vaults for storage of silver 25,256.20 Construction and repairs of buildings in Alaska 937.05 Construction of Cape Charles quarantine station 12,623.40 Construction of Delaware Breakwater quarantine station 34,021 .94 Construction of Key West quarantine station 3,039.03 Construction of Port Townsend quarantine station 30.00 Construction of San Diego quarantine station 595.60 Construction of South Atlantic quarantine station 19,511.05 Construction of San Francisco quarantine station 102,308.87 Removal of quarantine station from Ship Island 13,640.87 Improving Ellis Island, New York Harbor, for immigration purposes 66,954.15 Repairs and preservation of public buildings 155,673.31 Purchase of property southwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue southeast 275,000.00 Purchase of property northwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue northwest 138,000.00 Miscellaneous 1,422.55 Fish Commission. Propagation of food fishes 310,757.95 Fish hatcheries 34,431.04 Smithsonian Institution. North American Ethnology 32,157.85 Purchase of the Capron collection of Japanese works of art 10,000.00 Expenses of the Smithsonian Institution 42,180.00 Payment to the daughters of Joseph Henry 10,000.00 Perkins collection prehistoric copper implements 7,000.00 Duties on articles imported for National Museum 1,650.00 148 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Independent treasury. Salaries, office of assistant treasurer — Baltimore, Md $21,510.30 Boston, Mass 37,910.00 Chicago, 111 25,827.90 Cincinnati, Ohio 16,560.00 New Orleans, La 18,087.22 New York, N. Y 180,956.83 Philadelphia, Pa 36,346.24 Salaries, office of assistant treasurer— St. Louis, Mo 17,860.00 San Francisco, Cal 27,120.00 Salaries of special agents, independent treasury 5,828.43 Contingent expenses, independent treasury. . . .' 64,569.36 Treasurer’s general account of expenditures 649,350,442.09 Paper for checks and drafts, independent treasury 11,260.27 Mint and assay offices. Salaries, office of Director of the Mint 28,083.90 Contingent expenses, office of Director of Mint 8,649.81 Freight on bullion and coin 10,221.99 Salaries, wages, and contingent expenses of United States mints and as- say offices 1,115,534.66 Gold and silver bullion 104,174,770.66 Coinage of the standard silver dollar 137,780.23 Transportation of silver coins 48,580.57 Recoinage gold and silver coins 19,769.35 Recoinage of uncurrent fractional silver coins 16,034.66 Coinage of silver bullion 188,905.22 Parting and refining bullion 228,937.92 Manufacture of medals 1,678.25 Government in the Territories. Salaries of governors, etc., Territory of— Alaska 21,813.14 Anzona 13,550.85 Dakota 345.62 Idaho 7,560.66 Montana 519.23 New Mexico 28,747.97 Oklahoma 18,192.87 Utah 16,166.60 Wyoming 5,325.37 Legislative expenses 58,888.64 Contingent expenses 6,018.74 Compensation Utah Commission , . 25,000.00 Contingent expenses, Utah Commission 9,158.30 Compensation and expenses, officers of election, Utah 26,743.48 Expenses constitutional conventions, Territories 25,933.72 Public schools. Territory of Oklahoma 29,221.25 Repairs of old adobe palace, Santa F6 2,954.44 Expenses first legislative assembly, Territory of Oklahoma 37,770.39 Relief destitute citizens, Territory of Oklahoma 37,540.68 District of Columbia. 113,366.69 Salaries, contingent expenses, offices 42,003.81 933,152.72 . 409,425.66 Bridges 16,455.25 615,512.63 Buildings and grounds, public schools Metropolitan Police Fire department Telegraph and telephone service Health department 190,140.80 412,177.47 166,641.30 19,040.34 48,445.93 16,984.38 Washington Asylum Miscellaneous expenses Contingent and miscellaneous expenses Construction of county roads Permit work 52,440.30 13,952.65 18,050.35 49,601.31 190,615.17 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 149 District of Columbia. — Continued. Sewers $161,665.66 Completion of sewerage system .62 Examination of sewerage system 5,903.35 Hospital for the Insane 86,875.01 Transportation of paupers and prisoners 2,629.86 Relief of the poor. District of Columbia 25,187.60 Building, Washington Asylum 8,421.74 Building, Metropolitan Police 14,890.95 Building, fire department 7,362.18 Expenses of assessing real property 486.50 Militia 39,431.25 Emergency fund 1 372.84 Compilation of the laws of the District of Columbia 933.54 Writs of lunacy 1,976 43 Judgments 60,563.19 Payment of referees, Court of Claims, District of Columbia 2,060.00 Zoological Park 140,557.89 Industrial Home School 227.00 Board to consider the location of electric wires 4,466.94 Building for Central Dispensary and Emergency Hospital 100.62 Payment to William Forsythe for surveying 350.00 Support and medical treatment of the infirm poor .47 Employment for the poor, District of Columbia, filling up grounds 14.23 General expenses, District of Columbia, 1879 316.06 Water department 60,639.17 The District of Columbia, for increasing the water supply of Washington 71,628.69 Refunding taxes 16,308.48 Refunding water rent and taxes 1,121.84 Washington redemption fund 4,796.02 Washington special tax fund 1,607.94 Redemption of tax hen certificates 2,081 .87 Redemption of assessment certificates 214.70 Water supply 114,218.85 Guaranty fund 53,448.44 Deficiency in sale of bonds retained from contractors 3,078.65 Fireman’s relief fund 1,891.42 "Police relief fund 12,140.68 Redemption of Pennsylvania Avenue paving certificates 3.18 National Zoological Park 47,425.85 Rock Creek Park 9,432.98 Building, Reform School 1,489.19 Reform School 50,949.13 National Temperance Home 3,259.50 Children’s Hospital 7,376.06 Columbia Hospital for Women, etc 25,498.32 Washington Hospital for Foundlings 9,205.20 National Homeopathic Hospital 15,489.66 Women’s Christian Association 5,071.76 Association for Works of Mercy 8,752.50 St. Ann’s Infant Asylum. . 8,702.37 Industrial Home School 14,917.12 Building, House of the Good Shepherd 15,000.00 House of the Good Shepherd 2,246.34 National Association for Colored Women and Children 13,826.14 Building, St. Rose Industrial School 5,000.00 St. John's Church Orphanage 576.68 Building, German Orphanage Asylum Association 10,000.00 Education of feeble-minded children 4,943.25 Bridge across Eastern Branch Potomac River 14,693.35 Washington Aqueduct 16,093.20 WAR DEPARTMENT. Salaries, office of— Secretary 104,684.94 Record and Pension Division 674,328.40 Adjutant-General 345,187.54 Inspector-General 5,396.68 Judge- Advocate-General 14,225.12 Salaries, Signal Office 152,876.86 150 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. War Department. — Continued. Salaries, office of — Quartermaster-General $155,758.56 Commissary-General 41,714.50 Surgeon-General 267,146.28 Paymaster-General 42,646.02 Chief of Ordnance 44,694.15 Chief of Engineers 22,983.30 Publication of Records of the Rebellion 28,621.17 Stationery 35,827.54 Rent of building 3,750.00 Contingent expenses, War Department 62,634.23 Salaries of employees, public buildings and grounds, under Chief of Engineers 58,515.59 Postage to Postal Union countries 1,430.00 Public buildings and grounds. Buildings and grounds, Signal Office 419.50 Improvement and care of public grounds 60,221.83 Repairs, fuel, etc.. Executive Mansion 14,464.75 Lighting, etc., Executive Mansion 32,493.04 Repairs to water pipes and fire plugs 2,768.11 Telegraph to connect the Capitol, Departments, and Government Print- ing Office 1,172.42 Contingent expenses 442.59 War , civil, miscellaneous. Salaries, office of superintendent State, War, and Navy Department building 117,925.02 Fuel, lights, etc., State, War, and Navy Department building 43,199.32 Building for State, War, and Navy Department 7,758.42 Completion of the Washington Monument 1,015.61 Care and maintenance of the Washington Monument 10,925.70 Monument at Washington’s headquarters, Newburg, N. Y 31,888.43 Support and medical treat ment ol destitute patients 17,510.76 Maintenance of Garfield Hospital 18,112.12 Statue to the memory of General LaFayette and compatriots 38,586.64 Construction of building for Library of Congress 622,469.31 NAVY DEPARTMENT. Salaries: Office of Secretary Bureau of Yards and Docks Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting Bureau of Navigation Office of Naval Records of the Rebellion Nautical Almanac Office Hydrographic Office Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Nautical Almanac Office Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Hydrographic Office Salaries, Naval Observatory Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Naval Observatory Salaries: Bureau of — Ordnance Construction and Repair Steam Engineering Provisions and Ciothing Medicine and Surgery Salaries, office of Judge-Advocate-General, U. S. Navy Library, Navy Department Contingent Expenses, Navy Department 47,134.49 10.359.72 9,070.98 22,046.46 13,866.14 23.638.44 45.801.44 900.00 44,649.75 20,520.00 9,589.52 10,992.92 13,930.55 10.512.72 37,699.69 10.686.72 10,642.30 3,405.93 13,649.60 DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR. Salaries, office of the Secretary Publishing the Biennial Register Stationery Library, Department of the Interior Rent of buildings Postage to Postal Union countries Contingent expenses. Department of the Interior Expenses of special land inspectors, Department of the Interior Salaries, General Land Office 218,238.95 1,680.00 225,699.16 551.20 26,208.27 2,200.00 153,693.09 2,278.26 534,622.20 AST INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 151 Department of the Interior. — Continued. Expenses of Inspectors, General Land Office $4,188.62 Library, General Land Office 592.25 Maps of the United States 13,297.76 Transportation of reports and maps to foreign countries 144.35 Salaries: Indian Office 96,977.30 Pension Office — 890,182.55 Investigation of pension cases, Pension Office 309,799.60 Salaries special examiners. Pension Office 204,807.70 Investigation of pension cases, special examiners, Pension Office 173,793.46 Salaries: Patent Office ., 659,498.50 Bureau of Education 46,446.20 Library, Bureau of Education 431.74 Distributing documents. Bureau of Education 2,731.18 Collecting statistics, Bureau of Education 1,028.90 Salaries, office of Commissioner of Railroads 10,815.00 Traveling expenses, office of Commissioner of Railroads 2,249.60 Salaries, office of — Architect of Capitol 14,403.00 Geological Survey 34,644.60 Contingent expenses. Land Office 5,883.29 Public buildings and grounds. Repairs of building. Department of the Interior 6,430.43 Annual repairs of the Capitol 27,286.58 Improving the Capitol Grounds 16,355.37 Lightingthe Capitol Grounds 27,403.64 Capitol terraces 44,030.92 Fire-proof building for Pension Office 1,705.38 Ventilation, Senate wing, Capitol 34.47 Ventilation, House of Representatives 187.40 Ventilation, Supreme Court Room, Capitol 533.39 Electric-light plant, Senate 2,916.73 Elevator, House of Representatives 265.54 Steam boilers, Senate and House of Representatives 793.87 West elevator. Senate 3,452.00 Repairs Government Hospital for the Insane 10,443.40 Construction of Penitentiaries 37,029.85 Sundry Public Buildings 3,993.19 Reservoirs for drinking water, Capitol 110.50 Monument to commemorate Revolutionary Battle of Bennington 14,000.00 Beneficiaries. Current expenses: Government Hospital for the Insane 331,817.61 Government Hospital for the Insane, Buildings and Grounds 46,929.52 Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 67,660.59 Howard University 28,943.58 Howard University Buildings 3,400.10 Support of Freedmen’s Hospital and Asylum 88,893.11 Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Blind 6,575.00 Industrial Home, Utah 10,313.49 Interior — Miscellaneous. Distribution of Reports of the Supreme Court 2,280.00 Education of children in Alaska 41,605.16 Colleges for Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 1,129,000.00 Relief of Alice E. Robertson 2,800.00 Salaries and expenses Supreme Court Reporter 8,400.00 Public land Service. Depredations on public timber 78,077.15 Protecting public lands 86,840.71 Settlement of claims for swamp lands, etc 12,514.48 Reproducing plats of surveys, General Land Office 2,080.72 Transcripts of records and plats 12,129.75 Preservation of abandoned military reservations 525.01 Appraisement and sale of abandoned military reservations 1,115.00 152 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Surveying public lands. Surveying the public lands . . _ Geological Survey Geological maps of the United States Protection and improvement of Hot Springs, Ark Water and ground rents, Hot Springs. Ark Revenues, Yellowstone National Park Department of Labor. Salaries Library Stationery Postage to Postal U nion countries Rent M iscellaneous expenses Contingent expenses Investigation of Industrial and Technical school systems of the United States and Foreign countries $15,329.59 582,221.43 27,658.30 18,703.66 18,703.65 1,397.10 48,878.55 728.50 206.28 300.00 4,889.73 27,197.57 1,155.37 383.50 POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Salaries. 731,852.27 Deficiency in the postal revenues 4 ? 741 727.08 Post-office— Miscellaneous. Relief of F. A. Kendig 3,538.59 Payment to M. M. Lynch 10165 Payment to C. K. Lounsberry 380 55 Relief of J. H. Smith 407.82 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Salaries 220,668.20 Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry 285,834.30 Quarantine stations for neat cattle 12|574il3 Collecting agricultural statistics 77’46R53 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds 109’l22]84 Experimental garden 25, 370^57 Laboratory 19,200.04 Museum 1,539.07 Library 2,890.81 Experiments in the manufacture of sugar 20,902.32 Botanical investigation and experiments 52,496.53 Pomological information 3,473.43 Materials, document and folding room 1,060.30 Vegetable pathological investigations and experiments 11,121.86 Illustrations and engravings 1,304.93 Location for artesian wells 17,426.22 Irrigation investigations 15,669.43 Investigating the adulteration of food 1,007.63 Investigations in ornithology and mammalogy 9,337.05 Agricultural experiment stations 14,438.37 Agricultural experiment stations in -the various states 826,000.06 Furniture, etc 12,476.54 Investigating history, etc., of insects 23,155.32 Report on forestry 7,160.49 Silk culture 16.646.75 Postage 5,218.00 Contingent expenses 18,529.58 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Salaries 182,944.14 Contingent expenses: Furniture and repairs 1 ,094.98 Books for Department library 1,764.64 Books for office of Solicitor 612.36 Stationery 1,677.16 Miscellaneous items 7,243.95 Transportation 1,533.15 Building 18.10 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 153 Miscellaneous. Salary, warden of jail. District of Columbia $1,692.36 Expenses of Territorial courts in Utah 100,538.10 Salaries of employees court-house, Washington, D. C 12,274.40 Defense in French spoliation claims 3,566.99 Defending suits in claims against the United States 19,140.25 Punishing violations of intercourse acts and frauds 4,851.96 Prosecution of crimes . . 27,869.83 Expenses settling title to Greer Co., claimed by Texas. 240.35 Defending suits in claims against the District of Columbia 205.25 Payment for legal services rendered to U. S. Government. 7,785.00 Oil portraits of Chief Justices Rutledge, Ellsworth, and Waite 1,500.00 Traveling expenses, Territory of Alaska 190.00 Digest of opinions, Attorney-General -. 1,500.00 Rent and incidental expenses, office of marshal of Alaska 1,133.60 Repayment of excess of deposits 496.00 Payments of judgments United States courts 51,367.09 Judicial. Salaries: Justices, etc., Supreme Court 105,524.27 Circuit judges 59,399.97 District judges 288,567.90 Judge United States court, Indian Territory 288.50 Retired judges 39,687.25 Salaries and expenses, Circuit Court of Appeals 817.31 District attorneys 19,610.08 Regular assistant district attorneys 103,802.21 District marshals 13,386.20 Justices and judges supreme court. District of Columbia 24,500.00 United States Courts. Fees and expenses of marshals 1,362,104.61 Fees of district attorneys 417,374.74 Special compensation of district attorneys United States courts 19,240.70 Pay of assistant attorneys 64,219.63 Fees of— Clerks 305,598.98 Commissioners 197,534.49 Jurors 747,897.44 Witnesses 1,264,599.10 Support of prisoners 522,135.80 Rent of court-rooms 89,291.54 Miscellaneous expenses 263,710.35 Fees of supervisors of elections 502,283.26 Fines and forfeitures 18,812.99 Judicial emoluments 1,088,099.87 Fines, etc., district court, Alaska 25,745.60 Pay of bailiffs 222,072.81 Total disbursements $1,201,513,909,85 Grand total, receipts and disbursements $2,186,531,521.04 PUBLIC DEBT DIVISION. [Audits all Accounts for Payment of Interest on the Public Debt, both Registered Stock and Coupon Bonds, Interest on District of Columbia Bonds, Pacific Railroad Bonds, Louisville and Portland Canal Bonds, Navy Pension Fund, Redemption of United States and District of Columbia Bonds, Redemption of Coin and Currency Certificates, Old Notes and Bounty Scrip, and Accounts for Notes and Fractional Currency destroyed.] Interest on United States securities $35,583,955.56 Miscellaneous securities 28,598.15 Interest on District of Columbia securities 1,039,313.65 Redemption of U. S. bonds— retired 31,643,560.10 Redemption of U. S. bonds — sinking fund 26,480,186.62 U. S. bonds purchased — circular 35,677,097.84 U. S. bonds purchased— sinking fund 22,592,449.58 Redemption of bonds. District of Columbia 319,457.78 Miscellaneous securities of the United States 63,550,203.72 U. S. circulating securities destroyed 142,632,937.65 Total $359,547,760.65 13b POPULATION, NET REVENUE, AND NET EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERN- MENT FROM 1837 TO JUNE 30, 1891, AND PER CAPITA OF THE REV- ENUES AND PER CAPITA OF EXPENDITURES. Year. Population. Net revenue. Per capi- ta on rev- enue. Net expenses. Perc’p'ta on ex- pen ’t’res. 1837 15,655,000 $24,954,153.00 $1.59 $37,243,496.00 $2.38 1838 16,112,000 26,302,562.00 1.63 33,865,059.00 2.10 1839 16,584,000 31,482,750.00 1.90 26,899,128.00 1.62 1840 17,069,453 19,480,115.00 1.14 24,317,579.00 1.42 1841 17,591,000 16,860,160.00 .96 26,565,873.00 1.51 1842 18,132,000 19,976,197.00 1.10 25,205,761 .00 1.39 1843 (6 months) 18,694,000 8,302,702.00 .89 11,858,075.00 1.27 1844 19,276,000 29,321,374.00 1.62 22,337,571.00 1.16 1845 19,878,000 29,970,106.00 1.51 22,937,408.00 1.15 1846 20,500,000 29,699,968.00 1.45 27,766,925.00 1.35 1847 21,143,000 26,495,769.00 1.25 57,281,412.00 2.71 1848 21,805,000 35,735,779.00 1.64 45,377,225.00 2.08 1849 22,489,000 31,208,143.00 1.39 45,051,657.00 2.00 1850 23,191,876 43,603,439.00 1.88 39,543,492.00 1.71 1851 23,995,000 52,559,304.00 2.19 47,709,017.00 1.99 1852 24,802,050 49,846,816.00 2.01 44,194,919.00 1.78 1853 25,615,000 61,587,054.00 2.40 48,184,111.00 1.88 1854 26,433,000 73,800,341.00 2.79 58,044,862.00 2.20 1855 27,256,000 65,350,575.00 2.40 59,742,668.60 2.19 1856 28,083,000 74,056,699.00 2.64 69,571,026.00 2.48 1857 28,910,000 68,965,313.00 2.38 67,795,708.00 2.34 1858 29,753,000 46,655,366.00 1.57 74,185,270.00 2.49 1859 30,596,000 53,486,466.00 1.75 69,070,977.00 2.26 1860 31,443,321 56,064,608.00 1.78 63,130,598.00 2.01 1861 32,064,000 41,509,930.00 1.29 66,546,645.00 2.08 1862 32,704,000 51,987,455.00 1.59 474,761,819.00 14.52 1863 33,365,000 112,697,291.00 3.38 714,740,725.00 21.42 1864 34,046,000 264,626,772.00 7.77 865,322,642.00 25.42 1865 34,748,000 333,714,605.00 9.60 1,297,555,224.00 37.34 1866 35,469,000 558,032,620.00 15.73 520,809,417.00 14.68 1867 36,211,000 490,634,010.00 13.55 357, 542, 675.00 9.87 1868 36,973,000 405,038,083.00 10.97 377,340,285.00 10.21 1869 37,756,000 370,943,747.00 9.82 322,865,278.00 8.55 1870 38,558,371 411,255,478.00 10.67 309,653,561.00 8.03 1871 39,555,000 383,323,945.00 9.69 292,177,188.00 7.39 1872 40,596,000 374,106,868.00 9.22 277,517,963.00 6.84 1873 41,677,000 333,738,205.00 8.01 290,345,245.00 6.97 1874 42,796,000 304,978,755.00 7.13 302,633,873.00 7.07 1875 43,951,000 288,000,051.00 6.55 274,623,393.00 6.25 1876 45,137,000 294,095,865.00 6.52 265,101,085.00 5.87 1877 46,353,000 281,406,419.00 6.07 241,334,475.00 5.21 1878 47,598,000 257,763,879.00 5.42 236,964,327.00 4.98 1879 48,806,000 273,827,184.00 5.60 266,947,884.00 5.10 1880 50,155,783 333,526,611.00 6.65 267,642,958.00 5.34 1881 51,316,000 360,782,293.00 7.00 260,712,888.00 5.08 1882 52,495,000 403,525,250.00 7.68 257,981,440.00 4.91 1883 53,693,000 398,287,582.00 7.41 265,408,138.00 4.94 1884 54,911,000 348,519,870.00 6.36 244,126,244.00 4.44 1885 56,148,000 323,690,706.00 5.76 260,226,935.00 4.63 1886 57,404,000 336,439,727.00 5.86 242,483,138.00 4.22 1887 58,680,000 371,403,277.00 6.33 267,932,179.00 4.56 1888 59, 974. (XX) 379,266,075.00 6.32 *267,924,801.00 4.46 1889 01,289,000 387,050,059.00 6.31 +299,288,978.00 4.88 1890 02,022,250 403,080,982.00 6.43 J318, 040, 710.00 §365,774,081.00 5.07 1891 03,975,000 450,184,1:38.00 7.13 5.71 *This includes $8,270,812.40 of “ premiums on purchase of bonds.” tThis includes $17,292,362.05 of “ premiums on purchase of bonds.” JThis includes $20,304,224.00 of “ premiums on purchase of bonds.” §This includes $10,401,220.01 of “ premiums on purchase of bonds.” Note. — This statement has been revised and corrected according to the census report of 1890. 154 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF CUSTOMS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. States and Terri- tories. Alabama Alaska Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Colum bia Florida. Georgia . Illinois. . Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi. Missouri Montana and Idaho Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . . Ohio Oregon Receipts. $13,458.92 3,255.17 35,621.97 8.032.422.62 110,514.43 475,992.21 30,400.00 16,268.61 80,766.39 1,221,558.27 75,790.11 5,786,811.65 156,279.77 13,484.61 275,035.83 2,086,483.79 607,025.73 3,712,217.38 18.200,051.70 837,580.94 337,432.30 5,990.74 1.699.096.62 30,613.04 99,838.42 64,145.99 18,999.37 149,862,184.67 21,377.10 1,477,941.32 650,395.36 Expendi- tures. $10,837.44 13,293.80 22,470.38 399.153.06 7,460.49 36,187.96 2.S91.60 7.240.38 10,864.52 115,531.99 24,539.54 137,124.29 10,161.05 1,061.46 22,871.74 218,373.17 114,732.34 276,691.15 697,143.85 133,930.47 37,945.92 5,863.11 65,108.19 3,936.41 6,513.73 5.985.39 13,122.02 3,085.897.20 8,912.53 101,182.12 87,753.94 States and Terri- tories. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Washington Wisconsin Amount paid by disbursing agent for sala- ries, etc Contingent e x - penses and fees in customs cases Transportation. . . M isc e 11 an eous (rent, station- ery, etc.) Deduct excess of repayment at Sandusky, Ohio. Total receipts and total net expendi- tures Receipts. $21,052,881.52 329,115.09 33,897.27 57,362.86 679,854.99 767,748.26 22,710.04 148.294.70 148.094.71 392,219.76 219,522,205.23 Expendi- tures. $505,874.27 21,035.87 18,994.26 7,668.17 161,303.19 86,4112.60 30,426.08 1,159.46 55,288.82 19,309.44 295,730.15 23,138.21 508.17 53,420.25 6,965,070.18 703.09 6,964,367.09 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF INTERNAL REVENUE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. States and Terri- tories. Receipts. Expendi' tures. States and Terri- tories. Receipts. Expendi- tures. Alabama Arkansas California . Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota $93,328.00 97,456.83 2,065,972.08 295,622.43 955,119.94 485,789.83 574,733.00 38,345,572.92 6.474,040.14 432,431.60 193,156.71 15,810.485.26 644,809.35 3,060,113.80 2,314,575.93 2,207,558.90 2,733,568.95 525.00 7,661,372.17 $21,135.23 28.865.27 87,179.94 20,66^.74 35,575.19 15,848.92 98.761.28 213,288.97 72.876.79 29,912.71 18,130.85 599,792.65 32,053.68 97,979.49 56,903.14 39,306.24 31,780.21 Montana Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina. . Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia. . . Wisconsin Miscellaneous Total $151,966.29 3,230,163.64 460,106.66 4,091,290.62 36,491.65 16,554,0:34.67 2,478,434.24 14.365.286.27 324,257.24 10.307.969.28 69,7:32.21 1,276,712.86 223,609.58 3,206,967.37 834,784.33 3,007,977.73 231.96 $21,069.99 42,982.60 17,693.26 53,1:34.42 11,100.15 235,723.22 311,601.96 157,655.71 19,509.48 275,418.98 27,609.70 111,206.66 :34, 466.84 122,044.53 31,483.72 50.547.S2 887,815.60 Missouri 92,965.55 145,686,249.44 4,003,485.65 155 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS, 1891. The value of our foreign commerce — imports and exports of merchandise — during the last fiscal year was greater than for any previous year. It amounted to $1,729,397,006, as against $1,647,139,093 during the fiscal year 1890, an increase of $82,257,913. The value of imports of merchandise also during the last fiscal year was the largest in the history of our commerce, amounting to $844,916,196, as against $789,310,409 during the fiscal year 1890, an increase of $55,605,787. The value of the exports of merchandise during the same period was $884,480,810, as against $857,828,684 for the previous fiscal year, 1890, an increase of $26,652,126. The exports exceeded the imports of merchandise $39,564,614. The value of the imports and exports of merchandise and specie during the last four years ending June 30, has been as follows : Merchandise. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Exports — $683,802,104 12,092,403 $730,282,609 12,118,766 $845,293,828 12,534,856 $872,270,283 12,210,527 Foreign Total .*. 695,954,507 723,957,114 742,401,375 745,131,652 857,828,684 789,310,409 884,480,810 844,916,196 Imports 68,518,275 39,564,614 28,002,607 2,730,277 Specie. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. • Exports — Gold $18,376,234 28,037,949 $59,952,285 36,689,248 $17,274,491 34,873,929 $86,362,654 22,590,988 Total 46,414,183 96,641 ,5.33 52,148,420 108,953,642 Imports — Gold 43,934,317 15,403,669 10,284,858 18,678,215 12,943,342 21,032,984 18,232,567 18,026,880 Total 59,337,986 28,963,073 67,678,460 33, 976, 326 18,172,094 72,699,447 36,254,195 12,923,803 The above table does not include gold and silver contained in ores and copper matte, as follows : Exports. Imports. Excess of imports. $100,226 942,563 $283,545 8,252,036 $183,319 7,309,473 156 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 157 The following table shows the distribution of our commerce by leading countries and grand divisions of the globe, during the year ending June 30, 1891. Countries and grand divisions. Exports. Imports. Total ex- ports and imports. Excess of exports + or of imports — . Domestic Foreign. Total. COUNTRIES. Great Britain & Irel’d. Germany France Belgium Italy Netherlands British North Ameri- can possessions Mexico West Indies Brazil China British East Indies Japan All other countries Total GRAND DIVISIONS. Europe North America South America Asia and Oceanica Africa All other countries Total Dollars. 441,599,807 91,684,981 59,826,739 26,694,150 15,927,274 23,816,814 37,345,515 14,199,080 33,416,178 14,049,273 8,700,308 4,399,544 4,800,650 95,809,970 Dollars. 3,814,219 1,110,475 866,451 846,274 119,651 297,163 2,098,240 770,540 1,043,273 70,973 700 559 7,043 1,164,966 Dollars. 445,414,026 92,795,456 60,693,190 27,540,424 16,046,925 24,113,977 39,443,755 14,969,620 34,459,451 14,120,246 8,701,008 4,400,103 4,807,693 96,974,936 Dollars. 194,723,262 97,316,383 76,688,995 10,945,672 21,678,208 12,422,174 39,434,535 27,295,992 86,461,705 83,230,595 19,321,850 23,356,989 19,309,198 132,730,638 Dollars. 640,137,288 190,111,839 137,382,185 38,486,096 37,725,133 36,536,151 78,878,290 42,265,612 120,921,156 97,350,841 28,022,858 27,757,092 24,116,891 229,705,574 Dollars. +250,690,764 — 4,520.927 — 15,995,805 + 16,594,752 — 5,631,283 + 11,691,803 + 9,220 — 12,326,372 — 32,002,254 — 69,110,349 — 10,620,842 — 18,956,886 — 14.501,505 — 35,755,702 872,270,283 12,210,527 884,480,810 844,916,196 1,729,397,006 + 39,564,614 697,614,106 92,388,252 33,226,401 43,813,519 4,7:38,847 489,158 7,183,941 4,160,877 481,889 361,590 19,050 3,180 704,798,047 96,549,129 33,708,290 44,175.109 4,757,897 492,338 459,305,372 163,226,079 118,736,668 97,893,356 4,207,146 1,547,575 1,164,103,419 259,775,208 152,444,958 142,068,465 8,965,043 2,039,913 +245,492,675 — 66,676,950 — 85,028,378 — 53,718,247 + 550,751 — 1,055,237 872,270,283 12,210,527 884,480,810 844,916,196 1,729,397,006 + 39.564,614 It will be observed that the value of our total trade in merchandise with Great Britain and Ireland amounted to $640,137,288, of which the value of. •exports was $445,414,026, and the value of imports $194,723,262, showing an excess in the exports of $250,690,764. Our import and export trade with Great Britain and Ireland forms 37 per cent, of such trade with all nations, and about 55 per cent, of such trade with all Europe. Our trade with North America, including the West Indies, stands next in value, followed by that with South America, and that with Asia and Oceanica. Our trade with Germany showed an excess of imports of $4,520,927 ; with France, of $15,995,805. In our local trade with Europe the excess of exports over imports was $245,492,675. Our commerce in merchandise with North America, including Mexico, Central Am erica, and West Indies, amounted to $259,775,208, of which the value of the imports was $163,226,079, and of the exports $96,549,129, an excess of imports of $66,676,950; but if our export trade by land carriage with Mexico and Canada had been correctly ascertained by means of an adequate law for that purpose, it Is estimated that our imports with North America would appear upwards of $290,000,000, and leave an excess of im- ports of less than $36,000,000, instead of $66,000,000, as now appears. Our total trade with South America in merchandise amounted to $152,- 444,958, of which the value of the imports was $118,736,668, and of the ex- ports $33,708,290, an excess of imports of $85,028,378. 158 IMPORTS AH]) EXPORTS. VALUES OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE OF THE UNITED STATES CARRIED IN CARS AND OTHER LAND VEHICLES DURING EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM 1871 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. Year ending June 30— Imports and exports in cars and other land vehicles. Year ending June 30 — Imports and exports in cars and other land vehicles. 1871 $22,985,510 27,050,770 27,809,978 23,022,540 20,388,235 18,473,154 17,404,810 20,477,304 19,423,085 20,981,393 . 25,452,521 1882 $34,973,317 48,092,892 40,714,008 45,332,775 43,700,350 48,951,725 54,356,827 66,664,378 73,571,263 72,856,194 1872 1883 1873 1884 1874 1885 3875 1886. . . . 1876 1887 1877 1888 1878 3889 1879 1890 1880 1891.. . 1881 Exports. The total value of exports of domestic merchandise was $872,270,283, an increase of $26,976,455 over the exports of the preceding fiscal year, 1890, and was greater than that of any year except 1881. The material increase or decrease in value of the principal articles of do- mestic exports was as follows : Increase in — . Cotton, unmanufactured $39,744,106 Sugar, refined 4,237,360 Cotton manufactures 3,605,580 Iron and steel, and manufactures of 3,367,406 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products 2,752,965 Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore 2,265,205 Coal 1,534,938 Mineral oil, refined 1,491,428 Paraffine and paraffine wax 1,305,940 Hops 1,216,903 Copper ore 1,207,657 Decrease in — Breadstuff s $26, 804, 27 1 Wood, and manufactures of 2,004,489 Ore, gold and silver bearing 1,939,434 Fruits, including nuts 1,624,754 Furs and fur skins 1,425,229 Vegetable oils 1,369,505 Fish 1,044,205 There was an increase in the value of domestic exports to — France $10,813,735 Germany 7,369,766 China 5,756,518 Brazil : 2,146,777 Spain 1,871,620 British Australasia 1,723,598 Mexico 1,532,972 Central American States 1,475,641 Netherlands 1,329,226 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 159 And a decrease to — Argentine Republic $5,604,552 Great Britain and Ireland 2,859,202 Russia in Europe 2,769,553 British North American Possessions 1,198,939 The values of the principal articles of domestic exports during the three years ending June 30, 1891, were as follows : 1889. 1890. 1891. Cotton, and manufactures of Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products... Breadstuffs Mineral oils Animals Iron and steel, and manufactures of, including ore. Wood, and manufactures of Tobacco, and manufactures of Leather, and manufactures of Coal Oil cake and oil-cake meal Copper ore Sugar and molasses Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines Fish Spirits of turpentine Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore. . . Vegetable oils Dollars. 247,987,914 104,122,444 123,876,661 49,913,677 18,374,805 21,156,109 26,910,672 22,609,668 10,747,710 6,690,479 6,927,912 7,618,258 2,117,533 5,542,753 5,969,235 3,777,525 2,348.954 1,585,783 Dollars. 260,968,069 136,264,506 154,925,927 51,403.089 33,638,128 25,512.208 28,274,529 25,355.601 12,438,847 6,856,088 7,999,926 6,053,236 3,029,413 6,224,504 6,040,826 4,590,931 2,349,392 5,672,441 Dollars. 304,317,755 139,017,471 128,121,656 52,026,731 32,935,086 28,909,614 26,270,040 25,220,472 13,278,847 8,391,026 7,452,094 7,260,893 7,099,788 6,545,354 4,996,621 4,668,140 4,614,597 4,302,936 Total 668,178,092 777,627,661 805,429,124 Value of all domestic exports Percent, of enumerated articles to total 730,282,609 91.50 845,293,828 91.99 872,270,283 92.34 The value of the domestic exports during the two years ending June 30, 1891, classified by groups according to character of production, was as follows : 1890. 1891. Values. Per cent. Values. Per cent. Products of agriculture Products of manufacture Products of mining (including mineral oils) Products of the forest Products of the fisheries Other products $629,785,917 151.131,297 22,351,746 29,473,084 7,496,044 5,055,740 74.51 17.88 2.64 3.48 .89 .60 $642,751,344 168,927,315 22,054,970 28,715,713 6,208,577 3,612,364 73.69 19.37 2.53 3.29 .71 .41 845,293,828 100.00 872,270,283 100.00 Imports. During the last fiscal year, the value of imports of merchandise was $844,916,196, an increase of $55,605,787 over the imports of the fiscal year 1890. The value of free merchandise imported was $366,241,352, and of dutiable was $478,674,844, an increase in the value of free merchandise of $100,572,- 723, and a decrease in the value of dutiable goods of $44,966,936, caused mainly by the transfer of sugar and certain textiles from the dutiable to the free list by the new tariff. The material increase or decrease in value of the principal classes of free 160 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. and dutiable imports during the year ending June 30, 1891, as compared with 1890, was as follows : Increase in — Free of duty : Sugar and molasses, except from Hawaiian Islands (made free by new tariff) $45,333,773 Coffee 17,856,345 Textile grasses and fibrous vegetable substances 14,608,019 Hides and skins other than furs 6,048,873 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes 4, 825’ 324 Fruits, including nuts 3,555, 144 India rubber and gutta percha, crude 3’l66’292 Dutiable : Iron and steel and manufactures of 11,575,966 Metals, metal compositions & manufactures of 2,988,588 Wool, unmanufactured 2,967,289 Vegetables 2’ 621 j 000 Decrease in — Fiee of duty : Silk, unmanufactured $5,249,450 Dutiable : Sugar and molasses (caused by transfer to free list) 36,942,172 Wool and manufactures of 15,522,352 Flax, hemp, jute, & other vegetable substances 13, 863’ 081 Flax, hemp, jute, etc., manufactures of 4,397,185 Hats, bonnets, and hoods, materials for (caused by transfer in part to free list) 2, 725, 722 There was an increase in the value of our imports in 1891 over 1890 from — Brazil $23,911,839 The West Indies 8,457,464 Great Britain and Ireland 8,234,346 Mexico 4,605,077 China 3,061,379 British East Indies 2,552,670 British Australasia 1,961,345 Central American States 1,746,678 Hawaiian Islands 1,581,689 And a decrease from — Philippine Islands 6, 425, 41 7 Netherlands 4,607,059 Japan 1,794,126 Germany 1,521,300 Imports entered for consumption. The value of imported merchandise entered for consumption and the duty collected thereon, duiing the last five fiscal years, has been as follows : IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 161 Year ending June 30 — Value of merchandise. Ordinary duty collected. Average rate collected on — Free of duty. Dutiable. Dutiable. Free and dutiable. 1885 $192,912,234 211,530,759 233,093,659 244,104,852 256.574,630 266,103,047 38S,064,404 $386,667,820 413,778,055 450,325,322 468,143,774 484,856,768 507,571,764 466,455,173 $177,319,550 188,379,397 212,032,424 213,509,802 218,701,774 225,317,076 215,790,686 Per cent. 45.86 Per cent. 30.59 1SS6 54.55 30.13 1887 47.10 31.02 1888 45.13 29.99 1889 45.23 29.50 1890 44.41 29.12 1891 . 46.26 25.25 Trade with Central and South America. Our total imports of merchandise from Mexico, Central and South Ameri- can states, British Honduras, and the West Indies, during the fiscal year 1891, amounted to $242,512,577, or 28.70 per cent, of our total imports of merchandise. The value of our exports of merchandise to these same countries during the same period was $90,413,516, or 10.22 per cent, of the value of our total exports of merchandise. Our total imports and exports of merchandise from and to these countries, during the same period, amounted to $332,926,093, or 19.26 per cent, of our total imports and exports of merchandise. It will he seen that the excess of our imports of merchandise from these countries over our exports to them amounted to $152,099,061. In other words, our imports of merchandise were 72.84 percent, and exports 27.16 of the total trade with these countries, and we imported merchandise to the value of $2.68 for every dollar in value exported to these countries. The excess of imports over exports of merchandise for the fiscal year 1890 was $108,054,472. For the fiscal year 1889 this excess was $117,917,883. A comparison of our commerce with this entire group of countries for the years 1870, 1880, and 1891 shows a gradual increase of both imports and exports of merchandise. During the year 1870 the value of imports was $117,398,951 and of ex- ports $55,140,322, an excess of $62,258,629. During the year 1880 the value of imports was $178,985,906 and of ex- ports $61,546,474, an excess of $117,439,432. The per cent, of our commerce with these countries, as compared with our total commerce, in 1870, was 20.82 ; in 1880, 15.99 ; and in 1891, 19.26. OUR PENSIONERS. The annual report of tlie Commissioner of Pensions shows that on June 30, 1891, there were 676,100 pensioners borne on the rolls of the bureau, being 138,216 more than were carried on the rolls at the close of the last fiscal year. These include: Widows and daughters of revolutionary soldiers, 23; army invalid pensioners, 413,597; army widows, minor children, etc., 108,537; navy invalid pensioners, 5,449; navy widows, minor children, etc., 2,568; survivors of the war of 1812, 7,590; survivors of the Mexican war, 16,379; widows of soldiers of the Mexican war, 6,976. The number of pensions of the several classes granted under the act of June 27, 1890, is as follows: Army invalid pensioners, 97,136; army widows, minor children, etc., 12,209; navy invalid pensioners, 3,976; navy widows, minor children, etc., 1,436. During the last fiscal year first pay- ments were paid upon 131,160 original claims, requiring $31,391,538 for their payment. This is an increase in the number of original payments over the year 1890 of 64,532. The aggregate cost, however, was $1,087,302 less. There were 222,521 first payments of every description, requiring $38,552,- 274, being $69,592 less than was required for the 130,514 first payments made during the last fiscal year. The average value of first payments made during the year was $239.33 and the average value of first payments on claims allowed under the act of June 27, 1890, was $71.28. The average value of first payments for the preceding year was $485.71, a reduction in the average first payments of $246.38. The aggregate annual value of the 676,150 pensions on the roll June 31, 1891, was $89,247,200 and the average annual value of each pension was $139.99 and the average annual value of each pension under the act of June 27, 1890, was $121.51. At the end of June, 1891, there were 38,574 pensioners on the roll who remained unpaid for the want of time and who were entitled to receive $4,883,242, which will be paid out of the appropriation for the current fiscal year. There remained at the close of the fiscal year 1891 in the hands of the several pension agents the sum of $5,713,852.84 which has since been cov- ered into the treasury. This amount added to $3,607,133.22 of the pension amount not drawn from the treasury aggregates $9,320,986.06 of the appro- priation which was not expended. There will be a deficiency in the appro- priation for the payment of fees and expenses of examining surgeons of about $300,000. The total amount disbursed on account of pensions, expenses, etc., during the fiscal year was $118,548,959.71 as compared with $106,493,890.19 dis- bursed during the preceding fiscal year. So that it appears that 136,216 pensions were added to the rolls during the fiscal year just closed, at an in- creased cost to the nation of $12,055,069 as compared with the expenditures for the previous fiscal year, and said expenditure includes $4,357,347 paid upon vouchers remaining unpaid at the close of the year. The largest number of certificates issued to any class was 4,693 to men who served thirty-six months. The age of the greatest number of pensioners under both the old and new law was forty-seven years. During the last year 20,525 pensioners were dropped from the rolls for various causes, and of this number 13,229 were dropped by reason of death. The loss to the pension rolls by the decease of widows and dependent 163 164 OUR PENSIONERS. mothers and fathers was at the rate of thirty-five per 1,000 in 1891. It is estimated that of the soldiers who served the country during the late war, 1,004,658 were killed in battle or died during and since the war. On June 30 last 124, .750 of these deceased soldiers were represented on the pension rolls by their widows or other dependents. There are about 1,208,707 soldiers of the Union now living, and of the survivors 520,158 are now on the pension rolls. There are, therefore, 688,549 survivors who are not pensioned and 879,908 deceased soldiers not represent- ed on the pension rolls. The commissioner renews his recommendation of last year as to the readjustment of the pension ratings under the act of March 3, 1883, and March 4, 1890. DISBURSEMENTS, 1891. AMOUNT DISBURSED AT U. S. PENSION AGENCIES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891. Agencies. Augusta Boston Buffalo Chicago Columbus Concord Des Moiues . . Detroit Indianapolis . . Knoxville Louisville Milwaukee New York Philadelphia . . Pittsburg San Francisco. Topeka Washington. . . Army. Total. $3,820, 716.70 5,865,129.90 6,438,398.30 8,997,341.89 13,063,198.32 2,937,792.97 0,887,751.85 6,144,883.95 10,631,199.82 5,481,646.15 4,025,315.52 5,967,750.20 5,279,412.43 5,710,964.93 5,107,719.35 1,527,335.05 10,732,530.77 8,545,215.70 Navy. Pensions. Total $580,543.70 459,029.67 368,156.13 324,799.00 51,600.34 437,788.32 Total $114,637,786.25 $116,164,303.92 $2,221,917.16 $2,255,657.15 $12,229.54 $13,922.88 $118,435,827.48 $580,543.70 459,029.67 368,156.13 324,799.00 "si ’<300.34 ’•471,528.31 Arrears of Pensions. Army. Total $692.66 562.07 1,990.83 212.13 1,688.80 135.00 624.06 939.00 550.67 2,272.61 137.44 722.27 1,498.20 179.13 24.67 $692.66 2,255.41 1,990.83 212.13 1,688.80 135.00 624.06 939.00 550.67 2,272.61 137.44 722.27 1,498.20 179.13 24.67 Grand total. $2,821,409.42 6,447,082.34 6,440,389.13 9,457,982.89 13,064,887.12 2,937,927.97 6,887,751.85 6,145,508.01 10,632,138.82 5,482,196.82 4,027,711.46 5,968,319.64 5,647,833.56 6,036,486.20 5,109,788.22 1,578,935.39 10,732,709.90 9,016,768.74 I RECENT PENSION LAWS. Chap. 390, laws of 1889, enacts that the charge of desertion now standing on the rolls and records in the office of the Adjutant-General against any soldier who served in the late war in the volunteer service shall be removed in all cases where it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secre- tary of War, from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testi- mony, that such soldier served faithfully until the expiration of his term of enlistment, or until the 1st day of May, 1865, having previously served six months or more, and, by reason of his absence from his command at the time the same was mustered out, failed to be mustered out and to receive an honor- able discharge, or that such soldier absented himself from his command, or from hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease received or contracted in the line of duty and was prevented from completing his term of enlistment by reason of such wounds, injuries, or disease. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to remove the charge of desertion from the record of any regular or volunteer soldier in the late war upon proper application therefor, and satisfactory proof in the following cases: First. That such soldier, after such charge of desertion was made, and within a reasonable time thereafter, voluntarily returned to his command and served faithfully to the end of his term of service, or until discharged. Second. That such soldier absented himself from his command or from hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease, received or con- tracted in the line of duty, and upon recovery voluntarily returned to his command and served faithfully thereafter, or died from such wounds, injuries, or disease while so absent, and before the date of muster out of his command, or expiration of his term of service, or was prevented from so returning by reason of such wounds, injuries, or diseases before such muster out, or expira- tion of service. Third. That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the con- sent of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such service by the order or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction on habeas corpus or other proper judicial proceedings; and in any such case, no pay, allowance, bounty, or pension shall be allowed or granted. Sec. 3. That the charge of desertion now standing on the rolls and records in the office of the Adjutant- General against any regular or volunteer soldier who served in the late War of the Rebellion by reason of his having enlisted in any regiment, troop, or company, or in the United States Navy or Marine Corps, without having first received a discharge from the regiment, troop or company in which he had previously served, shall be removed in all cases wherein it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War, from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testimony, that such re- enlistment was not made for the purpose of securing bounty or other gratuity that he would not have been entitled to had he remained under his original term of enlistment; that the absence from the service did not exceed four months, and that such soldier served faithfully under his reenlistment. Sec. 4. That whenever it shall appear from the official records in the office of the Adjutant-General that any regular or volunteer soldier of the late war 165 166 RECENT PENSION LAWS. was formally restored to duty from desertion by the commander competent to order his trial for the offence, or, having deserted and being charged with desertion, was, on return to the service, suffered, without such formal; restora- tion, to resume his place in the ranks of his command, serving faithfully thereafter until the expiration of his term, such soldier shall not be deemed to rest under any disability, because of such desertion, in the prosecution of any claim for pension on account of disease contracted, or wounds or injuries received in the line of his duty as a soldier. Sec. 5. That when the charge of desertion shall be removed under the provisions of this act from the record of any soldier, such soldier, or, in case of his death, the heirs or legal representatives of such soldier, shall receive the pay and bounty due to such soldier: Provided, however, That this act shall not be so construed as to give to any such soldier, or, in case of his death, to the heirs or legal representatives of any such soldier, any pay, bounty or allowance for any time during which such soldier was absent from his command without proper authority, nor shall it be so construed as to give any pay, bounty, or allowance to any soldier, his heirs or legal representa- tives, who served in the army for a period less than six months. Sec. 6. That the Secretary of War be and he hereby is authorized and directed to amend the military record of any soldier who enlisted for the war with Mexico, upon proper application, where the rolls and records of the Adjutant-General’s office show the charge of desertion against him, when such rolls and records show the facts set out in the following cases : First. That said soldier served faithfully the full term of his enlistment, or having served faithfully for six months or more, and until the 4tli day of July, 1848, left his command without having received a discharge. Second. That such soldier, after said charge of desertion was entered on the rolls, voluntarily returned to his command within a reasonable time and served faithfully until discharged. Sec. 7. That the provisions of this act shall not be so construed as to relieve any soldier from the charge of desertion who left his command from disaffection or disloyalty to the government, or to evade the dangers and hardships of the service, or whilst in the presence of the enemy (not being sick or wounded), or while in arrest or under charges for breach of military duty, or, in case of a soldier of the Mexican War, who did not actually reach the seat of war. Sec. 8. That when such charge of desertion is removed under the pro- visions of this act, the soldier shall be restored to a status' of honorable ser- vice, his military record shall be corrected as the facts may require, and an honorable discharge shall be issued in those cases where the soldier has received none: and he shall be restored to all his rights as to pension, pay or allowances as if the charge of desertion had never been made; and in case of the death of said soldier, his widow or other legal heir shall be entitled to the same rights as in case of other deceased honorably discharged soldiers: Pro- vided, That this act shall not be construed to give to any soldier, or his legal representatives or heir, any pay or allowance for any period of time he was absent without leave, and not in the performance of military duty. Sec. 9. That all applications for relief under this act shall be made to and tiled with the Secretary of War within the period of three years from and after July 1, 1889, and all applications not so made and filed within said term of three years shall be forever barred, and shall not be received or considered. — (Approved March 2, 1889.) Chap. 132. — Provides that from and after the passage of this act all persons who, in the military or naval service of the United Sates and in the line of duty, have lost both hands, shall be entitled to a pension of $100 a month. — (Approved February 12, 1889.) RECENT PENSION LAWS. 167 PENSIONS TO THE TOTALLY HELPLESS. The act of 1890 provides that all soldiers, sailors and marines who have since the 16th day of June, 1880, or who may hereafter become so totally and permanently helpless from injuries received or disease contracted in the ser- vice and line of duty as to require the regular personal aid and attendance of another person, or who, if otherwise entitled, were excluded from the pro- visions of “An act to increase pensions of certain pensioned soldiers and sailors who are utterly helpless from injuries received or disease contracted while in the United States service,” approved June 16, 1880, shall he entitled to receive a pension at the rate of $72 per month from the date of the passage of this act or of the certificate of the examining surgeon or board of surgeons showing such degree of disability made subsequent to the passage of this act. — (Approved March 4, 1890.) THE DEPENDENT PENSION ACT. Be it enacted, etc., That in considering the pension claims of dependent parents the fact of the soldier’s death by reason of any wound, injury, casu- alty, or disease which under the conditions and limitations of existing laws would have entitled him to an invalid pension, and the fact that the soldier left no widow or minor children having been shown as required by law, it shall be necessary only to show by competent and sufficient evidence that such parent or parents are without other present means of support than their own manual labor or the contributions of others not legally bound for their support: Provided, That all pensions allowed to dependent parents under this act shall commence from the date of the filing of the application hereunder and shall continue no longer than the existence of the dependence. Sec. 2. That all persons who served ninety days or more in the military or naval service of the United States during the late war of the rebellion and who have been honorably discharged therefrom, and who are now or who may hereafter be suffering from a mental or physical disability of a perma- nent character not the result of their own vicious habits, which incapacitates them from the performance of manual labor in such a degree as to render them unable to earn a support, shall, upon making due proof of the fact ac- cording to such rales and regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may provide, be placed upon the list of invalid pensioners of the United States, and be entitled to receive a pension not exceeding $12 per month, and not less than $6 per month, proportioned to the degree of inability to earn a sup- port, and such pension shall commence from the date of the filing of the ap- plication m the Pension Office, after the passage of this act, upon proof that the disability then existed, and shall continue during the existence of the same: Provided, That persons who are now receiving pensions under exist- ing laws, or whose claims are pending in the Pension Office, may by application to the Commissioner of Pensions, in such form as he may pre- scribe, showing themselves entitled thereto, receive the benefits of this act; and nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent any pen- sioner thereunder from prosecuting his claim and receiving his pension under any other general or special act: Provided, however, That no person shall receive more than one pension for the same period: And provided, further, That rank in the service shall not be considered in applications filed under this act. Sec. 3. That if any officer or enlisted man who served ninety days or more in the army or navy of the United States during the late war of the rebellion. 168 RECENT PENSION LATVS. and who was honorably discharged, has died or shall hereafter die, leaving a widow without other means of support than her daily labor, or minor chil- dren under the age of sixteen years, such widow shall, upon due proof of her husband's death, without proving his death to be the result of his army ser- vice, be placed on the pension roll from the date of the application therefor under this act, at the rate of $8 per month during her widowhood, and shall also be paid $2 per month for each child of such officer or enlisted man under sixteen years of age, and in case of death or remarriage of the widow, leaving a child or children of such officer or enlisted man under the age of sixteen years, such pension shall be paid such child or children until the age of sixteen: Provided, That in case a minor child is insane, idiotic, or other- wise permanently helpless, the pension shall continue during the life of said child or during the period of such disability, and this proviso shall apply to all pensions heretofore granted, or hereafter to be granted under this or any former statute, and such pension shall commence from the date of applica- tion therefor after the passage of this act: And provided , further, That said widow shall have married said soldier prior to the passage of this act. Sec. 4. That no agent, attorney, or other person engaged in preparing, presenting, or prosecuting any claim under the provisions of this act, shall, directly or indirectly, contract for, demand, receive, or retain for such ser- vices in preparing, presenting, or prosecuting such claim a sum greater than $10, which sum shall be payable only upon the order of the Commissioner of Pensions, by the pension agent making payment of the pension allowed, and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, or who shall wrongfully withhold from a pensioner or claimant the whole or any part of a pension or claim allowed or due such pensioner or claimant under this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall, for each and every such offense, be fined not exceeding $500, or be im- prisoned at hard labor, not exceeding two years, or both, in the discretion of the court. MEXICAN SOLDIERS. The Act of March 2, 1891, amends Section 2 of the Act of March 2, 1889, to pension soldiers of the War with Mexico so as to read in Subdivision 3: ‘ ‘ Third — That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the consent of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such service .by the order or decree of any State or U.S. court on habeas corpus or other judicial proceedings, and in such case such soldier shall not be entitled to any bounty or allowance, or pay for any time such soldier was not in the perform- ance of military duty.” UNION SOLDIERS OF THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. Section 4,787, Revised Statutes, is amended to entitle those who have received artificial limbs from the War Department to a new ”mb or apparatus at the expiration of every ‘ ‘ three ” years (instead of ‘ ‘ five The Act of March 3, 1891, provides that hereafter no pension shall be allowed or paid to any officer, non-commissioned officer, or private in the U. S. Army, or Marine Corps, either on the active or retired list; that no agent or attorney shall de- mand, receive or be allowed any compensation under existing law exceeding $2 in any claim for increase of pension on account of increase of disability, or for services in securing the passage of any special act of Congress in any case that has been presented at the Pension Office or is allowable under the general pension laws. Any agent instrumental in prosecuting any claim for RECEXT PEXSION LAWS. 169 increase of pension on account of increase of disability, or who lias rendered services in procuring the passage of any such special act of Congress, who shall directly or indirectly demand or retain any compensation for such ser- vices, except as hereinbefore provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, for each offence, be fined not exceeding $500 or imprisoned for not ex- ceeding two years, or both. The foregoing provisions in relation to fees of agents or attorneys do not apply to any case now pending where there is an existing lawful contract expressed or implied. 14b NUMBER OF PENSIONERS IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND IN EACH FOREIGN COUNTRY ON THE ROLLS JUNE 30, 1891. United States. Number. Foreign country. Number. 2,065 Australia 21 14 13 289 8 5,994 1 California 8^004 Brazil 3 3,381 13 8,713 1 1,764 1,315 0,132 1 Florida 1 ’343 Chile 5 Georgia l’671 12 '537 1 49,711 1 55 '704 5 1,022 13 28 ,'430 1 29^421 2 21 '441 36 1,788 403 17,010 495 7,867 1 25,953 8 34,447 Holland 2 10,873 1 1,641 1 33,135 17 792 3 12,011 2 166 Mauritius 1 7,707 1 13*375 32 450 1 60,325 8 2,497 3 977 1 75,498 12 1 387 1 2,263 3 63,986 1 2,889 1 814 5 3,572 4 12,214 24 5,270 56 544 1 8,566 7 5,256 2 ftft* 99 9,787 Total 2,646 Wisconsin 20,969 364 676,160 Total 673,514 170 jioxcoooooincc f® s ® a : fe 3 sW^ SW £3 g § £> CO ?t^t~^^Og2CO~£GOOOOO*aOT}'Tt' a Tj< lO 05 CO & ‘ lO. glSgiSSiS!§* SSS!aife8 ^ ; a*»~ I 5 J 31 MI 1 II SSSifS^SSSgg:; sgllSSiilSSasgS&SSSisSISiiSill 2 !gi!lg!lllillIsil|s§ESg!igM| I Oto^ 0) s- $ 5 S§*S .2 !!io| *f~S£ a ISi|i 3^ » r ^5 Z 111 s-ol-SS am &£§!*' |P§ £ r-SP if® l!|f liil li^fl fill! •§1 = ^ 5 - §1 °J1 IlgSg 111 !? |s!Si mitt lip! Il^TSS 5 m II o|e 1 IN Jill c -lt§ ili ao^-. 4 rtlft oS°-|o ~s*°§-g Iff 11 2 5 s j= o-g 3 £"2 c ! iSlSt sfllli lli.ii m PENSION CLAIMS ADMITTED Comparative statement of pension claims settled by ACTS OF JULY 14, Year. Claims ad- mitted and rejected. Army. Navy. Invalid. Widows, etc. Invalid. Origi- nal. In- crease. Total. Origi- nal. In- crease Total . Origi- nal. In- crease Total. 1881 . . Admitted 21,143 12,353 33,496 3,717 200 3,917 251 1.54 405 1881 . . Rejected 2,625 8,875 11,500 1,137 30 1,167 55 65 120 Total 23,768 21,228 44,996 4,854 230 5,084 306 219 525 1882.. Admitted 22,684 9,435 32,119 3,910 48 3,958 262 88 350 1882.. Rejected 4,030 15,199 19,229 1,512 26 1,538 128 149 277 Total 26,714 24,634 51,348 5,422 74 5,496 390 237 627 1882. . Admitted 31,801 22,554 54,355 5,216 67 5,283 213 112 325 1883.. Rejected 16,901 19,978 36,879 4,512 28 4,540 530 141 671 Total 48,702 42,532 91,234 9,728 95 9,823 743 253 996 1884.. Admitted 27,173 22,190 49,363 6,260 56 6,316 241 270 511 1884.. Rejected 17,587 19,887 37,474 4,983 15 4,998 347 139 486 Total 44,760 42,077 86,387 11,243 71 11,314 588 409 997 1885,. Admitted 27,286 33,648 60,934 7,632 144 7,776 294 182 476 1885.. Rejected 9,028 19,281 28,309 3,058 28 3,086 189 89 278 Total 36,314 52,929 89,243 10,690 172 10,862 483 271 754 1886*. Admitted 31,619 33,008 64,627 8,501 *65,313 73,814 318 271 589 1886.. Rejected 15,918 41,956 57,874 3,728 50 3,778 277 279 556 Total 47,537 74,964 122,501 12,229 65,363 77,592 595 550 1,145 1887.. Admitted .... 34,758 31,791 66,549 11,034 83 11,117 525 223 748 1887.. Rejected 7,657 32,024 39,681 3,481 70 3,551 321 247 568 Total 42,415 63,815 106,230 14,515 153 14,668 846 470 1,316 1888.. Admitted .... 35,089 44,785 79,874 10,611 341 1s > . c3 co 1.344 20 1,364 649 649 796 1,221 1,221 1,835 1,835 2.229 2,229 2,707 2,707 2,028 2,028 7/754 1,754 1,896 g ^ T > 39,375 12,890 52,265 37,176 21,103 58,279 60,859 42,438 103,295 57,518 43,071 100,589 71,143 31,730 102,87c *142.648 62,595 205,343 81,312 43.892 125,204 92.245 75,363 167.608 119,819 55,844 175,663 142,592 114.072 War of 1812. Survivors. Origi- nal. 115 391 506 56 27 13 18 In- crease Widows. Origi- nal. 1 ,965 1,605 3,570 693 143 836 822 200 1,022 388 262 650 426 167 593 305 113 418 231 59 290 251 56 307 181 268 449 108 75 In. crease 13,396 2 13,398 Mexican war (act of Jan. 29, 1887.) Surviv- ors original 7,552 251 7,803 9,048 2,062 11,110 1,772 348 2,120 794 177 903 14 917 4,296 588 4,880 1,206 209 1,415 6 ' 106 O cd u R ■ag £73 £d £ 3 41,455 14,886 56,341 37,895 21,295 59,190 38,192, 61,704 22,540 42,687 60,702 104,391 34,192 57,930 23,341 43,383 57,533 35,767 12,537 48,304 101,313 ,587 ,935 103,522 40,857 20,443 61,300 55,194 11,892 67,086 60,252 46,965 107,227 71,068 66,337 14/ ““ ,357 ,732 219,089 ,008 ,234 1:34,242 ass 080 ,918 ,001 ,679 179,680 ,179 ,436 461 471 1,896 256,664 213 97 33 246 97 1,812 126.042 213,318 183 79 971 784 81,430 258,615 336 148 385 101 54,099 126 23,533 +213 ,849 567 310 33 343 1,812 339,360 3 79 484 7,632 [ 340,416 which have been found by actual count to tThis includes a large have been thus disposed number of claims of. 173 Comparative statement of pension claims settled by ACT OF JUNE Year. Claims admitted and rejected. Army. Invalid. Widows, etc. Original. Additional. Total. Original. Additional. Total. 1891 1891 Admitted Rejected Total 85,047 18,588 13,152 161 98,199 18,749 12,337 2,875 5 12,342 2,875 103,635 13,313 116,948 15,212 5 15,217 INCREASE IN PENSION ARMY INVALID CLAIMS UNDER THE GENERAL LAW ALLOWED EACH YEAR SINCE WHICH WERE FILED EACH YEAR AND ALLOWED IN THE REPORT AND THE PERCENTAGE OF THE NUMBER •s a) •SE .2 0 ) w S Sis The several years in which the claims were allowed and the number allowed each year. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 305 258 3,657 131 9,331 7,303 27 1,138 3,459 10,045 19 517 844 7,819 12,724 20 395 562 1,863 9,292 3,586 12 235 253 685 2,511 3,626 1,641 11 185 166 417 1,150 1,132 1,692 2,238 12 143 114 223 529 525 421 2,208 1,040 20 293 239 382 732 724 502 1,284 3,094 342 6 156 139 198 440 349 218 493 1,639 1,946 434 6 110 96 132 251 356 196 300 799 1,055 1,638 1,322 16 129 107 100 211 149 172 182 441 438 1,018 1,762 794 4 159 101 92 185 153 89 142 278 348 371 674 1,869 937 5 121 84 96 145 88 56 124 167 214 278 342 606 2,243 624 139 126 113 187 154 62 97 197 149 276 461 593 1,169 2,595 4 147 109 122 202 139 59 102 132 125 214 253 243 483 1,844 2,217 908 rl 305 3,915 16,765 14,669 21,923 15,718 8,963 6,991 5,215 7,612 6,018 6,261 5,519 5,397 5,193 7,102 7,303 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Total Note. — The total number (40,453) of claims allowed in 1891 excludes 124 old war 174 allowance and rejection each year since 1881, except arrears. 27, 1890. Navy. Aggre- gate of all claims. Remarks. Invalid. Widows, etc. Original. Additional. Total. Original. Additional. Total. 3,564 834 405 3,969 834 1,439 132 1,439 132 115,949 22,590 Those under the head of “ additional ” consist of applicants who have also prior claims under old acts. 4,398 405 4,803 1,571 1,571 138,539 CLAIMS ALLOWED, 1862-1891. JULY 1, 1861, SHOWING IN EACH YEAR'S ALLOWANCE THE NUMBER OF THOSE YEARS, GIVING ALSO THE WHOLE NUMBER FILED EACH YEAR ALLOWED OUT OF THOSE FILED EACH YEAR. The several years in which the claims were allowed and the number allowed each year. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Total. £j3§ £ ^ ^ 5 24 78 38 18 9 16 15 17 9 10 7 16 1,125 1,362 82.6 135 281 415 392 384 263 280 269 248 230 191 195 150 19,688 26,380 74.6 100 228 395 328 305 240 264 220 226 194 142 138 121 16,603 20,263 81.8 92 172 335 234 284 189 204 168 160 110 125 121 85 24,566 27,299 90.0 158 257 477 368 335 255 236 219 208 177 136 130 125 31,640 35,799 88.4 104 190 339 281 262 202 263 187 184 131 107 97 77 13,405 15,905 84.3 49 109 177 99 124 93 190 80 92 61 52 51 31 6,316 7,292 86.6 54 143 312 267 208 180 282 141 141 115 92 90 69 9,264 11,035 84.0 121 220 451 379 319 243 363 233 234 164 138 115 123 10,885 12,991 83.8 100 228 368 293 243 218 241 211 165 125 116 116 78 7,119 8,837 80.6 153 251 404 328 288 211 314 226 193 144 116 110 81 7,068 8,857 79.8 123 257 454 330 274 209 221 197 186 161 103 136 93 7,558 8,728 9,302 86.6 188 328 497 384 312 213 385 254 213 169 117 128 110 7,403 79.6 273 455 756 559 478 349 461 323 277 239 158 176 137 9,473 11.926 79.4 608 758 1,219 905 773 578 630 570 565 413 316 338 267 13,003 17,030 76.4 1,464 1.063 1,570 1,050 1,006 709 740 698 618 444 331 340 284 13,311 16,532 80.5 2,568 1,806 2,385 1,400 986 888 879 816 773 559 413 475 326 15,182 18,812 80.7 778 2,685 7,767 4,865 4,116 2,298 2,045 1,819 1,618 1,065 836 870 605 31,367 36,835 85.2 263 2,358 9,825 17,626 12,277 9,706 1,499 2,245 2,517 2,434 810 9,529 7,880 5,613 3.895 4,159 2.814 85,945 110,673 77.7 155 1,350 1,485 582 1,651 2,326 2,579 917 1,555 2,667 3,279 3,092 3,901 883 1,463 2,526 3,188 1,109 2,038 2,720 2,363 909 1,030 1,709 799 11,677 18,455 29,004 35,039 28,962 27,959 63.3 133 1,512 2,090 1,834 2,0:38 3,849 5,317 9,499 1,557 1,228 1,695 1,380 1,429 2,163 2.826 4,476 7,784 17,869 20,953 16,685 16.499 61.6 2,303 1,929 2,182 3,714 4,967 9,240 12,180 2,407 59.8 57.6 3,443 5,842 1,506 2,696 59.0 5>23 6.383 2,234 21,874 20,999 25,449 21,521 12,782 35^202 36,204 47,349 62.1 58.0 53.7 51,919 71,318 20,199 41.0 10.375 17.9 706 706 3.5 7,073 9,718 20,912 22,615 31,758 27,117 27,225 31,552 34,702 35,089 35,999 49,453 40,453 517,9:15 807,468 ® 2 ,a s C ff d o> O, fci) ■g'g.S 'n ^ invahds which are included in the number of army invalids as reported in Table 1. 175 PENSION RATES. Statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- sioned at each rate, of the Army and Navy invalids, and of the Army and Navy widows, minors, and dependents (war of 1861) on the rolls, under the general law, June 30, 1891, and a similar classification of those on the rolls at the same date under the act of June 27, 1890. GENERAL LAW, JUNE 30, 1891. Rate. Invalids. Widows & others Rate. Invalids. Widows & others Army N’vy Total Army N’vy Total Army N’vy Total Army N’vy Total SI. 00 19 1 20 $16.50 9 4 13 2.00 16,853 183 17,036 ’ 16.75 12 12 2.25 2 2 17.00 18,253 191 18,444 2,383 6 2,389 2.66§ 10 10 17.25 2 2 3.00" 1,013 29 1,042 17.50 15 22 3.12J 1 1 17.75 4 4 3.25" 12 12 18.00 2,823 34 2,857 63 1 64 3.33$ 1 1 18.25 5 5 3.75 149 6 155 18.50 12 1 13 4.00 61,530 788 62,318 18.75 117 3 120 4.25 212 212 19.00 12 3 15 4.50 1 1 19.25 9 9 5.00 773 57 830 19.50 4 4 5.25 2 2 20.00 5,155 126 5,281 2,558 156 2,714 5.334 11 1 12 20.50 1 1 5.62" 1 1 20.75 2 2 4 5.66§ 4 4 21.00 4 1 5 5.75" 9 9 21.25 3 3 6.00 52,071 510 52,581 21.50 2 1 3 6.25 ' 49 3 52 22.00 3,138 72 3,210 6.374 3 3 22.50 104 4 108 6.66§ 1 1 23.00 1 1 6.75" 1 1 23.25 3 3 7.00 109 2 in 23.50 1 1 1 1 23.75 1 1 7.50 477 9 486 24.00 19,963 283 20,246 3 3 7.75 12 2 14 24.50 2 1 3 8.00 82,190 1,103 83,299 414 18 432 25.00 2,896 86 2,982 701 126 827 8.12.1 1 1 25.25 1 1 8.25" 11 1 12 25.75 3 3 8.50 640 640 26.25 4 4 8.62$ 1 1 26.75 1 2 3 8.75" 4 1 5 1 27.00 956 26 982 9.00 5 561 27.50 7 7 9.25 11 11 28.00 1 1 9.50 13 6 19 28.75 1 1 9.75 3 4 7 29.50 1 1 10.00 34,825 433 35,258 2 1 3 30.00 14,616 218 14,834 648 201 849 10.20 1 1 30.75 2 2 10.25 6 1 7 31.00 2 2 10.50 12 10 22 31.25 58 58 10.62 1 1 32.00 3 3 . 1 1 10. 60§ 1 1 32.50 5 5 10.75 1 14 15 33.00 1 2 3 11.00 74 4 78 33.50 1 1 11.25 232 11 243 35.00 2 3 5 2 2 11.33$ 1 1 35.50 3 3 11.50" 2o 4 29 36.00 3,169 41 3,210 11.75 7 3 10 37.00 1 1 12.00 45,588 509 46,097 100,215 1,872 102,087 37.50 1 1 12 12$ 1 1 38.50 1 1 12.25' 13 13 40.00 55 1 56 15 5 20 12.50 153 24 177 1 1 40.25 ] 1 12.75 378 1 379 45.00 2,486 22 2,508 2 2 13.00 586 5 591 47.00 77 77 13.25 8 7 48.00 1 1 13.33$ 4 4 49.00 2 2 13.50" 24 7 31 50. (X) 381 1 382 68 64 132 13.75 9 1 10 53. (X) 1 1 14.00 16,737 141 16,878 2 2 55.00 1 1 14.25 19 3 22 57.00 1 1 14.50 4 4 8 60.00 14 14 1 1 14.75 6 6 72.00 3,074 87 3,161 14.874 1 1 75.00 1 1 5 5 15.00' 2,940 102 3,042 1,450 112 1,562 100.00 33 3 36 15 3 18 15.25 1 1 I66.665 6 1 7 15.50 3 3 6 208.33$ 1 1 15.75 6 6 416.66J 3 3 16.00 17,682 1&3 17,865 1 1 2 16.25 7 1 8 Total. 413,597 5,449 419,046 108,560 2,568 111,128 176 Statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- sioned at each rate, of the Army and Navy invalids, etc. — Continued. ACT OF JUNE 27, 1890. Rate. Invalids. Widows and others. Army. Navy. Total. Army. Navy. Total. $6.00 15,726 19,563 4,681 57,163 664 806 185 2,321 16,390 20,369 4,869 59,484 '8.00 10.00 10,833 1,400 12,233 12.00 Total Giand total 1,376 36 1,412 97,136 3,976 101,112 12,209 1,436 13,645 510,733 9,425 520,158 120,769 4,004 124,773 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. The army of the United States, in 1890, consisted of the following forces, in officers and men : Ten cavalry regiments Five artillery regiments Twenty-five 'infantry regiments Engineer battalion, recruiting parties.ordnance department, hospital service, Indian scouts, West Point, signal detachment, and general service Total Officers. Enlisted Men. Aggregate, 432 6,050 6,482 282 3,675 3,957 877 12,125 13,002 579 3,370 3,949 2,170 25,220 27,390 The United States are divided into eight military departments as follows: Department of the East. — New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and the District of Columbia. Department of the Missouri. — Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian and Oklahoma Territories. Department of California. — California (excepting that portion south of the 35th parallel) and Nevada. Department of Dakota. — Minnesota, South Dakota (excepting so much as lies south of the 44th parallel), North Dakota, Montana and the post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo. Department of Texas. — State of Texas. Department of the Platte. — Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming (excepting the post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo.), Utah, so much of Idaho as lies east of a line formed by the extension of the western boundary of Utah to the northeastern boundary of Idaho, and so much of South Dakota as lies south of the 44th parallel. Department of Arizona. — Arizona and New Mexico, and California south of the 35th parallel. Department of the Columbia. — Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Alaska, excepting so much of Idaho as is embraced in the Department of the Platte. 