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DUKE 
 
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 LIBRARY 
 
 Treasure %oorn 
 
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OTTR OWN 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR, 
 
 INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN 
 
 THE PRIMARY AND HIGH SCHOOL GRAMMARS, 
 
 AND ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE WANTS OF 
 
 THE COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 By CHARLES W. SMYTHE, A. M., 
 
 AUTHOR OF A SERIES OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS,' AND PRINCIPAL 
 OF THE LEXINGTON ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 
 GREENSBORO', N. C, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY STERLING, CAMPBELL & ALBRIGHT. 
 Richmond, Va. : W. HARGRAVE WHITE 
 Columbia, S. C. : TOWNSENT) A NORTH. 
 
 1863. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, 
 
 in the year 1863, 
 
 By C. W. SMYTHE, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Confederate 
 
 States, for the District of. Pamlico, and. 
 
 State of North Carolina. 
 
 STROTHER & CO., STEAM PRINTERS, 
 
 RALEIGH, N, C. 
 
 
^X^ PREFACE. *;* 
 
 This book is designed to occupy an intermedi- 
 ate, place between the Primary and the High 
 School Grammars. 
 
 The Primary Grammar is designed to present 
 the simplest facts of the language ; in such a 
 manner as to bring them within the comprehen- 
 sion of children ) and, thus, to prepare the way 
 for a more complete treatment of the subject in 
 the higher books. 
 
 Tbe High School Grammar, on the other hand, 
 is designed to be as minute and complete in its 
 details as the time of pupils in our higher semi- 
 naries will admit. It also enters quite fully into 
 the subject of analysis and composition, and par- 
 tially, hitothe general relations and philosophy 
 # of language. 
 
 It was felt that between the two, there was too. 
 great an interval. 
 
 Therefore, in accordance with the advice and 
 with the approbation of several of our most expe- 
 rienced teachers, this book-has been undertaken. 
 
 Though prepared as an intermediate book, it 
 may be used by beginners; and it will also sup- 
 ply the wants of a large class of pupils in our com- 
 mon schools who will have no timeto pursue the 
 subject farther. 
 
 That fact has been kept constantly in view in 
 
 • th* selection of its material. 
 
 Kxercises in composition have been constant I \ 
 
 • inserted so that it will also form a simple intro- 
 * duVtion to that important subject. 
 
 ' • < Uhose who wish to pursue the study fartlfer, arc 
 referred to the High School Grammar. 
 
 I will thankfully receive any suggestions from 
 others that* their rxpcrietice may dictate. 
 
 VV. BMYTHE. 
 
 Lexington, N. (J., June, 1863. 
 
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR, 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. If we wish to say or write anything to each 
 .other, we make use of words. 
 
 2. Words arc like pictures. If I show y< i o 
 ! a picture of a horse, or dog, you wilHnstantly 
 
 think of those animals, and the picture tells you, 
 as it were, a short story. 
 
 3. So if you hear the word horse or see it in a 
 book, you think at once of the animal called by 
 that name. 
 
 4. Thus the spoken or written word 
 is a picture to the mind of "some thing or action. 
 
 5. We cannot think, nor speak, nor write with- 
 out words. Hence it is very important to under- 
 stand their meaning and use. 
 
 6. There are in our language over one hundred 
 thousand words. 
 
 Yrt, as we shall see, we can easily learn the 
 most important things in regard to the use of all 
 the 
 
6 ELEMENTARY CKAMMAE. [7 — 130 
 
 7. If we go into a garden, or into the lickls, 
 we find a great many flowers and plants. But, if 
 we look carefully at them,, we shall find that there 
 are but lew kinds of flowers or plants. 
 
 One kind may be roses, another tulips; ethers 
 may be wheat, corn, cotton, &c. 
 
 8. So it is with words. They all come into. a " 
 few classes. 
 
 Some words tell us what the names of things 
 are, others what they ar_e doing, others still, tell 
 what kind of things they are, or how they do 
 anything. 
 
 9. These classes of words are commonly called 
 parts of speech. 
 
 10. There are nine classes of words. They are 
 the noun, pronoun, adjective, article, verb, adverb, 
 preposition, conjunction, and interjection, ■ 
 
 11. Grammar teaches us the nature and the 
 uses of words. 
 
 LESSON" II. 
 
 PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 12. In expressing our thoughts we do not use 
 words singly but write them together; as; "John 
 walks." " Susan reads her book." . " The wind 
 blows." 
 
 13/ Each one of these collections of words 
 makes good sense, and declares or asserts some- 
 thing. 
 
 They are called propositions. ■ 
 
14 — 16] propositions. • 7 
 
 14. A proposition is a simple assertion. 
 
 In the proposition, "John runs," Jo/mshows 
 who does somethiug, runs shows what .he does.. 
 John is called the subject, runs the predicate. 
 
 15. The subject is that of which some- 
 tiling is said or asserted; as, John, in " John 
 runs.'*' 
 
 16. The predicate is that which is said or 
 asserted of the subject ; like runs, in "John runs." 
 
 Every simple' proposition must contain at least 
 two parts, a subject, and a predicate. •% 
 
 Point out the subjects and predicates in these 
 propositions. 
 
 Do it in every lesson. 
 
 Model. John runs. John is the subject, because it is 
 that of 'which something is said. Runs is the predicate, it 
 is that which is said* of the subject. » 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 John runs. The horse neighs. The wind 
 blows. . Ti\c trees move. The grass grows. The 
 moon rises. Apples fall. Water runs. 
 
 Complete these propositions by supplying sub- 
 jects : — 
 
 Model. runs. The horse runs. singe. 
 
 plays. read. ialls. swim. is sweet. 
 
 are playing. came. 
 
 Complete these by supplying predicates: — 
 
 Model. John . John reads. James . The 
 
 apple . Ilorles. . The trees . The winds 
 
 . Ships . The IUD . 
 
 . Form propositions of your own. 
 
8 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [17 — 18 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 1 7. Such words as James, Susan, Mart/, chair, 
 tabic, box, we know are names of persons or things. 
 
 1. The word noun means name, 
 * 2. Hence we call all nanies 7iouns. 
 
 18., A noun is the name of any person, 
 place, or thing. 
 
 1. They may be either subjects, or predicates 
 of propositions ; as, "James is a painter" 
 
 2. Besides the names of persons, places, and 
 things, the names of all objects that we can think 
 of»are nouns ; as, goodness, love, joy, virtue, which 
 have no bodily existence. 
 
 3. Also the names qf letters, figures, and words 
 used merely as such, are nouns; as, "A is a let- 
 ter." " 7 is a figure." " Good is an adjective." 
 
 Point out the nouns in these exercises and tell 
 why they are nouns, in this way : — James is a 
 noun, because it is a name. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 James. Thomas. Susan. Chair. Table. Box. 
 Desk. Ink. Mary reads. The cat mews. The 
 dog barks. Horses run. Wisdom directs. Ex- 
 ercise strengthens. Eagles fly. Virtue. Gray 
 „ was a poet, Franklin was a philosopher. A is 
 an article. Was is a verb. 
 
 Supply predicates with these noui^s : — 
 
 .Model. Water flows. Henrj is & scholar. Lemons are 
 fruit. Horses, father, mother, history, wind, stars, ducks, 
 lilies, dogs, moon, George, acorns. 
 
19 — 20] VERBS.- 9 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 19. In "John, reads," "Mary sings." Jbhn 
 and Mary are nouns because, they are names. 
 
 Reads and sings are not names of objects, but 
 they show what is done. They are called verbs, 
 
 1. Some verbs, like reads, show that something 
 is dona, .others like is, are, and was show that 
 something is. 
 
 2. To assert means to tell, to declare ; hence. we 
 say that : — 
 
 20. A verb- is a word that asserts some- 
 thing, or shows what is or is done. 
 
 They can form the predicates of propositions 
 alone. ' ■ 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Point out the nouns and verbs in this way: — Horse is a 
 noun, because it is a name. Runs is a verb, because it 
 asserts something. 
 
 Caesar conquered. Kings reign. Snow falls. 
 Charles reads. Lions roar. Grapes ripen. 
 Flowers bloom. William came. Jesus wept. 
 Eoses fade. Silver shines. Father came. God 
 is. Franklin was a printer. Rivers are streams 
 of water. 
 
 Supply subjects with these verbs :— 
 
 Sleep, studies, whistle, walk, is sweet, is strong, 
 come, must study, swim, run. 
 
 Point out subjects and predicates, nouns and 
 verbs in your reading lessons. 
 
 IB 
 
10 * ELEMENTAL) •' \.m\)AK. I — 22 
 
 LESSON Y 
 
 , PRONOUNS. 
 
 21. [may say, "John runs, 7 or "lie runs; 
 
 • \lary sings," or "She sipgs,,'-' 
 
 The words he and she stand for John and Mary. 
 
 1. They are called prpnoims, because they 
 stand for names. 
 
 2. The word p r o n o u n means Jur a noun. 
 
 * 4. They may he -used anywhere instead of 
 nouns. * 
 
 22. A pronoun is a w o r d that stands 
 i o r a noun; as, "John goes to school. //< 
 studies his hook," instead of "John' goes to 
 school/ John studies John's hook." 
 
 Point 'out in these exercises, the nouns, pro- 
 nouns, verbs, subjects and predicates. 
 
 Model. John loves his parents. His is a pronoun, be- 
 cause it stands for a noun, and relates to John. 
 
 EXERCISES. . 
 
 John reads his hook. Mary studies her lesson. 
 The trees put forth their leaves. William studies 
 his lesson. He will please his parents. Mary 
 will lend .her slate to her cousin. We should 
 always be kind to our playmates. ' 
 
 Insert 'pronouns in these sentences : 
 
 Mary asked cousin to take to 
 
 house. William has gone to father's tor 
 
 book. Where are going. broth- 
 ers are playing in room. - — friend come 
 
 with . 
 
23 — 25] ADJECTIVES. 11 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 23. When I say, " The apple is sweet," sweet 
 tells what kind of apple it is or describes it. 
 
 24. Words which describe arc called adjec- 
 tives ; as, " The tree is talir « The hill is high." 
 ^ A red rose." 
 
 Icdl, high and red arc adjectives. 
 
 25. An Adjective is a word joined 
 to a noun or pronoun to describe it. 
 
 1. They may form the predicates of proposi- 
 tions, but cannot be used alone as subjects; as, 
 " The rose is red" " The tree is tall" 
 
 2. AVdien the noun or adjective is used as a 
 predicate, is, am, ivas or some other part of the 
 verb be or am is*uscd to connect them with the 
 subject. The verb thus used is called a copula, 
 which means a link or joining. 
 
 v Point out in each lesson all the things you have 
 learned and give reasons for everything. 
 
 * EXERCISES. 
 
 Model, The apple i.s sweet. Siuccl is an adjective, be- 
 cause it describes apple. 
 
 Love conquers all thin God is good. 
 
 Mother is kind. The fields are green. The 
 \v;n'ui suns ripens the grain. The rains refresh 
 the thirsty earth. The wind is cold. The brave 
 soldier is worthy of honor. The bright sun 
 drives away the (lark clouds. 
 
 Bftsert adja ■///■, j, a .. in these sentences: — 
 
12 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [26—28 
 
 Washington was . The country is . 
 
 The tree is by the win* 1 The 
 
 rain the -grass. He tha is 
 
 and when is young, will be r 3 when 
 
 is — — . William has a dog, a 
 
 kitten, and a horse. 
 
 Form propositions containing these adjectives : — 
 Handsome, powerful, warm, mild, gentle, wise, 
 
 strong, kind. 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 CLASSES OF NOUNS. * \ 
 
 26. There are two general classes of nouns.- 
 
 . 1. Fi^st, the names of objects that. actually ex- 
 ist or that we may gain a knowledge of by our 
 senses ; as, chair, tree, man, James. 
 
 2. Second, those which are the names of qual- 
 ities or attributes, separate from their objects ; a*, 
 Hardness is a quality of iron, beauty of a flower, 
 and goodness of God. 
 
 3. The first class are called concrete nouns ; the 
 second, abstract. 
 
 27. Under Concrete Nouns arc comprised : — 
 
 1. Names of objects that exist as individuals 
 and may form classes ; as, man, tree, horse. 
 
 2. Names of objects that do not exist as indi- 
 viduals, as, gold, silver, iron, ivood, water, air, wheat, 
 cotton, ashes, dregs, neivs, wages, $c. 
 
 The latter arc called Material nouns. 
 . 28. Nouns denoting individual objects are divi- 
 ded into Proper, Common, Complex, and Collective 
 nouns. 
 
If— Ml CLASSES OF NOUNS. 13 
 
 '29. A C o in m o n No u b is the name of 
 a whole class of objects ; as, tree, horse, man, 
 city, $c. •« 
 
 30. A Pro p e r Noun is a particular name 
 of any person, place, or thing ; as, city is a name 
 common to all cities and is a common noun, while 
 Richmond, Raleigh, and Charleston, arc names of 
 particular cities and arc proper nouns. 
 
 31. A Co n»pl ex Noun i§ a name, together 
 with some title ; as, Mr. William Johnson, Genera/ 
 
 Washington, Judge Marshall. They are proper 
 nouns. 
 
 32. A Collective Noun is a noun signi- 
 fying many persons or things taken as one whole; 
 as, army, people, nation, society, Congress. 
 
 They may be proper nouns ; as, Congress, Par- 
 liament; or common nouns; as, nation, people, 
 army. 
 
 To analyze is to point out the subject, predicate, 
 and modifying words. 
 
 Parsing is pointing out the classes of words, 
 their properties and relations. 
 
 EXERCISES FOil ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 
 
 Model. James is a noun, it is a name ; proper, it w a 
 particular name. 
 
 Tttver i« a noun, it is a name; common, a general name. 
 
 Hurley is a noun, it is a name ; material, it denotes a ma 
 terial substance. 
 
 kIucss is a noun, it is a name : abstract, it is the name 
 oi'a quality. 
 
 ■')on is a noun, it is a name ; collective, it denotes many 
 as one whole. 
 
 Studies is a verb, it asserts something. 
 
II ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [33 
 
 James studies his lesson. T^e river is called 
 the is'ilc. Barley, wheat, and corn grow in the 
 (ields. Goodness is a quality to be esteemed. 
 
 The nation is divided. Richmond is the Capi 
 tal of the Confederate States. The bird was 
 building her nest. INorth Carolina produces corn, 
 wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, and cotton. 
 
 Insertproper nouns: 
 
 is the Capital of . and • have 
 
 gone to . and - are coming with 
 
 > 
 
 Insert common nouns : 
 
 The sees in the dark. The — - is strong. 
 
 The is called Rome. and a re beau- 
 tiful trees. 
 
 Insert material nouns : 
 
 The Southern States produce , , - — ., 
 
 , , , and . is a useful metal. 
 
 Wc breathe . The of cows furnishes 
 
 and . 
 
 Insert collective nouns : 
 
 is dismissed. The w r as victorious. 
 
 — h as adj o urn cd . The was vc ry pi e asant, 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 CLASSES OF NOUNS CONTINUED. 
 
 33. Proper nouns naturally mean but one. 
 When they stand for more than one object, they 
 become common nouns; as, Ike twelve' Caesars. 
 The seven Jameses. 
 
34—37] CLASSES OF NOUNS. 15 
 
 * 34. Words like the Russians, the. ElngUsh, mean 
 ing the whole people are proper ftouns, but when 
 referring to individuals they are common ; as 
 u j saw several Russians in Paris." 
 
 35. When the is affixed to common nouns they 
 become proper, when they denote well known 
 objects or events ; as, the Pari; the Common, the 
 Deluge. 
 
 36. Abstract nouns are names of actions, states 
 or conditions, properties or qualities. 
 
 These include the verbal nonu. 
 
 37. A verbal noun is a noun derived from a 
 verb. It is the name of the action expressed by 
 the verb; as, "Heading is a pleasant .employ- 
 ment." 
 
 They end in ing. Building, a house or thing 
 built, and some others have become concrete 
 nouns. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. Writing letters to our friends is pleasant labor. 
 Writing is a noun, it is a name ; verbal, it is derived from 
 a verb and is the name of an action. Letters and i'ncn< s are 
 commpn nouns, they are general names. Labor is an ab- 
 stract noun, it is the name of an action. Writing is the sub- 
 ject; lahor the predicate. 
 
