QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL seam^^:n'si3:ip ; TOGETHER WITH HARBOR RODTll AND ElfOLDTl PRKPAKEl) KOK THE MIDSHIPMEiN' OF THE C irl NAVY, BY WM. H. PARKER, COMMANDING C. S. SCHOOL-SHIP PATRICK HENRY. RICHMOND: MACFARLANE AND FBR0U8S0N, PBJNXERe. 1863. PREFACE. This little book is published for the use of the Midshipmen of the C. S. Navy. It has been prepared from notes collected by me -while attached to the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, as Instructor in Naval Tactics and Seamanship. Having left the greater part of my MSS. in the hands of the enemy, I am compelled to publish this work in an incomplete form — at some future day I hope to iaaue it in a more creditable manner. The Part on Harbor Routine, and the plan of Part III, is somewhat new, and suggested itself to me while employed in teaching at the U. S. Naval Academy. Questions are asked and the Answers omitted in order to cause the Student to think ; and to give the Instructor an opportunity of explaining the j^hilosophy of Seamanship and Naval Discipline. C. S. PATRICK HENRY, James River, September 28f^, 1863. Digitized by the Internet Arciiive jn 2010 witii funding from Duke. University Libraries littp://www.arcliive.org/details/questionsonpractOOpark I>art I. RIGGING. QUESTIONS ON. Knot a Bopc-i'arn. Make a Fox — a Spanish Fox — a Knittle — a Figure of Eight Knot — Two Half-Hitches — a Square Knot — a Bowline Knot — a Bowline on the Bight — a Running Bowline — a Timber Ilitcb — a Fisherman's Bend — a Railing Bend — a Carrick Bend — a Cat's-Paw — a Sheet Bend — a Back-Wall Hitch— a Rolling Hitch — a Selvagee Strap — a Pudding for a mast or yard — :i. Turk's Head — a Clove Hitch. What are the uses of the above foxes, bends, knots, hitchee, &c. ? Make a Short Splice — a Long Splice — a Cut Splice — an Eyo Splice — a Flemish Eye — an Artificial Eye. Explain the uses of the above. Worm and Serve a Rope ; Parcel a Rope. What is the object of worming, Parcelling and serving ? Put on a Throat and Quarter Seizing. Sheepshank a Rope. When is it done 'i What is woolding ? Put a Strand in a Rope. To Wall and Crown. Make a Matthew Walker Knot — a Spritsail Sheet Knot — x* Shroud Knot — a French Shroud Knot — a Single Diamond Knot — a Double Diamond Knot — a Stopper Knot. What are the above knots used for ? Making Sennet, Gaskets and Mats — Point and Graft a Rope. Why is it done ? Pass a Rose Lashing. Make a Grommet. What is its use ? What is a Cleat ? Name the different parts of a block. What is a Double block ? a Fiddle block ? a Shoe block ? a Sister block ? a shoulder block ? a Dead-Eye ? a Heart ? a Thim- ble ? an Euphroe ? a Tail block ? a Snatch block? a Purchase block ? a Top block ? a Cat block ? Explain the uses of the above. What is a Nun Buoy, and what is its use ? Bend a Buoy Rope. Pudding the ring of an anchor. Why is it done 't 6 Reeve a Single Whip — a Gun Tackle Purchase — a Luff Tac- kle — a Top Burton — a Whip and Runner — a Runner and Tackle — a Threefold Purchase. Name some of the uses of the above. What is HaAvser-laid rope ? Shroud-laid rope ? Water-laid rope ? Cable-laid rope ? What is Spun Yarn ? Marline ? Hambro' line ? What used for ? Heave the log and lead, and steer. Get on board and rig Sheers. Show how the Sheer-Head lashing is passed. What are the Slioes for ? What are parbuckles ? Take in the Masts and Bowsprit. Show how the garland is maflie and lashed on. Rig the Foremast. Turn in a dead eye. What is the use of ihe trussel-trees ? Why take out the after chock in preference to the forward one ? What are the lower cross-trees and their use ? What are the bolsters ? Why are the fore and aft stays fitted with lashing eyes ? and why put over last i Stay the foremast and set up the rigging. Rig the Bowsprit. Show how the Gammoning is passed. Get the Tops over. Get on board, rig and fid a topmast. How do you rattle down the rigging ? What is the distance between the ratlines ? Get on board and rig the Jib-boom. What is a traveller, and its use ? What is a Dolphine-Striker, and its use ? Get on board and rig the Flying Jib-boom. Send up, rig and fid the Top-Gallant masts. State particularly how the mast-rope is rove, (either double or single.) Why is the fore and aft stay put over first ? Rig the Spritsail Yard. . What is the use of a Spritsail Yard ? What is meant by "canting the Spritsail Yard?" Why is it done after tacking ? Are Spritsail Yards much used ? ^ Get on board, rig, and send up the Lower Yards. Get on board, rig, and cross a Topsail Yard. ]^ig a Top-Gallant Yard and cross it. Rig a Spanker Boom and Gaff. Reeve all running rigging and studding sail gear. Where are the chain cables stowed — how marked, and bent ? Name the different parts of an anchor. Explain the manner of heaving up an anchor — passing the Messenger — putting on nippers — bitting and unbitting — catting and fishing, &c. Fit Cat-Stopper and Shank Painter. Secure an anchor for sea. How let go an anchor ? What is a Deck. Stopper ? a Do^j Stopper ? a Bitt Stopper ? a Trip Stopper ? a Wing Stopper, and a Ring Stopper ? and what ctieir various uses? ^ What is a Compressor, and what its use ? How would you ship and unshij) a rudder ? How are the Whepl Ropes rove ? Explain the Steering gear of this ship ; or the ship last served in. Make out a Quarter and Watch Bill for an Iron Clad mount- ing two 7 inch Brook Guns and two 9 inch Dahlgren Shell Guns ; or for the ship last served in. Make out a Fire Bill for the above. How fit clothes lines and hammock girtlincs ? How do you clear hawse ? How is the foremast of this ship rigged? the topmast? the top-gallant mast? the gaff ? How was the mast gotten in ? How is the fore yard rigged ? the topsail yard ? the top- gallant yard ? How is the fore yard sent up and down? the topsail yard? the top-gallant yard ? lIoAV is the top-gallant mast sent up and down ? the topmast? the gaff? How is the running; rijfnrinrr rove ? How are the sails loosed and furled ? How are they bent and unbent ? How are they reefed ? How are the anchors hove up and soured ? Where are the chains stOAved ? How are our Wheel Ropes rove ? How and where are the Rclievinor Tackles hooked ? I>art II. HA.RBOR ROUTINE. Note. — In the 2ii and 3d Parts tlie ''Orders," (supposed io be given l>/ tlie Officer of the Deck.l are printed in italics. DAILY ROUTINE IN PO!lT. The ordinary routine in port is as follows: The officer of the morning watch having read the "morning orders," directs the Quartermaster to have the music up, and gun ready, before daylight. At that time, he directs them to " go on with the music," and the gun is fired. He directs the Mid- shipman of the watch to call the Forward Officers and Master's Mates, and to tell the Boatswain to " call all hands and pipe the hammocks up, (and if clothes are to be scrubbed, to " call all hands and scrub and wash clothes.") The Boatswain will do so at the last tap of the drum, and in ten minutes thereafter, the hammocks should be reported up by the Mates of the lower decks. The Mates receive their orders as to what is to be done with their decks — the market boat is called away and sent with the stewards ; the hammock-cloths hauled over and the decks swept down; if the awnings are spread, they will be triced up; and all rigging will be laid up clear of the decks. The crew now scrub their clothes; the starboard watch on the spar deck, and the port watch on the main deck ; and when a reasonable time has elapsed, the clothes-lines are overhauled •down, the clothes stopped on, and the lines triced up again. Tlie decks are then scruoDed, as ordered, and Avashed down at the command of the officer of the Deck. The men should not be allowed to draw water over the bows, from the gangways, or from the chains ; nor should they be allowed outside of the ship at all. The top-keepers should be sent aloft to put the tops in order after the clothes are triced up. They should be ordered aloft together, and when they have finished their work, should notify the Officer of the Deck, so that he may order them doivn together. The decks should be dried down by 7:30 A. M. and the ship washed off outside. The carpenters wash from the " bends" down, after the decks are dried. The yards should now be squared, (observing that the men going aloft are dressed alike,) and if the decks are dry enough, the awnings spread and rigging flemished down. Roll up the hammock-cloths, clean bright work, haul the boom cover over neatly &c., &c. The " tea-water" is reported by the ship's cook at 7 bells, and is served out by order of the Officer of the Deck. If sails arc to be loosed, yards crossed, or masts sent up at 8 o'clock, preparations must be made beforehand," and the yards are not squared until after the evolution. A few minutes before 8, the boat's crews are sent aft to prepare their boats for lower- ing, and the music is called. When the "call" is beaten, the pennant is shifted, and at 8 bells the boats are lowered, sails loosed, or yards crossed, colors hoisted, &c., &c., &c. The Captain is always informed when the flag-ship makes signal to the squadron, and the time is reported to him, at 8 A. M., Meridian, and 8 P. M. The command is now given to " pipe to breakfast," and the bum-boat is allowed to come alongside. The word is passed at the same time how the men are to dress. The log is written up and signed, and the deck '■ turned over" to the Officer of the forenoon watch. At 9, the hjinds are " turned to," decks swept down, and the drummer beats to quarters. After inspection, the divisions are exercised, marines drilled, &c. A guard is always kept on deck until sunset, or evening quarters. At 10, the regular boats are called away — the officers are no- tified, and in four or five minutes the boats shove off" — the ward- room officers leaving the ship from the starboard side, the steer- age officers from the post side. After the divisions have been exercised, the men are set at work, as required. At 11:30, the dinner is brought to the mast for inspection, decks swept down, and sails furled, or clothes piped down (if dry.) At Meridian, the boatswain pipes to dinner. At 1, the hands are " turned to" and decks swept. The reg- ular boats are sent, and work carried on as ordered. At 3, the regular boats are sent ; at 3:30, tea-water reported and decka cleared up ; and at 4, the boatswain pipes to supper, and passes the word to the men to " shift in blue ;" the log is written, kc.j &c., &c. At 4:30, the hands are "turned to," and decks swept. Half an hour before sunset, the awnings are furled, rigging laid up, and, if clothes or hammocks are to be scrubbed, the lines are prepared for going up. At sunset the colors are hauled down, boats hoisted up, yards and masts sent down, (if required,) lines triced up, &c,, &c. The sunset boat leaves the ship before sunset, and shoves off from the shore when the colors are hauled down. The music is called five minutes before sunset, the "call" is beaten two or three minutes before. All sunset evolutions are performed at the third roll of the drum. The men are mustered at quarters either before or after sun- ^et. After the sunset-boat has been run up, the hammocks are piped down, and quarter deck aAvning housed, (if desired,) light- ning conductors rigged out, &c., &c. At dark, the necessary lights are lit and hoisted, and at 8 P. M., the music "beats off," the gun is fired, anchor watch set, and fires and lights reported out to the captain. At 9, the steerage lights are extinguished, and at 10, those of the ward- room. The sentries are relieved every two hours by the sergeant of the Guard. After gun-fire they pass the call, -"All's well," every half hour. All boats are hailed after dark, and reported to the Officer of the Deck. It is not customary to set an anchor-watch unless lying at single anchor. In that case, one of the main-topmen tends the drift land. The anchor watch is taken from the forecastle-men, if at single anchor ; but the sheet-anchors are let go by the quarter gunners. ♦ The gunners, besides having all ordnance stores, guns, &c., in his charge, has nlso the main yard, main rigging and sheet- anchors. At night, the lights below should be inspected every half hour, by a Midshipman. The lights in the engine-room should be reported by the engineer of the watch at the same time. Question. At what hour is the reveille beat ? Q. At what hour is the tattoo beat? Q. How would you calculate the time of day-light ? Q. How and why are the awnings triced up ? Q. What are the hammock-cloths, and how fitted ? Q. What is the "boom-cover ?" Q. What are the " morning orders ? Q. What are the top-keepers, and what is their particular duty? Q. What is a " catamoran," and what is its use ? Q. How and why is rigging flemished down ? Q. What is the " tea-water-," and why is it reported ? Q. Why is the dinner inspected by the Officer of the Deck ? 11 Q. Where slioiald the Officer of the Deck receive all reports from the crew ? Q. How are the watches usually divided in port ? Q. In a steam -frigate, who are on watch at night besides the Officer of the Deck ? Q. In what are the divisions exercised ? Q. What is meant by the "regular boats?" Q. What light is carried in port? Answer. By order of the Navy Department, a ship must carry a light, in a globular lantern, 20 feet above the deck, and placed in such a miinncr as to be visible all round the horizon. Question. How are the lightning conductors fitted ? Q. What lights are sometimes hoisted at the peak ? Q. What ansiver does a Flag Officer, Captain, Ward-Room Officer, Storage Officer, or sailor, give when hailed in coming alongside at night ? Q. Why is it customary to beat the "call," before "rolling off," at 8 A. M., &c. ? Q. How is a Flag Officer's boat, or Captain's boat, distin- guished in the day-time ? (provided, the Flag Officer or Captain is in the boat.) Q. At what time arc colors hoisted? Q. What is a '* dog- vane V Q. What is meant by a " foul hawse ?" Q. What is an "elbow," a " round turn," kc. ? UPON " TAKING THE DECK" IN PORT. Upon taking the deck in port, the Officer should ascertain whether any boats are away, and what boats are at the booms ; if the men are at meals; the state of the hawse; if she has been kept clear of her anchor, (when lying at single anchor:) if the watch is set ;»man at the drift-lead ; lights reported out ; if the Captain is out of the ship, kc, kc, and whether there are any particular orders to be passed. He should then assure himself that the yards are square, rig- ging stopped in, and all ship-shape aloft, that no ropes are tow- ing overboard, no port laniards adrift ; that boat-keepers are in the boats, colors and pendant clear and hoisted taut up, awn- ings properly set, and boom-cover hauled over, hammocks well stowed, bright work cleaned, decks swept down, boat's falls neatly stopped up, rigging flemished down, &c., &c., &c. If ac meals, that the meal pendant is up. He should cause a good look-out kept for signals, and boats 12 approaching the ship, as well as arrivals and departures of ves- sels from the port. He is accountable for the proper execution of all evolutions, and will be constantly on the alert. It should be his constant care that the ship presents a credi- table appearance "alow and aloft," and all his energies should be directed to effect it. STOWING HAMMOCKS. In stowing the hammocks, the men appointed for the purpose should refuse to take any hammock not properly lashed up. Iii former times it was customary to pass each hammock through a hoop before stowing it. They should be stowed so as to fill the nettings, and of an uniform height, numbers up and in. The starboard watch stow their hammocks on the starboard, the port watch on the port side, fore-castlemen and firemen forward, fore and maintopmen amidships, after-guard, mizen-topmen and marines aft. The steerage hammocks are stowed in the poop nettings, in a 74, and in the after part of the quarter-deck net- tings in other vessels. , The hammock-cloths are hauled over as soon as the ham- mocks are stowed. After the decks are dried down, if the Offi- cer wishes to " roll up" the hammock-cloths, he commands : Stand by to bring in and roll it}) the hammock-cloths. The or- der is repeated, and when the men are ready, man the side — the jack-stays are unrove and the cloths brought in together at the command lay in ; they are then rolled up and laid on top of the hammocks together at the command lay out ; when done, the command is given, lay in, and the men all come in to- gether. At the approach of rain, the command is given : haul over the hammock-cloths, and they are cut adrift and hauled smoothly over. PIPING DOWN HAMMOCKS. All hands having been called to "stand by hammocks," the men will stand close in and face the nettings. The midshipmen should be distributed from the forecastle aft, to assist in pre- serving order. The boatswain having reported the men up, and perfect silence being maintained, the officer of the deck will di- rect him to pass such orders as are necessary — such a i slinging clean hammocks, boat's crew in readiness to go away (if re- 13 quired), &c., &c. He then directs the boatswain to pipe : un- cover; the men stationed to pass out hammocks, then man the side and throw back the clothes ; the command is then siven ^ pipe down. The men should not be allowed to answer when their numbers are called, but each man should step up and receive his ham- mock without a word ; throw it over his right shoulder, take it below, and sling it. No hammocks should be thrown on the deck. After a reasonable time, the clothes are hauled over and stopped down ; the midshipmen report the fact, and thej are not to thrown back again, without the permission of the officer of the deck. QuErSTiON. How do 3'ou lash up a hammock ? Q. What other method is there for preparing hammocks t'cr stowing ? — [dispensing with lashings,] Q. If lashings are used, how are they prepared ? GETTING UP HAMMOCK