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Anatomical Account 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 ELEPHANT 
 
 Accidentally Burnt in 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 O N 
 
 ^ryday, June ly. in the Year i6Si. 
 
 Sent in a LETTER 
 
 To Sir WIL 1. P EtTT, 
 
 FELLOW OF 
 
 Clje l^opal ^orietp. 
 
 TOGETHER 
 
 With a Relation of new Anatomical Obfervarions in the 
 Eyes of Animals : Communicated in another Letter 
 to the Honourable R. Boykj Efq; F e l l o w of the fame 
 Society. i v. 
 
 By AM. Med. of Trinity CoUedge nea'^ 
 
 London^ Printed for Saw, Smith, Booldeller, at the Vrincet Arms 
 in St. Baulks Charcb-Tard, i6Bz, 
 
 
Honoured Si'r\ 
 
 M Y Ambition to lervetheR.S.ingeneral3& 
 \ / I my Obligations to your ielf in particu- 
 Jk. ^ lai-j are the only Motives that induce me 
 to communicate my Obfervations on the Elephant 
 burned here laft Summer 5 for I underftand that 
 they are likely to be made publick , and am very 
 unwilling to appear in Print, efpecially at the diE 
 advantages which now I imiE ; For People admi- 
 ring the Elephant, as well for his docility, as bulk, 
 andrarenels in thde Countries, will exped; io cU~ 
 rious an account of him, as may furniOi them with 
 the Pvea'lons, why he comes to be more capable of 
 doing things which leem to require Ratiocination, 
 than any other Brute that we know. They may 
 moreover think that hem an exad deEription ol 
 the feveral parts of his Body, raoir, if not all Vef- 
 lels and Organs being larger confiderably in him, 
 
 A z than 
 
than in ocher Creatures, a great light into the true 
 ufes or parrs might be had. 
 
 Now Sir, I muft dehre you to inform that Ho- 
 nourable Society, for whom you dehgn thefe fol- 
 lowingNotes, and of whom you are a Member, 
 with the Reaions why I cannot anfwer fuch great 
 expectations. My want of Opcick Glaffes, and of 
 other helps for curious Obiervations were coniide- 
 rable. 
 
 Moreover the Circiim (lances of time and place 
 were unfortunate 5 for the Booth wherein the Ele- 
 phant was kept, took fire about Three a Clock in 
 the morning, on Friday the 17th of June ^ upon 
 this the City being alarm'd, multitudes were ga- 
 tl.c.ed about the place : And when the fire was 
 extinguiflaed every one endeavoured to procure 
 fome part of the Elephant, few ot them having 
 feen him living, by reaion of the great rates put 
 upon the figfit of him. To prevemt his being 
 taken away by the rnulticude , the M inager, Mr. 
 IVdkins^ procured a File of Mufqueteers to guard 
 him, till lie (lioiild build a filed where he might fe- 
 curely disjaiut him, in order to the making of a 
 Skeleton; This heoot hninied at Seven a Clock at 
 Nidht, and about Eight I heard of his dengn. Be- 
 ing delirous to inform my (elf in the EiuCture of 
 the Elephant, ' made (earch for him, and having 
 
 found 
 
rrr _ — 
 
 found him I proffered my lervice to him ; of which 
 when he accepted, I endeavoured to perliiade him 
 to difcharse fome Butchers which he had in a rea- , 
 dineis to order the Elephant after their way, and 
 to leave the whole nianagemeqc of the matter to 
 me, and to fuch as I thought fit to employ, de- 
 figning a general dilfedtion, and that the Icons of 
 each part lliould be taken in order by fome Paint- 
 ers, \T ich whom upon this occauon I could prevail : 
 But my endeavours proved fruitleis, becaule that 
 about Ten a Clock that night, when we went to 
 the fhed, to find what condition the Elephant was 
 in, he emitted very noifom fleams. Thele made 
 the Manager fear (the fhed being very near the 
 Council-Chamber, and the Cufl:om-Houfe,j that 
 the Ld. Lt. or Ld. Mayor would order it to be ta- 
 ken away as a nuyfrnce, and that lo in all proba- 
 bility it llioula be lofi, and that perhaps he him- 
 lelf ilioiild be piinifhed for fuffering it to be there. 
 When 1 coniidered, that in caie he did not difpofe 
 ofh im that Night, the next Day being Saturday^ I 
 Osould be able to accomplifii but a fimall part of 
 whnr I defgned, and that it would be both charge- 
 able and difficult to preierve him from the rabble 
 till Monday^ and that then the fcink would be alto- 
 gether intolerable, if it fiiouldencreafe in propor- 
 tion to what it had done that day. I coniented to 
 
have the bufinefs done that night, and for expedi- 
 tions lake, to make ufe of the Butchers as AlTillants, 
 but fo as to be dire(5led by my felf m every thina : 
 But their forwardnels to cut and llafli what came 
 firO: in their way,, and their imrulinels whchal did 
 hinder me from making feveral Remarks which 
 otherwiie I would have made: Thus the 
 
 phant was disjointed by Candledight. Some narcs 
 were burnt, m.oft of thole that were not, w^ere 
 more or lefs defac'd by being parboiled. This may 
 fatisfie the R. S', how didicuit it was to give a la- 
 tisfadlory Anatomncal Account of the Elephant , 
 and that the following fender one is given to fliew 
 my readinels to ferve them, and my Obedience to 
 your ComiTiands. 
 
 I fhallnot trouble you with aRcpetidon of what 
 has been laid of the Elephant by ^Pliny^ Gefner^ Ta= 
 rvernier^ and others, being very little, if any way, 
 inftrublive to any defirous to underftand the Ana- 
 tomay of that Creature, but (Iiail faithfully, and 
 as plainly as I can, acquaint you with what occur- 
 red remarkable to me, upon a view of the leveral 
 parts of his Body, and iliall add only lome con- 
 jectures of miy oivii concerning the ufes of fome 
 parts- derived from their (IruCtore. 
 
 I fliall begin wdth the Cntkula^ (of whicli I keep 
 a piece which was railed by the Fire from a part of 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 the Cutis y on which the Elephant was found lying, 
 and which therefore was not defac'd) when I ex- 
 amined this, I found it covered all over with a 
 Erange fort of Scab, in many places refembling 
 old Warts, deeply j^gg'd, and the carnous Fibres 
 of the Mufcles ot Beef, when much boiled, and 
 tranlverily cut, but of a dirty tawny Colour. Thele 
 Scabs ( if I may fo call them J both flit and cut, 
 lookt like Oiort pieces of Whalebone. They did 
 fo firmly flick to the Cuticula, that I could not pull 
 them from it, nor the parts of which they confifl:- 
 ed (though they were much divided^ from one a- 
 nocher, without tearing it. Andytt t\\Q Cut icuU 
 was much tougher and thicker than*any that 1 have 
 feen. 
 
 The length of thefe Scabs was in fome -f or i 
 but in other pi ices not above T^or4-r of an Inch. 
 The caufe oi wliich difference I take to be the Ele- 
 phants wearing, by rubbing or lying, lome parts 
 of them, whilfl: others were flight ly or not at all 
 W’orn. 
 
 I could find but very few Hairs without this fcab, 
 but many within, and even with it. The Elephants 
 inclinations to Itch, and to rub himlelf asain'l what- 
 ever came in his way, kept thoie Hairs that were 
 even with the outnde of the aforelaid Icab, from 
 appearing of any conficlerable length. The hard- 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 neis of the fcab by keeping the Roots of the Hairs 
 faft, did very much contribute to their wearing on 
 the outfiiie, as well as to their preiervation on that 
 within. The length of the Hairs for the mofcparc 
 was equal to that of the Scabs. 
 
 7heHair. The Hair in the when clivelfe.^ F icshji= 
 ticula^ were DLirrerous, and many ol ue- .were 
 confiderablv ftiffer and thirlar ■ n ne ■ ■■ H:ies Oi 
 a Hog. They were black, ar ^ aviu aiy as were 
 found in the Cuticula^ when \/\ * reF lorn to j («- 
 tisj were plainly covered hi thin 
 
 branes, from the extrerrhiy u> rhe Boots an the 
 Cuticula. Thele (withfubrrfiiuou -n- batter 
 ment) I take to be the linings to peculiar 
 which by the heat of the Fire were fepara ted from 
 them, as the Cuticula was fi onri the Cutis. In rhele 
 duclus the Hairs were manifeilly planted. Now 
 feeing that dole about the Pxots of Hairs, as well 
 as on the Pores, near which there is no Hair, a dew 
 may be difcerned foon after fweac is wiped away. 
 
 I take it to be reafonable ro think, that there are 
 two iorts of Pores in the skins of Animals. One 
 lmall,deligned altogether for the (eparanon or fiich 
 Liquors and Vapoius, as areuflially thrown oh by 
 iofenfible Perlpiration and Sweat. The other to 
 contain and nourifli Hairs,- for at the bottom of 
 each of thefe duclus there appeared to the naked Eye 
 
 imali 
 
(?) 
 
 fmallGlandules when the5/iin was divided to the eX" 
 tremityof the roots. Thefe I fuppoie to be the 
 ^landuU miliares^ obferv’d by the moft accurate Ana- 
 tom ifts, Se^mor ^ 2LY\d Dr, Steno^ in their 
 
 ftni(5ture oi the Cutis. Theie probably feparate 
 from the mais ot Blood an excrementitious matter, 
 fit for the nourifhment of the Hairs , and what is 
 not fpent in that, is ( 1 luppofe) caft out between 
 the Hairs and the aforementioned thin Membranes, 
 which, upon that account, may be properly cal- 
 led Lymphatdudls,- and fo likewife may the Imal- 
 ler foi t, (of which more anon) and each of them 
 a proper Vas excretorium to a Glandula Mdiarts, 
 
 The Hairs^which came out of the Skin, and 
 which were in the Cuticula^ were from the end of 
 the root to the Cuticula in length between ~ and f of 
 an Inch. 
 
 The outw 2 .r d fuper fide s of thetwfh, freed from Cut^, 
 the Cuticula, was very uneven , by reaion of a 
 vafl: number of Pyramidal papdU, about the bignels 
 of fnall Pins heads : To fit each of thefe there 
 were cavities in the Cuticula. Thefe paplllx were 
 probably pores, being to the fight like thofe that 
 a hidden Cold produces in our Skins, and which 
 unquestionably are Inch. 
 