 Reading good books is improving. Stealing 
 is base. The lightuing is vivid. Goodness and 
 mercy have followed me all the days of my life. 
 The French are an active people. 
 
 Write scnt< Main ; ag these nouns : Summ r, 
 
 snow, ice} winter, city, river, mountain, h<»ise. 
 
 Model. That is my father's house. 
 
16 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [38 — 40 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 •CLASSES OF PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 38. In expressing our thoughts we may declare 
 something; ask something;, command, exhort, or 
 entreat something; or exclaim. something. 
 
 39. Hence there are four kinds of propositions ; 
 declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclama- 
 tory. 
 
 What kind of propositions are these ? 
 
 James reads. "What is he reading ? Let him 
 read. How well he reads ! The winds are cool. 
 How cool the winds are ! Have you seen James 
 to-day ? Come to me. 
 
 Analyze and parse these and tlic following proposi- 
 tions. 
 
 40. Declarative and imperative propositions 
 end with periods(.) ; interrogative, with the 
 interrpgation point(?); and exclamatory, with 
 the exclamation point(!). 
 
 I.- Change these into interrogative sentences i— 
 Model. James is coming. Is James coming ? 
 She is stealing. Stealing is base. Borneo is 
 an island. Water is a liquid. Washington was 
 wise. The country is free. The days arc long. 
 
 II. Make these imperative : 
 
 Model. John studies his lesson. Let John study his 
 lesson, or John study your lesson. 
 
 Is your sister coming ? The dogs bark. You 
 prize virtue highly. Bad men are not esteemed. 
 The wind blows. 
 
 III. Make these exclamatory : 
 
 Model. The sky is beautiful. How beautiful the sky is ! 
 
41 — 44] NUMBER. 17 
 
 Does Mary play well? He reads well. The 
 moon shines brightly. Does the rain fall heavily ? 
 
 IV. Make these declarative. 
 
 Have you seen my book? Will you lend me 
 your slate ? How brightly the sun shines. Let 
 Susan write a letter to her mother. Will you go 
 with me ? '* 
 
 Write declarative sentences containing any one of 
 these ivords : — 
 
 J.ohn, flows, runs, boys, more, water, horses, 
 clouds, lessons, books. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 41. We may say boy, boys ; man, men; horse, 
 horses. i?% means one boy ; boys, more than one. 
 
 1; This difference in the form of words is called 
 u-u mber, and it belongs to nouns, pronouns, 
 and verbs. 
 
 42. Number is a change in the form of 
 words to show whether one, or more than one is 
 meant. 
 
 1. There are two forms, called the singular %nd 
 the plural. 
 
 2. The singular denotes but one. 
 
 3. The plural denotes more than one. 
 
 43. The plural of most nouns is formed by 
 adding s to the singular; as, boy, boys ; horse, 
 horses. 
 
 44. Where the s added to the word would be 
 .hard to pronounce, es is added ; as lash, fashes ; 
 fox, foxes; church, church* 
 
*18 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [4(J — 49 
 
 45. The letters a, e, i, o, u; are called vowels. 
 The rest arc called consonants. 
 
 46. A few nouns form their plurals by chang- 
 ing the vowel ; as, man, men ; goose, geese ; foot, 
 feet; mouse, mice. 
 
 47. The nouns which add c.s are : — 
 
 1. First, nouns ending in x, z, ss, sh, or ch, soft. 
 
 2. Second, nouns ending in f, or /e, change 
 those endings into, ves ; as, calf, calves ; half, 
 halves ; wife, wives. 
 
 Except nouns in ff, and gulf, roof, hoof mischief 
 brief' chief strife, fife, safe, grief, dwarf, turf, proof, 
 reproof, scarf, and surf, which adds «s. 
 
 3. Third, nouns ending in y prece'ded by a 
 consonant change y into ies. 
 
 But nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel 
 generally add s ; as, day, days ; y alley, 'valleys. 
 
 4. Fourth, nouns ending in i generally acldVa ; 
 as, alkali, alkalies. 
 
 5. Fifth, nouns in o preceded by a consonant 
 generally add es ; as, hero, heroes ; cargo> cargoes ; 
 negro, negroes. . ' , 
 
 Except 'junto, canto, tyro, grotto, portico, solo, 
 quarto, octavo, duodecimo, memento, two, zero, which 
 add s. 
 
 48. A few nouns add n or en ; as ox, oxen ; cow, 
 coiven gives lane ; sow, sowen, swine. 
 
 49. A few nouns have two plurals with differ- 
 ent meanings ; as, . 
 
 Brother, brothers (of the same family,) brethren 
 (of a society.) 
 Die, dies (for coining,) dice (for gaming.) 
 
50—52] NUMBER. 19 
 
 Fish, fishes (in number as twelve,) fish (the 
 
 species.) 
 Fowl, fowls (in number,) fowl (the species.) 
 Genius, geniuses (men of genius,) genii (spirits.) 
 Index, indexes (tables of contents,) indices 
 
 (signs in algebra.) 
 Fea, peas (in number,) pease (the species.) 
 Penny, pennies (coins in number,) pence (in 
 
 value.) 
 
 50. Some arc found only in the singular: 
 They are ; 1. most material nouns ; as, gold, 
 
 iron, ivood, wheat, air, silver, sugar, wine, $c. ; 2. 
 
 most abstract nouns.; as, goodness, virtue, wisdom ; 
 
 3. names of the sciences ; as, Algebra, Music, 
 
 31 'at hematics ; 4. the names' of some diseases ; 
 
 as,- cholera, measles, frc; 5. the word news. 
 
 . 51. Some are found only in the plural ; as, 
 
 ashes, dregs, embers, goods, clothes, maimers, moreds, 
 
 thanks, billows, scissors, nippers, tongs, shears, 
 
 breeches, <fc. 
 
 Horse, foot, infantry, are also plural in meaning. 
 52. Some nouns have the same form in both- 
 
 numbers; as, deer, sheep, trout, salmon, cannon, 
 
 saiL shot, Itead, weight, means. 
 
 Form the plural of these nouns : — boy, girl, 
 
 chair, table, desk, book, inkstand, pen, man, 
 
 goose, foot, mouse, lash, miss, fox, church. 
 
 What number are these, and why? — Man, 
 
 boys, girl, men, books, guns, top, churches, 
 
 dishes, mouse, lice, annals, iron, wheat, deer. . 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model My horse trots. Horse is a noun, it is a name : 
 common, it. is a general Dame; singular number, it means 
 but one ; and is the subject. 
 
20 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [53 — 56 
 
 Sour horse is large. My books arc new. 
 Those cows arc fine. Trees grow. Fishes swim. 
 The road is Ions:. Snow is cold. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 NUMBER CONTINUED. 
 
 53. In compounds the principal words lake 
 the sign of the plural ; as, fathers-in-law, courts- . 
 martial. But compounds without the hyphen (-) 
 make the last number plural ; as, spoonfuls, out- 
 goings. . 
 
 54. Usage is still unsettled as to the plural of ' 
 complex nouns. 
 
 1. "When they arc preceded by a numeral the 
 noun is made plural ; as, " The two Mr. Browns." 
 The noun with Mrs. takes the plural; as, "The 
 Mrs. Browns." 
 
 2. Both title and name should not take the 
 plural. We must say either the Misses Brown, 
 or the Miss Browns. 
 
 3. The tendency seems to be in favor of the 
 former, especially in respectful address, while in 
 familiar, colloquial .style the latter prevails. 
 
 4. A title applied to more than one person is 
 made plural; as, "Generals Beauregard and 
 Johnson." 
 
 55. Many foreign words retain. their original 
 plurals. Those in on and um change those end- 
 ings *to a; those in a to ae and ata; those in its, 
 to i and era ; those in is, to es and ides. 
 
 . 56. The foreign words most frequently used, 
 are as follows : 
 
56J 
 
 NUMBEK. 
 
 21 
 
 I. Those that retain their original plural alone 
 are:— 
 
 Singula/' 
 
 r/un 
 
 jl. Singular. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Alumnus, 
 
 alumni 
 
 Hypothesis, 
 
 hypotheses. 
 
 Analysis, 
 
 analyses. Larva, 
 
 larva:. 
 
 Axis, 
 
 axes. 
 
 Nebula, 
 
 nebula). 
 
 Basis, 
 
 bases. 
 
 Oasis, 
 
 cases] 
 
 Beau, * 
 
 beaux. 
 
 ' Parenthesis, 
 
 parentheses. 
 
 Crisis, 
 
 crises. 
 
 Phenomenon, 
 
 phenomena. 
 
 Datum, 
 
 data. 
 
 Radius, 
 
 radii. 
 
 Ellipsis, 
 
 ellipse: 
 
 s. Stimulus, 
 
 stimuli. 
 
 Erratum, 
 
 errata. 
 
 Stratum, 
 
 strata. 
 
 Genus, 
 
 . genera 
 
 
 
 II. Tho^ 
 
 >e which have both an 
 
 English and 
 
 foreign plural : 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Foreign Pturcti; English Plural. 
 
 Apex, 
 
 
 apices, 
 
 apexes. 
 
 Appendix, 
 
 
 appendices, 
 
 a^pendixr 
 
 Cherub, 
 
 
 cherubim, 
 
 cherubs. 
 
 Formula, 
 
 
 formulse, 
 
 formulas". 
 
 Memorandum, 
 
 memoranda, 
 
 memorandum.^ 
 
 keraph, 
 
 
 seraphim, 
 
 EXERCISI 
 
 seraphs. 
 
 Indices are sjgns in Algebra. Indexes are ta- 
 bles of contents. Analysis is the separation of 
 anything into its parts. An oasis is a fertile spot 
 in a desert. The Miss Joneses have gone to 
 Charleston. Jeffersoq Davis was the first Presi- 
 dent of the Confederate State 
 
 Complete these sen f r ; — 
 
22 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [57 — 6 
 
 and gnaw in the floor. Violent 
 
 — — overturn and houses. , — ^ and 
 
 , draw carts, , and -. 
 
 Compose sentences containing these words : 
 Foxes. Dogs. Rabbits. Flowers. Leaves. 
 
 Clouds. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 i 
 
 57. We say, /run, you run, he runs or John 
 runs. 
 
 1. 1 is the speaker, you the one spoken to, Ae or 
 John the one spoken oi\ 
 
 This distinction is called person. " 
 
 58. Person is the property of nouns and pro- 
 nouns,- that denotes the speaker, the person spoken 
 to, and the person or object spoken of. 
 
 59. There are three persons, first, second, and 
 third. 
 
 1* The first person denoted the speaker. 
 
 2. The second person denotes the person 
 spoken to. 
 
 3. The third person denotes the person or 
 object spoken of. 
 
 60. Nouns are generally in the third person. 
 
 1. The pronoun has different words to repre- 
 sent the persons. 
 
 2. /is always in the first ; you in the second ; 
 he, she, and it in the third person. 
 
 3. Verbs have the three persons to agree with 
 the subject. . 
 
61—63] * person. 23 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. John sings. John is a proper noun, it is a par- 
 ticular name ; third person, spoken of,; singular number, it 
 mea«£ but one, and is the subject of the proposition. Sings is 
 a verb, it asserts something, third person, singular number 
 to agree with the subject John, by 
 
 Rule IT. The verb must agree with^the subject in number and 
 person. 
 
 Mary plays. The apple falls. The sun is 
 ' bright. Susan reads her hook. Thomas flies his 
 kite. 
 
 The bird flies. Water flows. The rains fall. 
 The trees put forth their leaves. Tljc rivers flow 
 into the sea. Columbus was born at Genoa. 
 
 Compose sentences containing these words. . 
 
 \, summer, thou or you. 
 
 John, - river, he. 
 
 Mary, . snow, wheat. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 GENDER. 
 
 61. All living things are divided -into two 
 classes, males and females. 
 
 This distinction is called sex. 
 
 62. All nouns arc divided into three class, 
 those that are names of males, those that are 
 names of females, and those that are neither 
 male nor female. 
 
 This distinction is called Gender, 
 
 63. Gender is a distinction of nouns in 
 regard t«» sex. 
 
• 
 
 24 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [64 — 08 
 
 ■ 64. There are three genders ; masculine , 
 feminine, and neuter. 
 
 The word neuter means neither. It is applied 
 to objects which are neither male nor female. 
 
 6b. The names of males are m a s c uli n e . 
 The names of female beings are f e m i n i n c . 
 The names of things without life are 
 neuter. 
 
 66. A few nouns like parent, cousin, deer, sheep, 
 child, relative, may be either masculine or feminine. 
 
 The are usually said to be of the common gen- 
 der. If their gender is not known, they may 'be 
 parsed as " of the masculine or feminine gender." 
 
 67. In pronouns of the third person, he is mas- 
 culine, she is feminine, it is neuter. « ; 
 
 68. Sometimes things without-life are personi- 
 fied, or spoken of in the same manner in which 
 persons are. 
 
 Then they masculine or feminine. 
 
 1. In these cases, such' objects as possess 
 strength, courage, majesty, and other manly attri- 
 butes, are considered masculine; and those that 
 possess the attributes of receiving, containing, 
 and which are gentle and lovely, are considered 
 feminine. 
 
 2. Thus, time, death, fear, xoar, the sun, winter, 
 are masculine ; and 'peace, hope, wisdom, spring, 
 the earth, the moon, are feminine. . . 
 
 3. The same distinction is made among Ani- 
 mals, when the species is spoken of; as " The 
 lion takes up his abode in the forest." " The cat 
 is noted for her love of home." 
 
69] 
 
 UENBER. 
 
 25 
 
 5. 
 
 When the distinction of gender among ani- 
 mals is unimportant they are considered neuter ; 
 as, " I had a kid and sold it." 
 
 69. Some masculine nouns have corresponding 
 feminines. They are distinguished in three ways. 
 
 I. First, by different words.* 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Man, 
 
 Master, 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Bachelor. 
 
 Boy, 
 
 Brother, 
 
 Father, 
 
 Gentleman, 
 
 Husband, 
 
 King, 
 
 Lord, 
 
 • Feminine. 
 
 maid. 
 
 girl. 
 
 sister. 
 
 mother. 
 
 lady. 
 „ wife. 
 
 queen. 
 
 lady. 
 
 Master, 
 
 Nephew, 
 
 Papa, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Son, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Feminiio 
 
 woman. 
 
 mistress. 
 
 miss. 
 
 neice. 
 
 mamma. 
 
 madam. 
 
 daughter. 
 
 II. By difference of termination. 
 MascuUu' Feminine. .Masculine. Feminine 
 
 Abbot, 
 
 abbess. 
 
 Jew, 
 
 Jewess. 
 
 Administrator 
 
 , administratrix. Lion, 
 
 lioness. 
 
 Author, 
 
 authoress. 
 
 Patron, 
 
 patroness. 
 
 Baron, ■ 
 
 baroness. 
 
 Poet, 
 
 poetess. 
 
 Benefactor, 
 
 benefactress. 
 
 Priest, 
 
 priestess. 
 
 Count, 
 
 countess. 
 
 Prince, 
 
 princess. 
 
 Deacon, 
 
 deaconess. 
 
 Prophet, 
 
 prophetess. 
 
 Duke, • 
 
 duchess. 
 
 Shepherd, 
 
 shepherdess 
 
 Emperor, 
 
 empress. 
 
 Tailor, 
 
 tail ore- 
 
 Executor, 
 
 executrix. 
 
 Testator, 
 
 testatrix. 
 
 Ilcir, 
 
 heiress. 
 
 Tiger, 
 
 tigress. 
 
 Hero, 
 
 heroine. 
 
 Tutor, 
 
 tuf' 
 
 Host, 
 
 hostess. 
 
 Widower, 
 
 \vi<! 
 
 Instructor, 
 
 instruct! 
 
 
 
 -For full lints tee Sigh School Grammar. 
 
.26 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [69 
 
 III. By composition or by prefixing words. 
 
 Bridegroom, bride. Manservant, maidservant. 
 
