OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH. Pamphlet toliecftoff ftikrfevcrsity Librar OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH. u * I [ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/othnielcharlesma01beec [From The American Journal of Science, Fourth Series, Vol. VII, pp. 403-428, June, 1899.] OTHNIEL CHARLES MAKSH. Among the leading men of science in America, Professor Marsh was unquestionably one of the best known, and had one of the strongest personalities. The world-wide reputation he enjoyed, however, is not altogether attributable to the particu- lar department of research in which he stood without a peer, for, added to his attainments in Yertebrate Paleontology, he possessed an unusual number of mental qualifications in other lines, as well as marked personal characteristics which made him known and felt where his science could never reach. His fame will undoubtedly rest on his work among the Fossil Vertebrates. Nevertheless, his energy and attainments in other directions were sufficient to have made for him a permanent record. The nearness of the perspective at the present time renders it difficult properly to individualize and accord the true rank to the many important discoveries Marsh has made. He brought forth in such rapid succession so many astonishing things that the unexpected became the rule. The science of Yertebrate Paleontology could not assimilate new material so fast, and it will be years before the true significance and bear- ing of much that he has done will be understood. The con- stant stream of vertebrate riches which, from 1868 to 1899, flowed into the Yale University Museum from the Kocky Mountain region had a similar bewildering effect on Marsh, for 4 Othniel Charles Marsh. it was impossible for him to do more than seize on what appealed to him as the most salient. The work of the hour was to him of prime importance, whether it was for the deter- mination of a new order of mammals or a new cusp on a tooth. Still, he seems to have had a just conception of relative values, for it will be found that he plucked the most luscious plums from the paleontological tree, and left chiefly the smaller or unripe and imperfect fruit untouched. Another element in his success was seen in the improve- ment he made in the methods of collecting, preserving, and developing vertebrate fossils, so that even forms long known only from fragmentary remains were represented in his collec- tions by almost complete specimens, presenting nearly the same degree of novelty shown in forms actually new. In illustration of this, the Brontotheridge, Ceratopsia, and the Mosasauria furnish excellent examples. Prout, in 1846, described, as Palceotherium, the fragment of a lower jaw from the Miocene of Nebraska, but Marsh first showed the affinities and range of forms in the group, through his splendid restora- tion of Brontops and the description of a number of allied types from nearly perfect material. Cope, in 1875, figured some pieces of bone of unknown relationships, which long remained in the paleontological scrap-basket.* Marsh, by his desertions of the marvelous series of genera and species belonging to the Ceratopsia, demonstrated what these reptiles really were, and gave to science a nearly complete knowledge of one of the most bizarre monsters known. The first Mosasaur was obtained in Holland previous to 1785. It remained imperfectly known for nearly a century, when Marsh, by his contributions to its anatomy, made possible a clear understanding of its structure and affinities. In the same way it could be shown that to many old descriptions of genera and species based upon single teeth, he was enabled to add a knowledge of the remainder of the animal. Not only did he thus contribute the missing information in regard to many previously described forms, but he brought out a host of entirely new types, and made his science one of the most com- plete exponents of the doctrine of evolution. * Polyonax. Othniel Charles Marsh. 5 As a collector, Marsh was seen at his best, and the collec- tions he amassed during his forty-five years and more of activity in this direction form a lasting monument to his per- severance and foresight. A person with means and inclina- tion may be supposed to have the necessary qualities for accomplishing his aims, whether they are first editions, auto- graphs, or fossils, but had Marsh possessed no further qualifi- cations than these, the results of his collecting would fall far short of what he really attained. He not only had the means and the inclination, but entered every field of acquisition with the dominating ambition to obtain everything there was in it, and leave not a single scrap behind. Every avenue of approach was made use of, and cost was often a secondary con- sideration. The nine-tenths, when attained, were only an additional stimulus for securing the remaining one-tenth. Of course, this ideal of completeness was often impossible of accomplishment, and yet it served to bring to the Yale Uni- versity Museum collections which are unique from their rich- ness and extent. In making an estimate of his character, it must not be forgotten that he developed wholly without the influence of family and home ties, which in most men profoundly mark their mature life. Self-reliance is probably the strongest trait fostered by the absence of immediate family connections. This, Marsh possessed to an extraordinary degree, and it natu- rally led to a self-centering of his life and ambitions. Out of it came, also, an absence of the complete exchange of confi- dence which normally exists between intimate friends. Even where perfect confidence existed, he seldom revealed more about any particular matter than seemed to him necessary or than the circumstances really demanded. As a friend, he was kind, loyal, and generous. As a patron of science, he has seldom been equaled. Honest work in any department appealed to him strongly, and he was ever ready with aid and counsel, even at the expense of a personal sacrifice. His dis position was a most happy one, and he was always keenly appreciative of the humorous and ludicrous and fond of relat- ing amusing experiences and anecdotes. The sunny side of his 6 Othniel Charles Marsh. character was nearly always uppermost, and the consideration of subjects of the greatest gravity was enlivened by constant sparkles of wit from his exhaustless store. He was normally restive under restraint, and met all opposi- tion with power and fearlessness. Having practically created the modern science of Vertebrate Paleontology in America, he resented any encroachment upon the particular fields of research in which he was engaged. This attitude frequently devel- oped feelings of hostility in other investigators, and often alienated him from co-workers in his department of science. Nevertheless, he labored faithfully for the truth as revealed in his work, and was ready to change opinions and published statements whenever facts seemed to warrant it. His esthetic sense was highly developed, and could be seen in the artistic care he bestowed upon his publications, but more especially on his home. His grounds are a model of landscape gardening. He delighted in his collections of modern paint- ings, the cultivation of orchids, and above all in the subtleties of Japanese art. The world was not slow to recognize his contributions to knowledge, for during his lifetime he received a large number of tangible evidences of distinguished consideration in the way of academic and scientific honors, medals, and membership in learned societies. In 1886, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Harvard University, and in the same year the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg. He occupied the chair of Paleontology in Yale University from 1866 to the time of his death. He was Yertebrate Paleontolo- gist to the United States Geological Survey, and Honorary Curator of Yertebrate Paleontology in the United States National Museum. He was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1878, and of the National Academy of Sciences from 1883 to 1895. As a presiding officer in the National Academy, he exercised the same amount of care that he bestowed upon his private affairs, and was an active and efficient leader. Othniel Charles Marsh. 