 Now if it be granted, that in Brutes there is an 
 infenfible Perfpiration (which all rational men 
 
 B that 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 that fees them fweat will allow , forarmuch as 
 what is by that call off, is not Co grofs a Body as 
 Sweat,) and if their infenfible difcharge be grant- 
 ed proportionable to that of a man ; it will follow, 
 that the Elephant being a Creature of extraordina- 
 ry bulk, muH: have very many pores, and very large 
 ones too, fuch as may be difcerned by the naked 
 Eye, when we find them to be lb even in Men, in 
 the Palms efpecially of the Hands, and in them all 
 other Velfels are proportionably lels than they were 
 in the Elephant. I lay, that the pores mull: be both 
 numerous and large, for the ule aforefaid, elpecial- 
 ly if we may confide in SanSlorlm his Statical Objer- 
 yations 3. nuns infenfibly perfpiringin a Winters 
 day 50 Ounces, and upwards, which is fomwhat 
 more than a 5 4th part of an ordinary mans weight, 
 which 1 take to be about 1 70 /. (and upon fiach 
 meaning himlelf, I fiippole him to have made his 
 Experiments,) and allow the Elephant to perlpire 
 proportionably, we will find that his daily infen- 
 fible evacuation will amount to very near 9 5 /. if 
 we may believe fome that has feen the Elephant 
 put on Shipboard, and taken off,that faid he weigh- 
 ed 2t Tuns or 5000 /. of which 93/. is about a 
 54th part. Though 1 am not forward to believe, 
 what I have at feveral times been told, as to his 
 weight, nor affured that hisTranfpiration was pro - 
 
 pcrtia- 
 
prn 
 
 porcionable to that of a man, becaufe of the out- 
 tvard fcab, which might bar it j yet that he did much 
 tranfpire / believe, from the vivacity of his fpeciesy 
 and have together with many Arguments for per- 
 fpiration in general, one in particular to alledge 
 for the great necelTity of it in this Animal, and that 
 is this, his blood and Hefli did extraordinarily a^ 
 bound with an urinous Salt, which made the mals 
 of humours extraordinary active, and confequently 
 capable of making their way through the frnalleft 
 palTages, the pungency of the Salt not a little irrita- 
 ting the pores to an excretion. I fuppofe moreover 
 that this Salt ought to be necelfarily and continually 
 call off with ferofities, to prevent difeafes confe- 
 quent Co too great a quantity of Volatile Salt in the 
 Body.' Why the exorbitancy of this fort of Salt, as 
 well as that of gi^xcdMarmeSaltmScorbutickPevConSy 
 fhould not caufe many di lempers, (though few of 
 fuch may be known to the Inhabitants of our cold 
 Climates, jl cannot guefs; but chat he did fb abound 
 in an Urinous Salt, did appear not only from the 
 urinous effluVta which fo aflfedled my Noilrils that 
 i was fcarce able to endure them ; but alfo from the 
 finarting which his blood occafioned, (contrary to 
 what I ever obferv'd in that of other Creatures} 
 lighting on a cutt which I accidentally at that time 
 receiv’d in one of my Fingers. The difference be- 
 
 B z tween 
 
f 
 
 tween the pungency of the Salt in this Blood, and 
 that in ftale Urine was fuch, that the latter uliially 
 in a little time ceafes to Simulate a tender part kept 
 fteept in it, whereas the Former did make my Finger 
 r all that night, and the next day whilft embrued in 
 ! it continually fmart. But more efpecially it appear- 
 ed from the taft of his Fiefh when drelTed on the 
 ^1; Coals, before a fire, or fri’d, (boiling in Water took 
 it clear away) which was, as near as I can guefs,like 
 that oflean Beef feafon'd with Salt of Flartshorn. 
 
 It is not only probable therefore that the Ele- 
 phant did inf^niibly perlpire much, but alfb that 
 thofe Pyramidal Tajj'dU were the paffages through 
 which he did traiifpire, nothing except them and the 
 places of the Hairs appearing any way like pores. 
 fub- When the Cutis was cut through, as far common- 
 ly as the roots of theHairs reach'd, it was 1 ike the cal- 
 lous or horny part of Brawn ; but the inner part 
 was very glandulous with a little fat interfpers’d. 
 •'ajjities Cutis before it dried was in fome places 
 
 I “ Inch thick,and in other places not above an Inch^ 
 and in others fomwhat lefs. 
 
 I could fine! no cutaneous Vefiel of any remark- 
 able bignefs, and but very few fmall ones, 
 mnku- 1 made fearch for the Tanniculm carnofus, but 
 f' found none. / was the more diligent in my fearch 
 defutt. becaufe that I underftood it was iifual with 
 
 the 
 
 1 ' 
 
(is) 
 
 the Elephant to kill the Flies which lighted on the 
 cracks in his Skin, and tormented him ; and this he 
 did by bringing the (ides of the cracks dole toge- 
 ther of a Hidden, which I thought to be performed 
 by that cutaneous Mufcle, meaning the aforefaid 
 Tanniculus carnofus^ but nothing like it appearing, I 
 concluded that what I ftippofed ought to have been 
 done by that Mufcle, was in this Animal done by 
 putting himfelf fuddenly in a pofture to wrinkle 
 the skin ot that (ide that was attack’d by the Flies, . 
 and this to be done by bending his body that way, 
 by which means what was before ftreight for him, 
 being now too -full, the fides of the cracks were 
 forced dole together. Sc thus the Flies were bruisM. 
 
 There was no Memhrana adtpofa to be ieen about Defuir& 
 him, neither was there inwardly or outwardly, eX' 
 cept a little in the Terineum^ any appearance ol fat ; fa. 
 but infteadof the two laft mentioned integuments, 
 there was a very flrong nervous Merribrane, ob- 
 liquely defce iding from the Spines dorfi to the Ster- Mmbra-- 
 nunij and the linea alba. This Membrane was very 
 cough, and very near as hard to be cut as Whale-' 
 bone of the fame thicknefs ^ which all along the 
 back-bone was about 7 of an Inch 5 but the nearer 
 the end 1 tried it the thinner I found it. Tl sis Mem- 
 brane leem’d to terminate in the Imea aiba^ as the 
 tendons of the Mufcies of the abdomen ufually do. 
 
The Tax- 
 "wax^ 
 
 MufcuU 
 duo Re- 
 traBores 
 Tenis^ 
 
 (H) 
 
 The nervous Fibres of which this Membrane was 
 made, were very diftinguifliable, and might eafily 
 be feparated for their whole length. 1 have nothing 
 to fay as to its Origin, unlefs it proceeded from the 
 dura Mater. This doubdefs was delign^d to ftreng- 
 then this Creature, and perhaps that the weight of 
 the Fifcera contain d in the Abdomen^ fhould not di- 
 dend the ^eritoneum^ and the Mufcles adjoining, lb 
 as to let them hang lower than was convenient. 
 
 The Ligament, com monlycairdTaxwax,reach*d 
 from the Head, to which it grew, to about the 1 3 th 
 <vertihra of the dorfum j it was double, one on each 
 fide of the Spirit yertehrarum colli dorjl ; it was both 
 very thick, and very broad, and coniequendy very 
 firong i its ufe doubtlefs was to affifi: the Mufcles 
 and ocher parts of the Neck, to bear the extraordi- 
 nary w^eight of the HeadyLeing placed not flat, but 
 edgewdle , like Planks ufed as Joices to bear up 
 Floors. And this piece of Archite(5ture is found in 
 mofl: , if not all ^ladriiped's , for the very fame 
 purpofe ; but being needlefs, ids wanting in men. 
 
 I made no other Reimark on the Mufcles, but 
 that they were very large, and confifted of Fibres 
 much thicker than thole of Beef. 
 
 In iearching for the lefles^ I found Mufcles lo like 
 them, that I doubted not but that they were the ve- 
 ry Tefies j their flaape did mofl exadly refemble 
 
 them j 
 
(* 5 ) 
 
 them : ^md their tendons, before the Tefies are ta- 
 ken out of the ProceJJm of the Peritoneum^ might pafs 
 for the feminary Vefiels ; nothing by Candle-light, 
 but an examination of them by dilTedtion , could 
 have undeceived me. I was very deiirous to 
 lee the Anatomy of one of them, and did what I 
 could to inform my felf that way, by which means 
 I difcovered ray Errour , and having found two 
 Mufcles unlike any that ever I law, I trac’d them to 
 the inner and lower iide of the Os Ijchiou; where I 
 found them implanted j I traced the tendons like- 
 wile,^ and fo^id that when they had gone ilngly 
 near upon 4 Inches, that they joined in one, which 
 went diredtly under the middle of fee Tenis^ and 
 reach’d beyond a crookednefs that I obferved in it : 
 this was in length about 8 /nches, it was then with- 
 in 6 or 7 Inches of the Gians terminated : having ex- 
 panded itfelf into a Membrane. 
 
 There was, belides thefe, a nervous Body that 
 began underneath, near the aforefaid tendons, about 
 8 Inches from the root of the ^enis^ and reached 
 (diflindt from the Y ard j 9 Inches, before it was in- 
 ferted again in it, at a place 5 i Inches from the Gians, 1 
 
 When I conlidered that the Adlions of all Eorunfm ' 
 Mufcles were , by a Swelling and a Contradlion 
 of their Fibres, I was of opinion on the account of 
 thole Mufcles, and of chat nervous Body fo conve- 
 niently 
 
niently plac'd for that purpofe, that the Elephant 
 was a Retromingent, and very probably a Retro - 
 coienc Animal. The crookednels and bending 
 downwards, which I obferved in the Tenisj Ibrn- 
 what fhort of the end of the Tendon confirm'd me 
 in thaiOpinion,&lafl:ly the confeffion of thofethat 
 were his conftant Attendants, put the buhnels out of 
 doubt ; for they laid, that whenloever the Elephant 
 would make water, they obferv'd him imfiieath his 
 ‘Po/w, and turn it backwards, and fo pils between 
 his hind Legs outwards. Here nature manifelled 
 her care in making a peculiar provision for thisun- 
 weildy Animal to prevent his wallowing in his own 
 Excrements..-'^ 
 
 After this, and a long learch, I found the Tejle-s 
 which 'vere not contain'd in a Scrotum or CaoJ'ula^ 
 but lay in thePcrwcMw, dole joined on each fide to the 
 Trents - they were neither of the uliial llaape,bignefs, 
 nor included in a procejfui of y Po iro^iew/w.Theirfh ipe 
 was very like that of a Cheinut 5 they were thicker 
 on the fide that grew totheP^?/n than on clieoppo' te. 
 Thev w^ere fiat & round. They were not luuble to 
 the other parts of his Body j for if 1 had the curioluy 
 to weigh them, I believe that both lliouldbe iound 
 to w'cigh but little more than 3 , or^t moll: 4 ounces. 
 They were join'd to the Terns by a great many, at 
 leail 100 i'eminA Tubes j which maybe properly 
 
 call'd 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 call’d Vafa defemtta, Sc which depofited the elaborated 
 Semen in feveral Rhomboid Cells^plac’d in the body of 
 the ^enisy which in this Creature was the common and 
 only repoficory for the feed that I could find. Thele 
 Cells were turgid with Sperm, and lo were the Tubes ; 
 the latter were larger than any that ever I faw, in the 
 Teft es of other Animals ,* moft of them without any 
 force receiving a Block Tin Wire of equal thicknefi 
 with the biggeft of the ordinary Pins ^ and this they re° 
 ceived for an Inch, and fbmetimes rriore, when the T«= 
 he was ilreight, as mofi: of them were ; but when I fol- 
 lowed them further into the Body of the Teftis, they be- 
 came lenfibly Imaller Sc fmaller till they difappear'd. 
 
 I fearch’d for that which Dr. Htghmor calls a TticlwSy 
 and VeGraafe more trulv makes the Stah'dtmentum to the 
 VefTels in the Teft es both Blood and Seminary,* but 
 could not clearly lee it. The blood Velfels came into 
 the Tefles by the Vafa deferent ia. 
 
 Though thele were fmall and dilproportionable, 
 yet I took them to be the nothing elfe outward- 
 ly appearing that contain^ Seminary Velfels, till I un- 
 derftood by the curious Anatomill and learned Phylici- 
 an Dr.lSleedham^ that my delcription of the Tefticles of 
 the Elephant did agree to the Trofiau of a Boar,* upon 
 which I concluded that I mifiook the Tejtes for the Tro^ 
 ftat£j there being a great relemblance between thele 
 Animals, and having found Two Subftances (of which 
 more anon) between the Kidneys and the neck of the 
 
 C Bladder, 
 
'\\nis. 
 
 I'l 
 
 rethra. 
 
 'pitotie- 
 
 1 ]^. 
 
 
 Ventrku^ 
 
 tains. 
 
 Bladder, which might very well be Tefles^ and which, 
 till 1 difcoLU-s’d chat ingenious Gentleman I did not well 
 know what to make of. 
 
 1 fliall, when I come to the inward parts, lay Torn- 
 thing of the a^afa pr^parantia. 
 
 The njagina lor the TeniswASy at the opening, horny, 
 and was fhut up fo clofe, that there was not room for 
 a mans little finger to get in. We could not, without 
 dividing it, come at the Yard. 
 
 The Tents look’d more inconfiderable by being fo 
 clolely fluit up , than it did when freed from the 
 Sheath ,• it was larger than that of a Stone-Horle, 
 but hardly lb long. 
 
 The Urethra was large, for it admitted a round 
 flick, near as thick as a mans Finger, which wasthruft 
 into it to flreighten it. 
 
 The Teritoneum was a very tough , thick, white 
 Membrane, much wrinkled, that might be divided 
 into many, though not diftin6f, Membranes. 
 