 Gentleman, gentlewoman. Male-child, ' female-child. 
 He-goat, she-goat. Schoolmaster, schoolmistress. 
 
 Landlord, landlady. and some others. 
 
 Male, female. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 v Model. John studies his lesson-. John is a proper noun, 
 it is a particular name ; masculine gender, it is the name 
 of a male; third person, it is spoken of; singular number, 
 it means but one, and is the subject. His is a pronoun, it 
 stands for a noun ; masculine gender ; third person ; singu- 
 lar number to agree with John, by- 
 Rule IX. Pronouns agree with their noUns in gender, 
 number, and person. 
 
 Mary plays upon the piano. Jane reads her 
 books. The green grass grows in the fields. . The 
 cat is rfoted for her love of home. Augustus was 
 the patron of men of letters. 
 
 Supply masculine subjects to these 'propositions : 
 
 — — conquered. is prudent. is a 
 
 tailor. is grateful. will be thankful. 
 
 _j — guards his flocks. 
 
 Supply feminine subjects : # 
 
 _ plays. is cheerful. is change- 
 able. , is a tailoress. is a teacher. 
 
 can sing. 
 
 Supply neuter subjects : 
 
 roil. grow. is hard. are 
 
 rreen. — — shines. — - is falling. is an 
 
 animal. 
 
70—74] case. 27 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 CASE. 
 
 70. I say, "John runs," l * John's horse runs," 
 "James teaches John," "He gave John a book," 
 and "John come to me." Here John appears in 
 different ways or relations. 
 
 These 'relations- are called cases. 
 
 71. C a s o is the relation that nouns and pro- 
 nouns have to other words in the same sentence. 
 
 72. In "John runs," John is the subject and is 
 in the nominative case. 
 
 "In John's horse runs," John's denotes the pos- 
 sessor and is in the possessive case. 
 
 In "James teaches John," John is the object 
 of the verb teach, or the person acted on, and is 
 in the objective case. 
 
 In "He gave John a book," it denotes that to 
 or for whom, anything is or is done and is the in- 
 direct object. It may be called the dative case. 
 In "John come to me," it is the name of the ob- 
 ject addressed and is in the vocative case. 
 
 73. The Nominative case is the subject 
 of the proposition ; as, "John reads." 
 
 The Possessive case denotes possession, 
 origin, or fitness ; as "John's hat," "The sun's 
 rays," "Men's shoes." 
 
 The Objective case is the object of the verb. 
 
 The ]) a t i v e case denotes that to or far which ani 
 
 thing is or is done. * 
 
 i 
 
 * The indirect object is distinct andseparato lroin the 
 other relations, and though it is rare in its occurrence, m 
 be distinguished, and may properly be called by its true 
 nauie. It is the office of the dative to express this relation. 
 
28 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [75 — 76 
 
 The vocative ease denotes the person or 
 thing addressed. 
 
 74. lo decline is to give the cases, numbers, and 
 persons. 
 
 Nouns are declined thus : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nominative Boy, Nbm.'~Boys } 
 
 Possessive Boy's, Poss. Boys', 
 
 Objective Boy. Obj. Boys. 
 
 Deeline girl, bird, box, hand. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. Susan reads.. Susan is a noun, it is a name ; 
 proper, it is a particuliar name ; feminine gender, it is the 
 name. of a female; third person, spoken of; singular, num- 
 ber, it means but one ; nominative case, it is the subject, by 
 
 Eule I. The subject of the proposition is put in the nom- 
 inative case. 
 
 Water flows. Roses bloom. Apples fall. 
 Horses run. TJie Saviour lives. Abraham was 
 faithful. England was invaded. Exercise strength- 
 ens. Stealing is base. David was king. 
 
 Write sentences containing these words as Subjects : 
 Water. Flowers. Spring. Rivers. Country. 
 Peaches. Flour. Iron. Molasses. Coffee. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 j FORMATION OF THE CASES OF NOUNS. « 
 
 75. The nominative, objective, da- 
 tive, and vocative cases have the same form. 
 
 This is the simple form of the noun. 
 
 76. The nominative maybe determined by ask- 
 ing the question who ? or whatf; as, "John runs." 
 Who runs? Ans. John. John is in the nomina- 
 tive case. 
 
77—79] noun^. -29 
 
 77. The I* o 8 s,e s si Ve case singular is lonn- 
 0(1 by adding the apostrophe (') and 5; as, in 
 John's hat. 
 
 1. When the 5 will not unite easily with the 
 word, the apostrophe only is added ; as, for con- 
 science' sake, Moses' hat) Thetis' son. See II. S, 
 Gr. 256, 6. 
 
 2. When the plural ends in s, the apostro- 
 phe only is added ; as, 7 he boys' boohs. The girls' 
 play. 
 
 When the ph\ral does not end in s, the pos- 
 sessive is formed as in the singular; as, Men's 
 hats. 
 
 Form the possessive case of these nouns : Man. 
 tree, girl, horse, William, Thomas, Susan, Mary, 
 cow, horses, boys, girls, men. 
 
 78. The direct Objective may be deter- 
 mined by asking whom? ox what?; as, "He cuts 
 wood." What does he cut ? Ans. wood. Wood 
 is in the objective. 
 
 79. The indirect object or Dative by asking to 
 or for whom; as," He gave me a book." To 
 iv horn did he give it? Ans. me. Me is the indi- 
 rect or dative object. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 ]\Iodel. Mary's book is new. Mary's is a proper noun, a 
 particular name ; feminine gender, the name of a female : 
 third person, spoken of; singular number, means but one ; 
 possessive case, denotes possession and limits book, by 
 
 Rule V. A noun or pronoun limiting another noun 
 denoting a different person or thing is put in the possessive 
 case. 
 
30 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [81 — 83 
 
 Mary's lesson is easy. Rufus's book is new. 
 William's uncle is a farmer. Men's .shoes are 
 large and strong. The sun's rays enlighten the 
 earth. My garden is 'productive. His book is 
 clean, your book is soiled. 
 
 Supply possessive cases in these propositions : 
 
 sister sings. father is coming. 
 
 hat is lost. hats are made of fur. rays 
 
 are not so bright as the — — . skin is thick. 
 
 top is high. 
 
 '•;■;* * LESSON XVI. 
 
 PRONOUNS. • 
 
 81. A Pronoun is a word which is not the 
 name of an object, but which may be used instead 
 of [a noun. «* 
 
 82. Pronouns are divided into P e r s o u a 1 , 
 Possessive, Demonstrative, Inter- 
 rogative, R el a t i v e , and Definitive 
 pronouns. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 83. Personal pronouns are those that show 
 by their form of what person they are. 
 
 1. They are I, thou or you, he, she, and it. 
 
 2. 1 represents the first person, thou or you the 
 second, he, she, anjd it the third. 
 
 .3. They are. divided into substantive or pure 
 personal pronouns, which do not stand for nouns 
 hut represenjjjpersons themselves, and demoristra- 
 tivcs. 
 
t 84—87] pronouns. 31 
 
 '84. /, and thou or you, are substantive pronouns. 
 
 85. He, she and it, arc demonstratives, that is, 
 they point out precisely the objects to which 
 they relate; as, He is the man, she is the woman, 
 or it is the thing that you seek. 
 
 He is masculine, she feminine, it neuter. 
 
 The first and second persons have no form to 
 show their gender, since they are always present 
 and their gender is known. 
 
 86. They are thus declined ; 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 PlVfil. 
 
 
 Mom. Poss. 
 
 Obj. 
 
 Nbm. 
 
 Poss. 
 
 Obj. 
 
 I, my, 
 
 me; 
 
 . We, 
 
 our, 
 
 us. 
 
 Thou, thy, 
 
 thee; 
 
 You, 
 
 your, 
 
 you. 
 
 He, his, 
 
 hiin; 
 
 They, 
 
 their, 
 
 them. 
 
 She, her, 
 
 her; 
 
 They, 
 
 their, 
 
 them. 
 
 It, its, 
 
 it; 
 
 They, 
 
 their, 
 
 them. 
 
 1. The Dative has the same form as the objec- 
 tive. In fact, him and them are true datives and 
 not objective, except in usage. 
 
 2. The vocative has the same form as the nom- 
 inative. 
 
 87. Some grammarians give two forms of the 
 possessive case, as my or mine, thy or thine, your 
 or yours. 
 
 Others consider my, thy, £v., the true possessive 
 cases, and others still restrict the possessive case; 
 to mine, $c. 
 
 My and thy now perform the office of the pos- 
 sessive case ; as, My hat. 
 
 In poetry and in solemn style mine and thine 
 are sometimes used as possessive cases, before 
 
32 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [88 
 
 tli'e vowels and silent h; as, " iJfme hour is not 
 vet come.". Mine iniquity. 7/iwie agxnry. 
 
 Thou is now used only in addressing the Deity, 
 in the Scriptures, in solemn and impassioned- 
 writings, and among the Friends. 
 
 88. Myself, thyself, himself, 'herself, itself, with 
 their plurals, ourselves, yourselves, themselves are 
 compound personal pronouns. • 
 
 1. They are joined to nouns and pronouns to 
 make them more emphatic; as/ "I myself." 
 "The mountains themselves decay with years." 
 
 2. They are also used when the subject and 
 object are the same person ; as, " I blame ray- 
 self." "She admires herself/' They are then 
 called Reflexive pronouns. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. I study my lesson. I is a personal pronoun, it 
 points out 'the person, substantive kind; first person, it 
 denotes the speaker ; singular number, means but one; 
 nominative case, it is the subject, by Kule I. 
 
 Tho no pronoun in. the predicate of a proposition 
 
 is parsed, by Kule III. 
 
 The noun or pronoun in the predicate agrees with the 
 subject in case) as, " James is sprinter." 
 
 I am glad to see. you. My horse is in the field. 
 You yourself said it. ■ The mountains themselves 
 decay with years. Franklin was a printer's ap- 
 prentice. General Lee is the Commander-in- 
 chief of the Confederate army. 
 
 Insert personal' pronouns : 
 
 ■ am going to see cousin. house 
 
 is near — ~ brother's. ■ may go with . 
 
 Will - — bring bonnet. wish to see 
 
 — — . Come with . 
 
89—90] DEMONSTRATIVE rRONOUNS. 
 
 LESSON- XV] I. 
 
 POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 89. The Possessive pronouns are those 
 -which stand for nouns and, at the same time, 
 deuote possession. 
 
 X They are mine, thme,'his, hers y its, oars, yours, 
 theirs. 
 
 2. His and it$ are the same as the possessive 
 cases of the personal pronouns. Hers, ours, youn . 
 theirs, are formed from the possessive cases by 
 adding s. 
 
 3. They have the same person, number, gen- 
 der,, and case as tl;e nouns which they represent • 
 as, « This book is yours." Yours is equal to ymtr 
 book and has all the properties of book. 
 
 4. They are indeclinable and used in the nom- 
 inative and objective cases only; as, "The book 
 is mine, hers is lost, but he has found his." 
 
 90. The demonstrative pronouns are this and 
 thai and their plurals these and those. 
 
 1. They point out precisely the objects to which 
 they relate. 
 
 2. This and these refer to the nearest objects ; 
 that and those to the more distant. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 This is my book ; that is yours. Your pleas- 
 mine are yet to come. Mr. Bowen 
 my father's friend, has returned. The source of 
 the Nile, the river of Egypt, has not vat been di 
 covered. The white house is his. 
 
 Insert possessive and demonstrative pronouns: 
 
34 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [91— 9< 
 
 House is ? is . who ar( 
 
 industrious wiH . Whose slate is ? — 
 
 is , but is . are . 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 91. Interrogative pronouns are those 
 used in asking questions; as, "Who is your 
 
 friend ? " 
 
 1. They are who, which, and lohat. 
 
 2. Who is used in reference to persons ; which 
 and : what in reference 'either to persons or things. 
 
 r-8. Who is always used without a noun or sub- 
 stantively; which and what are also used as adjec- 
 tives ; as " Whichhook are you reading? " " What 
 man is that ?" 
 
 4. They are declined like the relative pro- 
 nouns. 
 
 5. Interrogatives refer to a noun or pronoun 
 following them called the consequent; as " Whose 
 hat is this?" Ans. John's. Whose refers to 
 Johns. . • 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 92. " The boy, who studies, will learn." Who 
 relates to boy and stands for it. It also connects 
 "Who studies " with "The boy will learn." 
 
 Who -is called a relative pronoun. 
 
 93 The Relative pronouns are who, which, 
 tohat, and that. As is^a relative after many, such, 
 and same. 
 
94 — 95] pronouns. 85 
 
 94. Relative pronouns stand for 
 nouns and connect propositions or 
 clauses. 
 
 . 1. The clause in which they stand is called the 
 relative clause and it is always a subordinate or 
 modifying proposition. 
 
 2. They cannot stand in principal propositions, 
 while personal pronouns can. 
 
 3. Who stands for persons, which for animals 
 and things. That is used in the place of who or 
 which. 
 
 4. Who is never used as an adjective. 
 
 5. Which may be used as an adjective, as for 
 which reason. 
 
 6. The noun for which the relative stands is 
 called its antecedent. 
 
 7. The relative pronoun always relates t<> 
 some definitive word expressed or understood 
 modify in g its antecedent, called the correla- 
 tive; as, " He is the man xohom I saw.'' The is 
 the correlative. 
 
 95. The relatives have the same form in both 
 numbers and are thus declined : — 
 
 JVbwi.,«\Vho, 
 
 Poss., 
 
 Whjfcc, 
 
 Oty\) Whom. 
 
 " Which; 
 
 u 
 
 Whose, 
 
 " Which 
 
 " That, 
 
 
 
 *' That. 
 
 Which, 
 
 
 
 " Which 
 
 Thai, the original relative, has no posse; 
 now existing. Whose may be used for it when 
 needed. 
 
36 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [96 — 97 
 
 96. What is used as a relative in both nurn- 
 beis; as "This is what is wanted." " These 
 books are what are wanted." 
 
 1. What is used as a relative only when the 
 antecedent is omitted. Where the antecedent is 
 expressed which is used ; as, " I saw ivhat I desir- 
 ed to see," "I saw the thine/ which 1 desired to 
 see." 
 
 2. What is usually parsed as a compound rela- 
 tive equivalent to that which; as, "I know what 
 you desire." " I know that which you desire:" 
 (hat as the antecedent and object of know, which 
 as the relative and object of desire. 
 
 3. It is simpler and more consistent with the 
 structure of propositions, to parse the clauses 
 containing ivhat and similar words as. wholes, 
 subjects or objects ' of the propositions ; . as, 
 " What you desire " is the object of know, and 
 "what" the object of desire. 
 
 97. Whoever, whichever, wJiatever, whoso, wjioso- 
 , whichsoever, and whatsoever, are called Com- 
 pound Relatives. 
 
 1. They are parsed like what; as " Whoever 
 studies will learn." Whoever studies is the sub- 
 ject of will learn, and whoever the subject gf studies. 
 
 2. They are also used without antecedents. 
 
 3. Only whoever and whosoever are declinable. 
 They are the same in both numbers, as follows : 
 
 Xo?n. Whoever. Poss. Whosever. Obj. Whomever. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. Who is. a pronoun, it stands for a noun; inter- 
 rogative, it aeks a question ; ihird person, singular, to agree 
 
98] . DEFINITIVE PRONUONS. 37 
 
 with the arnswer, father, by Rule^lX; and in the nominative 
 case, by Rule I. 
 
 Who is a pronoun, it stands for a noun ; relative, it relates 
 to man, and connects the clauses; third person, singular, to 
 agree with man, by Rule IX; and in the nominative case, 
 by Rule I. 
 
 Fointout the clauses, thus: "The man is happy," is the 
 principal clause, " Who is good," is the relative clause. 
 Who connects the two together. • 
 
 Who gave this book to yqi My father gave 
 it to me. Which is your book ? The one with 
 a red coyer is mine. The man, ivho is good, is 
 happy. He is the man, whom I saw. The rose, 
 which we saw, was fading. Whoever is indue 
 trious and temperate will succeed. 
 