GIRT-LINES AND CLOTHES-LINES, AND STOPPING ON HAMMOCKB OR CLOTHES. ' In stopping clothes on, the white clothes should be stopped on the starboard side ; blue on the port side, and no holidays left. The forecastlemen stop on forward ; fore and maintop- men amidships ; after-guard, mizen topmen and marines, afl. Good stops should be used to prevent their being blown away. The hammocks should be stopped on with the number^ up i;nd out, three stops at the head, and all stopped together at the foot. The starboard watch on starboard, and port watch on port side. The midshipmen should see that the lines are pro- perly filled. The lines are gotten up the night before, at sunset. About twenty minutes before that time, the officer of the deck com- mands : Get the clothes-lines out; stand by to lay aloft to d- keepers ; lay aloft, send down whips ; the lines are gotten up from below, or out of the launch, (if stowed there,) the top- keepers send down the whips, and the lines are cleared and pro- pared for going aloft. When the ''call" is beaten, the com- mand is given by the officer of the deck ; Man the whips ; stand by to lay aloft and bring to. At the third roll of the drum, he commands : Trice up, lay aloft and bring to. When the lines are brought to: Lay doivn from aloft; the top-keei:- ers laying down at the same time. In the morning watch, the clothes being washedj and ready 14 to stop on, the command is given: Stand hy to overhand tJie lines doivn. The lines are cleared for lowering, and, when ready, the command is given : Pipe down. The lines are low- ered, and clothes stopped on ; when all are on : 3Ian the ivhips — trice up. The lines should be hauled well taut. The hammock girt-lines are gotten up in the same way; ex- cept that no men are required aloft to bring them to, (as usually fitted.) In overhauling them down, and tricing them up in the morning, the same routine is observed. Clothes should be piped down at 11.30 A. M., if dry, and the men allowed to stow them in their bags during dinner-time. Hammocks must generally be allowed a longer time to dry ; they are inspected at evening quarters, put in the division bags, and stowed in the sail-room. All hands having been called to "stand by scrubbed clothes," and reported up by the boatswain, the command is given : Stand hy to lay aloft and cast the lines adrift ; lay aloft. The lines are cast adrift, the whips cleared, and the command given: Pipe down; lay down from aloft. Each man takes his clothes off the lines, and folds them up ; the command is- then giv€n : Stand hy to lay aloft top-keepers — lay aloft, take off whips. When the whips are taken off and coiled away in the tops : Lay down from aloft. Top-keepers should lay aloft, and come do.wn on their respec- tive sides. In piping the hammocks down, the same rotitiQe is followed ; except sending men aloft to cast them adrift^ (which is unne- cessary.) If the a.wnings arc spread where the clothes are to be piped down, the commands are : Stand hy to drop the aivnings ; and at the command to "lay aloft and cast the lines adrift: Man the sideSy. cast off the side-stops. The lines being cast adrift^ side-stops cast oif, earings singled, and windsail bowlines let go, the comman 1 is given: Pipe down; when the earings and whips are let go, and the men lay down, and ia, at the same- time. When the whips have been taken oif, and Sines cleared i Stand hy to haul out the awnings. The earings are Hwinned, and men staad ready to haul out the side stops — (all hands are required to haul them out properly) : ITaid out, man the side^ and haul out the side-stops ; trim the zoind- sails. When done:. Lag in and down from aloft. (The top-keepers come down a& the men lay in.) The lines are weeded, stopped up, and paid below — deck& swept down, and no clothes allowed about the decks. 15 Question. How arc clothes-lines usually fitted ? Q. IIow are hammock girt-lines usually made ? Q. What is meant by "holidays ?" Q. Why are the hammocks stopped on t^ith the "numbers up and out?" Q. What is meant by "weeding" the lines? Q. What is an " Irish pendant?" ♦ Q. What is a windsail ? Q. You are the officer of the deck; sails loosed, hammock - clothes rolled up, awnings spread, &c. &c. &c. You observe a rain squall gathering. What will you do ? Q. In stopping white and blue clothes on the same lines, why should the white clothes be above ? TO SPREAD THE AWNINGS, &c. The awnings being "on a stretch," to spread them, the offi^ cer of the deck commands: Stand hy to spread the awnings. The men are sent up from below, and the command is given ; Let go the fore-and-aft tackles, cast adrift. The awnings arc cast adrift, and hauled out on a stretch again ; the lacings* rove, earings passed and manned, and wind-sails hauled up from below and dipped through the holes in the awnings. All being ready: JTatd out, man the side and haul out the side-stops. The side is manned as the earings are hauled out ; the side-stopy passed, and ends expended, and when all are secured: Lay in. In performing this evolution, the men should not be allowed to show themselves above the rail until ordered to " man the side ;" except for the purpose of reeving the earings. After the side-stops are passed, they should all remain out until the order is given to " lay in." If the awnings are not laced before hauling out, they will be laced immediately after ; foot-ropes being used for the men passing the lacings to stand on. Standing on the awnings should never be allowed. The men manning the side, will be careful not to tread down the hammocks. If the oflScer of the deck wishes to get the awning-curtains up, he commands: Stand hy to get the curtains up ; and when they have been gotten up on deck, and stretched along : Man the side. The curtains are taken up by the men manning the side, and stopped to the awning-stops ; when all are up : Lay in. The poop and forecastle curtains (in ships having a poop and 16 top-gallant forecastle,) will be kept at the foot of the ladder, until the order "man the side " is given. The object is, not to show a man above the pail, until the order is given to " man the side." To take the curtains down, the commands are : Stand hy to take the curtains dotvn — man the side — lay in; the curtains dropping, Jtnd men laying in together. The curtains are rolled up and taken below to the sail-room. If the curtains are to be transferred to the other side, the command is given : Stand hy to lift over the cut-tains. They are taken down and put up as described. To furl the awninos, the officer of the deck commands : Stand hy to furl the atvn- ings. The men are all sent up from below, and being ready : 3Ian the side and cast adrift the side-s^ops. The men lay out together, cast off the stops and single the earings ; when ready : JiJase away — lay in; let go the fore-and-aft tackles. The awa- ings are unhooked abaft, wind-sails dipped, and lacings unrove ; they are then laid on deck, rolled up smoothly, stops passed and ends expended, and the after ends hooked. All the fore-and- aft tackles being manned : Saul out. They are hauled out on a taut stretch together. Question. What are the " awnings?" Q. Describe them. Q. What is meant by housing an awning, and how is it done ? Q. What is a " crow-foot ?" Q. What is a " sharks-mouth ?" Q. What is an " euphroe ?" Q. What is a " ridge-rope," and how fitted ? Q. What is an awning-stanchion ?" Q. What is meant b}^ "the awnings being on a stretch?*' Q. What are the " curtains ?" Q. How are the awnings hauled out to the ridge-ropes ? HOISTING AND LOWERING BOATS. In order to hoist the boats, the command is given: Seyid the boats' -crews aft to overhaul their falls down., drop the hoats and haul them on. The falls are overhauled and lead along, and the men sent aft to hoist the boats. This is generally donre at sunset, and preparations should be made some minutes before. The boats should be dropped under their falls, but not hooked on until the "call" is beaten. The starboard watch man the starboard falls, the port watch, the port falls. When the "call" is beaten, the command is given : hook on^ inan the falls ; at ,17 the first roll of the drum, haul taut, a»d at the third, Jioist atvay. A boatswain's mate attends at each boat and pipes "belay" when the boat is up. The stoppers are then passed, falls belayed and coiled down, and plugs taken out. To lotcer the boats, the command is given : Send the boats'- crews aft to lotoer their boats ; and at the third rollt)f the drum : (if lowered when the colors are hoisted,) lower atoay. The falls are rounded up and stopped in, and ends flemished down. The boats are hauled out to the booms — two boat-keepers in each ; except at meal-times, when they relieve each other. The men are sometimes stationed for running all boats up together. Boats lying at the booms should hoist and haul down their flags ; and spread and furl their awnings with the ship. Question. Wliat is meant by "stopping up" the boats'-falls ? Q. What are the boats'-falls, and how are they rove ? Q. "What are the "stoppers,' and how fitted?. Q. "What is a " thoro-put" r Q. What are the "plugs"? Q. What boats are allowed a 1st class frigate, and where are they carried ? Q. Who arc the boat-keepers, and what is their especial duty ? Q. How is a boat moored to the boom during the day-time, (in moderate weather ?) Q. How moor a boat at night for convenience in getting alongside ? (Blowing fresh ?) Q. Before firing a salute, what do witU your boats ? Q. How are the boats' awnings fitted ? Q. What are the different " pipes" used by the boatswain and his mates? Q. How are the boats " called away" ? Q. What is a "Lewis-bolt"? MORNINa AND EVENING QUARTERS. The men are inspected at quarters in the morning, after breakfast, to see that they are properly dressed, and that all the bright-work is clean. Each man has a particular article to keep in order, and it should be ready for inspection at the usual hour. After the "Retreat" is beaten, the different divisions are exer- cised, as ordered. The object of going to quarters in the evening, is to see that every man is accounted for, and that the guns are properly secured, and everytliing in place. In mustering the men, the Midshipman o^ the division calls ih^ir numbers; to which they answer their stations at the gun 18 for exercise. After each man thoroughly understands his station for exercise, it is a good pLan to cause them to answer their stations or duties at other operations. For example : at even- ing quarters, the oflBcor commanding the division commands: Answer to '•^ Casting loose f' the Midshipman then commences with the forward gun of the division, Number 1 ; Number 1 replies: "Cast loose and middle breeching," &c., &c. At another time the command is given: Answer to ^^ Securing ;" and. so on, until the men can readily answer »o every station; such as " casting loose ;" "securing;" "dismounting;" "shift- ing trucks ;" "transporting;" "sponge, load and shift breech- ing;" "shifting pivots;" " Fire quarters ;" "fitting out boats," &c., &c., &c. By this manner of mustering, the men soon become well drill- ed in all their duties at the gun. In passing orders to his division, an officer should first com- mand : Attention Division ; and then pass the order. When wishing to muster, qt address any portion of his division, he should command: 1st. Boarders to the front; or, Fighting boats'-creiv to the front, &c. The men step one pace to the front, close in on the centre, and toe a seam. To dismiss them the command is given: To your quarters. It is usual for the Flag officer, or Captain, t-o inspect the ship on Sunday. The divisions having been mustered, the command is given: 3Ia7i both sides — Toe a seam. The men form a line on either side of the deck, and stand uncovered as the inspect- ing officers pass along the line. The officers should see that all the men are dressed alike, whether at morning or evening quarters ; at sea or in port. Question. How are the men called to quarters in ships where there is no drummer ? SQUARING YARDS. The boatswain having piped "square yards," the braces are thrown off of the fife-rails, and the yards are squared by the braces. The men stationed aloft to tend the lifts, &e., assemble at the foot of the Jacob's-ladders. A boat is manned, and when the boatswain reports the yards " square by the braces," the officer of the deck commands : Stand by to lay aloft, square yardmen — lay aloft. The boatswain then goes ahead in the boat, and squares the yards by the lifts. He sees that all rig- ging is hauled taut — such as the topsail and top-gallant sheets, the bowlines, halliards, &c., &c. — and pulls round the ship for the purpose. When he is satisfied that the yards are square, 19 and rigging taut, he returns to the ship and reports the fact to the officer of the deck, -who commands: Pipe down — lat/ down from aloft. Before the boatswain commences squaring the yards by the lifts, the officer of the deck shoukl see that all the rigging id stopped in aloft — reef tackle, pennants, top-gallant and royal lifts and braces, studding sail gear, (if rove,) &c., kc, &c., an 1 if there is much work of the kind to be done aloft, he shoul I send the square yardmen aloft as soon as the boatswain pipes " square yards." The yards should be squared after any work is done which is calculated to "throw them out" — such as furling sails, hoisting out, or in, boats, kc. Nothing tends more to the general ap- pearance of a ship than square j^ards, and taut gear aloft. The decks may be in the most perfect order, the hull as " neat as a pin," but the whole may be, and is, in the eye of a sailor, spoiled by a slack bowline, or a top-gallant yard arcockbill. The viter- nal appearance of a ship ^ known to, comparatively, but few; while her external appearance is criticised by the crews of all the vessels in the port. A Midshipman should accust)m himself to "look aloft," and try to be able to discover the slightest neglect. If he sees any- thing not stopped up, and cannot call it by name, he should at once lay aloft and find it out. Some officers approve of the system of squaring yards with flags, instead of allowing the boatswain to pass the word as to- the condition of the yards. To make the necessary signals, three flags are required — say a red flag for the main, white for the fore, and blue for the mizen. The boatswain faces the ship and holds the flag on the side the yard requires to be topped. For lower yards he holds the flag horizontal ; for topsail yards, perpendicular ; for top-gallant yards, horizontal, with the other arm extended ; and for royal yards, perpendicular, with the other arm extended. When the yard is square, he lowers or waves the flag. The boatswain's mates should carefully attend to the signals, or' orders of the boatswain ; the chief boatswain's mate stan Js at the end of the jib-boom ; the others in the gangways, and on the poop. The lower booms should be squared at the same time. Question. What are the '• fife-rails" ? Q. Hoiv are the yards squared by the braces ? Q. What are the " Jacobs-ladders," and how are they fitted. Q. Why is it necessary to send men aloft in squaring yards ? 20 • Question. Suppose you were sent out to see that all the rig- ging was taut ; what Mould you, look at ? Q. The word is passed, "main yard to port;" which lift would you get a pull of ? Q. What is meant by, being thrown out of "kelter" ? Q. How does an officer liail a man aloft? Q. Is anybody allowed to hail a top ? Q. How does a man on deck attract attention from the top ; or vice versa? ■ Q. What is a " Timenoguy" ? TO SCRAPE THE. LIGHT SPARS, &c. The light spars require scraping occasionally, and a windy day should be selected for the purpose. It should not be done soon after tarring down, or painting ; nor with the awnings Spread, as the shavings are greasy. The topmen having been sent on deck, and notified as to what is to be done, the command is given : Lay a^oft, man the hoom tricing -lines, trice up. After the work is done, command : Stand by your booms — down booms — lay down from aloft. In overhauling the rigging aloft, re-fitting, &c., the men should be sent aloft, and called down, together. As soon as the hands are "turned to," the command is given : Stand by to lay aloft; and when the working parties have assembled at the foot of the Jacob-ladders : lay aloft. At 7 bells the command is given : Stand by to lay doton from aloft — lay doivn. If, at any time in port, it is necessary to send the top-keepers aloft, they should all be sent together. In tarring down the awnings should be sent below ; windsails lowered and stowed aw^ay ; boom cover and hammock-cloths hauled over ; and decks wet and sanded down. In re-fitting, men are disposed to let the rigging hang loosely, ropes to show below the tops and over the ship's side, &c., when there is no necessity for it ; the officer of the deck should insist upon everything being kept as ship-shape as the circumstances of the case will admit. When a ship is to be painted inside, on the spar deck, it is customary to "jag" the running rigging inside the lower rigging; in so doing, the '"jags" should be of the same height above the rail, and of an equal length. In such cases, lifts, braces, &c., should be well racked to preserve the yards square, and rigging taut. Question. What precaution should be taken aloft with refer- ence to tar-buckets, marling-spikes, &c. ? 