 The Omentum was nothin^ but a very thin and double 
 
 j 
 
 Membrane, together with a net of fmall blood-veffels, 
 accompanied with fmall threads of Fat ; its inlertions 
 were as ufiially they are in other Animals, 
 
 The Ventricle was in length 4 foot , and about 3 
 inches, it was round about 34 Foot. The oEfophagm 
 was not inlerted in the extremity of it,asinMen,Dogs, 
 and many other Animals^ but a Foot from that, towards 
 the middle of it, in which (if I miftake not) it agrees 
 
 with 
 
with the Stomach of a Horfe. There was but one, : ' 
 contrary to what fome did imagine, if we do not rec- I 
 kon the Ccecum and the Colon for two. I found ieveral ! 
 peble ftones in it, w^hereof fbme were large, which if 
 weighed,\would be found to be between 3 and 4 ounces. 
 
 By their colour and fliapes I fhould guefs them to be ^ 
 
 taken, not long before, from fome Sea fliore. They ^ 
 
 were fwallowed, Ifuppofe, to cleanfe the Stomach Sc 
 Guts. I did not find any thing elfe remarkable in the 
 Stomach, its fliape, Coats and Fibres agreeing in other 
 things, with that of Men, Dogs, 
 
 The Inteflhm tenuia were burnt in many places, but inte/^l 
 not quite through any where, excepting two or three. 
 
 The limn, and Jejunum were not extraordinary big, iieum, 
 but were in length about 5 2 Foot. 
 
 The length of that which is commonly calFd the 
 Duodenum^ was about 44 Foot, 
 
 The Caecum was very large and difiended with hard 
 dung 5 its Coats were thicker, and its Fibres were 
 ftronger than thofe of the Stomack. The thicknels of 
 the Fibres vvas very clilcernable where a part of this 
 Gut vvas burnt. The length of this Gut vvas about 20 
 inches, but its meafure round about vvas about 24 foot. 
 
 The Colon vvas monllrouiiy big , for it vvas in fome colon. 
 places upwards of 34 Foot round, and in others it ^ 
 wanted lomvvhat of 3 Foot ; its length was to an in- 
 confiderable maicer, i 5 -Foot, chougb I fearched dili- 
 genly for the Valyula colj I could perceive nothing of it. 
 
 C 2 The 
 
hfff. The ^eclum (by which I mean the remainder of the 
 Inteflina crajfa^ (though a part of them could not be 
 properly lo called) becaule of the equality for the 
 moil part of their Diameters, and dilproportion to 
 the Colon, and of my want of a name for a new Gut.) 
 was about 4 Foot in length j and fo the whole length 
 of the Guts was about 7 5 Foot, or 2 5 Yards* 
 
 There was a Fafciculm of ftreight Fibres, near as 
 kuIhs altogether as broad as a mans middle Fin- 
 
 ger 5 this (to the befl: of my remembrance) began at 
 the CoLCum and reach'd to the A?im. This was oppohte 
 to the Mefentery, and was, I fuppole, delign'd upon 
 occalion to Hiorcen that fide of the Guts, as the Melen- 
 tery did the oppolite ; that lb the FeriftaJckk motion of 
 the Guts might be more equal, and conlequently, that 
 the Excrements might be the more ealily protruded, 
 the palTage being more direct j and alfo that their 
 propulfion might be in lels time, becaule that the 
 journey is thereby fliortened. 
 
 The Fibres of the Guts, both ftreight and fpiral (for 
 fb they feem’d to be, and not truly circular^ were very 
 ftrongand thick. 
 
 There were many large Veins in the Guts, and be- 
 tween the inner Tunica (which by the bye was v^xyglan= 
 dulous and thick^ and the third, or that next it, there was 
 a curious Tlexns retiformis of Blood-velfels. 
 
 The Me (enter j was very ftrong, being very thick, k 
 had no fat about it, neither was there any reliciue of 
 k* The 
 
( 21 ) { 
 
 The Mefaraick V^ins were very large, many of them Ven^ 
 equalling, and fome exceeding in bignefs the V ma ca^a 
 of a Malliff Dog. I do not remember to have feen any 
 remarkable Glunduh in it. 
 
 The Liver was very large, and conhiled of 2 Lohes 
 only, each long, round, and a little flattifli. The Fifft4re 
 which made chofe LokM‘each*d T of the length of the 
 Liver. I found the Stomach plac'd between chefe two, 
 one lay upon it, and the other lay between it and the 
 njertehrd of the back, like a bolder : Whether this was 
 the natural place of the Stomach, or put there by the 
 Elephants driigling to get loofe to avoid the hre,. I 
 will leave to you to determine. 
 
 The Membrane that invefted the Liver was rais'd Mer?7h\ 
 from it for a conliderable way, asif it ne'er had been 
 join'd to it ^ though this Membrane leem'd to be whole, 
 and look'd like the Cutkula railed by a blillering»^ 
 Plaider, yet there was no ferum contained in it ; and 
 where it feemed to be intimately join'd to the Liver, 
 by a gentle pull it came olf, without tearing any thing 
 that I could' take notice of, as if it had been but very 
 llightly faftened to the Liver, or rather a bag which 
 contain'd it, and exactly fitted it : But for all this I can- 
 not but think that this MembranCyas well as every one, 
 which immediately includes any of the Fifcera have be- 
 fides other ufes, this one j namely to terminate and 
 fluit the capillary veflels 5 To to prevent a gleeting of 
 fieroLis humours, which would inevitably folio wg and 
 
 which 
 
( 22 ) 
 
 which would foon ulceraite as well the adjacent, as the 
 part itfelF, and we find that Nature does moft com- 
 monly obviate fiach inconveniences ; therefore I mull 
 wholly impute the clear in iome places, and in others 
 thatealie reparation of the Membrane from the Liver, 
 tothe fire . 
 
 The ©i/h was depofited at the end of the firfl Gut, 
 improperly call’d the Duodenum in this Creature, that 
 is 4f Foot below the Dilorus^ from which place I trac'd 
 the di As communis to the Liver, to fee the a^efica fellea, 
 but it was wanting, and in the place of it I found the 
 Dorns Diliarius come out of the Liver, as the DuBushepa^ 
 tlcus uftially does. I obferv’d like wife (which before i 
 have done in other CreaturesJ that the Dills found in 
 that, differed both in colour and confiftency from that 
 which I found in the Ducius Hepaticus 5 for the latter 
 was a clear light yellow, and was congeal'd whth all 
 like a Jelly 5 whereas that of the former was of a dark 
 green 5 and was fomwhat more fluid than the Gall of 
 an Ox. That there is this difference in the Galls of 
 mofl; Animals^ is a thing that I believe time will dilcover, 
 which then will excite difeerning men .to And out their 
 diifeicnt iifes. 1 could And nothing peculiaily remark- 
 able in the fubflance of the Liver by cutting, only that 
 it Was manifeflly glandulcus, as the fagacious Mafpht^i 
 obferved. 
 
 The Dancreas was very long, and large ^ for it reachc 
 froni about the middle of the Stomach to the Jejunum^ 
 
 which 
 
t<i3i 
 
 which fpace could not be lefs than < 5 f Foot : it was a 
 G-landtda conglomerata as the pancreas always is, and had 
 its duBus fo wide, that it could without force contain 
 my little Finger i it opened into the Gut where the 
 du^us felleus did : Whether both the paffages join'd in 
 one^ before their aperture into the Inteftine or no, is 
 a thing that I forgot. 
 
 I found a Succus in the duHiiSy not limpid as ufually 
 it appears, but of a very dark green colour, and yet 
 very fluid, leeming to contain no vilcid Phlegm. I 
 wanted the curiofity to tafte it. 
 
 The 5 pleen<was between 3 and 4 Inches in breadth, 
 and in length 4 Foot, and fomwhat more ; it was ve- 
 ry glanduloLis, agreeable to the fame Malphigds Obler- 
 vations in his Book Vs Vtfeerim fkuciura. I law no- 
 thing elfe in it that deferv’d particular notice to be taken 
 of it. 
 
 The Vsnes fiiccmtumtV ot OUnduU renaksjWeic pla- 
 ced in this, as in oth^v Juimals , but they diifered in 
 their length (which was about 3 inches) from that of 
 other Creatures i they were hollow, and contained an 
 ill coloured blackiili blood, for which, I fippole, they 
 are called CapJuU atrahilUru j they were thicker than 
 a Mans Thumb. 
 
 The Kidneys lay, in a hollow exadtly fitting them, 
 in the Loins, and could hardly be di teemed, diough 
 each of them was little lefsthan a Childs Liver, Their 
 Figure was Oval ,• they were included in a very flrong 
 
 Mem- 
 
 
 Lien. 
 
 Gian 
 
 renal 
 
 Rene\ 
 
r rwi 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 f 
 
 } 
 
 % U- 
 
 >! 
 
 i; 
 
 Membrane, which was faftened to them in no place, 
 but at the emulgent VefTels* When this was taken off^ 
 each of the Kidneys was found to confift of fix Lobes, 
 The Cavity iifually found in other Kidneys, called the 
 Tehls^ here was wanting. 
 
 I found the Ureter divided into 6 parts, one for each 
 Lobe, each of them (as near as I can guefs ) of equal 
 Diameter with the Ureter itlelf. Thele went into their 
 refpe6tive Lobes, about an inch before their arterial 
 fubftance terminated. 
 
 There were no CaruncuU ^apillares , neither could 
 I find any thing that made the ma»ner of fepara- 
 ting the Urine , more intelligible than formerly it 
 was. 
 
 The Ureter was ito wider than that of an Ox ^ it had 
 nothing peculiarly remarkable, except its difproporti- 
 on to moft of the other parts of the Body. 
 
 The Vejica Urinaria was much of the fame fize with 
 an Oxes Bladder, but much ftronger, having thicker 
 Fibres. 
 
 The Fend prdparantes ^^ere large. I divided that 
 which was inferred into the emulgent, lengthwife ; 
 and, within a little more than an inch to its infertion, 
 I found many <vdves, I guefs about Eight or Ten , 
 thefe were of divers fhapes, all fitted to hinder the 
 return of the Blood into the varionfly divided Sperma^ 
 tick Vein j which here Irom Eight. or Ten Rivulets 
 became one great Channel, 
 
 Within 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 Within about , an incli of this, and ibnue- 
 what more than two of the Kidneys, I found 
 a fubftance of the fhape of a Pear : but near 
 . three times as big as the largeft Pear ever I 
 faw, I ,did what I could by di^efent ways 
 of diffcdfion to find out whaf 'fnanner of 
 thing this was, which was altogether ftrange 
 for ought I knew : but after all can give but 
 a very imperfed: .account of it 5 for the 
 Butchers very unluckily did cut it out , and 
 . foe its commumcations with the teftes, the 
 . penis ^nd other parts could not be difeovered. 
 
 What I obferv’d in it is this, the Spermatick 
 Veffels at firft entred but a little way into this 
 fubflance5 but, below the middle on’.t, I found 
 them more deeply plac’d 5 and their Branch- 
 es grow fmall and lefs numerous to the fight; 
 as if here the Veins began. {By the bye I 
 take the beginning of Veins to be from the 
 extream Parts, as that of the Arteries is from 
 the Heart.) The inward Parts of . this Sub- 
 fiance look'd of a palifh, but fomewhat mud- 
 dy red Colour , It was very fpungy , not 
 much more compad than the Lungs cf 
 young Animals. I doubt not but this Sub- 
 fiance was defignd to prepare the Semen. 
 
 D Blit 
 
( 2 ^ ) 
 
 Bat by what VefTds it was brought to the 
 Tejih , or to any rcpohtory ( It felf 
 containing none ) I could not QAfcover 
 for the reafons above mentioned. Neither 
 Could I find any peculiar VcfTel, or Du^?^Sy 
 or any thang that refembled one in that afore- 
 menti')iied Subftance bv which I might be di- 
 reifled in my enquiry. It lay lengthways from 
 the Kidney s to the Teftes, with the biggefi: end 
 lowed:. I was fo intent upon a fearch for 
 fome peculiar Dufius in this Part, that I clear- 
 ly forgot to take notice of the Arterm 
 parantes'^ from what I heard the moft accu- 
 rate Anatomifi, Dr. Nedham, fay of th^parte^y 
 generationi infervientes^ in general, and parti- 
 cularly of thofe of a Boar 5 I doubt not but 
 that thefe two Pears falhion’d now deferib'd 
 Subftances were Teftes 5 their place, fize, fi- 
 gure, together with the want of the vafa ^/e- 
 ferentia, occafio.n’d by the Butchers unadvi- 
 fed cutting them out, were the caufes of my j 
 ignorance heretofore in this point. 
 