 Supply pronouns in- these sentences : 
 
 shall I do? did you say it was? 
 
 are you going to see ? This is the boy 
 
 came with us. crosses the bridge must pny 
 
 toll. The' tree, 1 planted, i3 producing fruit 
 
 This is tlie dog ^ was barking. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 i 
 
 DEFINITIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 ( .>S. The Definitive pronouns are those that a*e 
 sometimes used as adjectives to define nouns, and 
 sometimes as pronouns; as, " JFAtsbook," ■ " This 
 is mine." 
 
 1. They are (1.) the demonstrative pronou 
 this, that, these aud t sc, (2.) the deatributives * 
 each, every, eitfo r, and neither, (3.) the indefinites 
 some, one, all, any, stick,' none, several, another, other, 
 
38 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [99 
 
 both, few, own,' much, many, same, former, and 
 latter. 
 
 2. One, other, and another are thus declined : 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Xom. 
 
 One, 
 
 ones, 
 
 Other, 
 
 others, 
 
 Another. 
 
 Poss. 
 
 One's, 
 
 ones', 
 
 Other's, 
 
 others', 
 
 Another's 
 
 Obj. ' 
 
 One; 
 
 ones. 
 
 Other ; 
 
 others. 
 
 Another. 
 
 3. Another is not found in the plural. 
 
 4. These pronouns may be modified like nouns; 
 as, each one, some one. 
 
 99. Such forms as each other, one another are 
 called Reciprocal pronouns. 
 
 They are treated as compounds and form their 
 possessives as such ; as, each other's, one another's. 
 
 "Bear one another's burdens." That is, let 
 each one bear the other's burdens. " They praise 
 each other." Each is in apposition with they, 
 and other the object of praise. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 There are two coats, you may have either of 
 them. This book is mine, that is yours. Some 
 place the bliss in action, some in ease. Some one 
 is calling you. Each one must account for him- 
 self. Bear one another's burdens. 
 
 Complete these sentences : 
 
 Let each assist, the . You may take 
 
 of the . Choose of the three. 
 
 flowers are , are . Ko 
 
 blames '-. man praises . 
 
100—103] ADJECTIVES. 29 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 100. I say Wgood man, a tall man, this man, that 
 man. Good and tall describe man. Ihis and that 
 point out which one is meant. 
 
 They are all adjectives. 
 
 101. An A dj e cti v e is a word joined to a 
 noiih or pronoun to describe or define it. 
 
 1. It may with the verb to be form the predicate 
 of a proposition, but cannot of itself form the 
 subject. * 
 
 2. That it may be predicated of the subject the 
 copula be is used ; as. " The sun is bright." 
 
 3. The primary use of the adjective is to ex- 
 press the predicate. When we know that " an 
 apple is sweet," we may speak of it as " a sweet 
 apple "or use it in an attributive sense. 
 
 4. Some adjectives express the predicate only; 
 as, alike, alone, awake, aware, mindful, worth, 
 
 5. Some are rarely used, except as attributes; 
 as, dally, hourly, golden, thievish, 'paternal, fraternal^ 
 #e. 
 
 102. There are two kinds of adjectives, descrip- 
 tive and definitive. 
 
 103. Descriptive adjectives describe nouns 
 by pointing out their qualities ; as, a good mau, a^ 
 kind man. 
 
 1. Adjectives derived from proper names are 
 called jiropcr adjecfivi 8. They should begin with 
 capital letters; as, Roman, American. 
 
 ■1. Those derived from verbs are called verbal 
 adjectivqp; as, endtering friendship, a learned imu\. 
 
40 " ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [104 — 106 
 
 104. The adjective is sometimes used as a noun, 
 as good and evil, right and wrong, the chief good. 
 
 EXERCISES.- 
 
 Model. iSiveet is a descriptive adjective, it is a word ■ 
 joined to a noun to describe it, and belongs to apples, by 
 
 Kule VI. Adj ec lives modify the nouns ivhich they 
 describe or define. 
 
 Table is a common noun, a general name; neuter gender, 
 neither male nor female; third person, spoken of; singular 
 number, means but one ; and objective case, it is the object 
 of strikes, by 
 
 llule X. The object of the the transitive verb is put in 
 the objective case. 
 
 The apple is sweet. James strikes the table. 
 The bright sunlight chases away the clouds. The 
 tall trees bend before the strong wind. The 
 olimate of this favored region is delightful. 
 Complete these sentences by inserting adjectives : 
 
 houses are . The ■ dog is a 
 
 animal. The - — man will become . 
 
 men are . The pear is a fruit. Whose 
 
 children are — — ? 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 105. Definitive adjectives define or limit 
 nouns, by pointing out which one, or how many ; 
 as, this man, that man, each man, ten men. 
 
 They are divided into numeral and pronominal 
 adjectives. 
 
 106. Numerals are Words used in count- 
 ing, and are of two kinds, cardinals- sm&^ordinals. 
 
107—108] DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 41 
 
 1. The Cardinals denote how many ; as, „ 
 o?ie, two. 
 
 2. The O r d in a 1 s denote which one ; as, 
 first, second. 
 
 3. The leading cardinals,, Ordinals, and numeral 
 adverbs are : — 
 
 Cardinals. 
 
 One, 
 
 Two, 
 
 Three, 
 
 Four, &c. , 
 
 Ten, 
 
 Twenty-one, 
 
 Ordinal*. 
 First, 
 Second, 
 Third, 
 Fourth, &q.j 
 Tenth,' 
 Twenty -one. 
 
 Xmrn ral Adverts 
 
 Once, 
 Twice, 
 Thrice, 
 Four times, 
 Ten times, 
 
 Firstly. 
 
 Secondly. 
 
 Thirdly. 
 
 Fourthly. 
 
 Tenthly. 
 
 Twcnty-pne,&c Twenty-first. 
 
 107. The pronominal adjectives are those 
 that arc sometimes used as pronouns. 
 
 When used with nouns, they are adjectives ; 
 when used without nouns, they are pronouns ; as. 
 This man, Here this is an adjective. This is 
 mine. Here this is a pronoun. 
 
 108. Pronominal adjectives are divided 
 into dem nstratives, distributives, and indefinites, 
 
 1. The demonstratives are this, that, these. 
 (hose, yon, yonder. They point out precisely which 
 are meant. 
 
 2. The distributives are each, every f either 
 and neither. They point out objects separately ; 
 as, each man, each separate man. 
 
 3. The indefinites arc some, any, all. 
 such, same, former, latter, own, Utile, much, both, 
 
 ral, many* fw, no or none, one, other, another, 
 which, whichever, whichsoever, what, whatever, what, 
 soever. 
 They point out no particular person or thing. 
 
42 ELEMENTARY &RAMMAE. [109 — 110 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. This man is tall. This is a definitive adjective, 
 demonstrative kind, it defines precisely wnat is meant ; it 
 defines man, by Kule VI. 
 
 Remark. — Definitives must agree with their nouns in 
 number. 
 
 These apples are sweet. '■ Ten units make one 
 ten. Yonder tall tree is a long-leaved, pine. 
 Each hour brings its duties. 
 
 That little cottage yonder is my own. The 
 same man whom we saw yesterday will meet us 
 to-day. 
 
 Compose sentences containing these adjectives : — 
 
 Good, tall, excellent, high, green, each, several,* 
 many, studious, no, brave, sweet. 
 
 LESSOR XXII. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 109. I may say, this man is tall, that man is 
 taller, but James is the-tallest. 
 
 1. Here are three different degrees of height ; 
 tall, taller, tallest 
 
 2. This distinction is cajled in Grammar com- 
 parison. 
 
 110. There are three degrees of comparison ; 
 positive, comparative, and super- 
 lativ e. 
 
 1. The first is the simple or positive state, tall. 
 
 2. It describes without comparison. 
 
 3. The second is the comparative degree, taller. 
 
111—112] COMPARISON. 48 
 
 4. It expresses a higher or lower degree ol 
 • [imlity than the positive ami makes a comparison 
 between two. 
 
 5. It is formed by adding r or er to the posi- 
 tive. % - 
 
 (>. The third is the superlative degree, tallest. 
 
 7. It expresses the highest or lowest degree, 
 and makes a comparison between three or more. 
 
 8. It is formed by adding si- or est to the posi- 
 tive. 
 
 111. Adjectives of one syllable and many of 
 more than one are thus compared : — 
 
 y osit\rt . 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 Supcrhttit > . 
 
 High, 
 
 higher, 
 
 highest. 
 
 Sweet, 
 
 sweeter, 
 
 sweetest. 
 
 Happy, 
 
 happier, 
 
 happiest. 
 
 Fie changed into I before er'&nd est ; as, hap- 
 py, happier, happiest. 
 
 Compare in this manner : — long, safe, light, 
 heavy, broad, great, large, hot, noble, able, lofty. - 
 
 112. The comparative degree is usually follow- 
 ed by than and a noun in the nominative to a 
 verb understood; as, "AVisdom is better than 
 rubies [are.] 
 
 exei;< 
 
 • 
 
 Moi-ia.. Thomas is taller than .lames. Taller is an 
 u«yectfve, a word joined to w noun to modify it ; descriptive, 
 % describes Thomas : comparative degree, if makes a com; 
 
 parison between two, anil modifies Thomas, by Rule VI. 
 
 Wisdom is better 4 * than rubies. Platinum is 
 heavier than gold ; it is the heaviest of tlie # 
 metals. * 
 
44 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [113 — 116 
 
 Mary is taller »than Jane. She is the tallest of 
 the sisters. You are stronger than he is. 
 
 Complete these sentences : — 
 
 Iron is — — - than lead. The pine is — : — than 
 the oak. 
 
 Susan is the of the family. The 
 
 pine is a 
 
 tree. 
 
 James is , 
 
 and 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 COMPARISON CONTINUED. 
 
 113. Most long adjectives are compared by the 
 help of more and most, or less and least ; as pleas- 
 ant, more pleasant, most pleasant ; industrious, less 
 industrious, least industrious. 
 
 114. Diminution of quality is expressed by less 
 and least ; as, less beautiful, least beautiful. 
 
 The ending ish expresses a slight degree of 
 quality ; as, blackish, somewhat" black ; sweetish, 
 a little sweet. 
 
 115. Some adjectives are detective in some of 
 the degrees, which are Supplied, by other words. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 PbsUive. Comparative. < 
 
 Superlative?. 
 
 Good, better,* 
 
 best. 
 
 Bad, ill, or evil, worse, 
 
 worst. 
 
 Much, or many, more, 
 
 most. 
 
 Little, less, 
 
 least. 
 
 Old, older, elder, 
 
 oldest, eldest. 
 
 .116. A few adjectives are. irregular, but not 
 # defective ; as, 
 
[7—119] 
 
 com par: 
 
 [SON. 4 
 
 Aft, 
 
 after, 
 
 aftermost. 
 
 Far, 
 
 farther, 
 
 farthest. 
 
 Fore, 
 
 former, 
 
 foremost, 'first. 
 
 (Forth,) 
 
 further, 
 
 furthest. 
 
 Hind, 
 
 hinder, 
 
 hindmost, hin&ermosl 
 
 Late, 
 
 later, 
 
 latest, or last. 
 
 Low, 
 
 lower, 
 
 lowest, lowermost. 
 
 Near, 
 
 nearer, 
 
 nearest, next. 
 
 117'. Some are deiective in the positive forming 
 their comparative and.superlative from preposi- 
 tions and adverbs ; as, 
 
 (Out,) 
 
 outer, or 
 
 utter, 
 
 outmost, uttermost, 
 
 (In.) 
 
 inner, 
 hither, 
 
 
 innermost, inmost, 
 hithermost. 
 
 [(Be)neath, 
 
 nether, 
 under, 
 
 
 nethermost, 
 undermost. 
 
 Rear, 
 
 
 
 rearmost. 
 
 Like rear are compared, front, mid, middh , 
 north, south, east, ivest, northern, southern, eas'tem, 
 western. 
 
 118. In the double forms, much is used in speak- 
 ing of quantity, many of number; nearest is used 
 in reference to place; next, to time; later and 
 latest, in reference to time ; latter and last, to 
 order ; further means more in front ; farther more 
 distant. 
 
 119. A few descriptive adjectives cannot l»> 
 compared; as, Almighty, chief, circular, confined., 
 dead, empty, everlasting, eternal, false, free, infix it < . 
 natural, perfect^ solid, sound, square, free, fie. 
 
 1. Some of these are used by good writers in 
 the different degrees ; as, " A more perfect resem 
 blance." 
 
46 - ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [120 — 122 
 
 .Compare these words : — 
 
 Beautiful, courageous, grateful, unmindful, 
 high, generous, small, penurious, empty, eternal 
 lofty. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 The best men are not the most successful.* 
 The worst men are otten successful. Honesty 
 
 is the best policy. Truth is more wonderful than 
 
 fiction. 
 His oldest brother's son was sick. William, 
 
 the Conqueror, defeated Harold, tlie Saxon king. 
 
 Joseph, Jacob's favorite son, was sold. 
 Compose sentences containing^these words : — 
 Everlasting, good, industrious, manly, amiable, 
 
 lovely, tall, handsome, delightful. 
 
 I/ESSON XXIV. 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 120. The words a or an and the are called arti- 
 cle s. 
 
 121. A or an is called the indefinite article. 
 Ihe is called the d e f i n i te article. 
 
 122. The noun without the article is used in its- 
 widest sense. Man means all men, the race of 
 men. 
 
 1. A man means one man, but no particular 
 man. , 
 
 * Most successful and similar forms should be parsed 
 together as comparatives or superlatives. 
 
123—124] ARTICLES. 47 
 
 2. The man means a particular man, who was 
 mentioned or known before ; as, "1 met a man 
 and a boy. The man said to the boy, &c." 
 Here the refers back to the man and boy just men- 
 tioned. Also, " The man ivJiom you saw." 
 
 3. Certain words which arc definite .in them- 
 selves, do not require this reference ; as, The 
 President. \ The horse, when the species is meant,' 
 &c. 
 
 123. An is used before vowel sounds, but drops 
 the n before consonant sounds ; as, An apjile, an 
 inkstand, an hour, a horse, a man. 
 
 124. A or an is used with singular nouns, the 
 with singular or plural. 
 
 Correct these exercises. 
 
 A apple. A hour. A ounce. An horse. An 
 high hill. A industrious man. An horse is an 
 useful animal. A inkstand was on an book. A, 
 honest man sold me a ox. A old coat is an use- 
 less garment. She has an handsome goat and an 
 ewe. 
 
 Articles modify nouns by these rules : — 
 
 Rule VII. 2 he -indefinite article modifies nouns in 
 the singular number. 
 
 Rule VIII. The definite article modifies nouns in 
 the singular ox plural number. 
 
 Insert articles, §c, here : — 
 
 cherry is pleasant fruit. honest 
 
 man is always . James saw hawk and 
 
 dove. ■ dove flew from hawk. 
 
 Milton poet Edward Black Prince, 
 
48 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [125 — 182 
 
 . LESSON XXV. 
 
 THE VERB AND ITS CLASSES. 
 
 125. The verb is a word that asserts some- 
 thing. It is a word that by itself may form the 
 predicate of a proposition. 
 
 126. In respect to the proposition, verbs are 
 divided hit© two classes, Abstract ana Concrete. 
 
 . 127. Abstract verbs do not of themselves 
 form the predicates of propositions, but serve as 
 c o p u \ a s to connect the subject and predicate ; 
 as, " The apple is sweet." -"He seems well." 
 • v He appears cold." 
 
 Is when asserting being may form the predicate; 
 »d is" "I am." 
 
 128. Concrete verbs are those which may form 
 the predicates; as, " John runs." "Mary reads." 
 
 129. When I say " John runs " I express 
 a complete thought, but when I say " John rea'ds " 
 something else, a book or paper is necessary to 
 complete the thought. 
 
 130. Hence in construction there are two 
 .lasses of verbs; Complete and Incom- 
 plete, or Intransitive and Transi- 
 tive. 
 
 131. Complete or Intransitive verbs 
 ar<j those that do not require the addition of an 
 object to eomplcte the sense; as, "John runs." 
 -The rain falls." 
 
 132. Incomplete or Transitive verbs 
 are those that require the addition of an object to 
 complete the sense ; as, " He reads a paper, book, 
 or letter." 
 