177 178 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. PAY OP OFFICERS IN ACTIVE SERVICE. GRADE. Pay of grade. Monthly pay. Yearly. Monthly. After 5 years’ se'rvice, 10 p. c. After 10 years’ service, 20 p. c. After 15 years 1 service, 30 p. c. After 20 years’ service, 40 p. c. Major-General $7,500.00 5.500.00 3.500.00 3.000. 00 2.500.00 2.000. 00 1.800.00 1,800.00 1,800.00 1,600.00 1,500.00 1.500.00 1.400.00 1.500.00 $625.00 458.33 291.67 250.00 208.33 166.67 150.00 150.00 150.00 133.33 125.00 125.00 116.07 125.00 Brigadier-General Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Major Captain, mounted Captain, not mounted Regimental Adjutant Reg’tal Quartermaster First Lieutenant, mounted First Lieutenant, not m’t’d Second Lieut., mounted. . . Second Lieut., not mounted Chaplain $320.83 275.00 229.17 183.33 165.00 165.00 165.00 146.67 137.50 137.50 128.33 137.50 $350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 160.00 150.00 150.00 140.00 150.00 $375.00 325.00 270.83 216.67 195.00 195.00 195.00 173.33 162.50 162.50 151.67 162.50 $375.00 333.33 291.67 233.33 210.00 210.00 210.00 186.67 175.00 175.00 163.33 175.00 PAY OF RETIRED OFFICERS. GRADE. Pay of grade. Monthly pay. Yearly. Monthly. After 5 years’ service. After 10 years’ service. After 15 years’ service. After 20 years’ service. $5,625.00 $468.75 ~4’l25.00 ’'$43.75 Colonel 2^625.00 218.75 $240.62 $262.50 $281.25 $281.25 Lieutenant-Colonel 2,250.00 187.50 206.25 225.00 243.75 250.00 Major 1,875.00 156.25 171.87 187.50 203.12 218.75 Captain, mounted 1,500.00 125.00 137.50 150.00 162.50 175.00 Captain, not mounted 1,350.00 112.50 123.75 135.00 146.25 157.50 First Lieutenant, mounted 1,200.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 First Lieutenant, not m’t’d 1,125.00 93.75 103.12 112.50 121.87 131.25 Second Lieut., mounted. . . 1,125.00 93.75 103.12 112.50 121.87 131.25 Second Lieut., not mounted 1,050.00 87.50 96.25 105.00 113.75 122.50 Chaplain 1,350.00 112.50 123.75 135.00 146.25 157.50 NOTES. 1. An Aide-de-Camp to a Major-General is allowed $200 per year in addition to the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,261, Revised Statutes.) 2. An Aide-de-Camp to a Brigadier-General is allowed $150 a year in addition to the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,261, Revised Statutes.) 3. An Acting Commissary of Subsistence is allowed $100 per year in addition to the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase.— (Section 1,261, Revised Statutes.) 4. Assistant Surgeons are entitled to the pay of Captain after five years’ service, service to be reckoned from date of acceptance of appointment or commission. 5. Retired officers receive 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of their rank. 6. A retired Chaplain receives 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of his rank (Captain not mounted). 7. The officer in charge of the public buildings and grounds (Washington) has, while so serving, the rank, pay and emoluments of a Colonel. THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 179 8. For additional pay as mounted officers, see pars. 2,385 and 2,386, Regulations of the Army, 1881. 9. The principal assistant in the Ordnance Bureau of the War Department shall receive a compensation, including pay and emoluments, not exceeding that of a Major of Ordnance. 10. An Act ing Judge-Advocate, detailed by the Secretary of War, is entitled to the pay and allowances of Captain of Cavalry. COST OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. (FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.) Pay Department $13,289,626.98 Pay Department, bounty and miscellaneous 1,316,794.71 Commissary Department 1,685,577.24 Quartermaster’s Department 9,002,882.33 Medical Department 807,406.49 Ordnance Department 2,233,741.64 Armories and arsenals 635,876.36 Military Academy 236,399.14 Improving rivers and harbors 12,250,627.23 Damages by improvement of Fox and Wisconsin rivers 158,293.87 Fortifications 676,465.81 Construction of military posts, roads, etc 687,628.42 National cemeteries, roads, etc 231,718.17 Expenses of recruiting 104,841.48 Contingencies of the Army 16,580.57 Signal Service 753,284.70 Expenses of military convicts 5,889.36 Publication of official records of the war of the rebellion 199,560.38 Support of National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 3,082,411.37 Support of Soldiers’ Home 308,458.44 Soldiers’ Home permanent fund and interest account 278,160.93 Support of military prison, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 70,836.45 Yellowstone National Park 49,999.90 Claims, reimbursements, reliefs, etc 607,977.05 Miscellaneous items 23,025.99 Total Military Establishment $48,720,065.01 ARMY LEGISLATION. SOLDIERS’ RESERVE PAY. Since July 1, 1890, $4 a month has been retained from the pay of each en- listed man in the Army for the first year of his enlistment, to be paid him at discharge from the service, and forfeited unless he serves honestly and faith- fully to the date of discharge — this sum to he treated as a deposit and bear interest from the end of the year in which it shall have accrued. Enlist- ments shall continue to be made for five years, but at the end of three years every soldier whose antecedent service has been faithful shall be entitled to a furlough for three months and at the end of such furlough, in time of peace, shall he entitled to his discharge on application, hut soldiers so discharged shall not be entitled to the allowances provided in Section 1,290 of the Revised Statutes. In time of peace the President may, in his discretion and under such rales and upon such conditions as he shall prescribe, permit any enlisted man to purchase his discharge from the Army. The purchase money to he paid under this section shall he paid to a paymaster of the Army and he de- posited in the Treasury to the credit of one or more of the current appropria- tions for the support of the Army, to he indicated by the Secretary of War, and he available for the payment of expenses incurred during the fiscal year in which the discharge is made. 180 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. The Army ration, provided by law, has been increased by the addition thereto of one pound of vegetables, the proportion to be tixed by the Secre- tary of War. DETAIL OF OFFICERS TO COLLEGES. The act of Jan. 13, 1891, amends Section 1,225, Revised Statutes, con cerning details of officers of Army and Navy to educational institutions, so as to permit the President to detail not to exceed 75 U. S. Army officers. The maximum number of Army and Navy officers to be detailed at any one time under the act passed Sept. 26, 1888, amending Section 1,225, Revised Statutes, is increased to 85. No officer shall be detailed to or maintained at any of the educational institutions mentioned where instruction and drill in military tactics is not given ; and nothing in the act shall be construed to prevent the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific schools or colleges as now provided by act of Congress approved Feb. 26, 1879. CERTIFICATES OF MERIT TO ENLISTED MEN. The act of Feb. 9, 1891, amends Section 1,216, Revised Statutes, to read that when any enlisted man of the Army shall have distinguished himself in the service the President may, at the recommendation of his commanding- officer, grant him a certificate of merit. It also amends Section 1,285, Re- vised Statutes, to read that a certificate of merit granted to an enlisted man for distinguished service shall entitle him to additional pay at the rate of $2 per month while he is in the military service. TRANSFER OF OFFICERS TO UNLIMITED LIST. The act of Feb. 16, 1891, provides that when officers placed on the retired list shall have attained the age of 64 they shall be transferred to unlimited list. The limited retired list hereafter is to consist of 350 instead of 400, as now fixed by law. Officers who have been placed on the retired list by special authority of Congress are not to form part of the limited retired list established by this act C0 £ FLAG SHIP “CHICAGO.’' THE UNITED STATES NAVY, t NEW VESSELS. Vessels. Condit’n. Ma- terial Displac’t, Tons. Speed, Knots. Horse- Power. ARMORED VESSELS. 3,815 10.5 1 600 New York Building.. Steel. 8,150 20 16,500 Monterey Built .... “ 4,000 16 5,400 Massachusetts Building.. “ 10,298 16.2 9,000 Oregon “ .. “ 10,298 16.2 9,000 Texas Built . . . . “ 6,300 17 8,600 Maine “ .... “ 6,648 17 9,000 Puritan “ .... “ 6,060 13 3,700 Amphitrite “ .... “ 3,815 12 1,600 Monadnock “ .... “ 3,815 12 1,600 Terror “ .... “ 3,815 12 1,600 Cruising Monitor Building.. “ 3,130 17 7,500 Pirate 4 ‘ 44 8,150 20 16,500 Ajax Built Iron . 2,100 (3 340 Comanche 44 44 1,875 6 340 Oanonicus 44 44 2,100 6 340 Catskill 44 44 1,875 6 340 Jason 44 44 1,875 6 340 Lehigh 11 44 1,875 6 340 Mahopac 44 44 2,100 6 340 Manhattan 44 44 2,100 6 340 Montauk 44 44 1,875 6 .340 Nabant 44 1,875 6 340 Nantucket 44 44 1,875 7 340 Passaic 44 44 1,875 6 340 Wyandotte 44 44 2,100 6 340 Harbor Defense Ram . Building.. Steel. 2,050 17 4,800 UNARMORED VESSELS. Chicago Built 44 4,500 14 5,084 Boston 44 44 3,189 15. G 4,030 Atlanta 44 44 3,189 15.6 4,030 Dolphin 44 44 1,485 15.5 2,240 Newark 44 4,083 18 8,500 Charleston “ 44 3,730 18 7,520 Baltimore 44 44 4,600 19.5 10,064 San Francisco 44 44 4,083 20.7 10,400 Philadelphia 44 44 4,324 19.6 8,815 Cruiser No. 6 Building.. 44 5,500 20 13,500 “ 7 44 44 3,185 19 10,000 Raleigh 44 44 3,893 19 10,000 Mobile 44 44 2,000 17 5,400 Detroit 44 44 2,000 17 5,400 Cruiser No. 11 44 44 2,000 17 5,400 “ “ 12 “ .... “ 7,400 21 21,000 GUNBOATS. Yorktown Built .... 44 1,700 16.6 3,660 Concord 44 44 1,700 16 3,400 Bennington 44 44 1,700 16 3,400 Petrel 44 44 890 11.5 1,045 No. 5 Building.. * 4 1,050 14 1,600 “ 6 44 44 1,050 14 1,600 SPECIAL CLASS. Practice Cruiser Building* 44 838 13 1 ,300 Vesuvius Built .... 44 725 21.5 3,795 Dynamite Cruiser Building.. 44 No. 2 44 44 Torpedo Cruiser 44 44 Stiletto* Built Wood 31 18 359 Cushing* 44 Steel. 116 22.5 1,720 No. 2* Building.. “ 1 — Armament. 4 10 in., 2RF.4MG. (68 in., 12 4 in. R F, 8 6 in. R F, 1 41pdr., 4 MG. I 2 12 in., 2 10 in., 6 6pdrs., 4 3 pdrs., 1 2 R F, 2 M 6. j 4 13 in., 8 8 in., 4 6 in., 28 R Faml 1 MG. J 4 13 ill., 8 8 in., 4 6 in., 28 R F and 1 M G. j 2 12 in., 46 tons B L R, 6 6 in., 8 I R F, 4 millimetres, j 40 10 in., 26 tons B L R, 6 6 in., 8 'I R F, 17 millimetres. ( 4 12 ill., 25 tons B L R, 4 R F, 4 | millimetres. j 4 10 in., 25 tons B L R, 2 R F, 4 | millimetres. j 4 10 ill., 25 tons B L R, 2 R F, 4 | millimetres. I 4 10 in., 25 tons B L R, 2 R F, 4 j millimetres. 3 2 10 in., 1 6 ill., 6 R F, 1 15 in., | Dynamite. 6 8 in., 12 4 in. B L R, 16 R F G. 2 15 in. S B. None. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. SB. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. 2 15 in. S B. Not yet settled. 4 8 in., 8 6 in., 2 5 in. B L R, 12 R F 2 8 in., 1. Duffield, Detroit, Mich. I Surgeon-Gen. B. F. Stevenson, Visalia, Ky. J. Vice-Com. T. S. Clarkson, Omaha, Neb. [ C'hap.-in-Ch. S. B. Paine, St. Augustine, Fla. OFFICIAL STAFF. Ad/atuaf-Gen.F.Phisterer, Albany, N.Y. I Inspect or-Gen. . J. F. Pratt, E. Orange, N. J. Quartermaster-Gen J. Taylor, Phila., Pa. | Judge Adv.-Gen. .J . W. O’Neall, Lebanon, O. The National Council of Administration has 44 members, each department being represented by one member. DEPARTMENT MEMBERSHIP. Alabama 334 Maine . 9,700 Pennsylvania . 43,168 Arizona 293 Maryland . 2,423 Potomac . 3,312 Arkansas 2,200 Massachusetts . 23,781 Rhode Island . 2,856 California 5,812 Michigan . 19,280 South Dakota . 2,769 Colorado and Wyom'g 2,901 Minnesota . 7,947 Tennessee . 3,719 Connecticut 6,807 Missouri . 20,822 Texas . 1,305 Delaware 1,280 Montana 626 Utah 184 Florida 471 Nebraska 4,144 Vermont . 5,487 Georgia 455 New Hampshire . 5,211 Virginia . 1 ,422 Idaho 439 New Jersey . 7,798 Wash, and Alaska. . . 2,783 Illinois New Mexico 292 West Virginia . 2,633 Indiana 24,726 New York . 40,444 Wisconsin . 13,710 Iowa 20,174 North Dakota 535 Kansas 17,716 Ohio . 45,522 Total June 30, 1891 .398,270 Kentucky 3,973 Oklahoma and I. T. 552 La. and Mississippi. . . 1,093 Oregon . 2,052 The first post of the Grand Army was organized at Decatur, 111., April 6, 1866. The first department encampment was held at Springfield, 111., July 12, 1866. The first na- tional encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20, 1866. * For revisions and additions under this heading, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. 190 GRAXD ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC- 191 NATIONAL ENCAMPMENTS AND COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. 1866— Indianapolis Stephen A. Hurlbut, Illinois. 1868 — Philadelphia John A. Logan, Illinois. 1869— Cincinnati John A. Logan, Illinois. 1870 — Washington John A. Logan, Illinois. 1871 — Boston A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island. 1872 — Cleveland A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island. 1873 — New Haven Charles Devons, Jr., Massachusetts. 1874 — Harrisburg Charles Devons, Jr., Massachusetts. 1875 — Chicago John F. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. 1876 — Philadelphia John F. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. 1877— Providence J. C. Robinson, New York. 1878— Springfield, Mass J. C. Robinson, New York. 1879 — Albany William Earnshaw, Ohio. 1880 — Dayton, O Louis Wagner, Pennsylvania. 1881— Indianapolis George S. Merrill, Massachusetts. 1882 — Baltimore Paul Van Der Voort, Nebraska. 1883— Denver Robert E. Beath, Pennsylvania. 1884 — Minneapolis John S. Kuntz, Ohio. 1885 — Portland, Me S. S. Burdette, Washington. 1886 — San Francisco Lucius Fan-child, Wisconsin. 1887 — St. Louis John P. Rae, Minnesota. 1888— Columbus, O William Warner, Missouri. 1889— Milwaukee, Wis Russell A. Alger, Michigan. 1890— Boston, Mass Wheelock G. Veazey, Vermont. 1891— Detroit, Mich John Palmer, New York. COAST DEFENSES.* Among the many valuable papers left by Hon. Samuel J. Tilden at his death at Graystone, Westchester Co., N. Y., Aug. 4, 1886, was a letter that he had written to Hon. John G. Carlisle, Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, in regard to the urgent necessity of liberal appropriations for such a system of coast defenses as would place the United States in a position of comparative safety against naval attack. It was the last important public document he ever wrote, and it elicited wide-spread and favorable comment from the press in all parts of the country. It precipitated the subsequent favorable action of Congress during the administration of President Cleve- land, in making liberal appropriations for what is known as the “New Navy, ” and of which Mr. Whitney will always have the honor, as the one who saw the first cruiser (of the new navy) under his official position as Secretary of the Navy, launched upon the waters of the deep. The coast defenses, however, that Mr. Tilden wanted, were land fortifica- tions with their proper armament. An act of Congress was approved March 3, 1885, making provisions for fortifications and other works of defense, and for the armament thereof, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, and for other purposes, for the following ports recommended by the board appointed by the President: New York, San Francisco, Boston, the Lake ports, Hamp- ton Roads, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Portland (Me.), Rhode Island, ports in Narragansett Bay, Key West, Charleston (S. C.), Mobile, New London, Savannah, Galveston, Portland (Ore.), Pensa- cola (Fla.), Wilmington (N. C.), San Diego (Cal.), Portsmouth (N. H.), de- fenses of Cumberland Sound at Fort Clinch, defenses of ports of the Kan- nebec River at Fort Popham, New Bedford (Mass.), defenses of ports on the Penobscot River (Me.), at Fort Knox, and New Haven (Conn.). Under the provisions of the recommendation by the hoard and the Act of Congress (1885) Senator Dolph, on December 15, 1891, introduced bill 871, asking for an appropriation of $100,000,000 for fortifications and their arma- ment, to be made available as follows: For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, $10,000,000; for each fiscal year thereafter, for the period of ten years, $9,000,000; all of said appropriation to be available until expended. Section 6 provides that the guns shall be fabricated at the army gun fac- tory, Watervliet Arsenal, New York, and at such other government gun factories as may be established under the authority of Congress. The ma- terial for guns and armor shall be purchased by contract, and for the purpose 1 of providing the same the Secretary of War is hereby authorized, from time to time, as the same shall be required, to make contracts with responsible steel manufacturers for the supply of rough-bored, rough-turned, oil tem- pered and annealed steel, in forms suitable for heavy ordnance adapted to modern warfare, and steel finished, for armor and other army purposes, in quantities not less than 10,000 gross tons, in quality and dimensions con- forming to specifications, subject to inspection and tests at each stage of manufacture, and including all the parts of each caliber specified. The bill was read twice and referred to the Committee on Coast Defenses. , It was again reported by Senator Dolph, with amendments, January 12,1892. An act to increase the “Naval Establishment,” and providing for floating batteries, torpedo boats, etc., was approved August 3, 1886. In the Senate of the United States Mr. Squire, from the Committee on * For most recent legislation on this subject, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda , preceding Index. 192 COAST DEFENSES. 193 Coast Defenses, introduced, March 7, 1892, the following report, to accom- pany Senate Bill 537, introduced December 10, 1891, by Mr. Dolpli, which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Coast Defenses, “to pro- vide for the establishment of a gun factory for the finishing and assembling of heavy ordnance on the Pacific coast. ” THE REPORT. The Committee on Coast Defenses, having had under consideration the bill (S. 537) to provide for the establishment of a gun factory for the finishing and assembling of heavy ordnance on the Pacific coast, submit the following report : The committee have carefully considered, in connection with this bill, the report of the Board on Fortifications or other Defenses, as well as that of the Board on Gun Factories and Steel Forgings for High-power Guns. For the purpose of securing the opinion of an expert of the War Department, the committee availed itself on two occasions of the services of Brig.-Gen. Flagler, Chief of Ordnance of the Army, whose statement is herewith submitted and made a part of this report. The Board on Fortifications or other Defenses, appointed under the act of March 3, 1885, recommended for twenty-seven principal ports of the United States 599 guns of from 8 to 16 inch caliber, and 700 12-incli mortars, making a total of 1,299 pieces of ordnance. Of this number about one-fourth of the guns and about one-fifth of the mortars will be required for the defense of three points only on the Pacific coast, namely: San Diego, San Francisco, and the mouth of the Columbia River. No provision was made in this report for the defense of Puget Sound, which has become of far greater importance than it was when the report was made, nor of Gray’s Harbor, nor other ports on the Pacific coast. At least 510 guns and mortars will be required for the proper defense of the Pacific coast at the four principal points named; at least 200 guns and mortars being required for Puget Sound alone. As will be seen, upon examination of his statement, Gen. Flagler unquali- fiedly favors the establishment of another gun factory, to be located on the Pacific coast, for reasons which, to the committee, seem incontrovertible. The necessity for another gun factory and the advantages w 7 hich would accrue from its location on the Pacific coast are manifest. Among others the ad- vantage of having the factory near to the fortifications, a "military advan- tage,” as it has been termed, is of great importance.* Gen. Flagler on this point said : “I would like to invite attention to, and lay great stress upon, one point that I make, and that is the very great advantage, amounting in some cases to something like a necessity, of having this establishment nearer to the forti- fications than the Atlantic coast.” The saving in the cost of transportation which would result from the estab- lishment of the proposed gun factory would be enormous, and would more than equalize whatever slight difference there might be in the cost of manu- facturing the guns on the Pacific coast as compared with some eastern point. There is great doubt whether the larger guns, particularly the lG-inch, could be safely transported by rail across the continent ; and the highest authorities question the practicability of such an undertaking. The question has arisen whether it may not be preferable to double the capacity of the present factory at Watervliet, so as to provide for the manu- facture there of the guns and mortars contemplated, which, it is estimated, could be done for $150,000 less than it would cost to build a new plant. It has not been in accordance with the policy of the government, nor would it seem wise, to locate both gun factories at the same point. By having them located at different points the disastrous results of great fires, whereby both might be destroyed, are averted; and the possibility, however remote, of a 194 COAST DEFENSES. total cessation of work, by the capture of the factories by hostile forces, or by labor troubles, is removed. The objections to having both factories at the same point seem conclusive, and the committee are of opinion that the interests of the country will be best subserved by the establishment of another separate gun factory, to be located on the Pacific coast. Gen. Flagler estimates that after deducting 100 guns, which are now under contract with the Bethlehem Company, the Watervliet factory will be able to manufacture the balance of the 1,299 guns and mortars referred to by the year 1905. Another statement appended indicates that with the present capacity of the Watervliet Arsenal it will require twenty-two years to finish the guns required for the Atlantic coast alone; for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, twenty-six years, and for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts it will require forty years. If the south wing of the Watervliet factory shall become as fully equipped as is the north wing now T , the capacity of the two wings could only enable completion of the guns for the Atlantic coast alone in ten or twelve years; for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in thirteen years, and the At- lantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts in about twenty or twenty-one years. There is no doubt that the steel forgings for even the largest guns can be manufactured on the Pacific coast. Representations have been made to the committee as to the facilities for the production of steel forgings at San Fran- cisco, where open-hearth furnaces capable of casting a 27-ton steel forging are now established; and Benicia has received consideration with reference to its suitableness for a gun factory. The Chamber of Commerce of the city of Seattle urges the location of that factory at or near that point. J. Furth, president of that body, says: “Iron and coal of excellent quality abound in this city, and the mines easily accessible from Seattle. A large part of the armament for the coast must be used on Puget Sound, and the establishment of the foundry here would save great expense in transportation. The Moss Bay Company at Kirkland, on Lake Washington, is erecting a first-class steel plant, on which $250,000 has already been spent, and which will be completed within a year. Responsible parties guarantee a suitable location on Lake Washington for the government foundry.” Others, again, favor the establishment of the proposed factory at some point on the Columbia River near which pig iron is found. In view of the difference of opinion existing as to the exact place on the Pacific coast where the factory should be located, the committee are of the opinion that its location should'be left to the decision of a board of competent experts, to be appointed by the President, as provided for in the bill. It appears from the statement of the Chief of Ordnance that if there be no large establishment of this kind located on the Pacific coast, there will be need of two small establishments for repairs, one to be located at Benicia, and the other farther north, on the Columbia River or on Puget Sound. The bill appropriates $1,000,000 for the erection of suitable buildings, the purchase of suitable machinery, and other materials necessary for the estab- lishment and maintenance at some point on or near the Pacific coast of a plant for finishing and assembling the parts of heavy guns and other ordnance for the use of the army and navy. It authorizes the President to appoint a board, to consist of three officers of the army and three officers of the navy, to examine and report what, in their opinion, is the most suitable site for the erection of the plant, thus leaving the location dependent upon the report of the board of experts. The committee, fully appreciating the necessity of another gun factory, and the advantages which would result from its location on the Pacific coast, report the bill favorably and recommend that it do pass. For Hon. Samuel J. Tilden’s letter on coast defenses see Appendix H. HARBOR OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, FROM WHICH THE “ITATA” SAILED. THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. The Chilean Controversy between the United States government and that of Chile originated from the assault in the streets of Valparaiso, Chile, upon sailors of the United States Steamer Baltimore, in command of Captain Schley, on October 16, 1891. The incidents of the affair are, briefly, as follows: — On October 16, Cap- tain Schley who had returned to Valparaiso two days previously with the Steamer Baltimore, gave shore leave to one hundred and seventeen petty officers and sailors of the ship. These men left the ship about 1.30 p.m. No incidents of violence occurred; none of the men were arrested, no com- plaint was lodged against them, nor did any collision or outbreak occur until about 6 p.m. Captain Schley states that lie was himself on shore and about the streets of the city until 5.30 p.m., that he met very many of his men who were on leave; that they were sober and were conducting them- selves with propriety, saluting Chilean and other officers as they met them. Other officers of the ship, and Captain Jenkins of the merchant ship Kewee- naw, corroborated Captain Schley as to the general sobriety and good behav- ior of the men. About 6 p.m. the assault began, in which a mob of between 1,500 and 2,000 men were engaged. The outbreak began by a Chilean sol- dier spitting in the face of an apprentice from the Baltimore, named Talbot. This was resented by a knock-down blow. Talbot at the time was accom- panied by another sailor from the Baltimore named Riggin. The two men were immediately beset by a crowd of the Chilean citizens and soldiers, through which they broke their way to a street car and entered it for safety. They were pursued and driven from the car, and Riggin was so seriously beaten that he fell in the street apparently dead. The fight continued through several streets of the city, and the American sailors (other than Tal- bot and Riggin), unarmed and defenseless as they were, fled for their lives, pursued by overwhelming numbers armed with clubs, stones and guns. Eighteen of them were cruelly stabbed and beaten. The Sisters of Charity at the hospital to which the wounded men were taken, when inquired of, stated that they were “sober when received.” Two of the men died from their wounds. A number of American sailors were arrested and taken before Judge of Crimes Foster, but were, during the four days following the arrest, every one discharged, no accusation of any breach of the peace or other criminal conduct having been sustained against a single one of them. The United States promptly demanded an apology and reparation from the Chilean government for this outrage upon her sailors. Considerable correspondence passed between the State Department and the Governor of Chile, in which not only the assault upon the American sailors was discussed, but issues anterior to it. and which arose after the flight of Balmaceda, and when our Minister at Santiago, Mr. Patrick Egan, gave shelter in the legation to certain adherents of the Balmaceda govern- ment who applied to him for an asylum. This seems to have elicited a bit ter hostility against Air. Egan by some of the Chilean people, and his recall was requested by Senor Pedro Montt. The Chilean government made a judicial investigation of the incidents and sad results of the assault, of which Pedro Montt, in a note to Mr. Blaine of January 23, 1892, says: “It appeared that the disorder of October 16 195 196 THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. began by a quarrel among drunken sailors, which assumed considerable pro- portions owing to the condition of the locality in which it originated, and that the police performed their duty by re-establishing tranquillity and plac- ing the persons who seemed to have been concerned in the disorder at the disposal of the Court. The goverment of Chile has no data authorizing it to think that the quarrel was due to any dislike of the uniform of the United States, or that the police failed to perform their duty. It was the desire and duty of the government of Chile to discover the truth, in order to make its future proceedings conform thereto, and in order that the United States gov- ernment might be satisfied that nothing was neglected in order to do full justice.” In reference to what was considered by the United States government an insulting note addressed to Mr. Egan by Mr. Malta (December 11) and the demand for its recall, Pedro Montt says: “ The first time that the honorable Secretary of State saw fit to call my attention to the aforesaid note of Mr. Matta, I told him that that note contained instructions addressed to me by Mr. Matta, and that as I had not been directed to communicate it officially to the Department of State, there was no reason why the honorable Secretary should take cognizance of it.” Secretary Blaine in his reply to Senor Montt concerning Matta’s note says: “By your own statement you evidently attempted to justify the Matta note. The Matta note was highly discourteous to the President and the Secretary of the Navy, imputing to them untruth and insincerity. Such language does not admit of conditional or contingent apology, which you offered. It could be apologized for only by a frank withdrawal. You did not see the great difference involved by your government sending the Matta circular to all the legations of Chile and requesting its several Ministers to publish it. ; so that Chile was not only responsible for the discourteous language, but for its publication throughout the civilized world. That you did not comply with Chile’s request to publish it here was the strongest proof of your own dis- approval of the note.” Minister Egan’s recall having been asked for, Mr. Blaine replied to Seu- or Montt to the effect, that Chile has the right to ask that a change be made provided she assigns a reason why such Minister is persona non grata. That twice had arisen occasions for the United States government to ask Great Britain to recall her Minister, and in each case a reason was given why the Minister had ceased to be usefid, and that it is hardly necessary to observe that conditions which the United States complied with 'should likewise be exacted of Chile. January 25, 1892, Minister Egan telegraphed Secretary Blaine, “I have this day received the following reply to my note of 22d instant:” The reply in substance from Luis Pereira, is as follows: “ From the nature of the incident it would be impossible to prove that there was no doubt as to the special cause which served as its origin or pre- text; but the undersigned can assert that that cause was not a hostile feeling toward the uniform of the Navy of the United States, because the people of Chile have always esteemed and respected that uniform ever since the time when they saw it figuring honorably in the ranks of the soldiers and sailors who, in a generous struggle, gave it independence and established the Re- public. The undersigned admits that the occurrence of October 16 was of greater gravity than those which usually occur in the same district between the sailors who frequent it, and the fact that knowing that two deaths have resulted from it among the sixteen wounded men of the Baltimore , has suf- ficient to give it an extraordinary character, and to induce the government of Chile to hasten to adopt the measures necessary to discover and punish the guilty parties, to offer in due time, if there should be ground for so do- ing, such reparation as might be due. The preliminary examination was THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. 197 commenced on the morning which followed the night of the conflict, some days before you presented your complaint, but the investigation could not he finished with the rapidity that the government of Chile desired, because the rules of procedure in criminal matters, which are established by our laws, are of slow application and it was not possible for the President of the Republic to modify or set them aside. This delay, which was inevitable, owing to the independence with which the judicial authorities must act, has compelled the government of the undersigned to delay, greatly to its regret, the settlement of the difficulties pending with your government, and a spon- taneous offer of reparation for the injury done to the sailors of the Baltimore , that might be attributed to Chilean soldiers or sailors, or that might affect the responsibility of Chile. In view of your communication, and considering that up to date, it has been impossible for the trial initiated by the Judge of the Criminal Court of Valparaiso to be decided, the undersigned regards it as his duty to declare once more that the government of Chile laments the occurrence of October 16, and by way of showing the sincerity of his feelings and the confidence which he has in the justice of his course, he declares his willingness not to await the decision of the examining judge, and proposes to the United States government that the case be submitted to the consider- ation of the Supreme Court of justice at Washington, to the end that that high tribunal, with its learning and impartiality, may determine without ap- peal whether there is any ground for reparation and in what shape it should be made.” Previous to the receipt of this telegram, President Harrison had submitted a message to Congress, January 25, in which he says in effect: “I have as yet received no reply to our note of the 21st instant, but in my opinion I ought not to delay longer to bring these matters to the attention of Congress for such action as may be deemed appropriate. In submitting these papers to Congress for that grave and patriotic decision which the questions involved demand, I desire to say that I am of the opinion that the demands made of Chile by the government should be adhered to and enforced. If the dig- nity, as well as the prestige and influence of the United States are not to be wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who, in foreign ports, display the fla ® o s gS ° I oTb „ 0 0 " O c ^ d 0 >>* G S®.QtS °4* G , 0.G o 0 G 0.2 rjC 0 £■« C/3 d 3 SI 2^7! a -O 0 c h- G O G b o G d o 33 0 l-s > f O'- o 0 G — rr cu Go cj 0 c .= S £§1 0 O 9 ? d 0.2* -u G .2 w > G G 0 O N o -3 ^ r: © W ■2 s«s = d r». i-< o G +_> O, § 0£ o o-2 £g 2fc?j3 II d t* G 0 . bOjQ 0 0 G3 -G 'O r c 2 o-o.b Sf>.2 = »«c s - 0) o cl o S§ os- fj £2 jj 52 §■ .sc . o d' rt «5)0^ tOioC^O 0 >, . 0 d G - c- o.5 o 0 culo^ ~ S' 0 S-, +3 C3 0 'Cco. c/3 0 ~ - r d d ■Sfo m - . 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'■'O 0 ^'d = fpS 11 - 0 +y • 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 ft s 0 ^ g® s 2 . ®ftft >s ft ® "5 31 ® g*c3 ■ 2 -< " . 3,3 0 's 03 -g §5 £ I© 3^3 i£ >3 — . 5 ■S.'S 3 3 S o t. d 2 5 s 5 3 17b 317 VOTING QUALIFICATIONS.— Continued. s'S e ^ .5.0 g 8 >® O t, s 'gto g a« I sS’g iiSS g C/3 ^ "t-. — - 0 '“1. d c/T fc0 2 9 c S.2 ■^3 . d 2 G C S J- 03 ’f 03 -*-< j_ 03 — c d~ o 3'--£ eo O *3 O u c, s, £ ■ •- 03 O c '§ a hS 2 o 33 - a t, - £> ■ Si CT3 o-Sga S c g 03 SS»e 0 jrj +-> |g °5 1 g .2 > ■g B o 3 IfgS 2 o 0^3 ; 55 O ^ 3 « o s. x3 d 03 5? 55 o j3 o -0) 0^5 I if* iScO t2 c$ c 0 = &S 3 >s •£ r d ^ o ^ ^ ^ C C3 C4_ 05 0 'S s SS ^di? C 0 55 03 w r •-< co •£ 03 x > 2 O C C/3 "q So 8il «4-H <3 '75'^ «? O h 2 ^ < +5 £55 i jj>‘? 'gT 5 &D+* ° 2 .O O 03 - ; -^> a; ; o c3 — ai .03 73 o.-g 03 ‘g 3 i)0^' •0'S - ^ ^ £ ® -2 8 d* s - o O 5 °| I g — • 03 2 G >m st ® 5q • cc o .5 o£ 03 . 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'^il!d§ § o fto 5 *2 ^ 73 aT- 75 > - 73 9 d a 0 ) c 43 c 3 o .5 ° £ ^ ^ 73 r d 0.^55 S U S -«|§ °-=oS§ls ifl’S § I S3 S |Ig5^-o§ „'-S = § S&g2|»S (13 2 ^ 111 ~ t - d ! • J 03 J " _ 1 QJ3 O « s o O g o 53 o P* Pi P-i 2 s 8 35 « d 73 • — o ,5 « i ^ 03 t2 55 - .2 03 ’o 5r-J : o-^ i? ~ a* S'S 53 G g J 53: H O > d g ^ o 73 55 03 ’ tS 5 73.^ +3 oo£ ,y, =^ O ■ Us G*> g 'o' r-l£ C u, ^ dT g O d >i0 ■•3SS§- N 5 2 o — .= -2 £2 Soso cS — .t: 3,^10? x: ■- eg d r> m 5 d 2 - •- S ^ s o -e 55 55 O i dr ’ 03 d ^ O O ° '5 ■BlS o „-S !l «s S SP<| t3 c3 Ofi o o 218 VOTING QUALIFICATIONS.— Continued. 0 -S d 'jiVI i 0 d _ _ 2 £ . 0^2 So'" O Or^J K “ O s-. ”3 2 o d *S-2 “ a o 2 O t < ; O tc O ; ^ d ® ( a >^a o 0 § ^ 'd -2 CQ 0 20 u +■? o •*-' o 2 3 > 0 § 0 C odd ^ o ^ cc § <0 §5 o ^3 co d 0 d -o § tc c 3 ^giSBgg o s ti a 0 | g ssSla s- 0 2 2 ■S d c-3 o ”""5 2 to r 0 .=, - ■ H a V , d ^3 2 o « J 1 c 0 1 C >-% 0 002 5" o < GQ M-H ' ^ ° §2 t 3 a°o “ ffl 5j •2 o .2 & > 0 ^ {/J g'SgS °g = a t » d 3 oij;2 & l§£ 'g^'ES d ~ d _, -C d 2 w - to Q .2 * 3 d O 0 (W - 4 S 0^ „ to ^2^5 2 S G 0-~ 0 d o +n o §-sl|| P- PH CO H ^ § a* c 0 0 ”5 ■- S'O o g d 0 ; 0 > jT 3 < 5?«l2® C > s £ £ c-g a 3 S c3 Mg' 2 0 — r * - gv'Si ^ 0 a 1 = cc'g rl I , =3 >sai > o r® g 1.0 0-2 i « o o J 3<« O i g ° O ' O — lot 3 ° ,a 2 O ;ao 043 O 0 d — 0 1^0 i-s ► *?gg 0 ~ £ ^ X ° <1 219 (5) Except where head of family, who lias resided in State 1 year and in county 30 days, removes in good faith within the same counl (6) Subject to XVth Amendment to Federal Constitution. (7) Or, if previously qualified voter or native-born citizen, he shall have removed therefrom and returned, then 0 months. REGISTRATION OF VOTERS. The registration of voters is required in tire States of Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming. In Georgia registration is required in most counties by local law, and in South Dakota in a few counties. In Kansas registration is required in cities of the first and second class, in Nebraska in cities of and over 2,500 inhabitants, in North Dakota in cities of over 3,000 and in Ohio in cities of not less than 9,000 inhabitants. In Illinois registration is required for cities and general elections in the State. In Missouri it is required in cities of 100,000 inhabitants, in Wisconsin in cities having 3,000 inhabitants and over, and in Kentucky having 5, 000 in- habitants and over. In New York it is required in all cities and in all incorporated villages of over 7,000 inhabitants. In Rhode Island non-taxpayers are required to register yearly before De- cember 31. The registration of voters is not required in the States of Delaware, Indiana, Kentucky, Oregon and Tennessee. It is prohibited in Arkansas, Texas and West Virginia by Constitutional provision. 220 MAPS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES, SHOWING COUNTY BOUNDARIES AND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS UP TO DATE, WITH ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTORAL, POPULAR, AND COUNTY VOTE, 1872-1892. 222 STATES AND TERRITORIES. ALABAMA. ■\'-- v l.AUDERDALE 1 V — ^ I I 1 •COLBERT \ “ r—L* 5 • FRANKLIN I ___ ~ i u i m t. • * '“^'LSTONE i I lii N 1 /MARION / 5 > 1 WALKER / 2 I 1 . < |FAYETTE / -» * r— S I i 1 I J * / | . w /PICKENS [TUSCALOOSA « nr ' - / 'U .SUMTER 'C? -A rt, _ , v «^\hale/ JperryJ ^ . 1 i /\ J \ ^ 5 /fv\ liJ I t— ~ ja ; I f lOALE I Be? J ! A/ ' 1 1 If GENEVA J vl° \ 1 I \ • ° . As redistricted February 13, 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 223 ALABAMA. Electoral Vo/e. — Iu 1872 Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 10; 1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (I).), 10; 1888, Cleve- land (D.), 10. There will be 11 votes in 1892. Total Slate Vote— 1872, 169,716; 1876, 170,232; 1880, 151,507; 1884, 153,- 489; 1888, 174,100; 1890 (Gov.), 183,841. Pluralities.— 1872, 10,828 (IT); 1876, 33,772 (D. ); 1880, 34,509 (D.); 1884, 33,829 (D.); 1888, 61,123 (D.); 1890, 97,470 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 14,125. New Counties. — Chilton, Cullman and Lamar Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted: County 1884. 1888. Franklin 395 (D.) 52 (R.) Greene 679 (R.) 623 (D.) Hale 278 (R.) 1,436 (D.) Limestone 20 (R.) 306 (D.) Montgomery 2,623 (R.) 746 (D.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President iu 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Colbert 41 (R.) 300 (D.) Franklin 52 (R.) 486 (D.) Madison 459 (R.) 401 (D.) Talladega 196 (R.) 1,535 (D.) From the above it may be noted that five counties changed sides in 1888 and four in 1890 — Franklin County having changed twice. Choctaw has given a gradually increasing Democratic plurality since 1872, as follows; 506, 516, 530, 597, 760, 769. Although many counties have given Democratic pluralities without a break, no other county than the one mentioned has a gradually ascending record since 1872. No. of Counties . — The total number of counties, 1890, is 66. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,262,505; 1890, 1,513,- 017. The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (88,501); Montgomery (56,172); Mobile (51,587); Dallas (49,350); and Madison (38,119). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 224 STATES AND TERRITORIES. AEKANSAS. *- C L 4 V \ As redistricted by the legislature of 1890-91. ARKANSAS. Electoral Vote. — In 1876 Tilden (D.) received 6 votes; 1880, Hancock (D.), 6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 7; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 7. There will be 8 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 79,300; 1876, 96,740; 1880, 106,229; 1884, 125,580; 1888, 155,941; 1890 (Gov.), 191,448. Pluralities.— m2, 3,446 (R); 1876, 19,113 (D.); 1880, 18,828 (D.); 1884, 22,032 (D.); 1888, 27,210 (D.); 1890, 21,086 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 112,148. New Counties. — Baxter, Clay, Cleburne, Cleveland, Dorsey, Faulkner, Gar- land, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Johnson, Lee, Logan, Lonoke, Miller, Poinsett, Scott, Stone and Yell Counties have been formed since 1872. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 225 Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Tlie following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Ashley 100 (R.) 289 (D.) Conway 315 (R.j 80 (D.) Drew 47 (R.) 146 (D.) Ouachita 157 (R.) 138 (D.) Hempstead 22 (D.) 155 (R.) Lee 494 (D.j 577 (R.) St. Francis 237 (D.) 85 (R.) Woodruff 215 (D.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890. County. 1888. 1890. Arkansas 40 (R.) 190 (D.) Lee 577 (R.) 1,153 (D.) Mississippi 74 (R.) 80 (D.) Pulaski 1,573 (R.) 2,238 (D.) Carroll 456 (D.) 21 (R.) Drew 146 (D.) 13 (R.) Prairie 158 (D.) 59 (R.) White 1,398 (D.) 71 (R.) From the above it may be noted that, practically eight, coun- ties changed sides in 1888, and eight in 1890. Drew and Lee Counties changed sides twice. Jefferson County has given a gradually increasing Republican plurality since 1872, as follows: 1,804, 2,300, 2,311, 2,431, 3,508, 4,442, being the only county having that record. Columbia County has given a gradually increasing Demo- cratic plurality since 1872, as follows: 432, 550, 591, 709, 948, 1,119. On the Democratic side, Washington and Franklin Counties came within 11 and 8, respectively, of a gradual increase since 1872. The figures as under will show the counties next in order hav- ing a gradually increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Benton 915 1,542 1,666 1,835 2,051 Bradley 269 365- 387 389 605 Columbia 432 550 591 709 948 Craighead 375 416 491 842 995 Grant 263 289 373 414 550 Sevier 157 385 450 605 789 Washington 464 1,071 1,149 1,149 1,230 Yell — 478 662 813 1,192 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are seventy-five coun- ties in Arkansas. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 802,525; 1890, 1,128,179. The five most populous counties are Pulaski (47,329); Jeffer- son (40,881); Sebastian (33,200); Washington (32,024), and Ben- ton (27,716). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 226 STATES AND TERRITORIES, CALIFORNIA. As redistricted March 11, 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 227 CALIFORNIA. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (II. ) received 6 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 6; 1880, Hancock (D.), 5; and Garfield (R.), 1; 1884, Blaine (R ), 8; 1888, Harrison (R. ), 8. There will be 9 votes in 1892. Total Stale Vote.— 1872, 95,806; 1876, 155,733; 1880, 164,166; 1884, 193,738; 1888, 251,339; 1890 (Gov.), 252,386. Pluralities.— m2, 13,302 (R.); 1876, 2,805 (R.); 1880, 78 (D.); 1884, 13,128 (R.); 1888, 7,087 (R. ); 1890, 7,945 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote is 156,580. New Counties. — San Benito and Ventura Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Butte 57 (R.) 24 (D.) Del Norte 16 (R.) 50 (D.) San Francisco. . . . 4,315 (R.) 2,991 (D.) Sonoma 100 (R.) 101 (D.) Trinity 16 (R.) 1 (D.) Yuba 222 (R.) 40 (D.) Plumas 157 (D. ) 78 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Trinity 1 (D.) 19 (R.) Yuba 40 (D.) 26 (R.) It will be seen from the foregoing that seven counties changed sides in 1888, and two in 1890. Trinity and Yuba Counties changed sides twice. Alameda County gave a gradually increasing Republican plu- rality from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 1,337, 1,601, 1,999, 2,739, 3,147. Colusa County has given a gradually increasing Democratic plurality since 1872 up to date, the figures running thus: 9, 703, 726, 774, 894, 985. No. of Counties . — According to latest reports there are fifty-three counties in California. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 864,694; 1890, 1,208,- 130. The five most populous counties are San Francisco (298,997); Los Angeles (101,454); Alameda (93,864); Santa Clara (48,005); Sacramento (40,339). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 228 STATES AND TERRITORIES. COLORADO. COLORADO. Electoral Vote . — In 1876 Hayes (R.) received 3 votes; 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 3. There will be 4 votes in 1892. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 229 Total State Vote . — The first vote for President was in 1880, when the total vote was recorded as 53,532; 1884, 66,492; 1888, 91,796; 1890 (Gov.), 83,465. Pluralities.— 1880, 2,803 (R.); 1884, 8,563 (R.); 1888, 13,207 (R.); 1890, 6,468 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1880 is 29,933. Hew Counties, 1880-1888. — Archuleta, Delta, Dolores, Eagle, Garfield, Lo- gan, Mesa, Montrose, Pitkin, San Miguel and Washington Counties were formed between 1880 and 1888. Variations in County Vote, 1884r-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. . 1888. Bent 64 (D.) 264 (R.) Elbert 63 (D.) 206 (R.) Huerfano 207 (D.) 76 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, con- sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Archuleta 50 (R.) 22 (D.) Delta 18 (R.).. . ...... 57 (F. A.) Eagle 204 (R.) 38 (D.) Lake 486 (R.) ,...1,666 (D.) Montrose 136 (R.) 32 (F. A.) Park 176 (R.) 35 (D.) Pitkin 308 (R.) 142 (D.) San Miguel 162 (R.) 14 (D.) Summit 144 (R.) 34 (D.) 13 counties (not included in the foregoing statement of new counties) have cast their first vote as such since 1888. The fol- lowing statement will show the political tendency of each: COUNTY. TOTAL VOTE. PLURALITY. PARTY. Baca 312 14 ...(R.) Cheyenne;. . 131 35 ...(R.) Kiowa .. ..241 32 ...(R.) Kit Carson. 426 ....114 ,..(R.) Lincoln 161 4 . (R.) Morgan . . . . 405 ....107 ..(F. A.) Phillips 469 13 ..(F. A.) Prowers. . . . 442 96 ■ (R- ) Sedgwick. . 257 79 - (R.) Yuma 436 5 ..(R.) Montezuma. 441 35 ■ •(D.) Otero 811 21 ■ (D.) Rio Blanco. 341 4 ...(P.) The above shows the vote cast for Governor, 1890, in each of the counties given. Prom the statement above given of changes from 1884 to 1890, it will be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888 and 15 in 1890. Rio Grande County has given a gradually increasing Repub- lican plurality since 1880, as follows: 100, 187, 192, 293. Boulder County has recorded a gradually decreasing Repub- lican plurality since 1880, viz.: 576, 489, 462, 108. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in Colorado. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 194,327; 1890, 412,198. The five most populous counties are Arapahoe (132,135); Pueblo (31,491); El Paso (21,239); Las Animas (17,208), and Lake (14,663). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 230 STATES AND TERRITORIES. CONNECTICUT. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 231 CONNECTICUT. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 6; 1880, Garfield (R.), 6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 96,928; 1876, 122,156; 1880, 132,770; 1884, 137,233; 1888, 153,978; 1890 (Gov.), 135,298. Pluralities.— 1872, 4,348 (R.); 1876, 2,900 (D.); 1880, 2,656 (R.); 1884, 1,284 (D.); 1888, 336 (D.); 1890, 26 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote, comparing 1872 with 1888, was 57,050. A comparison of 1872 with 1890 gives an increase of 38,370. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Hartford 271 (D.) 565 (R.) Litchfield 470 (D.) 290 (R.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Hartford 565 (R.) 384 (D.) New London 144 (R.) 112 (D.) It will be seen from the above that Hartford County has changed sides twice since 1884. The only county showing anything like a gradual increase is New Haven, recording from 1876 pluralities as follows: 1,749 (D.), 2,180 (D.), 3,016 (D.), 3,110 (D.), [3,482 (D.) for Gov- ernor.] JVo. of Counties.— There are eight counties in Connecticut. Podulation. — The population of the State, 1880, was 622,700; 1890, 746,258. The five most populous counties are: New Haven (209,058); Fairfield (150,081); Hartford (147,180); New London (76,634); Litchfield (53,542). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 232 STATES AND TERRITORIES. DELAWARE. Delaware has but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided into Congressional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 233 DELAWARE. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 3; 1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 3; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 21,808; 1876, 24,135; 1880, 29,333; 1884, 30,103; 1888, 29,763; 1890 (Gov.), 35,197. Pluralities.— m2, 422 (R.); 1876, 2,629 (D.); 1880, 1,033 (D.); 1884, 3,923 (D.); 1888, 3,441 (D. ); 1890, 543 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 13,389. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— Sussex County gave Cleveland a plurality of 1,428 in 1884, and Hancock a plurality of 63 in 1888. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — New Castle County gave Cleve- land a plurality of 2,332 in 1888, and Richardson (Republican nominee for Governor), 1890, a plurality of 323. No. of Counties. — There are three counties in Delaware. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 146,608; 1890, 168,493. The counties iu order of population are: New Castle (97,182); Sussex (38,647); Kent (32,664). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 18s 234 STATES AND TERRITORIES. FLORIDA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 235 FLORIDA. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 (Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 4; 1880, Hancock (D.), 4; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 4; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote,— 1872, 33,190; 1876, 48,774; 1880, 51,618; 1884, 59,872; 1888, 66,641. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next will be elected in 1892. Pluralities.— m2, 2,336 (R. ); 1876 (disputed); 1880, 4,310 (D.); 1884, 3,738 (D.); 1888, 12,904 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 33,451. New Counties. — Brevard, Citrus, De Soto, Lake, Lee, Osceola and Pasco counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Alachua 354 (R.) 616 (D.) Jefferson 781 (R.j 11 (D.) Leon 1,364 (R.) 1,126 (D.) Madison 32 (R.) 544 (D.) Manatee 454 (R.) 250 (D.) Marion 513 (R.) 70 (D.) Nassau 141 (R.j 47 (D.) Volusia 65 (D.) 145 (R.) From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides in 1888. The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Baker. 53. . . .95. . ..109. . .161. . .220 Bradford 249 ... 501 .... 620 ... 634 ... 640 Brevard — . . . .53. . . .145. . .196. . .210 Hillsborough 41 ... 604 .... 717 ... 905. . 1, 013 Lafayette 101. . .247... .277. . .335. . .537 Polk 362 ... 450 .... 499 ... 692 ... 958 No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 45 counties in Florida. Population , — The population of the State, 1880, was 269,493; 1890, 391,422. The five most populous counties are: Duval (26,800); Alachua (22,934); Marion (20,796); Escambia (20,188); Monroe (18,786). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 236 STATES AND TERRITORIES. GEORGIA. £ -a V9 Ibartov| TrcoYD'“7 V 7 V *■',>3' I “.SO! “.O' > HU \0’| 1 *■ ,vt w \^t\ ^?^HART\ .A

> ;W1NNE j^‘ ^ > w ^ LT /'X°-"-iir LK ’ Es iorgan! ^cTfrAt ‘ICUL^V -t* -0 - — z/lPUT^ W^ER,-# E l Y-C™T HM0Nt t E V *f i G . E £ - if )HATTAi ^ lOOCMI - /X! i' >y Jr 1 1 <3* V "A « V ‘f' 1 1 ° r % _ ; ^ --< g /wilcoAteilfair'a 5 LEE I" ll*^ H l U l -''I^WORTH^WM^COFFEC j . i £A XvXX!_ —ji \ ' i ?* Vo 1 1 APPLINO 1 <,a°jv: rv As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 237 GEORGIA. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican candidate for President, having died before the electoral vote was cast, the electors voted, as shown on page 42 (in the foot- note). In 1876 Tiki en (D.) received 11 votes; 1880, Hancock (D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 12; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 12. There will be 13 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 138,906; 1876, 180,534; 1880, 155,651; 1884,143,- 543; 1888, 142,939; 1890 (Gov. ), 105,365 [no opposition]. Pluralities.— 1872, 9,806 (D.); 1876, 79,642 (I).); 1880, 49,874 (D.); 1884, 46,961 (D.); 1888, 60,003 (I).). Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote of 1876 over that of 1872 was 41,628. Since that time there has been a decrease in round numbers as follows: 1880, 25,000; 1884, 12,000; 1888, 1,000; 1890 (Gov.) 37,000. The total de- crease since 1876 is therefore, in round numbers, 75,000. New Counties. — Oconee has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.- — Variations as under are recorded; County. 1884. 1888. Decatur 76 (R.) 805 (I).) Glynn 222 (R.) 19 (D.) Greene 77 (R.) 89 (I).) Jasper 8(R.) 411 (D.) Talbot 424 (R.) 186 (D.) Towns 18 (D.) 8(R.) Variations in County Vote. —Although there is an unusually large number of counties in Georgia, there are none having a gradually increas- ing or decreasing Democratic or Republican plurality since 1872. There are slight or considerable variations in every instance. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 137 counties iu Georgia. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,542,180; 1890, 1,837,- 353. The five most populous counties are: Pulton (84,655); Chat- ham (57,740); Richmond (45,194); Bibb (42,370); Burke (28,- 501). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 238 STATES AXB TERRITORIES. r i-. < 2 LU ° ! ° ! i i i 'v_J i 1 i i "'i IDAHO. N A V \ I LATA j SHOSHONE ] Idaho has but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided into Con- gressional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 239 IDAHO. Electoral Vote. — Idaho was admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. There will he three votes in 1892. Total State Vote. — As a basis for comparison it may be stated that the total vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather, Congressional nominees, 1888, was 16,013. In 1890 the total vote for Gov- ernor was 18,210. Pluralities. — 1888 (Congress), 1,747 (R.); 1890 (Governor), 2,314 (R. ) Increase in the Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures the in- crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1890, was 2,197. New Counties. — Latah County voted for the first time, according to the records, in 1888, and Elmore and Logan counties for the first time in 1890. Variations in the County Vote, 1886-1890. — The following variations are noted: County. 1886 (cong.) 1888 (cong.) 1890 (gov.) Ada . . .168 (D.),. . . ..347 (R.),... . . .51 (R.) Bear Lake . ....20 (R.)... ...450 (I).)... ..117 (R.) Boise . . ..48 (R.).... ..107 (R.)... . . .17 (D.) Idaho . . .129 (D.).. . . ..110(1).)... .. .28 (R.) Kootenai.. . ...125'(D.).... ... .9 (D.). . . ..167 (R.) Nez Perces. ..304 (D.j.... ..276 (I. R.). ...43 (IL) Owyhee . . . 2 (D. ). . . . . .130 (R.)... ..112 (R.) Counties. — According Idaho. to the latest reports, there are 18 counties Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 32,610; 1890, 84,385. The five most populous counties are: Bingham (13,575); Latah (9,173); Ada (8,368); Oneida (6,819), and Bear Lake (6,057). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 240 STATES AN1> TERRITORIES. ILLINOIS. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. Two Representatives will he elected at large to the Fifty-third Congress. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 241 ILLINOIS. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 21 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 21; 1880, Gartield (R.), 21; 1884, Blaine (R.), 22; 1888, Harrison (R.), 22. There will be 24 votes in 1892. Total State Vole.— 1872, 429,940; 1876, 554,066; 1880, 622,312; 1884, 672,- 849; 1888, 747,781. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next will be elected in 1892. Pluralities.— 1872, 53,948 (R.); 1876, 19,631 (R.); 1880, 40,716 (R.); 1884, 24,827 (R.); 1888, 22,195 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 317,746. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Coles 41 (D.) 138 (R.) Lawrence 57 (D.) 26 (R.) Madison . . . .252 (D.j 310 (R.) McDonough. . . . 1 (D.j 51 (R.) Stephenson. . . . . . . .198 (D.) 55 (R.) Jackson . . . .202 (R.) 65 (D.) Marshall 28 (R.) 84 (I).) Perry 2 (R.) 15 (D.j From t he above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides in 1888. The figures as under will show the counties having a grad- ually increasing or decreasing Republican or Democratic plu- rality since 1872; GRADUAL INCREASE (R.). County 1872. : 1876. 1880. 1884. 1888. Edwards .460. .. .504. .. .602... .608.. ..653 Williamson ..18. . . ..28... ..28... ,.272.. ..327 GRADUAL DECREASE (R. •). County ...1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Champaign ..1,827. .1,427. .1,248. ..1052. .1,001 Jo Daviess . . . .750 ...631 ...631 . ..288. ....8 Piatt . . ..510 . ..491 ...337. ...259. . .235 Whitesides ...1,926. .1,720. .1,703. .1,460. .1,390 No of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 102 counties in Illinois. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 3,077,871; in 1890, 3,826,351. The five most populous counties are: Cook (1,191,922); La Salle (80,798); Peoria (70,378); St. Clair (66,571), and Kane (65,- 061). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 42 STATES AND TERRITORIES. /V A INDIANA. ’V • < a STARKE \ I I I la PORTE \ ST J06EPH IELKH.ART LA GRANGE JSTEU BEN | J + — h is j? — i J FULTO T £ j PULAg K I I CASS MARSHALLl , KOSCIUSKO NOBLE |DEKALO • -I j MQWAfiO cN 1 8 i c| '^ t qn r r ~7o N ~ i WnD0LPH| J j WAYNE | As redistricted in 1891. STATES AXD TERRITORIES. 243 INDIANA. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 15 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 15; 1880, Garfield (R.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 15; 1888, Harri- son (R.), 15. There will be 15 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 351,196; 1876, 431,070; 1880, 470,678; 1884, 494,- 793; 1888, 536,901. The total vote cast for Secretary of State, 1890, was 477,643. Pluralities . — 1872, 21,098 (R,); 1876, 5,505 (D.); 1880, 6,636 (R.); 1884,6,512 (D.); 1888, 2,348 (R.); 1890 (Sec. of State), 19,579. Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 185,705. New Counties. — Hancock County has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Boone 199 (D.) 117 (R.) Carroll . . . .122 (D.) 48 (R. ) Clinton 243 (D.) 241 (R.) Daviess 202 (D.) 3 (R.) Fountain 205 (D.) 83 (R.) Huntington 19 (D.) 78 (R.) Orange 23 (D.) 125 (R.) Pike 56 (D.) 99 (R.) Ripley 122 (D.) 24 (R.) Spencer 122 (D.) 48 (R.) Yanderburg. . . . 63 (D.) 137 (R.) Marion . . ..226 (R.) 379 (D.) Switzerland. . . . 10 (R.) 77 (D.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The vote for Secretary of State does not show, strictly speaking, the party tendency; but as the vote was heavy, and apparently created more than usual inter- est, the variations may be of service. They are as follows: County. 1888 (Pres.) 1890 (S. S.) Boone . . ..117 (R.) 106 (IX) Carroll 48 (R.) 110 (D.) Fountain 83 (R.) 139 (D.) Huntington. . . . 78 (R.) 265 (D.) Jay 70 (R.) 181 (D.) Monroe 239 (R.) 18 (D.) Montgomery. . . ....248 (R.) 220 (D.) Noble 47 (R.) 187 (D.) Spencer 48 (R.) 401 (D.) Vanderburg. . . 138 (R.) 865 (D.) Vermillion . .. .292 (R.) 2 (D.) Vigo ....171 (R.j 592 (D.) An analysis of the variations as stated above shows that 13 counties changed sides in 1888 and 12 in 1890. Boone, Carroll, Fountain, Huntington, Spencer and Yanderburg counties changed twice. The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections since 1872: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Adams 531 1,165. ...1,212. ...1,502. ...1,659 No. of Counties. - — -According to the latest reports, there are 92 counties in Indiana. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,978,301; 1890,2,192,457. The five most populous counties are: Marion (141,156), Allen (66,689); Vanderburgh (59,809); Vigo (50,195; St. Joseph (42,457). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 344 STATES A X D TERRIT0&I7’; IOWA. No change in Congressiunal districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 245 IOWA. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 1880, Garfield, (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison (R.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 204,983; 1876, 292,463; 1880, 322,706; 1884, 375,969; 1888, 404,130; 1889 (Gov.), 360,631; 1890 (Gov.), 390,305; 1891 (Gov.), 420,152. Pluralities.— m2, 58,149 (R.); 1876, 50,191 (R.); 1880, 78, 059 (R.); 1884, 19, 773 (R,); 1888, 31, 711 (R. ); 1889 (Gov.), 6,523 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 3,366 (R.); 1891 (Gov.), 8,216 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 199,157. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. ' 1888. Appanoose 68 (D.) 266 (R.) Keokuk .. . .219 (D.) 55 (R.) Marion 237 (D.) 52 (R.) Monroe 32 (D.) 209 (R.) Warren 348 (D.) 766 (R.) Wayne 9(D-) 211 (R.) Bremer 206 (R.) 115 (D.) Shelby 61 (R.) 48 (D.) Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Variations as under are recorded, con- sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared witli that for Governor in 1891: County. 1888. 1891. Benton 122 (R.) 561 (D.) Cedar 3('R.) 175 (D.) Fayette 599 (R.) 214 (D.) Grundy 240 (R.) 107 (D.) Harrison 134 (R.) 382 (D.) Ida 182 (R.) 126 (D.) Jones 241 (R.) 104 (I).) Keokuk 55 (R.) 270 (D.) Linn 874 (R.) 567 (D.) Lyon .... 276 (R.) 240 (D.) Marion 52 (R.) Mont gomery . . . .. .1,032 (R.) 750 (D.) Tama 11 (R-) Wapello 181 (R.) 387 (D.) Webster 269 (D.) Winneshiek. . . . 516 (R.) 90 (D.) Woodbury 1,453 (D.) Bremer 115 (D.) 693 (R.) Iowa . . . .314 (D.) 699 (R.) Palo Alto 10 (D.) 209 (R.) Analysis of the above variations shows that 8 counties changed sides in 1888 and 20 in 1891. Keokuk and Marion counties changed twice (noting only the elections of 1888 and 1891). The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876" 1880 1884 1888 Emmett 140 210 252 285 367 Humboldt 288. . . . 340. . . .419 . . . .484 596 No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 99 counties in Iowa. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 1.624,615; 1890, 1,911.896. The five most populous counties are: Polk (65,410); Wood- bury (55,632); Dubuque (48,848); Pottawattamie, (47,430); Linn, (45,303). For Congressional and city figures sec Appendix, 246 STATES AND TERRITORIES. KANSAS. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. One Representative will be elected at large to the Fifty-third Congress, STATES AND TERRITORIES. 247 KANSAS. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (I!.) received 5 votes; 1876, Haves (R.), 5; 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 9; 1888, Harrison (R.), 9. There will he 10 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 100,614; 1876, 124,110; 1880, 201,019; 1884, 265,- 844; 1888, 330,217; 1890 (Gov.), 294,588. Pluralities.— 1872, 33,482 (R.); 1876. 32,511 (R.); 1880, 61,731 (R.); 1884, 64,274 (R.); 1888, 79,190 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 8,053 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 229,603. JVew Counties. — The following counties have been formed since 1872: Barbour, Gove, Kiowa, Scott, Chautauqua, Graham, Lane, Seward, Cheyenne, Grant, Logan, Sheridan, Clark, Gray, Meade, Sherman, Comanche, Greuly, Morton, Stafford, Decatur, Hamilton, Ness, Stanton, Edwards, Harper, Pratt, Stevens, Elk, Haskell, Pawnee, Thomas, Finney, Hodgeman, Rooks, Trego, Ford, Kearney, Rawlings, Wichita. Garfield, in the County Kingman, Vote, 1884-1888. Rush, — Leavenworth County gave Variations Blaine (R.) 108 plurality in 1884, and Cleveland (D.), 244 plural- ity in 1888. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Barton 125 (R.) 76 (F. A.) Ellsworth 328 (R.) 4 (D.) Ford 252 (R.) 64 (D.) Sedgwick 2,046 (R.) 2,188 (D.) Wyandotte 1,276 (R.) 905 (D.) The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Bourbon . . . . ...626. . 1,149. . 1,159. . 1,303. .1,738 Decatur . . . . . . . . . . .144. . . .255 493 Harvey ...376. . . .971. . 1,090 Hodgeman . . . . . . . . . . .124. . . .138. . . .343 Osborne ...385. , . . .473. . . . .857. . . .969. . . .994 Republic. . . . . ..980. . . .982. . 1,214. . 1,377. . 1,390 Rice . ..160. ...481.. . . .610. . . . .705. . . .917 Rooks — . . ..67. . . .467. . . .600. . . .700 Sedgwick. . . .. . 508. . . .799. . . .934. , . . .997. . 2,046 JVo. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 106 counties in Kansas. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 996,096; 1890, 1,427,- 096. The five most populous counties are: Wyandotte (54,407); Shawnee (49,172); Sedgwick (43,626); Leavenworth, (38,485) ; and Cowley (34,478). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 248 STATES AND TERRITORIES. KENTUCKY. As redistricted in 1890, STATES AND TERRITORIES. 249 KENTUCKY. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 12; 1880, Hancock (D.), 12; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— m2, 191,135; 1876, 259,608; 1880, 264,304; 1884, 275,915; 1888, 344,781; 1891 (Gov.), 289,176. Pluralities.— m2, 8,855 (2D.); 1876, 59,772 (D.); 1880, 43,449 (D.); 1884, 34,839 (D.); 1888, 28,666 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 28,081 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 153,646. New Counties . — Carlisle, Knott and Leslie counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Adair 70 (D.) 155 (R.) Bourbon 8 (D.) 62 (R.) Casey 6 (D.) 79 (R.) Edmondson 88 (D.) 2 (R.) Grayson 146 (D.) 52 (R.) Lawrence 188 (D.) 62 (R.) Martin 223 (D.) 307 (R.) Muhlenburg 287 (D.) 49 (R.) Ohio 174 (D.) 34 (R.) Perry 234 (D.) 403 (R.) Pike 69 (D.) 17 (R.) Russell 58 (D.) 107 (R.) Trigg 416 (D.) 50 (R.) Washington 11 (D.) 37 (R.) Campbell 206 (R.) 19 (D.) Fayette 407 (R.) 134 (D.) Valuations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1891; County. 1888. 1891. Bourbon 62 (R.) 3 (D.) Grayson 52 (R.) 120 (D.) Ohio 34 (R.) 107 (D.) Pike 17 (R.) 108 (D.) Trigg 50 (R.) 202 (D.) Washington 37 (R.) 169 (D.) Campbell 19 (D.) ..57 (R.) Fayette 134 (D.) 138 (R.) From the above statements it may be seen that 16 counties changed sides in 1888, and 8 counties in 1891. Bourbon, Grayson, Ohio, Pike, Trigg, Washington, Camp- bell and Fayette counties changed sides twice. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 159 counties in Kentucky. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,648,690; 1890, 1,858,- 635. The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (188,598); Kenton (54,161); Campbell (44,208); Fayette (35,698); and Christian (34,118). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 19b 250 STATES AND TERRITORIES. LOUISIANA. No change in Congressional districts under reappomonruent act of 1890 BONNE. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 251 LOUISIANA. Electoral Vote. — -For particulars concerning the electoral vote for 1872, see foot-note on page 42. In 1876 Hayes (R.) received 8 votes; 1880, Hancock (D. ), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 8; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 8 votes. There will be 8 votes in 1892. Total Slate Vote.— 1872, 128,692; 1876, 145,643; 1880, 97,901; 1884, 109,234; 1888, 115,894; 1891 (Gov.), 174,890. Pluralities.— 1872, 14,634 (R.); 1876,4,627 (R.); 1880, 27,316 (D.); 1884, 16,- 199 (D.) ; 1888, 54,548 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 32,531 (D.). Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing 1872 with 1888, there was a decrease of 12,948 in the popular vote; comparing 1872 with 1891, an increase of 46,198 is noted. New Parishes. — Terre Bonne, Acadia, Carroll (West), Jefferson (R. B.), Jef- ferson (L. B.), Lincoln, St. James and St. Tammany Parishes have been formed since 1872. Variations in the Parish Vote, 1884-1888. — • The following variations are noted: Parish. 1884. 1888. Ascension . . . .1,213 (R.) 1,075 (I).) Assumption . . . . . 658 (R.) 1,194 (D.) Avoyelles 73 (R.) 900 (D.) Carroll (E.) . . . .1,027 (R.) 1,622 (D.) Concordia . . . .1,384 (R.) 2,011 (I).) Iberville . . ..1,931 (R.) 955 (D.) Madison 470 (R.) 2,357 (D.) Point Coupee . . . 230 (R.) 87 (D.) St. Bernard 102 (R.) 211 (I).) St. Martin’s 452 (R.) 1,005 (D.) St. Mary’s . . .2,066 (R.) 336 (D.) Terre Bonne . . . . 