 I had the Penis cut out, with its aprendi- 
 ces, as carefully as I could ; and yet I faw no I 
 
 veficuU [eminales, nor any other common 
 Urninti‘ receptacle for the Semen , except the for- I 
 merly mention d Rhomboide Cells obferv’d in 1 
 
 the . I 
 
the fides of the Penh it Telf But after all 
 this I cannot but fufpt( 5 l my own unwariiiefs 
 to be the caufe of my not obferving them 5 
 for as much as I was at fir ft convinc'd; 
 that what I found to be really \]\c froftatc^y 
 was the Teftes. Their being clofly joim'd to 
 the Pe?m, and having there a free paffage for 
 the Semen ^ into the Cells before mentioned^ 
 took off my Curiofity to find Out \vhat is ge- 
 nerally meant by the Veficula feminaies, ha- 
 ving fufpedted nofuch thing/ 
 
 The i)iaphragma was made of very ftropg Slf' 
 carneous and nervous Tibre^. 
 
 The cavity of the Thorax was fill’d by the 
 Lungs and Heart 5 for the Lungseontrary to 
 what I ever obferved in other Quadrupeds, 
 grew to, the Pleura as far on each fide at leaft 
 (I forgot whether they grew likewife to tJic 
 Sternu n or not) as the Cartilages.oi the Ribs. 
 
 For thus far I well remember to have fepara- 
 ted them, they were fp joyned that there was 
 not one place, where you might fee a natu- 
 ral reparation of them. When I parted the 
 Lungs and the Pleura^ I found that they were 
 joyned by Membranes that might be fplic 
 •at pleafure : but I could make no clear di- 
 ftincftion of them into feveral Membranes. 
 
 D 2 By 
 
r 
 
 ^ '\iotus 
 Yhorncis. 
 
 \ 
 
 'Wcrictir- 
 
 Aittm. 
 
 tor. 
 
 yfrteiia 
 . ta. 
 
 ,(28) 
 
 By their manner of flicking, they refembleci 
 the Lungs of Fowl. B/thi^you may guefs 
 how big they were, in other things they a- 
 grecd with the Lungs bf other Animals. 
 
 I fuppofe that this Ariirfial as well as o- 
 thers, infpired by enlarging t^ie Cavity (if 
 I may fo call It) ol the Thorax which I fup- 
 pofe to be dony principally by the motion of 
 the Ribs from acute, to right Angels, as Dr. 
 Mayo well obferyed. And this I take to be 
 performed by the intercoftal, Diaphragm, 
 and Mufcles df the abdbmenythus the Cavity 
 of the being every way enlarged, 
 
 readily ‘receives the Air forced in impetuofly 
 by the, wei^it of the AtmoCphsere^,, add I 
 tak^ his ^^pif arion to be doiie by a 
 ceflittion of ’ the motibb oftHe aforefaid Muf- 
 clcs. 
 
 The was a flrong Membrane, 
 
 and/cpiytaih-eci a gobdVj^uantity ^of Serz^m. 
 
 The Heart w^ bf the uTual conical figure, 
 and placed as in other Animails: but it was 
 as large as^an ordinary Pompioh. 
 
 ' ■ T he V effefs belonging to k: wete ’ propor- 
 tionaWe. For thc Ateria (of which I 
 keep a piece though much fhrunk) is round 
 eight inches : and the Vc?ia Cava was as much 
 
 larger 
 
{ 29 ) 
 
 larger then the Arteriafs it is ufually in other 
 Creatures. 
 
 By thebignefsof the V'ena Hi aca, you may 
 perhaps guefs better at the Cava 5 The for- 
 mer when flit, did receive and^almoft cover 
 my four fingers put into it edgewife. 
 
 T he Auricles and Ventricles were of a fize yy-’ 
 that was fuitable to the bignefs oi; the Heart. vdvulcei 
 The Valves were fo too, and were the fame 
 both in number and figure with thofe in o- 
 ther Animals. 
 
 I open’d the Arteria Pulmonaris and cut out 
 the three Valvuldc Mitrales’^ which when T"- 
 meafured, I found to be upwards of fix of my 
 inches in length. 
 
 There was n(^ paffageto be feen in the Sej?~ 
 turn Medium, 
 
 I could not find the bone in the Heart, 
 which G a len{2Ly$ he found ixi Ccefars Elephant, 
 diffedfed by his Order at 
 
 Tlie Carotide Arteri'e of this Animal was 
 very large 5 for it readily ; receiv’d a large 
 cane into it. ^ 
 
 The JE[ayhagus the ufual manner .was 
 outwardly Mufcular and inwardly Mem- 
 branouSj The Mufcular Fibres were much 
 thicker than ordinary 3 for their thicknefs up- 
 on 
 
Maxilla 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 Lhmir. 
 
 <3 
 
 l/e>nbya 
 
 Psdiitaria 
 
 jinterior. 
 
 { 30 ) _ 
 
 on the Membrancwas about ^ of an Inch. 
 
 The lower Jaw of thisBeafl, didrefemblc 
 that of a Hog, the moft of any thing. 
 
 His Tongue was fomewhat bigger than 
 that of an Ox, and plac’d after the ufual 
 manner. But this it had peculiar in it, that 
 the paffage to the Ventricle was through it 5 
 for there was a hole near tiae Root of it, and 
 exa(fll7 in the middle of that part. Which 
 hole was die beginning of the Mfo^hagus 5 
 there was no communication between this 
 and the pafCige into the Lungs, contrary to 
 what we may obferve in Men, in all Qua- 
 drupeds and Fowl that ever I had an opper- 
 tunity to difTecft. For the Membrana Pituita- 
 ria Anterior, reach’d to the very Root of tl e 
 Tongue below the JEfo^hagus’, *Uid fo quite 
 Rop’d the palTage of the Air into the Mouth, 
 From whence we mar conclude, that he could 
 not utter any voice by the mouth, and but 
 little by the trunk or nofe. 
 
 The former Memhrana Pituitaria had ma- 
 ny paRages for tlae ufually feparated 
 
 there. There was between tht: end of the 
 Probofeis and the Larinx a MembrdnaP ituitaria 
 fOfterior , which had ver,v many of the fame 
 fort of duRus. 
 
 The 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 The Probofcis was only a nofe prolong’d, 
 where it was feparated from the Forehead, 
 the fubftance of it look’d exadly like that of 
 a Neats- tongue flit : the fleOi of it being cti- 
 rioiifly interlarded. Where the fire had en- 
 ter'd upon it, I could diflindrly perceive three 
 Orders of Fibres 5 one obliquely and fpiralLy 
 defcending 5 another fpirally but crofwife de- 
 fcendingf the third were ftreight Fibrcf. 
 Several of the notions of bis Frohofcls might ProhofciSTs 
 be perform’d by the aforementioned three 
 diflinc^t Series’s of Mufcular Fibres. As its 
 contraction , motion up , or down, to the 
 right, or to the left : But by what means he 
 was able at pleafure, to Ihoot it out from, a 
 foot upon any fuddain occafion to five foot 
 long ^ and that with extraordinary force, I 
 cannot clearly perceive. This fort of motion 
 feems to require a particular Theory, being 
 very diiFerent from the other motions in the 
 Body of this, and of other Animals 5 for to 
 me all Mufcular motion feems to be by a. con- 
 traction of Fibres, even when the extention 
 of a Part is defign’d. In which cafe the Bones 
 of the Parts are drawn, and kept direc 5 tly 
 one before another , by the contraeffion, of 
 fomc of the Mufcles.. 
 
 Now 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 Now we do not find any part without a 
 Bone, ( except this ) that is Spontaneoufly 
 protruded or prolong’d, and fo kept for fome 
 time. Some may Imagine that the Tongue 
 is mov’d after this manner ^ but tis certain, 
 that the Mu fail geneoglojfus by the help of 
 the My logic jfus draws the root of the Tongue, 
 and confequently the Os Hyoides forward, 
 that is, to the fore part of the Maxilla hiferior 
 where they are inferred , and that fo it is 
 that the Tongue is protended. 
 
 The onely way that I can guefs this moti- 
 on to be perform’d is by circularFibres5 feeing 
 that there was no Bone towards the end of it, 
 beyond the upper Jaw, whichmight be,^ Sta- 
 bilimentum to Mufcles that might pull it for- 
 wards 5 as the Geneoglojfus does the Tongue, 
 by drawing the Bafis of it towards the middle 
 of the Maxilla inferior. From the fwelling of 
 thefe Circular Fibres (which I fuppofe to be 
 in, the Trunk) we may exped: the lengthen- 
 ing of it, for as much, as each of them (be- 
 ing kept from ftarting outwards by the a- 
 forefaid three orders of Fibres and the Skin) 
 muft require much more room than they 
 took up before the>’ were fwollen. This con- 
 tradion of annular Fibres mud likewife 
 
 make 
 
(S3) 
 
 make fmalleri rafc, upon 'its 
 
 fhooting out, it was obferv’d always to 
 be.. . 
 
 J^ow:'vrb€dier-^/^^*iHcreiw^je't^^^ kind 
 nbt, icfcaiindt^ielk'^b^ijig 
 hindered by. the manager to fcarch fof them, 
 lead I fhould make it unfit for prefervation 5 
 thej^pftrils little way tliat f faw them, 
 
 At the end of the Pro3()/as diete was, of 
 the fame iubftance with it, a little thing that 
 
 pointed Qiit likeapeafcV ^hy which the Ele- 
 phant was obferwd to i:ake up very mirmte 
 Bodies. I can fay nothing of the fttu(5fure 
 of this part. 
 
 , Doubtlefs the- Elephants care to prcferve 
 the iProbofms was great, for when wedisjoint- 
 ed him, we found it thruft near T wo Foot in- 
 
 to a very hard ground 3 upon which account 
 we thoughtit^ it - had been Burnt, till the 
 Head wasldividtd from ihe; Body, and rfift 
 we found it kept fall to the ground by the 
 Frobofcis. 
 
 ■. iLThcj Aff era AnerU was large, and deftitute 
 of) an there being no danger of 
 
 ariy thingsfailinganro the Lungs, froih Eat- 
 ing or Drinking, feeing that there was no 
 
 E com- 
 
Larinx. 
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 communication between the jEfophagus and 
 it. 
 
 The Cartilagines Arit^noic/es made 2l glou 
 tis , in length about Three Inches and a 
 Quarter, and in breadth about One and a 
 Half towards the middle 5 this Aperture was 
 fomewhat Oval. 
 
 To the outiidc of thefe Cartilages I found 
 another grow, which was faftend to them, 
 but fo, as to be capable of motion up and 
 down, by the help of fome Mufcles Avhich 
 were implanted in it. It was flrong on 
 both fides of the Ajpera Arteria 5 but op- 
 pofite to the jEfophagus^ or on the under 
 fide, it was very limber. This wanted a- 
 bout T wo Inches and a Half of coming round 
 the aforefaid Cartilages^ on the upper fide, 
 or that next to the JEfophagus. This feem’d 
 to me to fupply in fome meafure the want 
 of an 5 in lefiening iheGlottis to 
 
 prevent the creeping in of Animals into the 
 Therax. 
 
 The M?ifcles of the larinx were very 
 firong. I fiippofe, that from the firudture 
 of this part, we may guefs at the rcafon, 
 why the Elephant is afraid of a Moufe, for 
 the Moufe having, room to creep up his Pr<y 
 
 tofeis^ 
 
hcfchy^ might get into his LungSj and fo ftifls 
 him 5 there being no Epiglottis to hinder its 
 paffage, and the Cartilage being 
 
 hardly fufficient to (hut the way againft it; 
 to avoid this danger, this Creature was ob- 
 ferv'd always, whenheflept, to keep his Fro- 
 bofeis fo clofe to the ground, that nothing 
 but Air might get in between them. The^^^^^ 
 Wind-pipe of this in other things, was like ' - 
 that of other Animals. 
 