133 — 135] CLASSES OP VERBS. 49 
 
 133. Transitive means passing over ; in- 
 transitive,' not imssing over. 
 
 1. The incomplete verbs are called transitive, 
 because, physically speaking, the action passes 
 over from the actor to the object. 
 
 2. If we can place it or them after a verb and 
 make sense it is transitive, btherwise, it is intran- 
 sitive. 
 
 i 
 
 134. In transitive verbs the action or state 
 terminates upon some object; in intransitive 
 verbs, it terminates in the subject. 
 
 Hence tiansitive verbs are called objective; in- 
 transitive xerbsisiibjectivc. 
 
 135. A few intransitive, verbs require a modifi- 
 cation to complete the sense ; as, he behaves well • 
 or ill or he behaves himself. In the last case the 
 action still ends in the subject, and it belongs to 
 the subjective or intransitive verbs. They are 
 called reflexiveverbs. 
 
 They are such as behaves, bestir, bethink, boast, 
 delight, exercise, foresee, fret, repent, and vaunt. 
 
 1. Others are both reflexive and transitive : as 
 I examine mgself I examine him. They are such 
 as, examine, honor, purify, kill, praise, $c. 
 
 2. A few intransitives by a change of form be- 
 come transitive ; as, " The treenails. " " ITe fells 
 the tree," that is, causes it to fall. " It lies there. " 
 " lie lays it there," that is, causes it to lie. They 
 are called causative verbs. 
 
 * 3. Others do not change their form ; as, " The 
 ship sinks." " The pirate sink* the ship." " Ffre 
 farm wood." " The "wood burns." "The man 
 burns wood," that is, causes it to burn. 
 3 
 
50 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. ' [136 — 138 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. James studies his book. Studies is 'a verb, it 
 asserts ; transitive, it requires an object to complete the 
 sense ; third, singular, to agree with James, by Kule II. 
 
 Kain falls. The suow melts. The warm sun 
 revives the earth. The trees put forth their leaves. 
 The flowers and grass spring up. 
 
 The woodman fells trees. He praise's himself. 
 Fire burns wood and coal. The robbers burned 
 the house. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 THE VOICES. 
 
 136. Transitive verbs have two forms, called 
 the active and passive voices. 
 
 1ST. In the active voice the subject is re- 
 presented as acting upon some object ; as, "John 
 strikes William." 
 
 138. In the passive voice the subject is re- 
 presented as being acted up8n ; as, " "William is 
 struck by John/' The object of the active voice 
 becomes the subject of the passive. 
 
 1. The passiv<*»is~a convenient form of expres- 
 sion, when we wish to state what has been done 
 without naming the actor - ; as, " John has been 
 struck." 
 
 2. Intransitive verbs do not admit the passive 
 Tioice, since they have no objget: 
 
 3. Some intransitive verbs are modified by 
 prepositions, so t^a't the verb and preposition are 
 
138] voices. 51 
 
 treated as compounds. They then receive a pas- 
 sive voice ;. as, " They laughed at him." "He 
 was laughed at by them." 
 
 4. There are a few forms like "He is come/' 
 "He is gone," &c, that appear like a 'passive 
 voice of intransitive verbs. 
 
 5. They must be looked upcm as peculiar forms 
 of the present perfect tense. "lie is come" for 
 "He hat come," &c, which should be used in 
 their stead. See II. S. Gr. 
 
 Change th-ese sentences into passive forms : — 
 
 Model. John strikes the table. ThetableissfruofcbyJohn. 
 
 Fire burns wood. The rains refresh the earth. 
 Caesar conquered Gaul. The wind blew down 
 the tree. James studies grammar. 
 
 Change these to active forms : — 
 
 The enemy was defeated by Jackson. ..The 
 victory was gained by the Confederates. This 
 house was built by my father. The trees were 
 planted by the gardener. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. The bell was rung by me. Was rung is a verb .' 
 transitive ; passive voice, the object is used as the subject ; 
 third, singular to agree with bell, by Rule II. 
 
 John was injured by a fall. William conquered 
 England. Columbus discovered America. Africa 
 was first circum-navigated by the Portiigm 
 The British army was captured at Yorktown*. 
 The Confederates gained a great victory al M;»- 
 
 * The^ reasons should be assigned until, in (lie judgement 
 of theHea^her, thev are thoroughly understood* 
 
r/2 ELEMENTARY -GRAMMAR. [139-— 141 
 
 Insert verbs here : — 
 
 Cattle — : — upon grass. The cow • milk, 
 
 butter, and cheese. The tree by my brother. 
 
 We — — our parents, and by them. The 
 
 tree by the wind. 
 
 LESSON XXVII, 
 
 THE MODES. 
 
 139/ Verbs assert action, or being in different 
 ways or manners. 
 
 When I say, " James runs," I assert something 
 positively, as actual. 
 
 When I say "I may go," " I can run/' I assert 
 something as possible. 
 
 When I say, "If he study,"! assert something 
 as doubtful or contingent. 
 
 When I say, "Go," "Come here," I assert 
 something as necessar} T in the form of a com- 
 mand. 
 
 140. These four forms of assertion, as actual, 
 possible •, contingent, and necessary, are * called 
 M odes. The word mode means manner. 
 
 They distinguish the manner of the action*or 
 state asserted. 
 
 14 1 . There are four modes, Indicative, Potential, 
 Subjunctive, and Imperative* 
 
 1. The I n d i c a t i v c is used to assert posi- 
 tively. 
 
 ^.hool Grammar. 
 
142—143] PARTICIPIALS. 53 
 
 2. The P o't e n t i it 1 asserts power, ability, or 
 necessity. 
 
 3. The S u bj u n c t i v e is used to assert some- 
 thing as uncertain, doubtful, or contingent.' 
 
 4. The Imperative mode expresses & com- 
 mand, exhortation, or entreaty. 
 
 The subjunctive is now rarely used. 
 The potential mode belongs to the proposition 
 rather than to the simple verb. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. The warm sun shines. Shines is a verb ; intran- 
 sitive; indicative mode, it asserts positively ; third, singular, 
 to agree with Sun, by Rule 11. 
 
 James goes to school. He is fond of his books. 
 
 The cold wind. blows. 'America was discovered 
 
 by Columbus. I may go. 
 
 Compose sentences containing these ivords : — 
 Study, run, play, make, strive, find, came, 
 
 sing. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII 
 
 THE PARTICIPIALS. 
 
 142. There are certain forms attached to nearly 
 all verbs, which do not assert and are therefore 
 not modes. 
 
 143.. They are* the I n fin i t i v c s , Pa r t i c i - 
 pies and Verbal noun. 
 
 'They are called. Participials. ParticipU and 
 participial mean partaking of. 
 
• )4 ELEMENTARY 6 E AM MAR. [144—148 
 
 144. The infinitives and verbal noun 
 partake of the nature of the verb and noun ; the 
 p a j- 1 i.c i p 1 e s partake of the nature of the verb 
 and adjective. 
 
 145. The Infinitive is found in two forms : 
 
 1. First, the simple infinitive, without the 
 sign to. It is vised after may, can, must, will, shall, 
 let, make, have, need, do, dare, bid, help, see, hear, 
 feel. 
 
 2. Second, the infinitive with to or the pre- 
 positional infinitive. 
 
 3. For example the. Saxon infinitive of love -was 
 lufian-, while the supine was to lufigenne or to lufi- 
 enne. From this comes our English to love. This 
 form has nearly taken the place of the true infin- 
 itive. 
 
 4. Its proper name is the Supine. 
 
 146. The Participle like the adjective ex- 
 presses both the predicate and the attribute ; as 
 " The sun is rising.'' u The rising sun." ." The 
 man is learned." "The learned man." 
 
 1. Like a verb it denoted the completion or in- 
 completion of an action, and receives the same 
 modifiers that it does. 
 
 2. There are three "participles, the Imperfect 
 loving, the Perfect loved, and the Compound hav- 
 ing loved. 
 
 147. The Imperfect represents an action 
 or state as continuing; the Perfect, as fin- 
 ished ; the Compound as completed before 
 some other action or state. 
 
 148. The Verbal noun ends in ing and is 
 the name of an action. 
 
149] censes. 55 
 
 1. It is distinguished from tlie participle in ing 
 by its ability to form the subject ol-a proposition, 
 which the participle cannot do ; as, " Writing, is 
 fatiguing." 
 
 2. It is'a participial, because it receives the 
 modifications of the verb ; as, " Writing letters is 
 a pleasant employment." 
 
 3. The verbal noun is closely connected 
 in meaning with the infinitive; as, "I love to 
 play." "Hove playing." " To play ispleasant," 
 
 • or "playing is pleasant." 
 
 The infinitives are parsed by Rule XXI. Les- 
 - son XL VIII. 
 
 The participles are parsed by Rule XXIV. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Playing in the open air, is pleasant. Having 
 learned his lesson, he ran out to play. It is base 
 totelfan untruth. Seeing the multitudes, he 
 went up into a mountain. 
 
 Compose a slwrt exercise describing what you 
 saw oh your way to school. 
 
 • LESSOK XXIX. 
 
 THE TENSES. 
 SECTION I. 
 
 . 149. There are three divisions of time, p rec- 
 ent, past,- and future. 
 
 In each of these an action may be asserted as 
 indefinite, going on or progressive, and 
 completed. 
 
56 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [150—152 
 
 He writes is indefinite. He is writing is progres- 
 sive. He has written is completed. 
 • 150. The forms .of the verb made use of to ex- 
 press these relations are called tenses. 
 
 1. The word tense means time. " 
 
 2. It denotes not only relations of time, but 
 also the completion or incompletion of the action 
 or state asserted. 
 
 151. There are nine such relations, which are 
 usually included in English under six tenses; 
 Present } Past x Future, Present Perfect, Past Per- 
 fect, Future Perfect. ■ v 
 
 1. The Present, Past, and Future express'inde- . 
 finite action ; the others express completed action. > 
 
 2. Progressive action is expressed by joining 
 the Imperfect participle to the lorms of the verb 
 be or am. 
 
 152. Our tenses are divided into two classes, 
 •simple and compound. 
 
 1. The simple tenses are the Present and Past. 
 
 2. The compound tenses are of two kinds, those 
 formed with have, and those formed with shall 
 and will. 
 
 3. The first are the Present and Past Perfect ; 
 as, "I have learned," •' I had learned." 
 
 4. The second are the Future and Future Per- 
 fect. 
 
 5. There are also compound forms, composed 
 of the auxiliary do and its past tense did, which 
 are used to express emphasis; as, "Ido learn," 
 a I did learn. " 
 
153 — 155] TENSES. 57 
 
 THE PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 153. The Present Tense denotes present 
 time. 4 ' « 
 
 1. The simple form is indefinite and asserts 
 what is true and customary; as, u Vice produces 
 misery." " He writes well," that is, "lie is ac- 
 customed to do it." 
 
 2. It sometimes denotes a progressive action ; 
 as, "He breathes slowly." 
 
 3. The progressive form asserts what is now 
 going on ; as, " He is writing," "I am studying 
 my lesson." * • 
 
 4. I (ty write is the emphatic form. 
 
 THE PAST TENSE. 
 
 154. The Past tense denotes past time. 
 
 1. The simple form represents an action mere- 
 ly as past; as, "I wrote." "lie studied." 
 
 2. The progressive form represents an action 
 as going on, at some pas^t time mentioned; as, 
 a Ife was writing, when we came." 
 
 155. The Past tense is formed in two ways,, by 
 adding a syllable, as in leant, learned; and by 
 changing the yowcI of the present, as in sing, sang. 
 
 1. The second, by recent scholars, is. called the 
 strong form, and the first is called the weak. 
 
 2. The Past of weak verbs is formed by ad- 
 ding d, t, or ed, to the present ; as learn-ed, love-d; 
 bend, ben(d)t ; seek, sough-t ; buy, lough-L 
 
 3.. The Present and Past are the only simple 
 tenses, and strictly speaking, the only tenses of 
 3b 
 
58 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [15*6 
 
 the English verb. The other relations of time are 
 
 -* -' ■ 
 expressed by means of helping words or auxiliaries. 
 
 EXERCISES. fr 
 
 . Model. Mary plays well. Plays is a .verb, intransitive, 
 indicative mode, present tense, it denotes present, time, third 
 singular to agree with Mary, by Rule II. 
 
 Thomas reads his book. Dido founded Car- 
 thage. Gentle manners arc winning. The boys 
 were playing in the streets. William listened 
 attentively. The village master taught his little 
 school. Caesar leaves Gaul, crosses the Rubicon, 
 and enters Italy. "When he comes, we will re- 
 turn. 
 
 Compose six sentences containing verbs in the 
 present tense. Also six containing past tenses. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 ■0 
 
 THE COMrOUND TENSES. 
 
 1 st. W i th shall and will. 
 
 THE FUTURE. 
 
 156. The Future Tense denotes future 
 
 time. 
 
 1. It is composed of shall and will and the sim- 
 ple infinitive of any verb. 
 
 2. The simple form asserts merely that an ac- 
 tion will take place hereafter ; as, "I shall* write." 
 
 3. The progressive form asserts that an action 
 will be going on at some future time ; as, " I shall 
 be writing, when he arrives." 
 
157 — 160] COMPOUND TENSES. 59 
 
 157. There are two forms of the Future, the 
 diet ice and the promissive. 
 
 1. Shall in the first person and. will in the 
 second and third simply foretell, and form the 
 predictive^ 
 
 2. Will in the first person, and shall in the- 
 second and third refer to the will of the speaker, 
 and form the promissive future. 
 
 2d. Compound Tenses with have. 
 
 158. They are the Present F e r f c c t , the 
 Past Perfect, and the Future Perfect 
 tenses. 
 
 Tlacy are called perfect tenses since their action 
 is completed at the time nnfhtioncd, or implied. 
 
 THE PRESENT PERFECT. 
 
 1-50. The Present P e r f c c t deno tes, first, a 
 completed action ; second, an action completed in 
 time connected with the present. 
 
 1. When time is referred to it must he connect- 
 with the present, otherwise it is completely inde- 
 finite. 
 
 2. Hence it cannot he nsed in reference to any 
 particular past time. I cannot say, " I have 
 written yesterday," hut **I wrote yesterday." 
 
 3. The progressive form denotes an action go- 
 ing on in past time connected with the present ; 
 as, "lie has hcen writing to-day." 
 
 THE PAST PERFECT. 
 
 160. Tiie Past Perfect Tense denotes an 
 action finished before some past time mentioned ; 
 as, "I had written the letter, before he 
 
60 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR, £161— -164 
 
 1. In its form ii isthe-pasl tense of Ajaite.togeth- 
 with the participle. 
 
 2. The progressive form denotes an action or 
 taiv goin'g on before some past time ; as, "He 
 
 had been writing before I came." 
 
 TUE FUTURE TERFECT. 
 
 161. The Future Perfect Tense denotes 
 an action or state that will be completed before 
 some other action mentioned; as, "I shall have 
 written my letter, before the mail. arrives." 
 
 The progressive form denotes an action or state 
 going on before some future time : as, "lie will 
 have been traveling a week to-morrow." » 
 
 162. SIGNS OF THE TENSES. # 
 
 Present. The simple form of the verb. In the 
 emphatic form do. 
 
 Past. In strong verbs, a change in the vowel ; 
 in weak verbs ed ; in the emphatic form did. 
 
 Future. Shall and will. Shalt and wilt. 
 
 Pres. Perf. Have, hast, has. 
 
 Past Perf. Had, hadst. 
 
 Put. Perf. Shall or will have, shalt or wilt- have. 
 
 1G3. A Synopsis is given by naming the 
 first person singular in each tense. 
 
 . 164. SYNOPSIS OF LEARN. . ' 
 
 Simple Form. Progressive Form. 
 
 I 'resent, I learn, I am learning. 
 
 » Past, I learned, I was learning. 
 
 Future, I shall or will learn, I shall or will be learning, 
 Pres. Perf. I have learned, I have been learning. 
 Past Perf I had learned, I had been learning. 
 Fut. Perf I shall have learned, I shall have been learning. 
 Give a synopsis of love, study, play, desire. 
 