629 (R.) 410 (D.) Variations in the Parish Vote since 1888. — It would hardly be fair to make any comparison to include the last vote for Governor, owing to the somewhat peculiar and extraordinary features of the con- test, there being no less than five candidates for the office. Ac- cording to amended returns, Foster received 79,270 votes; Mc- Enery, 46,739; Leonard, 29,014; Breaux, 11,308; and Tannehill, 8,559. Tangipahoa parish has the record of a gradually increasing Democratic plurality from 1872 to 1888, the figures being as follows: 164, 290, 375, 416, 511. No. of Parishes. — There are 59 parishes in Louisiana. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 939,946; 1890, 1,118,- 587. The five most populous parishes are: Orleans (242,039); St. Landry (40,250); Caddo (31,555); Rapides (27,642); and East Baton Rouge (25,922). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 252 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MAINE. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 253 MAINE. Electoral Vote.- — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 7; 1880, Garfield (R.), 7; 1884, Blaine (R.), 6; 1888, Harrison (R.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 90,509; 1876, 116,786; 1880, 143,853; 1884, 129,509; 1888, 128,250; 1890 (Gov.), 113,824. Pluralities. — 1872, 32,335 (R.); 1876, 15,814 (R.); 1880, 8,868 (R.); 1884, 20,060 (R.); 1888, 23,253 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 18,883 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 37,741. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Although 5 counties gave a de- creased Republican plurality in 1888, none of the counties changed sides. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Waldo County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 619 in 1888, and Thompson (D.) a plurality of 15 in 1890. No. of Counties. — There are 16 counties in Maine. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 648,936; 1890, 661,086. The five most populous counties are Cumberland (90,949); Penobscot (72,865); York (62,829); Kennebec (57,012); and Aroostook (49,589). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 254 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MARYLAND. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 255 MARYLAND. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 8; 1888, Cleve- land (D.), 8. Tliere will be 8 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 134,466; 1876, 163,804; 1880, 173,039; 1884, 186,- 019; 1888, 210,921; 1891 (Gov.), 192,047. Pluralities.— m2, 908 (D.); 1876, 19,756 (D.); 1880, 15,191 (D.); 1884, 11,- 118 (D.); 1888, 6,182 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 30,151. Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 76,455. New Counties . — Garrett County has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Anne Arundel 239 (D.) ..... .13 (R.) Talbot 7 (D.) 162 (R.) Caroline 34 (D.) 79 (R.j Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- idential election are as under; County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) Anne Arundel . . . .... 13 (R.). . . . 991 (D.) Calvert .. .230 (R.). ... 148 (D.) Caroline ....70 (R.j 352 (D.) Charles 1(R) 379 (D.) Dorchester . . .488 (R.) 378 (D.) Frederick .. .437 (R.) 350 (D.) Somerset . ..447 (R.). ... 220 (D.) St. Mary’s .. .221 (R.j 308 (D.) Talbot . . .162 (R.) 356 (D.) Washington . ..394 (R.) 204 (D.) From the above statements it may be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888 and 10 in 1891. Anne Arundel, Caroline and Talbot Counties have changed sides twice. Garrett County has given a gradually increasing Republican plurality since 1876 at presidential elections, as follows: 17, 86, 197, 294. No. of Counties . — There are 24 counties in Maryland. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 934,943; 1890, 1,042,- 390. The five most populous counties are: Baltimore [including Baltimore city] (507,348); Frederick (49,512); Allegany (41,571); Washington (39,782), and Anne Arundel (34,094). For Congressional and city fig ures see Appendix. 256 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MASSACHUSETTS. * Nantu,cKrt, 1. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 257 MASSACHUSETTS. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 13 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 13; 1880, Garfield (R.), 13; 1S84, Blaine (R.), 14; 1888, Harrison (R.), 14. There will he 15 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 192,732; 1876, 259,703; 1880, 282.512; 1884, 303,383; 1888, 344,508; 1889 (Gov.), 263,111; 1890 (Gov.), 285,526; 1891 (Gov.), 321,673. Pluralities.— m2. 74,212 (R.); 1876, 40,423 (R.); 1880, 53.215 (R.); 1884, 24,372 (R.); 1888, 32,037 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 28,069 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 9,053 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 6,467 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 151,716. Variations in the County Vote, 1884^1888. — None of the counties changed sides in 1888, but Bristol County gave a decreased Republican plurality. Worcester County has a similar record. Suffolk County recorded a decreased Democratic plurality of nearly 4,000. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are noted, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as com- pared with that for Governor in 1891; County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) Berkshire 753 (R.) 436 (D.) Hampden 3,196 (R.) 1,189 (D.) Norfolk 2,041 (R.) 228 (D.) No. of Counties . — There are 14 counties in Massachusetts. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,783,085; 1890, 2,238,- 943. The five most populous counties are: Suffolk (484,780); Mid- dlesex (431,167); Essex (299,995); Worcester (280,787), and Bris- tol (186,465). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 258 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MICHIGAN. ISLE ROYAL c^* As redistricted in 1891, STATES AND TERRITORIES. 259 MICHIGAN. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 1880, Garfield (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison (R.), 13. There will be 14 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 220,942; 1876, 316,689; 1880, 352,441; 1884, 401,- 186; 1888, 476,273; 1890 (Gov.), 397,779. Pluralities.— m2, 55,968 (R.); 1876, 15,542 (R.); 1880, 53,890 (R.); 1884, 3,308 (R.); 1888, 22,911 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 11,520 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote from 1872 to 1888 was 254,371. New Counties. — Alger, Arenac, Baraga, Crawford, Gladwin, Gogebec, Iron, Keweenaw, Luce, Montmorency, Oscoda, Ogemaw, Otsego and Roscommon Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County noted: Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are County. 1884. 1888. County. 1884. 1888. Arenac . . . . .284 (D.). . . ..96 (R.) Shiawassee ..436 (D.). , 820 (R.) Barry. . . . .. 238 (D.). . . .536 (R.) St. Clair . . , ,.651 (D.).. 133 (R.) Berrien . . , 13 (D.). . . .439 (R.) Baraga. — ..89 (R.).. 17 (D.j Clinton. . . ..438 (D.). . . .245 (R.) Crawford . . ..81 (R.).. 43 (D.) Gratiot . . , ....60 (D.)... .813 (R.) Iosco .152 (R.). . ... .134 (D.) Ionia ..262 (D,)... .657 (R.) Oakland . . . .544 (R.). . 21 (ID Jackson . . . . 648 (D.). . . .476 (R.) Oscoda. . . . . 112 (R,). . 22 (D.) Kent . .632 (D.). . . .947 (R.) Presque Isle. 169 (R.). . 76 (D.) Newaygo .... 80 (D.). . . Roscommon. . .8 (D.). . . 516 (R.) . . .2 (R.) Wayne... 3, 615 (R.).. . .4,660 (D.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888 — The variations since the last pres- idential election are as under: County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Arenac 96 (R.). . . .139 (D.) Berrien 439 (R.). . . .277 (D.) Clinton 245 (R.). . . .200 (D.) Delta 255 (R.). . . .280 (D.) Genesee. . . 1,500 (R.). . . .147 (D.) Ionia 657 (R.) 25 (D.) Iron 78 (R.) 46 (D.) Jackson 476 (R.). . . .770 (D.) Kent 947 (R.)..2,059 (D.) County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Oceana. . . . ..300 (R.)., 236 (D.) Ogemaw . . . ...41 (R.)., 5(D.) Ontonagon . . 234 (R. ) . 225 (D.) Osceola. . . , . .792 (R.). . 38 (D.) Ottawa . . . 1,111 (R.). . 144 (D.) Roscommon. . .2 (R.). . 97 (D.) Schoolcraft ... 1 (R.). . 137 (D.) Shiawassee. .820(R.). , 77 (D.) St. Clair. . , ..133 (R.).. 904 (D.) Iosco ,.134(D.). 2 (R.) Montmorency .2 (D.). 32 (R.) Oscoda. . . . ...22 (D.). 75 (R.) Lewanee 804 (R.). . . .290 (D.) Mason 124 (R.) 81 (D.) Muskegon. 1,007 (R.). . . .291 (D.) From the above statements it will be seen that 19 counties changed sides in 1888, and 24 in 1890. Arenac, Berrien, Clinton, Ionia, Iosco, Jacksoh, Kent, Os- coda, Roscommon, Shiawassee and St. Clair have changed sides twice. ■No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 84 counties in Michigan. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,636,937; 1890, 2,093,- 889. The five most populous counties are: Wayne (257,114); Kent (109,922) ; Saginaw (82,273) ; Bay (56,412), and St. Clair (52.105). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 260 STATES AND TERRITORIES, MINNESOTA. As redisti'icted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 261 MTNTOnSOTA. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 7; 1888, Harrison (R.), 7. There will be 9 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 89,540; 1876, 124,294; 1880, 150,771; 1884, 190,017; 1888, 263,285; 1890 (Gov.), 240,893. Pluralities.— 1S12, 20,694 (R.); 1876, 21,780 (R.); 1880. 40,588 (R.); 1884, 41,620 (R.); 1888, 38,106 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 2,267 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 173, 766. New Counties. — Beltrami, Cook, Hubbard, Isanti, Itasca, Kittson, Lake, Le Sueur, Lyon, Murray, Marshall, Nobles, Norman, Pipestone, Sibley, Traverse and Wadena Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Cook 38 (R.)..., 5(D.) Ramsey 1,203 (R.).... 932 (D.) Hubbard 26 (R.). ... 12 (I), j Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- idential election are as under: County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Hennepin .... 6,170 (R.). . . . 3,038 (D.) Houston 248 (R.).... 11 (D.j Jackson 542 (R.j. ... 91 (F. A.) Le Sueur 194 (R.). ... 654 (D.) Lincoln 304 (R.). . . . 431 (F. A.) Olmsted 338 (R.j. ... 86 (D.) Polk ....1,385 (R.). ... 3,430 (F. A.) Swift 356 (R.) 313 (F. A.) Traverse 92 (R.). . . . 291 (F. A.) Waseca 328 (R.).... 114 (D.) Benton 235 (D.). . . . 166 (D.) Cook 5(D.j.... 29 (R.) Hubbard 12 (D.).... 117 (F. A.) Itasca 47 (D.)... 107 (R.) From the above statements it will be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888, and 14 in 1890. Cook and Hubbard Counties changed twice. No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 80 counties in Minnesota. • Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 780,773; 1890, 1,301,- 826. The five most populous counties are: Hennepin (185,294); Ramsey (139,796); St. Louis (44,862); Stearns (34,844), and Otter Tail (34,232). For Congressional and city fig ures see Appendix. *■« 202 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MISSISSIPPI. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 263 MISSISSIPPI. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D), 8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 9. There will be 9 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 129,463; 1876, 164,778; 1880, 117,078; 1884, 120,- 019; 1888, 115,807; 18S9 (Gov.), 84,929 (no opposition). Pluralities.— 1872, 34,887 (R.); 1876, 59,568 (D.); 1880, 40,896 (D.); 1884, 33,001 (D.); 1888, 55,375 (D.). Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 13,656. New Counties. — Quitman, Sumner, Tate, Webster and Sharkey Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Attala 53 (R.) 997 (D.) Grenada 117 (R.) 455 (D.) Panola 849 (R.) 529 (D.) Washington 874 (R.) 528 (D.) Quitman 3 (D.) 62 (R.) No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 75 counties in Mississippi. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,597; 1890, 1,289,- 600. The five most poptdous counties are: Washington (40,414); Hinds (39,279); Yazoo (36,394); Warren (33,164), and Holmes (30,970). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 264 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MISSOURI. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. One member-at-large will be elected. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 265 i MISSOURI. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 15; 1880, Hancock (D.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 16; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 16. There will be 17 votes in 1892. Total State Fete.— 1872, 273,050; 1876,351,604; 1880,397,221; 1884,441,074; 1888, 511,402. An election for Judge of the Supreme Court was held in 1890, but has no political significance for purposes of comparison with Presidential votes, although a heavy vote (464,336) is recorded. Pluralities— 1872, 29,809 (D.); 1876, 54,389 (D.); 1880, 55,042 (D.); 1884,. 33,059 (D.); 1888, 25,717 (D.). The plurality in 1890, at the election of judge of the Supreme Court was 61,788 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 250,148. New Counties. — Douglas, Putnam, St. Louis City and St. Louis County have been formed as counties since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Barry 76 (R.). 59 (D.) Livingston .... . . ..197 (R.). 51 (D.) Linn Hi (R-). 83 (D.) Daviess 33 (R.). ....271 (D.) • Worth ....128 (R.). 18 (D.) Cape Girardeau 6 (D.j. . . . .304 (R.) Crawford 53 (D.). 83 (R.) Carroll . . . .119 (D.). 24 (R.) Pettis . . .410 (D.). 27 (R.) St. Louis City. . ....577 (D.). ..6,255 (R.) Counties as under have recorded a gradually increasing Re- publican plurality since 1872: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Grundy 649. . . .697. . .815. . .923. . . .981 Stone 226. . . .273. . .295. . .439 551 Warren 440. . . .450. . .681. . .753. . . .800 Wright .69 107. . .232. . .292 601 Putnam ....669.. .788.. .901. . . .940 No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 115 counties in Missouri. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 2,168,380; 1890, 2,679,- 184. The five most populous counties are: St. Louis City (451,770); Jackson (160,510); Buchanan (70,100); Jasper (50,500), and Greene (48,616). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 266 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MONTANA. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 267 MONTANA. Electoral Vote . — Montana was admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote . — As a basis for comparison, it may be stated that the total vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather, Congressional nominees, in 1888, was 40,014. In 1889 the total vote for Gov- ernor was 38,552. In 1890 the Congressional vote was 31,090. Pluralities . — 1888 (Cong.), 5,126 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 556 (D.); 1890 (Cong.), 283 (D.). Decrease in the Popular Vote . — According to the foregoing figures, the de- crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1889 (rather than 1890), was 1,462. Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890. — The following variations are noted: County. 1888 (Cong.) 1889 (Gov.) 1890 (Cong.) Choteau ....222 (D. ). . . ....32 (R.).. 1 (D.) Deer Lodge. . , ...1,111 (R.).. . ...546 (D.). . ....680 (D.) Jefferson . .. .169 (R.)... . . . 106 (D. ) . . 9(D.) Lewis and Clarke . 515 (R. ).. ., . ...311 (D.). . 98 (D.) Meagher 157 (R.)... ....36 (D.).. 54 (R.) Missoula 678 (R.)... . ... 27 (R.). . 66 (D.) Silver Bow. . . ...1,533 (R.)... ...166 (D.).. . .. .192 (I).) No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 16 counties in Montana. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 39,159; 1890, 132,159. The five most populous counties are: Silver Bow (23,744); Lewis and Clarke (19,145); Deer Lodge (15,155); Missoula (14,- 427), and Cascade (8,755). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 268 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEBRASKA. As redistrictecl in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. •269 NEBRASKA. Electoral Vote . — In 1S72 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 5; 1888, Harrison (R.), 5. There will be 8 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 26,141; 1876, 53,389; 1880, 87,355; 1884, 134,204; 1888, 202,653; 1890 (Gov.), 214,090. Pluralities.— m2, 10,517 (R. ) ; 1876, 10,326 (R.); 1880, 26,456 (R.); 1884, 22,512 (R.); 1888, 27,873 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 1,144 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote , — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 187,949. This number is the difference between the total vote cast for President in 1872 and that for Governor in 1890. New Counties. — Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Chase, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, Dundy, Furnas, Garfield, Gosper, Grant, Greeley, Hayes, Hitchcock, Holt, Keith, Keya Paha, Knox, Logan, Loup, Mad- ison, Nance, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, Valley and Wheeler Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted; County. 1884. 1888. Dakota 18 (R.) 190 (D.) Douglas 392 (R.) 573 (D.) Otoe 84 (R.) 98 (D.) Pierce 47('R.j 19 (D.j Sarpy 6(R.) 217 (D.) Keith 5(D.) 56 (R.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are on record, considering the Presidential vote of 1888 as compared with that of Governor in 1890; County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Cass 128 (R.) 250 (D.) Hall 398 (R.) 326 (D.) Holt 458 (R.) 271 (F. A.) Washington 331 (R.) 451 (D.) Wayne 173 (R.) 144 (D.) Seward 146 (R.) 240 (D.) Grant 7 (D.) 2 (R.) Greeley 50 (D.) 512 (Ind.) Howard 47 (D.) 387 (Ind.) Sioux 6 (D.) .3 (R.) The counties named as under gave an increasing Republican plurality from 1872 to 1888 at Presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Burt ....183.. ..364.. . .630. . . .921. . 1,014 Dawson. . . . 7. . . ..95. . ..168.. . .302. . . .473 Nuckolls. . . 43.. ..119.. . .263. . . .400. From the above statement it will be seen that 6 counties changed sides in 1888, and 10 in 1890. No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports, there are 90 counties in pIlTPsI^ j), Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 452,402; 1890, 1,058,910. The five most populous counties are: Douglas (158,008); Lancaster (76,395); Gage (36,344); Otoe (25,403), and Adams (24,303.) For Congressional and city fig u res see Appendix. 270 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEVADA. Nevada having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 271 NEVADA. Electoral Vote — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— m2, 14,649; 1876, 19,691; 1880, 18,343; 1884, 12,797; 1888, 12,632; 1890 (Gov.), 12,392. Pluralities. — 1872, 2,177 (R.); 1876, 1,075 (R.); 1880, 879 (D.); 1884, 1,615 (R.); 1888, 1,867 (R. ); 1890 (Gov.), 810 (R.). Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 2,017. Neic Counties. — Eureka County has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— Churchill County gave Blaine (R.) a plurality of 8 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 3 in 1888. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Elko County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 98 in 1888, and Winters (D.) a plurality of 150 in 1890 for Governor. Nye County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 61 in 1888 and Winters (D.) a plurality of 9 in 1890. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 14 counties in Nevada. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 62,266; in 1890, 45,761. The five most populous counties are: Storey (8,806); Washoe (6,437); Ormsby (4,883); Elko (4,794), and Humboldt (3,434). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 27-3 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEW HAMPSHIRE. r i i i i i -x % to o o V I i c I No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 273 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R. ) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R. ), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total Stale Vote.— 1872, 68,892; 1876, 80,048; 1880, 86,363; 1884, 84,566; 1888, 90,829; 1890 (Gov.), 86,240. Pluralities . — 1872, 5,444 (R.); 1876, 2,954 (R.); 1880, 4,058 (R.); 1884, 4,063 (R.); 1888, 2,272 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 93 (R.). Increase in thePopular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 21,941. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Belknap 9 (D.) 150 (R.) Merrimack 493(R.) 118 (D.) Rockingham 480 (R. ) 103 (D.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Grafton County gave Harrison (R.) 39 plurality in 1888, and Amsden (D.) a plurality of 414 in 1890 for Governor. Merrimack County gave Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 118 in 1888, and Tuttle (R.) a plurality of 119 in 1890 for Governor. No. of Counties . — There are 10 counties in New Hampshire. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 346,991; 1890, 376,530. The five most populous counties are: Hillsborough (93,247); Rockingham (49,650); Merrimack (49,435); Stratford (38,442), and Grafton (37,217). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 4 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEW JERSEY. As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 275 NEW JERSEY. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 9 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 9; 1880, Hancock (D.), 9; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 9. There will he 10 votes in 1892. Total State Fete.— 1872, 168,742; 1876, 220,236; 1880, 245,928; 1884, 261,537; 1888, 303,741; 1889 (Gov.), 269,103. Pluralities.— 1872, 14,570 (R.); 1876, 11,690 (D.); 1880, 2,010 (D.); 1884, 4,412 (D.); 1888, 7,149 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 14,253 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 134,999. Variations in the County Vote. — None of the counties changed sides in 1888, comparing results with those of 1884. In considering the vote of 1888 for President in comparison with the vote of 1889 for Gov- ernor, it is noted that Essex County gave Harrison (R.) a plu- rality of 116 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 858 in 1890 for Governor. Morris County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 246 in 1888, and Abbett (D. ) a plurality of 100 in 1890. No. of Counties. — There are 21 counties in New Jersey. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,116; 1890, 1,444,- 933. The five most populous counties are: Hudson (275,126); Essex (256,098); Passaic (105,046); Camden (87,687), and Mer- cer (79,978). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 276 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEW YORK. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES 277 NEW YORK. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 35 votes; 1876, Tilden (D ), 35 ; 1880, Garfield (R.), 35; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 36 ; 1888, Harrison (R.), 36. There will he 36 votes in 1892. Total State T ote.— 1872, 829,672; 1876, 1,015,502; 1880, 1,104,605; 1884, 1,171,312; 1888, 1,321,149; 1891 (Gov.), 1,162,853. Pluralities.— 1872, 51,800 (R.) ; 1876, 26,568 (D.) ; 1880, 21,033 (R.) ; 1884, 1,047 (D.) ; 1888, 13,002 (R.) ; 1891 (Gov.), 47,937 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 490,437. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Hamilton 46 (D.) 47 (R.) Niagara 316 (D.j 457 (R.) Oneida 30 (D.) 1,965 (R.) Otsego 436 (I).) 857 (R.) Suffolk 553 (D.) 567 (R.) Sullivan 275 (D.) 103 (R.) Chemung 479 (R.) 570 (D.) A complete analysis, as near as may be within the space available, is given as under by counties, showing the variations in certain districts for such of the counties as show a fluctuation in the popular vote : County. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus. Cayuga Chautauqua . Chemung Chenango . . . Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston . . Montgomery Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Districts giving D.) plurality in 1884 and (R.) plurality in 1888. Alma, Almond Ellicottville,Franklinville,Ischua, Persia Mentz Charlotte Chemung Plymouth, Smyrna Beckmanton, Pl'attsburg Colchester Clinton, Pleasant Valley, Pough- keepsie (ward 2) Colden, Holland Chateaugay , Constable Districts giving (R.) plurality in 1884 and (D.) plurality in 1888. Albany City (wards 7 and 10) . Wellsville. Binghamton (ward 4). Auburn (ward 4). Elmira (wards 2, 4 and 5). Pitcher. An cram, Greenport, Livingston. Truxton . Stamford . Pine Plains. Buffalo (ward 13), Cheektowaga. Oppenheim, Stratford. Bergen. Darien Coxsackie Durham, Greenville. Lake Pleasant, Wells • Watertown (ward 4), Worth Brooklyn (wards 7, 21, 22), Graves- end Diana, Osceola, Watson, West Turin Groveland Canajoharie, Florida, Glen Lewiston, Lockporttown, (wards 1, 4), Newfane Annsville, Bridgewater. Floyd, Utica (ward 7).Verona,Western Syracuse (ward 2) Geneva Gorham, Victor. 278 STATES AND TERRITORIES. County. Districts giving D. plurality in 1884 and R. plurality in 1888. Districts giving R. plurality in 1884 and D. plurality in 1888. Orange Oswego Newburg, Newburg City (ward 4). Oswego (ward 4), Redfield, West Monroe, Williamstown Chester. Otsego Hartwick.New Lisbon, Roseboom, Worcester Putnam Philipstown Rensselaer Hoosick. Rotterdam. Schenectady Schoharie Schenectady City (ward 1) Gilboa Seneca Ovid. Steuben Addison, Corning, Fremont, Hor- nellsville, Prattsburg, Wheeler. Suffolk Babylon, East Hampton, Islip, Southold Sullivan Tompkins Ulster Denning, Kingston (ward 6), Lloyd, Wawarsing Washington Westchester The following statement will show the number of districts in each county having increased or decreased pluralities in 1888 : Counties. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus. Cayuga Chautauqua. Chemung Chenango . . . Clinton Columbia Cortlandt Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston. . . Madison Monroe Montgomery New York. . . Niagara Districts. Counties. Districts. Republican Democratic Republican Democratic Increased plurality Decreased plurality Increased plurality Decreased plurality 1 Increased plurality Decreased plurality Increased plurality Decreased plurality 8 5 10 2 Oneida 19 2 4 10 23 3 — — Onondaga 18 5 SB 3 14 3 — 3 Ontario 6 4 — 1 18 4 1 3 Orange 5 5 4 5 15 13 1 1 Orleans 5 3 2 — 18 5 1 — Oswego 18 2 — 4 3 3 4 3 Otsego 10 1 8 7 5 1 4 Putnam 2 3 — — 6 5 1 — Queens 1 — 1 5 7 2 6 4 Rensselaer 10 5 8 4 6 4 2 2 Richmond — 1 2 2 7 3 1 4 Rockland 1 — 2 2 6 9 1 5 St. Lawrence 24 6 — — 13 8 5 7 Saratoga 8 9 2 1 13 3 1 — Schenectady 3 3 o — 13 1 — 1 Schoharie 2 — i 11 2 3 1 2 Schuyler 5 1 i 1 8 3 — — Seneca 2 — i 5 2 2 1 5 Steuben 17 4 — 4 2 — 2 2 Suffolk 4 — — 2 9 7 — 2 Sullivan' 6 — 5 3 13 6 3 i Tioga 6 2 — 1 6 1 10 7 Tompkins 5 1 1 6 2 1 5 Ulster 10 2 6 7 10 1 2 2 Warren 8 2 — — 12 1 — 1 Washington 9 7 — — 13 15 4 1 Wayne 10 4 — — 1 2 2 2 Westchester 3 5 5 7 1 3 18 2 Wyoming 8 2 2 3 5 2 — 5 Y ates 7 2 — — 499 204 128 166 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 279 Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Considering only the Presidential vote 1888, as compared with the vote for Governor in 1891, the following variations are recorded : County. 1888. 1891. Columbia ... 410 (R.) 98 Dutchess . . .1,016 (R.) 75 Erie . . .2,069 (R.) 1,280 Montgomery. . . . ... 688 (R.) 129 Niagara ... 457 (R.j 496 Rensselaer ... 309 (R.) 1,709 Schenectady. . . . ... 304 (R.) 503 Tompkins . ..1,164 (R.) 880 Ulster ... 338 (R.). ...... 1,095 Wyoming . ..1,733 (R.) 972 (D.) From the above statements it may be noted : (1) 7 counties changed sides at the Presidential election in 1888. Taking the districts in each county, 115 districts changed sides in 1888. (2) 499 districts gave an increased Republican plurality in 1888; 204 districts gave a decreased Republican plurality; 128 districts gave an increased Democratic plurality, and 166 dis- tricts gave a decreased Democratic plurality. (3) 10 counties, considering only the presidential election of 1888 (as compared with that for Governor in 1891), changed sides at the last election. Niagara County is recorded as having changed in 1888 and in 1891. No. of Counties. — There are 60 counties in New York. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 5,082,871 ; 1890, 5,997,853. The five most populous counties are : New York (1,515,301) ; Kings (838,547) ; Erie (322,981) ; Monroe (189,586), and Albany (164,555). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. STATES AND TERRITORIES. NORTH CAROLINA. As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 281 NORTH CAROLINA. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 (Grant (R) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 10; 1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 11; 1888, Cleve- land (D.), 11. There will be 11 votes in 1892. - Total Stale Fete.— 1872, 164,863; 1876, 333,844; 1880,241,218; 1884,268,474; 1888, 285,503. The total vote cast for Chief Justice, 1890, was 242,303. Pluralities.— 1872, 24,675 (R); 1876, 17,010 (D.); 1880, 8,326 (D.); 1884, 17,- 884 (D.); 1888, 13,118 (D. ). The majority at the election for Chief Justice, 1890, was 42,329 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 120,610. New Counties. — Currituck, Durham, Bender and Vance Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884r-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Ashe 53 (D.) 102 (R.) Camden . . . . 135 (D.) 26 (R.) Forsyth . . . .119 (D.) 375 (R.) Granville 74 (D. ) 228 (R.) Guilford ....160 (D.) 259 (R) Richmond . . . .241 (D.) 14 (R.) Randolph 78 (D.) 218 (R.) Transylvania. . . . . . . .122 (D.) 42 (R.) Wake . . ..459 (D.) 518 (R.) Watauga . . . .128 (D.) 68 (R.) Bertie ....369 (R.) 109 (D.) Bladen . ...122(R.) 145 (D.) Brunswick 8(R.) 58 (D.) Hertford . . . .215 (R.) 52 (D.) Polk 47 (R.) 18 (D.) Surry 11 (R.) 61 (D.) No. of Counties . — There are 96 counties in North Carolina. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 1,399,750; 1890, 1,617,- 947. The five most populous counties are: Wake (49,207); Meck- lenburg (42, 673) ; Buncomb (35, 266) ; Robeson (31,483), and Hal ifax (28,908). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 21b 282 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NORTH DAKOTA, sional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 283 NORTH DAKOTA. Electoral Vote. — North Dakota was admitted to the Union November 3, 1889. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote . — The total Congressional vote in 1888 was 41,091; vote for Governor, 1889, 38,098; vote for Governor, 1890, 36,489. Pluralities. — Congressional, 1888, 9,489 (R.); for Governor, 1889, 12,632 (R.); for Governor, 1890, 6,449 (R.). Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing the Congressional vote of 1888 with the vote for Governor, there has been a decrease of 4, 602. Variations in the County Vote, 1889-1890. — The following variations are noted : County. 1889. (Gov.) 1890. (Gov.) Cavalier .113 (R.) 187 (D.) Grand Forks 666 (R.) 187 (D.) Richland 428 (R.) 109 (D.) The following counties (with population, 1890), do not ap- pear in the available election returns, therefore no vote is shown, nor is there any information as to their political leaning or ten- dency should they vote for President in 1892: Allred (no re- turns), Boreman (511), Bowman (6), Buford (803), Church (74), Dunn (159), Flannery (72), Garfield (33), Hettinger (81), Mc- Kenzie (3), Mountraille (122), Renville (99); Sheridan (5), Ste- vens (16), Wallace (24), Wallette (no returns), and Williams (100). The figures in parenthesis after each county name show the population as recorded in the census returns of 1890. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in North Dakota. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 36,909; 1890, 182,719. The five most populous counties are: Cass (19,613); Grand Forks (18,357); Walsh (16,587); Pembina (14,334), and Rich- land (10,751). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 284 STATES AND TERRITORIES. OHIO. Showing Congressional districts prior to act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 285 OHIO. Electoral Vote . — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 22 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 22; 1880, Garfield (R.). 22; 1884, Blaine (R.), 23; 1888, Harrison (R.), 23. There 'will be 23 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 529,436; 1876, 658,573; 1880, 724,967; 1884, 784,807; 1888, 841,941; 1889 (Gov.), 775,721; 1891 (Gov.), 795,635. Pluralities.— 1872, 34,268 (R.); 1876, 2,747 (R.); 1880, 34,227 (R.); 1884, 31,- 796 (R.); 1888, 19,599 (R.); 1889 (Gov.) 10,872 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 21,511 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 312, 505. Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. " 1888. Clermont 49 (R.) 83 (D.) Montgomery 198 (R.) 651 (D.) Stark 320 (R.) 331 (D.) Hancock 252 (D.) 95.(R. ) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Considering the vote for Governor, 1889 and 1891, as compared with the Presidential vote in 1888, variations as under are recorded: County. 1888. 1889. 1891. Adams 152 (D.) 2 (R.) 177 (D.) Auglaize. . . . 1,716 (D. )... .1,978 (R,). . . 1,489 (D.) Butler 3,311 (D.). . . 3,575 (R.). . . 3,266 (D.) Erie 601 (D.) 345 (D.) 1 (R.) Hamilton. . . 3,846 (R.) . . . 7,253 (D.). . . 5,759 (R.) Hancock 95 (R.) 74 (D.) 219 (R.) Knox 60 (R.) 90 (D.) 32 (R.) Muskingum. ..350 (R.) 213 (D.) 206 (R.) Noble 428 (R.) 311 (R.) 414 (D.) Ottawa 1,335 (D.). . ..1,398 (D.) . ...1,331 (R.) Paulding 194 (R.) 192 (D.) 112 (R.) Perry 54 (R.) 467 (D,) 71 (D.) Van Wert 13 (R.) 272 (D.) 138 (D.) Yinton 33 (D.) 308 (D.) 8 (R.) Williams 94 (R.) 217 (D.) 178 (R.) Logan County recorded a gradually increasing Republican plurality for President from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 840, 973, 1,271, 1,373, 1,582. Lucas County recorded a gradually decreasing Republican plurality from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 2,171, 1,369, 1,172, 957, 805. The counties as under show a gradually increasing Demo- cratic plurality from 1872 to 1888: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Henry 350. . .918. .1,133.. 1,214. .1,536 Ottawa 317. . .872. .1,049. .1,167. .1,335 Seneca 334. . .722. . .,837. .. .946. . 1,067 AYyandot 279 ... 540 .... 583 .... 694 .... 725 No. of Counties . — According to the latest reports there are 88 counties in Ohio. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 3,198,062; 1890, 3,672, - 316. The fiv^ most populous counties are: Hamilton (374,573); Cuyahoga' (309,970); Franklin (124,087); Lucas (102,296 and Montgomery (100,852). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 286 STATES AND TERRITORIES. OREGON. As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 287 OREGON. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 3. There will he 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 20,121; 1876, 29,873; 1880, 40,816; 1884, 52,682; 1888, 61,911; 1890 (Gov.), 72,705. Pluralities.— W12, 3,517 (R.); 1876, 547 (R.); 1880, 671 (R.); 1884, 2,256 (R.); 1888, 6,769 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 5,151 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote . — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1890, comparing the Presidential vote of the former year with the vote for Governor at the last election, is recorded as 52,584. New Counties. — Crook, Gillian, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow and Wal- lonia Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted; County. 1884. 1888. Baker 156 (D.) 96 (R.) Grant 34 (D.) 38 (R.) Josephine 59 (D.) 7 (R.j Union 77(D.) 80 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- corded: County. 1888. 1890. (Gov. Baker 96 (R.) 190 (D.) Benton 237 (R.) 269 (D.) Douglas 188 (R.) 170 (D.) Gilliam 161 (R.) 146 (D.) Grant 38 (R.) 51 (D.) Josephine 7 (R.) 1(D.) Malheur 27 (R.) 25 (D.) Morrow 119 (R.) 240 (D.) Polk 56 (R.) 335 (D.) Tillamook 173 (R.) 22 (D.) Union 80 (R.) 723 (I).) Wasco 541 (R.) 364 (I).) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 4 counties changed sides in 1888, and 12 in 1890. Baker, Grant, Josephine and Union changed sides twice. No. of Counties . — According to the latest returns, there are 31 counties in Oregon. Population . — The population of the State, 1880, was 174,768; 1890, 313,767. The five most populous counties are: Multnomah (74,884); Marion (22,934); Linn (16,265); Clackamas (15,233), and Lane (15,198). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 288 STATES AXD TERRITORIES. PENNSYLVANIA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890 Two additional Representatives-at-large will be elected. CITY OF ALLEGHENY PITTSBURGH CITY 23 22 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 289 PENNSYLVANIA. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Grant (R.) received 29 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 29; 1880, Garfield (R.), 29; 1884, Blaine (R.), 30; 1888, Harrison (R.), 30. There will be 32 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 563,260; 1876, 758,869; 1880, 874,783; 1884, 899,- 328; 1888, 997,568; 1890 (Gov.), 927,972. Pluralities. — 1872, 135,918 (R.); 1876, 17,964 (R.); 1880, 37,276 (R.); 1884, 81,019 (R.); 1888, 79,452 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 16,554 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 434,308. New Counties . — Lackawanna Countv has been formed since 1872. I a nations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Fayette . .779 (D.).. 83 (R.) Luzerne . .952 (D.). . 325 (R.) Mifflin 3 (D.). . 237 (R.j Northumberland. . . .117 (D.). . ...31 (R.) Westmoreland . . . .7 (D.). . 324 (R.j Wyoming . ..67 (D.). . 185 (R.) Schuylkill ...72 (R.). . 532 (D.j Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparini g the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- corded : County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Butler ,1,372 (R,).. 652 (D.) Cameron . .231 (R,). . 4 (D.j Crawford 2,076 (R.). . 978 (D.) Erie .2,261 (R.). . 7(D.) Fayette ...83(R.). . 1,830 (D.) Jefferson . .833 (R, ). . 117 (D.) Lackawanna . .421 (R.). . 2,044 (D.) Luzerne . .325 (R.).. 2,408 (D.) McKean .1,144 (R.). . 795 (D.) Mifflin . .237 (R.). . 199 (D.) Montgomery . .863 (R.). . 1,130 (D.) Northumberland . . . ..31 (R.). . 1,451 (D.) Venango . .949 (R.). . 250 (D.) Warren 1,689 (R.) . 571 (D.) Washington 1,954 (R.). . 32 (D. j Westmoreland . . . . . .324 (R.). . 1,387 (D.) Wyoming . .185 (R.). . 132 (D.) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 7 counties changed sides in 1888, and 17 in 1890. Fayette, Luzerne, Mifflin, Northumberland, Westmoreland and Wyoming changed sides twice. Chester County has recorded an increasing Republican plu- rality for President since 1872, as follows: 544, 3,088, 3,774, 3,793, 4,037. Snyder has a corresponding record, as follows: 160, 383, 541, 726, 867. No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 61 counties in Pennsylvania. Population. — The population of the State, 1880, was 4,282,891; 1890, 5,258,- 014. The five most populous counties are: Philadelphia (1,046,- 964); Allegheny (551,959); Luzerne (201,203); Schuylkill (154,- 163), and Lancaster (149,095). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 2'JO STATES AXD TERRITORIES. RHODE ISLAND. / ' BlocTt J or ■ GRANT r~ DONA, ANA _T ! J New Mexico having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- sional districts. 316 STATES AND TERRITORIES. OKLAHOMA. Oklahoma having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional districts. APACHES STATES AND TERRITORIES. 317 UTAH. Utah having hut one Congressman is not divided into Congressional districts. Alexandria,. 318 STATES AND TERRITORIES. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Land area, 60 square miles; water, 10 square miles; total, 70 square miles. © Naval Observatory, the point from which longitude is reckoned from Washington. Hon. ROGER Q. MILLS. APPENDIX THE MILLS BILL. Principal Provisions Concerning Imports. Be it enacted, etc., That on and after the 1st day of October, 1888, the following articles mentioned in this section, when imported, shall be exempt from duty: Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building wharves. Timber squared or sided. Wood unmanufactured, not specially enumerated or provided for. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all other articles of sawed lumber. Hubs for wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, heading-blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough, hewed, or sawed only. Staves of wood. Pickets and palings. Laths. Shingles. Clapboards, pine or spruce. Logs. Provided, That if any export duty is laid upon the above-mentioned arti- cles, or either of them, by any country whence imported, all said articles imported from said country shall be subject to duty as now provided by law. Salt, in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, or in bulk, when imported from any country which does not charge an import duty upon salt exported from the United States. Flax straw. Flax, not hackled or dressed. Tow of flax, or hemp. Hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for hemp Jute-butts. Jute. Sunn, sisal-grass, and other vegetable fibers. Burlaps, not exceeding 60 inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component material of chief value. Bags of jute for grain. Machinery designed for the conversion of jute or jute-butts into cotton- bagging, to wit, cards, roving-frames, winding-frames, and softeners. Iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron, coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals is a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially known as tin-plates, terne-plates, and taggers tin. 320 APPENDIX. Beeswax. Glycerine, crude, brown, or yellow, of the specific gravity of 1.25 or less at a temperature of 60° Fahr., not purified by refining or distilling. Phosphorus. Soap-stocks, fit only for use as such. Soap, hard and soft, all which are not otherwise specially enumerated or provided for. Sheep-dip. Extract of hemlock, and other bark used for tanning. Indigo, extracts of, and carmined. Iodine, resublimed. Oil, croton. Hemp-seed and rape-seed oil. Petroleum. Alumina — alum, patent alum, alum substitute, sulphate of alumina, and aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground. All imitations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, unmanufactured. Boracic acid, borate of lime, and borax. Copper, sulphate of, or blue vitriol. 1 ron, sulphate of, or copperas. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or fused, and caustic potash. Chlorate of potash and nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. Sulphate of potash. Sulphate of soda, known as salt-cake, crude or refined, or niter-cake, crude or refined, and Glauber’s-salt. Nitrate of soda. Sulphur, refined, in rolls. Wood-tar. Coal-tar, crude. Aniline oil and its homologues. Coal-tar, products of, such as naphtha, benzine, benzole, dead oil, and pitch. All preparations of coal-tar not colors or dyes, and not acids of colors and dyes. Logwood and other dyewoods, extracts and decoctions of. Alizarine, natural or artificial. Spirits of turpentine. Ocher and ochery earths, umber and umber earths. Olive-oil, salad-oil, cotton-seed oil, whale-oil, seal-oil and neat’s-foot oil. All barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, and ex- crescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, gums, and gum-resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, vegetables, seeds, and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible and not specially enumerated or provided for. All non-dutiable crude minerals, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not specially enumerated or provided for. All earths or clays unwrought or unmanufactured. Glass plates or discs unwrought, for use in the manufacture of optical in- struments, spectacles, and eyeglasses. Opium, crude and not [adulterated, containing 9 per cent, and over of morphia, for medicinal purposes. Iron and steel cotton ties for hoops, for baling or other purposes, not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge. Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, and all others not specially enumer- ated or provided for in this act. THE MILLS BILL. 82 1 Copper, imported in the form of ores, regulus of, and black or coarse copper and copper cement, old copper fit only for remanufacture. Antimony, as regulus or metal. Quicksilver. Chromate of iron or chromic ore. Mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought not specially enumerated or provided for. Brick, other than fire-brick. German looking-glass plates, made of blown glass and silvered. Vegetables in all their natural state or in salt or brine, not specially enu- merated or provided for. Chicory-root, ground or unground, burned or prepared. Acorns and dandelion-root, raw or prepared, and all other articles used, or intended to be used, as coffee or substitutes therefor, not specially enumer- ated or provided for. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured. Dates. Currants, Zante or other. Figs. Meats, game and poultry. Milk, fresh. Egg-yolks. Beans, pease, and split pease. Bibles, books, and pamphlets, printed in other languages than English, and books and pamphlets and all publications of foreign governments, and publications of foreign societies, historical or scientific, printed for gratuitous distribution. Bristles. Bulbs and bulbous roots, not medicinal. Feathers of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored, or manufactured. Finishing powder. Grease. Grindstones, finished or unfinished. Curled hair, for beds and mattresses. Human hair, raw, uncleaned and not drawn. Hemp and rape seed, and other oil-seeds of like character Garden seeds. Osier or willow, prepared for basket-makers’ use. Broom-corn. Brushwood. Rags, of whatever material composed. Rattans and reeds, manufactured but not made up into finished articles. Stones, manufactured or undressed, freestone, granite, sandstone, and all building or monumental stone. All strings of gut or any other like material. Tallow. Waste, all not specially enumerated or provided for. Sec. 2. That on the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the duties here- tofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, there shall be levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: Glycerine, refined, 3 cents per pound. Acid, acetic, acetous, or pyroligneous acid, exceeding the specific gravity of 1.047, 5 cents per pound. Castor beans or seeds, 25 cents per bushel of 50 pounds. Castor-oil, 40 cents per gallon. Flaxseed or linseed oil, 15 cents per gallon. Licorice, paste or rolls, 5 cents per pound. 322 APPENDIX. Licorice juice, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, manufactured, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound. Chromate of potash, 2)4 cents per pound. Bichromate of potash, 2)4 cents per pound. Acetate of lead, brown, 2 cents per pound. Acetate of lead, white, 3 cents per pound. White lead, when dry or in pulp, or when ground or mixed in oil, 2 cents per pound. Orange mineral, and red lead, 1 }4 cents per pound. Litharge, 1)4 cents per pound. Nitrate of lead, 2 cents per pound. Magnesia, medicinal, carbonate of, 3 cents per pound. Magnesia, calcined, 7 cents per pound. Magnesia, sulphate of, or Epsom salts, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. Prussiate of potash, red, 7 cents per pound. Prussia® of potash, yellow, 3 cents per pound. Nitrate of potash, refined, or refined saltpeter, 1 cent per pound. Sal-soda, or soda crystals, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound. Bicarbonate of or supercarbonate of soda, and saleratus, calcined or pearl- ash, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. Hydrate or caustic soda, one-half of 1 cent per pound. Soda silicate or other alkaline silicate, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. Sulphur, sublimed or flowers of, $12 per ton. Ultramarine, 3 cents per pound. Paris green, 12)4 per cent, ad valorem. Colors and paints, including lakes, whether dry or mixed, or ground with water or oil, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Zinc, oxide of, when dry, 1 cent per pound; when ground in oil, 1)4 cents per pound. All medicinal preparations known as cerates, conserves, decoctions, emul- sions, extracts, solid or fluid, infusions, juices, liniments, lozenges, mixtures, mucilages, ointments, oleo-resins, pills, plasters, powders, resins, suppositories, sirups, vinegars, and waters, of any of which alcohol is not a component part, which are not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. All ground or powdered spices not specially enumerated or provided for, 3 cents per pound. Proprietary preparations, to wit: All cosmetics, pills, powders, troches or lozenges, sirups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or preparations or compositions recommended to the public as proprietary articles or prepared according to some private formula as remedies or specifics for any disease or diseases or affections affecting the human or animal body, including all toi- let preparations whatever used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Morphia or morphine and all salts thereof, 50 cents per ounce. Acid, tannic or tannin, 50 cents per pound. China, porcelain, parian, and bisque, earthen, stone, or crockery ware composed of earthy or mineral substance, including plaques, ornaments, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, printed, enameled, or gilded, or other- wise decorated in any manner, 50 per cent, ad valorem. China, porcelain, parian, and bisque ware not decorated in any manner, 40 per cent, ad valorem. White granite, common ware, plain white or cream-colored, lustered or printed under glaze in a single color; sponged, dipped, or edged ware, 35 per cent, ad valorem. THE MILLS BILL. 323 Brown earthenware, common stoneware, gas-retorts, and roofing-tiles, not specially enumerated or provided for, and not decorated in any manner, 20 per cent, ad valorem. All other earthen, stone, and crockery ware, white, colored, or bisque, composed of earthy or mineral substances, not specially enumerated or pro- vided for in this 'act, and not decorated in any manner, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Paving-tiles, not encaustic, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Encaustic tiles, not glazed or enameled, 30 per cent, ad valorem. All glazed or enameled tiles, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Slates, slate pencils, slate chimney-pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and all other manufactures of slate, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Green and colored glass bottles, vials, demijohns, and carboys (covered or uncovered), pickle or preserve jars, and other plain, molded, or pressed green and colored bottle-glass, not cut, engraved, or painted, and not special- ly enumerated or provided for, 1 cent per pound ; if filled, and not otherwise provided for, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem duty, or to a rate of duty based on their value, the value of such bottles, vials, or other vessels shall be added to the value of the contents for the ascertainment of the duti- able value of the latter; but if filled and not otherwise provided for, and the contents are not subject to an ad valorem duty or to a rate of duty based on their value, they shall pay a duty of 1 cent per pound in addition to the duty, if any, on their contents. Cylinder and crown glass, polished, above 24 by 30 inches square and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 20 cents per square foot ; all above that, 30 cents per square foot. Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window-glass, not exceeding 10 by 15 inches square, l 3 g cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches square, 1° 8 cents per pound; above that and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches square, 2 cents per pound; all above that 2 Yi cents per pound: Provided, That unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window- glass, imported in boxes containing 50 square feet as nearly as sizes will per- mit, now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, single thick and weighing not to exceed 55 pounds of glass per box, shall be entered and computed as 50 pounds of glass only; and that said kinds of glass im- ported in boxes containing, as nearly as sizes will permit, 50 feet of glass, now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, double thick and not exceeding 90 pounds in weight, shall be entered and computed as 80 pounds of glass only; but in all other cases the duty shall be computed ac- cording to the actual weight of glass. Cast polished plate-glass, silvered, or looking-glass plates, above 24 by 30 inches square and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 25 cents per square foot; all above that, 45 cents per square foot. Porcelain and Bohemian glass, chemical glassware, painted glassware, stained glass, and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, $6 per ton. Iron railway bars, weighing more than 25 pounds to the yard, $11 per ton. Steel railway bars and railway bars made in part of steel, weighing more than 25 pounds to the yard, $11 per ton. Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than 1 inch wide nor less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound ; comprising round iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch in diameter, and square iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, and flats less than 1 inch wide or less than tliree-eighths of 1 inch thick, round iron less than three-fourths of 1 inch and not less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- 324 APPENDIX. eter, and square iron less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, 1 cent per pound : Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig-iron, except castings, shall he rated as iron in bars, and pay a duty accordingly; and none of the above iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 35 per cent, ad valorem : Pro- vided further, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than $20 per ton. Iron or steel T-rails, weighing not over 25 pounds to the yard, $14 per ton; iron or steel flat rails, punched, $15 per ton. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- eter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially enumerated or provided for, 1 cent per pound. Iron or steel, flat with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing, four-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Sheet-iron, common or black, thinner than 1 inch and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than] No. 20 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire gauge, one and one-tenth of 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 25 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, one and one-fourth of 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, and all iron commercially known as common or black taggers iron, whether put up in boxes or bundles or not, 30 per cent, ad valorem; Provided, That on all such iron and steel sheets or plates aforesaid, excepting on what are known commercially as tin-plates, terne-plates, and taggers tin, when galvanized or coated with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, one- fourth of 1 cent per pound additional when not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire gauge, one-lialf cent per pound additional, and when thinner than No. 25 wire gauge, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound additional. Hoop or band or scroll or other iron, 8 inches or less in width, and not thinner than No. 10 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 10 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.3 cent per pound: Provided, That all articles not specially enumerated or provided for, whether wholly or partly manufac- tured, made from sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron herein provided for, or of which such sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron shall be the material of chief value, shall pay one-fourth of 1 cent per pound more duty than that imposed on the iron from which they are made, or which shall be such ma- terial of chief value. Cast-iron pipe, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Cut nails and spikes, of iron or steel, 1 cent per pound. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Iron or steel railway fish-plates or splice-bars, eight-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Wrought-iron or steel spikes, nuts and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, 1% cents per pound. Anvils, anchors, or parts thereof, mill-irons and mill-cranks, of wrought- iron, and wrought-iron for ships, and forgings of iron and steel, for vessels, steam-engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each 25 pounds or more, 1 % cents per pound. Iron or steel rivets, bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt-blanks, and finished hinges or hinge-blanks, 1% cents per pound. Iron or steel blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges, track-tools, wedges, and crowbars, 1% cents per pound. Iron or steel axles, parts thereof, axle-bars, axle-blanks, or forgings for axles, without reference to the stage or state of manufacture, cents per pound. THE MILLS BILL. 325 Horseshoe nails, hob-nails, and wire nails, and all other wrought -iron or steel nails, not specially enumerated or provided for, cents per pound. Boiler-tubes or other tubes or flues or stays, of wrought-iron or steel, V/ 2 cents per pound. Chain or chains, of all kinds, made of iron or steel, less than three-fourths of 1 inch in diameter, 1 'X cents per pound; less than three-fourths of 1 inch and not less than three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 1 *-.< cents per pound; less than three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 2 cents per pound. Hand, back, and all other saws, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Files, file-blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Iron or steel beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT columns and posts, or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Steel wheels and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, and other railway tires, or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, 2 cents per pound ; iron or steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms or blanks for the same without regard to the degree of manufacture, 1 y 2 cents per pound. Iron and steel wire and iron and steel wire galvanized, and all manufac- tures of iron and steel wire and of iron and steel wire galvanized shall pay the duties now provided by law: Provided, That no such duty shall be in ex- cess of 60 per cent, ad valorem. Clippings from new copper, fit only for manufacture, 1 cent per pound. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, not manufactured, 2 cents per pound; in rolled plates, called braziers’ copper, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Lead-ore and lead-dross, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. Lead, in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks, and bars and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, ly cents per pound. Lead in sheets, pipes, or shot, 2% cents per pound. Sheathing or yellow metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Nickel, in ore or matte, 10 cents per pound on the nickel contained therein. Zinc-ores, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Zinc-spelter, or tutenegue, in blocks or pigs, and old worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufactured, l 1 ^ cents per pound; zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, in sheets, 2 cents per pound. Hollowware, coated, glazed, or tinned, 2 x / 2 cents per pound. Needles for knitting and sewing-machines, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Pens, metallic, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Type metal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. New type for printing, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for, composed wholly or in part of copper, 35 per cent, ad valorem ; manu- factures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for, com- posed of iron, steel, lead, nickel, pewter, tin, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, or any other metal, or of which any of the foregoing metals may be the com- ponent material of chief value, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Cabinet and house furniture of wood, finished, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Manufactures of cedar wood, granadilla, ebony, mahogany, rosewood, and satinwood, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the chief component part, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic test as follows, namely: 326 APPENDIX. All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, sirups of cane-juice or of beet-juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-live degrees, shall pay a duty of 1.15 cents per pound, and for every additional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test they shall pay thirty -two thousandths of 1 cent per pound additional. All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugars above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard, 2.20 cents per pound. All sugars above No. 16 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2.40 cents per pound. All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2 80 cents per pound. Molasses testing not above fifty-six degrees by the polariscope shall pay a duty of 2% cents per gallon; molasses testing above fifty-six degrees shall pay a duty of 6 cents per gallon: Provided , That if an export duty shall here- after be laid upon sugar or molasses by any country whence the same may be imported, such sugar or molasses so imported shall be subject to duty as provided by law at the date of the passage of this act. Sugar-candy, not colored, 5 cents per pound. All other confectionery, 40 per cent ad valorem. Potato or corn starch, rice-starch, and other starch, 1 cent per pound. Rice, cleaned, 2 cents per pound; uncleaned, or rice free of the outer hull and still having the inner cuticle on, 1 L £ cents per pound. Rice-flour and rice-meal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Paddy, or rice having the outer hull on, 1 cent per pound. Raisins, 1% cents per pound. Peanuts or ground-beans, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; shelled, 1 cent per pound. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced beyond the condition of single by twisting two or more single yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, valued at not exceeding 40 cents per pound, 35 per cent, ad valorem ; valued at over 40 cents per pound, 40 per cent, ad valorem. On all cotton cloth, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Spool-thread of cotton, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Flax, hackled, known as dressed line, $10 per ton. Brown and bleached linens, ducks, canvas, paddings, cot bottoms, diapers, crash, huckabacks, handkerchiefs, lawns, or other manufactures of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem; Provided, That cuffs, collars, shirts, and other manufactures of wearing apparel, made in whole or in part of linen, and not otherwise pro- vided for, and hydraulic hose, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Flax, hemp, and jute yarns, and all twines of hemp, jute, jute-butts, sunn, sisal-grass, ramie, and China-grass, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Flax or linen thread, twine, and packed thread and all manufactures of flax, or of which flax shall be the component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 percent, ad valorem. Oil-cloth foundations or floor-cloth canvas or burlaps, exceeding 60 inches in width, made of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component material of chief value, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Oil-cloths for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, and on all other oil- cloth (except silk oil cloth), and on water-proof cloth, not otherwise provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. THE MILLS BILL. 327 Gunny-cloth, not bagging, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Bags and bagging, and like manufactures, not specially enumerated or provided for, including bagging for cotton composed wholly or in part of flax, hemp, jute, gunny-cloth, gunny-bags, or other material, three-eighths of 1 cent per pound. Tarred cables or cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. TJntarred manila cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. All other untarred cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Seines and seine and gilling twine, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Sail-duck, or canvas for sails, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Russia and other sheetings of flax or hemp, brown or white, 25 per cent, ad valorem. All other manufactures of hemp or manila, or of which hemp or .manila shall be a component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Grass-cloth and other manufactures of jute, ramie, China and sisal-grass, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem: Provided , That as to jute, jute-butts, sunn, and sisal-grass, and manufactures thereof, except burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, this act. shall take effect Jan. 1, 1889; and as to flax, hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for hemp, and the manufactures thereof, upon July 1, 1889. See. 3. On and after Oct. 1, 1888, there shall be admitted, when imported, free of duty: All wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals. Wools on the skin. Woolen rags, shoddy, mungo, waste, and flocks. On and after Jan. 1, 1889, in lieu of the duties heretofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned in this section, there shall be levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: Woolen and worsted cloths, shawls, and all manufactures of wool of every description, made wholly or in part of wool or worsted, not specially enumerated or pro- vided for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Flannels, blankets, hats of wool, knit goods, and all goods made on knit- ting-frames, balmorals, woolen and worsted yarns, and all manufactures of every description, composed wholly or in part of wool or worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, not specially enumerated or provided for, 40 per cent ad valorem: Provided , That from and after the passage of this act, and until the 1st day of October, 1888, the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloth all imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth, or under the name of “worsteds” or “diagonals,” or otherwise. Bunting, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Women's and children’s dress-goods, coat-linings, Italian cloths, and goods of like description, composed in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, not spe- cially enumerated or provided for, and balmoral skirts and skirting, and goods of similar description or used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- turer, except knit goods, 45 per cent, ad valorem. Cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside garments for ladies’ and children’s apparel, and goods of similar description or used for like purposes, composed whftlly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer (except knit goods), 45 per cent, ad valorem. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, gal- loons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress-trimmings, head-nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments 328 APPENDIX. wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, or of which -wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals is a component material, 50 per cent, ad valorem. Hemp and jute carpeting 6 cents per square yard. Floor-matting and floor-mats exclusively of vegetable substances, 20 per cent, ad valorem. “All other carpets and carpetings, druggets, bookings, mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bed-sides of wool, flax, cotton or parts of either or other material, 40 per cent, ad valorem.” Endless belts or felts for paper or printing machines, 30 per cent, ad Valorem. Sec. 4. That on and after the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the du- ties heretofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, there shall lie levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles sever- ally: Paper, sized or glued, suitable only for printing paper, 15 per cent, ad Valorem. Printing paper, unsized, used for books and newspapers exclusively, 12 per cent, ad valorem. Paper boxes, and all other fancy boxes, not otherwise provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Paper envelopes, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Paper hangings, and paper for screens or fire-boards, surface-coated paper, and all manufactures of which surface-coated paper is a component material, not otherwise provided for, and cardboard, paper antiquarian, demy, draw- ing, elephant, foolscap, imperial, letter, note, and all other paper not spe- cially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Beads and bead ornaments of all kinds, except amber, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Blacking of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Bonnets, hats, and hoods for men, women, and children, composed of hair, whalebone, or any vegetable material, and not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Brooms of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Brushes of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Canes and sticks, for walking, finished, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Card clothing, 20 cents per square foot; when manufactured from tem- pered steel wire, 40 cents per square foot. Carriages, and parts of, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Dolls and toys, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Fans of all kinds, except palm-leaf fans, of whatever material composed, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Feathers of all kinds, when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including dressed and finished birds and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially enumerated or provided for, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Friction and lucifer matches of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Gloves of all descriptions, wholly or partially manufactured, 40 per cent, ad valorem: Provided, That gloves made of silk faff eta shall be taxed 50 per cent, ad valorem. Gun wads of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Gutta-percha, manufactured, and all articles of hard rubber not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Hair, human, if clean or drawn, but not manufactured, 20 per cent, ad valorem. THE MILLS BILL. 329 Bracelets, braids, chains, rings, curls, and ringlets composed of hair, or of which hair is the component material of chief value, and all manufactures of human hair, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Hats, materials for: Braids, plaits, flats, willow sheets and squares, fit only for use in making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, and hoods, composed of straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, hair, whalebone, or any vegetable ma- terial, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Hat-bodies of cotton, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Hatter’s plush, composed of silk or of silk and cotton, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Inks of all kinds, and ink-powders, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Japanned ware of all kinds not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Kaolin, crude, $1 per ton. China clay or wrought kaolin, $2 per ton. Marble of all kinds, in block, rough, or squared, 40 cents per cubic foot. Marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs and marble paving-tiles, 85 cents per cubic foot. All manufactures of marble not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Papier-mache, manufactures, articles, and wares of, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Percussion caps, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Philosophical apparatus and instruments, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Umbrella and parasol ribs, and stretcher frames, tips, runners, handles, or other parts thereof, when made in whole or chief part of iron, steel, or any other metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem; umbrellas, parasols, and shades, when covered with silk or alpaca, 50 per cent, ad valorem; all other umbrellas 30 per cent, ad valorem. Watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, parts of watches, watch-glasses, and watch-keys, whether separately packed or otherwise, and watch materials not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Webbing, composed of cotton, flax, or a mixture of these materials, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Sec. 5. That the following amendments to and provisions for existing laws shall take effect on and after the passage and approval of this act : Section 6 of the act of March 3, 1883, entitled “An act to reduce internal revenue taxation, and for other purposes,” providing a substitute for title 33 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, is hereby amended as to certain of the sections and parts of sections or schedules in such substituted title, so that they shall be as follows, respectively : “Sec. 2,499. Each and every imported article not enumerated or pro- vided for in any schedule in this title, which is similar, either in mate- rial, quality, textures, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this title as chargeable with duty, shall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned ; and if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles pay- ing the highest rate of duty; and on articles, not otherwise provided for, manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the rate at which the dutiable component material of chief value may be charge- able; and the words ‘component materia! of chief value,’ whenever used in this title, shall be held to mean that dutiable component material which shall exceed in value any other single component materfal found in the article; and the value of each component material shall be determined by the ascer- 24b 330 APPENDIX. tained value of such material in its last form and condition before it became a component material of such article. If two or more rates of duty shall he applicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty at the highest of such rates: Provided, That any non -enumerated article similar in material and quality and texture and the use to which it may be applied to any article on the free list, and in the manufacture of which no dutiable materials are used, shall be free of duty.” Sec. 2,502. Schedule A— Chemical products. — By striking out from this schedule the words ‘ ‘ distilled spirits containing, 50 per cent, of anhydrous alcohol, $1 per gallon;” also, by striking out the words “alcohol containing 94 per cent, anhydrous alcohol, $2 per gallon.” THE FREE HIST. Sec. 2,503. By striking out the clause in this section commencing with the words “articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States,” and inserting in lieu thereof the following: “Articles the growth, produce and manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported without having been advanced in value by any process of manufacture or by labor thereon ; casks, barrels, car- boys, bags, and other vessels of American manufacture exported filled with American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign products, including shooks when returned as barrels or boxes; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made under general regulations to be prescribed by the Secretaxy of the Treasury; and if any of such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation, such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation, and not refunded: Provided, That this clause shall not include any article upon which an allowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed.” The clause relating to “wearing apparel,” etc. (tariff, paragraph 815), is hereby amended so that it shall read as follows : “ Wearing apparel, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupa- tion, or employment, professional books, and other personal effects (not mer- chandise) of persons arriving in the United States, not exceeding in value $500, and not intended for the use of any other person or persons, nor for sale; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale : Provided, however. That the limitation in value above specified shall not apply to wearing apparel and other personal effects which may have been taken from the United States to foreign countries by the persons returning therefrom ; and such last-named articles shall, upon production of evidence satisfactory to the collector or officer acting as such that they have been previously exported from the United States by such persons, and have not been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or labor thereon since so exported, be exempt from the payment of duty: And provided fur- ther, That all articles of foreign production or manufacture which may have been once imported into the United States and subjected to the payment of duty shall, upon reimportation, if not improved in condition, except by repairs, by any means, since their exportation from the United States, be entitled to exemption from duty upon their identity being established, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. “Theatrical scenery and actors’ and actresses’ wardrobes brought by the- atrical managers and professional actors and actresses arriving from abroad, for their temporary usg,in the United States; works of art, drawings, engrav- ings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought, THE MILLS BILL. 331 by professional artists, lecturers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for exhibition, and in illustration, promotion, and encour- agement of art, science, or industry in the United States; and wearing apparel and other personal effects of tourists from abroad visiting the United States shall be admitted to free entry under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and bonds shall be given, whenever required by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the payment to the United States of such du- ties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such articles as shall not be exported within six months of such importation: Provided however, That the Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a further term of six months in cases where application therefor shall be made. “ Wearing apparel, old and worn, not exceeding $100 in value, upon pro- duction of evidence satisfactory to the collector and naval officer (if any) that the same has been donated and imported in good faith for the relief or aid of indigent or needy persons residing in the United States, and not for sale.” TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. (PROVISIONS RELATING TO IMPORTS.) This Law Took Effect From October 6, 1890. An Act to reduce tlie revenue and equalize duties on imports, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That on and after the sixth day of October, eighteen hundred and ninety, unless otherwise specially provided for in this act, there shall he levied, collected, and paid upon all articles im- ported from foreign countries, and mentioned in the schedules herein con- tained, the ra.tes of duty which are, by the schedules and paragraphs, re- spectively prescribed, namely: Schedule A. — Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. Acids. — 1. Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty -seven one-thousandths, one and one-half cents per pound ; exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty -seven one-thousandths, four cents per pound. 2. Boracic acid, five cents per pound. 3. Chromic acid, six cents per pound. 4. Citric acid, ten cents per pound. 5. Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, not otherwise specially provided for, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 6. Tannic acid or tannin, seventy-five cents per pound. 7. Tartaric acid, ten cents per pound. 8. Alcoholic perfumery, including cologne water and other toilet wate-s, two dollars per gallon and fifty per centum ad valorem; alcoholic compounds not specially provided for in this act, two dollars per gallon and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 9. Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, and aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground, six-tenths of one cent per pound. Ammonia. — 10. Carbonate of, one and three-fourth cents per pound; muriate of, or sal-ammoniac, three fourths of one cent per pound; sulphate of, one half of one cent per pound. 11. Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 12. Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, two cents per pound. 13. Bone-char, suitable for use in decolorizing sugar, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 14. Borax, crude, or borate of soda, or borate of lime, three cents per pound; refined borax, five cents per pound. 15. Camphor, refined, four cents per pound. 16. Chalk, prepared, precipitated, French, and red, one cent per pound; all other chalk preparations not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 17. Chloroform, twenty-five cents per pound. 332 TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 333 Coal-tar preparations. — 18. All coal-tar colors or dyes, by whatever name known, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 19. All preparations of coal-tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 20. Cobalt, oxide of, thirty cents per pound. 21. Collodion and all compounds of pyroxyline, by whatever name known, fifty cents per pound; rolled or in sheets, but not made up into articles, sixty cents per pound; if in finished or partly finished articles, sixty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 22. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad valorem. 23. Copperas or sulphate of iron, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 24. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulb, and bulbous roots, and excrescences, such as nutgalls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, gums, and guin resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, and not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 25. Ethers, sulphuric, forty cents per pound; spirits of nitrous ether, twenty-five cents per pound; fruit ethers, oils, or essences, two dollars and fifty cents per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially provided for in this act, one dollar per pound. 26. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dyewoods, extract of sumac, and extracts of bark, such as are commonly used for dyeing or tan- ning, not specially provided for in this act, seven-eighths of one cent per pound; extracts of hemlock bark, one-half of one cent per pound. 27. Gelatin, glue, and isinglass or fish-glue valued at not above seven cents per pound, one and one-half cents per pound ; valued at above seven cents per pound, and not above thirty cents per pound, twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; valued at above thirty cents per pound, thirty per centum ad valorem. 28. Glycerin, crude, not purified, one and three-fourth cents per pound ; refined, four and one-half cents per pound. 29. Indigo, extracts, or pastes of, three-fourths of one cent per pound; cannined, ten cents per pound. 30. Ink and ink-powders, printers’ ink, and all other ink not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 31. Iodine, resublimed, thirty cents per pound. 32. Iodoform, one dollar and fifty cents per pound. 33. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls, or other forms, five and one-half cents per pound. 34. Magnesia, carbonate of, medicinal, four cents per pound; calcined, eight cents per pound; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 35. Morphia, or morphine, and all salts thereof, fifty cents per ounce. Oils. — 36. Alizarine assistant, or soluble oil, or oleate of soda, or Turkey red oil, containing fifty per centum or more of castor oil, eighty cents per gallon; containing less than fifty per centum of castor oil, forty cents per gallon; all other, thirty per centum ad valorem. 37. Castor oil, eighty cents per gallon. 38. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. 39. Cotton-seed oil, ten cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 40. Croton oil, thirty cents per pound. 334 APPENDIX. 41. Flaxseed or linseed and poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, thirty-two cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 42. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, ten per centum ad valorem. 43. Hemp-seed oil and rape-seed oil, ten cents per gallon. 44. Olive oil, fit for salad purposes, thirty-live cents per gallon. 45. Peppermint oil, eighty cents per pound. 46. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil not specially provided for in this act, eight cents per gallon. 47. Opium, aqueous extract of, for medicinal uses, and tincture of, as laudanum, and all other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 48. Opium containing less than nine per centum of morphia, and opium prepared for smoking, twelve dollars per pound; but opium prepared for smoking and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouse shall not be removed therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be refunded. Paints , colors , and varnishes. — 49. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, includ- ing barytes earth, unmanufactured, one dollar and twelve cents per ton; manufactured, six dollars and seventy-two cents per ton. 50. Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, Chinese, and all others, containing ferrocyanide of iron, dry or ground in or mixed with oil, six cents per pound ; in pulp or mixed with water, six cents per pound on the material contained therein when dry. 51. Blauc-fixe, or satin white, or artificial sulphate of barytes, three- fourths of one cent per pound. 52. Black, made from bone, ivory, or vegetable, under whatever name known, including bone-black and lampblack, dry or ground in oil or water, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 58. Chrome yellow, chrome green, and all other chromium colors in which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are component parts, dry, or ground in or mixed with oil, four and one-half cents per pound; in pulp or mixed with water, four and one-half cents per pound on the material con- tained therein when dry. 54. Ocher, and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, umber and umber earths not specially provided for in this act, dry, one-fourth of one cent per pound; ground in oil, one and one-half cents per pound. 55. Ultramarine blue, four and one-half cents per pound. 56. Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, thirty -five per centum ad valorem; and on spirit varnishes for the alcohol contained therein, one dollar and thirty-two cents per gallon additional. 57. Vermilion red, and colors containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or water, twelve cents per pound. 58. Wash blue, containing ultramarine, three cents per pound. 59. Whiting and Paris white, dry, one-half of one cent per pound; ground in oil, or putty, one cent per pound. 60. Zinc, oxide of, and white paint containing zinc, but not containing lead, dry, one and one-fourtli cents per pound; ground in oil, one and three- fourth cents per pound. 61. All other paints and colors, whether dry or mixed, or ground in water or oil, including lakes, crayons, smalts, and frostings, not specially provided for in this act, and artists’ colors of all kinds, in tubes or otherwise, twenty- five per centum ad valorem; all paints and colors, mixed or ground with water or solutions other than oil, and commercially known as artists’ water- color paints, thirty per centum ad valorem. Lead products. — 62. Acetate of lead, white, five and one-half cents per pound; brown, three and one-half cents per pound. 63. Litharge, three cents per pound. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 335 64. Nitrate of lead, three cents per pound. 65. Orange mineral, three and one-half cents per pound. 66. Red lead, three cents per pound. " 67. White lead, and white paint containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground or mixed with oil, three cents per pound. 68. Phosphorous, twenty cents per pound. Potash. — 69. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 70. Caustic or hydrate of, refined in sticks or rolls, one per cent, per pound. 71. Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of, fifty cents per pound. 72. Nitrate of, or saltpetre, refined, one cent per pound. ■ 73. Pmssiate of, red, ten cents per pound; yellow, five cents per pound. Preparations — 74. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal pro- prietary preparations, of which alcohol is a component part, or in the prepara- tion of which alcohol is used, not specially provided for in this act, fifty cents per pound. 75. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary prepara- tions, of which alcohol is not a component part, and not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; calomel and other mer- curial medicinal preparations, thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 76. Products or preparations known as alkalies, alkaloids, distilled oils, essential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinations of the fore- going, and all chemical compounds and salts, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 77. Preparations used as applications to the hah', mouth, teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, dentifrices, pastes, pomades, powders, and tonics, includ- ing all known as toilet preparations, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 78. Santonine, and all salts thereof containing eighty per centum or over of santonine, two dollars and fifty cents per pound. 79. Soap: Castile soap, one and one-fourth cents per pound; fancy, per- fumed, and all descriptions of toilet soap, fifteen cents per pound ; all other soaps, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. Soda. — 80. Bicarbonate of soda or supercarbonate of soda or saleratus, one cent per pound. 81. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, one cent per pound. 82. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 83. Sal-soda, or soda crystals, and soda ash, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 84. Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicate, one-half of one cent per pound. 85. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, or niter cake, one dollar and twenty- five cents per ton. 86. Sponges, twenty per centum ad valorem. 87. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all salts thereof, forty cents per ounce. 88. Sulphur, refined, eight dollars per ton; sublimed, or flowers of, ten dollars per ton. 89. Sumac, ground, four-tenths of one cent per pound. 90. Tartar, cream of, and patent tartar, six cents per pound. 91. Tartars and lees crystals, partly refined, four cents per pound. 92. Tartrate of soda and potassa, or Rochelle salts, three cents per pound- Schedule B. — Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware. Brick and Tile. — 93. Fire brick, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty -five cents per ton; glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 94. Tiles and brick, other than fire brick, not glazed, ornamented, painted. 33G APPENDIX. enameled, vitrified, or decorated, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; orna- mented, glazed, painted, enameled, vitrified, or decorated, and all encaustic, forty -five per centum ad valorem. Cement, Lime, and Plaster. — 95. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven cents per one hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per centum ad valorem. 96. Lime, six cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package. 97. Plaster of Paris or gypsum, ground, one dollar per ton ; calcined, one dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. Clays or Earths. — 98. Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this act, one dollar and fifty cents per ton; wrought or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, three dol- lars per ton; china clay or kaolin, three dollars per ton. Earthenware and China. — 99. Common brown earthenware, common stoneware, and crucibles, not ornamented or decorated in any manner, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 100. China, porcelain, pariau, bisque, earthen, stone and crockery ware, including plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, tinted, stained, enameled, printed, gilded, or otherwise decorated, or orna- mented in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if plain white, and not ornamented or decorated in any manner, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 101. All other china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crock- ery ware, and manufactures of the same, by whatsoever designation or name known in the trade, including lava tips for burners, not specially provided for in this act, if ornamented or decorated in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if not ornamented or decorated, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 102. Gas retorts, three dollars each. Glass and Glassicare. — 103. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint and lime glass bottles, holding more than one pint, and demijohns, and carboys (covered or uncovered), and other molded or pressed green and col- ored and flint or lime bottle glassware, not specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint, and lime glass bottles, and vials, holding not more than one pint, and not less than one-quarter of a pint, one and one-half cents per pound; if holding less than one-fourth of a pint, fifty cents per gross. 104. All articles enumerated in the preceding paragraph, if filled, and not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based upon the value, the value of ^ such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall be added to the value of the con- tents for the ascertainment of the dutiable value of the latter; but if filled, and not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are not subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to rate of duty based on the value, or are free of duty, such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall pay, in addition to the duty, if any, on their contents, the rates of duty prescribed in the preceding- paragraph: Provided, That no article manufactured from glass described in the preceding paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 105. Flint and lime, pressed glassware, not cut, engraved, painted, etched, decorated, colored, printed, stained, silvered, or gilded, sixty per centum ad valorem. 106. All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, decorated, silvered, or gilded, not including plate glass silvered, or looking- glass plates, sixty per centum ad valorem. 107. Chemical glassware for use in laboratory, and not otherwise specially provided for in this act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 337 108. Thin blown glass, blown with or without a mold, including glass chimneys and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valorem. 109. Heavy blown glass, blown with or without a mold, not cut or deco- rated, finished or unfinished, sixty per centum ad valorem. 110. Porcelain or opal glassware, sixty per centum ad valorem. 111. All cut, engraved, painted, or otherwise ornamented or decorated glass bottles, decanters, or other vessels of glass, shall, if filled, pay duty in addition to any duty chargeable on the contents, as if not filled, unless other- wise specially provided for in this act. 112. Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not exceed- ing ten by fifteen inches square, one and three-eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, one and seven- eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, two and three-eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty-six inches square, two and seven-eighth cents per pound; all above that, three and one-eighth cents per pound: Pro- vided, That unpolished cylinder, crown and common window glass, imported in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, as nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be computed thereon according to the actual weight of glass. 113. Cylinder and crowned glass, polished, not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, four cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty -four by thirty inches square, six cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding tw'enty-four by sixty inches square, twenty cents per square foot; above that, forty cents per square foot. 111. Fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, not including crown, cylinder, or common window^ glass, not exceeding ten by fifteen inches square, three- fourths of one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, one and one-half cents per square foot; all above that, two cents per square foot; and all fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, weighing over one hundred pounds per one hundred square feet, shall pay an additional duty on the excess at the same rates herein imposed : Provided , That all of the above plate glass when ground, smoothed, or otherwise obscured, shall be subject to the same rate of duty as cast polished plate glass unsilvered. 115. Cast polished plate glass, finished or unfinished and unsilvered, not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, five cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, eight cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty -four by sixty inches square, twenty -five cents per square foot; ail above that, fifty cents per square foot. 116. Cast polished plate glass, silvered, and looking-glass plates, not ex- ceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, six cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, ten cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, thirty-five cents per square foot; all above that, sixty cents per square foot. 117. But no looking-glass plates, or plate glass silvered, when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like de- scription not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the rate of duty applicable thereto when imported separate. 118. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, crown, or common window glass, when ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enam- eled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, stained, colored, or otherwise 338 APPENDIX. ornamented or decorated, shall he subject to a duty of ten per centum ad valorem in addition to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 119. Spectacles and eyeglasses, or spectacles and eyeglass frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 120. On lenses, costing one dollar and fifty cents per gross pairs, or less, sixty per centum ad valorem. 121. Spectacle and eyeglass lenses with their edges ground or beveled to fit frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 122. All stained or painted window glass and stained or painted glass win- dows, and hand, pocket, or table mirrors, not exceeding in size one hundred aud forty-four square inches, with or without frames or cases, of whatever material composed, lenses of glass or pebble, wholly or partly manufactured, aud not specially provided for in this act, and fusible enamel, forty-five per centum ad valorem. Marble and stone, manufacturers of. — 123. Marble of all kinds in block, rough or squared, sixty-five cents per cubic foot. 124. Veined marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs and marble paving-tiles, one dollar and ten cents per cubic foot (but in meas- urement no slab shall be computed at less than one inch in thickness). 125. Manufactures of marble, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. Stone. — 126. Burr stones, manufactured or bound up into millstones, fif- teen per centum ad valorem. 127. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- umental stone, except marble, unmanufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this act, eleven cents per cubic foot., 128. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- umental stone, except marble, not specially provided for in this act, hewed, dressed, or polished, forty per centum ad valorem. 129. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. Slate. — 130. Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and all other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 131. Roofing slates, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Schedule C. — Metals and Manufactures of. Iron and Steel. 132. Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 133. Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residu- um from burned pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton. Sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing not more than three and one-half per centum copper, seventy-five cents per ton : Provided, That ore containing more than two per centum of copper shall pay, in addition thereto, one-half of one cent per pound for the copper contained therein : Provided, also. That sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur, shall be free of duty, except on the copper contained therein, as above provided: And pro- vided further. That in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore no deduc- tion shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined therewith. 134. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, ferro- silicon, wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap steel, three-tenths of one cent per pound; but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except waste or refuse iron or steel fit only to be remanufactured. 135. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than one inch TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 339 wide nor less than three-eighths of one inch thick, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; round iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch in diameter, and square iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch square, nine-tenths of one cent per pound; flats less than one inch wide or less than three-eighths of one inch thick; round iron, less than three-fourths of one inch and not less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in diameter; and square iron less than three-fourths of one inch square, one cent per pound. 136. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-tenth cents per pound : Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more ad- vanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be rated as iron in bars, and be subject to a duty of eight-tenths of one cent per pound; and none of the iron above enumerated in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than thirty- live per centum ad valorem : Provided, further. That all iron bars, blooms, lets, or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than twenty-two dollars per ton. 137. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT columns and posts or parts of sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, whether plain or punched, or fitted for use, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 138. Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except saw plates hereinafter pro- vided for, not thinner than number ten wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, and skelp iron or steel sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at one cent per pound or less, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, sixty-five hundreths of one cent per pound ; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above two cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two cents and not above three cents per pound, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; val- ued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and five- tenth cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, two cents per pound; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not. above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; valued above thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem : Provided, That all plate iron or steel thinner than number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. 139. Forgings of iron or steel, or forged iron and steel combined, of what- ever shape, or in whatever stage of manufacture, not specially provided for in this act, two and three-tenth cents per pound ; Provided, That no forgings of iron or steel, or forgings of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, shall pay a less rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad valorem. 140. Hoop, or band, or scroll, or other iron or steel, valued at three cents per pound or less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths of one inch thick and not thinner than number ten wire gauge, one cent per pound; thinner than number ten wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound; thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one and three-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That hoop or band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to" length, or wholly or partial- ly manufactured into hoops or ties for baling purposes, barrel hoops of iron or steel, and hoop or band iron or hoop or band steel flared, splayed or punched, with or without buckles or fastenings, shall pay two-tenths of one cent per pound more duty than that imposed on the hoop or band iron or steel from which they are made. 141. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway bars made in part 340 APPENDIX. of steel, T-rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails, six-tenths of one cent per pound. 142. ' Sheets of iron or steel, common or black, including all iron or steel commercially known as common or black taggers iron or steel, and skelp iron or steel, valued at three cents per pound or less: Thinner than number ten and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one cent per pound; thinner than number twenty wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty- live wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; thinner than number twenty -five wire gauge, one and four-tenth cents per pound; corrugated or crimped, one and four-tenth cents per pound; Provided, That all common or black sheet iron or sheet steel not thinner than number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as plate iron or plate steel. 143. All iron or steel sheets or plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel, excepting what are known commercially as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, and hereinafter provided for, when galvanized or coated with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay three-fourths of one cent per pound more duty than the rates imposed by the preceding paragraph upon the corresponding gauges, or forms, of com- mon or black sheet or taggers iron or steel; and on and after July 1st, eight- een hundred and ninety-one, all iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron coated with tin or lead or with a mixture of which these metals or either of them is a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and com- mercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, shall pay two and two-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, manufactures of which tin, tin plates, terne plates, taggers tin, or either of them, are component materials of chief value, and all articles, vessels, or wares manufactured, stamped or drawn from sheet iron or sheet steel, such material being the component of chief value, and coated wholly or in part with tin or lead or a mixture of which these metals or either of them is a component part, shall pay a duty of fifty- five per centum ad valorem: Provided further , That on and after October first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, tin plates and terne plates lighter in weight than sixty-three pounds per hundred square feet shall be admitted free of duty, unless it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Pres- ident (who shall thereupon by proclamation make known the fact) that the aggregate quantity of such plates lighter than sixty-tliree pounds per hun- dred square feet produced in the United States during either of the six years next preceding June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, has equaled one-third the amount of such plates imported and entered for con- sumption during any fiscal year after the passage of this act, and prior to said October first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven: Provided, That the amount of such plates manufactured into articles exported, and upon which a drawback shall be paid, shall not be included in ascertaining the amount of such importations: And provided further, That the amount or weight of sheet iron or sheet steel manufactured in the United States and applied or wrought in the manufacture of articles of wares tinned or terne plated in the United States, with weight allowance as sold to manufacturers or others, shall be considered as tin and terne plates produced in the United States with- in the meaning of this act. 144. Sheet iron or sheet steel, polished, planished, or glanced, by what- ever name designated, two and one-half cents per pound: Provided, That plate or sheet or taggers iron or steel, by whatever name designated, other than the polished, planished, or glanced herein provided for, which has been pickled or cleaned by acid, or by any other material or process, or which is cold rolled, smoothed - only, not polished, shall pay one-quarter of one cent per pound more duty than the corresponding gauges of common or black sheet or taggers iron or steel. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 341 145. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals, or either of them, is a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, one cent per pound until July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 146. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, and slabs, by whatever process made; die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; steamer, crank, and other shafts; shafting; wrist or crank pins; connecting- rods and piston rods; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes; saw plates, whol- ly or partially manufactured; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun -barrel molds not in bars; alloys used as substitutes for steel tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron-molded steel castings;' sheets and plates not specially provided for in this act; and steel in all forms and shapes not specially provided for in this act; all of the above valued at one cent per pound or less, four-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above one and eight- tenth cents per pound, eight -tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above one and eight-tenth cents and not above two and two-tenth cents per pound, nine- tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and two-tenth cents, and not above three cents per pound, one and two-tenth cents per pound; valued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and six-tenth cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, two cents per pound ; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, two and eight -tenth cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; val- ued above thirteen cents and not above sixteen cents per pound, four and two-tenth cents per pound; valued above sixteen cents per pound, seven cents per pound. Wire. — 147. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, and nail rods, whether round, oval, flat, square, or in any other shape, in coils or otherwise, not smaller than number six wire gauge, valued at three and one-half cents or less per pound, six -tenths of one cent per pound; and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs for the manufacture of fencing, val- ued at three cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound : Pro- vided, That all iron or steel rods, whether rolled or drawn through dies, smaller than number six wire gauge, shall be classed and dutiable as wire. 148. Wire: Wire made of iron or steel, not smaller than number ten wire gauge, one and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number ten, and not smaller than number sixteen wire gauge, one and three-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number sixteen and not smaller than number twenty- six wire gauge, two and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number twenty-six wire gauge, three cents per pound: Provided, That iron or steel wire covered with cotton, silk, or other material, and wires or strip steel, commonly known as crinoline wire, corset wire, and hat wire, shall pay a duty of five cents per pound: And provided further. That flat steel wire, or sheet steel in strips, whether drawn through dies or rolls, untempered or tempered, of whatsoever width, twenty-five one-thousandths of an inch thick or thinner (ready for use or otherwise), shall pay a duty of fifty per centum ad valorem: And provided further. That no article made from iron or steel wire, or of which iron or steel wire is a component part of chief value, shall pay a less rate of duty than the iron or steel wire from which it is made either wholly or in part: And provided further , That iron or steel wire cloths, and iron or steel wire nettings made in meshes of any form, shall pay a duty equal in amount to that imposed on iron or steel wire used in the manufac- ture of iron or steel wire cloth, or iron or steel wire nettings, and two cents per pound in addition thereto. 342 APPENDIX. There shall be paid on iron or steel wire coated with zinc or tin, or any other metal (except fence wire and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing), one-half of one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made; on iron wire rope and iron strand, one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made; on steel wire rope and wire strand, two cents per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which they or either of them are made: Provided further, That all iron or steel wire valued at more than four cents per pound shall pay a duty of not less than forty-five per centum ad valorem, except that card wire for the manufacture of card clothing shall pay a duty of thirty -five per centum ad valorem. General Provisions. 149. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon any description of iron or steel, or upon any article wholly or partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon any manufacture of iron and steel. 150. All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is cast and malleable, of whatever description or form, without regard to the percentage of carbon contained therein, whether produced by cementation, or converted, cast, or made from iron or its ores, by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffiths, pneu- matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth process, or by the equivalent of either, or by a combination of two or more of the processes, or their equivalents, or by any fusion or other process which pro- duces from iron or its ore a metal either granular or fibrous in structure, which is cast and malleable, excepting what is known as malleable-iron cast- ings shall be classed and denominated as steel. 151. No article not specially provided for in this act, wholly or partly manufactured from tin plate, terne plate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel herein provided for, or of which such tin plate, terne plate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the mateiial of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, terne plate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it is made, or of which it shall be the component thereof of chief value. 152. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape or section, which are cold rolled, cold hammered, or polished in any way, in addition to the ordinary process of hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid one-fourth of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this act; and on all strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, other than the polished, planished or glanced sheet iron, or sheet steel hereinbefore pro- vided for, which are cold rolled, cold hammered, blued, brightened, tem- pered, or polished by any process to such perfected surface finish or polish better than the grade of cold rolled, smooth only, hereinbefore provided for, there shall be paid one and one-fourth cents per pound in addition to the rates provided in this act upon plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of common or black finish; and on steel circular saw-plates there shall be paid one cent per pound in addition to the rate provided in this act for steel saw plates. Manufactures of Iron and Steel. 153. Anchors, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, mill irons and mill cranks of wrought iron, and wrought iron for ships, and forgings of iron or steel, or of combined iron and steel, for vessels, steam engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each twenty-five pounds or more, one and eight- tenth cents per pound. 154. Axles, or parts thereof, axle bars, axle blanks, or forgings for axles, whether of iron or steel, without reference to the stage or state of manufac- TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 343 ture, two cents per pound: Provided, That when iron or steel axles are im- ported fitted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be dutiable at the same rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. 155. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, or in whatever stage of manufacture, two and one-half cents per pound. 156. Blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- bars, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 157. Boiler or other tubes, pipes, flues, or stays of wrought iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 158. Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks and finished hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 159. Card clothing, manufactured from tempered-steel wire, fifty cents per square foot; all other, twenty-five cents per square foot. 160. Cast iron pipe of every description, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 161. Cast iron vessels, plates, stove plates, andirons, sad-irons, tailors’ irons, hatters’ irons, and castings of iron, not specially provided for in this act, one and two-tenth cents per pound. 162. Castings of malleable iron not specially provided for in this act, one and three-fourth cents per pound. 163. Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, three cents per pound. 164. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than three- fourths of one inch in diameter, one and six-tenth cents per pound; less than three-fourths of one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diam- eter, one and eight-tenth cents per pound; less than three-eighths of one inch in diameter, two and one-half cents per pound, but no chain or chains of any description shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad va- lorem. Cutlery. — 165. Pen-knives or pocket-knives of all kinds, or parts thereof, and erasers or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, valued at not more than fifty cents per dozen, twelve cents per dozen; valued at more than fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, fifty cents per dozen ; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per doz- en and not exceeding three dollars.per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than three dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the above, fifty per centum ad valorem. Razors and razor blades finished or unfinished, valued at less than four dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued at four dollars or more per dozen, one dollar and seventy -five cents per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the above razors and razor blades, thirty per centum ad valorem. 166. Swords, sword blades and side arms, thirty-five per centum ad valo- rem. 167. Table knives, forks, steels, and all butchers’, hunting, kitchen, bread, butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers’, painters’, palette, and artists’ knives, of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than one dol- lar per dozen pieces, ten cents per dozen ; valued at more than one dollar and not more than two dollars, thirty-five cents per dozen; valued at more than two dollars and not more than three dollars, forty cents per dozen; valued at more than three dollars and not more than eight dollars, one dollar per doz- en; valued at more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen; and in addition upon all the above-named articles, thirty per centum ad valorem. All carv- ing and cooks’ knives and forks of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than four dollars per dozen pieces, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than four dollars and not more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen pieces; valued at more than eight dollars and not more than twelve dollars, three dollars per dozen pieces: valued at more than twelve dollars, five dol- 344 APPENDIX. lars per dozen pieces; and in addition upon all the above-named articles, thirty per centum ad valorem. 168. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats, of all cuts and kinds, four inches in length and under, thirty -five cents per dozen; over four inches in length and under nine inches, seventy -live cents per dozen; nine inches in length and under fourteen inches, one dollar and thirty cents per dozen; fourteen inches in length and over, two dollars per dozen. Fire-Arms. — 169. Muskets and sporting rifles, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 170. All double-barreled, sporting, breech-loading shot guns valued at not more than six dollars each, one dollar and fifty cents each; valued at more than six dollars and not more than twelve dollars each, four dollars each; val- ued at more than twelve dollars each, six dollars each; and in addition there- to on all the above, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Single-barrel, breech- loading shot-guns, one dollar each and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Re- volving pistols valued at not more than one dollar and fifty cents each, forty cents each; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents, one dollar each; and in addition thereto on all the above pistols, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 171. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 172. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed as above with more than one color, or ornamented, fifty per centum ad valorem. Nails, spikes, tacks, and needles. — 173. Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steel, one cent per pound. 174. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and all other wrought iron or steel nails, not specially provided for in this act, four cents per pound. 175. Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, two inches long and lon- ger, not lighter than number twelve wire gauge, two cents per pound ; from one inch to two inches in length, and lighter than number twelve and not lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, two and one-half cents per pound; shorter than one inch and lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, four cents per pound. 176. Spikes, nuts, and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, of wrought iron or steel, one and eight-tenth cents per pound. 177. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou- sand, two and one-fourth cents per thousand ; exceeding sixteen ounces to the thousand, two and three-fourth cents per pound. 178. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, crochet needles and tape needles, and bodkins of metal, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 179. Needles,, knitting, and all others not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per ceutum ad valorem. Plates. — 180. Steel plates engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed, for printing, twenty- five per centum ad valorem. 181. Railway fish plates or splice bars, made of iron or steel, one cent per pound. 182. Rivets of iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 183. Saws: Cross-cut saws, eight cents per linear foot; mill, pit, and drag saws, not over nine inches wide, ten cents per linear foot; over nine inch- es wide, fifteen cents per linear foot; circular saws, thirty per centum ad valorem ; hand, back, and all other saws, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 184. Screws, commonly called wood screws, more than two inches in length, five cents per pound; over one inch and not more than two inches in length, seven cents per pound; over one-half inch and not more than one inch in length, ten cents per pound; one-half inch and less in length, four- teen cents per pound. TEXT OF THE McKENLEY BILL. 345 1S5. Wheels, or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel lo- comotive, car, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manu- factured, two and one-half cents per pound; and ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, or blanks for the same, without regard to the degree of manufacture, one and three-fourth cents per pound: Provided, That when wheels. or parts thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided for the wheels when imported separately. Miscellaneous Metals and Manufactures of. 186. Aluminium or aluminum, in crude form, alloys of any kind in which aluminum is the component material of chief value, fifteen cents per pound. 187. Antimony, as regulus or metal, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 188. Argentine, albata, or German silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 189. Brass, in bars or pigs, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch met- al, and old sheathing, or yellow metal, fit only for remanufacture, one and one-half cents per pound. 190. Bronze powder, twelve cents per pound; bronze or Dutch metal, or aluminum, in leaf, eight cents per package of one hundred leaves. Capper. — 191. Copper imported in the form of ores, one-half of one cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 192. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, clippings from new copper, and all composition metal of which copper is a component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound. 193. Regulus of copper, and black or coarse copper, and copper cement, one cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 194. Copper in plates, bars, ingots. Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, not manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-fourth cents per pound. 195. Copper in rolled plates, called braziers’ copper, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, also sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the component material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of iron, ungalvanized, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Gold and Silver. — 196. Bullions and metal thread of gold, silver, or other metals, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 197. Gold leaf, two dollars per package of five hundred leaves. 198. Silver leaf, seventy-five cents per package of five hundred leaves. Lead. — 199. Lead ore and lead dross, one and one-half cents per pound: Provided, That silver ore and all other ores containing lead shall pay a duty of one and one-half cents per pound on the lead contained therein, according to sample and assay at the port of entry. 200. Lead in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks and bars, and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, two cents per pound. 201. Lead in sheets, pipes, shot, glaziers’ lead, and lead wire, two and one- half cents per pound. 202. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem ; mica, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Nickel. — 203. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the component material of chief value, ten cents per pound. 204. Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per gross. 205. Penholder tips, penholders, or parts thereof, and gold pens, thirty per centum ad valorem. 206. Pins, metallic, solid head or other, including hair pins, safety pins, and hat, bonnet, shawl, and belt pins, thirty per centum ad valorem. 25b 846 APPENDIX. 207. Quicksilver, ten cents per pound. The flasks, bottles, or other ves- sels in which quicksilver is imported, shall he subject to the same rate of duty as they would be subjected to if imported empty. 208. Type metal, one and one-half cents per pound for the lead contained therein; new types, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 209. Tin: On and after July 1, 1893, there shall be imposed and paid upon cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, and pig tin, a duty of four cents per pound: Provided, That unless it shall he made to ap- pear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States (who shall make known the fact by proclamation) that the product of the mines of the United States shall have exceeded five thousand tons of cassiterite, and bar, block, and pig tin in any one year prior to July 1, 1895, then all imported cassiter- ite, bar, block, and pig tin shall after July 1, 1895, be admitted free of duty. Watches. — 210. Chronometers, box or ship’s and parts thereof, ten per centum ad valorem. 211. Watches, parts of watches, watch cases, watch movements, and watch glasses, whether separately packed or otherwise, twenty -five per cent- um ad valorem. Zinc or Spelter. — 212. Zinc in blocks or pigs, one and three-fourth cents per pound. 213. Zinc in sheets, two and one-half cents per pound. 214. Zinc, old and worn out, fit only to be remanufactured, one and one- fourth cents per pound. 215. Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or pro- vided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or any other metal, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad va- lorem. Schedule D. — Wood and Manufactures of. 216. Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building wharves, ten per centum ad valorem. 217. Timber, squared or sided, not specially provided for in this act, one- half of one cent per cubic foot. 218. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and other lumber of hemlock, white- wood, sycamore, white pine, and basswood, one dollar per thousand feet board measure; sawed lumber, not specially provided for in this act, two dol- lars per thousand feet board measure; but when lumber of any sort is planed or finished, in addition to the rates herein provided, there shall be lev- ied and paid for each side so planed or finished fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on one side and tongued and grooved, one dol- lar per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on two sides, and tongued and grooved, one dollar and fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and in estimating board measure under this schedule no deduction shall be made on board measure on account of planing, tonguing and grooving: Provided, That in case any foreign country shall impose an export duty upon pine, spruce, elm, or other logs, or upon stave bolts, shingle wood, or heading blocks exported to the United States from such country, then the duty upon the sawed lumber herein provided for, when imported from such country, shall remain the same as fixed by the law in force prior to the passage of this act. 219. Cedar: That on and after March 1, 1891, paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone and telegraph poles of cedar, shall be dutiable at twenty per centum ad valorem. 220. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and all forms of sawed cedar, lignum vitae, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all other cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per TEXT OF THE McKIXLEY BILL. 347 centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, and wood, unmanufactured, not spe- cially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 221. Pine clapboards; one dollar per one thousand. 222. Spruce clapboards, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand. 223. Hubs for wheels, posts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, gun blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewed or sawed only, twenty per centum ad valorem. '224. Laths, fifteen cents per one thousand pieces. 225. Pickets and palings, ten per centum ad valorem. 226. White-pine shingles, twenty cents per one thousand; all other, thirty cents per one thousand. 227. Staves of wood of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. 228. Casks and barrels (empty), sugar-box shooks, and packing boxes and packing-box shooks, of wood, not specially provided for iu this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 229. Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, and whether round, square, or in any other shape, ten per centum ad valorem. 230. House or cabinet furniture, of wood, wholly, or partly finished, manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Schedule E.— Sugar. 231. That on and after July 1, 1891, and until July 1, 1905, there shall be paid, from any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, under the provisions' of Section 3,689 of the Revised Statutes, to the producer of sugar testing not less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, from beets, sorghum, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the United States, a bounty of two cents per pound; and upon such sugar testing less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, and not less than eighty degrees, a bounty of one and three-fourth cents per pound, under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe. 232. The producer of said sugar to be entitled to said bounty shall have first filed prior to July 1st of each year with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue a notice of tire place of production, with a general description of the machinery and methods to be employed by him, with an estimate of the amount of sugar proposed to be produced in the current or next ensuing year, including the number of maple-trees to be tapped, and an application for a license to so produce, to be accompanied by a bond in a penalty, and with sureties to be approved by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, conditioned that he will faithfully observe all rules and regulations that shall be pre- scribed for such manufacture and production of sugar. 233. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, upon receiving the applica- tion and bond hereinbefore provided for, shall issue to the applicant a license to produce sugar from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the JTnited States at the place and with the machinery and by the methods described in the application; but said license shall not extend beyond one year from the date thereof. 234. No bounty shall be paid to any person engaged in refining sugars which have been imported into the United States, or produced in the United States upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or applied for, nor to any person unless he shall have first been licensed as herein provided, and only upon sugar produced by such person from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap pro- duced within the United States. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall from time to time 348 APPENDIX. make all needful rules and regulations for the manufacture of sugar from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the United States, and shall, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, exercise supervision and inspection of the manu- facture thereof. 235. And for the payment of these bounties the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to draw warrants on the Treasurer of the United States for such sums as shall be necessary, which sums shall be certified to him by the Com- missioner of Internal Revenue, by whom the bounties shall be disbursed, and no bounty shall be allowed or paid to any person licensed as aforesaid in any one year, upon any quantity of sugar less than five hundred pounds. 236. That any person who shall knowingly refine or aid in the refining of sugar imported into the United States or upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or applied for, at the place described in t he license issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and any person not entitled to the bounty herein provided for, who shall apply for or receive the same, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall pay a fine not exceeding $5,000, or be imprisoned for a period not ex- ceeding five years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 237. All sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay a duty of five-tenths of one cent per pound : Provided, That all such sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay one-tenth of one cent per pound in addition to the rate herein provided for, when exported from, or the product of any country when and so long as such country pays or shall hereafter pay, directly or indirectly, a bounty on the exportation of any sugar that may be included in this grade which is greater than is paid on raw sugars of a lower saccharine strength ; and the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe suitable rules and regulations to carry this provision into effect: And provided further. That all machinery purchased abroad and erected in a beet-sugar factory and used in the production of raw sugar in the United States from beets produced therein shall be admitted duty free until the first day of July, 1892: Provided, That any duty collected on any of the above- described machinery purchased abroad and imported into the United States for the uses above indicated since Jan. 1, 1890, shall be refunded. 238. Sugar candy and all confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, made wholly or in part of sugar, valued at twelve cents or less per pound, and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulterated, five cents per pound. 239. All other confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 240. Glucose, or grape sugar, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 241. That the provisions of this act providing terms for the admission of imported sugars and molasses and for the payment of a bounty on sugars of domestic production shall take effect on the first day of April, 1891 : Pro- vided, That on and after the first day of March, 1891, and prior to the first day of April, 1891, sugars not exceeding number sixteen Dutch standard in color may be refined in bond without payment of duty, and such refined sugars may be transported in bond and stored in bonded warehouse at such points of destination as are provided in existing laws relating to the immediate trans- portation of dutiable goods in bond, under such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Schedule F. — Tobacco and Manufactures of. • 242. Leaf tobacco suitable for cigar wrappers, if not stemmed, two dol- lars per pound; if stemmed, two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound: Provided, That if any portion of any tobacco imported in any bale, box, or TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 349 package, or in bulk shall be suitable for cigar wrappers, the entire quantity of tobacco contained in such bale, box, or package, or bulk shall be dutiable; if not stemmed, at two dollars per pound; if stemmed, at two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound. 243. All other tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, thirty- five cents per pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 244. Tobacco manufactured, of all descriptions, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, forty cents per pound. 245. Snuff and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, and pickled, scented, or otherwise, of all descriptions, fifty cents per pound. 246. Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots of all kinds, four dollars and fifty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; and paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrappers, and shall be subject to the same duties as are herein imposed upon cigars. Schedule G. — Agricultural Products and Provisions. Animals , Live. — 247. Horses and mules, thirty dollars per head: Provided, That horses valued at one hundred and fifty dollars and over shall pay a duty of thirty per centum ad valorem. 248. Cattle more than one year old, ten dollars per head; one year old or less, two dollars per head. 249. Hogs, one dollar and fifty cents per head. 250. Sheep, one year old or more, one dollar and fifty cents per head; less than one year old, seventy- five cents per head. 251. All other live animals, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. Breadstuff s and Farinaceous Substances. — 252. Barley, thirty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 253. Barley malt, forty-five cents per bushel of thirty -four pounds. 254. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per pound. 255. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 256. Corn or maize, fifteen cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds. 257. Corn meal, twenty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 258. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations, two cents per pound. 259. Oats, fifteen cents per bushel. 260. Oatmeal, one cent per pound. 261. Rice, cleaned, two cents per pound; uncleaned rice, one and one- quarter cents per pound; paddy, three-quarters of one cent per pound; rice flour, rice meal, and rice, broken, which will pass through a sieve known commercially as number twelve wire sieve, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 262. Rye, ten cents per bushel. 263. Rye flour, one-half of one cent per pound. 264. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. 265. Wheat flour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Dairy Products. — 266. Butter, and substitutes therefor, six cents per pound. 267. Cheese, six cents per pound. 268. Milk, fresh, five cents per gallon. 269. Milk, preserved or condensed, including weight of packages, three cents per pound; sugar of milk, eight cents per pound. Farm and Field Products . — 270. Beans, forty cents per bushel of sixty pounds. 271. Beans, pease, and mushrooms, prepared or preserved, in tins, jars, bottles, or otherwise, forty per centum ad valorem. 