21 Question. How do tlie men tar dovrn the fore and aft stays and backstays ? (4. How prepare for rattling down the lower riggifig ? Q. Suppose you Avish to re-strnp the lower lift and brace blocks ; how will you manage it ? Q. You wish to take off a topsail lift and examine the eve ? Q. What is a "jag" ? Q. What is the distance between the ratlins ? Q, How would you manage to paint the lower masts ? Q. What spars are usually scraped and greased? Q. What is " slush" ? AIRING BEDDING. The bedding of the crew is occasionally hung up in the. rig- ging to air. All hands having been called to " stand by ham- mocks," the word is passed to hang the bedaing in the rigging, and the hammocks arc "piped down." The Officer of the Deck should see that they are hung to the standing rigging, particu- larly if the ship be at sea. ' It is a standing rule on board ship that nothing is ever to be made fast to the running rigging. In preparing a hammock for this purpose, it should be un- lashed, ;and one turn taken round tlio hammock — mattrass and blankets in the middle, with the lashing. It is secured to the rigging with the other part of the lashing. Wlien the Officer of the Deck wishes to re-stow the ham- mocks, he directs the boatswain to call all " hands stand by hammocks," and after having had the word passed to the crew to lash up their hammocks and re-stow them, gives the com- mand, pipe down. The hammocks are carried below, slung on their hooks, lashed up and brought up and put in the nettings. ■ In lasliing up their hammocks, the men should not be allowed to hang them across the decks, thus stopping up flie gangway. Each man should go to his proper berth, and lash his hammock up neatly. TO GET THE LOWER BOOMS OUT. If the lower booms arc to be gotten out when the colors are hoisted, the command, ma)i the lower boom topping lifts and forivard guys, is given when the " call" is beaten. At the first roll«f the drum command, haul taut — top up, and at the third roll, loalk away with the forward guys. The boatswain on the 22 stcarboard side, and the cliief boatswain's mate on the port side, attend to trimming the booms. To get them alongside — say at sunset — command, stand hy to get the loiver booms alongside — man the after guys, when the " call" is beaten. At the third roll of the drum, ivalh away tvith the after guys. The boatswain and his mate attending as before. In all such evolutions, the starboard watch work on the starboard, the port watch on the port side. Question. Is it customary to get the lower-booms alongside at sunset ? Q. Suppose you have no lower booms^ how would you moor a boat alongside ? Q. What is a "lazy" painter ? MAKING AND ANSWERING SIGNALS. All signals should be answered with the answering-pennant as soon as they are made out. The Officer of the Deck reports, the numbers to the Captain, and sends for the Signal Officer. In " telegraphing," the cornet is hoisted at the fore, to indi- cate it. The signal-book contains the necessary directions in regard to the manner of making signals by day or night. When a signal is miade by the Flag-Ship, to perform any evo- lution, such as "loose sails," "strike top-gallant masts," &c., the movements of the Flag-Ship are followed. It is customary to make the preparatory signal a sufficient time before. After the preparations are made, each vessel should send the men down from aloft. In loosing sails when the colors are hoisted — say at 8 A. M. — the preparatory signal is made at 7:30. The men are sent aloft to get ready, and will lay down together when it is done. Five minutes before 8, the signal is made, "loose sails;" the vessels having answered, the men are sent aloft and the " call" beaten ; the other vessels following the motion of the Flag-Ship. The booms are then triced up and men sent out to loose by all the vessels together. At the third roll of the drum, the sails are dropped, and signal and answering pennants hauled down together. All signals are made on the same principle. The Flag- Ship should never fail to give the fleist tiinely warning before signal- ing an evolution of the kind. It is customary to make signal to the fleet also to prepare for 23 scrubbing hammocks or clothes — the signal being made tko night before in time to get the lines up afl sunset The Flag Officer generally issues an order to the fleet as to how signals are to be made and answered. In the following evolutions, we will describe the "routine" of the Flag-Ship ; it being understood that the other vessels follow the motions of the Flag-Ship and haul down their answering pennants when the signal is hauled down. This is always the moment cf exe- cution. Question. What are the "numbers" emplgyed in our ser- vice ? Q. What is the " Interrogatory" pennant ? Q. AVhat is the " Preparatory" pennant? Q. What is the " Church" pennant? Q. What is the "Cornet?" Q. What is a " Distinguishing" pennant ? Q. How are the squadrons of a fleet designated ? Q. How is a signal made to a particular ship ? Q. To a squadron ? .Q. How does a ship "make her number?" Q. How does a ship indicate that she wishes a Pilot ? Q. How does a ship indicate that she wishes a tug-boat ? Q. What is meant by hoisting a flag in a " waft" [or weftj ? Q. What is the usual signal of distress ? Q. What does the " Jack" at the mizen indicate ? Q. What does the "Jack" at the main indicate ? Q. AVhat does the " Jack" on the bows of a boat indicate ? Q. What docs the " Cornet" at the fore indicate? Q. What does a red flag at the fore, or in a boat, indicate ? Q. What are the "Repeaters ?" Q. How arc signals made in a fog? Q. How are signals made at night ? Q. What are " numerical" signals, and how are they made ? Q. What is meant by "dipping" the colors? Q. AVhat is a " distance-line ? ' Q. What is " the private signal?" Q. What is an " annulling signal?" Q. What is the " guard flag ?" Q. What is meant by a ship being under " sailing orders ?" Q. What is meant by a ship being in " quarantine," and what flag does she hoist ? Q. What is meant by receiving " pratigue ?" Q. What is meant by " signal distance?" Q. What is the "telegraphic dictionary?" 24 TO LOOSE SAILS. The preparatory signal having been made, as also a signal to indicate whether the sails are to be hauled out by the bow- lines, or up by the buntlines, the signal to loose sails is hoisted a few minutes before the colors are to be hoisted. All hands are called to "loose sails," and the squadron having answered, the command is given : Beat the call — aloft sail loosers ; when the men are up, man the boom, tricing-liyies — trice up — lay out and loose — man'the cleiv-jiggers and buntlines. When all the sails are reported ready, and 8 o'clock has been reported, com- mand : Stand hy to let fall at the third roll — roll off ; and at the third roll, let fall — haul up — lay in and lay doivn from aloft. The signal is hauled down as the sails are let fall. The buntlines and clew-jiggers are hauled up alike. The head sails and fore and aft sails are loosed at the same time. The head sails are thrown off the booms, but the halliards are not started. If the sails are to be hauled out by the bowlines, command : Man the halliards, bowlines and outhauls, after having sent the loosers up as before. At the third roll, command : Let fall — haul out — hoist away. The head sails are hoisted taut up, the topsails are hauled out by the bowlines, the courses dropped, the staysails hoisted, and the topsails and spanker hauled out. If the top-gallant and royal yards are aloft, the sails are loosed as the topsails ; if the yards are in the rigging, they are loosed enough to allow the wind to blow through them, when the topsails are hauled up by the buntlines, otherwise, they are let fall. The topsail clew-lines are sometimes kept fast vrhen the sails are hauled up by the buntlines, and some officers prefer hauling the buntlines only up square with the yards, others again haul them higher up. The sail loosers should shift at T bells, and should all be dressed alike. The boats are lowered and lower-booms gotten out at the same time, if desired. Question. How would you prepare the sails for loosing if you were sent aloft to do so ? [Out by the bowlines or other- wise.] Q. What is the object in loosing sails? Q. When would you haul out by the bowlines? Q. How would you station the crew for " loosing and furl- ins?" 25 Q. Are the tacks and sheets usually kept hooked to the clews of the courses in port ? Q. You arc ordered to get the covers on the maui and mizen topsails and mainsail, give the " commands," and explain how you will do it? Q- In " rolling off," at which roll is the bell struck ? TO FURL SAILS. The signal to furl sails having been madcTind answered, and all hands called " furl sail," command : Aloft top-gallant a)id royal yardmen, and when they have reached the topmast rig- ging, (where they remain until the next order,) aloft topvien ; when the topnien have reached the futtock rigging, and the top- gallant and royal yardmen, the cross-trees, aloft lower-yard- men. Man the huntUnes and chw-jiggen, (if they have not been hauled up, if otherwise, command : 31an the hunt-jiggers — hands by the luntUn".^ and cleiv- jiggers.) The men having gotten up, commarf)d: Lay out, and when fairly out, furl away. The signal is hauled down at the same time. When the sails are furled, stand by the booms — lay in down- booms — lay doum from aloft. All the men lay down except those stationed aloft to square yards. As soon as the sails are furled, the rigging should be hauled taut, and the boatswain directed to square yards. When the yards are reported square, the men are piped down from aloft. If the sails are hauled out by the bowlines, the boatswain calls, "all hands shorten and furl sail," and the oommand is given : Man the cleiv-jiggei's, bujitlines and down-hauls. The men are sent aloft as before, and when up, haul taut — clew up and haul down — lay out— furl away. The sails are furled, booms lowed, &c., &c., as before. In furling from a bowline, the halliard and bowlines are sorme- times racked after being up, and out, and the running parts overhauled through the leaders, when the command is given : *' Clew up and haul down," the rackings are cut. If the top-gallant and royal yards are in the rigging, the sails are furled with the others, if there be men enough ; if not, it is customary to furl them before. To do so, the officer of the deck commands : Stand by to furl the light sails — the men being ready — mail the rigging — fwl away, lay down! The flying jib should be stowed when the top-gallant sails and royals are furled. In all cases the men lay out on the head 26 booms at the order "lay out," or "man the rigging," and stow tke head sails as the others are furled. Sails are usually furled at 11:30 A. M., if day, otherwise, at 1 or 3:30 P. M. The Officer of the Deck should always try to have his boats alongside at the time he intends furling sails. If the boats at the booms have their sails loosed, they will be furled at the same time. If it is not desired to furl from a bowline, the signal is made "shorten sail," and all hands are called "shorten sail." The clew-jigger, buntlines, down-hauls, and brails being manned, the command is given : Haul tout — shorteii sail. The signal is hauled down, the topsails and courses hauled up by the buntlines and clew-jiggers, the head sails, hauled doAvn, and the other fore and aft sails brailed up. The sails are afterwards furled as already prescribed. When sails are loosed, the Officer of the Deck should see that the topmen do not go aloft and "steal," when sent aloft to furl, keep- the men in until ordered out, and at the command '* lay down from aloft," insist upon their laying down promptly, (ex- cept the square-yardmen.) If the sails are to be reefed, the command reef is given in- stead of "furl away." The reef-tackles must be hauled out, and when as many reefs have been taken as is desired, the}^ are overhauled, and the command given " furl away." Question. How do you furl a course ? Q. How do you furl a topsail ? Q. How do you furl a top-gallant sail ? Q. Plow do you stow a jib ? Q. How do you furl a spanker? Q. What are the "covers" of the fore-and-aft sails? Q. All hands having been called to " fhorten and furl sail," state particularly the stations of the crew ; commencing with the furlers of the flying-jib, Q. On which side are the top-gallant and royal yards when in the rigging, and how are they secured and stowed there ? Q. Suppose you wish to land the main top-gallant yard on deck, in order to unbend the sail, or to make a neat furl of it, how proceed? (Yard rope not rove.) Q. Suppose you wish to get the top-gallant and royal yards on deck, bend the sails and get them in the rigging again ; what orders will you give ? Q. What is meant by furling with the " clews out," or " in ?" %n TO CROSS TOP-GALLANT AND ROYAL YARDS. A ship always crosses her top-gallant and royal yards before getting under-^Yeigh, if the weather be fine, and it is usually done when the colors are hoisted. Also, when lying in port and wishing to exercise the crew, they are sent up in the morn- ing, and down at night. The preparatory signal is made a half hour before the colors arc to be hoisted, and the top-gallant and royal yardmen are sent aloft to overhaul the lifts and braces. As soon as it is done, they will lay down on deck. xVbout five minutes before the time, hoist the signal and call "all hands cross top-gallant and royal yards." The men being up, and the signal answered, command : Aloft top-gallant and roifal yardmen — man the yard ropes, sicay out of the chains. The top-gallant yards are SAvaycd until the upper yard arms are clear of the top rims, and the royal yards about half their lengths higher. (If the yards are on deck, the command is : Sway up and down.) When the men are up ; Beat the call — stvay aloft. As soon as the yards are reported ready, command : Tend the braces — stand by to stvay across at the third roll ; roll off. At the first roll : Stand by ; and at the third : Sway across. The signal is hauled down, and the lifts and braces imme- diately gotten down to the square marks. The yards are then squared, and the top-gallant and royal yardmen "piped down" with the square yardmen. If the other yards have been pre- viously squared, the command is given ; Lay do2v'n from aloft, as soon as the upper yards are squared. It is a good plan to stop the yard ropes out as aoon as the yards are crossed, and stradied ; and then to stop the yard ropes in again to the slings with a yarn. It should be done neatly, if done at all, and before the yards are squared by the boatswain. Question. Give the " stations " for crossing the top-gallant and ro^^al yards. Q. Explain the means of crossing them. Q. Give the duties of each man aloft. Q. Why is it a good plan to stop the yard ropes out, as men- tioned above ? Q. Are the yards sent np before or abaft the lower and top- sail yards ? Q. Suppose you were sent aloft to " prepare " for crossing the top-gallant and royal yards ; what preparations would you make? 28 Q. In squaring the jn^rds by the braces after they are swayed across, which biace will require to be hauled in the most? Q. AVhat is meant by swaying a mast " an end ?" TO SEND DOWN THE TOP-GALLANT AND ROYAL YARDS. About five minutes before sunset, call " all hands down top- gallant and royal j^ards," and hoist the signal. When answered, command : Aloft top-gallant and royal yardmen. If the yard ropes have not been previously stopped out, command : Stoi) out the yard ropes. When that is done, command : Beat the call — send dozen the tripping lines, (If the yard ropes are not down on deck, they are sent down with the tripping lines.) Man the yard ropes and tripping lines; roll off. At the first roll, stand hy ; and at the third, sway. The yards are lowered as rapidly as possible, and received by the topmen in the rigging, or on deck, as desired. The lifts and braces are stopped in, and hauled taut ; and the command given : Lay down from aloft. If the 3-ard ropes have been stopped in to the slings with a yarn, command : Break stops, at the first roll of the drum. The signal is hauled down at the command, " sway." If the yards are to be stowed in the rigging, the topmen sta- tioned to receive them, should lay aloft together at the third roll of the drum, and lay down together at the command, " lay down." Question. Give the " stations " for the above evolution. Q. Hovr would you prepare a yard for coming down ? Q. How are the lifts and braces "stopped in ?" Q. Give the duties of each man aloft. Q. What is a "tripping line?" Q. Why is the cautionary command, "stand by," given, in evolutions of this kind ? Q. Some ships seud down top-gallant and royal yards without sending a man aloft ; how is it done ? TO CROSS TOP-GALLANT AND ROYAL YARDS, AND LOOSE SAIL. The preparatory signal having been made a half hour before the colors are to be hoisted, call all hands " cross top-gallant and royal yards, and loose sail," five minutes before the time. Send the yardmen up, and sway the yards out of the chains, 29 find command: Beat the call; aloft sail looscrs ; swai/ aloft. The men ave sent out to loose, and the top-gaHant and royal yardmen cast off the gaskets of tlieir sails, ready to let them fall Avith tlie others; "when all ready, command : Stand h>/ to let fall, and sway across, at the third roll. Boll off. At the first roll, stand hy ; and at the third, let fall — sivay across. The sails are hauled up by the biintlines, or out by the bow- lines, as desired ; and the men arc sent in, and down from aloft, by the means previously given. The sails are furled, when dry, and the yards sent down at sunse f, as before directed. Some officers prefer sending sail-loosers aloft, and giving the command : Trice up, lay out and loose," at the order to beat the " call ;'.' and if sending yards up at the same time, to sway . them aloft when the sail-loosers "lay out;'' but, unless the yards are swayed aloft and prepared for crossing very quickly, the men are kept on the yards, in Avaiting, too long to present a good appearance. The routine presented above is, perhaps, the best, in most oases. Question. Give the "stations" for the above evolution. Q. You are ordered to cross yards and liaul cait by the bow- line ; give the "commands" in succession. TO Send rr, and down, the top-gallant MASTS. If the masts arc to be sent up when the colors are hoisted, make pr. ] arations, and hoist the preparatory sign.ll a half hour before. Five minutes before the time, hoist the signal and call " all hands up top-gallant masts." When the signal has been answered, command : Aloft topmen ; man the mast ropes; sway lip and doivn. The masts are swayed with their heels just clear of the deck. When the topmen are up,_ command : Beat the call; sway aloft. The masts are swayed up; royal rigging placed ; swayed higher, and top-gallant rigging placed, and then swnycd up and fiddcd. Th(>y should be fidtled together, if possible. The officer of the deck, waiting until the royal rig- ging is ]>:aced on all, and then swaying up to place the top-gal- lant rigg'ng, and when that is done, swaying up and fidding. Having I'dded, command: Stand by to launch at the third roll. Boll off. At the first roll, stand ly ; and at the third, launch. The mast-ropes are let go, the signal hauled down, and the masts stayed as quickly as possible. When done, command : Lay down from aloft. 