164*—165] COMPOUND TENSES.. ,61 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. He has written a letter. Has written is a verb, 
 it atserts ; transitive, it requires an object ; indicative mode, 
 it asserts positively ; present perfect tense, it denotes an ac- 
 tion completed at the present time ; third, singular to a 
 with he, by Rule II. 
 
 James' father has come. I have heard the re- 
 port oiicc or twice. Thomas had gone heforc the 
 stage came. The messenger will have reached 
 him by to-morrow. 
 
 Compose six ^sentences containing verbs in the 
 present perfect tense ; six containing tli-c past 
 perfect tense, and six containing the future" per- 
 fect. 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 
 % . TEN'SES OF THE POTENTIAL. 
 
 164. The six tenses belong only to the indh-.i . 
 live mode, since that, only, asserts positively. 
 
 The tenses do not have the same. definite mean 
 i ng in the other modes. 
 " 165 v The Potential lias foUr forms : 
 Present, Past, Present Perfect, 
 Past Perfect;* as, "I may go," ^ I might 
 go,". " I may have gone," a I might have gone." 
 
 They are, in their origin, indicative tenses of 
 the verbs, may, can, must, (shall) should, and (will) 
 would, followed by the simple infinitives. 
 
 For an explanation of these forms see " High School 
 Grammar." 
 
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [166 — 1T1 
 
 166. In respect to time these tenses are indefi- 
 nite, especially in the Present and Past forms. 
 
 167. The Present is composed of the pres- 
 ent indicative -of way, can, must, and the present 
 infinitive. 
 
 It implies present or future time, -according to 
 the modifying words ; as, " I can go now." "I 
 may go to-morrow." ' * 
 
 168. The Pa s t is composed of the past in- 
 dicative of may, can, will, shall, (might, could, 
 wouldjjand should) and the present infinitive. 
 
 It implies present, past, or future time ; as, 
 
 ^Present, u I would go now if it were possible." 
 
 Past, " I could not go last year." "He said last 
 
 week I might go yesterday." Future, "You 
 
 should by all means return next week." 
 
 169. The Present Perfect is composed 
 of the present tenses of may, can, must, and the 
 perfect infinitive. 
 
 It implies that an action may have taken place 
 in past time ; as, " James may have returned." 
 
 170. The Past Perfect is composed of the 
 past tenses of may, can, will, and shall and the 
 perfect infinitive. 
 
 Jt implies that it was possible that an action 
 might have taken place in past time ; as, " He 
 might have studied." " He could have returned." 
 
 171. The signs of the Present are may, can, 
 mast. 
 
 The signs of the Past are might, coilld, would, 
 and should. 
 
 The signs of the Present Perfect, may have, can 
 have, must have. 
 
•172—1731 TENSES, AC. 63 
 
 * 
 
 The signs of the Past Perfect, might have, could 
 have, <J'c. '. . 
 
 172. SYNOPSIS OP LEARN in the potential. 
 
 Present, I may, can, or must learn, or he learn- 
 ing. 
 
 Past, I might, could, would, or should learn, or 
 he learnings • 
 
 Pres. <£*erf.i I may, can, or must have learned, 
 or been learning. 
 
 Past Per/., I might, could, would, or should 
 lulve learned, or been learning. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 He may come to-morrow. Y^u may read .the 
 second chapter. His employer said ho might- 
 Susan might learn, if she would study. He may 
 have come. The work might have been done, if 
 lie had been more industrious. 
 
 Complete these sentences : — 
 
 The tree overturned. You and then 
 
 you out to pfcty. William a 
 
 scholar, if he had been industrious. The train 
 arrived. 
 
 Write a short account of your last ride. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERATIVE, kC. . 
 
 173. The Subjunctive mode has two fori 
 
 called the Present and Past tenses. 
 
 1. It is found in the present and past tenses of 
 to be, and in the present tense of other verbs. 
 
64 [ENTARY GRAMMAR. -[174 — 176 
 
 2. Ii i.- usetl only in conditional sentences after 
 though, unless,' except, whether, and lest. 
 
 3. It has also been used after some of the con 
 
 j « active adverbs ; as, " Until the day dawn and 
 l he day star arise" 
 
 4. The Present denotes a future condition ; 
 as, u If he learn " means " if he shall learn," and 
 lias been called the Future c o n t i ji g c n t 
 tense. 
 
 5. The indicative form, "if he learns,' # is now 
 almost universally used in its place. 
 
 6. The Past denotes a supposition, or hypo- 
 thesis, in present time which is known not to be 
 real ; as, " If he were studious, he would learn," 
 but he is not studious. 
 
 174. The tensef of the Subjunctive arc a Pres- 
 
 # ent, or Contingent Future and a past or Hypothetical, 
 
 " Contingent Future, If I be. If I learn, if thou 
 learn, if he- learn. 
 
 Hypothetical or Past. If I were. It has no 
 reference to past time. 
 
 175. The Imperative has only the Present 
 tense and second person. 
 
 1. It expresses a command; as, "Love thou ;" 
 an exhortation, " Come ye to the waters;" an 
 entreaty, " Return O Lord;" a wish, " O king 
 live forever," ".farewell," "good-bye;" permis- 
 sion, " Qo in peace." 
 
 2. It agrees with thou or you expressed or un- 
 derstood. 
 
 176. The Infinitive has two forms. Pres- 
 
 • e n t , To love ; and Perfect, To have loved. 
 
177—180] TENSES, AC; 65 
 
 1. The first expresses an action or state indefi- 
 nitely without regard to time ; as, " lie desires 
 to learn." " Eager to study." /'He desired to 
 write. u He will be ready to go." 
 • 2. The second expresses a completed action or 
 state without refereuce to time ; as, " Ho is said 
 to have done well." 
 
 3. The leading verb expresses the time, while 
 the infinitive modifies it like a noun or a clause ; 
 as, " He reads to, learn." " He reads that he may 
 learn." • * 
 
 177. The Participle has three forms, the 
 Imperfect, Loving; the Perfect, Loved; 
 and the Compound, Having Loved. 
 
 Transitive verbs have, besides these three par- 
 ticiples, three corresponding to them in the pas- 
 sive voice ; as, active, loving, loved, having loved ; 
 passive, being loved, loved, having been loved. 
 
 178. The imperfect participle ends in ing, and 
 denotes an action or state continuing in the time 
 of the leading verb; as, "lie was reading" "lie 
 entered singing." 
 
 179. The perfect participle implies an action or 
 state completed. 
 
 In weak or regular verbs it ends in ed ; in strong 
 verbs it generally ends in en. 
 
 180. The compound of the perfect denotes an. 
 action or state finished before some other ; as 
 w Having learned my lesson, I went to school." 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 If it were not so, I would have told you. Ye 
 will not come unto me ; that ye may have life. 
 
fifi 
 
 MENTAKY Ifl^AMMAR. [181 — 1*2 
 
 Kulton is said to have invented the steam-boat. 
 John strives to improve. Susan loves to read." 
 Bring me those new books. I saw a man plough- 
 in the fields. 
 
 Complete these sentences hy inserting infinitives and 
 participles: 
 
 While I was in the grove, I heard a bird 
 
 . I saw a horsey in the pasture. Mary 
 
 is by all. Susan tries . I ani going 
 
 a letter. — —his lesson, he came up 
 
 it. He in the garden. * 
 
 Compose short sentences containing these words : 
 
 Studying, reading, singing, to study, to play, 
 written, having heard, walking. 
 
 . LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 THE REGULAR AND IRREGULAR OR STRONG AND 
 WEAK VERBS. 
 
 181. T 'ho principal parts of a verb are the Pres- 
 ent and Past tenses ; indicative and the Per- 
 fect Participle; as, leqrn, learned, learned; 
 Bing, sang, sung. 
 
 From these the. other parts of the verb are 
 formed. 
 
 182. There are two ways of forming these prin- 
 cipal parts, and therefore two classes of verbs. 
 
 1. One claiss adds a syllable to the present 
 tense, the* other changes the vowel ; as, learn, 
 learnt, learned; snig, sang, swng. 
 
 2. They are commonly called Regular and 
 Irregular, and are thus defined : 
 
L83— 189] vmut 67 
 
 i 
 
 183. The Regular verbs actd d ov ed to term 
 
 their principal parts. 
 
 184. The Irregular verbs do not ad <l or ed t<> 
 form their principal parts. 
 
 185. The later and more correct division is into 
 Strong and Weak verbs. 
 
 1. Verbs that change the vowel are called ' 
 strong, because they form their parts within them- 
 selves. 
 
 2. Verbs that add a syllable arc called weak, 
 because they require an addition from without. 
 
 3. They add d, t, or ed, to form their principal 
 parts. 
 
 AUXILIARY VERBS. % . 
 
 180. Do, be, have, may, can, mast, will and shall, 
 arc called auxiliary verbs; because by their help 
 the other verbs are conjugated. 
 
 187. Do, be, have and will, are also -used 
 principal verbs. 
 
 188. The conjugation of the verb is the regu- 
 lar arrangement of its voices, mode*, tens* 1 
 numbers, and persons. . # 
 
 189C Will, shall, mag, can and must arc thug 
 conjugated. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 \ si per* 2d per. 3<7 
 
 I. Thou, He; 
 
 ., Will, wilt, will : 
 
 Would, wouldest, would 
 
 /Vcs., Shall, eh alt, ehall : 
 
 Past, Should, shouldest, should; should, should, should. 
 
 ., May, ma; may; may, ma may. 
 
 Might, might est might: might, might, might. 
 
 ., Can, canst, can ; can. < an. can. 
 
 Fast, Could, couldest, could ; could, could, could. 
 
 Pres. t Must, mu t; must, must, mud. 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 St per. 
 
 2d per. 
 
 fid per. 
 
 We, 
 
 will. 
 
 would 
 
 shall, 
 
 You, 
 
 will, 
 , would, 
 
 shall, 
 
 They. 
 will. 
 
 would. 
 
 shall. 
 
68 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [190 ' 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. JIc had studied. Had studied is a verb, it asserts ; 
 regular (or weak) it adds cd to form its past tense; transi- 
 tive, it requires an ooject; indicative, mode, it asserts posi- 
 tively; past perfect tense, it denotes an action completed 
 before some other action; third, singular, to agree with he, 
 by Rule II. 
 
 James has come. The birds will sing. Samuel 
 will have recited his lesson before you return. 
 Have you heard the news ? My father came yes- 
 terday. The stage has gone. Will you come 
 with me. 
 
 Compose sentences containig these words : 
 
 Flowers, ha^come, will be delighted, Will go, 
 was heard, is growing, learned, blooming. 
 
 Compose different sentences upon the same 
 words. ' 
 
 LESSOR XXXIV. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF .THE VERB BE OR AM. 
 
 190. The verb be is a defective verb made up 
 of the verbs, am 9 be and was. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Present, am. Past, was. Perfect Part., been. 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. * - • PturaL 
 
 1st Person, I am, 1st Perron, We arc ; 
 
 2d Person, Thou art, . 2d Person, You are, 
 3d Person, He is; 3d Person, They arc. 
 
190] VERBS. 69 
 
 TAST TENSE. 
 
 Singular* 'Plural, 
 
 1 .1 was, 1 We were, 
 
 2 Thou wast, 2 You were, 
 
 3 He was ; 3 They were. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE PREDICTIVE. 
 
 Singular. Fhral. 
 
 1 I shall be, 1. We shall be. 
 
 2 Thou wilt be, 2 You will be, 
 
 3 He will be \ 3 They will be. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE PROMISSIVE. 
 
 Singular, ■ Plural. 
 
 X I will be, 1 We will be, 
 
 2 Thou shalt be, 2 You shall be, 
 
 a He shall be j 3 They shall be. 
 
 JPRESENT PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I have been, < 1 We have been, 
 
 2 Thou hast been, 2 You have been, 
 
 3 He has been; 3 They have been 
 
 PAST PERFECT TENSE. , 
 
 Singular. Plural. # 
 
 1 I bad been, 1 We had been. 
 
 2 Thou hadst been, 2 You had been. 
 '■> He had been; 3 They had been. 
 
 JURE PERFJX'T TEN#E PREDICTIVK. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I shall have^een, 1 We shall have been 
 
 2 Thou wilt have been, 2 You will have been, 
 
 3 He will have been; 3 They will have been. 
 
f$ ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [190 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE PROM1SSYE. 
 
 Singular. Plural* 
 
 1 I will have been, 1 We will have been, 
 
 2 Thou shalt have been, 2 You shall have been, 
 M* lie shall have been; 3 They shall have been. 
 
 POTENTIAL MODE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Signs — may, can, must. Inflect with each. 
 Singular Phiral. 
 
 1 I may be, 1 We may be, 
 
 2 Thou mayest be, 2 You may be, 
 
 3 He may be; • 3 They may be. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 S^gns — might, could, would, should. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I might be, 1 We might, be, 
 
 2 Thou mightst be, ' 2 You might be, 
 :; He might be; 3 They might be. 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT. 
 
 Signs — may have, nan have, must have 
 ♦ " Singular. Plural. 
 
 \ I may have been, 1 We may have been, 
 
 2 r l*iou mayst have been, 2 You may have been, 
 
 3 He may have been; 3 They may have been. 
 
 PAST PERFECT. 
 
 Signs — might have^ould have, would 'have, should 
 
 haw.. ~ 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I might have been, 1 We migjit have been, 
 
 2 Thou mightst have been, 2 You might have been, 
 
 3 He might have been; 3 They might have been 
 
190] VERBS. n 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 CONTINGENT FUTURE OR PRESENT. 
 
 « Sin yii -lor. 
 
 Plural 
 
 1 If I be, . •• 
 
 1 If we be, 
 
 2 If thou be, 
 
 2 If you be, 
 
 3 If he be; 
 
 3 If they be. 
 
 IIYPOTIIETTCAL 
 
 FORM OR PAST. 
 
 1 If I were, 
 
 1 If we were, 
 
 2 If thou wert, 
 
 2 If thou were, 
 
 3 If he were ; 
 
 3 If they were. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 * Sinaulur. 
 
 : Plural* 
 
 2 Be thou or you; 2 Be ye or you. 
 
 t INFINITIVES. 
 
 Present, To be, Perfect) To have been. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 tmperf.) Being. Perf.^ Been. Comp. : Baying been 
 
 8YNOP6 
 
 Indicative. Potential. 
 
 Present^ lam. Present, Imay,canormuM 
 
 ► Past, I WJ Past, I might be. 
 
 Future, I shall or will be Pres. /'//.. I may h 
 /'its. Per/ t} I have been. Past /'</•/'.. I might haveb< - □ 
 Past Perf^ I had been. 
 Put. !><>■/., I shall or will 
 have been. 
 
 I HJUNCTIVX. 
 
 Present, tf II Past, If I were. 
 
72 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR/ [191 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 2 He thou. 2 Be you. . 
 
 INFINITIVES. 
 
 Present, To be/ Perfect, To have been. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Imperf., Being. Perf., Been. Comp., Having been. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 The warm sun is pleasant. The prospect was 
 a delightful one. The industrious youth will be 
 respected. I have been young, but now am old. 
 The day may be rainy. lie might have been re- 
 spected. Be cheerful and hopeful. 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 
 191. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB LOVE. 
 . PRINCIPAL PARTS... 
 
 - Present, love. Past, loved. Perfect Part., loved. 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE.. , ' 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I love, ' .1 We love, • 
 
 2 Thou lovest, 2 You love, 
 
 3 He love* j 3 They love. 
 
190] 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 
 PAST TENSE. - 
 
 • 
 
 Singular. 
 1 1 loved, 
 
 Plural. 
 1 We loved, 
 
 2 Thou lovedst, 
 
 2 You loved, 
 
 3 He loved ; 
 
 • J They loved. 
 
 73 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 Let the pupil give the predict I re and promissive forms 
 separately. „ . 
 
 ' Singula/ 1 . Plural. 
 
 L 1 shall or will love, 1. We shall or will love, 
 
 2 Thou shalt or wilt love, 2 You shall or will love, 
 
 3 He shall or willlove; 3 They shall or .will love. 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 /Singular. * Plural. 
 