7 In 1877, lie was the recipient of the first Bigsby Medal awarded by the Geological Society of London, in recognition of his important labors on the Vertebrate Paleontology of the western territories of the United States. In 1898, the highly valued Cuvier Prize was given him by the French Academy, as one of the most able continnators of the science of which Cuvier had laid the foundations. Prominent among the various societies of which he was a member may be mentioned : The National Academy of Sciences ; Institute of France ; Royal Academy of Sciences, Brussels ; Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich ; Royal Academy of Sciences, Bologna ; Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, Copenhagen ; Royal Irish Academy ; Geological Society of London ; Geo- logical Society of Germany ; American Philosophical Society ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; Zoological Society of London ; Societe Imperiale des Natnralistes, Mos- cow ; Geological Society of America, etc., etc. Few men have contributed more to The American Journal of Science than Professor Marsh. Nearly all his discoveries in science were first announced here, and it is the storehouse of most of his best work. The subject of the present sketch was born near Lockport, New York, October 29, 1831. His parents were Caleb and Mary Peabody Marsh, formerly of Danvers (now Peabody), Massachusetts. His early education was obtained in the schools of Lockport and at the Wilson Collegiate Institute, Wilson, New York. A residence in a region rich in minerals and fossils is apt to attract the attention of a youth possessing healthy intelligence, and young Marsh soon shared his vacation time between the normal pursuits of shooting and fishing and the more unusual vocation of collecting minerals and fossils. By the time he was nineteen years old, he had thus acquired the taste for scientific subjects which was destined to grow and dominate the remainder of his life. In 1S51, he entered Phillips Academy at Andover, Massa- chusetts, and continued his studies there until graduation in 8 Othniel Charles Marsh. 1856. He immediately entered the freshman class in Yale College, pursuing the regular classical course, and receiving the degree of B.A. in 1860. Graduate courses in the natural sciences were continued in the Sheffield Scientific School during the two years following (1861-62). The long summer vacations from 1851 to 1862 were occupied in collecting minerals and fossils from New York, New England, and Nova Scotia. To the latter region he made five trips during this interval, and obtained much valuable experience and scientific material. On his second visit (1855) he found some fossil vertebrae in the Coal Measures at South Joggins, representing a new and important vertebrate animal (Eosaurus). This discovery finally directed his studies into the channel which became his life-work. At this time, however, his interests were about equally divided between invertebrate paleontology and miner- alogy, and it is worthy of note that his first scientific paper was published in this Jouknal in 1861, under the title " The Gold of Nova Scotia." The description of Eosaurus did not appear until 1862, seven years after its discovery. Even then it cannot be said that he had developed a strong liking for vertebrate paleon- tology. This closes the account of his student life in American schools. The next three years were passed in study abroad, in the universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Breslau. He attended lectures and took special courses with H. Rose, G. Rose, Ehrenberg, Peters, Roemer, Grube, and Gceppert. The vaca- tions were occupied, as before, by geological excursions. He visited the most important localities in Europe, and obtained extensive collections. His official connection with Yale Col- lege began by his appointment, in 1866, to the chair of Professor of Paleontology. This title he held in high esteem, as it was the first established either in this country or else- where. After attending the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Chicago, in 1868, Marsh went as far west as Nebraska and Wyoming, along the route of the Union Pacific railroad, then just opened. This trip gave him a foretaste of the inexhaustible fossil riches of the Othniel Charles Marsh. 9 Rocky Mountain regions, and thenceforth his energies were mainly devoted to their exploration. Scientific expeditions to the western country were undertakings of considerable magni- tude in those early days. There was but one railroad in the United States across a region measuring fifteen hundred miles square. White settlements were sparse and remote. Most of the country was unmapped, and with the exception of a few transcontinental trails, almost the whole western half of the continent, save the regions bordering the Pacific, was a boundless expanse of unknown arid plains, mountains, and valleys. Added to these conditions were the indigenous tribes of war-loving Indians, hostile to the whites. Under such cir- cumstances, travel was slow, difficult, and dangerous. It was necessary to have an escort of soldiers and guides, experienced in western life and Indian warfare. The first Yale Scientific Expedition was organized and engi- neered by Marsh in 1870. The party consisted of thirteen persons besides the officers and men of the military detach- ments who escorted them from various military posts along the route.* They explored the Pliocene deposits of Nebraska and the Miocene of northern Colorado, then crossing into Wyoming they made collections in the Eocene (Bridger Basin), and passing south discovered a new Eocene basin in Utah (Uinta Basin). At each of these places many important finds were made. The party next visited California, where minor collections were obtained from the Pliocene. Returning, they * Members of the Yale party were 0. C. Marsh, C. T. Ballard, C. W. Betts, A. H. Ewing, G. B. Grinnell, J. W. Griswold, J. R. Nicholson, C. McC. Reeve, J. M. Russell, H. B. Sargent, J. W. Wadsworth, E. Whitney, Jr., and H. D. Ziegler. The escorts consisted of: — From Fort McPherson, Nebraska. — Commanding officer, Gen. Eugene A. Carr. Lieuts. Bernard Reilly, Jr., and Earl D. Thomas, in command of escort, 5th Cav- alry; Buffalo Bill and Major Frank North, guides; and two Pawnee Indian scouts ("Lahurasoc" and " Tuckatelous "). From Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming. — Commanding officer, Gen. John H. King. Capt. Robert H. Montgomery and Lieut. James McB. Stembel, in command of escort, 5th Cavalry. From Fort Bridger, Wyoming. — Commanding officer, Major R. S. LaMotte. Lieut. W. N. Wann, in command of escort, 13th Infantry; Mexican guide ("Joe Talemans "). From Fort Wallace, Kansas.