 The Eyes were not fo remarkable for any ' 
 thing, as for their difproportion to the reft 
 of the Body, having but little exceeded a 
 Sheeps Ev^es. 
 
 The Ears were very large, and indented 
 round 5 they were always obferv’d to hang, 
 except at fuch times as the Elephant was vex’d, 
 and then they were gather’d like a Purfe, and 
 ftood forward , at which time he always con- 
 tradfed his Frobofeis, and fo made ready to 
 (hoot it out, and to punch either Man or 
 Beaft that anger’d him, and came within his 
 reach. 
 
 The Soles of his Feet were plain, and 
 ver’d, not with an Horny fubftance, 
 
 Hoot like other but with a Skin 
 
 ( like a Camel, as I am inform’d, ) not half 
 
 E 2 as 
 
i' D;vr.» & 
 
 ^ pii mater. 
 
 \‘ 
 
 ^ Cercbr, 
 
 ■ 11771 , 
 
 ’ij US pars 
 orticdlis. 
 
 V 3"^ T 
 
 as thick Jiis 4^5^ 
 
 harder 5 it trlight etllly t)^'ca% With a Knife 
 in any part By this means Aefe Animals 
 are fec^r"d fionv^heing foundeyd hi their 
 Trave 4 ^ ih- the ’H^Lidlidieated-^^^^ Wf their 
 native Countti^s^whiih they Could not avoid 
 if they wete hooFd j round the outfide of 
 this ’ by the aground', there ^w<re five little 
 knobs,- anfweyih'g his five T oesJ5 'within thfe 
 skin there was a great quantity of a greafie 
 fubftance, eontaind in tough Membranes^ 
 i n little Cells 5 this was defign d to defend the 
 Toes from Wearing. 
 
 The Tusks had Cores in them fomewhat 
 like Marrow, but were more compadt, and 
 feem’d to have fome mixture of Glanduls in 
 them. 
 
 When I Saw’d the Skull I found a very 
 ftrong dura ma er and a -pia mater that 
 might whhout being torn, be Separated inma- 
 ny places, 'from the fubftance of the Brain ^ 
 the Brains were much difcdloufd, arid very 
 tender withal, and therefore could not be ta~ 
 ken out entire 5 and (o they were very unfit 
 for Obfervarions. ' ' 
 
 The Pars CorticaUs of the Cere^i-z/^^^/ feem’d 
 to be whiter than ordinary , and the Gyri 
 more regular than in Men. T he 
 
The Cenklluni , like that of a Man^ cercMun^ 
 onl;^ that it waifcigger 5 both it and the Ce- 
 rebrum vvcig'd Ten Pounds. 
 
 If I forget not, I faw the Tetf Pair of 
 ^ rz/f 5, as Do6fof dcfcribcs them 5 and 
 
 can fay nothing in particular of them, but 
 that they were very large. 
 
 I preierv’d a peice of one of the Nerves of 
 the Os Sacrum, which was flattifti, and but 
 little fmaller than a Bulls Pizle. Although I 
 cannot certainly tell, whether that part of 
 the Nerve which Iprefcrib'd, was taken from 
 the Femur, where the coalition of Four or 
 Five Nerves, proceeding from the Os Sacrum, 
 is ufually found, or not 5 and confequently 
 cannot fo probably guefs at the fize of the 
 othetNerves, as otherwife I might 5 yet this 
 may fhew, that the Nerves were propor- 
 tionable to the other parts of this Ani- 
 mal. 
 
 The Skeleton is better exprefs'd by a Plate 
 well Engrav’d, then by any defeription what- 
 foever, and therefore, if you defign to make 
 this Publick, I defire you would imploy one 
 to take the Icon of it 5 you may had it witli'^ 
 
 Mr. Docker a Merchant in Lime-ftreet^London. I 
 lhall not trouble you ormy felf with a tedi- 
 
- ; 
 
 ousdefcriptionof every' Bone 3 but fliall in 
 fhorc give you the few Notes ^fthought con- 
 venient to take, before a Copper Plate of the 
 Elephant might be had, which may a little 
 inform you, in ca(e this be not thought 
 worth Publifhing. 
 
 Qi-anium. The outward Table of the Cranium was 
 very thin, and fragile 3 between this and the 
 inner, which was not altogether fo bride , 
 there was nothing but a great number of 
 Cells, (which if I forget not) were for the 
 moft part Triangular 3 thefe were lin’d with 
 thin Membranes, in which were manv Blood 
 Veffels cLirioufly branch’d 3 thefe Cells were 
 made of thin Plates of Bone. 
 
 The greateft diftance between the outward 
 and inner Table, was Seven Inches, and the 
 lead. Four 5 the intermedial were the mod 
 common 3 this I would have underftood of 
 that part of the Skull which ISaw'd for the 
 taking of the Brains. In this place the Head 
 was fromoudide to outfide, Twenty Inches 
 and Three Quarters. 
 
 The whole Cranium was fo britle and thin, 
 that without a plate of Iron nail’d in the 
 Roof of the Mouth, in which the Iron rod 
 that ran through the Vertebra of the Dorfum 
 
 an 1 
 
{ 39 } 
 
 and Neck was faftead, we could not joyn the 
 Head to the Body without a manifeft dan- 
 ger of its being torn to pieces by its own 
 weight. If the fpace between the Tables had 
 been as folid in the Skull of the Elephant as 
 it is in thofe of other Animals, the weight 
 of the Head would be too great, for even 
 the Elephant himfdf to bear. And this may 
 in fome meafure appear from the weight of 
 the Maxilla inferitfr, which was but fmall in 
 refpedf of the other Bones of the Head. This 
 I am told weigh’d fixty pound, or near upon 
 it. I fuppofe therefore, that die aforefaid 
 Cells were form’d to obviate that great in- 
 convenipey, that is, the Heads, being too hea- 
 vy for the Bod}^. 
 
 The length of each of the Tuskes was (as dctuck 
 I have been inform’d) three foot and a half 
 When I fearch’d for them I found one of 
 tliem burnt to within lefsthan a foot of the 
 upper Jaw, in which they both grew. The 
 other was broken off fomewhat longer 5 they 
 were bent towards one another, and croft’d 
 each other near their extremities. The Ele- 
 phant was obferved to feed himfelf with his 
 Fromufeis, fometimes thruft through the 
 (pace made by the arch’d Teeth: at other 
 
 times 
 
times by prolonging of it b^ond ^tlieir', place, 
 of croffing, and then turning of it inwards ; 
 andat feveral times tbv winding of it about 
 the outfide of each ofihe ’ 3 ?usks\to:his mbuthi 
 Both,thefe reach’d iri [the upper Jaw, - as fac 
 as the Sockets for the Eyes 5 from which’ they 
 were divided onely by thin (hdls of Bone. 
 Thefe help’d, to keep the formerly imption'd 
 Cores within the /Eecth, : r i 
 
 1, There was, befides the Tusks only four 
 Teeth in each J aw, two in every fide. 
 
 The length.bf !cach of the inner Teeth of 
 the Jower Jaw, was about SixTnche^ ^d -a 
 Half, but the outward of the fame Jaw, was 
 only One and Three Quarters long. 
 
 The length of the hinder Tooth lin the 
 right upper Jaw,. Ws EourJnches 5 But tliat 
 of the oppofite, . was but Three Inches 5 the 
 Two outward Teeth of the uppd JaWj 
 y veye fomewhat Ibhger then thofe ofjthe mi-> 
 der th.e greatefl breaidth oT’the Teeth, ‘ vyas^ 
 Tv VO Inches and Three Quarters 3 and the 
 lead, about an Inch 5 the breadth of the 
 Teeth;pf bocli Jawswasequal 3 the height? 
 of, the Teeth above the Gums, was . about: 
 an Inch and 1 3 thefe Eight Teeth were 
 'b^phres and fo he had no Incifores, 
 
 Th 
 
( 41 ) 
 
 The length of tht Maxilla inferior was 21 
 Inches and and the brcdth, ^at is, from 
 the outfide of one of the procejfus con fyloJes 
 to the outfide of the other, was 16 Inches 
 and a half, 
 
 The Vertebrdc of the Collum were 7. thofe oi Vcnehra 
 the l^orfum wcxc 20. To each of the latter 
 there was a pah of Ribs, the Vertebra Lumbo^ 
 rum were only 5. thofe of the Os Sacrum (which 
 are more properly divifions than Fertebra) 
 were fix, a good part of the Tail was burnt, 
 and I could not therefore find oi|t the num- 
 ber of Joy nts in it. 
 
 The Procefus tranfverfales ac fpincie, cfor- pro:cjtr. 
 fi & colli were diftin( 5 t Bones from their Ferte- yi.fS 
 brae, and joyn d to them by futures. 
 
 The Vina and Radius did crofs one ano- vim. 
 ther fo, as that the former came from the 
 back part of the Os humeri its proper and u- 
 fual place, and was faften d by its other end, 
 to the fore part of the Carpus, and the latter 
 went contrarywife 5 this pofture of thefe 
 Bones is unufual, and feems to add firength 
 to that part. 
 
 The Back was arch’d like that of a Hog, 
 which Figure contributes the moft of any to 
 the ftrength of it. 
 
 Ifhall'giveyouno further trouble, onely 
 
 F defire 
 
( 42 ) _ 
 
 defire you would fatisfid thei 'R. Si thit I 
 prcfcrv’d mofi: of the parts, that were not 
 much defac’d by the Fire, nor likely to pC’^' 
 rifh fuddainly • till I had leafure to exartline 
 them carefully. And in the mean timci 1 
 did what I could to inform my fclf in the 
 Anatomy of thofe parts which were more or 
 lefs aker’d by the heat, and were mofi; fub- 
 je(5f to corruption. And to convince' them 
 of this Truth I defire tiiat you affure th'"m^ 
 that I have fome parts of the Elephant at this 
 time, which I nreferv’d then y and tba^ as eft 
 as I thought fit, I had the ufe of thofe parts 
 which were prefer v’d, and fent away with 
 the Skeleton j and that fo it was that I was 
 able to give even this imperfed: account of 
 the Strudhirc of that Creature 5 this fiivour I 
 defirefrom you, kafianyofthem that reads 
 the beginning of this Letter, fhould believe . 
 me unfaithful in relating the matter of fadt', 
 when upon tlx pcrufalof the remaintkr, they 
 mav find more tlxn polfibly tlxy expedled 5 
 their compliance herein, and kind acceptance 
 of this, mav encourage me to prefent ) out 
 with other things of this nature. 
 
 Trinity College, 
 
 . ,mofiOk(lmr.Sirvim,, 
 
 A. M, 
 
RELATION 
 
 O F N E W 
 
 Anatomical Obfervations 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 E Y_ 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 Communicated in a 
 
 LETTER 
 
 To the Honourable 
 
 ROBERT BOIL E Efq; 
 
 FELLOW OF 
 
 dje ^orietp: 
 
 By A.M. Med. Bac. of Trinity ColU Age near Dublin. 
 
 
 London^ Printed, Anno 1682. 
 
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 .niId:Ai ■•A-'^.'VO'v in.t'.r ' •'•sM' .1 * .A -xSl 
 
(47) 
 
 Mofi honoured Sir, 
 
 S ince my good Fortune brought me -into the 
 number of your Acquaintance , your Fa- 
 vours to me have been fo many and lo fig- 
 nal, that I thought my felF in duty bound to make 
 a grateful acknowledgment of them, and moreo- 
 ver to offer at iome fuitable return : But I find that 
 the Debt is too great for one of my ability to difi 
 charge at once , and therefore Ill-all endeavour to 
 do it by degrees , as Fortune flialh enable me. 
 What I now prelent you with is but a Mite, which 
 in hopes of your favourable acceptance, -I freely 
 throw into yOiir inexhaufiible Trealiiry of natural 
 Philofophy. " Fis only Iome Imall Obfervations 
 that I made in the drifeilion of the Eyes of Ani- 
 mals, which I have not found (o much as glanced 
 on ill any Anatonuical Writer. I doubt not but 
 that your deep refeioning-may loon ^kfiprOve them, 
 io as thereby to iolve many of the ‘ Thcenomems of 
 
 G i Yifion, 
 
( +8 ) 
 
 Vifion, more clearly and agreeably to truth, than 
 has been hitherto done. 
 