 1 I have loved, 1 We have loved, 
 
 2 Thou hast loved, 2 You have loved, 
 3, He has loved ; 3 They have loved. 
 
 PAST PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I had loved, 1 We had loved, 
 
 2 Thou hadst loved, 2 You had loved, 
 :> lie had loved ; .'> They had loved: 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. 4 Plural. 
 
 1 I shall or will have loved, 1 We shall or will have loved 
 
 2 Thou shalt or wilt have 2 You shall or will have 
 
 loved, loved, 
 
 3 He shall or will have ;; They shall or will .have 
 
 . loved; | vefl 
 
 4 
 
74 < ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR! [190 
 
 1 . POTENTIAL MODE. ' 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. - Plural. 
 
 1 I may love, 1 .We may love, 
 
 2 Thou mayst love, 2 You may love, 
 
 3 He may love; 3 They may love. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I might love, 1 Wc might love, 
 
 2 Thou mightst love, 2 You might love, 
 
 3 He might love; 3 They might love. 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 1 I may have loved, 1 We may have loved, 
 
 2 Thou mayst have loved, 2 "Jjjjou may have loved, 
 3» He may have loved j 3 They may have loved. 
 
 PAST PERFECT. 
 
 * 
 
 Singular. - • Plural. 
 
 1 I might have loved, 1 We might have loved, 
 
 2 Thou mightsthave loved, 2 You might have loved, 
 
 3 He might have loved ; 3 They might have loved. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 CONTINGENT FUTURE OR PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. • Plural. 
 
 1 If I love, 1 If we love, 
 
 2 If thou love, 2 If you love, 
 
 3 If he love • ' 3 If they love. 
 
 The present is the only conditional form that differs from 
 the indicative except the past of be or am. 
 
190] VERBS. 
 
 IMPKKATIVK MODE ' 4 
 
 Simjithtr. I 'I and. 
 
 2 Love thou or you ; 2 Love ye or you. 
 
 INFINITIVES. 
 Pregert t, To love ; Perfect, To have loved. 
 
 TARTICfPLES. 
 
 Tmperf^ Loving. Per/., Loved. Comp. x Having loved. 
 
 Let the pupil write or give a synopsis of this 
 verb. 
 Like love conjugate learn, study. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. lie may have loved. May have loved is a verb, 
 it asserts, regular or weak, it adds ed to form the past tense ; 
 transitive, it requires an object; potential, it implies possi- 
 bility ; present perfect, it asserts what may have taken 
 place; third, singular to agree with he, by Kule II. ' 
 
 I learn my lesson by bard study. James had 
 played until he was tired. We play ball after we 
 have learned our lessons. Have you heard the 
 tram ? If he studies well this session, he can 
 enter college this fall. 
 
 Compose sentences* containiny these Word, 
 
 Learns, studies, has played, may read, will 
 come, had heard, might have returned, shall go. 
 
 Require various sentences to be formed upon the 
 same ivord. 
 
76 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. , [191—192 
 
 LESSON XXXVI; 
 
 PROGRESSIVE FORM OF LEARN. 
 
 \ { M. The progressive form is conjugated by 
 inkling the Imperfect Participle of any verb to the 
 forms of be or am. 
 
 192. Synopsis of Learn, Progressive Form. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. POTENTIAL MODE. . 
 
 Present^ I am learning. I may be learning. 
 
 Pasty I was learning. 1 might be learning. 
 Future, -I shall or will be 
 
 learning. 
 Pres. Per/?) I have been I may have been learning. 
 
 learning. 
 Pdsi Per/., I had been I might have been learning. 
 
 learning. 
 
 Future Per/., 1 shall Jhave 
 
 been learning. 
 i 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 Contingent Fjitnre or Present, if I be learning. 
 Hypothetical or Past, If I were learning. 
 
 IMPERATIVE M01>E. 
 
 Singular. • Pbural. 
 
 2 Be thou learning. 2 Be ye learning. 
 
 INFINITIVES. 
 
 Present, To be learning. Per/., To have been learning 
 
 Conjugate thus : I am learning, Thou art learn- 
 ing, He is learning, We are learning,'&c. 
 
193] PASSIVE VOICE OF LOVE. 77 
 
 EXERCISES: * 
 
 Model. If he learn, he will please us. {If he) learn is a 
 verb, it asserts ; regular OY-weak it adds ed to form the pa^t 
 tense ; transitive, it requires an object ; subjunctive mode, it 
 expresses something doubtful or uncertain ; present tense, 
 in its form ; third, singular to agree with he, by Rule II. 
 
 If it rain to-morrow I cannot go, If it were 
 he, lie would come to see us. Come to me and 
 bring me your book. I saw a boy reading his 
 book. The trees were bending under their load . 
 of fruit. The girls are playing iii the garden. 
 
 Complete these sentences : 
 
 . The farmer his field. The class the 
 
 last Lesson wclL The good man his neigh- 
 bor. The guilty ' • no accuser. « may 
 
 have gone . — — will be . 
 
 Point out the properties of sli\ apple. 
 
 LESSON XXX¥IL 
 
 THE PASSIVE VOICE OF LOVE. 
 
 193. The Passive voifcc is formed by adding 
 the perfect participle of any transitive verb to the 
 forms of the verb be or am. 
 
 INDICATIVE MO I 
 
 * -.4 "* 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 mural 
 
 I am loved, 
 
 1 AVe are loved. 
 
 Thou art loved. 
 
 2 You are loved, 
 
 He i \o\ ■ 
 
 3 They, axe loved. 
 
78 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR . [193 
 
 PAST TENS!-:. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I was loved, 1 We were loved, 
 
 2 Thou wast loved, 2 You were loved, 
 
 3 Tie was loved ; * 3 They were loved. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE, PREDICTIVE FORM. 
 
 • * Singular. t Plural. 
 
 1 I shall be'loved, 1 We shall be loved, 
 
 2 Thou wilt be loved, 2 You will be loved, 
 
 3 He will be loved; 3 They will be loved. 
 
 - "FUTURE TENSE, PRO-MISSIVE FORM. < 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I will be loved, 1 We will be loved, . 
 
 2 Thou shalt be loved, 2 You shall be loved, 
 ■*i He shall be loved; 3 They shall be loved. 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT TEN si 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I have been loved, 1 We have been loved, 
 
 2 Thou hast been loved, 2 You have been loved, 
 
 '■'> He has been loved; 3 They have been loved. 
 
 PAST PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. » Plural, 
 
 1 I had been loved, 1 We had been loved, 
 
 2 Tliou hadst been loved, 2 You had been loved, 
 
 3 He had been loved; "3 They had been loved. 
 
 I I'TURE FERFHCT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I shall have been loved, 1 We shall have been loved^ 
 
 2 Thou wilthave been loved, 2 You will -have been loved, 
 o He will have been loved; 8 They will have been loved 
 
193] PASSIVE VOICE OF LOVE. 79 
 
 * 
 
 POTENTIAL MODE, 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. Plum/. 
 
 1 I may be loved, 1 We may be loved, 
 
 2 Thou mayst be loved, 2 You may be loved, 
 
 3 He may be loved ; 3 They may be loved 
 
 TAST. 
 
 Singular. . Plivral. 
 
 1 I might be loved, 1 We might be loved, 
 
 2 Thou mightst be loved, 2 You might be loved, 
 
 3 He might be loved \ 3 They might be loved. 
 
 \ PRESENT PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I may have been loved, 1 We may have been loved, 
 
 2 Thou mayst have been ( 2 You may have been loved, 
 
 loved, 
 
 3 He may have been loved; 3 They may have been loved. 
 
 . PAST PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I might have been loved, 1 We might have been loved, 
 
 2 Thou mightst have been 2 You might have been 
 
 loved, loved, 
 
 3 He might have been 3 They might have been 
 . . loved ; loved. 
 
 SU l'.UTNCTIVE MO I 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 1 If I be loved, I If we be loved, 
 
 2 If thou be loved, 'J If you be loved, 
 € if he be loved; 3 If they be loved. 
 
80 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [193 
 
 % 
 
 PAST. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I wc were loved, 1 If I were loved, 
 
 2 If thou wert loved, 2 If you were loved, 
 
 3 If he were lovccf; 3 If they were loved. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 2 Be thou or you loved. 2 Be ye or you loved. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present] To be loved. Perfect, To have been loved. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Imperfect, Being loved. Perfect, Loved. Compound, 
 Having been loved. 
 
 • Conjugate in like manner, learn, place, teach. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. I am praised. Am praised is a verb, it asserts; 
 regular or weak, * it forms its past tense by adding ed; 
 tr-ansitive, it requires an object ; passive voice, the object- is 
 used as subject, indicative, present, first singular to agree 
 with 7, by Rule IJ. 
 
 You are loved. They are blessed. We were 
 esteemecl. James was accused. He has heard 
 the news. She had learned /her lesson. They 
 
 * The teacher may use the tzxm&weak or regular a8 tie may 
 desire. The terms regular and irregular, though long used, 
 are not scientifically correct and are objectionable. I prefer 
 to follow the highest authorities in the use of weak and 
 strong. • * 
 
194] 
 
 THE VERB TAKE. 
 
 81 
 
 'will beloved. The report' may have been false 
 
 The book can not have been returned. T am 
 
 pleased with my situation. 
 
 Oimpose sentences containing these words : 
 
 Is praised, was esteemed, have been heard, w i 
 
 loved, are made, may be fought, might be found. 
 
 LESSON XXXV] II. 
 
 194. CONJUGATION OF THE STRONG VERB TAKK. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS." 
 
 6 
 
 Present, take. Past, took. Perf. Participle, taken, 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1 I take, 
 
 2 Thou takest, 
 8 He takes ; 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 1 I took, 
 
 2 Thou tookest, 
 
 3 He took ; 
 
 Singular 
 
 I I shall take. 
 3b 
 
 Plural 
 
 1 We take i 
 
 2 You take, 
 8 They take 
 
 PAST. 
 
 Potential. 
 
 1 We took, 
 
 2 You took, 
 
 3 They took. 
 
 ii n Rfe. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1 We shall take. 
 
* 82 • ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [194 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT. 
 
 * • 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I have token. 1 We have taken. 
 
 PAST PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural ■ 
 
 1 I had taken. 1 We had taken. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I shall have taken. 1 We shall have taken. 
 
 Potential mode. 
 
 % 
 
 - PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. Phtral. 
 
 1 I may, can , or must take. 1 We may, can, or must take. 
 
 * • * 
 
 PAST. 
 
 Singular. 9 Plural. 
 
 I I might, could, would, or 1 We might, could, would, 
 should take. or should take. 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1 I may, can, or must have 1 We may, can, or must 
 taken. have taken. 
 
 PAST PERFECT. 
 
 « 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I i might, could, would, or 1 We might, could, would 
 ■hould have taken. or should have taken. 
 
195] THE VERB TAKE. *83 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 
 
 Singular. • Plural. 
 
 1 If I take, If thou take, &c. 1 If we take. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 2 Take thou or you. - 2 Take ye or you.. 
 
 INFINITIVES. 
 
 Pretend, To take. ' Perfect, To have taken. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 LniperJ\, Taking. Pei'f., Taken, Comp., Having taken. 
 Give a synopsis in full of this Yerb. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 I liave been taking a rest. He has gone. 
 Mary was singing. John may have taken it. 
 Joyous spring has come again. Have y r ou for- 
 gotten what I told you. Whoever can do this 
 will deserve a reward. 
 
 Compose sentences containing these words : 
 Bright, moon, runs, battle, pale; fight, sing, 
 may write, whoever, praise. 
 
 lesson xxxix: 
 
 INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMS. 
 
 195. Learn is conjugated interrogatively as 
 follows : 
 
84 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [196 — 197 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Present, Do I learn? 
 Past, Did 1 learn ? 
 Future, Shall I learn ? 
 Pres. Per. , Have I learned ? 
 Past Per., Had I learned ? 
 Fut. Per., Shall I have 
 • learned? 
 
 Also, am I learning? Was I learning? &q. 
 196. Verbs are conjugated negatively as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 POTENTI'AL. 
 
 Present, May I learn ? 
 Past, Might I learn ? 
 Pres. Per., May I haye 
 
 .learned? 
 Past Per., Might I have 
 learned ? 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Potential. 
 
 Present, I.love not, am not Present, I may not love. 
 
 loving, do not love. Past, I might not love. - 
 Past, I loved not, was not Pres. /'erf., I may not have 
 
 loving, did not love. loved. 
 
 Future, I shall not love, Past' Per/., I might not 
 
 be loving. have loved. 
 
 Pres. Per/., I have not loved. 
 Past Per/., I had not loved. 
 Fut. Per f., I shall not have 
 
 loved. 
 
 Suhjviiei,, Infinite 
 
 Present, If I do not love. Present, Not to love. 
 
 Per/ect, Not to have loved. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Imperfect, Not loving. Perfect^ Not loved. Compound, 
 Not having loved. 
 
 197. NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORMS. . 
 
 Do I not love? Did I not love? Shall I not 
 love ? May I not love ? Might I not love ? &c. 
 
198} IRREGULAR VERBS: 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Will you come with me ? Were you listening ? 
 Is he not at home ? Will your father not come ? 
 Might he not have learned ? Did you not hear 
 the news ? He has not arrived. 
 
 Write several short sentences describing a horse- 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 
 THE " IRREGULAR " VERBS. 
 
 198. The Irregular verbs, as commonly given, 
 contain several distinct classes. 
 
 1st. The strong verbs which form their past tense by 
 changing the vowel of the present and do not add f,d, or 
 "/. Their participle past regularly ended in ni, which 
 is now often wanting. 
 
 2d. Those which now form their past tense in cJ, but 
 their participle in en. They were formerly pure st] 
 verbs. 
 
 •id. Those that have both a strong and weak form. 
 
 4th. Those that both change the vowel and add i or </. 
 as seek, wwjli-t ; bring, brouyh-t ; sell, sol-d, 
 
 5th. Some Defective verbs ; as, i 
 
 For convenience in reference they will be given to- 
 gether. Those that add a termination t<> fornfl the | 
 tense must be parsed as- wc a k ; those thai do no! 
 
 strong. 
 
 Verbs are naturally divided into Strong, W< 
 Infective verbs k ill 
 
80 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. 
 
 [199 
 
 The third class will be marked B.; the fourth, 
 W.\ the fifth D.\ Forms not now used are put 
 in italics. 
 
 199. LIST OF VERBS COMMONLY CALLED IRREGULAR. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 PER. PARTTCIPL. 
 
 Abide, 
 
 abode. 
 
 abode. 
 
 Am, D" 
 
 was, 
 
 been. 
 
 Arise, 
 
 arose, 
 
 arisen. 
 
 Awake,' 
 
 awoke, R. 
 
 awaked. 
 
 Bear, to hring forth bore, bare, 
 
 born. 
 
 Bear, to carry. 
 
 bore, bare, 
 
 borne. 
 
 Beat, 
 
 beat, 
 
 beaten, beat, 
 
 Begin, 
 
 sbegan, 
 
 begun. 
 
 Beseech. 
 
 besought, W. 
 
 besought, 
 
 Bid, 
 
 bid, bade, 
 
 bidden, bid, 
 
 Bind. 
 
 bound, 
 
 bound,hoimdeii,rare 
 
 Bite. . 
 
 bit, 
 
 bitten, bit. 
 
 Bleed, 
 
 bled, 
 
 bled. 
 
 Blow, 
 
 blew, 
 
 blown. . 
 
 Break. 
 
 broke, brake, 
 
 broken. 
 
 Bring, 
 
 brought, "W. 
 
 brought, 
 
 Burst, 
 
 burst, 
 
 burst. 
 
 Buy, 
 
 bought, W. 
 
 bought, ' 
 
 Cast, 
 
 cast, 
 
 cast, 
 
 Catch.. 
 
 caught, W. 
 
 caught, 
 
 Chide, 
 
 . chid, 
 
 chidden, chid. 
 
 Choose. 
 
 chose, 
 
 chosen. 
 
 Cleave, 
 
 "cleaved, clave. 
 
 cleaved. 
 
 Cleave, 
 
 clave, cleft. 
 
 cloven. 
 