80 To send them down at sunset, make the preparatory signal a half liour before; send the men aloft to make the necessary pre- parations, and when done, send them on deck. Five minutes before sunset, hoist the signal, and call " all hands down top- gallant masts:" Aloft topmen ; man the mast ropes. When ready : Beat the call ; sivay up and out fids; stand by to lower at the third roll. Roll off. At the third roll, loiuer aivaij. The masts are lowered on deck, signal liauled down, and rigging hauled taut and stopped in. Finally, commands : Lay down from aloft. The flying jib-boom should be gotten out, and in, with the top-gallant masts. The top-gallant masts may be sw^ayed up and fidded without waiting for each other, if desired. In performing the evolution in part, however, it presents rather a better appearance to cause them to do so. The men are sometimes "stationed" for this evolution, but if not, the oflicer of the deck should not allow more men to lay aloft than is necessary. "When the masts are swayed up in the morning and sent down at night, it is usual to keep them up and down the lower masts, with the mast ropes wove. Question. What preparations would you make for sending up top-gallant masts ? Q. What preparations for sending out the flying jib-boom? Q. What are the duties of the fore castlemen, fore, main and mizen topmen respectively, on deck and aloft ? Q. Explain the manner of sending up and down a top-gallant mast. , Q. Explain the manner of getting the flying jib-boom out, or in. Q. Station the men for the above evolution. Q. How are the mast ropes rove ? [Single or double.] Q. What is a "fid," and what a "preventer fid?" and what is a "patent fid?" Q. Are the masts sent up before, or abaft the lower and top- sail yards ? Q. How would you "stay " top-gallant masts? Q. What preparations would you make for sending down top- gallant masts, and rigging in flying jib-boom ? Q. What are jack-blocks ? Q. After the masts are down, what is done with the rigging? Q. HoAV are the top-gallant masts sometimes made, so as to admit of the yard ropes and mast ropes being quickly rove, when shifting masts; or, crossing yards and sending up masts at the same time. 31 Q. Boyd recommends " cutting a lizard hole aslant tlirougli the mast, something more than the length of the topmast head, below the royal sheave-hole;" what is the object of it? Q. How would you Iwuse top-gallant masts ? Q. Give the " commands ?" , Q. The top-gallant masts are housed, and you wish to fid them when the colors are hoisted; give the "commands." TO SEND UP TOP-GALLANT MASTS, AND CROSS TOP-GALLANT YARDS. In performing this evolution, the masts should be fidded, the fore-and-aft stays, and the standing barkstays set up before swaying aloft the yards. The topmen sliould, therefore, have their lutfs on, ready to get the rigging down to the old nip3 without delay. Unless jack blocks are used, there will be a de- lay in sending the yards up, unless the yard ropes are quickly rove. The ends, then, should be aloft, and as soon as the sheave appeal's above the cap, they should be rove, and a haul- ing line bent on from the deck from abaft. Some hands having been previously stationed for the purpose, man the hauling line and reeve the yard rope. The men at the mast ropes turn round to the yard ropes, as soon as the masts are fidded. The standing parts of the yard ropes arc hooked to the slings of the yards in readiness, before the evolution. If the masts and yards are to be sent up when the colors are hoisted, make signal as before, and call "all hands up top-gal- lant masts and top-gallant yards." Send the men aloft; beat the call ; sway up ; fid top-gallant masts ; then sway aloft the yards, and cross at the third roll — the signal being hauled down at the same time. The royal yards may be crossed with the others, if desired. Question. Station the men for the above evolution. Q. Give the "commands" in succession. Q. AVhat preparations are necessary ? TO SEND DOWN TOP-GALLANT MASTS, AND YARDS. Unless jack blocks are used in this evolution, the yards must be sent down, before the masts can be lowered lower than the sheaves in the top-gallant mast heads. A few hands should be stationed to round down on the standing parts of the yard ropes, as soon as the yards are on deck, and when the end ap- 33 proaclies the sheave hole, the men aloft unrecve it, and keep it at the topmast head. Having made preparations, make the -signal, and call " all hands down top-gallant masts and yards " five or ten minutes before sunset, [supposing that the evolution is to be performed at that time.] Send the men aloft ; beat the call ; swaj up and out fids, as before. At the third roll, sway and lower away. Lower the yards on deck, and the top-gallant masts as far as the sheaves. As soon as the yard ropes arc unrove, lower away the masts. Haul down the signal at the third roll. The evolution cannot be made a successful one, unless marks have been previously put on the mast ropes and yard ropes, and careful hands stationed at them to lower, &c. There should be no "sinmna; out" from aloft. If jack blocks are used, sway the yards at the third roll, and lower away all together. Question. What preparations are necessary ? Q. Station the men. Q. Give the "commands" in succession. Q. How are jack blocks fitted, if used ? Q. What is the difference between "striking" and "hous- ing" top-gallant masts ? TO SEND UP TOP-GALLANT MASTS, AND LOOSE SAILS. Having made preparations, make the signal, and call "all hands up top-gallant masts and loose sails at five minutes before the colors are to be hoisted. Beat the call, sway aloft, an I send the sail loosers aloft together, (having previously sent the top- men up to receive the Aiasts.) At the third roll, launch and let fall, hauling up the buntlines, &c., as before described. The sails are furled when dry, and the masts gent down at sunset. The words of command in sending the masts up, and loosing, would be, in succession; 3Ian the yard ropes; aloft topmen ; sway ^^ up and down.'' Beat the call; sway aloft ; aloft, sail loosers. Man the. loom tricing lines ; trice up ; lay out ; loose.; man the clew jigger's and buntlines, (or other ne- cessary gear, if to haul out by the bowlines.) Stand by to launch and let fall at the third roll. Roll off ; standby; launch ; let fall ; haul up, lay in ; and when the masts are stayed and rigging set up : lay doivn from aloft. 3S The loosers [of the xourses and fovc-and-aft sails lay dow; as soon as the sails are loosed. TO SEND UP TOP-GALLANT MASTS AND YARDS, AND LOOSE SAILS. In performing this evolution, the same routine is observed. The yai-ds are crossed and sails loosed at the third roll. Question. "What preparations are necessary? (^ Give the " commands," in succession. TO MEND SAILS. *' Mending sails" is furling them afresh. To do this proper- ly, the sails should be let fall, the buntlines hauled up, and the leeches, &c., passed in afresh The clewlines arc not started. Having made signal five minutes before, and called "all hands mend sails," beat the call, and send the men aloft, as in furling sails. When the men are up to the yards, command : trice up, layout and loose ; man the buntlines; roll ojf. At the third roll : let fall — haiil up. When the men are ready : Furl away; stand by the booms ; lay in ; down booms ; lay dovjn frovi aloft. Haul taut the gear, square'yards, &c., &c., as in "furling sails." What is the object in mending sails ? HOISTING IN AND OUT BOATS. Having directed the boatswain to call "all hands out boutt;," the order is given to clear atvay the boats, and, the topmcn being ready : Aloft topmen. The boom-cover is thrown back, and everything not belonging to the boats thrown out and laid in the gangways, and the yard and stay tackles prepared for going aloft. The men aloft overhaul the burtons and prepar- the whips, and when ready: Lay out — send down whips — hooK the burtons. As soon as the whips are sent down, the yani . tackles and triatic stay are ber.t on. 3fan the -whips and por: fore brace — trice up — brace in the fore yard. As soon as th. yard is braced in, and tackles hooked, haul taut the lifts, bruccft. burtons, trusses and rolling tackles, and "hook on" the uppc • boat. Ma7i the stays, haul taut, walk away. When the boat > high enough: Turn with the stays, man the yards, walk away — 34 ease away the stays ; and when tlie boat is clear of the ship'rf ' rail : Turn with the yards — lower awcf^. The boat is lowered in the water, the tackles unhooked and rounded up. The launch is hoisted out in the same manner. To send down the tackles, command : Lay out — unhook tackles and burtons — man the starboard fore brace. When ready: Loiver away — square the fore^yard — take off the whips. The tackles and triatic stay are lowered, made xap and stowed away; the burtons rounded up and whips coiled away in the tops. As soon as the work aloft is done : Lay douni from aloft. The booms are now re-stowed, rigging flemished down, decks swept and yards squared. • . The boats are hoisted in by similar means and orders. What yard tackles are used for hoisting out and in boats ? When are the burtons hooked 't How are they rove ? How and where arc the whips put on ? What is the triatic stay, and how fitted "' How bend on the whips for tricing up and hooking tin? tackles ? How many men are hoisted out in the boats 'i How are the boats stowed ? Why are the burtons hooked? How do you secure the yjwrds ? Why is the fore yard braced in ? Is the main yard braced ? What is a winding tackle ? What precautionary command would you give before bracing fore yard ? What is stowed in the boats ? On which side is the boat supposed to be hoisted out in the above article ? Give the commands for taking in the Ilaunch, and the entir? routine. How would you divide the men at the falls ? Does the main yard require as much support in hoisting out a launch as in taking in a 32-pdr. gun of 63 cwt.? What is about the weight of a frigate's launch? How would you hoist out a boat at sea ? What is the windlass, usually put in our launches, to be used for? How are the boats secured for sea ? 3r» ji ! BENDING AND UNBENDING SAILS. Before calling "all hands to bend sails," the men are sent aloft to prepare for the evolutions — yard ■whips put on, ge;u overhauled, jib stay unrove, gaffs lowered, (if necessary,) &;c., and the sails gotten up and stretched along the deck. Wheu everything is prepared, and men sent down from aloft, the Boatswain is directed to "call all hands bend sails" — 3Ian th^ snil burtons — Aloft topmen — Sway aloft the topsails. The top- sails are swayed up to the yards, and the men aloft bend thf gear. Tlic jib stay is rove through the hanks and marry in_:^' line manned, the ;zear of the courses bent and manned, and th;.- spanker bent to the gaff, and throat and peak halliards manned. When all ready : Aloft lower yardmen — trice up the booms — haul taut — sway up and haul out — lay out and bring to. The jib stay is run out, gaffs hoisted, and square sails hauled out to- gether. As soon as the sails are bent, command : Lay in — djivn from ah ft ; unless it is intended to furl. The yard whips are taken off, jib stay setup, &c. To unbend sails, direct the Boatswain to call "all hands un- bend sails" — Aloft topmen — Aloft lower yardmen — man the boom tricing lines — trice up — lay out and unbend. The men lay out on the jib-boom at the same time, and prepare the jib for coming in. The halliards and jib downhaul are manned, the gtar of topsails and coursers tended, and hands by the gaff halliards. » When the men aloit are ready — earings sinoflod, iScc. — Ease away — lower away. The jib comes in and gaffs down as the square sails are lowered. The men aloft make up the gaskets, kc. Lay in — doum bootns — lay down fr"?n aloft. The jib stay is set up again, gaffs hoisted, sails made up and stowed in the sail-room, rigging hauled taut, decks swept, kc. How do you make up a jib ? How make up a course ? How make up a topsail? How make up a spanker li' Bend and unbend a jib, a topsail, a course and a spanker. What is a marrying line ? Suppose a jib is laced, how bend it ? What arc the sail burtons, and where are they hooked in bending and unbending the topsails ? How is the fall of the sail burton rove ? What is a roband ? and how passed ? Why are the topsails swayed aloft first ? 36 Wliat gear would 3'ou man bed in swaying up a course? . Where are the yard whips hooked ? How bend a spanker which travels on the gaflf ? Name the different parts of a sail. How tell a foresail from a raainsail ? How tell the top of a sail from the bottom ? the forward from the after side? How arc the top-gallant sails, royals and flying jib bent? Mention all the gear of a jib, topsail, course and jib. You are in charge of the deck, and are ordered to shift the main topsail — give the commands in succession. . How are studding sails bent, and where are they kept? You arc in charge of the deck, and are ordered to reeve stud- ding gear and get the tojvgallant studding sails in the tops — give the commands in succession. The top-gallant yards are crossed, and you are ordered to un- bend the main top-gallant sail — how would you do it? The royal yards are across and you wish to unbend the maia royal — how would you do it ? BOAT SERVICE. The officer of the deck wishing to send away a boat, direct^ the bugler, or Boatswain's mate, to "call her away." The Midshipman of the quarter deck sees the boat manned, and calls one of the Midshipmen of the " boat duty," or "relief," to go in her. The Midshipman called makes his appearance, neafly dressed in uniform and with his side arms, and reports to the officer of the deck for orders ; having received them, he gets in the boat and commands : Up oars — shove off — let fall — give way. If he wishes to turn the boat — say, to starboard — he commands : Back your starhoard oars — give way your port earn. After having shoved off, he should see that the fenders arc taken in and that the painter is not trailing overboard. The bowmen should, after having shoved the boat off, resume their seats, get up their oars and let them fall together, without orders. In pulling ashore, attention must be paid to the set of the tide. Meeting another boat, and wishing to salute, command: Stand by to lay on your oars — (or, toss your (ars^ as the case may be): Oars, (or Toss,) and having passed. Give way. Upon approaching your place of destination, command : In bows — ivay enough. At the command "in bows," the bowmen take one stroke and toss their oars ; they should then stand upright in the bows of the boat, with their boat-hooks held in both hands and heels resting on the thwart. At the command, " Way enongb." 37 the men take one .stroke and toss. The starboard stroke oars- man shouhl throw up his right arm just before tossing, as :\ signal. The fenders are thrown out as soon as the oars are boated. When a Midshipman goes alongside his own, or any other ship, he should leport at once to the officer of the deck. IIow are the commands: " lay on your oars," "toss your oars," "trail oars," " boat your oars," and "lock your oars," executed ? What is feathering an oar? Name the different parts of an oar. How would you muffle an oar ? AVhat salutes are to be observed by boats passing? [Navy Regulations.] if a junior overtakes liis superior officer, should he pass him? Do launches or heavily laden boats salute ? How would you salute a Commodore, your boat being under sail? You are in a boat under sail — say, two lugs, jib and jigger — it comes on to blow ; how would you shorten sail ? How heave a boat to, in moderate weather ? in a gale? How tack a boat ? How wear? ^ How is a lug sail dipped ? How land in a surf ? How cross a bar ? How is a 'boat fitted out for distant service? [Ordnance Manual.] "When a boat comes alongside, what salute do the boat-keepers pay ? How do you weigh an anchor with the launch? MILITARY HONORS AND CEREMONIES. The Navy Regulations say, that " when the President of the Confederate States shall visit a vessel of the Navy, he shall be received upon the deck by all the officers, in full uniform ; the yards shall be manned ; the full guard shall be paraded, and shall present arms ; the music shall give three ruffles of the drum and play a march, and a salute of twenty-one guns shall be fired. And the same honors shall be paid when he leaves the ship," — also, the Confederate Ensign shall be displayed at the main. Having been notified of the intended visit, the officer of the deck will get the life lines on the yards, (sending the men aloft, together, for that purpose,) and have them stopped down to the as eyes of the lifts. He should assure himself that they are securely bent, or hitched, to the lifts, and prepared for hauling out, as the lives of the men depend upon it. It is usual to select and station the men for the different yards. The Signal Quartermaster has the ensign bent on and stations men at the halliards. The Executive officer gives the orders about officers being in full dress, the guard and music, and also the salute. When the boat containing the President heaves in sight, the officer of the deck will drop the boats, notify the Commanding and Executive officers, direct the Boatswain to "call all hands man yards," call the officers, turn out the guard, and have the side tended by the Boatswain and eight side boys. He should notify the men, before sending them aloft, that they arc to lay out at the first gun and in at the last, and that those on the inizen yards are to face forward ; the others aft ; also, that the life lines are not to be taken off. Just before the boat gets alongside : Aloft' top-gallant yardmen — aloft topmen — Aloft Joiver yardmen. If the head and spanker booms are to be manned, the men stand in readiness to lay out with the yard- men. The ensign is rounded up, and the Quartermaster directed to break the stops at the first gun, and to haul down the pendant. The men aloft m3st keep close in to the slings of the yard. As the President is " piped over," the drums roll, marines present arms, and music plays. As soon as the boat drops astern, the Executive officer commences firing the salute. At the tirst gun : Lay out — break stops, and at the last : Lay in — lay down from aloft. When the President leaves, the officers are called, guard turned out, side tended, &c. The officer in charge of the boat should be directed to pull ahead of the ship. The men are sent aloft with directions to face forward, after the boat has shoved off. When the boat is clear of the ship, the salute is fired. At the first gun : Lay out, and at the last: Lay in — '^ff Ufa lines — lay down from ahft. The ensign is haukxl down and stops of pen- dant broken at the last gun. Haul up tVie boats, square the lower booms (if they have been topped up,) &c., &c. The officer in command of the boat (a Lieutenant) will lay on his oars while the salute is being fired. In taking off the life lines, the men stationed for so doing must be cautioned not to '' start anything" until the men are off the yards. After the salute is fired, the Marine officer is directed to " dismiss the guard." How are the "life lines" gotten on the yards? 