— Commanding officer, Gen. Henry C. Bankhead. Ed. Lane, guide ; Lieut. Charles Braden, in command of rescue troop. 10 Othniel Charles Marsh. spent some time exploring the Cretaceous beds of western Kansas, so rich in the remains of aquatic reptiles, and now famous for having furnished the first toothed birds and Ameri- can toothless flying reptiles. The second, third, and fourth Yale Scientific Expeditions (1871, 1872, 1873) were modeled after the first. New regions in the West were visited, and extensive series of remains of extinct animals were obtained. Coincident with these discov- eries, Marsh published frequent scientific papers describing and illustrating the more important forms, and paleontological literature was enriched by the addition of more startling and wonderful types of animal life than had been hitherto known from the rest of the world. Owing to Indian outbreaks and a general uneasiness in the West, no regular expedition was organized in 1875. Late in the fall, however, Marsh went to the Bad Lands of Nebraska and Dakota accompanied by an escort from Fort Laramie to the Ked Cloud Agency. The consent of the Indians was deemed necessary to search for fossil bones in their country. A treaty was obtained with difficulty and then assistance was withheld. Nevertheless, with great hardship owing to extreme cold, the party succeeded in reaching the desired region, and made important discoveries, among which numerous remains of the gigantic Brontotheridse are the most noteworthy. It was at this time that he became aware of the frauds prac- ticed upon the Indians by the agents of the Government, and the way the Government was in turn defrauded through their misrepresentations. He promised Red Cloud to bring the matter before the President for redress. This was done with signal success, resulting in the complete routing of the Indian Ring, and the downfall of the Secretary of the Interior as well as in his political death. The rapid settlement and development of the West rendered it no longer necessary to fit out expensive expeditions, espe- cially as many of the localities were easily accessible by rail- road. Therefore, after 1876, local collectors and small parties were employed in continuing the work of collecting fossils so successfully begun by the Yale Scientific Expeditions. Nearly every season, however, Marsh visited the localities where work Othniel Charles Marsh. 11 was being carried on, and some time each year was spent in reconnaissance for new fields of labor. The right wing of the Peabody Museum was completed in 1875, the means having been furnished by Mr. George Peabody largely through the influence of his nephew, Profes- sor Marsh. It was to his uncle, also, that Marsh was indebted for his educational advantages and for his private fortune. The old Yale Cabinet had long been outgrown. The rooms became so crowded that for years there was only space for a chalk line dividing the different departments. The collections which had been accumulating during so many previous years found a commodious home in the new museum, and work was resumed with great activity under more favorable condi- tions than heretofore. Huxley's visit in the following year was a further stimulus to higher work, as is clearly evinced in the celebrated Nashville address mentioned elsewhere. The National Government had not altogether neglected its opportunities for scientific research in the West during this period, though the results in the way of substantial collections were far inferior to those Marsh had obtained. For some time previous to 1878, there were four separate surveys, two under the Engineer Department of the Army and two others, exten- sions of private expeditions, under the Department of the Interior. In the reorganization ordered by Congress in 1878, Marsh, as acting President of the National Academy of Sci- ences, was the chief instrument in effecting a consolidation and in defining the relations of the present United States Geologi- cal Survey with the general Government and with the United States National Museum. The wisdom of this change was at once apparent, and the Survey is now often considered one of the most economical, best managed, and productive depart- ments of the Government. After repeated solicitation and with promises of material aid in the way of publication and collections, Marsh, in 1882, accepted the appointment of Vertebrate Paleontologist to the United States Geological Survey. This position he held to the time of his death, although the field work for the survey was terminated in 1892. His connection with the Survey gave him increased facilities for publication and for prosecuting explora- 12 Othniel Charles Marsh. tions in the West. He successively projected the publication of a number of large monographs on various groups of verte- brate fossils. It is a great misfortune that but two of these were ever finished by the author. The monograph of the Odontornithes appeared in 1880, and that of the Dinocerata in 1885. The others were left in various stages of incomplete- ness at the time of his death. The proposed volumes treated of the Sauropoda, the Brontotheridae, the Stegosauria, Thero- poda, Ornithopoda, Mesozoic Mammals, and the Ceratopsia. Most of the investigations had been completed, a large part of the plates and figures engraved, and preliminary descriptions published, but the philosophical and phylogenetic problems are largely untouched. The loss to science is greatest in the vol- umes relating to Reptiles, especially the Dinosauria, for in this subject Marsh stood as the sole possessor of an acute and comprehensive knowledge of one of the most wonderful and difficult groups of vertebrates known. He planned his life-work on the basis that immortality is here and not in the hereafter. It seemed difficult for him to realize the limita- tions of human existence and worldly accomplishment. In the closing years of his life he had two ruling ambitions, — first, to see the main building of the Museum erected, and, second, the completion of his monographs. The accomplish- ment of the first is imperative and would permit of the proper care and display of the priceless treasures he has accumulated. The attainment of the second would cancel his obligations to science. Xeither was realized. As one of the trustees of the Peabody Museum and as Curator of the Geological Collections, Marsh performed his chief duties in connection with Yale University. The final transfer to the University, of all the collections he had accumu- lated, was made January 1st, 1898, and soon after the gift was accepted by the Corporation. These collections are so exten- sive as to merit particular attention, especially since they rep- resent the most valuable part of the work of a lifetime, and form the chief monument of one of Yale's most noted men. As expressed in the deed of gift, the collections comprise : Othniel Charles Marsh. 