272. Broom-corn, eight dollars per ton. 350 APPENDIX. 273. Cabbages, three cents each. 274. Cider, live cents per gallon. 275. Eggs, five cents per dozen. 276. Eggs, yolk of, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 277. Hay, four dollars per ton. 278. Honey, twenty cents per gallon. 279. Hops, fifteen cents per pound. 280. Onions, forty cents per bushel. 281. Pease, green, in bulk or in barrels, sacks, or similar packages, forty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease, dried, twenty cents per bushel; split pease, fifty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in cartons, papers, or other small packages, one cent per pound. 282. Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, commonly known as nursery stock, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 283. Potatoes, twenfey-five cents per bushel of sixty pounds. Seeds. — 284. Castor beans or seeds, fifty cents per bushel of fifty pounds. 285. Flaxseed or linseed, poppy seed and other oil seeds, not specially provided for in this act, thirty cents per bushel of fifty -six pounds; but no drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from imported seed. 286. Garden seeds, agricultural seeds, and other seeds, not specially pro- vided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 287. Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved, including pickles and sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 288. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 289. Straw, thirty per centum ad valorem. 290. Teazles, thirty per centum ad valorem. Fish. — 291. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and three and one-half inches deep, ten cents per whole box; in half-boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and one and five-eighth inches deep, five cents each; in quarter-boxes, measuring not more than four and three-fourth inches long, three and one-half inches wide, 'and one and one-fourth inches deep, two and one-half cents each; when imported in any other form, forty per centum ad valorem. 292. Fish, pickled, in barrels or half -barrels, and mackerel or salmon, pickled or .salted, one cent per pound. 293. Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice, or other- wise prepared for preservation, and fresh fish, not specially provided for in this act, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 294. Herrings, pickled or salted, one-half of one cent per pound; herrings, fresh, one-fourtli of one cent per pound. 295. Fish in cans or packages made of tin or other material; except an- chovies and sardines and fish packed in any other manner, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 296. Cans or packages, made of tin or other metal, containing shell fish admitted free of duty, not exceeding one quart in contents, shall be subject to a duty of eight cents per dozen cans or packages; and when exceeding one quart, shall be subject to an additional duty of four cents per dozen for each additional half -quart or fractional part thereof: Provided, That until June 30, 1891, such cans or packages shall be admitted as now provided by law. Fruits and Nuts. — 297. Fruits: Apples, green or ripe, twenty-five cents per bushel. 298. Apples, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, and not otherwise provided for in this act, two cents tier pound. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 351 299. Grapes, sixty cents per barrel of three cubic feet capacity or frac- tional part thereof; plums and prunes, two cents per pound. 300. Figs, two and one-half cents per pound. 301. Oranges, lemons, and limes, in packages of capacity of one and one- fourth cubic feet or less, thirteen cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two. and one-half cubic feet, twenty-five cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding two and one-half cubic feet and not exceeding five cubic feet, fifty cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding five cubic feet, for every addi- tional cubic foot or fractional part thereof, ten cents; in bulk, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand; and in addition thereto a duty of thirty per centum ad valorem upon the boxes or barrels containing such oranges, lemons, or limes. 302. Raisins, two and one-half cents per pound. 303. Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits preserved in sugar, sirup, molasses, or spirits, not specially provided for in this act, and jellies of all kinds, thirty- five per centum ad valorem. 304. Fruits preserved in their own juices, thirty per centum ad valorem. 305. Orange peel and lemon peel, preserved or candied, two cents per pound. 306. Nuts: Almonds, not shelled, five cents per pound; clear almonds, shelled, seven and one-half cents per pound. 307. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, three cents per pound ; shelled, six cents per pound. 308. Peanuts or ground beans, unshelled, one cent per pound ; shelled, one and one-half cents per pound. 309. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-lialf cents per pound. Meat Products. — 310. Bacon and hams, five cents per pound. 311. Beef, mutton, and pork, two cents per pound. 312. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 313. Extract of meat, all not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five cents per pound ; fluid extract of meat, fifteen cents per pound ; and no sep- arate or additional duty shall be collected on such coverings unless as such they are suitable and apparently designed for use other than in the importa- tion of meat extracts. 314. Lard, two cents per pound. 315. Poultry, live, three cents per pound ; dressed, five cents per pound. 316. Tallow, one cent per pound; wool grease, includingthat known com- mercially as degras or brown wool grease, one-half of one cent per pound. Miscellaneous Products. — 317. Chicory root, burned or roasted, ground or granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared,, and not specially provided for in this act, two cents per pound. 318. Chocolate (other than chocolate confectionery and chocolate com- mercially known as sweetened chocolate), two cents per pound. 319. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, two cents per pound. 320. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, three and one-half cents per pound. 321. Dandelion root and acorns prepared, and other articles used as cof- fee, or as substitutes for coffee, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-half cents per pound. Salt. — 322. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, twelve cents per one hundred pounds; in bulk, eight cents per one hundred pounds : Provided , That imported salt in bond may be used in curing fish taken by vessels licensed to engage in the fisheries and in curing fish on the shores of the navigable waters of the United States, under such regula- 352 APPENDIX. tions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe ; and upon proof that the salt lias been used for either of the purposes stated in this pro- viso, the duties on the same shall be remitted : Provided , further, That ex- porters of meats, whether packed or smoked, which have been cured in the United States with imported salt, shall, upon satisfactory proof, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, that such meats have been cured with imported salt, have refunded to them from the Treasury the duties paid on the salt so used in curing such exported meats, in amounts not less than one hundred dollars. 323. Starch, including all preparations, from whatever substance pro- duced, fit for use as starch, two cents per pound. 324. Dextrine, burned starch, gum substitute, or British gum, one and one-lialf cents per pound. 325. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, ten cents per pound. 326. Spices, ground or powdered, not specially provided for in this act, four cents per pound; cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents per pound, unground ; sage, three cents per pound. 327. Vinegar, seven and one-half cents per gallon. The standard for vin- egar shall be taken to be that strength which requires thirty -five grains of bicarbonate of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. 328. There shall be allowed on the imported tin plate used in the manu- facture of cans, boxes, packages, and all articles of tinware exported, either empty or filled with domestic products, a drawback equal to the duty paid on such tin plate, less one per centum of such duty, which shall be retained for the use of the United States. Schedule H. — Spirits, Wines, and Other Beverages. Spirits. — 329. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this act, two dol- lars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 330. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be counted as at least one proof gallon; and the standard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits or liquors of any kind imported shall be the same as that which is defined in 'the laws relating to internal revenue; but any brandy or other spirituous liquors, imported in casks of less capacity than fourteen gallons, shall be forfeited to the United States: Provided, That it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, to authorize the ascertainment of the proof of wines, cordials, or other liquors, by distillation or otherwise, in case where it is impracticable to ascertain such proof by the means prescribed by existing law or regulations. 331. On all compounds or preparations, of which distilled spirits are a component part of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, there shall be levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 332. Cordials, liquors, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds containing spirits, and not specially provided for in this act, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 333. No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages, than that fixed by law for the description of first proof; but it shall be increased in proportion for any greater strength than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy or spirits or wines imported by any names whatever shall be subject to the highest rate of duty provided for the genuine articles respectively intended to be represented, and in no case less than one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. 334. Bay rum or bay water, whether distilled or compounded, of first TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 353 proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof, one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. Wines. — 335. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles con- taining each not more than one quart and more than one pint, eight dollars per dozen; containing not more than one pint each and more than one-half pint, four dollars per dozen; containing one-half pint each or less, two dol- lars per dozen; in bottles or other vessels, containing more than one quart each, in addition to eight dollars per dozen bottles on the quantity in excess of one quart, at the rate of two dollars and fifty cents per gallon. 336. Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial and vermuth, in casks, fifty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs, containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, or twenty-four bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one dollar and sixty cents per case; and any excess beyond these quantities found in such bottles or jugs, shall be subject to a duy of five cents per pint or fractional part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs: Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth im- ported containing more than twenty-four per centum of alcohol shall be forfeit- ed to the United States: And provided further , That there shall be no construc- tive or other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, cordials, or distilled spirits. Wines, cordials, brandy, and other spirituous liquors imported in bottles or jugs shall be packed in packages containing not less than one dozen bottles or jugs in each package; and all such bottles or jugs shall pay an additional duty of three cents for each bottle or jug un- less specially provided for in this act. 337. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs; otherwise than in bottles or jugs, twenty cents per gallon. 338. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, twenty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon; solid or condensed, forty per centum ad valorem. "339. Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wine, and other fruit juice, not specially provided for in this act, containing not more than eighteen per centum of alcohol, sixty cents per gallon ; if containing more than eighteen per centum of alcohol, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 340. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and other similar waters, in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, containing each not more than three-fourths of a pint, thirteen cents per dozen; con- taining more than three-fourths of a pint each and not more than one and one-half pints, twenty-six cents per dozen; but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles; if imported otherwise than in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, or in such bottles containing more than one and one-half pints each, fifty cents per gallon; and in addition thereto, duty shall be collected on the bottles, or other coverings, at the rates which would be chargeable thereon if imported empty. 341. All mineral waters, and all imitations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in c this act, in green or colored glass bottles containing not more than one pint, sixteen cents per dozen bottles. If containing more than one pint and not more than one quart, twenty-five cents per dozen bottles. But no separate duty shall be assessed upon the bottles. If imported otherwise than in plain green or col- ored glass bottles, or if imported in such bottles containing more than one quart, twenty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto duty shall be collected upon the bottles or other covering at the same rates that would be charged if imported empty or separately. 354 APPENDIX. Schedule I.— Cotton Manufactures. 342. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced beyond the condition of single, by grouping or twisting two or more single yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, except spool thread of cotton, hereinafter provided for, valued at not exceeding twenty-five cents per pound, ten cents per pound; valued at over twenty-five cents per pound and not exceeding forty cents per pound, eighteen cents per pound; valued at over forty cents per pound and not ex- ceeding fifty cents per pound, twenty -three cents per pound; valued at over fifty cents per pound and not exceeding sixty cents per pound, twenty-eight cents per pound; valued at over sixty cents per pound and not exceeding seventy cents per pound, thirty-three cents per pound; valued at over sev- enty cents per pound and not exceeding eighty cents per pound, thirty-eight cents per pound; valued at over eighty cents per pound and not exceeding- one dollar per pound, forty-eight cents per pound; valued at over one dollar per pound, fifty per centum ad valorem. 343. Spool thread of cotton, containing on each spool not exceeding one hundred yards of thread, seven cents per dozen ; exceeding one hundred yards on each spool, for every additional one hundred yards of thread or fractional part thereof in excess of one hundred yards, seven cents per dozen spools. 344. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, two cents per square yard; if bleached, two and one-half cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per square yard. 345. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, two and one-fourth cents per square yard; if bleached, three cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per square yard : Provided, That on all cotton cloth not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over six and one-half cents per square yard ; bleached, valued at over nine cents per square yard ; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, val- ued at over twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 340. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three cents per square yard; if bleached, four cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, five cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth ex- ceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over seven and one-half cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard; dyed, col- ored, stained painted, or printed, valued at over twelve and one-half cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty per centum ad valorem. 347. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached, four and one-half cents per square yard ; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, five and one-half cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 355 over eight cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard ; dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem. 348. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, four and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached, five and one-half cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, six and three-fourth cents per square yard: Provided, That on all such cotton cloths not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over ten cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over twelve cents per square yard; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over fifteen cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem: Provided further, That on cotton cloth, bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, containing an admixture of silk, and not otherwise provided for, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of ten cents per square yard, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 349. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- scription, handkerchiefs, and neckties or neckwear, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the com- ponent material of chief value, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, all of the foregoing not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all such clothing ready-made and articles of wearing apparel having India rub- ber as a component material (not including gloves or elastic articles that are specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of fifty cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 350. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, ten cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad val- orem; on all such goods if bleached, twelve cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four- teen cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; but none of the foregoing articles in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 351. Chenille curtains, table covers, and all goods manufactured of cot- ton chenille, or of which cotton chenille forms the component material of chief value, sixty per centum ad valorem. 352. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise specially pro- vided for in this act, and. shirts and drawers composed of cotton, valued at not more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 353. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, selvaged, fashioned, narrowed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, including such as are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose or half-hose, all of the above composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, fin- ished or unfinished, valued at not more than sixty cents per dozen pairs, twenty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto twenty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than sixty cents per dozen pairs and not more than two dollars per dozen pairs, fifty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition there- to thirty per centum ad valorem: valued at more than two dollars per dozen pairs and not more than four dollars per dozen pairs, seventy-five cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than four dollars per dozen pairs, one dollar per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; and all shirts and drawers B56 APPENDIX. composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen and not more than three dollars per dozen, one dol- lar per dozen, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than three dollars per dozen and not more than five dollars per dozen, one dollar and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five dollars per dozen and not more than seven dollars per dozen, one dollar and fifty cents per dozen; and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than seven dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 354. Cotton cords, braids, boot, shoe, and corset lacings, thirty-five cents per pound ; cotton gimps, galloons, webbing, goring, suspenders, and braces, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, forty per centum ad valorem: Provided , That none of the articles included in this paragraph shall pay a less rale of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 355. Cotton damask, in the piece or otherwise, and all manufactures of cotton, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. Schedule J. — Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures of. 356. Flax straw, five dollars per ton. 357. Flax, not hackled or dressed, one cent per pound. 358. Flax, hackled, known as “dressed line,” three cents per pound. 359. Tow, of flax or hemp, one-half of one cent per pound. 360. Hemp, twenty -five dollars per ton; hemp, hackled, known as line of hemp, fifty dollars per ton. 361. Yarn, made of jute, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 362. Cables, cordage, and twine (except binding twine composed in whole or in part of istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, or sunn), one and one-half cents per pound; all binding twine manufactured in whole or in part from istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, or sunn, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; cables and cordage made of hemp, two and one-half cents per pound; tarred cables and cordage, three cents per pound. 363. Hemp and jute carpets and carpeutings, six cents per square yard. 364. Burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component material of chief value (except such as may be suitable for bagging for cot- ton), one and five-eighth cents per pound. 365. Bags for grain made of burlaps, two cents per pound. 366. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and all similar material suitable for covering cotton, composed in whole or in part of hemp, flax, jute, or jute butts, valued at six cents or less per square yard, one and six-tenth cents per square yard; valued at more than six cents per square yard, one and eight- tenth cents per square yard. 367. Flax gill-netting, nets, webs, and seines, when the thread or twine of which they are composed is made of yarn of a number not higher than twenty, fifteen cents per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; when made of threads or twines, the yarn of which is finer than number twenty, twenty cents per pound, and in addition thereto forty-five per centum ad valorem. 368. Linen hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, hemp, or jute, twenty cents per pound. 369. Oil cloth for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, including linoleum, corticene, cork carpets, figured or plain, and all other oil-cloth (except silk oil-cloth), and water-proof cloth, not specially provided for in this act, valued at twenty -five cents or less per square yard, forty per centum ad valorem; valued above twenty -five cents per square yard, fifteen cents per square yard and thirty per centum ad valorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 357 370. Yams or threads composed of flax or liemp, or of a mixture of either of these substances, valued at thirteeii cents or less per pound, six cents per pound; valued at more than thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 371. All manufactures of flax or hemp, or of which these substances, or either of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- vided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem; Provided , That until Jan- uary 1st, 1894, such manufactures of flax, containing more than one hun- dred threads to the square inch, counting both warp and filling, shall be subject to a duty of twenty-five per centum ad valorem, in lieu of the duty herein provided. 372. Collars and cuffs, composed entirely of cotton, fifteen cents per dozen pieces and thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; composed in whole or in part of linen, thirty cents per dozen pieces and forty per centum ad valorem ; shirts, and all articles of wearing apparel of every description, not specially provided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of linen, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 373. Laces, edgings, embroideries, insertings, neck ruffiings, ruchings, trimmings, tuckings, lace window curtains, and other similar tamboured articles, and articles embroidered by hand or machinery, embroidered and hemstitched handkerchiefs, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, ruf- flings, tuckings, or ruchings, all of the above-named articles, composed of flax, jute, cotton, or other vegetable fiber, or of which these substances or either of them, or a mixture of any of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valo- rem : Provided, That articles of wearing apparel, and textile fabrics, when embroidered by hand or machinery, and whether specially or otherwise pro- vided for in this act, shall not pay a less rate of duty than that fixed by the respective paragraphs and schedules of this act upon embroideries of the materials of which they are respectively composed. 374. All manufactures of jute, or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or cotton, or of which jute or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or cotton, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, valued at five cents per pound or less, two cents per pound; val- ued above five cents per pound, forty per centum ad valorem. Schedule K. — Wool and Manufactures of Wool. 375. All wools, hah - of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes: 376. Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or metis wools, or other wools of merino blood, immediate or remote, Down clothing wools, and wools of like character with any of the preceding, including such as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Buenos Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain, Canada, and elsewhere, and also including all wools not hereinafter described or designated in classes two and three. 377. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down combing wools,' Canada long wools, or other like combing wools of English blood, and usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 378. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South American, Cordo- va, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel’s hair, and including all such wools of like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting improved wools hereinafter provided for. 358 APPENDIX. 379. The standard samples of all wools which are now or may be hereaf- ter deposited in the principal custom-houses of the United States, under the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be the standard for the classification of wools under this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall nave the authority to renew these standards and to make such additions to them from time to time as may be required, and he shall cause to be depos- ited like standards in other custom-houses of the United States when they may be needed. 380. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the ad- mixture of merino or English blood from their present character as repre- sented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal custom-houses of the United StateSj such improved wools shall be classified for duty either as class one or as class two, as the case may be. 381. The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed shall be twice the amount of the duty to which they would be subjected if imported unwashed; and the duty on wools of the first and second classes which shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they would be subjected if imported unwashed. 382. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn from the sheep without any cleansing — that is, in their natural condition. Washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water on the sheep’s back. Wool washed in any other manner than on the sheep’s back shall be considered as scoured wool. 383. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, which shall be imported in any other than ordinary condition, or which shall be changed in its character or condition for the purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the ad- mixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, or which has been sorted or increased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject : Provided, That skirted wools as now imported are hereby excepted. Wools on which a duty is assessed amounting to three times or more than that which would be assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, such duty shall not be doubled on account of its being sorted. If any bale or package of wool or hair spec- ified in this act imported as of any specified class, or claimed by the importer to be dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or hair subject to a higher rate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or package shall be subject to the highest rate of duty chargeable on wool of the class subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed by the importer to be shoddy, mungo, flocks, wool, hair, or other material of any class specified in this a*ct, and such bale contain any admixture of any one or more of said materials, or of any other material, the whole bale or package shall be subject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article in said bale or package. 384. The duty upon all wools and hair of the first class shall be eleven cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of the second class twelve cents per pound. 385. On wools of the third class and on camel’s hair of the third class, the value whereof shall be thirteen cents or less per pound, including charges, the duty shall be thirty two per centum ad valorem. 386. On wools of the third class, and on camel’s hair of the third class, the value whereof shall exceed thirteen cents per pound, including charges, the duty shall be fifty per cent, ad valorem. 387. Wools on the skin shall pay the same rate as other wools, the quan- tity and value to be ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 388. On noils, shoddy, top waste, slubbing waste, roving waste, ring waste, TEXT OF THE JIcKINLEY BILL. 359 yarn waste, garneted waste, and all other wastes composed wholly or in part of wool, the duty shall he thirty cents per pound. 389. On woolen rags, mungo, and flocks, the duty shall be ten cents per pound. 390. "Wools and hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other like animals, in the form of roping, roving or tops, and all wool and hair which have been advanced in any manner or by any process of manufacture beyond the washed or scoured condition, not specially provided for in this act, shall be subject to the same duties as are imposed upon manufactures of wool not specially provided for in this act. 391. On woolen and worsted yarns made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be two and one- half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the tirst class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at. more than thirty cents and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 392. On woolen or worsted cloths, shawls, knit fabrics, and all fabrics made on knitting-machines or frames, and all manufactures of every descrip- tion made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, not specially provided for in this act, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at above forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 393. On blankets, hats of wool, and flannels for underwear composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- mals, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be the same as the duty imposed by this act on one pound and one-half of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be twice the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class; valued at more than forty cents and not more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class; and in addition thereto upon all the above-named articles thirty-five per centum ad valorem. On blankets and hats of wool composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animal, valued at more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and a half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Flannels composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at above fifty cents per pound, shall be classified and pay the same duty as women’s and children’s dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods of similar character and description provided by this act. 394. On women’s and children’s dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods of similar character or description of which the warp consists 360 APPENDIX. wholly of cotton or other vegetable material, with the remainder of the fabric composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per square yard, seven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at above fifteen cents per square yard, eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 395. On women’s and children’s dress goods, coat liuings, Italian cloth, bunting, and goods of similar description or character composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, and not specially provided for in this act, the duty shall be twelve cents per square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem : Provided, That on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 396. On clothing, ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, not specially pro- vided for in this act, felts not woven and not specially provided for in this act, and plushes and other pile fabrics, all the foregoing, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- mals, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 397. On cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside gar- ments for ladies’ and children’s apparel and goods of similar description, or used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty im- posed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, aud in addi- tion thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 398. On webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, iaces and em- broideries, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms, for tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, the duty shall be sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 399. Aubusson, Axminster, moquette, and chenille carpels, figured or plain, carpets woven whole for rooms, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, and Oriental, Berlin, and other similar rugs, sixty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem, 400. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, sixty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 401. Brussels carpet, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, forty-four cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 402. Velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, printed on the warp or otherwise, and all carpet or carpeting of like character or descrip- tion, forty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 3C1 403. Tapestry Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpet- ing of like character or description, printed on the warp or otherwise, twen- ty-eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 404. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and all chain Venetian carpets, nineteen cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 405. W ool Dutch and two-ply ingrain carpets, fourteen cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 406. Druggets and bookings, printed, colored, or otherwise, twenty-two cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Felt carpeting, figured or plain, eleven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 407. Carpets and carpeting of wool, flax, or cotton, or composed in part of either, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 408. Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, art squares, and other portions of carpet or carpeting made wholly or in part of wool, and not spe- cially provided for in this act, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein imposed on carpets or carpetings of like character or description. Schedule L. — Silk and Silk Goods. 409. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not further advanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk, fifty cents per pound. 410. Thrown silk, not more advanced than singles, tram, organzine sew- ing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of every description, except spun silk, thirty per centum ad valorem; spun silk in skeins or cops or on beams, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 411. Velvets, plushes, or other pile fabrics, containing, exclusive of sel- vages, less than seventy-five per centum in weight of silk, one dollar and fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; containing, exclu- sive of selvages, seventy-five per centum or more in weight of silk, three dollars and fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem ; but in no case shall any of the foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. 412. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, cords and tassels, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, buttons, and ornaments, made of silk, or of which silk is the com- ponent material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 413 Laces and embroideries, handkerchiefs, neck rufflings and ruchings, clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, including knit goods, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, composed of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided , That all such clothing readymade and articles of wearing apparel when composed in part of India-rubber (not including gloves or elastic articles that are specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of eight cents per ounce, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 414. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad va- lorem: Provided, That all such manufactures of which wool, or the hair of the camel, goat, or other like animals, is a component material, shall be classified as manufactures of wool. 26b 362 APPENDIX. Schedule M. — Pulp, Papers and Books. Pulp and Paper. — 415. Mechanically ground wood pulp, two dollars and fifty cents per ton dry weight; chemical wood pulp unbleached, six dollars per ton dry weight; bleached, seven dollars per ton dry weight. 416. Sheathing paper, ten per centum ad valorem. 417. Printing paper unsized, suitable only for books and newspapers, fif- teen per centum ad valorem. 418. Printing paper sized or glued, suitable only for books and newspa- pers, twenty per centum ad valorem. 419. Papers known commercially as copying paper, filtering paper, silver paper, and all tissue paper, white or colored, made up in copying books, reams, or in any other form, eight cents per pound, and in addition thereto, fifteen per centum ad valorem; albumenized or sensitized paper, thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 420. Papers known commercially as surface-coated papers, and manufac- tures thereof, cardboards, lithographic prints from either stone or zinc, hound or unbound (except illustrations when forming a part of a periodical, news- paper, or in printed books accompanying the same), and all articles produced either in whole or in part by lithographic process, and photograph, auto- graph, and scrap albums, wholly or partially manufactured, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Manufactures of Paper. — 421. Paper envelopes, twenty-five cents per thousand. 422. Paper hangings and paper for screens or fireboards, writing paper, drawing paper, and all other paper not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 423. Books, including blank books of all kinds, pamphlets and engrav- ings, bound or unbound, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, and all printed matter not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 424. Playing cards, fifty cents per pack. 425. Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Schedule N. — Sundries. 426. Bristles, ten cents per pound. 427. Brushes, and brooms of all kinds, including feather dusters and hair pencils in quills, forty per centum ad valorem. Buttons, and Button Forms. — 428. Button forms: Lastings, mohair, cloth, silk, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape, or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, ten per centum ad valorem. 429. Buttons commercially known as agate buttons, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Pearl and shell buttons, two and one half cents per line button measure of one fortieth of one inch per gross, and in addition thereto twenty- five per centum ad valorem. 430. Ivory, vegetable ivory, bone or horn buttons, fifty per centum ad valorem. 431. Shoe buttons, made of paper, board, papier-mache, pulp, or other similar material not specially provided for in this act, valued at not exceeding three cents per gross, one cent per gross. 432. Coal, bituminous, and shale, seventy-five cents per ton of twenty- eight bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel: coal slack or culm, such as will pass through a half-inch screen, thirty cents per ton of twenty-eight bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 363 433. Coke, twenty per centum ad valorem. 434. Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes, ten cents per pound; manu- factured corks, fifteen cents per pound. 435. Dice, draughts, chess men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, and baga- telle balls, of ivory, bone or other materials, fifty per centum ad valorem. 436. Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever material composed, and all other toys not composed of rubber, china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, or stone ware, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 437. Emery grains, and emery manufactured, ground, pulverized, or re- fined, one cent per pound. Explosive Substances. — 438. . Firecrackers of all kinds, eight cents per pound, but no allowance shall be made for tare or damage thereon. 439. Fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles, not specially pro- vided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 440. Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per pound, five cents per pound; valued above twenty cents per pound, eight cents per pound. 441. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- dred and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per box, ten cents per gross; when imported otherwise than in boxes contain ing not more than one hundred matches each, one cent per one thousand matches. 442. Percussion caps, forty per centum ad valorem. 443. Feathers and downs of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including quilts of down and other manufactures of down, and also including dressed and finished birds suitable for millinery ornaments, and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 444. Furs, dressed on the skin but not made up into articles, and furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters’ use, twenty per centum ad valorem. 445. Glass beads, loose, unthreaded or unstrung, ten per centum ad valorem. 446. Gun-wads of all descriptions, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 447. Hair, human, if clean or drawn but not manufactured, twenty per centum ad valorem. 448. Hair cloth, known as “ crinoline cloth,” eight cents per square yard. 449. Hair cloth, known as “ hair seating,” thirty cents per square yard. 450. Hair, curled, Suitable for beds or mattresses, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 451. Hats for men’s, women’s, and children’s wear, composed of the fur of the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, or of which such fur is the compo nent material of chief value, wholly or partially manufactured, including fur- hat bodies, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. Jewelry and Precious Stones. — 452. Jewelry: All articles, not elsewhere specially provided for in this act, composed of precious metals or imitations thereof, whether set v r ith coral, jet, or pearls, or with diamonds, rubies, cameos, or other precious stones, or imitations thereof, or otherwise, and which shall be knowm commercially as “ jew r elry, ” and cameos in frames, fifty per centum ad valorem. 453. Pearls, ten per centum ad valorem. 454. Precious stones of all kinds, cut but not set, ten per centum ad va- lorem; if set, and not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; imitations of precious stones composed of paste or glass not exceeding one inch in dimensions, not set, ten per centum ad valorem. 364 APPENDIX. Leather and Manufactures of. — 455. Bend or belting leather and sole leather, and leather not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 456. Calf skins, tanned, or tanned and dressed, dressed upper leather, in- cluding patent, enameled, and japanned leather, dressed or undressed, and finished; chamois or other skins not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem ; book-binders’ calf skins, kangaroo, sheep, and goat skins, including lamb and kid skins, dressed and finished, twenty per centum ad valorem; skins for morocco, tanned but unfinished, ten per centum ad valorem ; pianoforte leather and pianoforte action leather, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; japanned calf skins, thirty per centum ad valorem ; boots and shoes, made of leather, twenty -five per centum ad valorem. 457. But leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms, suitable for conversion into manufactured articles, shall be classified as manufactures of leather, and pay duty accordingly. 458. Gloves of all descriptions, composed wholly or in part of kid or other leather, and whether wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the rates fixed in connection with the following specified kinds thereof, fourteen inches in extreme length when stretched to the full extent, being in each case hereby fixed as the standard, and one dozen pairs as the basis, namely: Ladies’ and children’s schmaschen of said length or under, one dollar and seventy-five cents per dozen; ladies’ and children’s lamb of said length or under, two dollars and twenty -five cents per dozen ; ladies’ and children’s kid of said length or under, three dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies’ and children’s Suedes of said length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all other ladies’ and children’s leather gloves, and all men’s leather gloves of said length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all leather gloves over fourteen inches in length, fifty per centum ad valorem; and in addition to the above rates there shall be paid on all men’s gloves one dollar per dozen, on all lined gloves, one dollar per dozen; on all pique or prick seam gloves, fifty cents per dozen ; on all embroidered gloves, with more than three single strands or cords, fifty cents per dozen pairs: Provided, That all gloves represented to be of a kind or grade below their actual kind or grade shall pay an additional duty of five dollars per dozen pairs: Provided further , That none of the arti- cles named In this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. Miscellaneous Manufactures. — 459. Manufactures of alabaster, amber, asbestos, bladders, coral, catgut, or whipgut or wormgut, jet, paste, spar, wax, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; osier or willow prepared for basket-makers’ use, thirty per centum ad valorem; manufactures of osier or willow, forty per centum ad valorem. 460. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, India-rubber, palm-leaf, straw, weeds, or whalebone, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 461. Manufactures of leather, fur, gutta-percha, vulcanized India-rubber, known as hard rubber, human hair, papier-mache, indurat.ed-fiber wares and other manufactures composed of wood or other pulp, or of which these sub- stances or either of them is the component material of chief value, all of the above not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 462. Manufactures of ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl, and shell, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 463. Masks, composed of paper or pulp, thirty-five per centum ad va- lorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 365 464. Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattan, twelve cents per square yard ; mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, eight cents per square foot. 465. Paintings, in oil or water colors, and statuary, not otherwise provided for in this act, fifteen per centum ad valorem; but the term “statuary ” as herein used shall be understood to include only such statuary as is cut, carved, or otherwise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or from metal, and is the professional production of a statuary or sculptor only. 466. ' Pencils of wood filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead, fifty cents per gross and thirty per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, four cents per gross. 467. Pencil leads not in wood, ten per centum ad valorem. Pipes and Smokers’ Articles.— ASS. Pipes, pipe bowls, of all materials, and all smokers’ articles whatsoever, not specially provided for in this act, in- cluding cigarette books, cigarette-book covers, pouches for smoking or chew- ing tobacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, seventy per centum ad valorem ; all common tobacco pipes of clay, fifteen cents per gross. 469. Plush, black, known commercially as hatters’ plush, composed of silk, or of silk and cotton, and used exclusively for making men’s hats, ten per centum ad valorem. 470. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, covered with silk or alpaca, fifty-five per centum ad valorem; if covered with other material, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 471. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, sticks for, if plain, finished or unfinished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; if carved, fifty per centum ad valorem. 472. "Waste, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. FREE LIST. Sec. 2. On and after the sixth day of October, 1890, unless otherwise specially provided for in this act, the following articles when imported shall be exempt from duty: 473. Acids used for medicinal, chemical, or manufacturing purposes, not specially provided for in this act. 474. Aconite. 475. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground. 476. Agates, unmanufactured. 477. Albumen. 478. Alizarine, natural or artificial, and dyes commercially known as ali- zarine yellow, alizarine orange, alizarine green, alizarine blue, alizarine brown, alizarine black. 479. Amber, unmanufactured, or crude gum. 480. Ambergris. 481. Aniline salts. 482. Any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admit- ted free; Provided, That no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established for that breed: And provided further, That certificate of such record and of the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and submitted to the customs officer, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, together with the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that such animal is the identical animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree. The Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. 483. Animals brought into the United States temporarily for a period not exceeding six months, for the purpose of exhibition or competition for prizes 366 APPENDIX. offered by any agricultural or racing association; but a bond shall be given in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury; also, teams of animals, including their harness and tackle and the wagons or other vehicles actually owned by persons emigrating from foreign countries to the United States with their families, and in actual use for the purpose of such emigration under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and wild animals intended for exhibition in zoological collections for scientific and educational purposes, and not for sale or profit. 484. Annatto, roucou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of. 485. Antimony ore, crude sulphite of. 486. Apatite. 487. Argal, or argol, or crude tartar. 488. Arrow root, raw or unmanufactured. 489. Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 490. Arseniate of aniline. 491. Art educational stops, composed of glass and metal and valued at not more than six cents per gross. 492. Articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning not specially pro- vided for in this act. 493. Articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other means; casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other vessels of American manu- facture exported filled with American products, or exported empty and re- turned filled with foreign products, including shooks when returned as bar- rels or boxes; also quicksilver flasks or bottles, of either domestic or foreign manufacture, which shall have been actually exported from the United States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, under general regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury; and if any such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not refunded: Pro- vided, That this paragraph shall not apply to any article upon which an al- lowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited, except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under any provision of law: And 'provided further , That when manufactured tobacco which has been exported without payment of internal-revenue tax shall be reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs until internal-revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be placed thereon. 494. Asbestos, unmanufactured. 495. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 496. Asphaltum and bitumen, crude. 497. Asafcetida. 498. Balm of Gilead. 499. Barks, cinchona or other from which quinine may be extracted. 500. Baryta, carbonate of, or witherite. 501. Bauxite, or beauxite. 502. Beeswax. 503. Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to be remanu- factured. 504. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments, and bird skins, prepared for preservation, but not further advanced in manufacture. 505. Birds and land and water fowls. 506. Bismuth. 507. Bladders, including fish bladders or fish sounds, crude, and all in- teguments of animals not specially provided for in this act. " 508. Blood, dried. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 367 509. Bologna sausages. 510. Bolting cloths, especially for milling purposes, hut not suitable for the manufacture of wearing apparel. 511. Bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, or other- wise manufactured, and bone dust or animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only for fertilizing purposes. 512. Books, engravings, photographs, bound or unbound etchings, maps, and charts, which shall have been printed and bound or manufactured more than twenty years at the date of importation. 513. Books and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages other than English; also books and music, in raised print, used exclusively by the blind. 514. Books, engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for the use of the Library of Congress. 515. Books, maps, lithographic prints, and charts, specially imported, not more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use of any society incorporated or established for educational, philosophical, literary, or religious purposes, or for the encouragement of the line arts, or for the use or by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 516. Books, or libraries, or parts of libraries, and other household effects of persons or families from foreign countries, if actually used abroad by them not less than one year, and not intended for any other person or per- sons, nor for sale. 517. Brazil paste. 518. Braids, plaits, laces, and similar manufactures composed of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, suitable for making or orna- menting hats, bonnets, and hoods. 519. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or unmanufactured. 520. Breccia, in block or slabs. 521. Bromine. 522. Bullion, gold or silver. 523. Burgundy pitch. 524. Cabinets of old coins and medals, and other collections of antiquities, but the term ‘ ‘ antiquities ” as used in this act shall include only such articles as are suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections, and which shall have been produced at any period prior to the year 1700. 525. Cadmium. 526. Calamine. 527. Camphor, crude. 528. Castor or castoreum. 529. Catgut, whipgut, or wormgut, unmanufactured, or not further manufactured than in strings or cords. 530. Cerium. 531. Chalk, unmanufactured. 532. Charcoal. 533. Chicory root, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 534. Civet, crude. 535. Clay — common blue clay in casks suitable for the manufacture of crucibles. 536. Coal, anthracite. 537. Coal stores of American vessels; but none shall be unloaded. 538. Coal tar, crude. 539. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 540. Cocculus indicus. 541. Cochineal. 368 APPENDIX. 542. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and fiber, leaves, and shells of. 543. Coffee. 544. Coins, gold, silver, and copper. 545. Coir, and coir yarn. 546. Copper, old, taken from the bottom of American vessels compelled by marine disaster to repair in foreign ports. 547. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured. 548. Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured. 549. Cotton, and cotton waste or flocks. 550. Cryolite, or kryolith. 551. Cudbear. 552. Curling stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. 553. Curry, and curry powder. 554. Cutc'li. 555. Cuttle-fish bone. 556. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 557. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, including glaziers’ and engravers’ diamonds, not set, and diamond dust or bort, and jewels to be used in the manufacture of watches. 558. Divi-divi. 559. Dragon’s blood. 560. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, and bul- bous roots, excrescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, ami dried insects, grains, gums, and gum-resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds aromatic, and seeds of mor- bid growth, weeds, and woods used expressly for dyeing; any of the forego- ing which are not edible and are in a crude state, and are not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- facture, and not specially provided for in this act. 561. Eggs of birds, fish, and insects. 562. Emery ore. 563. Ergot. 564. Fans, common palm leaf and palm leaf unmanufactured. 565. Farina. 566. Fashion plates, engraved on steel or copper or on wood, colored or plain. 567. Feathers and downs for beds. 568. Feldspar. 569. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels. 570. Fibrin in all forms. 571. Fish, the product of American fisheries, and fresh or frozen fish (except salmon) caught in fresh waters by American vessels, or with nets or other devices owned by citizens of the United States. 572. Fish for bait. 573. Fish skins. 574. Flint, flints, and ground flint stones. 575. Floor matting manufactured from round or split straw, including what is commonly known as Chinese matting. 576. Fossils. 577. Fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the purpose of propaga- tion or cultivation. Fruits and Nuts . — 578. Currants, Zante or other. 579. Dates. 580. Fruits, green, ripe, or dried, not specially provided for in this act. 581. Tamarinds. 582. Cocoanuts. 583. Brazil nuts. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 369 584. Cream nuts. 585. Palm nuts. 586. Palm-nut kernels. 587. Furs, undressed. 588. Fur skins of all kinds, not dressed in any manner. 589. Gambier. 590. Glass, broken, and old glass, which can not be cut for use, and fit only to be remanufactured. 591. Glass plates or disks, rough cut or unwrought, for use in the manu- facture of optical instruments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitable only for such use: Provided , however , That such disks exceeding eight inches in diameter may be polished sufficiently to enable the character of the glass to be determined. Grasses and Fibers. — 592. Istle or Tampico fiber. 593. Jute. 594. Jute butts. 595. Manila. 596. Sisal grass. 597. Sunn, and all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, unmanufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this act. 598. Gold beaters’ molds and gold beaters’ skins. 599. Grease, and oils, such as are commonly used in soap-making, or in wire-drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for such uses, not specially provided for in this act. 600. Guano, manures, and all substances expressly used for manure. 601. Gunny bags and gunny cloths, old or refuse, fit only for remanufac- ture. 602. Guts, salted. 603. Gutta percha, crude. 604. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this act; and human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn. 605. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses’ skins, raw or un- manufactured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on. 606. Hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair, and all other glue-stock. 607. Hide rope. 608. Hones and whetstones. 609. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 610. Hop roots for cultivation. 611. Horns and parts of, unmanufactured, including horn strips and tips. 612. Ice. 613. India-rubber, crude, and milk of, and old scrap or refuse India-rub- ber which has been worn out by use, and is fit only for remanufacture. 614. Indigo. 615. Iodine, crude. 616. Ipecac. 617. Iridium. 618. Ivory and vegetable ivory, not sawed, cut, or otherwise manufac- tured. 619. Jalap. 620. Jet, unmanufactured. 621. Joss-stick or joss light. 622. Junk, old. 623. Kelp. 624. Kieserite. 625. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite. 370 APPENDIX. 626. Lac dye, erode, seed, button, stick, and shell. 627. Lac spirits. 628. Lactarine. 629. Lava, unmanufactured. 630. Leeches. 631. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour-orange juice, 632. Licorice root, unground. 633. Life-boats and life-saving apparatus specially imported by societies incorporated or established to encourage the saving of human life. 634. Lime, citrate of. 635. Lime, chloride of, or bleaching powder. 636. Lithographic stones not engraved. 637. Litmus, prepared or not prepared. 638. Loadstones. 639. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all extracts of. 640. Magnesite, or native mineral carbonate of magnesia. 641. Magnesium. 642. Magnets. 643. Manganese, oxide and ore of. 644. Manna. 645. Manuscripts. 646. Marrow, crude. 647. Marsh-mallows. 648. Medals of gold, silver, or copper, such as trophies or prizes. 649. Meerschaum, crude or manufactured. 650. Mineral waters, all not artificial. 651. Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture not specially provided for in this act. 652. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, includ- ing patterns for machinery, but no article shall be deemed a model or pattern which can be fitted for use otherwise. 653. Moss, sea-weeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufac- tured, not otherwise specially provided for in this act. 654. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 655. Myrobolan. 656. Needles, hand-sewing and darning. 657. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term “ periodicals ” as herein used shall be understood to embrace only unbound or paper-covered publica- tions, containing current literature of the day, and issued regularly at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. 658. Nux Yomica. 659. Oakum. 660. Oil cake. 661. Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified ambergris, anise or anise seed, aniline, aspic or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, cassia, cinnamon, cedrat, camomile, citronella or lemon grass, civet, fennel, jasmine or jasimine, juglandium, juniper, lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli or orange flower, nut oil or oil of nuts not otherwise specially provided for in this act, orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or mechanical purposes unfit for eating and not otherwise provided for in this act, ottar of roses, palm and cocoanut, rosemary or anthoss, sesame or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, origanum red or white, valerian, and also spermaceti, whale and other fish oils of American fisheries, and all other articles the produce of such fisheries. 662. Olives, green or prepared. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 371 663. Opium, crude or unmanufactured, and not adulterated, containing nine per centum and over of morphia. 664. Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 665. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 666. Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms, and other plants used for forcing under glass for cut flowers or decorative purposes. 667. Ores of gold, silver, and nickel, and nickel matte: Provided, That ores of nickel, and nickel matte, containing more than two per centum of cop- per, shall .pay a duty of one-half of one cent per pound on the copper con- tained therein. 668. Osmium. 669. Palladium. 670. Paper stock, crude, of every description, including all grasses, fibers, rags (other than wool), waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope, waste bagging, old or refuse gunny bags, or gunny cloth, and poplar or other woods tit only to he converted into paper. 671. Paraffine. 672. Parchment and vellum. 673. Pearl, mother of, not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise manufactured. 674. Peltries and other usual goods and effects of Indians passing or re- passing the boundary line of the United States, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That this exemption shall not apply to goods in bales or other packages unusual among Indians. 675. Personal and household effects not merchandise of citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries. 676. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 677. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, instruments and preparations; statuary, casts of marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster of Paris; paintings, drawings, and etchings, specially imported in good faith for the use of any society or institution incorporated or established for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for encouragement of the fine arts, and not intended for sale. 678. Phosphates, crude or native. 679. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds, all of the foregoing imported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States Botanic Garden. 680. Plaster of Paris and sulphate of lime, unground. 681. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire." 682. Platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts thereof composed of platinum for chemical uses. 683. Plumbago. 684. Polishing stones. 685. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or “black salts.” Caustic potash, or hydrate of, not including refined in sticks or rolls. Nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. Sulphate of potash, crude or j’efined. Chlorate of potash. Muriate of potash. 686. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, oc- cupation, or employment, in the actual possesssion at the time of persons arriving in the United States; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale. 687. Pulu. 688. Pumice. 689. Quills, prepared, or unprepared, but not made up into complete articles. 690. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. 691. Bags, not otherwise specially provided for in this act 372 APPENDIX. 692. Regalia and gems, statues, statuary and specimens of sculpture, where specially imported in good faith for the use of any society incorporated or established solely for educational, philosophical, literary, or religious pur- poses, or for the encouragement of line arts, or for the use or by order of any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, or public library in the United States; but the term “regalia” as herein used shall be held to em- brace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems, as may be worn upon the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. 693. Rennets, raw or prepared. 694. Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron cake. 695. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 696. Salacine. 697. Sauerkraut. 698. Sausage skins. 699. Seeds: anise, canary, caraway, cardamom, coriander, cotton, cum- min, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, Saint John’s bread or bene, sugar-beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar-cane for seed, and all flower and grass seeds; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible; all the foregoing not specially provided for in this act. 700. Selep, or saloup. 701. Shells of all kinds, not cut, ground, or otherwise manufactured. 702. Shot-gun barrels, forged, rough bored. 703. Shrimps, and other shell fish. 704. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, twisted, or advanced in manufacture in any way. 705. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 706. Silk-worms’ eggs. 707. Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy. 708. Snails. 709. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate, and chlorate of. 710. Sodium. 711. Sparterre, suitable for making or ornamenting hats. 712. Specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy, when im- ported for cabinets or as objects of science, and Dot for sale. Spices . — 713. Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds, unground. 714. Cinnamon, and chips of, ungrouud. 715. Cloves, and clove stems unground. 716. Ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied. 717. Mace. 718. Nutmegs. 719. Pepper, black or white, unground. 720. Pimento, unground. 721. Spunk. 722. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and stone ware. 723. Stone and sand : Burr stone in blocks, rough or manufactured, and not bound up into millstones; cliff stone, unmanufactured, pumice stone, rottenstone, and sand, crude or manufactured. 724. Storax, or styrax. 725. Strontia, oxide of, and protoxide of strontian, and strontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontia. 