 But before I acquaint you with thele Obl^rva- 
 tions, I fLippofe that it will not be amils to let you 
 underlland how 1 came to make them , and that 
 was thus : About the beginning of May laft, the 
 ingenious, and delervedly eminent Dr. Willoughby^ 
 deilred me to diffedl an Eye for fome underftand- 
 ing Gentlemen of his acquaintance, who were de- 
 firous to be informed in the ftrudture of it, thatfo 
 they might be the better able to judge of the man- 
 ner of Vifion, and of the Solutions generally given 
 of its feveral Timmnena, I readily complied with 
 him, and having appointed a convenient time and 
 place, 1 met him and his Friends, having brought 
 iorae Eyes along with me j to work then I went, 
 having paifed a Needle and Thread through the 
 Optick Nerve; by this / had it held forme, whilil 
 / was feparating the feveral Coats, giving them 
 Cby the by) to know that the Tunica innominata was 
 only an expanllon of the Tendons of the Mufcles 
 of the Eye, and that the Conpinctiya and adnata were 
 but one Coat , and that the Sclerotica and Cornea 
 were another , and that the Choroeides and Uvea 
 were a third' ; hereby clearing to them what had 
 often puzled my felf heretofore in reading Anato- 
 mies on this Subject. 1 was more curious than or- 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 dinary in obferving the feveral parts of the Eye,., 
 and careful iikewife in making them underflcod 
 by them, having taken upon me the part of an 
 Jnftruder. 
 
 When I had quartered the Eye (which is a way 
 I often ufe in Anatomizing of it) at the Optick 
 Nerve, and divided itio almoflas far as the Cornea^ 
 
 I perceived many Ligaments (for I remember to 
 have reckoned Fifty eight of them in the Eye of an 
 Ox) of a tendinous Nature, proceeding from a 
 part of the Sclerotica^ which was about halt way -be- 
 tween the Nerve Optick and the TrcceJJus Ciliaris^ 
 thence paffing to that part of the Cornea to which 
 the faid 'Trocejfus is faftened : Here tliey were ter- 
 minated, being in length about half an inch^ they 
 were to be leen clear round the Eye, being for 
 the moil part in little furrows made for them in 
 the Sckrouca, They were of difeent llzes, fome - 
 of them equalling in thicknels a Thread but in- 
 differently fine, others being fmaller. They dicE 
 not pafs through any part of the Uvea ot Chorceide^ . 
 neither were they joined to the Ligamenta Ciliaria : ■ 
 Some of them were divided near their Extremities^ 
 and were inlerted info the aforelaid part obliquer 
 ly, ( few of them Jailing perpendictdarly .on it) 
 after they had gone fome way in a ftreight line j 
 fo making .a Triangle with the circular Verge of 
 
^dc\tConm. Thefe new Ligaments are coniine- 
 rabiy more tenle and thick in a very frefli Eye 
 than in a flale one : Since I firil obierved them I 
 had not an opportunity to diirecl; a human Eye , 
 and therefore cannot as yet deicribe them in it 5 
 but in all the Eyes of Quadrupeds that I iince o- 
 pened, ! perceived them , though neither fo nu- 
 merous , nor lb thick as they were in the Ox 
 Eye, bearing apropjorcion in boLli to the Eye it 
 felf. 
 
 I found thefe new Ligaments in the Eyes of 
 Fowl, but after a very different manner from 
 thole of Qiiadrupeds, and not Ids remarkable j for 
 in their Eyes they were (though not above 7 or 8 
 in number j very near as thick as they were in the 
 Ox Eyes, notwichilanding the great dilproporti- 
 on there ii in their bulk. Theie Ligaments pro- 
 ceeded only from one part of the Sdaotlca^ con- 
 trary to that of Qiiadrupeds, and reached to the 
 Verge of the lingly, but more or Ids ob- 
 
 liquely. The firil chat arrived here was firmly 
 joined to the afordakl Verge for a coniiderablc 
 
 way, making almoff: a Semicircle; Two more 
 on the lame fide joined with this, and fo tlie Three 
 became one. Three, other Ligaments on the op- 
 polite fide did likewile : Thus I law them in the 
 Ryes oi Geefe, Ducks, Pigeons, cjtc. 
 
( ) 
 
 Thefe ( as far as I obferved ) are altogether 
 wanting in the Eyes of Fifli, for reaibns hereafter 
 to be alledged. 
 
 By cutting out the Tunica cornea quite, and gen- 
 tly fep'arating the Sclerotica from the Uvea at the 
 Troceljus ci/wrh, / have plainly feen their Termina- 
 tions, and followed them up to their beginnings, 
 without perforating the Choroeides. By this method 
 of fearching for the aforefaid Ligaments, (which 
 J take to be altogether as good, if not better, than 
 the other) I obferved another thing, of which I 
 fhall anon give you an account. 
 
 1 fuppofe (but with fubmiffion to your better 
 Judgment) that the ufes of thefe new Ligaments, 
 are to draw by their fwelling theTunica Cornea^ and 
 with that the Chriftalline humour, nearer the Op- 
 tick Nerve, when the Cone, made of the vifual 
 rays in the Vitreous humour, by the Chriftalline 
 becomes fliorter than ordinal yon the account of 
 an extraordinary Refradtion : Thus to prevent a 
 
 confus'd Reprefentacion of the Objecff , which 
 would necelTarily happen, if the point of the ic- 
 terledlion of the vifive rays fell fliort of the Men:- 
 brane of Senfacion, whether the ^tma or Chorceide^ 
 
 1 Eippofe moreover that for the drawing the Chri- 
 ftalline nearer the ‘Bajls of the Eye, it is neceffaiy 
 the Diameter of the Sclerotica fhoiild be made 
 
 greater, 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 greater, To to give way on every fide to the Vi- 
 treous humour, in order to the approach of the 
 Chriftalline to the Optick Nerve j and that this 
 may very well be done by the aforefaid Ligaments, 
 they being fo commodioufiy placed round the Eye 
 for that purpofe, and the Sockets of the Eyes be- 
 ing large enough ftill to comprehend them, and 
 give them Liberty to roul : And further, that from 
 this new acquired Figure of the Sclerotica proceeds 
 the dilatation of the ^Pufdla. The Choroelde ( of 
 which the Irisls a prolongation, that makes the'P/^^ 
 p//L greater or fmaller, as it is more or lefs retra(5i;- 
 ed) being forced to recede with the former, be- 
 comes wider in the middle , and confequently 
 fliorter. 
 
 But I do not think that the Ligament a Ciliaria ( if 
 any fuch things there be) do any way contribute 
 to this action, forafimuch as they are not conveni- 
 ently placed for this purpofe, they being lo many 
 Qsadii from the circular Uvea to the Center , the 
 Chrifialline, which adling by their intumcLence, 
 muft rather prolong the Tube of the Eye, and lo 
 Icffenthe Tupilla^ than any way fliortcn it, bccaufe 
 that by their fwelling they draw the Circumfe- 
 rence nearer the Center, and that fo the humours 
 being ftraitened for room , mull be forced for- 
 ward and backward j by which means the Eye 
 
 inufi: 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 muH: gain in length what it loft in its Diameter. I 
 will anon fubjoin my realon for queftioning the 
 exiftence of the Ligament cl Ciliaria, and endeavour 
 to explain the cauie of Anatomifts Errours con- 
 cerning them,. 
 
 I do furthermore fuppole, that the Tunica Cornea 
 is made more convex by having its Circumference 
 equally drawn back by the fwelling of the aforefaid 
 new Ligaments; for the Aqueous humour is by 
 that means forc’d forward , and with it the Cor^ 
 nea^ whence a greater than ordinary Refraction is 
 made here. That dcfaclo the becomes more 
 convex in Fowl, by the means of the aforementi- 
 oned Ligaments, appears from their peculiar fci~ 
 tuation before defcribed. 
 
 My reafon for the want of theft new Liga- 
 ments in Fifli is this : Their Chriftalline Humour 
 is very near, if not altogether. Globular ; upon 
 which account the RefraSion made by it mi:ft be 
 fo great that the rays muft unite very foon ^ and 
 hence it is that their Eyes are ft> depreffed at the 
 back parts) and therefore, for a diftinCt perception 
 of the ObjeCl, it muft neceffarily be fo fixed, that 
 the vertical point of the Cone, made of the rays, 
 fhall always touch the Membrane of Vifion ; 
 which it could not do if the Chriftalline Humour 
 were moved forward and backward , as it is in 
 
 H Land" 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 Land-Animals j for ib the rays would make either 
 T\Vo Cones, or a fe6lion of one, and confequent- 
 ly reprelent the Objed: confufedly. 
 
 The Chriftalline Humour of Fowl is more con- 
 vex than that of Men, or Quadrupeds, and there- 
 fore ought not to change its place io much ; up- 
 on which account I think it is that they have not a 
 proportionable number of the new Ligaments. 
 
 From what I oblerved of thele Ligaments, an 
 account may be given of the draining of the Eyes : 
 For when we look at minute Objed:s with a fmall 
 light , our Tiipillas may be oblerved to grow 
 wider, (a manifefl: lign of the contra(!Fion of the 
 afore! aid Ligaments) for the reception of a great 
 many rays, todiftinguifli the Objebf.s to be paint- 
 ed on the inner Coats of our Eyes. By the conti- 
 nuance of this podiireof our Eyes for lome time, 
 the; aforefaid Ligaments become weary, and fo 
 dellitute of Spirits to keep them fwoln , that they 
 grow flaccid: and lb from the ftrainins of thele 
 Ligaments We are faid to drain our Eyes. 
 
 Now-, Sir, I flialldehre to be relolved by you, 
 wliether or no the feveral morions of the Humors, 
 together with the divers Figures acquired by means 
 oif the occadonaliy fwoln Ligamenta nova m the Eye, 
 are fufficicnt to reprelent Objects to us at all di- 
 ilahces, at which they are ufualiy 'perceived by us , 
 
 with- 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 without a neceffity in our Theory of Vifion, of ilip- 
 poling an occafional change of the convexity of 
 the Chriilalline Humour, which in fome Animals 
 is lo compa6l, that it cannot be eahly thought fub- 
 je6t to fuch alterations by any aiTignable caufe of 
 them: The only canle that I can imagine of tbele 
 changes in the figure of the Chriftalline, arothe 
 Llgamenta Gliaria^ whofe exigence I above quefUr 
 oned. Now, Sir, fftippofing the being, of thele 
 Ligaments) it is plain from their manner of .act- 
 ing, that they can never contribute any thing to 
 the production of a greater than ordinary refracti- 
 on of the Rays in the Chriftalline, forafmuch as by 
 their contraction, by which they aCt, t\\Q Sclerotica 
 and the Chriftalline being drawn nearer to one 
 another, the Convexity of the latter, by its being 
 drawn out on all ftdes would be chan .Jed, for a 
 mucn plainer /uperpcieSj if its lolidity would give 
 way to it : And thus pronably the rays would re- 
 
 quire a greater diftance for their incerieCtion than 
 that' between the Chriftalline and - the Qptick 
 Nerve, whence avOLild be a^confus’d Viftpn. 
 