13 1. The Collection of Vertebrate Fossils. This is the most important and valuable of all. It is very extensive and contains a large number of type specimens, many of them unique, and is widely known from the descriptions already published. In extinct Mammals, Birds, and Beptile?, of North America, this series stands preeminent. The collection was pronounced by Huxley, who examined it with care in 1876, to be surpassed by no other in the world ; and Darwin, in 1878, expressed a strong desire to visit America for the sole purpose of seeing it. Since then it has been more than doubled in size and value, and still holds first rank. The bulk of this collection was secured in western explorations, which were extended over a period of nearly thirty years. 2. The Collection of Fossil Footprints. These specimens are mainly from the Connecticut Yalley, and thus have a special local interest. 3. The Collection of Invertebrate Fossils. This includes a large amount of interesting material from many formations and localities, both in this country and in Europe. Among the series of specimens especially valuable may be mentioned several thousand from the famous Mazon Creek locality in Illi- nois ; a very extensive collection of Crinoids from Crawfords- ville, in Indiana; the largest collection of nearly entire Trilo- bites yet discovered ; and one of the rarest series of Silurian Sponges known, including important type specimens. If,. The Collection of Hecent Osteology. This is believed to be one of the most complete collections in this country for pur- poses of study. Special efforts have been made for many years to secure the skeletons of rare existing vertebrates from every part of the world, particularly of Mammals," Birds, and Rep- tiles. The collection is especially rich in Anthropoid Apes. 5. The Collection of American Archeology and Ethnology. This collection is replete in Central American antiquities, com- prising several thousand, many of them unique. Among others is the famous deZeltner collection from the same region, con- taining a number of gold ornaments. The specimens from Mexico are also of great interest, and the series is a repre- sentative one. It includes the well-known Skilton collection. 6. The Collection of Minerals. This is a limited collection, but contains many valuable specimens, among them probably 14 Othniel Charles Marsh. the most interesting series known of Nova-Scotian Zeolites. These were mainly collected by Marsh, before he was gradu- ated at Yale, during six expeditions to Nova Scotia. Besides the six main collections named, there are several others of less value, which include fossil plants, casts of fossils, geological specimens, and recent zoological material. To these should be added the results of his last work in endeavoring to increase the scope of the material in the Pea- body Museum. For many years it was his desire to secure a collection of fossil Cycads, and when the opportunity offered, he embraced it with characteristic vigor, so that within the last year and a half the Museum has received an amount of material which in importance and quantity is second to none. From their extensive and varied nature, these collections thus presented to the University will long afford abundant material for original investigations, and will ever attract to New Haven specialists in Paleontology and Archeology. Professor Marsh's life was remarkably free from the petty annoyances of poor health which so often interfere with human comfort and ambitions. In the midst of his scientific work and while making plans for the growth of the Museum, he was suddenly overtaken by the malady which resulted in his death. He died of pneumonia, on March 18th, 1899, in his sixty-eighth year, after an illness of about a week. His work as an investigator in natural science, his wonderful scientific collections, and his munificence to Yale, are his legacies to the higher education of mankind. Although Marsh was an ardent collector in Archeology, he published very little on this subject, and his paper (1866) on an Ancient Sepulchral Mound near Newark, Ohio, is practi- cally the only one. His three mineralogical papers, published between 1861 and 1867, show the results of considerable labor and careful investigation. They treat of the Gold of Nova Scotia, a Zeolite mineral from the same region, and a catalogue of the mineral localities of the maritime provinces of Canada. In the field of Invertebrate Paleontology, he likewise was an indefatigable accumulator of material, though after 1869 he Othniel Charles Marsh. 15 published nothing in this department. Two papers presented some Annelids considered as new, from the Jurassic of Ger- many. Another showed the origin of the double lobe-lines in Ceratites. His papers on American invertebrates comprised a description of a new genus of Fossil Sponge ( Brachiosjpongia J, a new form of Crustacean Trail from the Potsdam Sandstone, and a note on color markings in Endoceras. He also showed that Palmotrochis and Lignilites were not of organic origin, though the contrary had been previously supposed. In the domain of Geology, his chief interests lay in the formations from which he secured important series of fossil vertebrates. Probably his greatest geological discovery was the Uinta Basin, an Eocene deposit of the eastern Uinta Mountains. It was first visited in 1870. Having studied most of the Tertiary lake basins in the Rocky Mountain region, he gave, in 1875, a synopsis of their geological features. As a natural result of studying Geology in Germany, he was much impressed with the methods of marking the separate horizons by means of some characteristic fossil. He believed the verte- brates were the most sensitive time-markers, and therefore endeavored to determine and limit geological horizons wholly by fossil vertebrate remains. The inherent fault of this sys- tem is that the vertebrates are not always the most highly differentiated and specialized types in any given fauna, and it is these qualities alone that can be safely employed in organic chronometry. This method is usually of great value in fresh- water deposits rich in vertebrate remains, but it can be seldom used to advantage in marine sediments or in formations containing a scanty vertebrate fauna. Thus, while the name Equus Beds is very appropriate for a horizon in the Pliocene, on account of the abundance of remains of fossil horses, the same cannot be said of the term Eosaurus Beds as an equivalent of the entire series of the Coal Measures, especially as but two vertebrae of this animal have ever been discovered. Geolog- ical facts will be found scattered through many of his publica- tions dealing j^rincipally with fossil vertebrates. One of the latest problems to interest him was the age of the series of variegated clays extending from Martha's Vineyard south along the Atlantic coast into Maryland. His investigations led him 16 Othniel Charles Marsh. to refer them to the Jurassic, a formation which had been con- sidered as absent in eastern North America. There yet remains for consideration the real work of his life, — his publications on the Fossil Vertebrates, and it is at once evident, from a glance at the bibliography, that his chief researches were upon the Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. There are three papers on Fossil Fishes, containing notices of several new forms, but no real research in this class was ever undertaken by him. The Amphibians also claimed but little attention, and his observations on the metamorphosis of the recent Siredon into Amblystoma, and two brief notices of amphibian footprints in the Devonian and Carboniferous, com- prise the whole. It is with extreme hesitation and a sense of inadequacy that the writer ventures to review, even in the briefest and most superficial