39 How instruct the men to stand securely on the yards? How is a salute fired ? -What precautions are to be taken before firing ? [Ordnance Manual.] Why "stop the life lines down to the eyes of the lifts" ? How is the Vice President received? an ex-President? an <'X" Vice President ? a Foreign Sovereign? a Cabinet Officer? a Judge of the Supreme Court ? a Governor ? a Flag Officer ? a Captain ? a Commander ? a Lieutenant Commanding ? a Lieu- tenant? a Warrant Officer? What is the salute of an Admiral? a port Admiral? a Flag Officer? a Captain? a Commander? persons of diplomatic rank ? [Navy Regulatiohs, pages 32 et seq.'\ What powder and what charge of powder, is to be used in saluting ? How is the absence of a Flag Officer, or a Commanding Officer indicated at night? What are tlie Ceremonies to be observed at the Gangway ? [Navy Keg., p. 45.] Ts it usual to keep the marines on deck in port? How would you prepare for a salute — say, to an English Consul ? You are in company with an English fleet, on the Queens birthday ; what flags would you hoist ? How is a ship dressed? You being in charge of the deck, how and when would you hoist and hall down the flags in dressing ship ? What is the general definition of a "life line"? You arc "cheered" by a passing vessel and wish to return it; give the orders. When is it usual to " cheer ship" ? How are officers received at night? You are in charge of a boat containing an officer, who is "'cheered," what will you do? What is the order about the hour of hoisting the colors and beating the tattoo ? Would you ever use a National Ensign for dressing a ladder ? HOISTING IN PROVISIONS, WATER, &c. The launch being nearly alongside, with a load of provisions, call all hands "clear launch" — Aloft top-keepers — (of the Main top only) — Send down whips. The water whip and stay are bent on, and a burton hooked to support main yard if neces- sary. 3Ian th<>. whips — Starboard main brace — trice vp — brace 40 up main yard. The yard and stay tackles are triced up and hooked, and the main yard braced a little up and secured. A mat is placed in the gangway to Iniid the barrels, "which are to be landed and struck down the fore hatch ; the fife is in readi- ness to p^ay ; the Pay Master's Steward to take an aecouni of the provisions received ; a tarpaulin is put over the port-ham- tnock nettings for the Boatswain's mate to stand on while attending to the discharging the boat ; the Mate of the hold is notified to prepare to receive provisions ; and the mates of the lower deck* have hanging mats hung in the hatches, and men stationed to guide the barrels, &c., down clear, ladders unship- ped, &c. ; the forecastlemen go in the boat to sling provisions, the foretopmen tend in the port gangway to roll the barrels for- ward, placing mats in the gangway to prevent soiling tlie deck ; the mamtopmen man the stay, the afterguard and mizentopmen the yard tackle ; the mainmastmen unhook the tackles when the barrels are landed. The Master's Mate of the forecastle super- intends the whole. As each barrel (or barrels) is hooked on, the Officer of the deck commands : Haul taut — walh away with the yard — haul over the stay — loiver away — round up and hoolc on. When the launch is cleared, if it is not intended to send down the "yard and stay," they are hooked to an eyebolt in the main channels and hauled taut; otherwise command: Aloft, and stand hy to send down the yard and stay — lay out and unhoolc — (taking off burton at the same time) — man the port 'Main brace ; when ready : Lower away — square the main yard. Take off the whips. As soon as the whips are coiled away : Lay down from aloft. After all work the rigging is flemished do-wn and decks swept- This rule is general. Where is the yard tackle hooked t Where is the "stay" hooked? What is the water whip ? Why is the main yard braced a little np? What provisions are stowed forward ? How would you strike barrels down the fore hatch ? What is a "beef" tackle? How do you sling a barrel ? What is the Aveight of a barrel of bread ? Where and how is bread stowed ? How is the bread-room lined ? How cleaned to receive new bread ? Would you stow good and bad bread in the same bread-roosa* in bulk ? 41 What is the weight of a barrel of beef or pork f Where is it stowed ? Where is whiskey stowed V mohisses ? vinegar? beans? rice? flour? sugar? coffee? tea? butter? cheese? oil? paints? can- dles? Boatswain's stores? Gunner's stores? Master's stores? Pay-Master's stores ? Carpenter's stores ? Sail-Maker's stores ? burgeon's stores? Mess stores ? What is the difteronoe between "wot and dry provisions"? How do you " start" whiskey? What arrangements make and precautions adopt ? Tn starting molasses, vinegar and wliiskey through the same hose, which would you start first? and which last? What is meant by "making a bull"' of a barrel? How do you rig. a "starting tub"' ? How is water taken aboard? Where is it put? What is the allowance of water, per man, a day ? What is a scuttle-butt? Why is a sentry stationed there ? How would you raft off water casks ? How is wood taken in, and where stowed ? Why are the sticks counted ? Why is the wood barked? Why do you bark the hoops of beef aud pork barrels before 8towing ? How is sand taken in, and where stowed ? How is coal taken in, and where stowed? What preparations make for coaling ship? What do you do with the boats while coaling ? How do you stow the hold ? How stow the spirit-room? SERVING OUT PROVISIONS, CLOTHING, SMALL STORES, &c. INSTRUCTIONS ON What is the call for serving out provisions ? Who attends? What does the Navy Ration consist of? If the crew wish to complain of any part of the ration, how should they do it ? If the Pay-Master receives bad bread or beef, what does ho do? W^hat is a "harness cask," and what is it used for? How is the ration cooked ? How is a galley inspected ? 42 Who is the Jack of the Dust ? Who is the Loblolly boy ? Who is the Jemmy Ducks ? JIow are the small stores issued ? What are called small stores ? What are the Mess Bills, and who makes them out ? Why should an officer attend at all issues to the men? What are clothes' lists and Requisitions? What is the object of making out clothes' lists ? What is the duty of an officer commanding a division, in rela- tion to the clothing of his men? How often are clothes' lists and requisitions made out? How is clothing issued ? Who attends ? What are "Slops"? 3?ait III. EVOLUTIONS. No'e — Tlie Siuilcnt ninst bo pr!pared to illustrate eveiy evolution ly a Diagram. TACKING. 1. By the wind on starboard tack, under all plain sail, (viz: Royals and flyinu jib, mainsail and spanker,) tack ship; moderate breeze and smooth sea. The officer of the deck commands: (1.) Readii about. At this command the men repair to their stations, as assigned them bj the Station Bill. The Mate of the forecastle sees hands by the head sheets and bowlines, by the fore tack and sheet, men on head booms to light over sheets, lee fore tack and weather sheet stretched along, hands to let go and overhaul fore lifts trusses and rolling tackles — also, to overhaul and set up breast backstavs, hands aloft to bear abaft and abreast back- stays, and to overhaul lifts and trusses aloft, both fore clew gaskets manned, also lee main tack, and finally, hands by main tack and all the main bowlines. The Midshipman of the quart%i'-deck will see weather main and lee cross-jack braces, main clew garnets and weather main sheet manned, hands by lee main braces, main sheet, and weather cross-jack braces and bowlines ; at mainmast, to ovo- haul main lifts, trusses and rolling tackles, and tend head braces; hands to overhaul and set up main and mizen topmast breast backstays, weather spanker sheet manned, and lee one and vangs tended, also the topping lifts ; and finally, men aloft to bear abaft and abreast backstays, and overhaul lifts an• proper tneihod is to pt.Tforni all icohtiions as quickly as consistent with the safety • if the ship. The ."^jjanker and miiinsRil can be tised at the discretion of the officer of tlit? ai1 — clear away the halliards — luiul down. The j'ards must now be squared by the lifts and braces, trusses, &;c. &c., hauled taut. Get spanker boom amidships, backstays set up, &c. Get all the port studding sails ready for setting. Everything being ready : JTaul tant, rig out, and sivay to hand. The lower boom is topped up, hauled forward and trimmed, stu*]ding sail booms rigged out, and topmast and top- gallant studding irails swa3'ed to the yards, the outer stops cut, sails launched over the braces, and slack of tacks taken down. Men from lower boom topping lift, forward guy and out-jiggers, man lower studding sail halliards, &c. ] foist atvay. Ihe sails a.re lioisted together, properly set^ and everything hauled taut. Question. What is the use of a burton on the topsail yard ? Q. Why steady the top-gallant l^owline out before setting top- gallant studding sail ? Q. What is a studding sail bend, iuul why is it used in pre- ference to another ? Q. Upon taking the dfck, what would you "look to " in or- der to see that the sails were properly set, rigging taut, &c., by the wind f Q. Do., ship with all starboard studding sails set ? Q. Do., studding sails set both sides ? Q. In hauling out topmast studding sail afresh, how proceed, Strong or fresh breeze V Wind abeam. Q. Will the ship steer better when the wind is affc, or worse ? Q. Why have you hauled down the jibs? Q. How is the topmast studding sail boom rigged in and out ? and how is the heel lashing passed ? WIND HAULS FORWARD. 11. Wind draws on port quarter — ship under sail, as made in the preceding article. The ofiScer of the deck commands : Stand by to dip ihe star- board tojpmast and top-gallant studding sails; the tacks aiid r)3 halliards being teii'led, and inon on the y;irds. Lower avjmj. The tacks are eased off, V^ allow the men to r«;et hold of the outer leaches, an spankkr ; single reef the topsails. Man the top-gallant clewlines and iveathcr braces ; haul taut, in tojy-gallant sails. The bowlines, sheets and halliards are let go, sails clewed up, yards pointed to the wind, top-gallant bunt- lines hanled up ; but the sails not furled. Man the topsail clewlines and weather braces. All being ready : Haul taut — clear awajf the bowlines, round in the toea- ther braces — settle away the topsail halliards — clew dovm. The man at the wheel is directed to luff", in order to assist in bracing in ; the topsail yards are braced in until they are nearly square, and the halliards hauled taut and belayed as soon as the yardtj aie down — as is also the Ice topsail brace. Haul ov.t the reef tackles — haul up the bunt line s ; and the reef tackles being out, and buntlines up : Ahft toprnen — stand hy to take one reef in the topsail — man the boom tricing lines — trice up — lay out and reef. The men, being on the yard, light (he sail over to windward, in order that tlie weather earing may be passed ; when the man passi.'ig it has taken several' turns, he passes the word " haul out to leeward," and the lee earing being sufficieutlY out, the word is given by the man at it, to " tie away." The sail is gathered well up on the yard, and reef points tied with a square knot or half bow, observing to tic clear of the top-gallant sheets. In passing an earing, the ear- ing is first taken out, over the elect, down abaft the yard, through the cringle, up over the cleet again, down abaft, and the bight passed through the cringle, leaving the end abaft the sail. Pass the bight up before and over the yard, rousing the reef A\ell up, haul back on the end until the bight lies close doM'u on the yard, pass the end through the bight from abaft, haul well back and hitch it. In passing the earing for the 3rd and 4th reefs, take as many inner turns as the cringle will «aci- mit of, and pass the turns on the end — not on the bight. The topsails are to be kept spilled while reefing by the helmsman. The sails being reefed ; Stand by the booms ; lay in — down booms — lay down from aloft. The heels of the booms are se- cured as soon as down. The topsail halliards are led along 5f> while tlie men are reefing. - Man tlie iopmil hall'tarch, let go and overliaul the rigrjing. tend the braces, haul taut. h<'Utaway'. The yards are eased forward by the weather braces, rigging overhauled aloft, &c., and ship luffed up wliile hoisting When up : Man the top-gallant sheets and halliards, sheet home and hoist away. Trim tlie sails, haul taut everything, kc-.. &e. Note. — Before rouiuljiig in the weiitliei- braces, ii is a good plan to settle u little of the halliards:, particularly when reeling with the watch. VVitli ai! hands on deck, tlie topmen nray be sent alc>ft uhile chewins; down; Ijiit ii. blowin<; weather, ulways lay the yards, anil prepare the sail I'nr reefiu", be/on 111 lowing a man on tlie yard. Never brace or lower a yard witli the r.ien on it. Question. How do. you pass the earing for the 4th reef? Q. Part the reef tackle in hauling it out ; vriiat do ? Q. How trim the yards after hoisting? Q. What precaution adopted when hoisting af^er reefing? Q. Can the topsails be reefed without clewing up the top-gal- lant sails ? Q. How would you ];!.y tlie fore topsail yard for reefing, as mate of the forecastle ? Q. How do you judge of a sail's being up ? Q. Before the wind, ,-^ingle reef the topsails, Q. Wind on quarter, single reef the to])sails. 13. TO REE5' TOPSAILS IN STAYS, Call "all hands 'bout ship and reef topsails;" station one watch of topmen for going aloft — hands by the topsail halliards : Ready about — ready, ready — helms-a-lee. aloft topmen, ris'e tacks a7id sheets, overhau.l lifts and trusses, bear abaft breast backstays, ha^d taut, mainsail hard, lancer away the topsails — (fore topsail clewlines must be well manned.) Lay the topsail yards, haul out the reef tackles, haul up the buntlines, trice up, l<^y out and reef — liead braces and topsail halliards ; lay in — down booms — lay doum from aloft; haul taut — let go and Kaul — hoist avjay the topsails. Brace up and trim sharp as before. Nofe — If there should he much wind, the foro topsail couhl not he prtrperly reefed by followinf- the above method ; and in this case it would be better to clew down the main and mizeu topsails as before, and not clew down the fore topsail until the order "Let go and haul," then ''Lay out and reef,'' after whicli, hoist it — the main and rnizen beitig hoisted as soon as reefed. QuESTlOK". — What is the objection, if any, to clewing down ^vhen the order is given, "Rise tacks and sheets," and swinging the mtiiu 3'ard while the men arc on the topsail yard? Q. "What is the ohjoction to letting go the topsail hal- liards when the order is given to "case down the helm," as in Murphj, page 18. 11. TO TAKE IN j.OP-c;ALLANT SAILS. BLOWING FRESH. yian the. top-gallant clewlines and i^eathcr braces. When rcadj^' : Haul taut — dear aivaij the bowline, Ice sheet anel hal- liards — cleiv down ; and when the yard is down, and the clew- line up : Clear away the weather sheet — clciv up. The yard is j.ointed tp the wind, lee brace steadied, top-gallant buntline h.'uiled up : Fiirl the iop-gallant sails. Question. Take in top-galhmt sails before the wind. Q. Why do you let go the h-o ^hret first? Q. By the w-ind, under top-gallaut sails, weather top-gallant sheet parts. 