726. Sugars, all not above number sixteen Dutch standard in color, _ all tank bottoms, all sugar drainings and sugar sweepings, sirups of cane juice, melada, concentrated melada, and concrete and concentrated molasses, and molasses. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 373 727. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimsuone crude, in hulk, sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, con- taining in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur (except on the copper contained therein) and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 728. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit does not exceed the specific gravity of one and three hundred and eighty thousandths, for use in manufacturing superphosphate of lime or artificial manures of any kind, or for any agricultural purposes. 729. Sweepings of silver and gold. 730. Tapioca, cassava or cassady. 731. Tar and pitch of wood, and pitch of coal tar. 732. Tea and tea plants. 733. Teeth, natural or unmanufactured. 734. Terra alba. 735. Terra japonica. 736. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated, until July the first, 1893, and thereafter as otherwise provided for in this act. 737. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn. 738. Tobacco stems. 739. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans. 740. Tripoli. 741. Turmeric. 742. Turpentine, Venice. 743. Turpentine, spirits of. 744. Turtles. 745. Types, old and fit only to be remanufactured. 746. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 747. Vaccine virus. 748. Valonia. 749. V erdigris, or subacetate of copper. 750. Wafers, unmedicated. 751. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 752. Wearing apparel and other personal effects (not merchandise) of per- sons arriving in the United States, but this exemption shall not be held to include articles not actually in use and necessary and appropriate for the use of such persons for the purposes of their journey and present comfort and convenience, or which are intended for any other person or persons, or for sale: Provided, however, That all such wearing apparel and other personal effects as may have been once imported into the United States and subjected to the payment of duty, and which may have been actually used and taken or exported to foreign countries by the persons returning therewith to the United States, shall, if not advanced in value or improved in condition by any means since their exportation from the United States, be entitled to ex- emption from duty, upon their identity being established, under such rule and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 753. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 754. Wood.— Logs, and round unmanufactured timber not specially enu- merated or provided for in this act. 755. Fire wood, handle bolts, heading bolts, stave bolts and shingle bolts, hop poles, fence posts, railroad ties, ship timber, and ship planking, not specially provided for in this act. 756. Woods, namely, cedar, lignum vitce, lance-wood, ebony, box, gran- adilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in the log, rough, or hewed; bamboo and rattan unmanufactured; brier root or brier wood, and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further manufactured than cut into blocks suitable for the articles into which they are intended tq 374 APPENDIX. be converted ; bamboo, reeds, and sticks of partridge, bair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, and other woods not otherwise specially provided for in this act, in the rough, or not further manufactured than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, or walking canes; and India malacca joints, not further manufactured than cut into suitable lengths for the manufactures into which they are intended to be converted. 757. Works of art, the production of American artists residing tempo- rarily abroad, or other works of art, including pictorial paintings on glass, imported expressly for presentation to a national institution, or to any state or municipal corporation, or incorporated religious society, college, or other public institution, except stained or painted window glass or stained or painted glass windows; but such exemption shall be subject to such regula- tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 758. Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought by professional artists, lectur- ers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for ex- hibition and in illustration, promotion and encouragement of art, science, or industry in the United States, and not for sale, and photographic pictures, paintings, and statuary, imported for exhibition by any association established in good faith and duly authorized under the laws of the United States, or of any State, expressly and solely for the promotion and encouragement of science, art, or industry, and not intended for sale, shall be admitted free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of such duties as may be imposed by law upon any and all of such articles as shall not be exported within six months after such importation: Provided , That the Sec- retary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a further term of six months in cases where applications therefor shall be made. 759. Works of art, collections in illustration of the progress of the arts, science, or manufactures, photographs, works in terra-cotta, parian, pottery, or porcelain, and artistic copies of antiquities in metal or other material here- inafter imported in good faith for permanent exhibition at a fixed place by any society or institution established for the encouragement of the arts or of science, and all like articles imported in good faith by any society or asso- ciation for the purpose of erecting a public monument, and not intended for sale, nor for any other purpose than herein expressed; but bonds shall be given under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, for the payment of lawful duties which may accrue should any of the articles aforesaid be sold, transferred, or used contrary to this provision, and such articles shall be subject, at any time, to examination and inspection by the proper officers of the customs: Provided, That the privileges of this and the preceding section shall not be allowed to associations or corpora- tions engaged in or connected with business of a private or commercial character. 760. Yams. 761. Zaffer. Sec. 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries pro- ducing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first day of January, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, molas- ses, coffee, tea, and hides, raw and uncured, or any of such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating TEXT OF THE McKESTLEY BILL. 375 to the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the production of such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such case and during such suspension duties shall be levied, collected, and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from such designated country as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-live degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound ; and for every ad- ditional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two hundredths of one cent per pound additional. All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. All sugars above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per pound. Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. On coffee, three cents per pound. On tea, ten cents per pound. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted or pickled; Angora goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses’ skins, raw or unmanu- factured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, one aud one-half cents per pound. Sec. 4. That there shall be levied, collected and paid on the importation of all raw or unmanufactured articles, not enumerated or provided for in this act, a duty of ten per centum ad valorem; and on all articles manufac- tured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this act, a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem. Sec. 5. That each and every imported article, not enumerated in this act, which is similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this act as chargeable with duty shall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated arti- cle which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned : aud if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest rate of duty; and on articles not enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be chargeable if com- posed wholly of the component material thereof of chief value; and the words, “component material of chief value,” wherever used in this act, shall be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any other single component material of the article; aud the value of each com- ponent material shall be determined by the ascertained value of such mate- rial in its condition as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty shall be applicable to any imported article it shall pay duty at the highest of such rates. Sec. 6. That on' and after the first day of March, 1891, all articles of foreign manufacture, such as are usually or ordinarily marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, and all packages containing such or other imported 376 APPENDIX. articles, shall, respectively, be plainly marked, stamped, branded, or labeled in legible English words, so as to indicate the country of their origin; and unless so marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, they shall not be admitted to entry. Sec. 7. That on and after March first, 1891, no article of imported mer- chandise which shall copy or simulate the name or trade-mark of any domes- tic manufacture or manufacturer, shall be admitted to entry at any custom- house of the United States. And in order to aid the officers of the customs in enforcing this prohibition, any domestic manufacturer who has adopted trade-marks may require his name and residence and a description of his trade-marks to be recorded in books which shall be kept for that purpose in the Department of the Treasury under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to the Department facsimiles of such trade-marks; and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause one or more copies of the same to be transmitted to each collector or other proper officer of the customs. Sec. 8. That all lumber, timber, hemp, manila, wire rope, and iron and steel rods, bars, spikes, nails, plates, ties, angles, beams, and bolts and cop- per and composition metal which may be necessary for the construction and equipment of vessels built iu the United States for foreign account and own- ership or for the purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, including the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, after the passage of this act, may be imported in bond, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and upon proof that such ma- terials have been used for such purpose no duties shall be paid thereon. But vessels receiving the benefit of this section shall not be allowed to engage in the coastwise trade of the United States more than two months in any one year, except upon the payment to the United States of the duties on which a rebate is herein allowed: Provided, That vessels built in the United States for foreign account and ownership shall not be allowed to engage in the coast- wise trade of the United States. Sec. 9. That all articles of foreign production needed for the repair of American vessels engaged in foreign trade, including the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, may be withdrawn from bonded warehouses free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. Sec. 10. That all medicines, preparations, compositions, perfumery, cos- metics, cordials, and other liquors manufactured wholly or in part of domes- tic spirits, intended for exportation, as provided by law, in order to be man- ufactured and sold or removed, without being charged with duty and with- out having a stamp affixed thereto, shall, under such regulations as the Sec- retary of the Treasury may prescribe, be made and manufactured in ware- houses similarly constructed to those known and designated in Treasury regulations as bonded warehouses, class two: Provided , That such manufac- turer shall first give satisfactory bonds to the collector of internal revenue for the faithful observance of all the provisions of law and the regulations as aforesaid, in amount not less than half of that required by the regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury from persons allowed bonded warehouses. Such goods, when manufactured in such warehouses, may be removed for exportation under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof, who shall be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury without being charged with duly, and without having a stamp affixed thereto. Any man- ufacturer of the articles aforesaid, or any of them, having such bonded ware- houses as aforesaid, shall be at liberty, under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe, to convey therein any materials to be used in such manufacture which are allowed by the provisions of law to be exported free from tax or duty, as well as the necessary materials, imple- TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 377 merits, packages, vessels, brands, and labels, for the preparation, putting up, and export of tlie said manufactured articles: and every article so used shall be exempt from the payment of stamp and excise duty by such manufac- turer. Articles and materials so to be used may be transferred from any bonded warehouse iu which the same may be, under such regulation as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, into any bonded warehouse in which such manufacture may be conducted, and may be used in such manu- facture, and when so used shall be exempt from stamp and excise duty; and the receipt of the officer in charge as aforesaid shall be received as a voucher for the manufacture of such articles. Any materials imported into the Unit- ed States may, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- scribe, and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in original packages from on shipboard, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be, into the bonded warehouse iu which such manufacture may be carried on, for the purpose of being used in such manufacture, without pay- ment of duties thereon, and may there be used in such manufacture. No article so removed, nor any article manufactured in said bonded warehouse, shall be taken therefrom except for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their mark or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and name of vessel, with such additional particulars as may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of customs in cancel- lation of the bond or return of the amount of foreign import duties. All labor performed and services rendered under these regulations shall be un- der the supervision of an officer of the customs, and at the expense of the manufacturer. Sec. 11. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United States from any foreign country any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writ- ing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception, or for causing unlawful abortion. No such articles, whether imported separately or contained in packages with other goods entitled to entry, shall be admitted to entry; and all such arti- cles shall be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of law. All such prohibited articles and the package in which they are contained in the course of importation shall be detained by the officer of customs, and proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following section, unless it appears to the satisfaction of the collector of customs that the obscene articles contained in the package were inclosed therein without the knowledge or consent of the importer, owner, agent, or consignee: Provided , That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk and not put up for any of the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the operation of this section. Sec.’ 12. That whoever, being an officer, agent, or employe of the gov- ernment of the United States, shall knowingly aid or abet any person engaged in any violation of any of the provisions of law prohibiting importing, adver- tising, dealing in, exhibiting or sending or receiving by mail obscene or inde- cent publications or representations, or means for preventing conception or procuring abortion, or other articles of indecent or immoral use or tendency, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall for every offense be pun- ishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment at hard labor for not more than ten years, or both. Sec. 13. That any judge of any district or circuit court of the United States, within the proper district, before whom complaint in writing of any violation of the two preceding sections is made, to the satisfaction of such judge, and founded on knowledge or belief, and if upon belief, setting forth 27b 378 APPENDIX. the grounds of such belief, and supported by oath or affirmation of the com- plainant may issue, conformably to the Constitution, a warrant directed to the marshal or any deputy marshal, in the proper district, directing him to search for, seize, and take possession of any such article or thing mentioned in the two preceding sections, and to make due and immediate return thereof to the end that the same may be condemned and destroyed by proceedings, which shall be conducted in the same manner as other proceedings in the case of municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal or writ of error. Sec. 14. That machinery for repair may be imported into the United States without payment of duty, under bond, to be given in double (lie appraised value thereof, to be withdrawn and exported after said machinery shall have been repaired; and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to protect the revenue against fraud, and secure the identity and character of all such importations when again withdrawn and exported, restricting and limiting the export and withdrawal to the same port of entry wffiere import- ed, and also limiting all bonds to a period of time of not more than six months from the date of the importation. Sec. 15. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint John River and its tributaries, owned by American citizens, and sawed or hewed in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same being unmanufactured in w’hole or in part, which is now admitted into the ports of the United States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to time prescribe. Sec. 16. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint Croix river and its tributaries owned by American citizens, and sawed in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same being unmanufactured in whole or in part, shall be admitted into the ports of the United States free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to time, prescribe. Sec. 17. That a discriminating duty of ten per centum ad valorem, in addition to the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected, and paid on all goods, wares, or merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United States; but this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares, and merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United States, entitled, by treaty or any act of Congress, to be entered in the ports of the United States on payment of the same duties as shall then be paid on goods, wares, and merchandise imported in vessels of the United States. Sec. 18. That no goods, wares, or merchandise, unless in cases provided for by treaty, shall be imported into the United States from any foreign port or place, except in vessels of the United States, or in such foreign vessels as truly and wholly belong to the citizens or subjects of that country of which the goods are the grow'th, production, or manufacture, or from which such goods, wares, or merchandise can only be, or most usually are, first shipped for transportation. All goods, wares, or merchandise imported contrary to this section, and the vessel wherein the same shall be imported, together with her cargo, tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall be forfeited to the United States; and such goods, wares, or merchandise, ship, or vessel, and cargo shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned, in like manner, and under the same regulations, restrictions, and provisions as have been hereto- fore established for the recovery, collection, distribution, and remission of forfeitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. Sec. 19. That the preceding section shall not apply to vessels or goods, wares, or merchandise imported in vessels of a foreign nation which does not maintain a similar regulation against vessels of the United States. Sec. 20. That the importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 379 from any foreign country into tlie United States is prohibited: Provided, That the operation of this section shall be suspended as to any foreign coun- try or countries, or any parts of such country or countries, whenever the Secretary of the Treasury shall officially determine, and give public notice thereof that such importation will not tend to the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious diseases among the cattle of the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it shall be his duty, to make all necessary orders and regulations to carry this section into effect, or to suspend the same as therein provided, and to send copies thereof to the proper officers in the United States, and to such officers or agents of the United States in foreign countries as he shall judge neces- sary. Sec. 21. That any person convicted of a willful violation of any of the provisions of the preceding section shall be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the Court. Sec. 22. That upon the reimportation of articles once exported of the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no inter- nal tax has been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and refunded by allowance or drawback, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty equal to the tax imposed by the internal-revenue laws upon such articles, except articles manufactured in bonded warehouses and exported pursuant to law, which shall be subject to the same rate of duty as if origi- nally imported. Sec. 23. That whenever any vessel laden with merchandise in whole or in part subject to duty has been sunk in any river, harbor, bay, or waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and within its limits, for the period of two years, and is abandoned by the owner thereof, any person who may raise such vessel shall be permitted to bring any merchandise recovered therefrom into the port nearest to the place where such vessel was so raised, free from the payment of any duty thereupon, and without being obliged to enter the same at the custom-house; but under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe. Sec. 24. That the works of manufactures engaged in smelting or refining metals in the United States may be designated as bonded warehouses under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That sue!) manufacturers shall first give satisfactory bonds to the Secretary of the Treasury. Metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to make them readily available in the arts, imported into the United States to be smelted or refined and intended to be exported in a refined but unmanu- factured state, shall, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in origi- nal packages or in bulk from the vessel or other vehicle on which it has been imported, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be into the bonded warehouse in which such smelting and refining may be carried on, for the purpose of being smelted and refined without payment of duties thereon, and may there be smelted and refined, together with other metals of home or foreign production: Provided, That each day a quantity of re- fined metal equal to the amount of imported metal refined that day shall be set aside, and such metal so set aside shall not be taken from said works except for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their marks or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and the name of vessel or other vehicle by which it was imported, with such additional particulars as may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of cus- toms as sufficient evidence of the exportation of the metal, or it may be removed, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre. 380 APPENDIX. scribe, to any other bonded warehouse, or upon entry for and payment of duties, for domestic consumption. All labor performed and services ren- dered under these regulations shall be under the supervision of an officer of the customs, to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and at the expense of the manufacturer. Sec. 25. That where imported materials on which duties have been paid, are used in the manufacture of articles manufactured or produced in the United States, there shall be allowed on the exportation of such articles a drawback equal in amount to the duties paid on the materials used, less one per centum of such duties: Provided, That when the articles exported are made in part from domestic materials, the imported materials, or the parts of the articles made from such materials shall so appear in the completed arti- cles that the quantity or measure thereof may be ascertained : And provided further, That the drawback on any article allowed under existing law shall be continued at the rate herein provided. That the imported materials used in the manufacture or production of articles entitled to drawback of customs duties when exported shall in all cases where drawback of duties paid on such materials is claimed, be identified, the quantity of such materials used and the amount of duties paid thereon shall be ascertained, the facts of the manufacture or production of such articles in the United States and their exportation therefrom shall be determined, and the drawback due thereon shall be paid to the manufacturer, producer, or exporter, to the agent of either or to the person to whom such manufacturer, producer, exporter or agent shall in writing order such drawback paid under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. ADOPTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE AND SUB- MITTED TO CONGRESS BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JUNE 19, 1890. Department of State, ) Washington, June 4, 1890. j To the President: I beg leave to submit herewith the report upon “ Customs Union ” adopted by the International American Conference. The act of Congress, approved May 24, 1888, authorizing the President to invite delegates to this conference, named as one of the topics to be consid- ered, “Measures toward the formation of an American Customs Union, un- der which the trade of the American nations shall, so far as possible and prof- itable, be promoted.” The committee of the conference to which this topic was referred inter- preted the term “Customs Union” to mean an association or agreement among the several American nations for a free interchange of domestic prod- ucts, a common and uniform system of tariff laws, and an equitable divis- ion of the customs dues collected under them. Such a proposition was at once pronounced impracticable. Its adoption would require a complete revision of the tariff laws of all the eight een na- tions, and most, if not all, of our sister republics are largely, if not entirely, dependent upon the collection of customs dues for the revenue to sustain their governments. But the conference declared that partial reciprocity be- tween the American republics was not only practicable, but “ must necessa- rily increase the trade and the development of the material resources of the countries adopting that system, and it would in all probability bring about as favorable results as those obtained by free trade among the different States of this Union.” The conference recommended, therefore, that the several governments rep- resented negotiate reciprocity treaties “ upon such a basis as would be accept- able in each case, taking into consideration the special situations, conditions, and interests of each country, and with a view to promote their common wel- fare.” The delegates from Chili and the Argentine Republic did not concur in these recommendations, for the reason that the attitude of our Congress at that time was not such as to encourage them to expect favorable responses from the United States in return for concessions which their government might offer. They had come here with an expectation that our government and people desired to make whatever concessions were necessary and possible to increase the trade between the United States and the two countries named. The President of the Argentine Republic, in communicating to his Congress the appointment of delegates to the International Conference, said : “ The Argentine Republic feels the liveliest interest in the subject, and hopes that its commercial relations with the United States may find some practical solution of the question of the interchange of products'between the two countries, considering that this is the most efficacious way of strengthen- ing the ties which bind this country with that grand republic whose institu- tions serve us as a model. ” It was therefore unfortunate that the Argentine delegates, shortly after their arrival in Washington, in search of reciprocal trade, should have read 381 382 APPENDIX. in the daily press that propositions were pending in our Congress to impose a heavy duty upon Argentine hides, which for many years had been upon the free list, and to increase the duty on Argentine wool. Since the adoption of the recommendations of the conference, which I herewith inclose, hides have been restored to the free list, but the duty upon carpet wool remains, and, as the Argentine delegates declared, represents the only concession we have to offer them in exchange for the removal of duties upon our peculiar products. Only those who have given the subject careful study realize the magni- tude of the commerce of these sister nations. In 1888 the combined imports of Chili and the Argentine Republic reached the enormous sum of $233,127,- 698. The statistics of Chilian commerce for 1889 have not yet been received, but the imports of the Argentine Republic for that year were $143,000,000. These imports consisted in the greater part of articles that could have been furnished by the manufacturers of the United States; yet in 1888, of the total of $233,000,000 imports, we contributed but $13,000,000; while England con- tributed $90,000,000; Germany, $43,000,000; and France, $34,000,000. With our extraordinary increase in population, and even more extraordi- nary increase in material wealth, our progress in trade with South America has been strangely hindered and limited. In 1868 our total exports to all the world were $375,737,000, of which $53,- 197,000 went to Spanish America — 14 per cent. In 1888 our exports to all the world were $742,368,000, an increase of 100 per cent., while but $69,273,000 went to Spanish America, little more than 9 per cent. ; and the greatest gain (nine millions) has been noticed during the last two years. It was the unanimous judgment of the delegates that our exports to these countries and to the other republics could be increased to a great degree by the negotiation of such treaties as are recommended by the conference. The practical, every-day experience of our merchants engaged in the trade demon- strates beyond a question that in all classes of merchandise which we have long and successfully produced for export, they are able to compete with their European rivals in quality and in price; and the reiterated statement that our Latin- American neighbors do not buy of us because we do not buy of them, or because we tax their products, has been annually contradicted by the statistics of our commerce for a quarter of a century. The lack of means for reaching their markets has been the chief obstacle in the way of increased exports. The carrying trade has been controlled by European merchants who have forbidden an exchange of commodities. The merchandise we sell in South America is carried there in American ships, or foreign ships char- tered by American commission houses. The merchandise we buy in South America is brought to us in European vessels that never take return cargoes, but sail for Liverpool, Havre, Bremen, or Hamburg with wheat, corn and cotton. There they load again with manufactured goods for the South Amer- ican markets, and continue their triangular voyages, paying for the food they are compelled to buy of us with the proceeds of the sale of their manufactures in markets that we could and would supply if we controlled the carrying trade. France taxes imports as we do, and in 1880, her merchants suffered, as ours do now, for the lack of transportation facilities with the Argentine Re- public. Under liberal encouragement from the government, direct and regu- lar steamship lines were established between Havre and Buenos Ayres, and as a direct and natural result, her exports increased from $8,292,872 in 1880 to $22,996,000 in 1888. The experience of Germany furnishes an even more striking example. In 1880 the exports from Germany to the Argentine Republic were only $2,365, - 152. In 1888 they were $13, 310, 000. “This result, ’’writes Mr. Baker, our most THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 383 useful and intelligent consul at Buenos Ayres, “is due, first, to the establish- ment of quick and regular steam communication between the two countries; second, to the establishment of branch houses by German merchants and manufacturers; and third, to the opening of a German Argentine bank to fa- cilitate exchange.” There is no direct steamship communication whatever between the United States and the Argentine Republic; and there are no direct banking facili- ties. The International American Conference has earnestly recommended the establishment of both; but reciprocal exchanges of tariff concessions will be equally effective in stimulating commerce and in increasing the export of the products of which we have the largest surplus not only to the progressive re- public named, but to all the other American nations. The conference believed that while great profit would come to all the countries if reciprocity treaties should be adopted, the United States would be by far the greatest gainer. Nearly all the articles we export to our neighbors are subjected to heavy customs taxes; so heavy, in many cases, as to prohibit their consumption by the masses of the people. On the other hand, more than 87 per cent, of our imports from Latin America are admitted free, leav- ing but 12 per cent, upon which duties may still be removed. But mindful of "the fact that the United States has, from time to time, removed the duties from coffee, cocoa, India-rubber, hides, cinchona bark, dye and cabinet woods, and other Latin- American products, our government may confidently ask the concession suggested. The increased exports would be drawn alike from our farms, our facto- ries, and our forests. None of the Latin-American countries produce building lumber; the most of them are dependent upon foreign markets for their breadstuff s and provisions; and in few is there any opportunity or inclination for mechanical industry. The effect of such reciprocity would be felt in every portion of the land. Not long ago the Brazilian Mail Steamship Company took the trouble to trace to its origin every article that composed the cargo carried by one of its steamers to Rio de Janeiro, and the investigation disclosed the fact that thirty- six States and Territories contributed to the total, as follows: New York ... $74,546 00 North Carolina . . . . . . . . $2,647 00 Vermont 96 00 Maryland .... 2,359 00 Delaware ... 20,908 00 Mississippi .... 2,056 00 Illinois . . . : . . . 19,331 47 Louisiana . . . . 2,111 00 New Jersey . . . 17,054 40 Wyoming .... 1,800 00 Pennsylvania . . . 43,065 00 Oregon .... 1,183 00 ( onnecticut . . . 11,874 00 Tennessee 1,150 00 Kansas .... 11,332 00 Iowa 807 00 Indiana . ... 9,098 00 South Carolina 587 00 Massachusetts ... 7,190 00 Kentucky 781 00 Ohio . . . 6,230 00 Wisconsin 576 00 New Hampshire . . . 6,035 00 California 239 00 Missouri . . . 5,773 00 Dakota 220 00 Georgia 5,096 00 Texas 162 00 Rhode Island . . . . 4^020 00 Nebraska 125 00 Michigan . . . . 3,732 00 Alabama 56 00 Virginia .... 3,704 54 Florida 40 00 Maine . . . 2,765 00 Minnesota .... 2,668 00 Total ... .$301,417 41 The 12 per cent, of our imports from Latin America upon which duties are still assessed consists only of raw sugar and the coarse grades of wool used in the manufacture of carpets. 384 APPENDIX. The sugar-growing nations comprise four-fifths or forty millions, of Latin America; hut with geographical conditions against them, their free labor can not successfully compete with the coolie labor of the European colonies. A slight discrimination in their favor would greatly stimulate their agricul- tural interests, enlarge their purchasing power, and tend to promote friendly sentiments and intercourse. The wool-growing nations are Chili, Uruguay, and the Argentine Repub- lic, and from them our manufacturers of carpets receive a great portion of their supply. It w T as most strongly urged by the delegates who had carefully studied this subject that the free admission of coarse w T ools from these coun- tries could not prove injurious to the wool growers of the United States, be- cause the greater profit derived by them from the higher grades discourages, if it docs not actually prohibit, their production. On the contrary, they maintained that the free importation of the coarse wool would result in a large reduction in the cost of the cheaper grades of carpets, and enable the manufacturers of the United States to secure an enormous export trade in these fabrics. It was also suggested that the use of the coarse vmols for the purpose of adulteration in the manufacture of clothing might be prevented by requiring that imports withdrawn for the manufacture of carpets should be so designated to exempt them from customs dues, and the existing duty retained upon those used for other purposes. The wool growers of the Argentine Republic protest against what they consider a serious discrimination against their products in the tariff laws of the United States, which impose a duty upon the gross weight instead of the value of the article. The Argentine wools are much heavier in grease and dirt than those from Australia and New Zealand, which is said to be due to unavoidable climatic conditions, and sell at a lower price. But the imports from the three coun- tries are subject to the same duty. This fact was very strongly urged, to the end that at least equal advantages should be given to the products of a friendly country with which we are endeavoring to build up a trade. The Argentines desire the free admission of their coarse wool, and other Latin- American states desire the free admission of their sugar to the ports of this country, with the understanding that our peculiar products shall, in turn, be admitted free into their ports. At present, by reason of the high duties levied by them, the chief articles of our production are beyond the purchas- ing power of the great mass of the people in those countries, and are luxuries which only the wealthy can enjoy. Excepting raw cotton, our four largest exports during the last fiscal year were breadstuffs, provisions, refined petroleum, and lumber. The following statement shows the total exports of each of said articles in 1889, and the proportion exported to Latin America; Exported to ARTICLES. Total Exports. Latin America. Breadstuffs $123,876,423 $5,123,528 Provisions 104,122,328 2,507,375 Refined Petroleum 44,830,424 2,948,149 Wood and Lumber 26,907,161 5,039,886 These figures should be closely studied. It w T ould be difficult to under- stand, but for the explanations given in the conference, why, out of the three hundred millions of staples exported from this country, only fifteen millions should be consumed in all Latin America with its population of 50,000,000 people, when the United States is the only source of supply for those articles which are regarded by us as the necessaries of life. The foreign delegates all agreed that this proportion could be increased many fold by extending to their people the ability to purchase; and the abil- ity to purchase rests, in their opinion, upon reciprocal concessions. THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 385 Attached hereto is a statement showing the duties charged by the South American countries of the largest commerce upon the articles which they import chiefly from the United States, and also a statement showing the meagre amounts of our peculiar exportable products shipped to the several Latin- American states. By a comparison of these statements the effect of the removal of the duties upon these articles by the countries of Latin America will at once be apparent. Fifteen of the seventeen republics with which we have been in conference have indicated, by the votes of their representatives in the International American Conference, and by other methods which it is not necessary to de- fine, their desire to enter upon reciprocal commercial relations with the United States; the remaining two express equal willingness, could, they be assured that their advances would be favorably considered. To escape the delay and uncertainty of treaties it has been suggested that a practicable and prompt mode of testing the question whs to submit an amendment to the pending tariff bill, authorizing the President to declare the ports of the United States free to all the products of any nation of the American hemisphere upon which no export duties are imposed whenever and so long as such nation shall admit to its ports free of all national, pro- vincial (State), municipal, and other taxes, our flour, corn meal, and other breadstuffs, preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits, cotton-seed oil, rice, and other provisions, including all articles of food, lumber, furniture, and all other articles of wood, agricultural implements and machinery, mining and mechanical machinery, structural steel and iron, steel rails, locomotives, railway cars and supplies, street cars, and refined petroleum. I mention these particular articles because they have been most frequently referred to as those with which a valuable exchange could be readily effected. The list could no doubt be profitably enlarged by a careful investigation of the needs and advantage of both the home and foreign markets. The opinion was general among the foreign delegates that the legislation herein referred to would lead to the opening of new and profitable markets for the products of which we have so large a surplus, and thus invigorate every branch of agriculture and mechanical industry. Of course, the ex- changes involved in these propositions would be rendered impossible if Con- gress, in its wisdom, should repeal the duty on sugar by direct legislation instead of allowing the same object to be attained by the reciprocal arrange- ment suggested. Respectfully submitted, James G. Blaine. THE SILVER BILL OF 1890. APPROVED BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JULY 14, 1890. “ The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to purchase, from time to time, silver bullion to the aggregate amount of 4,500,000 ounces, or so much thereof as may be offered in each month, at the market price thereof, not exceeding $i for 371.25 grains of pure silver, and to issue in pay- ment for such purchases of silver bullion, Treasury notes of the United States to be prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury in such form and of such denominations, not less than $1 nor more than $1,000, as he may prescribe, and a sum sufficient to carry into effect the provisions of this act, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. . “ Sec. 2. That the Treasury notes issued in accordance with the provi- sions of this act shall be redeemable on demand, in coin, at the Treasury of the United States or at the office of any assistant treasurer of the United States, and when so redeemed, may be reissued; but no greater or less amount of such notes shall be outstanding at any time than the cost of the silver bullion, and the standard silver dollars coined therefrom, then held in the Treasury purchased by such notes; and such Treasury notes shall be a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except where other- wise expressly stipulated in the contract, and shall be receivable for customs, taxes, and all public dues, and when so received may be reissued; and such notes, when held by any national banking association, may be counted as a part of its lawful reserve. That upon demand of the holder of any of the Treasury notes herein provided for, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, under such regulations as he may prescribe, redeem such notes in gold or silver coin, at his discretion, it being the established policy of the United States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the pres- ent legal ratio, or such ratio as may be provided by law. ‘ ‘ Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall each month coin two million ounces of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this act into standard silver dollars until the 1st day of July, 1891, and after that time he shall coin of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this act as much as may be necessary to provide for the redemption of the Treas- ury notes herein provided for, and any gain or seigniorage arising from such coinage shall be accounted for and paid into the Treasury. “Sec. 4. That the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this act shall be subject to the requirements of existing law and the regulations of the mint service governing the methods of determining the amount of pure silver contained, and the amount of charges or deductions, if any, to be made. “ Sec. 5. That so much of the act of Feb. 28, 1878, entitled ‘ An act to authorize the coinage of the standard silver dollar and to restore its legal- tender character,’ as requires the monthly purchase and coinage of the same into silver dollars of not less than $2, 000, 000 nor more than $4,000,000 worth of silver bullion, is hereby repealed. “ Sec. 6. That upon the passage of this act the balances standing with the Treasurer of the United States to the respective credits of national banks for 386 THE SILVER BILL OF 1890. 387 deposits made to redeem the circulating notes of such banks, and all depos- its thereafter received for like purpose, shall he covered into the Treasury as a miscellaneous receipt, and the Treasurer of the United States shall redeem from the general cash in the Treasury the circulating notes of said hanks which may come into his possession subject to redemption; and upon the cer- tificate of the Comptroller of the Currency that such notes have been received by him, and that they have been destroyed, and that no new notes will be m issued in their place, reimbursement of their amount shall be made to the Treasurer, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- scribe, from an appropriation hereby created, to be known as ‘ National bank notes: Redemption account,’ but the provisions of this act shall not apply to the deposits received under section 3 of the act of June 20, 1874, requiring every national bank to keep in lawful money with the Treasurer of the United States a sum equal to 5 per cent, of its circulation, to be held and used for the redemption of its circulating notes; and the balance remaining of the deposits so covered shall, at the close of each month, be reported on the monthly public debt statement as debt of the United States bearing no interest. “Sec. 7. That this act shall take effect thirty days from and after its passage.” THE MILLS BILL. EXTRACTS FROM MR. MILLS’S SPEECH, 1889, INTRODUCING HIS PRO- POSED TARIFF-REFORM MEASURE. "Mr. Chairman, during our late civil war tlie expenditures required by an enormous military establishment made it necessary that the burdens of taxation should be laid heavily in all directions authorized by the Constitu- tion. The internal-revenue and direct taxes were called into requisition to supplement the revenues arising from customs, to aid the Treasury to respond to the heavy demands which were being daily made upon it. The duties on imports were raised from an average on dutiable goods of 18.84 per cent, in 1861 to an average of 40.29 per cent, on dutiable goods during the five years from 1862 to 1866, inclusive. This was recognized at the time as an exceptionally heavy burden. It was stated by the distinguished gentlemen who then presented to the House the bill so largely increasing the duties, and which to-day bears his honored name, that it was demanded by the exigencies of war, and must cease on the return of peace. In his own words he said : ‘ This is intended as a war measure, a temporary measure, and we must as such give it our support. ’ More than twenty years have elapsed since the war ended. A generation has passed away and a new generation has appeared on the stage since peace has returned to bless our common country; but these war taxes still remain; and they are heavier to-day than they were on an average during the five years of the existence of hostilities. The average rate of duty during the last five years — from 1883 to 1887 inclusive — on dutiable goods, amounts to 44. 51 per cent. , and during the last year the average is 47.10 per cent. Instead of the rate of taxation being reduced to meet the wants of an efficient administration of government in time of peace, it con- tinues to grow and fill the coffers of the government with money not required for public purposes, and which rightfully should remain in the pockets of the people. " The greatest evil that is inflicted by it is in the destruction of the values of our exports. Remember that the great body of our exports are agricul- tural products. It has been so through our whole history. From 75 to over 80 per cent, of the exports of this country, year by year, are agricultural products. Cotton is first, then bread-stuffs, pork, beef, butter, cheese, lard. These are the things that keep up our foreign trade, and when you put on or keep on such duties as we have now — war duties, which were regarded as so enormous even in the very midst of hostilities that they were declared to be temporary — when you put on or retain those duties, they limit and prohibit importation, and that limits or prohibits exportation. It takes two to make a trade. All the commerce of all the countries of the world is carried on by an exchange of commodities — commodities going from the country where they are produced at the least cost to seek a market in those countries where they can either not be produced at all or where they can be produced only at the highest cost of production. We are the great agricultural country of the world, and we have been feeding the people of Europe, and the people of Europe have got to give us in exchange the products of their labor in their shops; and when we put on excessive duties for the purpose of prohibiting the importations of their goods, as a necessary result we put an excessive duty upon the exportation of our own agricultural products. And what does that do ? It throws our surplus products upon our own markets at home, which becomes glutted and oversupplied, and prices go down. So it is with 388 THE MILLS BILL. 389 the people of Europe who are manufacturing and producing things that we can not produce, hut which we want. Their products are thrown upon their home markets, which are glutted and oversupplied, and their prices likewise go down. And whenever, from any cause, prices start up in Europe, our tariff being levied mainly by specific duties upon quantity, not upon value, the tariff goes down, and then we see large importation, and, as a result, large exportation. Then we see a rise in agricultural products; then we see the circulation of money all through the whole of our industrial system ; we see our people going to work, our manufactories starting up, and prosperity in every part of the land. “We are the greatest agricultural people in the world. We exceed all others in the products of manufacture, but we export next to nothing of our product. Why should we not export the three hundred and seventy-five millions of cotton goods which England is now exporting? She buys her cotton from us, pays the cost of transportation to her factories, makes the goods, and sends them all over the world. That trade, at least the most of it, is ours whenever we get ready to take it. Why should we not make and send out the hundred millions of woolen goods which she is annually exporting? We have the advantage of her in almost everything except cost of materials. Why should we not make and export the hundred millions of iron and steel which she is making and sending away annually? There is no reason except that high tariff and trusts and combinations are in our way, and they muster all their forces to prevent us from taking the place which our advantages entitle us to take. We are the greatest people in the world. We have the highest standard of civilization; we have the highest and best diffusion of knowledge among our people. We utilize the power of machinery more than any people in the world. We produce by our labor more than any people in the world. We have everything to command success in any con- test over any rival. We are the first cotton-producing country. We have wool, flax, hemp; our country is full of coal and ores and lumber, and yet with all these advantages over all others we have pursued a suicidal policy of protection, which has closed the markets of the world against us; and not content to stop here, we have plundered the great body of our agricultural people out of a large part of their wealth. We must make a departure. In- stead of laying the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary bur- den. We should lay taxes to obtain revenue, but not restrict importation. We should place every material of manufacture on the free list, start up our fires, put our wheels in motion, and put all our people to work at good wages.” After arguing that it is increased production that makes cheap goods and high wages, Mr. Mills said, in regard to the effect of the existing tariff on labor: “I have taken from the first annual report of the Commissioner of Labor and the report of the census on wages some figures given by manufac- turers themselves of the total cost of the product and the labor cost of the articles they are making. I have put the tariff duty by the side of them to show whether in the little reductions we are asking in this bill we have gone beyond that pledge we as a party have made that we would not reduce taxation so low as to injure our laborers, or as not to cover the difference in cost of labor between American and foreign products. This will show, and I ask your attention to it, that the tariff is not intended to, and does not, benefit labor. It will show that the benefit of the tariff never passes beyond the pocket of the manufacturer, and to the pockets of his workmen. “I find in this report one pair of five-pound blankets. The whole cost, as stated by the manufacturer, is $2.51. The labor cost he paid for making them is 35 cents. The present tariff is $1.90. Now here is $1.55 in this tar- iff over and above the entire labor cost of these blankets. Why did not that 390 APPENDIX. manufacturer go and give that money to the laborer? He is able to do it. Here is a tariff that gives him $1.90 on that pair of blankets for the benefit of his laborer; but notwithstanding that the tariff was imposed for the bene- fit of American labor and to preserve high wages, every dollar of that tariff went into the manufacturer’s pocket. The poor fellow who made the blankets got 35 cents and the manufacturer kept the $1.90. “Here is one yard of flannel, weighing four ounces; it cost 18 cents, of which the laborer got 3 cents; the tariff on it is 8 cents. How is it that the whole 8 cents did not get into the pockets of the laborer? Is it not strange that those who made the tariff and fastened upon the people these war rates in a time of profound peace, and who are now constantly assailing the Dem- ocratic party because it is untrue to the workingman, did not make some provision by which the generous bounty they gave should reach the pocket of him for whom they said it was intended? They charge that we are trying to strike down the labor of the country. Why do they not see that the money they are taking out of the hard earnings of the people is delivered in good faith to the workman? One yard of cassimere, weighing 16 ounces, cost $1.38; the labor cost is 29 cents; the tariff duty is 80 cents. One pound of sewing-silk costs $5.66; the cost for labor is 85 cents; the tariff is $1.69. One gallon of linseed-oil costs 46 cents; the labor cost is 2 cents; the tariff cost is 25 cents. One ton of bar-iron costs $31; the labor cost is $10; the tariff fixes several rates for bar-iron. I give the lowest rate, $17.92. One ton of foun- dry pig-iron costs $11; the labor costs $1.64; the tariff is $6.72. “Now, Mr. Chairman, I have gone through with a number of articles taken from these official reports made by the manufacturers themselves, and I have shown that the tariff was not framed for the benefit of the laborer, or that if it was so intended by those who framed it, the benefit never reaches the laborer, not a dollar of it. The working people are hired in the market at the lowest rates at which their services can be had, and all the ‘ boodle ’ that has been granted by these tariff bills goes into the pockets of the manu- facturers. It builds up palaces; it concentrates wealth; it makes great and powerful magnates; but it distributes none of its beneficence in the homes of our laboring poor.” As to the spirit of the protective system which is sometimes called the American policy, Mr. Mills said: “I repel it, sir; it is not American. It is the reverse of American. That policy is American which clings most closely to the fundamental idea that underlies our institutions and upon which the whole superstructure of our government is erected, and that idea is freedom — freedom secured by the guarantees of government; freedom to think, to speak, to write; freedom to go where we please, select our own occupations; free- dom to labor when we please and where we please; freedom to receive and enjoy all the results of our labor: freedom to sell our products, and freedom to buy the products of others, and freedom to markets for the products of our labor, without which the freedom of labor is restricted and denied; free- dom from restraints in working and marketing the products of our toil, ex- cept such as maybe necessary in the interest "of the government; freedom from all unnecessary burdens; freedom from all exactions upon the citizen except such as may be necessary to support an honest, efficient and econom- ical administration of the government that guarantees him protection to ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;’ freedom from all taxation ex- cept that which is levied for the support of the government; freedom from taxation levied for the purpose of enriching favored classes by the spoliation and plunder of the people; freedom from all systems of taxation that do not fall with ‘ equal and exact justice upon all ’ — that do not raise the revenues of government in the way that is least burdensome to the people and with the least possible disturbance to their business. That, sir, is the American policy.” TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. SENT TO CONGRESS DECEMBER 6, 1887. To the Congress of the United States: You are confronted at the threshold of your legislative duties with a con- dition of the national finances which imperatively demands immediate and careful consideration. The amount of money annually exacted through the operation of present laws from the industries and necessities of the people largely exceeds the sum necessary to meet the expenses of the government. When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may he his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the government which protects him, it is plain that the exac- tion of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice. This wrong, inflicted upon those who bear the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil consequences. The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit conveying the people’s tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, be- comes a hoarding-place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people’s use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country’s development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening fin- ancial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder. This condition of our Treasury is not altogether new; and it has more than- once of late been submitted to the people’s representatives in the Congress, who alone can apply a remedy. And yet the situation still continues, with aggravated incidents, more than ever presaging financial convulsion and wide- spread disaster. It will not do to neglect this situation because its dangers are not now palpably imminent and apparent. They exist none the less cer- tainly, and await the unforeseen and unexpected occasion when suddenly they will be precipitated upon us. On the 30th day of June, 1885, the excess of revenues over public expen- ditures after complying with the annual requirement of the sinking-fund act was $17,859,735.84. During the year ended June 30, 1886, such excess amounted to $49,405,545.20, and during the year ended June 30, 1887, it reached the sum of $55,567,849.54. The annual contributions to the sin kin g fund during the three years above specified, amounting in the aggregate to $138,058,320.94 and deducted from the surplus as stated, were made by call- ing in for that purpose outstanding three-per-cent, bonds of the government. During the six months prior to June 30, 1887, the surplus revenue had grown so large by repeated accumulation and it was feared the withdrawal of this great sum of money needed by the people would so affect the business of the country, that the sum of $79,864,100 of such surplus was applied to the pay- ment of the principal and interest of the three-per-cent, bonds still outstand- ing, and which were then payable at the option of the government. The precarious condition of financial affairs among the people still need- ing relief, immediately after the 30th day of June, 1887, the remainder of the three-per-cent, bonds then outstanding, amounting with principal and inter- est to .the. sum of $18,877,500, were called in and applied to the sinking-fund contribution for the current fiscal year. Notwithstanding these operations of the Treasury Department, representations of distress in business circles not 391 392 APPENDIX. only continued but increased, and absolute peril seemed at band. In these circumstances the contribution to the sinking fund for the current fiscal year was at once completed by the expenditure of $27,684,283.55 in the purchase of government bonds not yet due, bearing four and four and one half per cent, interest, the premium paid thereon averaging about twenty-four per cent, for the former and eight per cent, for the latter. In addition to this the interest accruing during the current year upon the outstanding bonded indebtedness of the government was to some extent an- ticipated, and banks selected as depositories of public money were permitted to somewhat increase their deposits. While the expedients thus employed to release to the people the money lying idle in the Treasury served to avert immediate danger, our surplus revenues have continued to accumulate, the excess for the present year amounting on the 1st day of December to $55,258,701.19, and estimated to reach the sum of $113,000,000 on the 30th of June next, at which date it is expected that this sum, added to prior accumulations, will swell the surplus in the Treasury to $140,000,000. There seems to be no assurance that, with such a withdrawal from use of the people’s circulating medium, our business community may not in the near future lie subjected to the same distress which was quite lately produced from the same cause. And while the functions of our national Treasury should be few and simple, and while its best condition would be reached, I believe, by its entire disconnection with private business interests, yet when, by a per- version of its purposes, it idly holds money uselessly subtracted from the chan- nels of trade, there seems to be reason for the claim that some legitimate means should be devised by the government to restore in an emergency, with- out waste or extravagance, such money to its place among the people. If such an emergency arises there now exists no clear and undoubted Ex- ecutive power of relief. Heretofore the redemption of three-per-cent, bonds, which were payable at the option of the government, has afforded a means for the disbursement of the excess of our revenues; but these bonds have all been retired, and there are no bonds outstanding, the payment of which we have the right to insist upon. The contribution to the sinking fund which furnishes the occasion for expenditure in the purchase of bonds has been al- ready made for the current year, so that there is no outlet in that direction. In the present state of legislation the only pretense of any existing Exec- utive power to restore, at this time, any part of our surplus revenues to the people by its expenditure consists in the supposition that the Secretary of the Treasury may enter the market and purchase the bonds of the government not yet due, at a rate of premium to be agreed upon. The only provision of law from which such a power could be derived is found in an appropriation bill passed a number of years ago; and it is subject to the suspicion that it was intended as temporary and limited in its application, instead of confer- ring a continuing discretion and authority. No condition ought to exist which would justify the grant of power to a single official, upon his judg- ment of its necessity, to withhold from or release to the business of the peo- ple, in an unusual manner, money held in the Treasury, and thus affect, at Ids will, the financial situation of the country; and if it is deemed wise to lodge in the Secretary of the Treasury the authority in the present juncture to purchase bonds, it should be plainly vested, and provided as far as possi- ble, with such checks and limitations as will define this official's right and dis- cretion, and at the same time relieve him from undue responsibility. In considering the question of purchasing bonds as a means of restoring to circulation the surplus money accumulating in the Treasury, it should be borne in mind that premiums must, of course, be paid upon such purchase, that there may be a large part of these bonds held as investments which can not be purchased at any price, and that combinations among holders, who are TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 393 willing to sell, may unreasonably enhance the cost of such bonds to the gov- ernment. It has been suggested that the present bonded debt might be refunded at a less rate of interest, and the difference between the old and new security paid in cash, thus finding use for the surplus in the Treasury. The success of this plan, it is apparent, must depend upon the volition of the holders of the present bonds; and it is not entirely certain that the inducement which must be offered them would result in more financial benefit to the Govern- ment than the purchase of bonds, while the latter proposition would reduce the principal of the debt by actual payment, instead of extending it. The proposition to deposit the money held by the government in banks throughout the country, for use by the people, is, it seems to me, exceeding- ly objectionable in principle, as establishing too close a relationship between the operations of the government Treasury and the business of the country, and too extensive a commingling of their money, thus fostering an unnatural reliance in private business upon public funds. If this scheme should be adopted it should only be done as a temporary expedient to meet an urgent necessity. Legislative and Executive effort should generally be in the oppo- site direction, and should have a tendency to divorce, as much and as fast as can safely be done, the Treasury Department from private enterprise. Of course it is not expected that unnecessary and extravagant appropria- tions will be made for the purpose of avoiding the accumulation of an excess of revenue. Such expenditure, besides the demoralization of all just concep- tions of public duty which it entails, stimulates a habit of reckless improvi- dence not in the least consistent with the mission of our people or the high and beneficent purposes of our government. I have deemed it my duty to thus bring to the knowledge of my country- men, as well as to the attention of their representatives charged with the re- sponsibility of legislative relief, the gravity of our financial situation. The failure of the Congress heretofore to provide against the dangers which it was quite evident the very nature of the difficulty must necessarily produce, caused a condition of financial distress and apprehension since your last ad- journment, which taxed to the utmost all the authority and expedients with- in Executive control; and these appear now to be exhausted. If disaster re- sults from the continued inaction of Congress, the responsibility must rest where it belongs. Though the situation thus far considered is fraught with danger which should be fully realized, and though it presents features of wrong to the peo- ple as well as peril to the country, it is but a result growing out of a perfect- ly palpable and apparent cause, constantly reproducing the same alarming circumstances — a congested national Treasury and a depleted monetary con- dition in the business of the country. It need hardly be stated that while the present situation demands a remedy, we can only be saved from a like predic- ament in the future by the removal of its cause. Our scheme of taxation, by means of which this needless surplus is taken from the people and put into the public treasury, consists of a tariff or duty levied upon importations from abroad, and internal revenue taxes levied up- on the consumption of tobacco and spirituous and malt liquors. It must be conceded that none of the things subjected to internal revenue taxation are strictly speaking, necessaries; there appears to be no just complaint of this taxation by the consumers of these articles, and there seems to be nothing so well able to bear the burden without hardship to any portion of the people. But our present tariff laws, the vicious, inequitable, and illogical source of unnecessary taxation, ought to be at once revised and amended. These laws, as their primary and plain effect, raise the price to consumers of all articles imported and subject to duty, by precisely the sum paid for such duties. Thus the amount of the