manner, the work which undoubtedly constitutes the literary essence of his life-work. Future investigators alone can critically estimate the great mass of facts which Marsh brought out and which he wove into the departments of fossil Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. His most comprehensive work, and in many ways the most masterly, is the address delivered before the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, at Nashville, in 1877. In this paper, entitled the "Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America," he traced the introduction of the various types of vertebrate life then known in America, begin- ning with the lowest fishes and ending with man. The amount of knowledge on the lower classes of vertebrates, including the reptiles, was then too meager to enable him to give more than occasional hints as to their phylogeny. But his handling of the Mammalia showed the clearest insight into the develop- ment and affinities of many of the important types, and marked him as a true philosopher. A glance at the modern text-books of Geology and Paleon- tology reveals how much America has done for the fossil ver- tebrates in the three classes of Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. It will also show that Marsh contributed more than any other investigator toward the prominence now accorded to the American forms. Othniel Charles Marsh. 17 His work on the Reptilia is not equally divided among the various orders, for the Dinosauria claimed his attention above all others. To this group he lent his best efforts, aud he com- passed it so thoroughly as to be its sole master. It seems only necessary in this place to notice the complete restorations he made of some of these remarkable animals. In this list are included Anchisaurus, Brontosaurus, Laosaurus, Cerato- saurus, Camptosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and Clao- saurus. It must be remembered that nearly all these animals were of gigantic stature, some of them the largest land animals yet known, and also that each restoration represents a number of separate investigations on the structure of the skull, the limbs, the vertebrae, the pelvis, etc. In most cases, only by this means was it possible to bring together gradually, part by part, until the sum of the knowledge warranted a complete representation of the skeleton. The material of many of the genera he described is still in these various stages of progress, awaiting new additions of portions yet unknown in order to form a finished conception of the entire animal. His exten- sive report on the Dinosaurs of Xorth America, published in 1896, gave a synopsis of what he had accomplished up to that time, but as remarked elsewhere their philosophical treatment he had reserved for his final monographs. Probably, among the Reptilia, next in importance to his work on the Dinosauria is that on the Mosasaurs. In this he first announced the discovery of the dermal armor, the position of the quadrate, the finding of the stapes, the columella, the hyoid, the sclerotic plates, the quadrato-parietal arch, the malar arch, the transverse bone, the pterygoids, the pterotic bone, the sternum, the anterior limbs, the posterior limbs, the length of the neck, and details of the pelvic region. Thus he con- tributed a knowledge of some of the most essential characters of the skeleton in this group. In other groups of aquatic rep- tiles, he also brought out new genera and types of structure. Prominent among these may be mentioned Baptanodon, a toothless Ichthyosaurian. Marsh was the first to describe the remains of fossil serpents in the western Tertiary deposits, and likewise the first to discover the remains of flying reptiles in America. The latter were of unusually large size and remark- able for the absence of teeth. 18 Othniel Charles Marsh. The acquisition of a unique specimen of Pterodactyl from the lithographic slates of Bavaria enabled him to supply the long sought information regarding the wing and caudal mem- branes. Notices of a number of new species of fossil Croco- diles, Lizards, and Turtles, complete this survey of his work on the Reptilia. Practically, most of the present knowledge of extinct bird- life in America is contained in Marsh's publications, which include descriptions of numerous species, ranging from the Jurassic to the Post-Pliocene. Unquestionably, the one dis- covery which is always foremost in men's minds in a considera- tion of his work is the determination of an extinct order of birds possessed with teeth. The study of the Dinosaurs and Toothed Birds showed that one by one characters considered as avian were likewise present in reptiles, and that many rep- tilian characters were present in these primitive birds ; so that at the end there did not seem much else besides feathers to distinguish them. Marsh's investigation of fossil birds led to the publication, in 1880, of his first monograph, "Odontor- nithes : a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America." In this volume, he carefully figured and described all the known types, and presented complete restorations of the two leading genera, Ilesjperomis and Ichthyomis. He con- cluded that birds most nearly resemble some of the small Dinosaurs from the American Jurassic, and that both classes originated at least as far back as the Trias or late Paleozoic, in some sauropsid type. A discovery which rivaled that of the Toothed Birds, although not so wholly his, was the genealogy of the Horse. Huxley and Kovalevski traced the equine branch through the Pliocene to the Upper Miocene in Europe, but the true and remote ancestry remained unsolved until the American types were described by Marsh. He showed that a primitive and diminutive polydactyl horse existed in the Lower Eocene, and that from this type, by gradual and progressive change through successive horizons of the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene, there had been evolved all the intermediate stages leading to the modern horse. Next in importance and interest should be noticed the series of papers culminating in the monograph of the Dinocerata, Othniel Charles Marsh. 19 issued in 1886 by the United States Geological Survey. His work in other groups of mammals is scattered through a large number of separate papers, and contributions were made to every known order. The Tillodontia comprise one of the most remarkable of the types. Among others are the first remains of fossil Primates, Cheiroptera, and Marsupialia, known from North America. The Brontotheridae and Coryphodontia received considerable attention. A monograph had been begun on the former, and restorations of a typical genus of each were published. One general conclusion of much significance was the out- come of his researches on the Mammals. It was that the Tertiary genera possessed very small brains. As a single example, Dinoceras may be taken. This animal was but little inferior to the elephant in bulk, but its brain capacity was not more than one-eighth that of existing rhinoceroses. The first Mesozoic Mammal in America was described by Emmons, in 1857, from the Triassic of North Carolina. Marsh, by his extensive discoveries, was enabled to fill up the gaps to the Tertiary with many genera and species from the western Jurassic and Cretaceous. Probably nine-tenths of all the Mesozoic Mammals known in the world were described by him, and while these remains are of great interest, yet from their fragmentary condition they are not of the highest scien- tific value, because little is known beyond the jaws and a few limb bones. In closing the outline of the discoveries made by this inves- tigator, one cannot help being impressed with their signal brilliancy, their great number, and especially by their unique importance in the field of organic evolution. Were all other evidence lost or wanting, the law of evolution would still have a firm foundation in incontrovertible fact. The study of variation and embryology in recent animals gives hints as to the truth, but Paleontology alone can give the facts of descent. Charles E. Beechee. Tale University Museum, New Ha yen, Conn., May 1st, 1899. 