1"). To TAKE IX THE SPANKER, BLOWINn FRESU. JIan the spanker brails and head downhaid — case away the outhauls — brail up — lee brails best. If tiie head of the sail does not brail in, but is seized to the gaff, it will bo well tr> round in the lee cross jack brace, to pre- vent the sail flying over tiie lee yard arm. To reef a sjiMnker, haul the boom amidships, haul, taut lee topping lift, lower peak and throat halliards, ease off the out- liJTul, pass the outer and inner earings, (if used,) observing not to pass the former round the boom, gather the sail up, and knot the points on the foot rope — hoist up taut, &c., &c. 10. To TAKE IN THE JIB, AND SET FORE TOPMAST STAYSAIL. Man the jib downhaul, fore topmast staysail halliards — haul taut — clear away the downhaul — hjist aivay — clear aivay the halliards — haul down. The jib sheet should be eased off as the sail comes down. Tn setting the staysail, first haul aft the sheet, and case it off as the sail goes up. To take in and stow a jib when blowing hard, it is always better to run the ship off, if possible. Question. Jib dowmhaul parts ; what ^0 ': Q. Jib sheet parts — b^- the wind. Q. Jib splits — by the wind. 58 17. The breeze freshens; take the second beef in thf topsails. Proceed as in taking in the first reef. Put jiggers on tho topsail lifts, and haul them taut. 18. To reef the courses. Man the fore and main elewgarnets and buntUnes — haul taut — up courses ; haul the elewgarnets about two-thirds up ; haul out the reef tackles — aloft loiver yardmen. See the lifts, trusses, braces and rolling tackles well taut. Trice up — lay out and reef. The reef earings are passed on the end, out over a hook on the yard arm, back through the cringle, &c., as -vvith a topsail. The reef points are taken with a round turn round the jackstay, and half hitched to the standing part. The sail being reefed ; Lay in — down booms — lay dowri from aloft. Man the tacks and sheets, and set the sails. If the yard is to be braced in to clear the sail of the stays, do so before the men lay out on the yard. Question. Why haul the elewgarnets only two-thirds up ? 19. To take the third reef in the topsails. Proceed as before, observing not to brace the topsail or lower yards too' sharp up. Now get the preventor braces and parrals (if fitted,) on. Get rolling ropes on the top-gallant yards, if still aloft, and hook the rolling tackles. 20. To HAUL UP and furl the mainsail. 31an the main cleivgarnets and buntlines. The weather clew- garnet, both buntlines and leechlines are manned. Before start- ing anything, haul taut the lee main lift — ease off a fathom or two of the main sheet; haul taut — ease away the main tack and bowline — haul up to windward. The lee buntline is hauled up as far as it will go, and leechlines hauled taut : Uase away the sheet — haul up to leeivard. After the sail is snug up : Aloft main yardmen — trice up — lay out and furl. It is usual to set the main topsail after hauling up the main- sail. Question. Why do you haul taut lee main lift ? Q. Why ease off a little of the main sheet ? Q. How would you heave to in a gale ? 59 Q. Under what sail ? Q. How and under what sail scud ? Q. By the wind under all sail : heave to. Q. Before the wind under all sail ; heave to. Q. Bj the wind — a man falls overboard. Q. Before the wind — a man falls overboard. 81. By the wind under double reefed TorsAiLS ani> COURSES ; TO TURN A REEF OUT OF THE TOPSAILS. Wishing; to turn a reef out, the officer of the deck commands : Aloft and stand hy to turn a reef out of the topsails — Man the weather topsail braces, huntlines and reef-tackles — Hands hy the topsail halliards. All being manned the helmsman i:i> is directed to Luff, and the command given : Brace in — settle a little of the halliards — Jtaul up the huntlines — liaul out the reef tackles. The yards are braced a little in ; a fathom or so of the hal- liards settled ; the huntlines hauled taut, and the reef- tackles out — Lay out and turn out one reef. The men lay out and cast <»ff from the ^M?i^ ou?; the outer yardmen single the earings, (being careful not to slack them off until ordered,) and the hal- liards ar(> led along. When the "" points" arc all cast off, the men at the earings notify the officer of the deck that they are ready for " easing away," who commands : Man the topsail hal- liards — Tend the hraecs — Ease away — Lay in — Lay down from aloft — Let go and overhaul the gear; and as soon as the men are in off the yard : Hoist away. The sails are hoisted, yards trimmed, &c., &c. Question. Why are the yards braced in and sails lowered ? Q. Why cast off from the bunt out ? Q. Why are the reef-tackles hauled out ? <4,. How do you judge of the sail being up ? Q. Blowing fresh — set the mainsail. Q. do. set the topgallant sal's. Q. do. set jib. Q. do. set spanker. 3*2. Head to wind and tide, get under weigh and stand OUT ON A wind. t Before getting under weigh, the top-gallant and royal yards are crossed, cat-fall overhauled, messenger passed, other anchor ready for letting go, capstan bars shipped and swiftered in, nip- pers gotten up, &c. Having called all hands "Up Anchor," 60 command; 3Ia,i the bars; and send word to the Master to "bring to." There should be a man in each top, leadsmen in the chains, men at "wheel, Quartermaster at signals and conn, Boatswain on forecastle, &c., &c. When reported ready, command: Heave round, and send word to the Master to let jou know when in to a short scope — naming the scope from which 3'ou wish to make sail. The chain is unbitted as it comes in, stoppers taken off, and chain paid below, (unless very muddy.) Tlie topmen stationed to pass or put on nippers, should work fast enough to alloAv the men at the capstan to heave round briskly without stopping. As soon us the chain is into the required scope, command : Avast heaving — Pawl the Capstan — and have the capstan bars unshipped on the spar deck. Direct the Boatswain to call all hands " make sail ;" when men are up from below : Aloft sail loosers — Trice up — Lay out and loose, (from royals down, if the wind will permit,) Man the sheet halliards. When the sails axe reported ready : Haul taut — Let fall — Sheet home and hoist away — Lay in — Doion booms — Down from aloft. The sails should all be sheeted home and hoisted together, but if short-handed, the topsails first, then the topgallant sails and roj^als. The spanker is loosed and boom gotten on the proper quarter; the jibs loosed and halliards led along. The sails being hoisted -syell up, sheets home, &c., command, (supposnig the ship to be lymg by the starboard anchor and we have room enough to cast either way,) : 3Ian the starboard fore and cross-jack — p)ort main braces — brace abox — brace np. The head yards are braced abox and the after yards up ; and when done, the spar deck bars are ship- ped : Man the bars — Heave around. When the anchor is nearly up and down, direct the helmsman to give her a sheer with the starboard helm. When the ship is directly over her anchor, the officer of the forecastle notifies the officer of the deck ^lat the anchoi; is "up and down;" then: il/aw the jib and flying-jib hallia^-ds. As soof? as the anchor is ofi' the ground, the officer of the forecastle says: '"Anchor's aweigh," :ind the command is given: Clear away the doivnliauls — hoist away. The jibs are hoisted and weather sheets »kept aft, and tlie helm shifted as soon as sternboard commences. The anchor is run up to the bow^s, catted and fished. If there is room, the head yards should be squared, spanker set, and head sheets let go while the anchor is being fished, (unless the wind should be very light.) The command is given: Man the fort head braces just before the after yards fill, and as tht-y fill : Brace round. The helm is righted as soon as she has fallen off sufficiently far. The anchor having been fished and head yards braced uj>, 61 command : 3Ian the fore and main tacks and sheets ; and Avlun manned: Haul taut — Clear away the rigging — Haul aboard. The courses having been set, braces, lifts, trusses, &c., attended to, clear up the decks and pipe down. Question. Station the crew for getting under weigh. Q. Why is the other anchor gotten ready for letting go ? Q. Station the officers : say, in a frigate, Q. You are Master of a jship, and are ordered to get ready for heaving up; what preparations would you make? Q. How are the bars sliipped and " swiftcred in?" Why " swiftercd in" ? Q. What officer attends to rigging the capstan ? Q. What officer attends to passing the messenger? Q. What officer attends to the jig-back ? Q.Keeve the cat and fish falls. Q. How is the messsmger passed? Q. What are the difierent kinds of nippers used, and how are they passed and put on ? Q. What is meant by *•' bringing to" ? Q. Lying in five fathoms water, from what scope would vou make sail ? Q. What is "pawling the capstan" ? Q. What is a mix stopper. Q. A nipper jambs ; how clear it ? Q. Why do you cast//-o»i your anchor ? Q. How do you cat and fish an anchor ? Q. W^hat is meant by "surging" the messenger? Q. !Beud and unbend chain cables. Q. When is the anchor "a-peak;" "a-weigh;" "np and down ;" " a-trip" ? Q. Standing in on starboard tack, under all sail anchor. Q. Standing in before the wind ; anchor. (^. Get under weigh and stand out before the wind. "Part IV. m:a.steii^s duties. HINTS FOR YOUNG MASTERS. master's duties. Commissioning: — Upon reporting for duty to the command- sint of the station at which the vessel is fitting out, the Master should copy from the "Allowance Book" a list of all articles belonging to his department. He should at once make himself acquainted with the master, boatswain and other officers of the yard, and note the various buildings in which masters' stores are stowed, and from which he will draw his own. He should find out from the naval constructor the supposed best sailing time of his vessel; the peculiarities of construction (if any); the rake of her masts, and quantity of water stowed ; and, if the vessel has before made a cruise, he should piocme the report of her captain made out in the form prescribed in the C. S. Navy Reg- ulations. In a word, he should possess himself of all the infor- mation to be gained from officers acquainted with the properties of the vessel. If the stowage has not been commenced, he will personally riuperintend it and note in his remark book the quantity of bal- last, water, provisions, «fec., taken in. When the tanks are filled, he will see that none are overlooked. While stowing, he should bear in mind the best sailing time of the vessel and try so to stow her as to produce the proposed difference of draft. After the hold and spirit-room are stowed, he will receive from the master of the yard a plan, which he will thereafter keep in hia possession. He should enter in his note book the number and weight of all anchors, kedges and grapnels ; the size and length of the chain cables and how the ends are made fast; the size and num- ber of hemp cables, hawsers, towlines, &c; the number and kind of stoppers, nippers, hook-ropes, chain-hooks, &c; and see that all of the above are properly fitted and stowed. 63 The messenger is fitted by the gunner ; but the master should •;xamine it and see that it is in working order and that "jig- backs" are provided. The "clear-hawse" gear, niooring-swivel and spare bolts and (^packles should be examined and stowed in a convenient place lor getting out when wanted. It is customary for the master to select 'the signal quarter- .'naster from the number appointed by the executive officer. With his assistance he will receive and stow the following arti- cles, most of which are generally placed in his immediate charge, viz: Signal halliards, leads and lines, log reels and lines, 14 and 28-socond glasses, ensigns, spare bunting and muslin, needles 4nd thread, signals, flags of all nations, artificial horizon, chro- nometers, tunic pieces, barometers, thermometers, hydrometers, sextants, log-book, stationery, nautical books, instruments and charts, spy glasses, lanterns (signal and deck), compasses (boat, binnacle and azimuth), tell-tales, binnacles, wheel ropes, reliev- ing tackles, kc, &o., kc. The galley comes also in the master's department and should be looked after and the cooking utensils distributed among the diflferent messes. So also the cabin, ward-room and steerage furniture. The Book of Allowance will serve to call the master's atten- tion to various other matters pertaining to his department. He should be able to answer inquiries as to all the stores in his charge; where everything is stowed; number and weight of; how fitted, (fee, &c., &c. The following is a copy of the master's duties taken from the "Regulations for the Navy of the Confederate States," ap- proved April 29, 1862. MASTEU, The master, or the officer appointed to perform his duties, will, if ordered to a vessel before her stowage is commenced, super- intend, under the direction of the commanding officer of the yard or commanding the vessel as circumstances may require, the stowing of the ballast, water, provisions, and all other arti- cles in the hold and spirit-room. I A ^ towing provisions he shall take care that the oldest be stowed so that they may be first issued ; breaking out and re- stowing those already on board if necessary for these purposes, unless otherwise directed. When the stowage of the hold shall be completed, an entry u must be made in the log-book specifying particularly the quan- tity and arrangement of the ballast, the number, size and dis- position of the tanks and casks, and of the quantity and stow- age of provisions and other stores. Accurate plans must be made of the stowage of the hold, showing the disposition of all the articles, which must be'insert- ed in the first page*of the log-book ; and if any material changf- should afterwards be made in the stowage, tlie cliange must be noted, and new plans inserted in the log book. If the stowage of the hold is made under the direction of tho commandant of the yard, the commander of the vessel is -to bo furnished with the plans and descriptions. If made at a navy yard, but under the direction of the com- mander of the vessel, be will furnish tlie commanding officer o'^' the yard with them, that they may be inserted in the diary of the yard. The master is to visit the hold daily and cable tiers and chain lockers very frequently, and see that they are kept in as good order as circumstances will admit. He shall have charge of the keys of the hold and spirit-room, and shall only deliver them to a coiumis^sion or warrant officer. He is under the direction of the commanding or c.\'ecutiv<' officer, to sea thr.t the cables are at all times properly secured and protected from injuries ; that ihe tiers are kept clear, and that all necessary arrangements are made for anclioring, moor- ing, unmooring or getting under weigh with the greatest facility and dispatch. He will, wdien dii-ected, examine the cliain cables, and partic- ularly the shackles and shackle-pins, to see that tliey can be readily removed in case it should be necessary to ship the cables or shift parts from one cable to another. He is in the same manner to see that the standing and run- ning rigging, and the sails of the vessel, are at all times in good order, protected from injury and ready for so'vicc, and to rej.'ort all such as maiy require alteration or repairs ; and he will also attend in person to setting up the rigging. He is to be particularly careful to present any waste or im- proper expenditure of fuel and water ; and he is to report daily when at sea to the captain the quantity of each, except the fuel in charge of the engineer expended in the last twenty-four hours, and the quantity remaining on hand. AVhen the vessel shall be approaching any land or shoals, or entering any port or harbor, he shall be very attentive to the soundings; and he shall at all times inform ihe commander of 65 any danger to which he may think the vessel exposed, whether under the charge of a pilot or not. He shall examine the charts of all coasts which the vessel may visit, and note upon them any errors which he may dis- cover and inform the commanding officer of the same, who shall transmit them to the Navy Department. He slnll frequently examine the compasses, time glasses, log and lead lines, and keep them in proper order for service. He shall ascertain and report daily to the commanding oficor the ship's place at meridian, and at any other time when the ••ommanding officer may direct the variation of the compass, and the bearing and distance of the nearest liead land, or any da.n- ger that may be near. He is to have charg-e of and must account for all nautical books, instruments, charts, national flags and signals. He shall have charg-e of keeping the ship's log-book, and shall see that all particulars arc duly entered in it according to such forms as arc or may be prescribed; and he shall immedi- -itely afcer such entries, send it to the watch officers that they may sign their names at the end of the remarks in their respec- tive watches, when the circumstances are fresh in their memo- ries; and he shall take it to the commanding officer for his in- spection immediately after noon of each day. There shall be entered on the log-slate a-ud log-book, with mi- nute exactness, the following particulars : 1. The name and rank or rating of all persons who may join ■or be discharged frosi the vessel ; the names of all passengers, with time of coming on board, and leaving; the direction of thv wind, state of the wciither, courses steered and distances sailed; the time where any particular evolution, exercise or other sei- vice Avas performed ; the signal numbers of all signals made; the time when, by what vessel, and to what vessel, they wore made; nature and extent of public punishment inflicted, witii the name and crime of the oftenco ; the resi^lt of all observa- tions made to find the ship's place, and all dangers discovered ir: navigation. 2. The groundings of the ship, and the loss of or serious tii- jury to boats, spars, rigging and stores of any kind, with tin circumstances under which they happened, and the extent of tb* injury received. 3. A particular account of all packages and stores received, with their marks, contents or quantities^ and the apartment fo- which they were received. 