 In my fearch for thele Ligaments I oblerved 
 that the ’Tunica Choroeides was faftened in many places 
 to the Sclerotifia by thin blackifti '’Make?, of which 
 this lunic ieemod' to conf A. When L conlidered 
 that there were no Veftels in that Coat that con- 
 
 H 1 tain'd 
 
( 5 ^ ) 
 
 tain’d florid blood, like thofe in the %etma 5 and 
 that there were always Blood -veflels in the out- 
 flde of the Sclerotica to be Teen, anfwering thole 
 flakes in the inflde of it, I began to think that the 
 Choroeide was an expanflon of fanguilerous Veflels 
 thatreachM as far as the extremity of the Iris^ and 
 Tent branches by the way to the Chriflalline Hu- 
 mour , which made the Trocejjlis Cillaris ; and that 
 the black pigment of that Coat was only blood fo 
 altered in the Figure of its particles by a peculiar 
 Texture of the Sclerotica^ and coiiformation of the 
 Blood- Veflels 5 and that it was contained in thofe 
 Veflels, till they were lacerated by us in difle£Hng the 
 Eye. After a more ferious conflderation, and flridl 
 examination of this Coat I became very well fatis- 
 fied in all thole particulars ,* for by turning the in- 
 fide of the Sclerotica out, and feparati-ng the Choro= 
 tide from it, till I met the aforefaid black flakes, 
 and gently wiping away the pigment with a lim^ 
 ber Cloath, to prevent the tearing of them, I found 
 that thele flakes were Veflels containing an inky 
 Blood, and that they were continued to the Blood- 
 Veffels found without the Sclerotica ; and moreover 
 I did clearly find their numerous Ramifications to 
 have made np the outfide at leafl: of this Coat, 
 meaning the Choroeide^ I faw theegrefs of thele 
 Veflels, from' the Sclerotica netiv the Cornea in many 
 
 places^, 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 places, but mod ol all near the Optick^Nerve ; 
 for here both the Coats were intimately joined by 
 innumerable Velfels, whole Branchings in theC/;o= 
 roeide were very confpicuoiis , and lay lo dole to 
 one another, that no vacant Interdice could be 
 perceived between them ; they grew fnaller and 
 fmaller till rhey came near the TvGcejfus CHiaris : 
 But then I obferved that 3 or 4 , and lomtimes 
 more of them, did join in one, which went to 
 the Chridalline, and helped to make the TyeccfjHs 
 Cillaris^ which of fuch Veffels was made clear 
 round. Thele Veflels ^Yere larger than any that 
 I obierved, eidier in the Chorceide or Ihea. Theie 
 Vedels making up the ^ race ffus afoielaid, began 
 to be much fubdivided when they arrived at the Ju^ 
 mca araim^ (which, by the by, I have ve;y often 
 feen before k was expoled to the hir one Minute, 
 notwithdanding what the ingenious Dr. lays 
 
 to the contrary) and to fend Branches not only in- 
 to the Tunica aranea^ to which they are firmly join- 
 ed, but alfo into the vitreous Humour, which 
 gradually becoming diaphanous, dilappeared, and 
 occafioned (if I midake not) the different Opini- 
 ons of Anatomids concerning the Tunica I-dyalociTs^ 
 I am apt to think that the tenacity of the vitreous 
 Humour is due in a great meafure to thefe Veffels, 
 numeroufly branched through it, for ufes hereaf- 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 ter to be affigned, and that from hence it is that 
 the inner as well as outward part of it is tough, and 
 that the nearer theChryftallineyoii would lacerate 
 it, the more difficulty you will find in doing fo , 
 becaufe that the Veffels are fhrongeflin that place. 
 To thefe the' flicking of this Humour to the Chri- 
 ftalline is iindoubted’y due , as that of the Chri- 
 flalline to the Uvea or Choroeides, In wiping away 
 the pigment from the Trocejfus cularis^ I perceived 
 round, whitifh Bodies, which at firfl I cook to be 
 the Llgnmenta dliaria, but upon a narrower exami- 
 nation of them 1 found that they were hollow, ha- 
 ving upon pricking, difcharged the lame blackifii 
 Liquor with the refl of the VefTels, before they 
 had it all forced out : But after all this Liquor was 
 thrufl out, they looked fo like Ligaments that I 
 flioLild have erred (as wtell as mod other Anato- 
 ni ids have) in my opinion of them, had Lno.t be- 
 fore thought the proccjjus aliarts to bea continiration 
 of the Blood'- VelTels, which I round made up trie 
 Choroeidcs and Uvea ; and for that F^ealoiiinforiTied 
 my fed in the truth of it, as well as 1 could, _ by 
 frequent dilTedlions of the Eyes of the lame, and 
 ofdiffierenc Animals. By this / did very well .la- 
 tisfiemy Iclf, that what Anacomids took to be 
 gamenta cillaria^ was really Blood -Veflels; out of 
 which all their Blood waa forced. This /found 
 
 pretty 
 
•pretty well made out by the following Metfiod, 
 I leparated the Sclerotica altogether from the 
 Choroeide^ and with it the Cornea^ and then /threw 
 it into a Baibn of Water, where / moved it to and 
 fro, thereby to wafli the black Liquor out of as 
 many Veilels as were torn in the leparation of the 
 Two Coats. This loon difcovered to me the DL 
 viiions, and Subdivifions of the aforefaid VeBels, 
 and their Coalitions to make the ^rocejfm cilkris ^ 
 and their further diviilons into the vitreous Humor 
 and Chriftalline. 
 
 In the Eyes of Fowl I obierved the Twnca Cho= 
 roeides more plainly to con(i(l of the above menti- 
 oned Vefiels, than that of Quadrupeds , before 
 1 waOied it in Water : But in the Eyes of FilE it 
 
 was mod: plain of all, for in the Eye of a Whiting 
 the back part of the Choroeides was nothing but Yef- 
 fels bird with florid blood , after a fofcEibflance 
 of divers colours, which defended it from Water, 
 that I generally obierved to lodge between that and 
 the Scleyotica^ both in this and in other Fiili, was ta- 
 ken away. This Coat was not lin d on the infide 
 with any thing that 1 could obierve in thele Ani- 
 mals, but in QLiadrupeds I always found a fub- 
 ftance intheinlide of the Qhoroetde^ which was ten- 
 der enough to proceed from the 'P/u Mater ^ and 
 which according to lome is the Organ of ienfation. 
 
 The 
 
{6o) 
 
 Tfie tendemefs of it 1 found when I turned the in- 
 fide of both the Choroeide and Sclerotica out, by gen- 
 tly fcraping of it away ; for thus without any dif- 
 ficulty I have taken away that lining, /have not 
 at prefent opportunity enough fully to fatisfie my 
 feir, whether there is any fuch lining in the Eyes 
 of FiOi or not,- but fiiall, /hope, e're it be long, 
 be able to give you an account of it. Jdo the more 
 infill: on this now, becaule that if there be no fuch 
 thing, / fhall ealily prove that the Choroeide is 
 not the organ of lenlation, but the ^tina^ not- 
 withfianding the Experiment with the three Pa- 
 pers. 
 
 / do not doubt but there is a circulation of the 
 Humours in the Chorotide as well as in all the other 
 parts of the Body ; for the Veins on the outfide of 
 the Sclerotica contain a fubfiance very like that pig- 
 ment, if not the lame, which queftionlels is lent 
 thither in order to its mixture with the mals of 
 Blood. / do not lee any reafon why the Repara- 
 tion of the Humours of the Eyes is not as requifite, 
 as that of the other parts of the Body, which we 
 find continually done by the circulation of the 
 Blood, forafixiuch as in a litteral fenfe we die day- 
 iy. 
 
 Doubtlels it is from Natures care in repairing 
 them as they are wafted, that the aqueousHumourin 
 
 Fowl 
 
 
 BBBSa 
 
{6l) 
 
 Fowl is (b luddenly reproduced after it has been 
 ipik ; ^Tis probable for the lame Reafon-, tiiat 
 it would be fb in ocher Animals too ^ for it is eafie 
 to conceive how a femn will gleet out at thefc 
 Capillary Vefleis. when they are not (o fhut up 
 by any Cutkula or Membrane j but that there is 
 fbme palTages left neceffarily open for the iiipply 
 of what is wafted of the watry Humour, to pre- 
 vent the Cormds growing flaccid , as we find it 
 does in a little time after the Animal is dead ; 
 which I fuppole is occafioned by the ftagnation of 
 the Blood, becaule that it is not recruited as it is 
 Ipent , as it was wont to be by the circulation of 
 the humours in the living Eye. We may from 
 this notion give a probable account of Cataratfts, 
 which ! take to be this : 
 
 The Vefleis in the Iris may at fome times be 
 more open than is requifice, for the ferum of the 
 Blood to get in to the aqueous humour, to repair - 
 what is fpent in perfpiration, and fo may give 
 way toavilcid matter, diluted by the ferum, to 
 the fame humour, where it muft lie ftagnant, for- 
 afrnuch as it cannot pals through the Pores of the 
 Cornea along with the ferum, becaule of the fmall- 
 neft and incongruity of the Pores to the vifeid 
 Particles • and fo in time it acquires a conllftency, 
 like that in old diPrilled Waters, which is called 
 
 I the 
 
(^ 2 ) 
 
 t Ae Mother : And thus lofing its tranfparency by 
 
 degrees, it gradually intercepts the vifiveRiayes 
 before their arrival at the Chriftalline,- whence 
 firff an obfcure, and at length no Vifion at all. 
 This flimy matter, called the Cataract, in a long 
 time becomes ripe ; that is, arrives at fo great a 
 degree of vifcidity , that, without breaking, it 
 will endure winding about a Needle, in order to 
 its being couched, or laid behind the Iru^ between 
 that and the Chriftalline Humour. 
 
 The contrivance of the Choroeide is very admira- 
 ble, not only for repairing what is continually 
 wafted i n the Three Humours , but alio for fix- 
 ing the Chriftalline Humour in the moft conve- 
 nient place for refracting the Rayes, and fo as to 
 be capable of being moved backward or forward 
 upon occafion *. And moreover for altering the 
 Texture of the Blood, fo as to darken it felf for 
 the moft commodious Picturing of the Objects by 
 the Chriftalline, in order to fenfation. This I iup- 
 pofe it does by carrying back in its Veffelsall the 
 feculencies which may get into the Humours, and 
 might make them unfit for refracting or tranfmit- 
 ting the Rays , and by fending a Blood, either 
 precipitated, or fo changed by a peculiar Confor- 
 mation of irsVefsels, toprelerve, with a tranR 
 parent fuccuSj the humours in their due proportion, 
 
making the Capillary Subdivifions no way adapt- 
 ed to the black and grofser Particles. 
 
 I have Icen in the Eyes of Fowl what the curi- 
 ous Monfmir Terault firft oblerved in them, name- 
 ly the little black bag, reaching from the Chriflal- 
 iine Humour, to which it is faftened through the 
 vitreous to the Nerve Optick, into which it is re- 
 ceived (if my memory does not fail me,) and is 
 withoutfide continued to the Blood-Vefsels, which 
 he fuppofes to be a Cloaca^ defigned to defecate 
 the Humours w^hich in thefe Animals ought to be 
 extraordinary clear, for the diftindt perception of 
 Objed:s at a great diftance. I have feen the like 
 (if I forget not) in the Eyes of Fifli. I take this to 
 defecate the Humours after the fame manner that 
 the Velsels of the Choroeide do, and like them to 
 bring nourifhment too , being rather a Fafciculus 
 of Velsels, than properly a common fhore. 
 
 I forgot to let you know another Method that I 
 ufed to find the Ramifications of the Velsels, which 
 I defcribed in the ChoroeideSj Kyea^ Frocejfus cilice 
 rlsj and vitreous Humour, which was nothing in- 
 feriour to the others above mentioned ; I lliall 
 therefore acquaint you with it now, being as fol- 
 lows. 
 
 I kept the Eyes of an Ox for Two or Three 
 days, in hopes that the black Liquor contained in 
 
 I 1 the 
 
(H) 
 
 the Vefsels, might ferment to that degree, that it 
 would be able to burft the tender Velsels ; an4 
 that lb they would be cleared of a great part of 
 it, by which means their Divihons and Coalitif 
 ons mjaht be the better difcovered. This luc- 
 ceeded according to my Expectation j for having 
 taken off the Sclerotica and Cornea^ and thrown the 
 Eye into Water, and there ffirred it for fome 
 time, 1 faw all that I above defcribed very plainly., 
 Since I firft made the aforegoing Obfervations 
 in the difseCtion of the Eye, my occafions were fiich,, 
 that I could not fpare time to make a comparative- 
 Anatomy of the Eyes of mofl Animals to be had in 
 our Countries, which I take to be the beffc way of 
 informing our felves in their ftruCture, and in find- 
 ing out the iifes of their feveral parts : But e*re long 
 ! hope! fhall have leifure to purfue that defign, & 
 be able to give you a further account of this mat- 
 ter, which I fhall not negleCt to do, being refolved' 
 to omi- no opportunity of manifefting my fenfe of 
 your Obligations, and to fatisfie you that I am,. 
 