20 Othniel Charles Marsh. BIBLIOGKAPHY. 1861 The Gold of Nova Scotia. This Journal (2), vol. 32, pp. 395-400. 1862 On the Saurian Vertebrae from Nova Scotia. Ibid., vol. 33, p. 278. Description of the Remains of a new Enaliosaurian (Eosaurus Acadia- nus), from the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia. Ibid., vol. 34, pp. 1-16, pis. i-ii. 1863 Catalogue of Mineral Localities in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Ibid., vol. 35, pp. 210-218. On the Science of the International Exhibition. Ibid., pp. 256-259. 1864 Notice of a new Fossil Annelid (Helminthodes antiquus) from the Lithographic Slates of Solenhofen. Ibid., vol. 38, p. 415. 1865 New genus of Jurassic Annelides (Ischyr acanthus). Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 17, p. 13, Berlin. Double Lobe-lines of Ceratites nodosus. Ibid., pp. 267-269. 1866 Description of an Ancient Sepulchral Mound near Newark, Ohio. This Journal (2), vol. 42, pp. 1-11. 1867 Discovery of additional Mastodon remains at Cohoes, New York. Ibid., vol. 43, pp. 115-116. Notice of a new Genus of fossil Sponges from the Lower Silurian. Ibid., vol. 44, p. 88. Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. No. I. Ledererite identical with Gmelinite. Ibid., pp. 362-367. 1868 On the Palozotrochis of Emmons from North Carolina. Ibid., vol. 45, pp. 217-219. On the Origin of the so-called Lignilites or Epsomites. Abstract : Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 135-143. On some New Fossil Sponges from the Lower Silurian. Abstract : Ibid., p. 301. On certain Effects produced upon Fossils by Weathering. Abstract : Ibid., p. 305. Observations on the Metamorphosis of Siredon into Amblystoma. This Journal (2), vol. 46, pp. 364-374, 1 pi. Notice of a new and diminutive Species of Fossil Horse {Equus parvulus), from the Tertiary of Nebraska. Ibid., pp. 374~375- 1869 Notice of some New Reptilian Remains from the Cretaceous of Brazil. Ibid., vol. 47, pp. 390-392. Description of a New and Gigantic Fossil Serpent (Dinophis grandis), from the Tertiary of New Jersey. Ibid., vol. 48, pp. 397-400. Description of a New Species of Protichnites from the Potsdam Sand- stone of New York. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 322-324. On the Preservation of Color in Fossils from Palaeozoic Formations. Ibid., pp. 325-326. On a Remarkable Locality of Vertebrate Remains in the Tertiary of Nebraska. Abstract : Canadian Naturalist, vol. 4, pp. 322-323. Othniel Charles Marsh. 21 1869 Notice of some new Mosasauroid Reptiles from the Greensand of New Jersey. This Journal (2), vol. 48, pp. 392-397. Notice of some New Tertiary and Cretaceous Fishes. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 18, pp. 227-230. 1870 Notice of some Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Forma- tions of the United States. This Journal (2), vol. 49, pp. 205-217. Note on the Remains of Fossil Birds. Ibid., p. 272. Notice of a new Species of Gavial from the Eocene of New Jersey. Ibid., vol. 50, pp. 97-99. 1871 Note on Lophiodon from the Miocene of New Jersey. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 23, pp. 9-10. New Reptiles and Fishes from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Forma- tions. Ibid., pp. 103-105. On the Geolog) r of the Eastern Uintah Mountains. This Journal (3), vol. 1, pp. 191-198. Notice of a Fossil Forest in the Tertiary of California. Ibid., pp. 266-268. Description of some new Fossil Serpents from the Tertiary Deposits of Wyoming. Ibid., pp. 322-329. Notice of some New Fossil Reptiles from the Cretaceous and Terti- ary Formations. Ibid., pp. 447-459. Note on a new and gigantic Species of Pterodactyle. Ibid., p. 472. Notice of some new Fossil Mammals from the Tertiary Formation. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 35-44- Notice of some new Fossil Mammals and Birds from the Tertiary Formations of the West. Ibid., pp. 120-127. 1872 Discovery of a remarkable Fossil Bird. Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 56-57. Explorations in Rocky Mountains, Oregon, etc. Abstract : Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 4, p. 200. Discovery of Additional Remains of Pterosauria, with descriptions of two new Species. This Journal (3), vol. 3, pp. 241-248. Discovery of the Dermal Scutes of Mosasauroid Reptiles. Ibid., pp. 290-292. Notice of a new Species of Hadrosaurus. Ibid., p. 301. Preliminary Description of Hesperornis regalis, with Notices of four other new Species of Cretaceous Birds. Ibid., pp. 360-365. On the Structure of the Skull and Limbs in Mosasauroid Reptiles, with descriptions of new Genera and Species. Ibid., pp. 448-464, pis. x-xiii. Boulders in Coal. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 6, p. 439. Preliminary Description of new Tertiary Mammals. Pt. I. This Journal (3), vol. 4, pp. 122-128. Note on Rhinosaurus. Ibid., p. 147. Preliminary Descriptions of new Tertiary Mammals. Pts. II, III, and IV. Ibid., pp. 202-224. Notice of some new Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Birds. Ibid., pp. 256- 262. Preliminary Description of new Tertiary Reptiles. Pts. I and II. Ibid., pp. 298-309. 22 Othniel Charles Marsh. 1872 Note on Tinoceras anceps. Ibid., p. 322. Notice of a New Species of Tinoceras. Ibid., p. 323. Notice of some Remarkable Fossil Mammals. Ibid., pp. 343-344. Notice of a New and Remarkable Fossil Bird. Ibid., p. 344. Discovery of Fossil Quadrumana in the Eocene of Wyoming. Ibid., pp. 405-406. Note on a New Genus of Carnivores from the Tertiary of Wyoming. Ibid., p. 406. Notice of a New Reptile from the Cretaceous. Ibid., p. 406. Discovery of new Rocky Mountain fossils. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 12, pp. 578-579. Synopsis of American Fossil Birds. Coues's " Key to North Ameri- can Birds," Salem, 8°, pp. 347-350. 1873 Notice of a new Species of Ichthyornis. This Journal (3), vol. 5, P- 74- On some of Professor Cope's Recent Investigations. Amer. Natural- ist, vol. 7, pp. 51-52. On the Gigantic Fossil Mammals of the Order Dinocerata. This Journal (3), vol. 5, pp. 117-122, pis. i-ii. On a New Sub-class of Fossil Birds {Odontornithes). Ibid., pp. 161- 162. Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous of North America. Ibid., pp. 229- 230. Notes on the Dates of some of Prof. Cope's recent Papers. Ibid., pp. 235-236. The Fossil Mammals of the Order Dinocerata. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 7, pp. 146-153, pis. i-ii. Additional Observations on the Dinocerata. This Journal (3), vol. 5, pp. 293-296. Supplementary Note on the Dinocerata. Ibid., pp. 310-311. On the Genus Tinoceras and its Allies. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 7, pp. 217-218. Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. This Journal (3), vol. 5, pp. 407- 410. On the Dates of Prof. Cope's Recent Publications. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 7, pp. 303-306. Tinoceras and its Allies. Ibid., pp. 306-308. Reply to Professor Cope's Explanation. Ibid., Appendix, pp. i-ix. Notice of New Tertiary Mammals (continued). This Journal (3), vol. 5, pp. 485-488. New Observations on the Dinocerata. Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 300-301. On the Gigantic Mammals of the American Eocene. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 13, pp. 255-256. 1874 On the Structure and Affinities of the Brontotheridce. This Journal (3), vol. 7, pp. 81-86, pis. i-ii. Notice of New Equine Mammals from the Tertiary Formation. Ibid., pp. 247-258. Fossil Horses in America. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 8, pp. 288-294. Othniel Charles Marsh. 23 1874 Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. Pt. III. This Journal (3), vol. 7, PP. 531-534- Small size of the Brain in Tertiary Mammals. Ibid., vol. 8, pp. 66- 67. 1875 Ancient Lake Basins of the Rocky Mountain Region. Pt. I. Ibid., vol. 9, pp. 49-52. Results of Rocky Mountain Expedition. Abstract : Ibid., p. 62. New Order of Eocene Mammals. Ibid., p. 221. Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. Pt. IV. Ibid., pp. 239-250. A Statement of Affairs at Red Cloud Agency, made to the President of the United States. Rept. Special Commission to investigate Affairs Red Cloud Indian Agency, pp. 1-113, Washington. Note on Reindeer Bones from a Clay Pit near North Haven. This Journal (3), vol. 10, pp. 354~355. On the Odontornithes, or Birds with Teeth. Ibid., pp. 403-408, pis. ix-x. 1876 Principal Characters of the Dinocerata. Pt. I. Ibid., vol. n, pp. 163- 168, pis. i-vi. Principal Characters of the Tillodontia. Pt. I. Ibid., pp. 249-251, pis. viii-ix. Principal Characters of the Bronlotherida. Ibid., pp. 335-340, pis. i-iv. On some of the Characters of the genus Coryphodon, Owen. Ibid., pp. 425-428, 1 pi. Notice of a new Sub-order of Pterosauria. Ibid., pp. 507-509. Notice of new Odontornithes. Ibid., pp. 509-511. Recent Discoveries of Extinct Animals. Ibid., vol. 12, pp. 59-61. Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. Pt. V. Ibid., pp. 401-404. Principal Characters of American Pterodactyls. Ibid., pp. 479-480. 1877 Brain of Coryphodon. Amer. Naturalist, vol. II, p. 375. Principal Characters of the CoryphodontidiB. This Journal (3), vol. 14, pp. 81-85, pi. iv. Characters of the Odontornithes, with Notice of a new allied Genus. Ibid., pp. 85-87, pi. v. Notice of a new and Gigantic Dinosaur. Ibid., pp. 87-88. Notice of some new Vertebrate fossils. Ibid., pp. 249-256. Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America. Nature, vol. 16, pp. 448-450, 470-472, and 489-491, London ; and This Journal vol. 14, pp. 338-378. A New Order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria), from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains. Ibid., pp. 513-514. Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic Formation. Ibid., pp. 514-516. 1878 New Species of Ceratodus, from the Jurassic. Ibid., vol. 15, p. 76. Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles. Ibid., pp. 241-244. Notice of New Fossil Reptiles. Ibid., pp. 409-411. Fossil Mammal from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains. Ibid., P- 459- New Pterodactyl from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains. Ibid., vol. 16, pp. 233-234. \ 24 Othniel Charles Marsh. 1878 Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. I. Ibid., pp. 411-416, pis. iv-x. Scientific Museums, gth Ann. Rept. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 52-54. 1879 A new Order of Extinct Reptiles (Sauranodonta), from the Jurassic Formation of the Rocky Mountains. This Journal (3), vol. 17, pp. 85-86. Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. II. Ibid., pp. 86-92, pis. iii-x. Additional Characters of the Sauropoda. Ibid., pp. 181-182. The Vertebrae of Recent Birds. Ibid., pp. 266-269. Polydactyl Horses, Recent and Extinct. Ibid., pp. 499-505, 1 pi. Notice of a New Jurassic Mammal. Ibid., vol. 18, pp. 60-61. Additional Remains of Jurassic Mammals. Ibid., pp. 215-216. History and Methods of Palaeontological Discovery. Nature, vol. 20, pp. 494-499 and 515-521, London; and This Journal (3), vol. 18, PP. 323-359- Notice of New Jurassic Mammals. Ibid., pp. 396-398. Notice of New Jurassic Reptiles. Ibid., pp. 501-505, pi. iii. Peabody Museum. Yale Book, vol. 2, pp. 178-186. 1880 New Characters of Mosasauroid Reptiles. This Journal (3), vol. 19, pp. 83-87, pi. i. The Limbs of Sauranodon, with Notice of a new Species. Ibid., pp. 169-171. Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. III. Ibid., pp. 253-259, pis. vi-xi. The Sternum in Dinosaurian Reptiles. Ibid., pp. 395-396, pi. xviii. Note on Sauranodon. Ibid., p. 491. Odontornithes : a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America. With 34 plates and 40 woodcuts. 4 0 , XV4-201 pp. U. S. Geol. Exploration 40th Parallel, vol. 7, Washington ; and Mem. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll., vol. I. Notice of Jurassic Mammals representing two New Orders. This Journal (3), vol. 20, pp. 235-239. 1881 Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. IV. Spinal Cord, Pelvis, and Limbs of Stegosaurus. Ibid., vol. 21 pp. 167-170, pis. vi-viii. A New Order of Extinct Jurassic Reptiles {Ccelurid). Ibid., pp. 339- 340, pi. x. Discovery of a Fossil Bird in the Jurassic of Wyoming. Ibid., pp. 341-342. Note on American Pterodactyls. Ibid., pp. 342-343. Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. V. Ibid., pp. 416-423, pis. xii-xviii. Notice of New Jurassic Mammals. Ibid., pp. 511-513. Restoration of Dinoceras mirabile. Ibid., vol. 22, pp. 31-32, pi. ii. Jurassic Birds and their Allies. Science, vol. 2, pp. 512-513. 1882 Classification of the Dinosauria. This Journal (3), vol. 23, pp. 81-86. The Wings of Pterodactyles. Ibid., pp. 251-256, pi. iii. Othniel Charles Marsh. 25 1883 Evolution. " Herbert Spencer on the Americans and the Americans on Herbert Spencer," pp. 45-50. Birds with Teeth. 3rd Ann. Rept. Director U. S. Geo/. Surv., pp. 45-S8. Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. VI. Res- toration of Brontosaurus. This Journal (3), vol. 26, pp. 81-85, pi. i. On the supposed Human Footprints recently found in Nevada. Ibid., pp. 139-140. 1884 Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. VII. On the Diplodocida, a New Family of the Sauropoda. Ibid., vol. 27, pp. 161-167, pis. iii-iv. Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. VIII. The Order Theropoda. Ibid., pp. 329-340, pis. viii-xiv. A New Order of extinct Jurassic Reptiles (Mace log natka). Ibid., P- 34i. Principal Characters of American Cretaceous Pterodactyls. Pt. I. The Skull of Pteranodon. Ibid., pp. 423-426, pi. xv. On the United Metatarsal Bones of Ceratosaurus. Ibid., vol. 28, pp. 161-162. On the Classification and Affinities of Dinosaurian Reptiles. Nature^ vol. 31, pp. 6S-69. 1885 The Gigantic Mammals of the Order Dinocerata. jth Ann. Rept. Director U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 243-302. On American Jurassic Mammals. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 18S4, pp. 734-736, London. Names of Extinct Reptiles. This Journal (3), vol. 29, p. 169. On the Size of the Brain in Extinct Animals. Abstract : JYature, vol. 32, p. 562, London. 