4. A particular account of -all stores condemned by survoy, 6 66 or converted to any other purpose tlian that for which they vrerc- originally intended. 5. A particular account of all stores lent or otherwise sent or 'ent out of the vessel, and by what authority it was done. 6. All the marks and numbers of every cask or bale which on being opened, is found to contain less than is specified by in- voice, or than it ought to contain, with the deficiency found. 7. Every alteration made in the allowance of provisions, and hy whose order. 8. The employment of any hired vessel, her dimensions in tonnage, the name of the master or owner, the number of her crew, how or for what purpose employed, by whose order, and the reasons for her employment. 9. The draft of water of the vessel when light, as furnished from the navy yard, and always before going to sea, and upon arriving in port fore and aft; and the height of the forward part of the forward port-sills, after part of after port-sills, and of the mid-ship port-sills from the water; and the rake of the re- spective m.asts in evei-y ten feet, with reference to the water-line at the time. After the log has been signed by the officers of the watches, 1:0 alteration shall be made therein, except to correct some er- ror or supply some omission, and then only witli the appi'obation of the commanding oScer, or the recollection of the officer Avho had charge of the watch in which the alteration or addition is proposed, who will sign the same if satisfied of its correctness. The master will deliver to the commanding officer of the ves- sel, signed by himself, and after careful comparison, certified to be correct, a fair copy of the log-book, cver}^ six months, to bo transmitted by the first safe opportunity to the IS'avy Depart- ment. The original log-book shall be kept by the vessel until she is •:)aid off, when it shall be placed in cliarge of the commanding officer of the yard, and by him transmitted to the Navy Depart- 7nent. Besides the log-book, lie is to keep a remark-book in which al^i the hydrographical information he can obtain is to be carefully inserted, as well as a description of the instruments he may em- ploy in any of the observations hereafter mentioned. He is to detennine as accurately as he can the various par- ticulars relating to navigation of every place v>hich the vessel may visit entering the results in his remark-book under the fol- lowing heads: 1.- Latitude. 2. Longitude. 67 3. .Variation of tlic compass. 4. Time of Ing^i water immediately following near and full moon. 5. Rise and fall of tides at spring and neaps. 0. Prevailing winds. 7. Periods of the year at "wliicli the wet and dry seasons prevail, if any. 8. Seasons at which hurricanes prevail. V. The temperature of the chronometer room at the time ob- servations are taken. Tlio particular spot at the phicc visited to which the latitude and longitude refer is to be carefully noted; also the number and nature of the observations, and the means by which they were made, whether the artificial or sea horison was used ; and with reference to the longitude if obtained with chronometers by means of meridian distances from another place, he is to state the number employed, their general characters, the ago of the rates used, or the interval since which they were last rated, with thelongitudc he has assumed of the place measured from. He is not to loose any opportunity of obtaining lunar dis- tances, both with the view of determininc; the lonifitude the ship may be in at sea, as well as serving as a saluting compari- son with his chronometers either at sea or in harbor. lie is to observe the variations of the compass by amplitudes or azimuths at least once every year, whether at sea or in port, excepting only when refitting in harbor. The azimutli compass is to be always placed when practicable in the same precise situation amid ships, making the point where each of the tripod legs stands ; and he is to take care that the direction of the ship'o licad at the time of observation shall be recorded, as well as tlie 'liffercnce between the standard or azimuths, and the steering vompasses, by which precaution alone can the real course of the -hip be regulated. These variations are*to be daily inserted in rolumns at the end of his remark-book along Avith the ship'.-, ]»Iaee, and the direction of her head at the time of observation. The local attraction is to be determined before the ship leaves the Confederate States, as well as after any material change of latitude, and is there to be tabulated by him' for every point of the compass, so that the corrections on each course may be readily ajjplicd in working the ship's reckoning. In all places he is to ascertain the direction and velocity of the currents, the set and strength of the tides, witli the limits of their rise and fall, and the time of high water of the tide which immee rigging, and re- port to the executive officer every morning before breakfast. Ho should wind up and set the deck time-piece at a regular hour — say at 7.45 A. M. Various methods are adopted by masters for the purpose of reminding them of this important duty. [A good plan is to keep your tooth-brush in the chronometer box.] He should write up the log in the form prescribed by the Ord- nance Office, and send it in daily; visit the holds; keep the ship filled up with wood and water: keep the expenditures of each ; examine the yeoman's accountof other expenditures in his depart- ment; see that the keys of the holds are put in his room at sunset ; look to the anchors and chains ; take observations for rating the chronometers : take the ship's draft every four or fi^c G9 *lajs, and partijularly just before leaving port, or after enter- ing; attend to any work going on in his departraent — such a? •' clearing hawse," receiving stores, transporting anchors, weigh- ing an anchor with the launch, &:c., &c., and at 8 P. M. report to the executive officer the state of the anchors and chains. His leisure time should be employed in arranging the differ- ent articles in his department, and attending to various matter^ pertaining to his duties, some of which, are specified below : 1. Rating Chronometers. Books on navigation generally recommend rating by ''Equal Altitudes.'" but masters seldom adopt that method. The method by single altitudes (observing that A. M. should not be combined with P. M. observations,) is the most convenient and most ac- curate — unless the observer has had considerable experience iu •'Equal Altitude" observations. Observations should be taken at intervals of seven or ten days, and a set taken the day befoa'c going to i-ea. After receiving the chronometers, the masters will generally tind that the rates are different from those sent from the store or ordnance office. If there should be a very great change, the fact should be reported. They should be carefully stowed, and compared each mornii.g. Having established the ''Errors'* and "Rates " enter them in your book, and before going to sea compare the errors for some 'lays in advance — in the following form : (i^ee page 70.) 70 Date. ehro. 207], or A Chro. 1853, or B Chro. 3411, or C. Oct. 19, 1863. Fast 3m. 05s. Daily loss 8s. 3. Fast 17w. 30s. 3. Daily gain 7s. 1. Slow 30m. 30s. 5 Daily loss, 17s. 5 Oct.. 19 h in s — 0. 03. 05. — 3. 3 h m s — 0. 17. 30. 3 -r 7. 1 h m s ! 0. 30. 30. 5 '[ 17. 5 20 3. 1. 7 3. 3 17. 37. 4 7. 1 30. 48. 17. 5 21 2. 58. 4 3. 3 17. 44. 5 7. 1 31. 05. 5 17. 5 22 2. 55. 1 O. O 17. 51. G 7. 1 31. 23. 17. 5 23 2. 51. 8 3. 3 17. 58. 7 7. 1 31. 40. 5 17. 5 24 2. 48. 5 3. 3 18. 05. 8 7. 1 31. 58. 17. 5 25 2. 45. 2 3.3 18. 12. 9 7. 1 32. 15. 5 17. 5 26 2. 41. 9 IS. 20. 7. 1 32 33. 17. 5 27 2. 38. 6 3. 3 18. 27. 1 7.1 32. 50. 5 1(. 5 28 O or q crs, use the letters A, B, C, keeping a note of the numbers and the names of the makers. 2. Time of Sunset: For the oonvcniencc of llie officer of the tleck, the Master sliould compute the mean time of Kunset for a number of day« in advance, tabulate it, and hang it at the cabin door in chargo of the orderly. The time of daylight can be found, if required, by computing the hour at Avhich the sun crossed the crepusculum. 3. Unsif/iis, Sfgnah. a-c. : The ^[astcr should have made up at least three national en- signs for the i^hip, and one for each boat, together with the necessary flags or pendants. If in a fiiig ship, make up the dh- (inguishing pendant of each vessel in the scjuadron. Examine the numbers and repeaters, and see them properly fitted with toggle^ and distance-lines ; also, have everything j-eady for making night signals. 4. Leads and Lines : Note the different kinds of deep-sea leads, mark the lines and stow them away. Measure and mark the hand-lead lines; fit a couple of sling bands for the leadsmen, and have two of them always at hand; as a "drift" lead and line. ■"). Log Reels and Lines. Examine the reels and mark the linos as directed in Bow- ditch's Navigator. Have two reels put in place on deck before iroing to sea. T2 Test the accuracy of tae 14tli and 28th second glasses. 6. Sextants and other iSfa'atical Instruments. Examine the condition of the sextants, adjust tliem, and keep the one intended for every day use at hand. Examine the state of the barometer, thermometers, hydrometers and boxes of in- struments, iiofore sailing, place a eh.-^rt tell-tale, box of instru- ments, sailing directions, and spy-glass, in the cabin. 7. Charts and Sailing Directions. The charts should be examined, to see that the proper ones iia.ve been sent, and then stowed away — keeping the ones first to be used on top. Compare those in use with each other,, and T,-ith your table of latitudes and longitudes; note the errors and differences. Keep the harbor charts separate from the others. Before sailing, the Master should consult the " Sailing Direc- tions," so as to be able to advise the Conamander as to the proper route to be pvirsued — he should be able to ansv,^er any (mestions in relation to the prevailing winds, currents^ kc, along the route. Good navigation consists not merely in finding the shi^js daily position ; it requires a knowledge of the winds and cur- rents of the ocean ; the faculty of predicting the changes of Vi'eather, &c., &c. The Master, then, should diligently «f?i(/?/tho " Sailing Direc- tions," the law of storjiis, the wind and ^jLUicuL chuiLb, vvc, ilvc, and should be a careful observer of the weathei*, and of all the phenomena attending. 8. Steering Gear. Nothing is of more importai^ce than that the steering gear should be in good order. The master should attend personally to reeving the wheel-ropes, fitting spare ones and placing the relieving tackles handy. Stow the spare tiller where it can be (|uickly gotten at. Examine state of wheel-ropes free|uently ; oil them, (if of hide,) and before getting underweigh heave the wheel over two- or three times. 9. Marking Chains. In the U. S. Navy the chains were marked at the foundry,, for every fathom, in raised figures or letters. As the chains sup- plied our vessels are not, however, usually marked at] all, the Master will have it to do after receiving them aboard. The best plan, I think, is to mark them as follows, viz : At the first, or 15th fathom shackle, put a mark with wire or spun-yarn on the first link forward of the shackle ; at the second, or 30th fathom shackle, put the mark on the ueond link; at the third, or 4oth fathom shackle, on the third; and so on. Put on as many turns of the wire or spun yarn as you think proper, and as long as one lasts you will be able to tell the number of the shackle bi/ counting the links. Another plan (and which should be combined with the above) i> to mark the heads of the bolts of the shackles with a cold chisel — markinr;; the first bolt I, the second II, and so on. Chains should be examined once in six months. The star- board watch rousing up the starboard chains, the port watch the port ones. By providing long whips, and working one watch against the other, the work is soon done. In examining the chains, see that the shackles arc put in with the bolts aft ; that the bolts -are not rusted in ; that the swivels will turn ; (pour spirits of turpentine in to cause them to do so ;) that no stay bolts arc out, &c., and beat the rust oiT. Exaiuhie the state of the end fastenings, clean out the lockers and stow them below again. The spare shackles,, mooring swivel, nippers, and everything rulating to the ground-tackling, should be examined at the same time. 10. Binnacles and Compasses. The jNIastcr should pay particular attention to the placiiig of the binnacles ; the manner of lighting them; their di>itancc apart: no iron in their vicinity; no "stow-holes" in the lower part, &c., ike. lie should examine and compare all the com^ passes, fix the position of the "standard;" see that the "cards" travel freely; that they are properly balanced ; that the sockets ^and spindles are in good order, and that the "cards" -intended for the Azimuth Compass are marked A, B, C, &c. The needles, when not suspended, should be put away ir> |)airs, pnrallel, and with the ^orth Pole of one against the t>outli Pole of the other, and separated by a piece of cork or soft wood. The following copy of a memorandum, issued by order of the Board of Admiralty, (English,) respecting placing compasses on board ship, removal of iron from their vicinity, &c., &C., will furnish all the information necessary : MEMORANDUM. Admiralty, Noik 20, 1845, With reference to the several orders which, from time to time, have been issued respecting the removal of iron from the vicinity of the compasses, placing the binnacle and standing compasses on board her Majesty's sliips, &c, ; and with tlie view of com- prising these orders in one circuhir for the guidance of the offi- cers concerned, my Lord's Commissioners of the Admiralty are pleased to direct — " That no Iron of any kind shall be placed, nor be suffered to remain, within the distance of seven feet of the binnacle or standard compasses, when it is practicable, according to the size and construction of the vessel, to remove it ; and that mixed metal or copper be substituted for iron in the bolts, keys antl dowels, in the scarphs of beams, coamings and head-ledges, and also the hoops of the gaffs and booms, and behiying-pins, which come within the distance of seven feet of the said compasses. " The spindles and knees of the steering-wheels, which come within the distance of some seven feet of the compasses, are also to be of mixed metal. ^ " Iron tillers, which work forward from the rudder-head, are not to range within seven feet of the compasses ; and in vessels which have iron tillers woi-king' abaft tiie rudder-head, the binnacles are to be placed as far forward from the wheel as may be convenient for the helmsman to steer by. " The boat's iron davits are to be placed as far as may bo practicable and convenient from the compasses. " All vertical iron-stanchions, such as those for the support of the deck, or for the awnings, &c., and likewise the a'rmstands, are to be kept beyond the distance of fourteen feet from the compasses in use, so far as the size of the vessel Avill admit. " All steam vessels are to be fitted with hollow piilars for tlie support of their standard compasses, except in such cases as the Superintendent of the Compass Department shall point out, in which instances a solid wood pillar or mixed •metal stanchions, for the support of a copper binnacle-head, is to l)e prepared, and those pillars or supports are to be so placed that the said binnacle-head vfill be in the midship line, and in such a position, forward or aft, as the Superintendent, upon consultation with the master-sliipwright, shall think most advisable, according to the construction of the vessel and nature of her armament. " In ships of the line and frigates, it having been found more convenient to place the standard compass in a copper binnacle, supported by mixed metal stanchions or a solid wood pillar, these are to be prepared according to the application of the Superintendent of the Compass Department. " In brigs or other vessels, when the main-boom may prevent a standard or azimuth compass from being constantly kept at the proper elevation for observations, a solid pillar, made so as to unship, or a sliding tube, constructed so as to be capable of no being lowered upon a short pillar, is to be prepared, wliiclievcr plan may be considered most suitable to the vessel, according to lier oqiupmcnt and armament. "■The binnacles for the steering compasses are to be con- structed upon a given plan, Avith tops made to take off: and, in order to prevent improper materials from being deposited therein, thej are not to be fitted with doors. " As the vicinity of the compass, wlien the binnacles are too cfose together, has been found materially to affect their accu- racy in all ships where there are two binnacles, they are to be separated as much as the diameter of the wheel will permit, and so as the helmsman may see the compass conveniently ; but in no case are they to be allowed to be nearer than four feet six inches. "For the better preservation of the compasses- in every ship, a closet is to be constructed in a dry place, sufficiently large for the reception of the ship's establishment of compasses, and it is to be ^ippropriated to that purpose exclusively, the key being kept by the Master ; and in order that the space-compass cards may never be kept with poles of the same nearest to each other, cases, which prevent the possibility of their being packed im- properly, (specimens of which have been sent to each yard,) are to l>o prepared. "These regulations are to be alike applicable to ships ordered to bo built, and to those directed to be prepared for commission, and the previous orders on this subject are to be considered cancelled. '■ Ey command of their Lordships, "H. CORRY.' It lias been said that tlie ^Master should examine his com- passes and compare them. The examination consists in: 1st. To derorniine the index error of the instrument. Tliis correction is the same for all bearings, and may be fimnd for each compass and compass card, by bearings of a number of objects in diflferent directions, whose true magnetic bearing ha>< been determined by more delicate instruments. Once carefully found, it may bo marked as a constant correction. 