 Mfi honoured 
 
 London, 
 
 Aug. i8, 168a. 
 
 A. M,. 
 
 Tour mofi faithful. 
 Humble Servant'. 
 
 Table 
 

 ■ f " ' « ' ■ 
 
 TABLE I 
 
 Fig. I 
 
 R Epyefents the ^kekt&n with the Tush entire as^ 
 thy were [uy^os'd to he^hutwithout the Cart ih' 
 ges oj the Rtbs and Sternum th ough the Faint ers 
 neghCi. 
 
 A A Are two Tusks in ^/^'eMaxiUa j(up€rior 4r?/^^ Fain- 
 ter guefs^d them to be before they were broken or 
 burnt ^ being in length 57 inches as 1 wUs inform'd. 
 
 B That f art of the Maxilla fuperior, which receiv'd 
 ih Tusks in length ii inches, for fofar they reach' d~ 
 m it, 
 
 € The Os Frontis, which was very brittle and thiif-,^ 
 
 D The focket for the left Eye. 
 
 E Os vl^ygomaticum feu jugale. 
 
 F The Mixilla infericr, the great eft length of which is' 
 917 and thegreateft diftance fromone fide to the other, . 
 inches. 
 
 G The Record Grinder (_ the ftrft being loft is unde-^ 
 fcrih'd ) of the lower Jaw in length 67 , breadth be-^- 
 tween and \-~fn height above the bone about^ ^in-- 
 ches. 
 
 H The twoGrinders o//^fMaxi]lafupedGr, ®c^ diftin- 
 guild d by the Fainter., whereof the one forward is ar- 
 bout V inches long, and the backward one about its 
 breadth and height is equalto that, luthe 
 
 ferioc 
 
{cnorjhe teeth of both the jaws for the more conveni- 
 ent' grinding have three or four orders of parallel 
 ridges andjurrows, 
 
 1 1 The fr^ and lafl of the Vertebrae of the Neck, in 
 number 7, though 5 onlj^ are hereby re^refented. 
 
 K The Scapula without the Cartilage growing to it, is 
 in length from the Acetabulutu/ar the os humeri by 
 the fpina 1 77 inches, 
 
 X. The of Scapula. 
 
 L A procelTusc/ fpina in length inches, dejignd 
 to firengthen theM.u.k\i\\xs Trapezius. 
 
 M The procelTus Cbracoeides in length about 5 inches. 
 
 N Os humeri in length 25 inches, its me afure round 
 in the fmallejl part is 10 inches, but in the great ejl 
 excepjtiKgthe Epiphyfes is lyf that is atO. 
 
 P The radius crojjing the ulna near the carpus is in 
 length 20 inches. 
 
 Ulna is in length 2 5 inches. 
 
 R The Carpus confuting of 6 bones is 5 inches long. 
 
 S The Metatarfus conjiftingof 1 5 bones in length is 77 
 inches. 
 
 T T T The ribs in mirnler 40, the great eft length of 
 which ( without the cartilages ) is 52 inches. 
 
 V V V V Hhe Proceilus tranfverfalcs. 
 
 W W The fpinx dorfi {equ il in number to the verccbrae 
 of the back) are twenty. 
 
 X X The sonCoixof the Loyns % only in number, 
 
 Y TZeOsinuominacum in length inches, the Vx 2 i 
 
 were 50 inches wide, the Pelvis 107 wide and 137 
 
 long. 
 
 Z The {'pxmof the Os Ileum, 
 
 a a a a a The fpinas. the Os iSacrum 5 in number. 
 
 b b The 8 joints left unhurnt of the tail. 
 
 c Os pubis. <i. The 
 
d- The Trochanter minor fo flac'dt that neither thek^ 
 cgtabu'um Coxteid.ic\s,nor the Trochenterma* 
 
 joT appear, it was from the major 97 tnch.in Atfance' 
 f the Os Femoris tnUfigth 18 inches, its mcafure round 
 in the fmalleji part of it is 1 1-7. 
 g The patella or knee pan. 
 
 h Os Tibiaj 19 inches long., its meafure round at the 
 fm ille(t part oj it is 77 at the thickefi about 14. 
 i The \ihx\2i about the fame length with the Tibia, 
 k The Calcaneum, 
 
 1 1 The bones of the Tarfus being 8 in number. 
 m m m m. The Mecatarfus confijiing of 1 5 bones is 77 
 inches long. 
 
 Fig. I. 
 
 R Epr events theVtoho(c\s as it was divided from the 
 Skull with the underfide up. 
 
 A A The two Noflrils. 
 
 a A Cartilage which 1 found round within both the 
 Nofrils, and was very limber. 
 
 B B B Are federal inequalities or wrinkles occafiond- 
 by the divers motions of it. 
 
 D A little peak by which the Elephant was cb fervid 
 to take up very minute bodies off the ground. 
 b b Are the two ISloJtrils at the end off theHrunk. 
 
 E E E The length of the Trunk underneath was above' 
 
 ; ^ inches. 
 
 F F F The length of the upper part of //^'f-Probofeis 44 
 inches. 
 
R Epr^fents th>e Tongue, 
 
 A The tip of the Tongue, from whkh C C or the 
 pajfage into the ^fopbagus is acf. 
 
 B A hollownefs anfwerabk to •which ■•was the Mufca- 
 Jus Get>eogloflu«, •which it to the Maxilla infcri- 
 or. 
 
 CC A furro'W Jh allow at the cut fide s, but growing 
 deeper' and deeper to the middle or pafage into the 
 ^fopbagus is in length 7t inches. 
 
 D A hole in the middle of this part of the Tcfigue 
 from which /Z'^’iEfophagus began. 
 
 R Eprefents the Cblcm and part of the Re< 3 :um hk-wn 
 out, thereby to preferve them; thegreateft mea- 
 sure of thefe round /J42 inches jheir length is about five 
 pot. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Fig. I. 
 
 R Eprefents the which is in length ^ fcot^ 
 
 A 'The end of the Urethra. 
 
 B A circle round the Penis from which the glans be- 
 
C A nervous body inserted within inches of the 
 glans, being in length 9 inches ; which came out of the 
 jard about 8 inches from its root^ defignd to fullback 
 the Tard, 
 
 D Tloe end of a Tendon not defcrib’d, which feems to 
 be defigjidfor the retrablion of the yard. 
 
 E E Are the ends of // 5 'eTendons o/V/6eMufcuIi Retracfto- 
 res ^'enis a little before their coalition^ from hence to 
 their inferfion into the ‘Penis is 7 inches^ and from 
 that to the extremity of the glans is about 9 inches. 
 
 F The beginning of //^fUrethra, large enough to receive 
 
 a man's thumb. 
 
 G The place where the yard being meafu/d rounds 
 was found to be 9 inches. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 R Eprefents the skull with the under fide of it turn d 
 up ; and that which was faw'd out for the taking 
 . out of the brains laid clofe to it. 
 
 A A A A A A Reprejents the cells that were in the 
 sknllbetween the two Tables. 
 
 B The hollow part, of that part of the skull that was 
 Jaw’d out. which contain d the brains. 
 
 C The pajf igefor Jpinalis Medulla, which was 17 
 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 D The, outward Table, which was very thin and as 
 brittle. 
 
 E The inner Table .^which is a little fir onger than the 
 outw ird, and which here is 7 inches and upwards 
 from it. 
 
 F J: The upper part of theOcc\'^\xx..clo[e by which the part 
 of the slull which was fow d out is plac'd for the mere 
 
 K an- 
 
(”? 0 ) 
 
 ionvenJettt rt^nfentation of the hollow for the brains 
 and ceils in both, 
 
 G A hollow made for the brains in this fart of the 
 skull, which together with that in the others, was 
 large enough to contain lo founds the weight of the 
 brains. 
 
 H The fajfjge from the Trunck or Probofcis into thr 
 Windfife inches long, and \\ broad. 
 
 II The two large back grinders in length between 5 
 and ^ inches, in breadth between li: and li inches y. 
 in height without the Maxilla about 1 inches, 
 
 K The leaf dijtance between the two Tables, which 
 was 4 inches. 
 
 L L Here the difiance from the outward table of one 
 fide to that of the offojite was 107. 
 
 Eg, 
 
 R Efrefints the fore' fart of the Skulf^c. 
 
 A The rightTusk broken by the Elephant in en- 
 deavouring to get loofe, about \% inches long. 
 a The bole in that Tusk which contain da ghndulous 
 core with a mixture of Marrow. 
 
 B The left Tusk,as it was burnt Jhort by the fre. 
 
 C C The holes in the ends of the Tusks, out of which the 
 cores were taken. 
 
 D D The Sockets for the eyes, whofegreatefl breadth is 
 64 and whofe great efi length is 97. inches. 
 
 R E Os Zvgomaticumfeu iugale. 
 
 F The Os Frontis in length about t o inches-. 
 
 G G G The cells between both the Tables off earing, 
 where a fart of the outward was burnt. 
 
 H H The fajfjge into the lungs, the great efi breadth of 
 
 which- 
 
rm 
 
 which is 9 inches; andthe leaji dt fiance Between the 
 OsFfontis,^«^/ maxilla fuperior is % inches. 
 
 I ’Ihe Maxilla fuperior in length inches^ 'tis from the 
 
 lower part of it to the former paffage 1 1. 
 
 K K The difiance between the Oifa Zygomatica, wa$ 
 
 1 1 inches. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 R Eprefents the Eye of an Ose. 
 
 A. The Opt ickNerve freed from the fat and muf 
 
 cles uftially flicking to it. 
 
 B B B B Are the blood vefiels in ^^^’TunicaSclerotica,^^) 
 which thefe that make up the Choroeid ^«</Uvea are 
 contiwdd. 
 
 C The iSclerotica fr^ed front the the mufclet 
 for the better perception oj the blood vfjjels. 
 
 Kg- 5- 
 
 R Eprefents the Eye of an Ox quarter'd at theOptick 
 Nerve. 
 
 A ThtOptickNerve in one of the quarters of the <5cle* 
 rotica. 
 
 B B B B The ^ quarters of the Sclerotica. 
 
 ' CCC The choroe ides turn'd down after it isfepara^ 
 ted from .Sclerotica, to exhibit e the ramifications cf 
 
 the fanguinecus, which make up this coat ; and their 
 egrefs from J<:lerotica. 
 
 D A part of the CtiOxoci^e, feparated at the PrccefTus 
 ciliaris, from the Sclerotica, and then turn'd up to 
 [hew more plainly the branchings of thefe vejfelSy and 
 the place where they come through Sclerotica. 
 
 K 2 Fig. 
 
^ V72) - , 
 
 Fig. 6, 
 
 R Eprefents the Eye of anOx, 
 
 A A A A The ^ quarters of the Schxoiic^^ freed 
 altogether from the Tunica Choroeides,yi>r the better 
 defcovery of the LigamentaNova. 
 
 B B Rudely fjews ^^cLigamenta Noy2i,froceeding from 
 the Sclerotica to the verge of the Cornea , which the 
 ProcelTus ciliaris is f often' d. 
 
 7. 
 
 R Eprefents the eye of a Goofe quarter'd as that of the 
 Ox, andfreedfrom the Tunica Choroeides. 
 AAAA Shews the'L\g 2 im^nizNo\ 2 LCome from one p>artof 
 the Jc!erotica,^^’/«^ in number about or 8, and iohy 
 ing at the verge of the Cornea into two indifferent thick 
 ligaments, one for each fide, making almoQ a femi' 
 circle. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
Books fold by Samuel Smith, at the 
 Vrince\ Arms in St. ?auls Church- 
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 A Gricola de metallica, FoL 
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 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 



I 
 
 Mullen