1886 Dinocerata : a Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals. With 56 plates and 200 woodcuts. 4 0 , xviii + 237 pp. Monographs U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. 10, Washington. (Author's edition, title page dated 1884; published 1885.) 1887 American Jurassic Mammals. This Journal (2), vol. 33, pp. 327-348, pis. vii-x. Notice of New Fossil Mammals. Ibid., vol. 34, pp. 323-331. Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. IX. The Skull and Dermal Armor of Stegosaurus. Ibid., pp. 413-417, pis. vi-ix. 1888 Notice of a New Genus of Sauropoda and other new Dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation. Ibid., vol. 35, pp. 89-94. Notice of a new Fossil Sirenian, from California. Ibid., pp. 94-96. A New Family of Horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. Ibid., vol. 36, pp. 447-478, pi. xi. 1889 Restoration of Brontops robustus from the Miocene of America. Abstract: Ibid. , vol. 37, pp. 163-165, pi. vi. A Comparison of the Principal Forms of Dinosauria of Europe and America. Abstract: Ibid., pp. 323-331. Notice of new American Dinosauria. Ibid., pp. 331-336. 26 Othniel Charles Marsh. 1889 Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. Ibid., vol. 38, pp. 81-92, pis. ii-v. Notice of Gigantic Horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. Ibid., pp. 173-175- Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. Pt. II. Ibid., pp. 177-180, pis. vii-viii. The Skull of the Gigantic Ceratopsidcz. Abstract : Ibid., pp. 501-506, pi. xii. 1890 Description of New Dinosaurian Reptiles. Ibid., vol. 39, pp. 81-86, pi. i. Distinctive Characters of the order Hallopoda. Ibid., pp. 415-417. Additional Characters of the Ceratopsidcz, with notice of new Creta- ceous Dinosaurs. Ibid., pp. 418-426, pis. v-vii. Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. Ibid., pp. 523-525. Notice of some extinct Testudinata. Ibid., vol. 40, pp. 177-179, pis. vii-viii. 1891 A Horned Artiodactyle {Protoceras celer) from the Miocene. Ibid., vol. 41, pp. 81-82. On the Gigantic Ceratopsidcz, or Horned Dinosaurs, of North America. Ibid., pp. 167-178, pis. i-x. On the Cretaceous Mammals of North America. Abstract : Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1890, pp. 853-854, London. Restoration of Triceratops [and Brontosaurus\. This Journal (3), vol. 41, pp. 339-342, pis. xv-xvi. Note on Mesozoic Mammalia. Amer. A r aluralist, vol. 25, pp. 611-616. Restoration of Stegosaurus. This Journal (3), vol. 42, pp. 1 79-181, pi. ix. Notice of New Vertebrate Fossils. Ibid., pp. 265-269. Geological Horizons as determined by Vertebrate Fossils. Ibid., pp. 336-338, pi. xii. 1892 The Skull of Torosatirus. Ibid., vol. 43, pp. 81-84, pis- ii — iii. Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. Pt. III. Ibid., pp. 249-262, pis. v-xi. Recent [and extinct] Polydactyle Horses. Ibid., pp. 339~355- A New Order of Extinct Eocene Mammals {Mesodactyld). Ibid., pp. 445-449- Notice of New Reptiles from the Laramie Formation. Ibid., pp. 449-453- Notes on Triassic Dinosauria. Ibid., pp. 543-546, pis. xv-xvii. Notes on Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossils. Ibid., vol. 44, pp. 171-176, pis. ii-v. Restorations of Claosaurus and Ceratosaurus . Ibid., pp. 343-349, pis. vi-vii. Restoration of Mastodon Americanus , Cuvier. Ibid., p. 350, pi. viii. 1893 A New Cretaceous Bird allied to Hesperornis. Ibid., vol. 45, pp. 81-82. The Skull and Brain of Claosaurus. Ibid., pp. 83-S6, pis. iv-v. Restoration of Anchisaurus. Ibid., pp. 169-170, pi. vi. Restorations of Anchisaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Claosaurus . Geol. Mag. (3), vol. x, pp. 151-152, London. Othniel Charles Marsh. 27 1893 Some Recent Restorations of Dinosaurs. Nature, vol. 48, pp. 437-438, London. Restoration of Coryphodon. This Journal (3), vol. 46, pp. 321-326, pis. v-vi. Description of Miocene Mammalia. Ibid., pp. 407-412, pis. vii-x. 1894 Restoration of Camptosaurus. Ibid., vol. 47, pp. 245-246, pi. vi. Restoration of Elotherium. Ibid., pp. 407-40S, pi. ix. A New Miocene Mammal. Ibid., p. 409. Footprints of Vertebrates in the Coal Measures of Kansas. Ibid., vol. 4S, pp. 81-84, pis- ii-iii- Erratum. Geol. Mag. (4), vol. 1, p. 432. The Typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic. This Journal (3), vol. 4S. pp. S5-90. pis. iv-vii. Eastern Division of the Miohippus Beds, with Notes on some of the Characteristic Fossils. Ibid., pp. 91-94. Miocene Artiodactyles from the Eastern Miohippus Beds. Ibid., pp. 175-173. Description of Tertiary Artiodactyles. Ibid., pp. 259-274. A Gigantic Bird from the Eocene of New Jersey. Ibid., p. 344. A New Miocene Tapir. Ibid., p. 34S. 1895 On the Pithecanthropus erectus, Dubois, from Java. Ibid., vol. 49, pp. 144-147. pi. ii. Thomas Henry Huxley. Ibid., vol. 50, pp. 177-183. The Reptilia of the Baptanodon Beds. Ibid., pp. 405-406. Restorations of some European Dinosaurs, with Suggestions as to their Place among the Reptilia. Abstract : Ibid., pp. 407-412, pis. v-viii. On the Affinities and Classification of the Dinosaurian Reptiles. Abstract: Ibid., pp. 483-498, pi. x. Reprinted with alterations, under the title "Classification of Dinosaurs." Geol. Mag. (4), vol. 3, pp. 3S8-400, London. Fossil Vertebrates. Johnsons Universal Cyclopedia, newed., vol. 8, pp. 49 I "49S, 1 pi. Note on Globular Lightning. Nature, vol. 53, p. 152, London. 1896 The Age of the Wealden. This Journal (4), vol. 1, p. 234. On the Pithecanthropus erectus, from the Tertiary of Java. Abstract : Ibid., pp. 475-4S2, pi. xiii. Reprinted under the title "The Apeman from the Tertiary of Java." Science, vol. 3, pp. 739-793- A new Belodont Reptile (Stegomus) from the Connecticut River Sand- stone. This Journal (4), vol. 2, pp. 59-62, pi. i. The Geology of Block Island. Ibid., pp. 295-298. Amphibian Footprints from the Devonian. Ibid., pp. 3 74—3 7 5 • The Geology of Block Island (continued). Ibid., pp. 375-377. The Dinosaurs of North America, ibth Ann. Rept, Director U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. I, pp. 133-414, pis. ii-lxxxv. The Jurassic Formation on the Atlantic Coast. Abstract : This Journal (4), vol. 2, pp. 433"447- Vertebrate Fossils [ of the Denver Basin]. Monographs U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. 27, pp. 473-550, pis. xxi-xxxi, Washington. 2s Ot It j del Charles Ifarsh. 1897 The Stylinodontia, a Suborder of Eocene Edentates. This Journal (4), vol. 3, pp. 137-146. The Affinities of Hesperornis. Ibid., pp. 347-348. Principal Characters of the Protoceratida. Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 165-176, pis. ii-viii. The Skull of Protoceras. Geol. Mag. (4), vol. 4, pp. 433~439, pi. xix, London. Recent Observations on European Dinosaurs. This Jotirnal (4), vol. 4, pp. 413-416. 1898 New Species of Ceratopsia. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 92. The Jurassic Formation on the Atlantic Coast. — Supplement. Ibid., pp. 105-115. Cycad Horizons in the Rocky Mountain Region. Ibid., p. 197. The Value of Type Specimens and Importance of their Preservation. Ibid., pp. 401-405. The Origin of Mammals. Ibid., pp. 406-409. The Comparative Value of Different Kinds of Fossils in Determining Geological Age. Abstract : Ibid., pp. 483-486. On the Families of Sauropodous Dinosauria. Abstract : Ibid., pp. 487-488. 1899 Footprints of Jurassic Dinosaurs. Ibid., vol. 7, pp. 227-232, pi. v. Note on a Bridger Eocene Carnivore. Ibid., p. 397. 43358