2d. To correct for eccentricity, or for the pivot not being in the centre of the graduated circle. The maximum error may be found by measuring (with the Azimuth compass,) horizontal angles of about 00°, which have been measured by a more reli- able instrument. The Admiralty compass (a description of which is given be- low,)-is furnished with the means of testing the eccentricity and T6 the precision of graduation, in the graduated circle and its op- posite Teachings. 3d. To attend to the balancing of the compass card. The best compasses are furnished with small moveable counterpeises for this adjustment. Sealing-wax dropped on that part of the card which requires depression, is sometimes used. As the North end of the needle dips, or is depressed in North magnetic latitude, and the South end in South magnetic lati- tude, re-adjustment is generally necessary after a considerable change of latitude. 4th. That the sight vane or vanes, arid their axis of rotation, should be parallel, also perpendicular to the graduated circle, if there be one, on the compass box. ■ Observations on a plumb line, or other well defined vertical line made on the land, furnish a test of these adjustments. 5th. That the mirror should be perpendicular to the plane passing through the eye-vane and the thread of the sigh^-vane. This may be tested by observations on a well defined vertical line on shore. The following brief description of the Admiralty compass will sufficiently denote the principles on which it is constructed; The magnetic needles employed are compound bars, or lamina, of that kind of steel whicli has been ascertained by numerous ,,-.,,-,.• ■ X 1. . - - . 1 1 „ . p . - • , !.- . ii, ^ . ,„ 4. . ,i .., ., ,.,-,„i.; „ power, and the compass bowl is of copper, which is found tu calm the vibrations of the needle to a considerable extent. The interesting point of the axis of the gimbals is made to coincide with the point of suspension of the card, and also with the centre of the azimuth circle, and the impressions of the cards being taken off after the paper has been cemented to the mica, distortions by shrinking are prevented, and a more per- fect centering is attained. The points of the pivots are made of a material which is harder than steel, and which does not corrode by exposure to the atmos- phere, and the ruby caps are worked to a form to suit the points. Spare points of electrical steel are likewise supplied. These are gilded by the electrical process. The cards and needles are adjusted to the magnetic meridian, in a place free from the local influence of iron. The following instructions are issued with each compass : " This instrument is so constructed as to answer the purpose of a steei'ing compass and an azimuth compass, and it being in charge of the Captain or commanding officer, it is expected to 11 be used Avitli the care due to the nature of its construction, which Jias been briefly explained. • _^ '"I. — Wheyi used as a Steering Compass. " Be vcrj careful to preserve the pivot-point from injury when pcrcwinix the pivot into the bowl, and place the card gcntlv upon it, and never move the compass without first having li{''ted the card (by means of the side screw,) against the centre-pin. This should be done also before any guns are fired. " The pivots, caps, and margins of the cards should be ex- amined occasionally to see that their free working is not im- peded by dust or fibres from the paper; and, as each compass is furnished with two cards and six pivots, whenever the card works sluggishly, or injury by accident or long wear be sus- pected, the spare card or (as the case may be) a new cap or pivot should be put on. The central cap- screw, or nut on the face of the card, must be taken off before the ruby cap is at- tempted to be unscrewed. "When the card A is not sufliciently steady, the heavy card J, with the particular pivot apjiropriatod to it, is to be used. " When the bowl does not work freely on its gimbals, the axis and their bushes should be examined and slightly rubbed with plumbago. " IMie bottom of the box is made to take out, so that the compass, when placed in the binnacle, or on the standard pil- lar, may be lighted from below, if necessary. " The coyer of the bowl is fastened by bayonet notches, and is to- be removed before the azimuth circle (which has its own glass cover) is put on. " The card should bo adjusted for dip by the balancing slides when necessary. " II — As an Azimuth Compass. " Any one of the comj)asses may be immediately converted to this purpose by lifting it upon its stand, removing the glass cover, and fixing the azimuth circle on its upper margin. " In observing amjditudcs and azimuths at sea, the bearinirs are read from the card, without reference to the external gradu- ated circle. "This instrument may also be used for surveying purposes. By adjusting the zero of the graduated circle to any given ob- ject, and clamping the instrument on its stand, with the screw prepared for that purpose, the angles of objects round the hori- zon may then be observed and read off to the nearest minute. T8 " Again — -wlicn accurate magnetic bearings on land arc. re- quired, the zero of the circle may be adjusted to the magnetic North or South, shown by the card, and tlien clamped, .thus any number of magnetic bearings round the circle may be ob- tained." The Admiralty compass was furnished all vessels in the U. S. Navy, but it is probable that the Master will rarely see one in our service. JMakers, hoAvever, generally send " directions" witli their compasses, so that no difficulty will be met with in using them. The following are the names of some of the best compasses (English) lately introduced : Walker's, West's, Dents', Steb- bings' and Preston's liquid compass. Most boat-compasses are ''liquid." Before proceeding to describe the manner of finding the devi- ation of the compass, the following "hints" are introduced for the benefit of the Master, or other person, in charge of that im- portant instrument. Electricity will disturb the needle. If the glass cover be rubbed with dry silk, a delicate compass may be rendered for the time useless. A strong electric current may weaken the magnetism of a needle, or even reverse its poles. Lightning may, and has, pro- duced such a change. When near volcanic islands the needle will l)e nifected. The deviation will be much more consideraljle in an iron ves- sel than in a wooden one, and should be very carefully ob- served. The points of " no deviation" are not necrssariJu at or near the North or South points ; some iron vessels have shov/u them to be near the Umt and West points. A piece of iron or tin in the binnacle will disturb the needle, so also will muskets stowed on the decks below. "■ Any change in the iron, such as moving guns, swivging in quarter-boats' iron davits, raising and lowering telescopic fun- nel, &c., will affect the compass. The compasses being nearer each other than 4?, feet, will af- fect the needles. If the ship (particularly if an iron one) is heeled, the corn- ^passes Avill be aflFected, therefoi-e the "deviation" should be found Avith the ship in such positions. In approaching the magnetic Equator, the "deviation" will generall'ij decrease. After crossing the Equator, JFtsi deviation will become East, and East deviation West. The " deviation" can be found at sea by placing the ship's . •■* ^9 head on a particular course and observing an azimuth: the va- riation found compared with the variation marked on the chart, ■ivill show the " deviation" for that particular course; ''■'• in this -^ Note. — Rememberiiif; Uiat the variation found is composed of the variation Tiroper, ^ the deviation. , If the ship's head is placed on the point of " no (leviation." (a* prpviojiifly found by swingint; the ship) the variation found should agree 'vithrtiat marked on tlie chart, (always supposing the chart to give the correct varia- tion.) way the " deviation table" can be tested. Standard compasses should be placed at as great an elevation as possible. TO nXD THE PEVIATION OF THE COMPASS. Note. The student wiio may desire to pnrsne this subject farther, is refer- red to the lollowing authorities: "Meinoire sur les iK^viaiions de la bonssole,"' par M. Poisson : " Account of Kxperiiiients on Iron-bnilt ships;" by G. B. Airy, Esq.; "Pracii'^'l llliistra- : oiis of the necessity for aseertalniti;^ the Deviations of the Compass ; by ^•'apt. Edward Jolin.^on, R. N.; "Walker on llhe Mn■ distance from the ship, that the diameter of the space througr. which she revolves, shall make no sensible difference in its real bearing — s;iy <3 or 8 miles if riding in a tide way. G. Having taken the foregoing observations, the next step Js to find the trice magnetic bearing of the object. This may generally be assumed to be the mean of all the observed l^earings — another way is to place the Azimuth Compast-' on shore, (taking care that there is no iron in the neighbourhood to affect it,) in a line with the object and place where the Azi- muth Compass stood during the observations, and then take the bearing — or, if provided with a Harbor Chart, plot the position of the ship and take the bearing^of the object from the Chart and apphj the variation to obtain the correct Magnate Bearing. In order to determine whether the compass on shore is effected by iron in the neighbourhood or soil, put up a mark at any diM- tance, and take the bearing of it; then, leaving a staff to marK the spot, remove the compass to the mark and observe the reverse bearing — if the bearings are reciprocal, the compass may bo ••supposed to be un-offectod at both places — or, observe a set oV .Vzimuths with the Compass on shore and compare the variatioi. found with that given by the Chart. 7. The diflference between this real mao-nctic bcarin-:: and the successive bearings of the object by the Binnacle Compass (which bearings are to be deduced from the bearings of the Aziraut}> Compass and heading* of the ship, by both compasses) will show the Deviation of the Binnacle Compass for ea^'h point. Enter these differences as shown in Table I., page 84. 8. The deviation thus found, is to be named Ea^tt, when tfir North end of the if^edle is drawn to the Eastward, or right banc, by the attraction of the ship's iron, and West when it is drar/f. ro the Westward, or to tlPft left hand, of the magnetic merediai., and is to be applied to a course in the same 7na7iner as the vari- ation. ' Example. Ship's head by Binnacle Compass N. E., devia- tion for that course 0^ W., therefore the real magnetic deviati-oi. of her head will be N. E. | N., or N. 39° E. • Registerint; the ship's head, by both *.he Azimmb and Binnacle Coiupasse.-, is simply a comparison of those Compasses. The bearing ol' the object by the Azimuth Compass, -p the diilerence in :he ship's heading by both Compass*;; , will give the bearinc of the object by the B!nrac!e Compass. 6 82 Having Variation and Deviation to apply, if they are of the same name, take their sum and apply it ; if of different names, take their diiference and apply according to the name of the jjreater. NoTR. If the Azimuth Compass is always put tip in ihe same place., its devia- tion should also be taUen nnd tabulated; then in tnking bearings it will only rie necessary to apply the deviation of the Azimuth Compass, to get the true Magnetic Bearing ; and reducing the bearings to the Binnacle Compass will be luinecessary, as the results will manifestly be the same. 9. All bearings observed -svlth the Azimuth Compass and re- iuced to the Binnacle Compass (by noting ship's head by each At the time when said bearings are taken) must be corrected by the deviation which is due to the direction of the ship's head 'by the Binnacle Compass) at the moment that they were taken. 10. If it be required to shape a certain magnetic course and for that purpose to determine what will be the corresponding ■•.ourse hy the Binnacle Comjjass, recollect that this is the reverse of the operation given above. •;;^Q.f-j;_ — The deviation of the Binnacle Compass having been determined, it :r!ust thereafter be considered the " Standard," and must not be moved the •■'radion of an inch. If the compass is supplied with more than one card, re- nember to note the card used wlien swinging tlie ship. It is evident that the ueviation of both Binnacle Compasses, or indeed of any number of compasses, ■".an be determined at one swinging by noting the heading of the ship by each compass at every point — this is in fact simply a comparison of the compasses. When a ship is provided with a "Standa.id Compass," so placed as to admit of bearings being taken with it, and to use as a steering compass also, it is ■jsual to tabulate the deviations of that compass alone, and to correct all th-e others by it. If your vessel is not provided with sueh a compass — so placed — the sirn- oiest plan will be to follov\ the directions given in the text. Select a midship Binnacle Compass for your standard, and avoid bothering yourself with too many compasses. One Binnacle Compass, placed on the midship linc.v,\U be more accurate than :wo, and is all that is required for our iron clads. ^ SECOND METHpi>. 11. Should there be- no suitable TOJect visible from the ship .%nd at the i-equisite distance, the deviations must be ascertained by the process of Reciprocal Bearings. A careful observer must o-o on shore with a second compass and place its tripod in some open spot (but strictly under the conditions enumerated in Article 6,) and where it may be distinctly seen from the azi- muth compass on board. Then, by means of preconcerted sig- nals the mutual bearings of those two compasses from each other are to be observed at the moment the ship's head (by Bin- nacle compass) is quietly steady on each of the 32 points sue- 83 cessively, as directed in the First Method — observing to noto the heading of the ship by the azimuth compass at each obser- vation. The mode of registering the observations is shown in Table II., page 85. 12. To ensure the success of this operation the compass on shore shouhl be hear enough to be distinctly visible with the naked eye. The observations should be made as strictl3' simul- taneous as possible; and to guard against mistakes the times should bo noted by both observers, by compared watches. 13. The compass used on shore should be compared with the azimuth compass and its index error noted. iVoTE. — If yon i:lioiiloard. Should }OU move your position, mark (he ob^eivation. Take on shore: Note book and pencil, spy glass, spaio silk fi r sight vane-, compass, barrel, camp-stool, watch (compared,) flag and star!'. Observations for determining the effect of the ship's Iron on the "Binnacle Compa-ss" on board the U. S. S. Merrimack, Jan- uary 11th, 1859, at Realejo, Nicaragua. Real Magnetic Bearing of Monotuinbo, N. 87*^, 27' E., distaii.t 20 miles. Table I. — Form for reghtering the First Method, by One Di- rect Bearing — See Article 7. (Card A used on Binnacle Compass.) Ship's Head by Binnaele Compas.s. North. N. by E. N. N. E. N. E. by N. Ship's Head by Azimuth. Com- pass. N. •.:°, E. N. 13°, 30^ E. N. 25°, 30^ E. N. 36°, .15^, E. Bearing of Mo notombo by Binnacle Com pass. N. 89°, A\y, E. 90.00 91 30 91.40 Bearing of Mo- notonilK) by Azimuth Com- press. N. 91< , AiY E. 0:2.15 04 30 91.40 And in like manner at all points of the compass. Deviation of Binnacle Compass. i^ 13' W. 2, 43 W. 4, 03 W. 4, 13 W. jijQ.[.ji;, — The Azimuth Compass was mounted on deck, and the "bearings" observed with it and entered in Col. 4. The ship's hea. 5 'C O ►a o 1 WW © o o O o Ci ■«^ CO :: S - c m a -^ C '/3 - i s V .5 6 o a- WWWW ^ T- o CO O C^l CO o o* o' o' o ^ t-l ^30 O CO CO CM CM 1?^ ;^' ^ ^ 2 ! h o WWWW ^ ^- o o o c^i oo o ©• o' o' ' CO O !■- O CO oo G o III lip'p, iron on tl 0, JSicaragua. lade on shore : t by Azimuth ' Shore •ss^jdcaoQ aptJUUT^ iCq ssBdiuoD-a.ioqg JO °uj.a:o''£o''''S- Questions on, PART I. PART II. Harbor Routine : Daily Routine in Port, Upim " Taking the Deck"' in Port, Stowin;;; Hammocks, Piping Down Hammocks, Getting up Hammock Girt-Lines and Clothes-Lines, and Stop ping on Hammocks, or Clothes, To Spread the Awnings, &o.. Hoisting and Lowering Boats, Morning and Evening Quarters, Squaring Yards. Til Scrape the Light Spars, &c., . Airing Bedding, To get the Lower Booms out, Making and Answering Signals, To Lonse Sails, To Furl Sails, To Cross Top-Gallant and Royal Yards, To send down the TopOaHant and Royal Yards, To Cross Top-Gallant and Royal Yards, and Loose Sail, To send up, and down, the Top-Gallant Masts, . To send up Top-Gallant Masts, and Gross Top-Gallant Yards, To send down Top-Gallant blasts, and Yards, To send up Top GaUant Masts, and Loose Sails, To send up TopGallant Masts and Yards, and Lcose Sails, To Mend Sails, Hoisting in and out Boats, Bending and Unbending Sails, Boat Service, Military Honors and Ceremonies, Hoisting in Provisiniis, Water, &c., Serving out Provisions, Clothing, Small StorcB, &c. lostru tions on, . . . 11 12 1^ Lm If. It. 17 21 21 22 24 2> 28 21) 31 31 32 33 33 33 3& 30 37 39 41 II INDEX. PART III. Evolutions ; Tacking, Wearing, Win.l Hauling Aft, Wind Hauls Forward, 43 45 50 PART IV Master's Duties : Hints for Young Masters, ^ . C2 Master, . 63 Master's Duties — In Port, . 68 Memorandum, . 7;> To find the Deviation of the Comp asa, . 19 First Method, . 80 Second Method, . 82 Table I, . 84 Table 11, . 85 Table III, . 86 Form of Report to OflBce of Ordnance and Hjdr !)p;ni.phj, . 88 Master's Duties — At Sea, . 89