duty measures the tax paid by those who purchase 2SB 394 APPENDIX. for use these important articles. Many of these things, however, are raised or manufactured in our own country, and the duties now levied upon foreign goods and products are called protection to these home manufactures, because they render it possible for those of our people who are manufacturers to make these taxed articles and sell them for a price equal to that demanded for the imported goods that have paid customs duty. So it happens that while com- paratively a few use the imported articles, millions of our people, who never used and never saw any of the foreign products, purchase and use things of the same kind made in this country, and pay therefor nearly or quite the same enhanced price which the duty adds to the imported articles. Those who buy imports pay the duty charged thereon into the public Treasury, but the great majority of our citizens, who buy domestic articles of the same class, pay a sum at least approximately equal to this duty to the home manufactur- er. This reference to the operation of our tariff laws is not made by way of instruction, but in order that we may be constantly reminded of the manner in which they Impose a burden upon those who consume domestic products as well as those who consume imported articles, and thus create a tax upon all our people. It is not proposed to entirely relieve the country of this taxation. It must he extensively continued as the source of the government’s income; and in a readjustment of our tariff the interests of American labor engaged in manu- facture should be carefully considered, as well as the preservation of our man- ufacturers. It may be called protection, or by any other name, but relief from the hardships and dangers of our present tariff laws should be devised with especial precaution against imperiling the existence of our manufactur- ing interests. But this existence should not mean a condition which, without regard to the public welfare or a national exigency, must always insure the realization of immense profits, instead of moderately profitable returns. As the volume and diversity of our national activities increase, new recruits are added to those who desire a continuation of the advantages which they con- ceive the present system of tariff taxation directly affords them. So stub- bornly have all efforts to reform the present condition been resisted by those of our fellow-citizens thus engaged, that they can hardly complain of the sus- picion, entertained to a certain extent, that there exists an organized combi- nation all along the line to maintain their advantage. We are in the midst of centennial celebrations, and with becoming pride we rejoice in American skill and ingenuity, in American energy and enter- prise, and in the wonderful natural advantages and resources developed by a cent ury’s national growth. Yet when an attempt is made to justify a scheme which permits a tax to be laid upon every consumer in the land for the bene- fit of our manufacturers, quite beyond a reasonable demand for governmental regard, it suits the purposes of advocacy to call our manufactures infant industries, still needing the highest and greatest degree of favor and fostering care that can be wrung from Federal legislation. It is also said that the increase in the price of domestic manufactures re- sulting from the present tariff is necessary in order that higher wages may be paid to our workingmen employed in manufactories than are paid for what is called the pauper labor of Europe. All will acknowledge the force of an argument which involves the welfare and liberal compensation of our laboring-people. Our labor is honorable in the eyes of every American citi- zen ; and as it lies at the foundation of our development and progress, it is entitled, without affectation or hypocrisy, to the utmost regard. The stand- ard of our laborers’ life should not be measured by that of any other coun- try less favored, and they are entitled to their full share of all our advan- tages. By the last census it was made to appear that of the 17,392,099 of our pop- ulation engaged in all kinds of industries, 7,670,493 are employed in agricul- TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 395 ture, 4,074,238 in professional and personal service (2,934,870 of whom are domestic servants and laborers), while 1,810,256 are employed in trade and transportation, and 3,837,112 are classed as employed in manufacturing and mining. For present purposes, however, the last number given should be consider- ably reduced. Without attempting to enumerate all, it will he conceded that there should be deducted from those which it includes 375,143 carpenters and joiners, 285,401 milliners, dressmakers, and seamstresses, 172,726 blacksmiths, 133,756 tailors and tailoresses, 102,473 masons, 76,241 butchers, 41,309 bak- ers, 22,083 plasterers, and 4,891 engaged in manufacturing agricultural im- plements, amounting in the aggregate to 1,214,023, leaving 2,623,089 persons employed in such manufacturing industries as are claimed to be benefited by a high tariff. To these the appeal is made to save their employment and maintain their wages by resisting a change. There should be no disposition to answer such suggestions by the allegation that they are in a minority among those who la- bor, and therefore should forego an advantage, in the interest of low prices for the majority; their compensation, as it may be affected by the operation of tariff laws, should at all times be scrupulouly kept in view; and yet with slight reflection they will not overlook the fact that they are consumers with the rest; that they, too, have their own wants and those of their families to supply from their earnings, and that the price of the necessaries of life, as well as the amount of the wages, will regulate the measure of their welfare and comfort. But the reduction of taxation demanded should be so measured as not to necessitate or justify either the loss of employment by the workingman nor the lessening of his wages; and tli» profits still remaining to the manufactur- er, after a necessary readjustment, should furnish no excuse for the sacrifice of the interests of his employes either in their opportunity to work or in the diminution of their compensation. Nor can the worker in manufactures fail to understand that while a high tariff is claimed to be necessary to allow the payment of remunerative wages, it certainly results in a very large increase in the price of nearly all sorts of manufactures, which, in almost countless forms, he needs for the use of himself and his family. He receives at the desk of his employer his wages, and perhaps before he reaches his home is obliged, in a purchase for family use of an article which embraces his own labor, to re- turn, in the payment of the increase in price which the tariff permits, the hard- earned compensation of many days of toil. The farmer and the agriculturist who manufacture nothing, but who pay the increased price which the tariff imposes, upon every agricultur- al implement, upon all he wears, and upon all he uses and owns, except the increase of his flocks and herds and such things as his husbandry produces from the soil, is invited to aid in maintaining the present situation; and he is told that a high duty on imported wool is necessary for the benefit of those who have sheep to shear, in order that, the price of their wool may be in- creased. They of course are not reminded that the farmer who has no sheep is, by this scheme obliged, in his purchases of clothing and woolen goods, to pay a tribute to his fellow-farmer as well as to the manufacturer and me? chant ; nor is any mention made of the fact that the sheep-owners themselves and tlleir households must wear clothing and use other articles manufactured from the wool they sell at tariff prices, and thus as consumers must return their share of this increased price to the tradesman. I think it may be fairly assumed that a large proportion of the sheep owned by the farmers throughout the country are found in small flocks num- bering from twenty -five to fifty. The duty on the grade of imported wool which these sheep yield is ten cents each pound if of the value of thirty 7 cents or less, and twelve cents if of the value of more than thirty cents. If 396 APPENDIX. the liberal estimate of six pounds be allowed for each fleece, the duty thereon would be sixty or seventy -two cents, and this may be taken as the utmost en- hancement of its price to the farmer by reason of this duty. Eighteen dol- lars would thus represent the increased price of the wool from twenty-five sheep, and thirty-six dollars that from the wool of fifty sheep; and at present values this addition would amount to about one-third of its price. If upon its sale the farmer receives this or a less tariff profit, the wool leaves his hands charged with precisely that sum, which in all its changes will adhere to it, until it reaches the consumer. When manufactured into cloth and other goods and material for use, its cost is not only increased to the extent of the farmer’s tariff profit, but a further sum has been added for the benefit of the manufacturer under the operation of other tariff laws. In the meantime the day arrives when the farmer finds it necessary to purchase woolen goods and material to clothe himself and family for the winter. When he faces the tradesman for that purpose he discovers that he is obliged not only to return, in the way of increased prices, his tariff profit on the wool he sold, and which then perhaps lies before him in manufactured form, but that he must add a considerable sum thereto to meet a further increase in cost caused by a tariff duty on the manufacture. Thus in the end he is aroused to the fact that he has paid upon a moderate purchase, as a result of the tariff scheme, which, when he sold his wool seemed so profitable, an increase in price more than sufficient to sweep away all the tariff profit he received upon the wool he produced and sold. When the number of farmers engaged in wool-raising is compared with all the farmers in the country, and the small proportion they bear to our pop- ulation is considered; when it is made apparent that, in the case of a large part of those who own sheep, the benefit of the present tariff on wool is illu- sory; and, above all, when it must be conceded that the increase of the cost of living caused by such tariff becomes a burden upon those with moderate means and the poor, the employed and unemployed, the sick and well, and the young and old, and that it constitutes a tax which, with relentless grasp, is fastened upon the clothing of eveiy man, woman, and child in the land, reasons are suggested why the removal or reduction of this duty should be included in a revision of our tariff laws. In speaking of the increased cost to the consumer of our home manufac- tures, resulting from a duty laid upon imported articles of the same descrip- tion, the fact is not overlooked that competition among our domestic pro- ducers sometimes has the effect of keeping the price of their products below the highest limit allowed by such duty. But it is notorious that this compe- tition is too often strangled by combinations quite prevalent at this time, and frequently called trusts, which have for their object the regulation of the supply and price of commodities made and sold by members of the combi- nation. The people can hardly hope for any consideration in the operation of these selfish schemes. If, however, in the absence of such combination, a healthy and free com- petition reduces the price of any particular dutiable article of home poduc tion below the limit which it might otherwise reach under our tariff laws, and if, with such reduced price, its manufacture continues to thrive, it is entirely evident that one thing has been discovered which should be carefully scrutinized in an effort to reduce taxation. The necessity of combination to maintain the price of any commodity to the tariff point, furnishes proof that some one is willing to accept lower prices for such commodity, and that such prices are remunerative; and lower prices produced by competition prove the same thing. Thus, where either of these conditions exists, a case would seem to be presented for an easy reduction of taxation. The considerations which have been presented touching our tariff laws TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 397 are intended only to enforce an earnest recommendation that the surplus revenues of the government he prevented by the reduction of our customs duties, and, at the same time, to emphasize a suggestion that in accomplish- ing this purpose, we may discharge a double duty to our people by granting to them a measure of relief from tariff taxation in quarters where it is most needed and from sources where it can be most fairly and justly accorded. Nor can the presentation made of such considerations be, with any degree of fairness, regarded as evidence of unfriendliness toward our manufacturing interests, or of any lack of appreciation of their value and importance. These interests constitute a leading and most substantial element of our national greatness and furnish the proud proof of our country’s progress. But if, in the emergency that presses upon us, our manufacturers are asked to surrender something for the public good and to avert disaster, their patriot- ism, as well as a grateful recognition of advantages already afforded, should lead them to willing cooperation. No demand is made that they shall forego all the benefits of governmental regard; but they can not fail to be admonished of their duty, as well as their enlightened self-interest and safety, when they are reminded of the fact that financial panic and collapse, to which the' present condition tends, afford no greater shelter or protection to our manufactures than to our other important enterprises. Opportunity for safe, careful, and deliberate reform is now offered; and none of us should be unmindful of a time when an abused and irritated people, heedless of those who have resisted timely and reasonable relief, may insist upon a radical and sweeping rectification of their wrongs. The difficulty attending a wise and fair revision of our tariff laws is not underestimated. It will require on the part of the Congress great labor and care, and especially a broad and national contemplation of the subject, and a patriotic disregard of such local and selfish claims as are unreasonable and reckless of the welfare of the entire country. Under our present laws more than four thousand articles are subject to duty. Many of these do not in any way compete with our own manufac- tures, and many are hardly worth attention as subjects of revenue. A con- siderable reduction can be made in the aggregate, by adding them to the free list. The taxation of luxuries presents no features of hardship; but the necessaries of life, used and consumed by all the people, the duty upon which adds to the cost of living in every home, should be greatly cheapened. The radical reduction of the duties imposed on raw material used in man- ufactures, or its free importation, is of course an important factor in any effort to reduce the price of these necessaries; it would not only relieve them from the increased cost caused by the tariff on such material, but the manu- factured product being thus cheapened, that part of the tariff now laid upon such product as a compensation to our manufacturers for the present price of raw material could be accordingly modified. Such reduction, or free im- portation, would serve, besides, to largely reduce the revenue. It is not apparent how such a change could have any injurious effect upon our manu- facturers. On the contrary, it would appear to give them a better chance in foreign markets with the manufacturers of other countries, who cheapen their wares by free material. Thus our people might have the opportunity of extending their sales beyond the limits of home consumption, saving them from the depression, interruption to business, and loss caused by a glutted domestic market and affording their employes more certain and steady labor with its resulting quiet and contentment. The question thus imperatively presented for solution should be ap- proached in a spirit higher than partisanship and considered in the light of that regard for patriotic duty which should characterize the action of those intrusted with the weal of a confiding people. But the obligation to declared party policy and principle is not wanting to urge prompt and effective action. 398 APPENDIX. Both great political parties now represented in the government have by re- peated and authoritative declarations condemned the condition of our laws which permits the collection from the people of unnecessary revenue, and have in the most solemn manner promised its correction, and neither as citizens nor partisans are our countrymen in a mood to condone the deliberate violation of these pledges. Our progress toward a wise conclusion will not be improved hy dwelling upon the theories of protection and free trade. This savors too much of bandying epithets. It is a condition which confronts us — not a theory. Relief from this con- dition may involve a slight reduction of the advantages which we award our home productions, hut the entire withdrawal of such advantages should not be contemplated. The question of free trade is absolutely irrelevant; and the persistent claim, made in certain quarters, that all efforts to relieve the people from unjust and unnecessary taxation are schemes of so-called “Free Traders ” is mischievous and far removed from any consideration for the public good. The simple and plain duty which we owe the people is to re- duce taxation to t he necessary expenses of an economical operation of the government, and to restore to the business of the country the mouey which we hold in the Treasury through the perversion of governmental powers. These things can and should be done with safety to all our industries, with- out danger to the opportunity for remunerative labor which our workingmen have, and with benefit to them and all our people, by cheapening their means of subsistence and increasing the measure of their comforts. The Constitution provides that the President “shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union.” It has been the custom of the Executive, in compliance with this provision, to annually ex- hibit to the Congress, at the opening of its session, the general condition of the country, and to detail with some particularity the operation of the differ- ent Executive Departments. It would be especially agreeable to follow this course at the present time and to call attention to the valuable accomplish- ments of these departments during the fiscal year. But I am so much im- pressed with the paramount importance of the subject to which this commu- nication has thus far been devoted, that I shall forego the addition of any other topic, and only urge upon your immediate consideration the “state of the Union” as shown in the present condition of our Treasury and our gen- eral fiscal situation, upon which every element of our safety and prosperity depends. The reports of the heads of departments, which will be submitted, con- tain full and explicit information touching the transaction of the business intrusted to them, and such recommendations relating to legislation in the public interest as they deem advisable. I ask for these reports and recom- mendations the deliberate examination and action of the legislative branch of the government. There are other subjects not embraced in the depart- mental reports demanding legislative consideration, and which I should be glad to submit. Some of them, however, have been earnestly presented in previous messages, and as to them I beg leave to repeat prior recommend- ations. As the law makes no provision for any report from the Department of State a brief history of the transactions of that important department, together with other matters which it may hereafter be deemed essential to commend to the attention of Congress, may furnish the occasion for a future com- munication. Gkover Cleveland. Washington, Dec. 6, 1887. the McKinley bill. ME, McKINLEY’S SPEECH, APRIL 16, 1890, INTRODUCING HIS PRO- POSED TARIFF-REFORM MEASURE. “If any one thing was settled by the election of 1888 it was that the pro- tective policy, as promulgated in the Republican platform and heretofore inaugurated and maintained by the Republican party, should he secured in any fiscal legislation to he had by the Congress chosen in the great contest and upon that mastering issue. I have interpreted that victory to mean, and the majority in this House and in the Senate to mean, that a revision of the tariff was not only demanded by the votes of the people, but that such revision should be on the line and in full recognition of the principle and purposes of protection. The people have spoken; they want their will registered and their decree embodied in public legislation. “ The bill which the Committee on Ways and Means have presented is their answer and interpretation of that victory and in accordance with its spirit and letter and purpose. We have not been compelled to abolish the internal-revenue system that we might preserve the protective system, which we were pledged to do in the event that the abolition of the one was essential to the preservation of the other. That was unnecessary. “The bill does not amend or modify any part of the internal-revenue taxes applicable to spirits or fermented liquors. It abolishes all the special taxes and licenses, so-called, imposed upon the manufacture of tobacco, cigars, and snuff, and dealers thereof, reduces the tax upon manufac- tured tobacco from eight to four cents per pound, and removes all restrictions now imposed upon the growers of tobacco. With these exceptions the inter- nal-revenue laws are left undisturbed. “From this source we reduce taxation over $10,000,000, and leave with the people this direct tax which has been paid by them upon their own products through a long series of years. “The tariff part of the bill contemplates and proposes a complete revision. It not only changes the rates of duty, but modifies the general provisions of the law relating to the collection of duties. These modifications have received the approval of the Treasury Department, and ai - e set forth in detail in the report of the committee, and I will not weary this committee in restating them here. A few of the more important changes, however, are deserving our attention. “There has been for many years a provision in the law permitting the United States to import for its use any article free of duty. Under this pro- vision gross abuses have sprung up, and this exemption from duty granted the United States has served as an open doorway to frauds upon our revenue and unjustifiable discriminations against our own producers. “Not only has the government imported supplies from abroad, but its officers, agents, and contractors have been held to enjoy the same privilege, which has been exercised to the injury of our own citizens. The result has been that supplies imported by contractors for governmental work, have, in many instances, been in excess of the demand for such public work and been applied to other and different uses. “ This provision of law has been eliminated in the proposed revision, and if approved by the House and Senate and the President, the government, its officers, agents, and contractors, will hereafter have to pay the same duties 899 400 APPENDIX. which its citizens generally are required to pay. Your committee have been actuated in this by the belief that the government should buy what it needs at home; should give its own citizens the advantage of supplying the United States with all of its needed supplies, and that the laws which it imposes upon its own people and taxpayers should be binding upon the government itself. “ The committee have also fixed a limit upon the amount and value of personal effects accompanying the passenger returning from foreign travel to $500. It has been too common for citizens of the United States visiting other countries to supply themselves not only for their immediate uses, but lor future uses and for the uses of their friends, and there has heretofore been no limit to the amount and value of foreign articles which could be brought in free of duty under the designation of “personal effects ” if accom- panied by the returning passenger. ‘ ‘ The practical effect of this provision was that the wealthy classes who were able to visit distant countries secured exemption from the payment of duties, while the average citizen, unable to go abroad, was compelled to pay a duty upon the articles which he might want to use. The limit of $500 is believed to be sufficient for all honest purposes. “We have also introduced a new provision in the bill which requires that foreign merchandise imported into the United States shall be plainly stamped with the name of the country in which such articles are manufac- tured. There has been a custom, too general in some foreign countries, to adopt American brands, to the injury of our own manufacturers. Well- known articles of American production with high reputation have been copied by the foreigner, and then by the addition of the American brand or Amer- ican marks have fraudulently displaced American manufacture, not in fail- competition, but under false pretenses. The counterfeit has taken the place of the genuine article, and this we propose to stop. ‘ ‘ Section 49 of the bill provides that goods, wares, and merchandise, and all articles manufactured in whole or in part in any foreign country by con- vict labor shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United States, and the importation thereof is prohibited. Nearly, if not all of the States of the Union have laws to prevent the products of convict labor in the State penitentiaries from coming in competition with the product of the free labor of such States. The committee believed that the free labor of this country should be saved from the convict labor of other countries, as it has been from the convict labor of our own States, and so recommend this pro- vision. It will be of small account to protect our workmen against our own convict labor and still admit the convict-made products of the world to free competition with our free labor. ‘ ‘ By way of encouraging exportation to other countries and extending our markets, the committee have liberalized the drawbacks given upon arti- cles or products imported from abroad and used in manufactures here for the export trade. Existing law refunds 90 per cent, of the duties collected upon foreign materials made into the finished product at home and exported abroad, while the proposed bill w r ill refund 99 per cent, of said duties, giving to our citizens engaged in this business 9 per cent, additional encouragement, the government retaining only 1 per cent, for the expenses of handling. “We have also extended the drawback provision to apply to all articles imported which may be finished here for use in the foreign market. Hereto- fore this privilege was limited. This, it is believed, will effectually dispose of the argument so often made that our tariff on raw materials, so-called, con- fines our own producers to their own market and prevents them from enter- ing the foreign market, and wall furnish every opportunity to those of our citizens desiring it to engage in the foreign trade. ‘ ‘ Now, the bill proposes that the American citizen may import any product the McKinley bill. 401 he desires, manufacture it into the finished article, using, in part, if necessary, in such manufacture domestic materials, and when the completed product is entered for export refunds to him within 1 per cent, of all the duty he paid upon his imported materials. “In the same direction we have made, by section 23, manufacturing establishments engaged in smelting or refining metals in the United States bonded warehouses uuder such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, and have provided that metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to make them available in the arts imported into the United States to be smelted or refined and intended for export in a refined state, to be exempt from the payment of duties. This, it is believed, will encourage smelting and refining of foreign materials in the United States, and build up large industries upon the sea-coast and elsewhere, which will make an increased demand for the labor of the country. “It completely, if the provision be adopted, disposes of what has some- times seemed to be an almost unanswerable argument that has been pre- sented by our friends on the other side, that if we only had free raw mate- rial we could go out and capture the markets of the world. We give them now within 1 per cent, of free raw material, and invite them to go out and capture the markets of the world. “It is asserted in the views of the minority, submitted with the report accompanying this bill, that the operation of the bill will not diminish the revenues of the government; that with the increased duties we have imposed upon foreign articles which may be sent to market here we have increased taxation, and that therefore instead of being a diminution of the revenues of the government there will be an increase in the sum of fifty or sixty million dollars. “Now, that statement is entirely misleading. It can only be accepted upon the assumption that the importation of the present year under this bill, if it becomes a law, will be equal to the importations of like articles under the existing law ; and there is not a member of the Committee on W ays and Means, there is not a member of the minority of that committee, there is not a member of the House, on either side, who does not know that the very instant that you have increased the duties to a fair protective point, putting them above the highest revenue point, that very instant you diminish im- portations, and to that extent diminish the revenue. “The bill recommends the retention of the present rates of duty on earthen and china ware. No other industry in the United States either requires or deserves the fostering care of government more than this one. It is a busi- ness requiring technical and artistic knowledge, and the most careful atten- tion to the many and delicate processes through which the raw material must pass to the completed product. For many years, and down to 18(53, the pottery industry of the United States had had little or no success, and made but slight progress in a practical and commercial way. At the close of the low-tariff period of 1860 there was but one pottery in the United States with two kilns. There were no decorating kilns at that time. “ In 1873, encouraged by the tariff and the gold premium, which was an added protection, we had increased to 20 potteries, with 68 kilns, but still no decorating kilns. The capital invested was $1,020,000, and the value of the product was $1,180,000. In 1882 there were 55 potteries, 244 kilns, 26 decorating kilns, with a capital invested of $5,076,000; and the value of the product was $5,299,140. “The wages paid in the potteries in 1882 were $2,387,000 and the num- ber of employes engaged therein 7,000; the ratio of wages to sales in 1882 was 45 per cent. In 1889 there were 80 potteries, 401 kilns, and decorating kilns had increased from 26 in 1882, to 188 in 1889. The capital invested in the latter year was $10,597,357, the value of the product was $10,389,910; 402 APPENDIX. amount paid in wages $6,265,224, and the number of employes engaged, 16,- 900. The ratio of wages to sales was 60 per cent, of decorated ware and 50 per cent, of white ware. “The per cent, of wages to value of product, it will be observed, has ad- vanced from 45 per cent, in 1882 to 60 per cent, in 1889. This increase is not due, as might be supposed, to an advance in wages, but results in a re- duction of the selling price of the product and the immense increase in sales of decorated ware in which labor enters in greater proportion to materials. “In 1882 an assorted crate of ware sold for $57.89, and the same, only a better ware, is now sold for $46.30. In 1864 we paid for the same crate of ware $210.75. On decorated ware the immense benefit to the consumer is even more apparent. The selling price of all decorated ware was from 50 to 100 per cent, higher in 1882 than in 1890. “In 1852, with the low revenue-tariff duty of 24 per cent, and no domes- tic manufactures, an assorted crate of white ware sold at $95.30; in 1890, with the 55-per-cent, duty and domestic competition, with large potteries, which are the pride of the country, employing labor and capital at home, buying our own raw material, the same assorted crate is selling for $46.30. “ We have recommended an increase of duties upon glassware. Since the tariff act of 1883, by which duties were reduced, importations from the other side have been constantly increasing, and our own workmen have not been employed at full time as a result. Our sharpest competition comes from Belgium, where the labor, skilled and unskilled, is much lower than in the United States. There they work seven days in every week. “It will appear that the cost of labor in Germany may be set down at one- third of the cost in the United States; that of Great Britain at five-eighths, and that of France at a medium between Germany and Great Britain. The American Flint-Glass Workers’ Union, through their president, stated before the committee that this large difference in the cost of labor between foreign countries and the United States makes it impossible for the home product to compete with the foreign-made goods in the market of the United States un- der the present duty, and that to maintain the present rates of wages an in- crease of duty is demanded. “The agricultural condition of the country has received the careful atten- tion of the committee, and every remedy which was believed to be within the power of tariff legislation to give has been granted by this bill. The de- pression in agriculture is not confined to the United States. The reports of the Agricultural Department indicate that this distress is general; that Great Britain, France, and Germany are suffering in a larger degree than the farm- ers of the United States. Mr. Dodge — statistician of the department — says, in his report of March, 1890, that the depression in agriculture in Great Britain has been probably more severe than that of any other nation, which would indicate that it is greater even in a country whose economic system differs from ours, and that this condition is inseparable from any fiscal sys- tem, and less under the protective than the revenue-tariff system. “It has been asserted iu the views of the minority that the duty put upon wheat and other agricultural products would be of no value to the agricul- turists of the United States. The committee, believing differently, have ad- vanced the duty upon these products. As we are the greatest wheat-pro- ducing country of the world, it is habitually asserted and believed by many that this product is safe from foreign competition. We do not appreciate that while the United States last year raised 490,000,000 bushels of wheat, France raised 316,000,000 bushels; Italy raised 103,000,000 bushels; Russia, 189.000. 000 bushels; and India, 243,000,000 bushels; and that the total pro- duction of Asia, including Asia Minor, Persia, and Syria, amounted to over 315.000. 000 bushels. Our sharpest competition comes from Russia and India, and the increased product of other nations only serves to increase the world’s the mckinley bill. 403 supply and diminish proportionately the demand for ours; and if we will only reflect on the difference between the cost of labor in producing wheat in the United States and in competing countries we will readily perceive how near we are, if we have not quite reached the danger-line, so far even as our own markets are concerned. “The cost of farm labor in Great Britain, estimated by the statistician of the Agricultural Department, is $150 per annum; in France, $125; in Holland and Austria, $100; iu Germany, $90; in Russia, $60; in Italy, $50; and in India, $30; while the same labor costs in this country $220. The farmers of the United States have therefore come to appreciate that with the wonderful wheat development in India and Russia, with the vast sums of money which have been expended on irrigation and in railroads for trans- porting this wheat, taken in connection with their cheap labor, the time is already here when the American farmer must sell his product in the markets of the world in competition with the wheat produced by the lowest-priced labor of other countries, and that his care and concern must iu the future be to preserve his home market, for he must, of necessity, be driven from the foreign one, unless by diminishing the cost of his production he can success- fully compete with the unequal conditions I have described. Now as to other products of agriculture. “ During the last year Canada exported to the United States eggs to the value of $2,159,725; horses, $2,113,782; sheep, $918,334; poultry, $110,793; wool, $216,918; barley, $6,454,603; beans, $435,534; hay, $822,381; malt, $105,183; potatoes, $192,576; planks and boards, $7,187,101. There were exported of fish of various kinds, lumber, and other commodities to the amount of at least $20,000,000 more. “ The increase of importations in agricultural products has risen from $40,000,000 in 1850, to $256,000,000 in 1889. “We imported in the last ten years more than $60,000,000 worth of hors- es, cattle, and sheep. We imported tobacco from the Netherlands for the six months ending Dec. 31, 1889, to the value of $5,000,000. “The present rate of duty on first-class wool is 10 cents per pound, and upon second-class 12 cents per pound. We have recommended in this bill that the duty on first-class wool shall be increased from 10 cents to 11 cents a pound and that the duty now fixed on second-class wools shall remain as at present. On third-class wool the present rate of duty is 21 i cents per pound upon all wool costing under 12 cents, and 5 cents a pound on wools costing above 12 cents. “ The Committee on Ways and Means will offer an amendment when this schedule is reached, providing that on carpet wools the dividing line shall be changed from 12 to 13 cents, and that the duty on wool under 13 cents, commonly known as carpet wool, shall be 32 per cent, ad valorem, and above 13 cents per pound shall be 50 per cent, ad valorem. It will be noted that we make on first-class wool an increase of 1 cent a pound, and that the existing rate on second-class wool shall be maintained, and the pro- posed ad valorem rate will raise the duty on carpet wools of certain grades according to their value. “ If there is any one industry which appeals with more force than an- other for defensive duties it is this, and to no class of our citizens should this House more cheerfully lend legislative assistance, where it can properly be done, than to the million farmers who own sheep in the United States. We can not afford as a nation to permit this industry to be longer crippled. “ It is also to be noted, Mr. Chairman, that having increased the duties on wools we have also increased the duties on the product — the manufactures of wool — to compensate for the increased duty on the raw product. “In the metal schedule, which is probably the schedule in which the country is as deeply interested as any other — in the metal schedule, starting 404 APPENDIX. out at the very foundation, iron ore, we have left the duty on that precisely as it exists under the present law, namely, 75 cents per ton, and we left it at the same duty which was proposed by my distinguished friend from Texas (Mr. Mills) in the bill which he presented to the last Congress. The same is also true of coal. “Pyrites or sulphuret of iron containing in excess of 25 per cent, of sul- phur has been put upon the free list. Pig iron, scrap iron, and steel we have left at $6.72 a ton, the present duty, while the Mills bill made it $6 per ton. On bar iron the difference between the proposed bill and the Mills bill is one tenth of 1 cent per pound. On round iron not less than three- fourths of an inch in diameter the present duty is 1 cent per pound ; the Mills bill retained it at that rate, and the present bill reduces the duty to nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound. On cast iron pipe the existing law is 1 cent per pound; we have reduced it to nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound, and the Mills bill reduced it to six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. The existing tariff presents the anomaly of placing a higher duty upon the sheet iron and steel, which constitute the chief element in the production of tin-plate, than upon the tin-plate itself, which is a manifest wrong demanding correction, inde- pendent of the question of encouraging the manufacture of tin-plate iu the United States. “ The duty recommended in the bill is not alone to correct this inequality, but to make the duty on foreign tin-plate high enough to insure its manufac- ture in this country to the extent of our home consumption. The only rea- son we are not doing it now and have not been able to do it in the past is inadequate duties. We have demonstrated our ability to make it here as successfully as in Wales. We have already made it here. Two factories were engaged in producing tin plate in the years 1873, 1874, and 1875, but no sooner had they got fairly under way than the foreign manufacturer re- duced his price to a point which made it impossible for our manufacturers to continue. “ When our people embarked in the business foreign tin-plate was selling for $12 per box, and to crush them out before they were firmly established the price was brought down to $4.50 per box; but it did not remain there. When the fires were put out in the American mills, and the manufacturing thought by the foreigners to be abandoned, the price advanced, until in 1879 it was selling for $9 and $10 a box. “Our people again tried it, and again the prices were depressed, and again our people abandoned temporarily the enterprise, and as a gentleman stated before the committee, twice they have lost their whole investment through the combination of the foreign manufacturers in striking down the prices, not for the benefit of the consumer, but to drive our manufacturers from the business; and this would be followed by an advance within six months after our mills were shut down. “We proposed this advanced duty to protect our manufacturers and con- sumers against the British monopoly, in the belief that it will defend our capital and labor in the production of tin-plate until they shall establish an industry which the English will recognize has come to stay, and then com- petition will insure regular and reasonable prices to consumers. It may add a little temporarily to the cost of tin-plate to the consumer, but will eventuate iu steadier and more satisfactory prices. At the present prices for foreign tin-plate, the proposed duty would not add anything to the cost of the heav- ier grade of tins to the consumer. If the entire duty was added to the cost of the can it would not advance it more than one-third or one-half of 1 cent; on a dozen fruit cans the addition would only be about 3 cents. “Now, Mr. Chairman, the important part of the metal schedule, and that which will probably be most harshly assailed, is that proposed in con- nection with the duty on tin plate. the McKinley bill. 405 “The bill proposes to advance the duty from 1 cent per pound, the pres- ent rate, to 1.85 and 2.15 cents per pound, varying according to gauge. “We have increased the duty, as I have already said, upon carpet wools, and that has necessitated an increase of the duty upon carpets themselves. The committee believed that this increased duty would be doing even justice not only to the wool grower, hut also to the carpet maker and to the con- sumers of the United States. There is no industry in this country which so splendidly illustrates the value of a protective tariff as the carpet industry, which has had such marvellous growth in the last twenty-three years. “ In 1810 the entire product of carpets in this country was about 10,000 yards. The tariff of 1828 gave some encouragement, and in 1834 there were twenty carpet factories in the country, operating 511 hand looms producing annually about 1,000,000 yards of carpet. In 1860, under the low tariff, there were only 8,000,000 pounds of wool consumed in making carpets in the United States, and only 13,000,000 yards of carpet were produced, valued at a little over §7,000,000. Six thousand six hundred and eighty-one hands were employed, and the wages paid were less than a million and a half dollars annually. The value of the plants in 1860 was less than $5,000,000. Under the tariff of 1867, that first protective tariff law so far as wool and the manu- factures of wool were concerned, this industry grew and prospered, and in 1870 there were 215 factories in the United States, valued at over $12,500,- 000, consuming more than 33,000,000 pounds of wool, employing 13,000 hands, and paying in wages $4,681,000 annually, and producing 22,000,000 yards of carpet every twelve months. “ One- fourth of our total consumption was imported from England in 1872. In that year there were 170 looms manufacturing body Brussels; in 1880 the manufacture had risen to 590 looms. In 1872 our product in Brus- sels was 1,275,000 yards; in 1880 we produced over 7,000,000 yards of Brus- sels carpet. In 1872 we imported 1,500,000 yards of body Brussels; in 1880 we imported only 80,000 yards. We doubled the looms for manufacturing Wiltons between 1870 and 1880. “Now take tapestry Brussels — the poor man’s carpet, if you please. In 1872 we had 143 looms; in 1880 we had increased to 1,073 looms. In 1872 we produced 1,500,000 yards of tapestry Brussels; in 1880 we produced 16,- 950.000 yards of tapestry Brussels. In '1872 we imported 3,670,000 yards of tapestry Brussels from England; in 1880 we imported only 100,000 yards of tapestry Brussels from England. All this time prices were being reduced. In 1872 the price of body Brussels by the wholesale was over $2 per yard; in 1880 the wholesale price had gone below $1.50 a yard, and to-day you can buy them for 93 cents a yard. “In 1872 tapestry carpets averaged $1.46 per yard; in 1880 the price had gone down to 90 cents per yard, and to-day you can buy the best quality for 65 cents per yard. The extra super ingrain carpet which in 1872 sold for $1.20 can be bought to-day for 45 cents per yard, all wool and a yard wide. The total production of carpets in the United States (estimated) in 1880 was 39.972.000 yards; capital invested, $21,486,000; operatives employed, 30, 371; paid out in wages, $6,435,000. It is estimated that to-day there are 204 car- pet factories in this country, running 11,500 looms (of which 7,597 are power looms), employing 43,000 hands, in 18S9 consuming over 90,000,000 pounds of wool and turning out 76,880,000 yards of carpet. “Why, sir, in the city of' Philadelphia alone there was produced 20,000,- 000 yards of carpet annually — 16,000,000 less than the entire output of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. And all the while the price of carpet had gone down. But the ad valorem has gone up ; and that is what troubles the gentlemen on the other side. It is the high ad valorems that you gentlemen advocating tariff reform keep before your eyes. You shut your eyes to the diminishing prices. The favorite assault of the Democratic free trader or 406 APPENDIX. revenue-tariff reformer is to parade these high percentages and ad valorem equivalents to show the enormous burdens of taxation that we impose upon the people of the United States. “Now, let us look at this for a moment while we are passing. When steel rails were $ 100 a ton we had a duty on them of $28 a ton. What would be the equivalent ad valorem? Twenty-eight per cent. That is not enormous. My friend from Texas even would not hold that as too high an ad valorem equivalent. But the very instant we reduced the price of steel rails to $50 a ton, because of that duty of $28, which encouraged our own producers to engage in this business — when the price went down to $50 a ton the ad val- orem equivalent went up to 56 per cent. ; for $28 a ton duty, with steel rails at $50 a ton, would be equivalent to 56 per cent. They are troubled about the ad valorem equivalent. They look to percentages; we look at prices. We would rather have steel rails at $50 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of 50 per cent, than to have steel rails at $100 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of only 28 percent. They pursue a shadow; we enjoy the substance. What do we care about ad valorems? But you will hear of high ad valorems in this debate from its beginning to its close. “Why, sir, when you bought a crate of ware in 1855 at $96, the ad val- orem was only 24 per cent. You buy the same crate of ware to-day for $46, but the ad valorem has gone up to 55 per cent. Which would you rather have, low ad valorem equivalents and high-priced goods, or high ad valorem equivalents and low-priced goods. “What is the nature of the complaint against this bill? That it shuts us out of a foreign market? No, for whatever that is worth to our citizens will be just as accessible under this bill as under the present law. We place no tax or burden or restraint upon American products going out of the country. They are as free to seek the best market as the products of any rival com- mercial power, and as free to go out as though we had absolute free trade. Statistics show that protective tariffs have not interrupted our export trade, but that it has increased under them. “In the year 1843, being the first year after the protective tariff of 1842 went into operation, our exports exceeded our imports $40,392,229, and in the following year they exceeded our imports $3,141,226. In the two years fol- lowing, the excess of imports over exports was $15,475,000. The last year under the tariff the excess of exports over imports was $34,317,249. So dur- ing the five years of the tariff of 1842 the excess of exports over imports was $62,375,000. Under the low tariff of 1846 this was reversed, and, with the single exception of 1858, the imports exceeded the exports (covering a period of fourteen years) $465,553,625. “ During the war and down to 1875 the imports with two exceptions ex- ceeded the exports. From 1876 down to 1889 inclusive (covering a period of fourteen years) there were only two years when our imports exceeded our ex- ports, and the total excess of exports over imports was $1,581,906,871 of the products of our own people more than we brought into the U nited States. The balance of trade has been almost uninterruptedly in our favor during the pro- tective-tariff periods of our history, and against us with few exceptions dur- ing revenue-tariff periods. This would seem to indicate a healthful business condition with the outside world, resulting from the Republican economic system, and an unhealthful condition, where we had to send money out of the country to pay our balances under the Democratic system. The chief complaint against this bill comes from importers and consignees here, on the one hand, and the foreign merchants and consignors abroad. Why do they complain? Manifestly because in some way this bill will check their busi- ness here and increase the business of our own manufacturers and producers; it will diminish the importation of competing foreign goods, and increase the consumption of our home-made goods. This may be a good reason to in- the McKinley bill. 407 fluence the foreigner to oppose its passage, hut is hardly a sound reason why Americans should oppose it. “ If the bill checks foreign importations of goods competing with ours, it will increase our production and necessarily increase the demand for labor at home. This may be a good reason why the cheap labor of other countries should be unfriendly to this bill, but furnishes the best of reasons why the workmen of the United States should favor it as they do. We do not conceal the purpose of this bill — we want our own countrymen and all mankind to know it. It is to increase production here, diversify our productive enter- prises, enlarge the field, and increase the demand for American workmen. “ What American can oppose these worthy and patriotic objects? Others, not Americans, may find justification for doing so. This bill is an American bill. It is made for the American people and American interests. “The press of other countries have denounced the bill with unmeasured severity, the legislative assemblies of more than one distant country have given it attention in no friendly spirit. It has received the censure of diplo- mates and foreign powers — for all of which there is manifest reason — it may pinch them, but no American citizen surely can object to it on that account. We are not legislating for any nation but our own; for our people and for no other people are we charged with the duties of legislation. We say to our foreign brethren: ‘We will not interfere in your domestic legislation; we ad- monish you to keep your hands off of ours.’ “ Contrast the imports and exports of the United Kingdom under free trade and unrestrained commerce with the imports and exports of the United States. In 1870 the total value of imports and exports of the United King- dom was $2,663,620,718; in 1888 it was $3,336,087,844, an increase in eighteen years of $672,467,126, equivalent to 25.25 per cent. “ The total value of the imports and exports of the United States in 1870 was $917,794,421; in 1889, $1,487,533,027, an increase of $569,738,606, or an equivalent of 62 per cent., so that it will be observed that under the rev- enue-tariff system of Great Britain her imports and exports between 1870 and 1888 increased but 25.25 per cent., while under the protective system of the United States, which is characterized by our opponents as exclusive and re- strictive and like a Chinese wall, the imports and exports of the United States increased between 1870 and 1889 62.8 per cent., a gain over Great Britain of nearly 37 per cent. , and we sent out in those years more than we brought in. “Notwithstanding the complaint that is made about the decadence of our foreign commerce Mulhall informs us that Great Britain’s proportion in the foreign commerce in 1830 was 27.2 per cent, of the commerce of the world; but in 1870 it had fallen to 24.5 per cent., and in 1880 Great Britain’s propor- portion was but 21.2 per cent. In 1830 the United States had but 3.7 per cent, of the commerce of the world; in 1870 it had risen to 9.2 per cent., and in 1880 she had 11.5 per cent of the foreign commerce of the world. “ While Great Britain lost, between 1870 and 1880, 13 per cent, of her trade, the United States gained 22 per cent. ; and if the United States would give the same encouragement to her merchant marine and her steamship lines as is given by other nations, this commerce on the seas under the American flag would increase and multiply. When the United States will expend from her treasury from five to six millions a year, as do France and Great Britain, to maintain their steamship lines, our ships will plow every sea in successful competition with the ships of the world. Will you, gentlemen, join us in en- couraging our merchant marine? “ But, Mr. Chairman, in the presence of our magnificent domestic com- merce, the commerce along our inland seas, our lakes and rivers and great railroad lines, why need we vex ourselves about foreign commerce? The domestic trade of the United States is 95 per cent, of the whole of our trade. Nowhere is the progress of the country so manifest as in this wonderful 408 APPENDIX. growth and development. Our coasting trade more than doubled our foreign trade in 1880. Thirty-four million tons as against 16,000,000 of foreign, in- cluding all our exports and imports, carried in all the ships of the world in 1880. Our inland water tonnage was 25,000,000, our foreign 16,000,000. “The water carriage of the United States along its coasts and its rivers is five times greater than the foreign commerce of the United States. “Why, the movement of tonnage through the Detroit river in 1889 was 10,000,000 tons more than the total registered entries and clearances at all the seaports of the United States, and it was 3,000,000 tons in excess of the combined foreign and coastwise registered tonnage of the ports of Liverpool and London. What higher testimony do we want of the growth of our in- ternal commerce? “We try nations as they appear on the balance sheet of the world. We try systems by results; we are too practical a people for theory. We know what we have done and are doing under the economic system we advocate. We know that almost every month the balance of trade in our favor is in ex- cess of $20,000,000. We know the manufactures of the United States in 1880 amounted to $1,126,000,000, as against $816,000,000 of Great Britain. “We know that in 1887 we manufactured 3,339,000 tons of steel rails, and that the manufacturers of England turned out only 3,170,000. We know that the United States in 1887 produced 2,308,000 tons of iron and England 1.711.000 tons. On the Atlantic seaboard there will be produced this year 100.000 tons of steel shipping built in our own ports from our own material. ‘ ‘ Our railroad mileage and tonnage further illustrate the growth and ex- tent of our domestic trade and commerce. In 1865 the number of miles of railroad in operation in this country was 35,085; in 1887 it equaled 150,000 miles. We now have one-half of the railroads of the world. Estimating the cost of road and equipment at $35,000 per mile, the amount expended in twenty-two years equaled $4,037,495,000, a yearly expenditure of over $183, 000,000. According to Poor’s “ Manual,” the total tonnage for 1882 was 360,- 490,375 tons; for 1883, 400,453,439 tons; for 1884, 399,074,749 tons; for 1885, 437,040,099 tons; for 1886, 482,245,254 tons; for 1887, 552,074,752 tons. ‘ * According to the statement of Mr. Poor, the tonnage of the Pennsylva- nia Railroad for 1865 was 2,555,706 tons; in 1887, 30,147,635 tons, the in- crease equaling 27,591,929 tons; the rate of increase in the twenty-two years being nearly 1,100 per cent. The tonnage of the New York Central Railroad increased from 1,767,059 in 1865 to 14,626,951 in 1887, the rate of increase being over 700 per cent. The tonnage of the Erie Railroad in 1865 was 2,234,350, and in 1887 13,549,260, the rate of increase being over 500 per cent. The tonnage of the three roads in 1865 equaled 6,557,115; in 1887, 58,323,848 tons, the increase equaling 51,766,732, the rate of increase being very nearly 800 per cent. “ Mr. Poor estimates that the net tonnage of 1887 of all the railroads in the country equaled 412,500,000. The number of gross tons moved in 1887 on all the railroads of the United States per head of population equaled 9 tons. In 1865 the gross tonnage moved equaled only 2 tons per head. The same authority estimates that the value of the total net tonnage of the rail- roads of the United States is equal to the sum of $13,327,830,000, and at this estimate the value of the tonnage moved in 1887 equaled $222 per head of the population of the country. “The increase iu value of the railroad tonnage of the country in 1887 equaled $1,660,000,000, or $960,000,000 in excess of the value of the exports for the same year. Could all this have been secured under your economic sys- tem ? W ould they have been possible under any other than the protective system ? “We have now enjoyed twenty-nine years continuously of protective tariff laws — the longest uninterrupted period in which that policy has prevailed the mckinley bill. 409 since tlie formation of the Federal Government — and we find ourselves at the end of that period in a condition of independence and prosperity the like of which has never been witnessed at any other period in the histoiy of our country, and the like of which has no parallel in the recorded history of the world. “In all that goes to make a nation great and strong and independent we have made extraordinary strides. In arts, in science, in literature, in manu- factures, in invention, in scientific principles applied to manufacture and ag- riculture, in wealth and credit and national honor, we are at the very front, abreast with the best and behind none. “In 1860, after fourteen years of a revenue tariff, just the kind of a tariff that our political adversaries are advocating to-day, the business of the coun- try was prostrated, agriculture was deplorably depressed, manufacturing was on the decline, and the poverty of the government itself made this nation a by-word in the financial centers of the world. “We neither had money nor credit. Both are essential; a nation can get on if it has abundant revenues, but if it has none it must have credit. We had neither, as the legacy of the Democratic revenue tariff. We have both now. We have a surplus revenue and a spotless credit. I need not state what is so fresh in our minds, so recent in our history, as to be known to ev- ery gentleman who hears me, that from the inauguration of the protective tariff laws of 1861, the old Morrill tariff — which has brought to that veteran statesman the highest honor and will give to him his proudest monument — this condition changed. Confidence was restored, courage was inspired, the government started upon a progressive era under a system thoroughly Amer- ican. “ With a great war on our hands, with an army to enlist and prepare for service, with untold millions of money to supply, the protective tariff never failed us in a single emergency, and while money was flowing into our Treas- ury to save the government, industries were springing up all over the land — the foundation and corner-stone of our prosperity and glory. “ With a debt of over $2,050,000,000 when the war terminated, holding on to the protective laws against Democratic opposition, we have reduced that debt at an average rate of more than $62,000,000 each year, $174,000 ev- ery twenty-four hours of the last twenty-five years, and what looked to be a burden almost impossible to bear has been removed under the Republican fiscal system until now it is $1,020,000,000, and with the payment of this vast sum of money the nation has not been impoverished. The individual citizen has not been' burdened or bankrupted. National and individual prosperity have gone steadily on until our wealth is so great as to be almost incompre- hensible when put into figures. “The accumulations of the laborers of the country have increased, and the working classes of no nation in the world have such splendid deposits in sav- ings banks as the working classes of the United States. " “ Listen to its own story. The deposits of all the savings banks of New England in 1886 equaled $554,532,434. The deposits in the savings banks of New York in 1886 were $482,686,730. The deposits in the savings banks of Massachusetts for the year 1887 were $302,948,624, and the number of depos- itors was 944,778, or $320.67 for each depositor. The savings banks of nine States have in nineteen years increased their deposits $628, 000,000. The Eng- lish savings banks have in thirty-four years increased theirs $350,000,000. Our operatives deposit $7 to the English operative’s $1. These vast sums rep- resent the savings of the men whose labor has been employed under the pro- tective policy which gives, as experience has shown, the largest possible re- ward to labor. “ There is no one thing standing alone that so surely tests the wisdom of a national financial policy as the national credit, what it costs to maintain it, 29 b 410 APPENDIX. and the burden it imposes upon the citizen. It is a fact which every Ameri- can should contemplate pith pride, that the public debt of the United States per capita is less than that of any other great nation of the world. Let me call the roll: Belgium’s public debt, per capita, is $72.18; France, $218.27; Germany, $43.10; Great Britain, $100.09; Italy, $74.25; Peru, $140.06; Por- tugal, $104.18; Russia, $35.41; Spain, $73.34; United States, $33.92 on a population of 50,000,000; and now, with our increased population, the per capita would be under $25. England increased her rate of taxation between 1870 and 1880 over 24 percent., while the United States diminished nearly 10 per cent. “ We lead all nations in agriculture, we lead all nations in mining, and we lead all nations in manufacturing. These are the trophies which we bring after twenty-nine years of a protective tariff. Can any other system furnish such evidences of prosperity ? Yet in the presence of such a showing of prog- ress there are men everywhere found who talk about the restraints we put upon trade and the burdens we put upon the enterprise and energy of our people. There is no country in the world where individual enterprise has such wide and varied range and where the inventive genius of man has such encouragement. “There is no nation in the world, under any system, where the same re- ward is given to the labor of men’s hands and the work of their brains as in the United States. We have widened the sphere of human endeavor and given to every man a fair chance in the race of life and in the attainment of the highest possibilities of human destiny. 1 ‘ To reverse this system means to stop the progress of the Republic and re- duce the masses to small rewards for their labor, to longer hours and less pay, to the simple question of bread and butter. It means to turn them from am- bition, courage, and hope, to dependence, degradation and despair. No sane man will give up what he has got, what he is in possession of, what he can count on for himself and his children, for what is promised by your theories. “ Free trade, or, as you are pleased to call it, ‘revenue tariff,’ means the opening up of this market, which is admitted to be the best in the world, to the free entry of the products of the world. It means more — it means that the labor of this country is to be remitted to its earlier condition, and that the condition of our people is to be leveled down to the condition of rival coun- tries; because under it every element of cost, every item of production, in- cluding wages, must be brought down to the level of the lowest paid labor of the world. No other result can follow, and no other result is anticipated or expected by those who intelligently advocate a revenue tariff. We can not maintain ourselves against unequal conditions without the tariff, and no man of affairs believes we can. “Under the system of unrestricted trade which you gentlemen recom- mend, we will have to reduce every element of cost down to or below that of our commercial rivals, or surrender to them our own market. No one will dispute that statement, and to go into the domestic market of our rivals would mean that production here must be so reduced that with transportation added we could undersell them in their own market, and to meet them in neutral markets and divide the trade with them would mean that we could profitably sell side by side with them at their minimum price. “First, then, to retain our own market under the Democratic system of raising revenue by removing all protection would require our producers to sell at as low a price and upon as favorable terms as our foreign competitors. How could that be done ? In one way only — by producing as cheaply as those who would seek our markets. What would that entail ? An entire revolution in the methods and condition and conduct of business here, a lev- eling down through every channel to the lowest line of our competitors; our habits of living would have to be changed, our wage cut down 50 per cent., the mckinley bill. 411 or upward, our comfortable homes exchanged for hovels, our independence yielded up, our citizenship demoralized. “These are conditions inseparable to free trade; these would be necessary if we would command our own market among our own people, and if we would invade the world’s markets harsher conditions and greater sacrifices would be demanded of the masses. Talk about depression, we would then have it in its fullness. We would revel in unrestrained trade. Everything would indeed be cheap, but how costly when measured by the degradation which would ensue ! When merchandise is the cheapest, men are the poor- est, and the most distressing experiences in the history of our country — ay, in all human history — have been when everything was the lowest and cheap- est measured by gold, for everything was the highest and the dearest meas- ured by labor. We want no return of cheap times in our own country. We have no wish to adopt the conditions of other nations. Experience has demonstrated that for us and ours and for the present and the future the protective system meets our wants, our conditions, promotes the national de- sign, and will work out our destiny better than any other. ” MR. CARLISLE’S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF, EXTRACTS FROM A SPEECH MADE IN A DEBATE ON THE MILLS BILL, MAY 19, 1888. “It appears from the last official statement that there was in the Treasury at the close of the last month, including subsidiary and minor coins, the sum of $136,143,357.95 over and above all the current liabilities of the govern- ment. This was $56,676,662.65 more than the surplus ou hand on the 1st day of December, 1887, and shows that there has been since that date an av- erage monthly increase of $11,335,332.15. The surplus accumulation each month under the existing system of taxation is more than the total cost of the government during the first two years of Washington’s administration, while the aggregate sum is considerably in excess of the whole expenditure of the government during the first eighteen years of its existence under the Consti- tution, including civil and miscellaneous expenses, war, navy, Indians, pen- sions, and interest on the public debt. ‘ ‘ Eveiy dollar of this enormous sum has been taken by law from the pro- ductive industries and commercial pursuits of the people at a time when it was sorely needed for the successful prosecution of their business, and under circumstances which afford no excuse whatever for the exaction. There is not a monarchical government in the world, however absolute its form or how- ever arbitrary its power, that would dare to extort such a tribute from its subjects in excess of the proper requirements of the public service; and the question which Congress is now compelled to determine is whether such a policy can be longer continued here in this country, where the people are supposed to govern in their own right and in their own interest. “ On the 17th day of last month the Secretary of the Treasury, in pursu ance of authority conferred upon him by the law of March, 1881, as inter preted by the two Houses of Congress, issued a circular inviting proposals for the sale of bonds to the government. The first purchase was made under this invitation on the 18th day of April, and between that date and the close of business yesterday, a period of one month, he has purchased on account of the government 4 per cent, bonds to the amount of $13,456,500, upon which interest had accrued at the date of the purchase to the amount of $53,172.07. For these bonds he was compelled to pay the sum of $17,046,- 136.06, which was $3,536,464 more than the principal and accrued interest, or a premium of 26j^ per cent. During the same time and under the same authority he purchased 4hj per cent, bonds to the amount of $12,404,450, upon which interest had accrued to the amount of $108,086.55. For these bonds he paid the sum of $13,379,188.37, which was $866,652.37 in excess of the principal and interest. The premium paid upon this class of bonds was nearly 7 per cent. “ This is the situation into which the government has been forced by the failure of Congress in past years to make provision for a reduction of taxa- tion. Millions of dollars which ought to have remained in the hands of the people who earned the money by their labor and by their skill in the prose- cution of business have been taken away from them by law to be paid out to the bondholders in excess of their legal demands against the government. And, sir, if the present Congress shall adjourn without applying a remedy, this unjust process must go on for an indefinite length of time. In the pres- ence of such a situation we cannot afford to quarrel about trivial details. A reduction of the revenue — not by increasing taxation, as some propose, but by diminishing taxation in such manner as will afford the largest measure of relief to the people and their industries — should be the great and controlling object to which everything else should be subordinated. I do not mean that every interest, however small and insignificant, should not be carefully con- sidered in a friendly spirit, but I do mean that the general interests of the many should not be subordinated to the special interests of the few. 412 MR. CARLISLE’S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF. 413 “ Although the question now presented is purely a practical one, it neces- sarily involves, to some extent, a discussion of the conflicting theories of taxation which have divided the people of this country ever since the organi- zation of the government. There is a fundamental and irreconcilable differ- ence of opinion between those who believe that the power of taxation should be used for public purposes only, and that the burdens of taxation should be equally distributed among all the people according to their ability to bear them, and those who believe that it is the right and duty'of the government to promote certain private enterprises and increase the profits of those engaged in them by the imposition of higher rates than are necessary to raise revenue for the proper administration of public affairs; and so long as this difference exists, or at least so long as the policy of the government is not permanently settled and acquiesced in, these conflicting opinions will continue to embar- rass the representatives of the people in their efforts either to increase or re- duce taxation. ‘ ‘ While no man in public life would venture to advocate excessive taxation merely for the purpose of raising excessive revenue, many will advocate it, or at least excuse it, when the rates are so adjusted or the objects of taxation are so selected as to secure advantages, or supposed advantages, to some parts of the country or to some classes of industries over other parts and other classes; and this, Mr. Chairman, is the sole cause of the difficulties we are now en- countering in our efforts to relieve the people and reduce the surplus. It is the sole cause of the unfortunate delay that has already occurred in the re- vision of our revenue laws, and if the pending bill shall be defeated, and dis- aster in any form shall come upon the country by reason of overtaxation and an accumulation of money in the Treasury, this unjust feature in our present system will be responsible for it. “ Whenever an attempt is made to emancipate labor from the servitude which an unequal system of taxation imposes upon it, whenever it is pro- posed to secure as far as possible to each individual citizen the full fruits of his own earnings, subject only to the actual necessities of the government, and whenever a measure is presented for the removal of unnecessary re- strictions from, domestic industries and international commerce, so as to per- mit freer production and freer exchanges, the alarm is sounded and all the cohorts of monopoly are assembled to hear their heralds proclaim the imme- diate and irretrievable ruin of the country. “ Mr. Chairman, it has been stubbornly contended all through this debate that high rates of duty upon imported goods are beneficial to the great body of consumers, because such duties, instead of increasing the price of the do- mestic articles of the same kind, actually reduce the prices. If this be true, all the other arguments in support of the existing system are not only super- fluous, but manifestly unsound. The proposition that a high tariff enables the producer to pay higher wages for his labor, and the proposition that it also reduces the prices of the articles he has to sell, which are the products of that labor, are utterly inconsistent with each other, and no ingenuity of the casuist can possibly reconcile them. Labor is paid out of its own product, and unless that product can be sold for a price which will enable the em- ployer to realize a reasonable profit and pay the established rates of wages, the business must cease or the rates of wages must be reduced. When the price of the finished product is reduced by reason of the increased efficiency of labor, or by reason of the reduced cost of the raw material, the employer may continue to pay the same or even a higher rate of wages and still make his usual profits. But the tariff neither increases the efficiency of labor nor reduces the cost of the raw material. “I do not deny that prices have greatly fallen during the last fifty years, not only in this country, but all over the civilized world — in free-trade coun- tries as well as in protectionist countries. Nor do I deny that during the 414 APPENDIX. same time the general tendency has been toward an increase in the rates of wages; and this is true also of all civilized countries, free-trade and protec- tion alike. It is not possible for me now to enumerate, much less discuss, all the causes that have contributed to these results. One of the most efficient causes, in fact the most efficient cause, is the combination of skilled labor with machinery in the production of commodities. The introduction and use of improved machinery has wrought a complete revolution in nearly all our manufacturing industries, and in many cases has enabled one man to do the work which it required one hundred men to do before. Here is a statement furnished by the United States Commissioner of Labor to the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, showing the value of the product of a week’s labor in spinning cotton yarn by hand and the value of the product of a week’s labor combined with machinery in the same industry: In 1813, one man working sixty hours by hand could turn out three pounds of cotton yarn, worth $2.25, or seventy-five cents per pound; now the same man, if he were living, could turn out in sixty hours with the use of machinery 3,000 pounds of cotton yarn of the same character, worth $450, or fifteen cents per pound. The cotton-spinner now receives as wages for his week's work more than three times as much as the total value of the product of a week’s work, including the value of the material, in 1813; and yet labor is far cheaper to the employer now than it was then. Although the employer now receives only one-tifth as much per pound for his cotton yarn as he did in 1813, he realizes from the sale of the products of a week’s labor just two hundred times as much as he did then. “I have also a statement prepared by the same official, showing the rela- tive production and value of product of a weaver using hand and power ma- chinery, from which it appears that a weaver by hand turned out, in seventy- two hours in 1813, 45 yards of cotton goods (shirting), worth $17.91, while a weaver now, using machinery, turns out in sixty hours 1,440 yards, worth $108. Substantially the same exhibit could be made in regard to a very large number of our manufacturing industries. “Is it strange, Mr. Chairman, in view of these facts, that the prices of manufactured goods have fallen or that the wages of the laborers who pro- duce them have risen? Is it not, on the contrary, remarkable that there has not been a greater fall in prices and a greater increase in wages? Undoubt- edly there would have been a greater reduction in prices and a greater in- crease in wages if there had been a wider market for the products and a lower cost for the material. “The tremendous productive forces at work all over the world in these modern times, and the small cost of maual labor in comparison with the value of the products of these combined forces, can not be realized from any general statement upon the subject. In order to form some idea of the magnitude of these natural and mechanical forces, and the efficiency of manual labor and skill when connected with them, let us look at the situation in six of our own manufacturing industries. In the manufacture of cotton goods, woolen goods, iron and steel, sawed lumber, paper, and in our flouring and grist mills, there were employed, according to the latest statistics, 517,299 persons, not all men, but many of them women and children. This labor was sup- plemented by steam and water power equal to 2,496,299 horse-power. This is equal to the power of 14,977,794 men; and thus we find that a little over 517,000 persons of all ages and sexes are performing, in connection with steam and water power, the work of 15,495,093 adult and healthy men. “The railroad, the steam-vessel, the telegraph, the improved facilities for the conduct of financial transactions, and many other conveniences intro- duced into our modern systems of production and distribution and exchange have all contributed their share toward the reduction of prices, and it would be interesting to inquire what their influence has been, but I can not pursue this particular subject further without occupying too much time. ” THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT CLEVELAND’S MESSAGE TO THE FIF- TIETH CONGRESS, SENT DECEMBER 3, 1888. The second session of tlie Fiftieth Congress convened on Monday, Dec. 3, 1888; and the President sent in his fourth annual message, as follows; To the Co tigress of the United States: As you assemble for the discharge of the duties you have assumed as the representatives of a free and generous people, your meeting is marked by an interesting and impressive incident. With the expiration of the present ses- sion of the Congress the first century of our constitutional existence as a nation will be completed. Our survival for one hundred years is not sufficient to assure us that we no longer have dangers to fear in the maintenance, with all its promised blessings, of a government founded upon the freedom of the people. The time rather admonishes us to soberly inquire whether in the past we have always closely kept in the course of safety, and whether we have before us a way plain and clear which leads to happiness and perpetuity. When the experiment of our government was undertaken, the chart adopted for our guidance was the Constitution. Departure from the lines there laid down is failure. It is only by a strict adherence to the direction they indicate and by restraint within the limitations they fix that we can furnish proof to the world of the fitness of the American people for self- government. The equal and exact justice of which we boast as the underlying principle of our institutions should not be confined to the relations of our citizens to each other. The government itself is under bond to the American people that in the exercise of its functions and powers it will deal with the body of our citizens in a manner scrupulously honest and fair and absolutely just. It has agreed that American citizenship shall be the only credential necessary to justify the claim of equality before the law, and that no condition in life shall give rise to discrimination in the treatment of the people by their government . The citizen of our republic in its early days rigidly insisted upon full compliance with the letter of this bond, and saw stretching out before him a clear field for individual endeavor. His tribute to the support of his gov- ernment was measured by the cost of its economical maintenance, and he was secure in the enjoyment of the remaining recompense of his steady and contented toil. In those days the frugality of the people was stamped upon their government, and was enforced by the free, thoughtful, and intelligent suffrage of the citizen. Combinations, monopolies, and aggregations of cap- ital were either avoided or sternly regulated and restrained. The pomp and glitter of governments less free offered no temptation and presented no delu- sion to the plain people who, side by side, in friendly competition wrought for the ennoblement and dignity of man, for the solution of the problem of free government, and for the achievement of the grand destiny awaiting the land which God had given them. A century has passed. Our cities are the abiding-places of wealth and luxury; our manufactories yield fortunes never dreamed of by the fathers of the republic; our business men are madly striving in the race for riches, and 416 APPENDIX. immense aggregations of capital outrun the imagination in tlie magnitude of their undertakings. We view with pride and satisfaction this bright picture of our country’s growth and prosperity, while only a closer scrutiny develops a somber shad- ing. Upon more careful inspection we find the wealth and luxury of our cities mingled with poverty and wretchedness and unremunerative toil. A crowded and constantly increasing urban population suggests the impover- ishment of rural sections and discontent with agricultural pursuits. The farmer’s son, not satisfied with his father's simple and laborious life, joins the eager chase for easily acquired wealth. We discover that the fortunes realized by our manufacturers are no lon- ger solely the reward of sturdy industry and enlightened foresight, but that they result from the discriminating favor of the government, and are largely built upon undue exactions from the masses of our people. The gulf be- tween employers and the employed is constantly widening and classes are rapidly forming, one comprising the very rich and powerful, while in an- other are found the toiling poor. As we view the achievements of aggregated capital, we discover the ex- istence of trusts, combinations, and monopolies, while the citizen is struggling far in the rear or is trampled to death beneath an iron heel. Corporations, which should be the carefully restrained creatures of the law and the ser- vants of the people, are fast becoming the people’s masters. Still, congratulating ourselves upon the wealth and prosperity of our country, and complacently contemplating every incident of change insepar- able from these conditions, it is our duty as patriotic citizens to inquire, at the present stage of our progress, how the bond of the government made with the people has been kept and performed. Instead of limiting the tribute drawn from our citizens to the necessities of its economical administration, the government persists in exacting, from the substance of the people, millions which, unapplied and useless, lie dor- mant in its Treasury. This flagrant injustice, and this breach of faith and obligation, add to extortion the danger attending the diversion of the cur- rency of the country from the legitimate channels of business. Under the same laws by which these results are produced, the govern- ment permits many millions more to be added to the cost of the living of our people and to be taken from our consumers, which unreasonably swell the profits of a small but powerful minority. The people must still be taxed for the support of the government under the operation of tariff laws. But to the extent that the mass of our citizens are inordinately burdened beyond any useful public purpose, and for the benefit of a favored few, the government, under pretext of an exercise of its taxing power, enters gratuitously into partnership with these favorites to their advantage and to the injury of a vast majority of our people. This is not equality before the law. The existing situation is injurious to the health of our entire body politic. It stifles, in those for whose benefit it is permitted, all patriotic love of coun- try, and substitutes in its place selfish greed and grasping avarice. Devotion to American citizenship for its own sake and for what it should accomplish as a motive to our nation’s advancement and the happiness of all our people is displaced by the assumption that the government, instead of being the embodiment of equality, is but an instrumentality through which especial and individual advantages are to be gained. The arrogance of this assumption is unconcealed. It appears in the sor- did disregard of all but personal interests, in the refusal to abate for the ben- efit of others one iota of selfish advantage, and in combinations to perpetuate such advantages through efforts to control legislation and improperly influ- ence the suffrages of tlie people. THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. 417 The grievances of those not included within the circle of these benefici- aries, when fully realized, will surely arouse irritation and discontent. Our farmers, long-suffering and patient, struggling in the race of life with the hardest and most unremitting toil, will not fail to see, in spite of misrepre- sentations and misleading fallacies, that they are obliged to accept such prices for their products as are fixed in foreign markets where they compete with the farmers of the world; that their lands are declining in value while their debts increase; and that without compensating favor they are forced by the action of the government to pay for the benefit of others such enhanced prices for the things they need that the scanty returns of their labor fail to furnish their support, or leave no margin for accumulation. Our workingmen, enfranchised from all delusions, and no longer fright- eued by the cry that their wages are endangered by a just revision of our tariff laws, will reasonably demand through such revision steadier employ- ment, cheaper means of living in their homes, freedom for themselves and their children from the doom of perpetual servitude, and an open door to their advancement beyond the limits of a laboring class. Others of our citi- zens, whose comforts and expenditures are measured by moderate salaries and fixed incomes, will insist upon the fairness and justice of cheapening the cost of necessaries for themselves and their families. When to the selfishness of the beneficiaries of unjust discrimination under our laws there shall be added the discontent of those who suffer from such discrimination, we will realize the fact that the beneficent purposes of our government, dependent upon the patriotism and contentment of our people, are endangered. Communism is a hateful thing, and a menace to peace and organized government. But the communism of combined wealth and capital, the out- growth of overweening cupidity and selfishness, which insidiously under- mines the justice and integrity’ of free institutions, is not less dangerous than the communism of oppressed poverty and toil which, exasperated by injustice and discontent, attacks with wild disorder the citadel of rule. He mocks the people who proposes that the government shall protect the rich and that they in turn will care for the laboring poor. Any intermediary between the people and their government, or the least delegation of the care and protection the government owes to the humblest citizen in the land, makes the boast of free institutions a glittering delusion, and the pretended boon of American citizenship a shameless imposition. A just and sensible revision of our tariff laws should be made for the re- lief of those of our countrymen who suffer under present conditions. Such a revision should receive the support of all who love that justice and equality due to American citizenship, of all who realize that in this justice and equal- ity our government finds its strength and its power to protect the citizen and his property, of all who believe that the contented competence and comfort of many accord better with the spirit of our institutions than colossal fortunes unfairly gathered in the hands of a few, of all wdio appreciate that the for- bearance and fraternity among our people which recognize the value of every American interest, are the surest guarantee of our national progress, and of all who desire to see the products of American skill and ingenuity in every market of the world with a resulting restoration of American commerce. The necessity of the reduction of our revenue is so apparent as to be gen- erally conceded. But the means by which this end shall be accomplished and the sum of direct benefit which shall result to our citizens present a con- troversy of the utmost importance. There should be no scheme accepted as satisfactory by which the burdens of the people are only apparently removed. Extravagant appropriations of public money, with all their demoralizing consequences, should not be tolerated, either as a means of relieving the Treasury of its present surplus or as furnishing pretext for resisting a proper 418 APPENDIX. reduction in tariff rates. Existing evils and injustice should be honestly rec- ognized, boldly met, and effectively remedied. There should be no cessa- tion of the struggle until a plan is perfected, fair and conservative toward existing industries, but which will reduce the cost to consumers of the neces- saries of life, while it provides for our manufacturers the advantage of freer raw materials and permits no injury to the interests of American labor. The cause for which the battle is waged is comprised within lines clearly and distinctly defined. It should never be compromised. It is the people’s cause. It can not be denied that the selfish and private- interests which are so persistently heard, when efforts are made to deal in a just and comprehensive manner with our tariff laws, are related to, if they are not responsible for, the sentiment largely prevailing among the people that the general govern- ment is the foundation of individual and private aid; that it maybe expected to relieve with paternal care the distress of citizens and communities, and from the fullness of its Treasury it should, upon the slightest possible pre- text of promoting the general good, apply public funds to the benefit of lo- calities and individuals. Nor can it be denied that there is a growing as- sumption that, as against the government and in favor of private claims and interests, the usual rules and limitations of business principles and just deal- ing should be waived. These ideas have been unhappily much encouraged by legislative acqui- escence. Relief from contracts made with the government is too easily accorded in favor of the citizen; the failure to support claims against the government by proof is often supplied by no better consideration than the wealth of the government and the poverty of the claimant; gratuities in the form of pensions are granted upon no other real ground than the needy con- dition of the applicant or for reasons less valid; and large sums are expended for public buildings and other improvements, upon representations scarcely claimed to be related to public needs and necessities. The extent to which the consideration of such matters subordinates and postpones action upon subjects of great public importance, but involving no special, private, or partisan interest, should arrest attention and lead to reformation. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS, PLURALITIES OR MAJORITIES, REPUBLICAN, DEMOCRATIC, PEOPLE’S PARTY, LABOR PARTY OR INDEPENDENT, RECORDED AT THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1883, 1888 AND 1890, IN EVERY DISTRICT OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE TERRITORIES. State | District! Plurality or Majority State 1 District*! . Plurality or Majoritj 18S6 1888 1890 1886 1888 1890 Alabama 1 4,240 D 4,489 D 7,623 D Illinois — 15 1,425 R 2,293 R 582 D o 5,659 D 6,838 D 7,930 D Continued. 16 860 D 705 D 516 D 5 4,660 D 10,478 D 9,138 D 17 3,380 D 4,610 D 6,939 D 4 11,387 D 13,153 D 4,664 D 18 1,162 R 16 D 750 D 5 4,783 D 5,736 D 5,548 D 19 4,344 D 2,471 D 4,797 D 6 3,569 I) 8,672 D 8,720 D 20 1,172 R 1,819 R 1,307 R 7 2,941 D 8,439 D 3,999 D Indiana 1 1,357 R 20 D 855 D 8 3,045 D 4,321 D 4,745 D 2 1,209 D 1,884 D 2,701 D Arizona 1 1,883 D 3,834 D 1,196 L> 3 2,604 D 3,076 D 3,940 D Arkansas 1 6,092 D 1,348 D 603 D 4 788 I) 729 D 1,740 D 2 4.232 D 846 D 875 D 5 532 D 704 D 2,695 D 3 4,740 D 6,493 D 12,824 D 6 8,144 R 9,122 R 6,249 R 4 3,237 D 5,515 D 5,272 D 7 1,874 D 1,727 D 5,313 D 5 4,839 D 10,645 D 7,734 D 8 1,097 R 69 D 3,068 D California 1 973 D 326 R 181 D 9 3.416 R 4,450 R 1,299 R o 1,073 D 1,523 D 159 D 10 2,073 R 1,156 R 838 D 3 2,524 R 5,280 R 4,837 R 11 408 R 475 D 1,813 D 4 1,559 R 593 R 1,105 R 12 2,484 R 1,311 D 4,050 D 5 119 R 51 D 2,972 R 13 1,018 D 1355 D 2,704 D 6 55 R 5,961 R 4,618 R Iowa 1 937 R 874 R 1,061 D Colorado 1 803 R 12,895 R 8,382 R 2 6,707 D 5,032 D 9,010 D Connecticut . 1 446 D 682 D 692 D 3 2,929 R 4,585 R 207 R 2 1,328 D 3,531 D 3,531 D 4 1,929 R 2,222 R 1,949 D 3 648 R 992 R 992 R 5 733 R 2,510 R 293 D 4 321 D 956 D 956 D 6 618 D 828 R 520 D Delaware 1 5.444 D 3,451 D 668 D 7 926 R 5,397 R 2,545 R Florida 1 7,104 D 10,107 D 9,052 D 8 2,225 I 995 R 116 R 2 3,129 D 3,195 D 4,943 D 9 2,206 R 3,684 R 1,283 L Georgia 1 2,044 D 6,620 D 7,778 D 10 3,899 R 5,368 R 1,311 R 2 2,411 D 11,000 D 6,413 D 11 4,437 R 6,259 R <107 R 3 1,704 D 6,124 D 6,790 D Kansas 1 3,515 R 6,241 R 1,380 R 4 2,579 D 5,673 D 6,171 D 2 2,619 R 9,663 R 5,440 R 5 2,999 D 5,930 D 5,080 D 3 3,739 R 12,759 R 4,431 P 6 1,722 D 8,809 D 2,860 D 4 0,255 R 14,515 R 4,999 P 7 3,056 D 5,847 D 2,571 D 5 6,417 R 8,301 R 5,484 P 8 2,267 D 5,182 D 3.405 D 6 8,348 R 11,136 R 8,644 P 9 2,344 D 1,480 D 6,228 D 7 9,445 R 14,318 R 7,422 P 10 1.944 D 5,780 D 4,859 D Kentucky i 1,254 D 5,345 D 6,006 D Idaho 1 426 R 1,747 R 2,104 R 2 3,020 D 3,451 D 3,391 D Illinois 1 5,683 R 3,856 R 431 R 3 1,007 R 1,735 L> 4,223 D 2 16 D 6,082 D 6,750 D 4 2,120 D 4,456 D 4,046 D a 7,369 R 2,376 R 3,136 D 5 140 D 3.027 D 5,104 D i 4.667 R 2,518 R 662 D 6 825 I) 6.020 D 4.509 D 5 7.973 R 10,059 R 6,181 R 7 4,791 D 5,655 D 6,704 D 6 4,456 R 6,236 R 511 R 8 4,16.9 D 1,549 D 7,036 D 7 4,855 R 5,039 R 2,572 R 9 188 R 379 D 5,223 D 8 2.9:31 R 3,142 R 702 D 10 746 D 478 R 1,527 D S 3,12C R 2,381 R 947 I) 11 1,546 R 1,816 R 3,648 R 10 2S R 2,658 R 618 R Louisiana 1 9,701 I> 4,052 D 4,669 D 11 335 R 2,077 R 1,873 D 2 1,393 D 174 R 4,636 D 12 5.963 D 5,310 D 7,569 D 3 3,090 D 12,509 D 11,270 D IS 970 D 2,914 D 5,005 D 4 5,7:35 D 15.339 D 8,030 D 14 2,402 R l,830jR 1,222)D 5 13,123 D 20,124 D 11,116 D 419 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. Plurality or Majority o Plurality or Majority State C/3 5 1886 1888 1890 State c n 5 1886 1888 Louisiana, Con. 6 9,250 I) 7,764 D 6,611 D New Jersey — 3 637 R 2,593 D Maine i 1,326 R 2,433 R 4,827 R Continued. 4 12.3 D 73 D 2 6,429 R 5,462 R 4,812 R 5 2,836 R 1,072 R 3 4,991 R 6,531 R 3,515 R 6 1,773 R 774 R 4 3,574 R 4,345 R 4,593 R 7 4,253 D 6,074 D Maryland 1 1,151 I> 482 D 2,380 D New Mexico. . . i 3,888 D 1,6.50 D 2 3,654 D 1,882 D 5,610 I) New York i 926 D 1,663 D 3 10,334 D 5,289 14 5,641 D 2 11,099 D 5,872 D 4 7,524 D 80 R 6,634 1) 3 172 R 2,871 R 5 2,729 14 181 I) 1,618 D 4 3,628 D 6,927 iD 6 413 R 1 ,634 R 165 D 5 472 D 2,144 D Massachusetts 1 3,648 R 9,485 R 9,485 R 6 13,433 D 3,246 D 2 1,822 R 3,684 R 3,684 R 7 5,923 D 1,914 I) 3 1,761 1) 1,558 D 1,558 1) 8 380 D 5,049 D 4 7,372 D 8,031 1) 8,031 D 9 5,495 I) 10,947 D 5 3,358 R 1,464 R 1,464 R 10 527 D 1,733 D 6 728 R 5,294 R 5,294 R 11 24,201 I) 4,454 ID 7 1,374 R 4,572 R 4,572 R 12 5,200 D 13,273 D 8 532 R 3,220 R 454 D 13 3,672 R 9,168 D 9 211 D 2,036 R 131 1) 14 2,436 D 4,129 D 10 751 D 1,915 R 700 R 15 461 D 74 R 11 4,562 R 3,816 R 150 D 16 4,002 R 12,542 R 12 815 It 2,027 R 382 D 17 3,488 R 1,609 R Michigan 1 1,566 L> 3,103 D 5,930 D 18 1,263 D 3,922 R 2 1,032 R 1 ,564 R 1,903 D 19 167 D 2,306 D 3 4,716 R 6,602 R 2,263 R 20 6,304 R 3,301 R 4 2,513 R 4,185 R 394 It 21 9,327 R 20,298 R 5 447 D 2,667 R 2,298 D 22 5,330 R 10,727 R G 1,886 R 367 R 681 D 23 1,484 R 1,732 R 7 813 D 406 14 1,987 D 24 1,765 R 1,259 R 8 688 D 2,085 R 76 D 25 4,589 It 17,981 R 9 3,023 R 4,374 R 60 D 26 6,793 R 7,312 R 10 2,147 D 115 R 66 D 27 9,786 R 9,524 R 11 2,243 R 3,358 R 2,118 R 28 2,313 R 1,258 R Minnesota 1 2,828 D 1,844 R 2,323 D 29 14,038 R 4,825 R 2 9,684 R 9,219 R 482 R 30 2,661 R 5,704 R 3 1,205 D 2,868 R 4,533 D 31 4,589 R 5,424 R 4 5,125 D 10,006 R 5,728 D 32 3,333 R 1,609 R 5 42,698 It 7,519 It 2,142 P 33 1,133 R 564 D Mississippi 1 3,113 D 9,621 D 3,501 D 34 7,661 R 15,426 R 2 3,066 D 8,161 14 4,814 D North Carolina 1 2,755 D 1,158 I) 3 2,136 D 7,010 D 5,972 D 2 2,098 D 453 R 4 2,842 D 10,459 D 5,181 D 3 5,395 D 3,984 D 5 4,262 D 12,255 D 6,305 D 4 1,438 R 2,558 D 6 4,459 D 6,116 D 0,572 D 5 1,580 R 675 R 7 4,502 D 8,390 14 4,256 D 6 6,602 D 5,705 D Missouri 1 2,868 D 3,510 D 5,154 D 7 9,164 D 2,997 D 2 730 D 4,659 D 7,389 D 8 4,672 D 3,108 D 3 4,362 D 3,671 D 7,455 D 9 4,740 D 518 R 4 2,087 L) 3,137 D 3,309 D North Dakota 1 — 9,509 R 5 785 R 2,136 D 5,882 D Ohio 1 2,356 R 1,899 R G 2,880 D 3,880 D 7,662 D 2 1,799 R 1,596 R 7 2,077 D 1,963 D 4,980 D 3 1,133 R 415 R 8 1,364 D 1,816 R 2,058 D 4 6,206 D 7,796 D 9 100 D 2,450 R 3,614 R 5 11,973 D 5,994 D 10 1,048 D 2,094 R 1,649 D 6 1,377 It 95 R 11 2,598 D 2,259 D 4,106 D 7 2 D 858 R 12 3,665 D 4,623 14 7,115 D 8 1,388 R 3,270 It 13 1,958 R 2,879 R 2,760 1) 9 1,809 R 2,224 It 14 7,866 D 5,73i D 6,275 D 10 1,588 R 1,141 D Montana 1 3,718 D 5,126 R 281 1) 11 4,348 R 4,985 R Nebraska 1 7,023 D 3,407 R 6,713 D 12 1,258 R 680 R 2 5,058 R 9,757 R 14,321 D 13 2,580 D 2,571 D 3 7,774 R 11,070 R 6,391 I 1 ‘. 1,071 R 962 R Nevada 1 1,030 R 1,239 R 87- R 15 1,470 R 2,307 R New Hamps’ire 1 205 D 359 R 1,138 D 16 3,974 D 4,625 I) 2 1,166 R 977 R 35- D 17 3,61? R 5,004 R New Jersey i 3,334 R 5,4Gf R 2,710 R 18 2,559 R 4,099 |R 2 2,703 R 3,303 R 1,163 R 19 9,871 R| 11,900|R 1890 4,518 D 4,684 D 1,356 D 1,810 D 5,114 D 2,064 D 4,914 D 6,581 D 18 D 9,762 1) 5,656 D 4,596 D 6,504 D 12,118 D 9,790 1) 8,596 T) 8,183 D 12,073 D 16,448 D 6,180 D 1,579 D 9,046 It 2,010 D 1 ,246 ! R 5,079 D 1 ,581 R 3,494 R 4,747 R 514 D 198. D 5,828 R 3,402 ,R 1,992 R 89,1) 1,353 R 251, D 11,440; R 4,973 D 1,792 D 5,726 R 3,753 D 1,230 R 8.807.0 6,578 D 1,939 D 8,396 D 3,966 I) 743 I) 1,128 D 6,535 !R 2,288 R 7,730 R 2,631 0 1,410 D 4,206 D 1,712 O 2.056.0 194 O 2,132,0 3,784 R 2,953 D 7,037 R 1,466 I) 3,420 O 3,748 O 302 O 704 O 5,210 ,R 7,447 lR 420 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. State Ohio — Continued. Oklahoma Oregon.. Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island . . South Carolina South Dakota. Tennessee Plurality or Majority 1 State | District Plurality or Majority 1886 1888 1890 1886 1888 1890 877 R 2,098 R 7,924 R Tennessee — 5 7,546 D 9,358 D 8,550 D 1,433 D 616 R 3,390 D Continued. 6 5,701 D 6,279 I> 8,948 D — — 2,032 R 7 3,724 D 3,855 D 4,998 D 1,635 R 7,407 R 9,913 R 8 2,697 D 2,480 D 7,975 D 6,399 R 5,685 R 7,669 R 9 4,338 D 7,090 1) 8,232 D 5,638 R 4,408 R 6,539 R 10 3,996 D 8,419 D 6,146 D 11,330 D 17,530 I) 3,084 D Texas 1 6,500 D 4,996 D 8,045 I) 11,509 R 9,639 R 12,265 R 2 15,733 D 9,554 I) 12,91? D 11,188 I 6,685 R 11,403 R 3 9,336 D 10,882 D 11,369 D 1,312 R 6,500 R 4,105 R 4 12,533 D 24,300 I) 11,451 I) 2,135 R 1.011 R 187 D 5 3,459 D 22,524 D 20,856 D 4,815 D «7340 I) 6,875 D 6 7,329 D 14,689 D 24,971 D 9,634 R 9,659 D 11,193 D 7 17,218 D 3,547 D 9,479 D 20,671 D 11,174 R 9,768 R 8 20,996 D 12,760 D 13,267 D 17,560 D 1,686 R 303 D 9 5,823 D 5,385 1> 16,240 D 650 D 1,499 R 1,484 R 10 19,317 D 11,828 D 29,763 D 774 R 688 D 1,480 D 11 14,236 D 23,231 D 37,470 D 2,631 R 6,262 R 3,487 R Utah 1 19,673 D 6,643 D 9,441 D 5,660 R 6,339 R 2,222 R Vermont 1 9,977 R 14,146 R 8,531 R 4,826 R 3,654 R 51 R 2 10,509 R 14,614 R 9,132 It 899 R 2,656 D 5,941 D Virginia 1 1,895 R 414 R 2,463 D 3,347 R 4,716 R 609 R 2 5,434 R 6,095 R 1,167 I) 3,946 D 4,579 D 7,109 D 3 1,452 D 201 D 13,937 D 153 R 4,281 R 526 R 4 8,475 R 642 D 3,334 D 255 R 5,221 R 1,498 R 5 3,159 R 1,363 D 9,209 D 4,005 R 8,905 R 7,905 R 6 450 L 3,730 D 10,714 D 5,039 R 7,288 R 7,116 R 7 764 D 2,820 D 8,942 D 4,440 R 4,338 R 123 R 8 2,562 D 1,123 D 3,318 D 1,622 R 7,155 R 3,161 D 9 3,570 R 478 D 3,347 D 531 R 3,072 R 888 R 10 1,654 R 583 D 8,779 D 1,213 D 4,212 R 3,313 R Washington . . . 1 2,192 D 7,371 R 6,322 R — 2,689 D 4,692 D West Virginia. 1 827 R 19 D 648 D 1,145 R 2,090 R 1,008 D 2 90 D 378 D 2.065 D 577 D 2,891 R 16 D 3 895 D 1,313 D 4,655 D 3,315 D 7,244 D 5,900 D 4 747 D 3 D 1,925 D 5,212 D 9,299 D 8,285 D Wisconsin 1 573 R 4,314 R 323 D 4,402 D 8,758 D 8,139 D 2 4,228 R 2,954 D 8,560 D 4,470 D 11,410 D 8,114 D 3 3,510 R 2,929 R 1,002 D 4,696 D 4,532 D 8,111 D 4 3,710 h 1,527 R 7,074 D 4,411 D 8,386 D 6,670 D 5 5,548 D 4,226 D 9,615 D 5,961 R 1,355 D 476 D 6 4,457 R 3,764 R 2,164 D — 19,860 R 3,027 R 7 4,803 R 4,485 R 2,002 D 5,440 R 7,171 R 747 R 8 10,435 R 12,007 R 2,318 R 8,057 R 13,524 R 5,382 R 9 2,763 R 4,753 R 5,330 D 347 D 288 R 523 D Wyoming 1 7,141 R 2,894 R 2,859 R 4,649 D 8,094 D 6,884 D 421 VOTE OF CITIES. City President, 1888. Governor, 1889-1892. Total Vote Plurality S Ph Total Vote Plurality >» "E o3 P-i Year Baltimore, Md 85,415 5,045 D 72,250 17,537 D 1891 Boston, Mass Brooklyn, N. Y 65,169 8,853 D 60,995 13,558 D 1891 147,561 12,235 D 143,866 17,642 D 1891 Burlington, Vt 2,212 503 R 1,284 44 R 1890 Cheyenne, Wyo — — — 2,316 326 R 1890 Chicago, 111 125,497 3,604 D — — — — Cincinnati, 0 — — — 54,816 4,216 R 1891 Hartford, Conn 11,351 322 D 9,875 725 D 1890 Lewiston, Me 2,918 458 R 2,882 9 D 1890 Milwaukee, Wis 37,057 2,544 R 37,754 5,299 D 1890 Nashville, Tenn 5.917 89 D 2,971 385 D 1890 New Orleans, La 23,286 7,760 D 37,989 7,073 D 1892 New York, N. Y 269,204 57,174 D 239,108 59,502 D 1891 Philadelphia, Pa 205,444 18,572 R 191,973 20,888 R 1890 Providence, U. I 13,954 493 R 20,584 669 D 1892 Richmond, Va 14,474 1,938 D 14,235 5,445 D 1889 St. Louis, Mo 62,856 6,255 R — — — — San Francisco (County), Cal . . 54,407 2,991 D 55,266 211 D 1890 Seattle, Wash — — — 4,463 711 ' It 1890 Trenton, N. J 12,434 590 R 11,670 350 D 1889 Wilmington, Del 8,428 1,708 D 11,223 419 R 1890 422 ADDENDA FARMERS’ ALLIANCE. There have been several meetings in States where the Alliance is best represented; but there is nothing of vital importance to record beyond what is stated elsewhere. THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. Steps are being taken in several States to reform the voting system now in operation. THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES. The names of National Committeemen appointed at the Convention are mentioned in Part I. THE TARIFF. Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty-second Con- gress. RECIPROCITY. A treaty has been signed with Austria-Hungary. THE SILVER QUESTION. Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty-second Con- gress. STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS, 1892-93. Indiana .— Governor Alvin P. Hovey (R.) died November 23, 1891 ; succeeded by Lieutenant-Governor Ira J. Chase (R.). Nebraska . — Governor John M. Thayer (R.) was succeeded on January 8, 1891, by James E. Boyd (D.), who was removed from office May 5, 1891, by decree of the State Supreme Court, and John M. Thayer again assumed the functions of Governor, continuing in office until January, 1893. Wyoming. — Governor, Amos W. Barber (acting). STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES, 1892-93. Mississippi . — At the State election, November, 1891, 45 Senators and 133 Assemblymen were elected; all regular Democrats, except 3 Republicans, 1 Greenbacker and 7 Independents. Nevada . — No figures available at this time. New Mexico . — Apportionment by the Governor not yet made available. Texas . — No figures available at this time. Utah. — Council, 8 Democrats, 4 Liberals; House, 16 Democrats and 8 Lib- erals. 423 424 ADDEND a. CHANGES IN THE FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. SENATE. State. Name. Died. Successor. Kansas Preston B. Plumb. . . .Dec. 20, 1891. . . .Bishop W. Perkins. Virginia John S. Barbour May 14, 1892. . . .Gen. Eppa Hinton. HOUSE. District. Name. Died. Successor. 10th New York. .Francis B. Spinola. ...Apr. 13, 1891. .W. Bourke Cockran. 5t,h Michigan Melbourne H. Ford. . .Apr. 20, 1891. .Charles E. Belknap. 2d Tennessee Leonidas C. Ilouk May 25, 1891. .John C. Houk. South Dakota. . . .John R. Gamble Aug. 14, 1891. .John L. Jolley. 8th Virginia Win. H. F. Lee Oct. 15, 1891 ..Elisha E. Meredith. 10th Kentucky. . .John W. Kendall. . . .March 7, 1892. .Joseph M. Kendall. No successor has been appointed to Roger Q. Mills, who represented the 9th Texas district, and who was appointed to the Senate. THE NEW APPORTIONMENT. ALABAMA. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 9 in all. 1. Counties of Marengo, Choctaw, Clarke, Monroe, Washington and Mobile. 2. Counties of Montgomery, Pike, Crenshaw, Covington, Butler, Cone- cuh, Escambia, Baldwin and Wilcox. 3. Counties of Lee, Russell, Bullock, Barbour, Dale, Henry, Coffee and Geneva. 4. Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun and Cle- burne. 5. Counties of Lowndes, Autauga, Tallapoosa, Elmore, Macon, Coosa, Chambers, Randolph and Clay. 6. Counties of Sumter, Pickens, Greene, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, Fayette, Marian and Walker. 7. Counties of DeKalb, Marshall, Etowah, Cullman, St. Clair, Winston, Cherokee and Franklin. 8. Counties of Jackson, Madison, Limestone, Morgan, Lauderdale, Law- rence and Colbert. 9. Counties of Jefferson, Bibb, Hale, Perry and Blount. ARKANSAS. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or G in all. 1. Counties of Clay, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Greene, Jackson, Lawrence, Lee, Mississippi, Phillips, Poinset, Randolph, St. Francis, Sharp and Woodruff. 2. Counties of Bradley, Cleveland, Dallas, Drew, Garland, Grant, Hot Springs, Jefferson, Lincoln, Montgomery, Polk, Saline, Scott and Sebastian. 3. Counties of Ashley, Calhoun, Clark, Columbia, Hempstead, Howard, Lafayette, Little River, Miller, Nevada, Ouachita, Pike, Sevier and Union. 4. Counties of Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Perry, Pulaski, Pope and Yell. 5. Counties of Benton, Boone, Carroll, Conway, Faulkner, Madison, Newton, Searcy, Van Buren and Washington. 6. Counties of Arkansas, Baxter, Cleburne, Fulton, Independence, Izard, Lonoke, Marion, Monroe, Prairie, Stone and White, J ADDENDA. 425 CALIFORNIA. Entitled to one additional representative, or 7 in all. 1. Counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, Sierra, Mendocino, Sonoma, Napa and Marin. 2. Counties of Butte, Sutter, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras, Mono, Inyo, Alpine, Tuolumne, Mariposa, San Joaquin and Sac- ramento. 3. Counties of Colusa, Yolo, Lake, Solano, Contra Costa and Alameda. 4. County of San Francisco (part). 5. Counties of San Francisco (part), San Mateo and Santa Clara. 6. Counties of Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Yentura and Los Angeles. 7. Counties of Stanislaus, Merced, San Benito, Fresno, Tulare, Kern, San Bernardino, Orange and San Diego. COLORADO. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 1. Counties of Arapahoe, Boulder, Jefferson, Lake, Larimer, Logan, Morgan, Park, Philips, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma. 2. Counties of Archuleta, Baca, Bent, Chaffee, Cheyenne, Clear Creek, Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta, Dolores, Douglas, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, Fremont, Garfield, Gilpin, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Huerfano, Kiowa, Kit Carson, La Plata, Las Animas, Lincoln. Mesa, Montezuma, Montrose, Otero, Ouray, Pitkin, Prowers, Pueblo, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande, Routt, Saguache, San Juan, San Miguel, Summit and Weld. GEORGIA. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 11 in all. 1. Counties of Chatham, Burke, Screven, Emanuel, Bulloch, Effingham, Bryan, Tatnall, Liberty and McIntosh. 2. Counties of Quitman, Clay, Randolph, Terrell, Calhoun, Dougherty, Worth, Early, Baker, Miller, Mitchell, Colquitt, Berrien, Decatur and Thomas. 3. Counties of Stewart, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Dooly, Wilcox, Schley, Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Mason, Taylor and Crawford. 4. Counties of Muscogee, Marion, Talbot, Harris, Meriwether, Troup, Coweta, Heard, Carroll and Chattahoochee. 5. Counties of Fulton, Douglas, Campbell, Clayton, DeKalb, Rockdale, Newton and Walton. 6. Counties of Bibb, Baldwin, Jones, Monroe, Upson, Pike, Spalding, Fayette, Henry and Butts. 7. Counties of Haralson. Paulding, Cobb, Polk, Floyd, Bartow, Chat- tooga, Gordon, Walker, Dade, Catoosa, Whitfield and Murray. 8. Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Morgan, Greene, Oconee, Clark, Ogle- thorpe. Madison, Elbert, Hart, Franklin and Wilkes. 9. Counties of Fannin, Union, Towns, Rabun, Habersham, White, Lumpkin, Dawson, Gilmer, Pickens, Cherokee, Forsyth, Milton, Gwinnett, Jackson, Hall and Banks. 10. Counties of Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, Jefferson, Glascock. Mc- Duffie, Warren, Taliaferro, Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock. 11. Counties of Glynn, JohnsonT Laurens, Montgomery, Dodge, Telfair, Irwin. Coffee, Appling, Wayne, Pierce, Ware, Echols, Lowndes, Brooks, Charlton, Camden and Clinch. 30b 426 ADDENDA. ILLINOIS. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 22 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the twoad di- tional representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. KANSAS. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. The last legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional representative will be voted for at large at the next election. MASSACHUSETTS. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 13 in all. 1. Counties of Berkshire, Franklin (part), Hampshire (part) and Hamp- den (part). 2. Counties of Franklin (part), Hampshire (part), Hampden (part) and Worcester (part). 3. Counties of Worcester (part) and Middlesex (part). 4. Counties of Worcester (part), Middlesex (part) and Norfolk (part). 5. Counties of Essex (part) and Middlesex (part). 6. County of Essex (part). 7. Counties of Essex (part), Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 8. Counties of Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 9. County of Suffolk (part). 10. Counties of Suffolk (part) and Norfolk (part). 11. Counties of Suffolk (part), Middlesex (part) and Worcester (part). 12. Counties of Norfolk (part), Plymouth (part) and Bristol (part). 13. Counties of Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket, Plymouth (part) and Bris- tol (part). MICHIGAN. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 12 in all. 1. Thirteen wards of Detroit, Wayne County. 2. Counties of Lenawee, Monroe, Jackson, Washtenaw, and Wayne (part). 3. Counties of Branch, Kalamazoo, Calhoun and Eaton. 4. Counties of St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry. 5. Counties of Ottawa, Kent and Ionia. 6. Counties of Oakland, Genesee, Livingston, Ingham and Wayne (part). 7. Counties of Macomb, Lapeer, St. Clair, Sanilac, Huron and Wayne (part). 8. Counties of Clinton, Schiawassee and Tuscola. 9. Counties of Muskegon, Oceana, Newaygo, Mason, Lake, Manistee, Wexford, Benzie, Leelanaw and Manitou. 10. Counties of Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iasco, Alcona, Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Otsego, Cheboygan and Emmet. 11. Counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Oxala, Clare, Ros- common, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix. 12. Counties of Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, Marquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle Royal, Alger, Luce, Iron, Cass and Gogebic. MINNESOTA. Entitled to, 2 additional representatives, or 7 in all. 1. Counties of Houston, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn, Waseca, Steele, Dodge, Olmsted, Winona and Wabasha. ADDENDA. 427 2. Counties of Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Nobles, Rock, Pipestone, Murray, Watonwan, Blue Earth, Nicollet, Brown, Redwood, Lyon, Lincoln, Yellow Medicine, Lac qui Parle, Chippewa and Cottonwood. 3. Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Le Sueur, Sibley, Carver, McLeod, Renville and Meeker. 4. Counties of Ramsey, Washington, Chisago, Isanti and Kanabec. 5. County of Hennepin. 6. Counties of Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Carlton, Aitkin, Crow Wing, Pine, Mille Lacs, Anoka, Sherburne, Wright, Stearns, Benton, Mor- rison, Todd, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard and Beltrami. 7. Counties of Kittson, Marshall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Wilkin, Traverse, Big Stone, Swift, Kandiyohi, Stevens, Pope, Douglas, Grant, Otter Tail and Becker. MISSOURI. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 15 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional representative will be voted for at large at the next election. NEBRASKA. Entitled to 3 additional representatives, or 6 in all. 1. Counties of Cass, Johnson, Lancaster, Lincoln, Otoe, Pawnee, Rich- ardson and Wehama. 2. Counties of Douglas, Sarpy and Washington. 3. Counties of Antelope, Boone, Burt, Cedar, Colfax, Cuming, Dakota, Dixon, Dodge, Knox, Madison, Merrick, Nance, Pierce, Platte, Stanton, Thurston and Wayne. 4. Counties of Butler, Gage, Fillmore, Hamilton, Jefferson, Polk, Saline, Saunders, Seward, Thayer and York. 5. Counties of Adams, Chase, Clay, Dundy, Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, Gosper, Hall, Harlan, Hayes, Hitchcock, Kearney, Nuckolls, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow and Webster. 6. Counties of Arthur, Banner, Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Buffalo, Chey- enne, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, Dawson, Deuel, Garfield, Greeley, Holt, Hooper, Howard. Keya Paha, Keith, Kimball, Lincoln, Logan, Loup, Mc- Pherson, Rock, Scott’s Bluff, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, Valley and Wheeler. NEW JERSEY. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. 1. Counties of Camden, Cumberland, Cape May, Gloucester and Salem. 2. Counties of Atlantic, Mercer, Burlington and Ocean. 3. Counties of Somerset, Middlesex and Monmouth. 4. Counties of Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, Morris and Essex (part). 5. Counties of Bergen, Passaic and Hudson (part). 6. City of Newark, in the county of Essex. 7. Cities of Jersey City and Hoboken, and the townships of Harrison and Kearney, county of Hudson. 8. The counties of Union, Essex (part) and Hudson (part). OHIO. The redistricting of Ohio by the State Legislature may be seen on map of Ohio, p. 284. 428 ADDENDA. OltEGON. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 1. Counties of Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Jos- ephine, Klamath, Lake, Linn, Lane, Marion, Polk, Tillamook, Washington and Yamhill. 2. Counties of Baker, Clatsop, Columbia, Crook, Gilliam, Grand, Har- ney, Malheur, Morrow, Multnomah, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa and Wasco. PENNSYLVANIA. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 30 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional representatives "will be voted for at large at the next election. TEXAS. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 13 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. WASHINGTON. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the additional repre- sentative will be voted for at large at the next election. WISCONSIN. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 10 in all. 1. Counties of Racine, Kenosha, Walworth, Rock, Green and Lafayette. 2. Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia. 3. Counties of Adams, Juneau, Vernon, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Grant and Iowa. 4. County of Milwaukee (part). 5. Counties of Sheboygan, Ozaukee, Washington, Waukesha and Mil- waukee (part). 6. Counties of Waushara, Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Winne- bago, Calumet and Manitowoc. 7. Counties of Pepin, Eau Claire, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Jackson, Mon- roe and La Crosse. 8. Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outagamie, Brown, Kewau- nee and Door. 9. Counties of Clark, Taylor, Price, Ashland, Oneida, Lincoln, Mara thon, Shawnee, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and Oconto. 10. Counties of Bayfield, Douglas, Burnett, Sawyer, Washburn, Polk Barron, Chippewa, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. ADDENDA. 429 CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY IN 1893, WHEN VESSELS NOW BUILDING ARE COMPLETED. Type Unfit for sea service Avail- able Total Armored : 4 4 Cruisers _ 2 2 13 13 Modified monitors 6 6 Harbor-defense ram — 1 1 13 13 26 Unarmored : Protected cruisers — 10 10 Partially protected cruisers — 12 12 Torpedo vessel — 1 1 Despatch vessel — 1 1 Dynamite cruiser. — 1 1 Practice cruiser — 1 1 Total - 26 26 Iron and wooden steam vessels of obsolete type and little value 9 9 Sailing vessels — 5 5 8 8 Tugs 14 14 Total 8 28 36 Summary 21 67 88 RANK OF THE U. S. NAVY. Rank of the navies of the world when vessels for U. S. Navy now building are completed. In 1886 the United States ranked thus : In 1860 the United States ranked after the following nations and ahead of all the rest : If 9 battle ships and 30 torpedo boats are added to U. S. Navy, eliminating the ques- tion of organization and personnel in which Germany is much superior, we will rank Great Britain. Great Britain. Great Britain. Great Britain. France. France. France. France. Italy. Italy. Russia. Italy. Russia. Russia. Spain . Russia. Germany. Germany. Sweden and Norway. United States. Spain. Spain. United States. Germany, etc. United States. Austria. Austria. China. China. Japan. Japan. Holland. Holland. Sweden and Norway. Sweden and Norway. Turkey. Turkey. Denmark. Denmark. Greece. Greece. Brazil. Brazil. Argentina. Argentina. Chile. Chile. Portugal. Portugal. United States. Peru. Peru. Mexico. Mexico. 430 ADDENDA. PERSONNEL U. S. NAVY, 1860 AND 1892. (Active list, exclusive of Marine Corps.) Ranks. 1860 1892 No. Total No. Total Officers of the line : Rear-admirals 6 Commodores 10 Captains 80 45 Commanders 114 9 85 - Total number having command or flag rank. _ 194 146 Lieutenant-commanders 74 Lieutenants 325 250 Masters 34 Lieutenants (junior grade) 76 Ensigns 173 Midshipmen (graduates) 50 - - Total number in subordinate grades _ 409 573 Officers of the medical branch 148 164 Officers of the accountant branch 64 94 Officers of the engineer branch 174 192 Chaplains, professors, naval constructors, and civil engineers 34 70 Warrant officers 175 138 Mates 28 Midshipmen on probation 238 Naval Cadets — — — 312 Total officers and cadets - 1,436 - 1,717 Enlisted men 7,600 *8,250 ♦Number allowed by law ; the actual number is 100 to 200 less, varying from month to month. INCREASE OF THE NAVY.— ACT OF 1892. “ That for the purpose of further increasing the Naval Establishmeut of the United States, the President is hereby authorized to have constructed, by contract, one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displacement of the general type of armored cruiser numbered two (New York), to cost, exclusive of armament, not more than three million five hundred thousand dollars, excluding any premium that may he paid for increased speed and the cost of armament. The contract for the construction of said cruiser shall contain provisions to the effect that the contractor guarantees that when completed and tested for speed, under conditions to he prescribed by the Navy Department, it shall exhibit a speed of at least twenty knots per hour; and for every quarter knot of speed so exhibited above said guaranteed speed, the contractor shall receive a premium over and above the contract price of fifty thousand dollars; and for every quarter knot that such vessel fails of reaching said guaranteed speed, there shall be deducted from the contract price the sum of fifty thousand dollars. In the construction of said vessel all the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and eighty-six, entitled “ An act to increase tbie Naval Establishment,” as to ma- terial for said vessel, its engines, boilers, and machinery, the contract under which it is built, the notice of and proposals for the same, the plans, draw- ings, specifications therefor, and the method of executing said contract, shall be observed and followed, and said vessel shall be built in compliance with the terms of said act, save that in all its parts said vessel shall be of domestic ADDENDA. 431 manufacture. If the Secretary of the Navy shall be unable to contract at reasonable prices for the building of said vessel, then he may build such ves- sel in such navy-yard as he may disignate. (34) Also one sea-going coast-line battle ship, designed to carry the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance, with a displacement of about nine thou- sand tons, to have the highest practicable speed for vessels of its class, and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paid for in- creased speed, not exceeding four million dollars; one harbor-defense double- turret ship of the monitor type, with a displacement of about seven thousand five hundred tons, to have the highest practicable speed for vessels of its class, and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paid for increased speed, not exceeding th ree million dollars; and if said ship is built on the Pacific Coast the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to allow three per centum on the cost thereof to the contractor, in addition to the contract price, to cover the cost of the transportation of material used in the construction thereof; four light-draft gunboats of from eight hundred to one thousand two hundred tons displacement, with the highest practicable speed for vessels of their class, and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paid for increased speed, not exceeding four hundred and fifty thousand dollars each; and six torpedo boats , at a cost of not exceeding one hundred and ten thousand dollars each; and not more than two of said torpedo boats shall be built at one establishment. (35) In the construction of all said vessels, following the provision for the construction of the one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displace- ment, the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and eighty- six, entitled “ An act to increase the Naval Establishment,” shall be observed and followed in the same manner that the provisions of said act are applied to the construction of said armored cruiser; and in the contracts for the construction of each of said, vessels, besides the armored cruiser before named, such provis- ions for minimum speed and for premiums for increased speed and penalties for deficient speed may be made, subject to the terms of this act, as in the dis- cretion of the Secreta ry of the Navy may be deemed advisable. UNDER THE BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. Armament and Armor: Toward the armament and armor of domestic manufacture for the vessels authorized by the act of August third-, eighteen hundred and eighty-six; of the vessels authorized by section three of the act approved March third, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; of the vessels authorized by the act approved September seventh, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight; of the vessels authorized by the act of March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine; of those authorized by the acts of June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, March second, eighteen hundred and ninety- one, and this act (36), two million (37) one hundred thousand dollars. (38) For the purchase and installation of new machinery for the breech- mechanism shop at the navy-yard, Washington, District of Columbia, one hun- dred thousand dollars. (39) For torpedo outfits for the Atlanta, Boston and Chicago, eighty-two thousand dollars. UNDER THE BUREAU OF EQUIPMENT. Equipment of New Vessels of the Navy: Toward the completion of the equipment outfit of the new vessels heretofore authorized by Congress, four hundred thousand dollars. UNDER THE BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS. Traveling Cranes: For one traveling crane of forty tons capacity, for dry docks at Mare Island, California, navy-yard, sixty thousand dollars. 432 ADDENDA. Construction and Steam Machinery: Toward the construction and completion of the new vessels heretofore and herein authorized by Congress, with their engines, boilers and machinery, and for the payment of premiums for increased speed or horse-power under contracts now existing, and to be made under this and other acts for the increase of the Navy, seven million (40) four hundred thousand dollars: Provided , That no contract for the pur- chase of gun steel or armor for the Navy shall hereafter be made until the subject-matter of the same shall have been submitted to public competition by the Department by advertising. Passed the Senate, with amendments, May 18, 1892. Anson G. McCook, Secretary. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. New Department Commanders have been elected, but a complete list is not yet available. COAST DEFENCE. A Coast Defence bill is pending in the present Congress. THE CHILIAN CONTROVERSY. Suits aggregating $1,000,000 have been entered against the Chilian gov- ernment for the killing and wounding of the thirty-seven sailors of the cruiser Baltimore THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. This has been practically settled, for the time being, by the Senate’s ap- proval in executive session of Lord Salisbury’s last communication, offering a solution of the difficulty on an equitable basis of protection and defence for both parties. APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE Argentine Republic $100,000 Austria 147,000 Bolivia 150,000 Brazil 550,000 Chili 100,000 Colombia 100,000 Costa Ricfi 100,000 Ecuador 125,000 France 400,000 Germany 250,000 Great Britain 125,000 Guatemala 120,000 Honduras 20,000 Japan 500,000 Mexico 750,000 N icaragua 50, 000 I Norway 60,000 Peru 100,000 Salvador 30,000 British Guiana 20,000 British Honduras 7,000 Dutch West Indies 10,000 Dutch Guiana 6,000 ( Danish West Indies 10,000 Ceylon 40,000 WORLD’S FAIR— REVISED. $30,000 300.000 100.000 10,000 20,000 800,000 75.000 175.000 .40,000 60.000 150.000 100.000 50,000 150.000 50,000 50.000 25.000 70.000 25.000 300.000 25,000 25,000 100.000 300.000 25.000 20.000 100.000 40.000 65.000 30.000 for the World’s Fair Arizona California Colorado Delaware Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Maryland Massachusetts. . Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana' Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico. . . . New York North Carolina. North Dakota. Ohio Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. . Vermont Washington. . . West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming Fifty-nine thousand dollars have been appropriated during the present session of Congress in the Sundry Civil bill. INDEX. Note. — For information given concerning each of the States, alphabetically or in geographical groups, see index under States. INDEX Adams, John, life of, III., 20-21. Adams, John Quincy, life of, III., 26-27. Administration Building, World’s Fair. (Illus.) Agriculture, Department, officers of. III., 61. Alabama, map and political analysis of, HI., 222-223. Alliance, Farmers’, history of the, II., 5-6. Amendments, Constitutional, III., 15-17. America, Central, imports and exports, U. S., 1889-1891, III., 162. America, South, imports and exports, TJ. S., 1889-1891, III., 162. American Federation of Labor, member- ship of, n., 12. An Interesting Document, III., 142-153. Apportionment, the New, States Redis- tricted, III., 94-99. Apportionment of Representatives, 1789- 1893, HI., 92-93. Appropriations by Congress, 1882-1892, HI., 136. Arizona, map of, in., 314. Arkansas, map and political analysis of, III., 224-225. Army, Grand, of the Republic, III., 190- 191. Army Legislation, III., 179-180. Army of the United States, in., 177-180. Arthur, Chester Allan, life of. III., 37. Australian Ballot, the, II., 24. Ballot, the Australian, n, 24. Baltimore , the U. S. war vessel. (Illus.) Behring Sea Controversy, the. III., 199- • 207. Blaine Report on Reciprocity, (A) 381-3S5. Blood will tell. (Cartoon.) Boston , the U. S. cruiser. (Illus.) Buchanan, James, life of, m, 30-31. California, map and political analysis of, HI., 226-227. Central America, Imports and Exports U. S., 1889-1891. III., 162. Chicago , the U. S. flag ship. (Illus.) Chilean Controversy, the, III., 195-198. Civil Service Rules, III.. 187-189. Cleveland, Grover, life of. III., 37-38. Coast Defenses, concerning. III., 192-194. Colorado, map and political analysis of, III., 228-229. Columbian Exposition, the World’s, III., 208-213. Columbus, birthplace of. (Illus.) Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army, III., 191. Committee, People’s Party National. II., 23. Committee, Prohibition National, H., 22. Committees, Democratic National and State, n, 20-21. Committees, Republican National and State, n, 16-17. Congress, Appropriations by, 1882-1892, m., i36. Congress, Fifty-first, rules of, III., 100- 101 . Congress, Fifty - second, rules of, III., 102-119. Connecticut, map and political analysis of. III., 230-231. Constitution of the United States, III., 5-17. Constitutional Amendments, III., 15-17. Convention, the National, 1892, proceed- ings of, I., Cornwallis, the surrender of. (Illus.) Customs Duties, United States, old and new, II., 30-34. Customs, Receipts and Expenditures, by States, 1891, III., 155. Debt, Public, principal of, 1791-1891, III., 126. Declaration of Independence, III., 1-4. Defenses, Coast, concerning. III., 192-194. Delaware, map and political analysis of, 111., 232-233. Democratic Clubs, National Association of. II., 21. Democratic National State Committees, 11., 20-21. Department of Agriculture, officers of, 111., 61. Department of Justice, officers of, III., 61. Department of State, officers of, III., 54. Departments at the National Capital, III., 51-53. Departments of the Grand Army, III., 190 District of Columbia, map of, III., 318. Document, an Interesting, III., 142-153. Duties, Customs, United States, old and new, II., 30-34. Electoral College, proceedings of the, III., 40. Electoral College, vote of the, 1892, III., 43. Electoral Vote, by States, 1789-1888, III., 41-12. Electoral Vote, new apportionment, 1892, III., 44. Encampments of the Grand Army, III., 191. Executive Department, officers of, III., 54. Expenditures, Net revenue and, with per capitas , 1837-1891, III., 154. Expenditures, Receipts and, U. S., 1791- 1891, in., 128-135. Expenditures, Receipts and, U. S., in de- tail, 1891-1892, III., 137-141. Exports, Imports and, 1888-1891, III., 156- 162. Exposition, the World’s Columbian, III., 208-213. 436 INDEX. Farmers’ Alliance, history of the, II., 5-G. Farmers’ Alliance, Ocala Platform of, 11., 7. Federal Government, officers of the, 1892, 111., 54-112. Federation of Labor, American, member- ship of, II., 12. Fifty-First Congress, rules of, III., 100- 101 . Fifty-Second Congress, rules of, III., 102- 119. Financial Condition and Population of States and Territories, 1890, III., 79- Sl. First Political Parties, formation of, III., 21-23. Florida, map and political analysis of, III., 234-235. Formation of the Republican Party, 111., 32-33. Garfield, James Abram, life of, III., 37. Genoa, harbor of. (Ulus.) Georgia, map and political analysis of, III., 236-237. Gerrymandering, concerning, II., 25. Governors of States and Territories, 1892- 189.3, III., G5. Government, Federal, officers of the, 1892, III., 54-62. Grand Army of the Republic, III., 190-191. Grant, Ulysses S., life of, III., 35-3G. Great Exhibition of 1860, the. (Cartoon.) Harrison, Benjamin, life of, III., 38. Harrison, William Henry, life of, III., 29. Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, life of, III., 3G. History of Tariff Legislation, II., 26-29. History of the Party, II., 1-4. Honest Abe taking them on the half- shell. (Cartoon.) House of Representatives, members of, alphabetically, III., 89-91. House of Representatives, members of, by States, III., 85-88. Idaho, map and political analysis of, HI., 238-239. Illinois, map and political analysis of, III., 240-241. Imports and Exports, 1888-1891, IH., 156- 162. Increase of the Navy, concerning the, III., 184-185. Independence, Declaration of, in., 1-4. Independent Departments at Washing- ton, IH., 62. Indiana, map and political analysis of, III., 242-243. Interesting Document, an, III., 142-153. Interior Department, officers of, HI., 60- 61. Internal Revenue, Receipts and Expendi- tures, by States, 1891, III., 155. Iowa, map and political analysis of, III., 244-245. Itata , the Chilian Insurgent Vessel. (Illus.) Jackson, Andrew, life of. III., 27-28. Jefferson, Thomas, life of, IH., 23-24. Johnson, Andrew, life of, III., 34—35. Justice, Department of, officers. III.. 61. Kansas, map and political analysis of, IH., 246-247. Kentucky, map and political analysis of, IH., 248-249. Labor, American Federation of, mem- bership, II., 12. Labor Party', history' of the, II., 11. Labor Vote, State' Elections, 1889-1891, II., 12. League, Republican, of the United States, 11. , 18-19. Legislation, Tariff, history of, II., 26-29. Legislatures, State and Territorial, 1892- 1893, in., 78. Lincoln, Abraham, life of, III., 33-34. Louisiana, map and political analysis of, 111., 250-251. McKinley Bill, text of the, (A) 338-380. McKinley', William, Jr., speech of, on his tariff measure, (A) 394-406. Machinery Building and Canal, World’s Fair. (Illus.) Madison, James, life of, HI., 24-25. Maine, map and political analysis of, HI., 252-253. Maryland, map and political analysis of, iH., 254-255. Massachusetts, map and political anal- ysis of, HI., 256-257. Mexico, Imports and Exports, U. S., 1889-1891, IH., 162. Michigan, map and political analysis of, HI., 258-259. Military Establishment, U. S., cost of, 1891, HI., 179. Minnesota, map and political analysis of, III., 260-261. Mississippi, map and political analysis of, III., 262-263. Missouri, map and political analysis of, III., 264-265. Monroe, James, life of, HI., 25-26. Montana, map and political analysis of, 111., 266-267. National and State committees, Republi- can, II., 16-17. National Association of Democratic Clubs, H, 21. National committee, People’s Party, II., 23. National committee, Prohibition, II., 22. National Convention, the, 1892, proceed- ings of, I., National State committees, Democratic, 11., 20-21. Naturalization Law, the, III., 214. Naval Academy, Annapolis, concerning the, III., 183-184. Naval establishment, U. S., cost of the, 1891, IH., 184. Naval officers, pay of, by ranks, III., 182- m Navy, concerning increase of the, III., 184-ia5. Navy Department, officers of. III., 57-59. Navy', U. S., list of new vessels in, 1891, 111., 181. Nebraska, map and political analysis of, III., 268-269. Net revenue and expenditures, with per capitas , 1837-1891, III., 154. Nevada, map and political analysis of, III., 270-271. Neyv Hampshire, map and political anal- ysis of, III., 272-273. Neyv Jersey, map and political analysis of, III. ,‘274-275. Neyv Mexico, map of, III., 315. New Navy of the U. S., list of vessels in the, 1891, III., 181. New States, Party Tendency in, III., 82-83. INDEX. 437 New York, map and political analysis of, III., 276-279. Nominee, the Presidential, 1892, life ,and record of, I., Nominee, Vice -Presidential, the, 1892, life and record of, I., North Bend Farmer, the, and his visitors. (Cartoon.) North Carolina, map and political analy- sis of, III., 280-281. North Dakota, map and political analy- sis of, III., 282-283. Ocala Platform, Farmers’ Alliance, II., 7. Omcers, Army, pay of, by ranks. III., 178. Officers, State and Territorial, 1892-1893, HI., 66-77. Officers, U.S. Navy, pay of, by ranks, III., 182-183. Ohio, map and political analysis of, III., 284-285. Oklahoma, map of, HI., 316. Oregon, map and political analysis of, HI., 286-287. Origin of States and Territories, III., 63. Our Pensioners, concerning, III., 163-177. Parties, First Political, formation of, III., 21-23. Party, history of the. II., 1-4. , Party Tendency in the New States, III., * 82-83. Pennsylvania, map and political analysis of,' ni.J 288-289. Pension Agencies, payments at, 1891, in., 164. Pension Claims Admitted and Rejected, 1881-1891, in., 172-175. Pension Claims, filed and allowed, 1861— 1891, III., 170. Pension Claims, increase in number al- lowed, 1862-1891, in., 174-175. Pension Laws, recent, III., 165-169. Pension Rates, 1891, 176. Pensioners, number of, by States and Countries, 1891, III., 170. Pensioners, Our, concerning, III., 163-177. Pensions, total amounts paid for, 1861- 1891, III., 171. Pensions, total number of, 1861-1891, III., 171. People’s Party National Committee, II., 23. Pierce, Franklin, life of. III., 31—32. Political parties, first formation of, in., 21-23. Polk, James Knox, life of, III.. 30. Popular Vote, by States, 1824-1888, III., 46-50. Popular Vote, U. S., 1789-1888, III., 45. Population and Financial Condition of States and Territories, 1890, III., 79-81. Population, Net Revenue and Expendi- tures, with per capitas , 1837-1891, III., 154. Post-Office Department, officers of. III., 59-60. Presidential Nominee, the, 1892, life and record of, I., Presidential Succession, the. III., 39-40. Presidents and Vice-Presidents, III., 18. Proceedings of the National Convention, 1892, I., Prohibition Movement, history of the, II., 13. Prohibition National Committee, II., 22, Public Debt, analysis of, 1850-1891, III., 127. Public Debt, principal of, 1791-1891, III., 126. Qualifications, Voting by States, III., 215-219. Radical Party, the, on a heavy grade. (Cartoon.) Receipts and Expenditures, U. S., 1791— 1891, III., 128-135. Receipts and Expenditures, U. S., in de- tail, 1891-1892, III., 137-141. Reciprocity, concerning, II., 36-38. Reciprocity, text of provisions for, 1890, II., 37-38. Reciprocity, the Blaine Report on, (A) 381-385. Redistricting of States, 1890-1891, III., 94- 99. Registration of Voters, III., 220. Representatives, Apportionment of, 1789- 1893, III., 92-93. Republic, Grand Army of the, III., 190- 191. Republican League of the United States, II., 18-19. Republican National and State commit- tees, II., 16-17. Republican Party, formation of, III., 32- 33. Revenue, Net, and Expenditures, with per capitas, 1837-1891, III., 154. Rhode Island, map and political analysis of, in., 290-291. Rules, Civil Service, III., 187-189. Rules of the Fifty-first Congress, III., 100 - 101 . Rules of the Fifty-second Congress, HI., 102-119. Rules, Supreme Court Decision, on. III., 120-125. San Diego, California, harbor of. (Ilius.) Senate, Members of, alphabetically, III., 88-89. Senate, Members of, by States, III., 84-85. Settlement of States and Territories, III., 64. Silver Bill of 1890, the, (A) 386-387. Silver Question, the, II., 39-40. Single Tax Theory, the, II., 41-42. South America, Imports and Exports, U. S., 1889-1891. III., 162. South Carolina, map and political analy- sis of, III., 292-293. South Dakota, map and political analy- sis of, III., 294-295. State and National committees. Demo- cratic, H., 20-21. State and National committees, Republi- can, n., 16-17. State Department, officers of, III., 54. States, Apportionment of, 1789-1893, III., 93. Assessed valuation of property in, III., 79-81. Congressional Districts in. III., 222- OlO. Congressional pluralities in, Addenda. Counties, number of, III., 223-318. County map of, III., 222-318. County Vote, variations in, III., 223-