 Cling, 
 
 clung, 
 
 clung, 
 
 Clothe, 
 
 , clad, R. 
 
 clad. 
 
 Come, 
 
 s came, 
 
 come. 
 
 Cost, 
 
 cost,' 
 
 cost. 
 
 Crow, 
 
 crew, R. 
 
 crown. 
 
199] 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 87 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 PER. PARTICI 
 
 Cut, 
 
 • cut, 
 
 cut. 
 
 Dare, 
 
 durst, R. 
 
 durst. 
 
 Dig, 
 
 dug. R. 
 
 dug. 
 
 Do, 
 
 did, 
 
 done. 
 
 Draw, 
 
 drew. 
 
 drawn. 
 
 Drink, 
 
 drank, 
 
 drunk. 
 
 Drive, 
 
 drove, (hare 
 
 driven. 
 
 Eat, 
 
 ate, eat, 
 
 eaten. 
 
 Fall, 
 
 fell, ' 
 
 fallen. 
 
 Feed, 
 
 fed, 
 
 fed. 
 
 Fight, 
 
 fought, W. 
 
 fought, 
 
 Find, 
 
 found, 
 
 found. 
 
 Fling, '- 
 
 flung, 
 
 flung. 
 
 Fly, 
 
 flew, 
 
 flown. 
 
 Forget, 
 
 forgot. 
 
 forgotten . 
 
 Forsake, 
 
 forsook, 
 
 forsaken. * 
 
 Freeze, 
 
 froze, . 
 
 frozen. 
 
 Get, 
 
 got, gat, 
 
 gotten, got. 
 
 Give, 
 
 gave, 
 
 given. 
 
 Go,D. 
 
 went, 
 
 gone. 
 
 Grave, 
 
 graved, grovt 
 
 graven.. 
 
 Grind, 
 
 ground, 
 
 ground. 
 
 Grow, 
 
 grew, 
 
 grown. 
 
 Hang, 
 
 hung, JR. 
 
 hung. 
 
 Heave, » 
 
 hove, R. 
 
 hoven. 
 
 Hew, 
 
 hewed. 
 
 hewn. 
 
 Hide, 
 
 hid, 
 
 hidden, hid. 
 
 Hit, 
 
 hit, R. 
 
 hit. 
 
 Hold, 
 
 held, 
 
 held, holden 
 
 Hurt, 
 
 hurt, 
 
 hurt. 
 
 Knit, 
 
 knit, R, 
 
 knit. 
 
 Know, 
 
 knew, 
 
 known 
 
 Lade, 
 
 laded, 
 
 laden. 
 
88 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. 
 
 [19$ 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 PER. PARTI C J 
 
 Let, 
 
 let, 
 
 ief. 
 
 Lie, 
 
 lay. 
 
 lain. 
 
 Light, 
 
 lit, R. 
 
 lit. 
 
 Make, 
 
 made. 
 
 made. 
 
 Mefct, 
 
 met, 
 
 met. . 
 
 Mow, 
 
 mowed, 
 
 mown. 
 
 Put, ' 
 
 * • 
 
 put, 
 
 put. 
 
 Quit, 
 
 quit, 
 
 quit. • 
 
 Read . 
 
 read, (pron. red, ) 
 
 read, {red.) 
 
 Rid, 
 
 rid, 
 
 rid, 
 
 Ride, 
 
 rode, 
 
 ridden, rid. 
 
 Ring, 
 
 rang, rung, 
 
 rung. 
 
 Rise, 
 
 rose. 
 
 risen: 
 
 Rive, 
 
 rived, 
 
 riven. 
 
 Hun, 
 
 'ran, 
 
 run. / 
 
 Saw, 
 
 sawed, 
 
 sawn. 
 
 See, 
 
 saw, 
 
 seen. 
 
 Seek, 
 
 sought. W. 
 
 sought, 
 
 Seethe, 
 
 sod, 
 
 sodden. 
 
 Sell, 
 
 sold, W. 
 
 sold, 
 
 Set, 
 
 set, • 
 
 set. 
 
 Shake, 
 
 shook, 
 
 shaken. 
 
 Shape, . 
 
 shaped, 
 
 shapen. 
 
 Shave, 
 
 shaved, 
 
 shaven. 
 
 Shear, 
 
 sheared, 
 
 shorn, * 
 
 Shed, 
 
 shed, 
 
 shed. 
 
 Shine, 
 
 shone, R. . 
 
 shone. 
 
 Shoot, 
 
 shot, 
 
 shot. 
 
 Show, 
 
 showed, shew, 
 
 4ft 
 
 shown. 
 
 Shrink, 
 
 shrunk, shrank, 
 
 shrunk, 
 
 Shut, 
 
 shut, 
 
 shut, 
 
 Sing, 
 
 sung, scwg, 
 
 sung. 
 
 Sink, 
 
 sunk, sank, 
 
 . sunk. 
 
190] 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 80 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 PER. PARTICIPLE 
 
 Sit, 
 
 sat, sate. 
 
 sat, sittcn. 
 
 Slay, 
 
 slew, 
 
 slain. 
 
 Slide, 
 
 slid, shoe. 
 
 slidden. 
 
 Sling, 
 
 siting, slang , 
 
 slung. 
 
 Slink, 
 
 slunk, 
 
 slunk. 
 
 Slit, 
 
 slit, &l$t, R. 
 
 slit. 
 
 Smite, 
 
 'smote, 
 
 smitten. 
 
 Sow, 
 
 sowed, 
 
 sown. 
 
 Speak, 
 
 spoke, spake, 
 
 spoken. 
 
 Speed, 
 
 sped, 
 
 sped. 
 
 Spin, 
 
 spun, sj)ait : 
 
 spun . 
 
 Spit, 
 
 spit, spat. 
 
 spit. 
 
 Spread, 
 
 spread, 
 
 spread. 
 
 Spring, 
 
 sprang, sprung, 
 
 sprung. 
 
 Stand, 
 
 stood, 
 
 stood.* 
 
 Steal, 
 
 stole, stale, 
 
 stolen. 
 
 Stick, 
 
 stuck, stack. 
 
 stuck. 
 
 Sting, 
 
 stung, stawj. 
 
 • stung. 
 
 Stink, 
 
 stunk, stank. 
 
 stunk. 
 
 Strew, 
 
 strewed, 
 
 strown. 
 
 Stride, 
 
 strode, 
 
 stridden. 
 
 Strike, 
 
 struck, strake^ 
 
 stricken, struck 
 
 String, 
 
 strung, Strang^ 
 
 strung. 
 
 Strive, 
 
 strove. 
 
 striven 
 
 Strow, 
 
 st rowed. 
 
 str< ■ 
 
 Swear, 
 
 swore, swart) 
 
 SWOTIk 
 
 Swell, 
 
 swelled, sv) 
 
 vollen. 
 
 Swim, 
 
 :in. swum, 
 
 swum. 
 
 Swing, 
 
 .swung. swang ) 
 
 SWI! 
 
 Take, 
 
 took, 
 
 takcu. % 
 
 Teach. 
 
 taught, W. 
 
 taught. 
 
 Tear, 
 
 tore, tart) 
 
 torn. 
 
 Tell, 
 
 told W 
 
 ild 
 
90 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR, 
 
 [200 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PAST. 
 
 PER. PA 
 
 Think, 
 
 thought, W, 
 
 thought. 
 
 Thrive, 
 
 throve, 
 
 thriven. 
 
 Throw, 
 
 threw, 
 
 thrown. 
 
 Thrust, 
 
 thrust. 
 
 thrust. 
 
 Tread, 
 
 trod,. 
 
 trodden. 
 
 Wax, 
 
 waxed, ' ■ * 
 
 waxen. 
 
 Wear, 
 
 wore, 
 
 worn. 
 
 Weave . 
 
 wove, 
 
 woven. 
 
 Wed, 
 
 wed, E. 
 
 wed. 
 
 Wet, 
 
 wet, E. 
 
 wet. 
 
 Win, 
 
 won, 
 
 won. 
 
 Wind, 
 
 wound, 
 
 wound. 
 
 Work, 
 
 wrought^ W. R. 
 
 wrought. 
 
 Wring, 
 
 wrung, K. 
 
 wrung. 
 
 Write, 
 
 wrote,. 
 
 written. 
 
 In this table all such words as cut, cost, that do not receive 
 any modification are really weak, or regular verbs. They 
 cannot, from the laws which govern our sounds, receive an 
 addition. The same is the case with bleed, bled, &c. High 
 School Grammar, Art. 441. 
 
 They are placed here for convenience. 
 
 200. The past tense and Perfect Participle o\' 
 these verbs should not be used for each other. 
 
 EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION. 
 
 The horses draAved the carriage. The horses 
 were drove. The birds have flew away. The 
 stream has froze over. They have wrote to-da} T . 
 The meeting has began. She has sang a song. 
 The sun has rose. They done their work. My 
 watch was stole. The ball was throwed. The 
 applet have loll. The letter was writ. The let- 
 
201— 204] * UNIPERSOtfAL VERBS. 9 : i 
 
 ter was wrote badly. We rid a mile. I have not 
 
 saw him. My uncle- has same. The bird has 
 
 flew away. 
 
 Compose sememes containing these tvords : — 
 Arise, awake, begin, bite, bring, choose, do, 
 
 drink, find, give, hiae, know, ride, run, see, sing, 
 
 spring, swim, take, think, wring. 
 
 LESSON XLI. 
 
 DEFECTIVE AND UNIPERSONAL VERBS. 
 
 201. A few verbs are defective or wanting in 
 some of their parts, which £,re partly supplied 
 by other words ; as, am, was, been, from the verbs 
 am, was, and be ; go, went, gone from ^oand wend. 
 ■ 202. The other defective verbs are entirely 
 wanting ill some of their parts. They are : — 
 
 Present. Past. Perf. Part. Present. Paxf. Perf. Part 
 
 Can, could, . Quoth, quoth, - -. 
 
 Will, -would, , Wit, wot. . 
 
 Shall, should, . Beware, , . 
 
 May, might, . Hark, in the imperative only. 
 
 Must, must, . 
 
 Ho. in " this will do," "this will answer the 
 purpose," is 'a different verb from do to act. 
 
 203. A few verbs are found only in the third 
 person, singular. * 
 
 They Are called unipersorial, thai is. hav- 
 ing but one person ; as, it , ;/ hail 
 
 204. Methinks, methought ; arte onipersonal com- 
 pound ; of the Datrv and the verb think 
 
02 
 
 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [205 — 207 
 
 which means seems or appears. Methinhs means, 
 it seems or appears to me. This verb think is not 
 of the same origin as the verb thinJc, to consider. 
 The first is from thinean, the second from thencqn. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Did you see the rainbow after the shower ? 
 Victory perched upon our banners. It is raining 
 on the hills. How hard it rains ! Thou canst 
 not do it. Incline my heart unto thy testimonies. 
 Bind them upon thy fingers, write them upon the 
 table of thy heart. Methinks I hear him coming. 
 It thundered heavily.' It seemed as if the foun- 
 tains of the great de^p were broken up. 
 
 Write sentences discribing aros< . 
 
 LESSON XLII. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 205. When I say " He runs swiftly," ;'•" She 
 speaks correctly," siviftly and correctly tell* how 
 the thing or action is done, and modify the verb. 
 
 They are called adverbs, which means to a 
 verb, that is, added to a verb. 
 
 Adverbs also modify adjectives and' other ad- 
 verbs ; as, most pleasant, very sloivly. 
 
 200. A d v orbs are words joined to verbs, 
 a d j ectives, and other ti-d verb s to modify ' 
 them. 
 
 207. They are divided into classes according 
 1<> fcbeir meaning. 
 
208—209] adverbs. 93 
 
 Adverbs of manner; justly, pleasantly, sweetly, 
 manly, kindly, $-c. 
 
 The most of *these end in ly. Others arc 
 thus, however, somehow, else, well, ill. 
 
 Adverbs of place ; here, there, where, yonder, 
 hither, thither, whither, hence, thence, whence, hither- 
 ward, forward, baclczvard, $c. 
 
 Adverbs of time ; now, to-day, lately, since, then, 
 soon, ago, when, then, while,- before, after, till, until 
 early, late, ever, always^ never, often, oft, rarely, *$c 
 Adverbs of order ; first, secondly, thirdly, lastly, 
 finally. • 
 
 Adverbs of degree ; more, most, less, least, tvelU 
 better^ as, so, 9 £c. 9 .. 
 
 Adverbs of number; once, tivicc, thrice, four- 
 times, frc. . • 
 
 Adverbs of doubt ; perhaps, peradventure, poss i- 
 bly, perchance, £c. 
 
 Adverbs of interrogation ; how, why, when, 
 whence, where, §c. 
 
 Adverbs of affirmation ; yea, yes, truly, verily, 
 c rtainly, §c: 
 
 Adverbs "of negation ; nay, no, not, nowise. 
 
 208. Some*idverbs are used independently, or 
 rather, they embrace a whole proposition ; as aye, 
 yea, no, amen. As, " Are you going ?" Yes. That 
 is, " I am going." 
 
 209. There at the beginning of sentences does 
 not modify any word, and is a mere expletive. It 
 serves to throw the subject after the verb; 
 
 | There is no doubt of the. fact." " There w;i 
 man." 
 
94 NTARY GRAMMAR. (210—213 
 
 L0. Some adverbs not only modify, l»ut a] 
 connect sentences; as, "I saw him when lie 
 came." When connects " I saw htm" and "lie 
 came" and modifies game. " "When he came," 
 modi fies saw. They are called conjunctive adverbs. 
 
 211. The conjunctive adverbs are : after, before', 
 n, dnce, hou\ till, until, when, where, while, 
 
 whilst, whenever, no sooner, as soon as, as far as, <fc. 
 
 212. Phrases like "as far as " should be ana- 
 lyzed. "He writes as well as his brother." As 
 W( ii<'* connects the two. sentences. The first as 
 modifies well ; as well modifies writes ; the second 
 as modifies writes understood and is equal to as 
 well. As well as is equivalent to that well whiek. 
 The first as is demonstrative, the second relative. 
 
 MPARISO^f OF ADVERBS. 
 
 213. Some adverbs, especially those of manner, 
 are compared. They are -compared like adjec- 
 tives. 
 
 1. Those ending in ly are compared by more 
 and most, less and least ; as, wisely, r niore wisely, 
 most wisely ; kindly, less kindly, least kindly. 
 
 2. Others are compared by adding er and est ; 
 as, soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftcner, oftmest. 
 
 3. A few are irregular; as, little, less, least; 
 miu'h, more, most ; badly ox ill, worse, icorst ; well, 
 in tier, best ; far, farther, farthest ; forth, farther, 
 furthest. - 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. He .sleeps soundly. Soundly is an adverb of 
 manner, it is a word used to modify verbs, &c. } and modifies 
 steeps, by Rule XVI. 
 
214 — 215] PREPOSITIONS 
 
 Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and' other adverbs. 
 
 The sun shines- brightly. Thomas learng ra- 
 pidly. Susan is very diligent. He drove very 
 swiftly. They came to-day. The£ are very 
 young. The trees bend, when the wind biota*. 
 Where is my friend? When the rain ceases, I 
 shall return'. Hoots grow downward, trees mount 
 upward. 
 
 Insert adverbs in these sentences ; 
 
 The pupil stitdies . The horse runs . 
 
 The sun shines . The corn grows . 
 
 The liou roars . lie will come — _. 1 
 
 you arrive, I will meet you . a re you go i 1 1 «;- ? 
 
 The boat starts . 
 
 Compose sentences containing these adverbs: — 
 
 Diligently, truly, where, nobly, proudly, often, 
 most, afterward, presently, before, patiently, 
 hereafter. 
 
 LESSON XLIII. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 214. He came with me. With conned- ili<> ob- 
 jective case me with came, and shows the relation 
 between them. 
 
 It is called a preposition. 
 The word which follows the preposition i 
 ways in the objective case. 
 
 215. A Preposition is a word which 
 shows the relation between its ob- 
 
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [216 — 219 
 
 and some other word 
 i 11 the same scnte n c e . 
 
 The preposition with, its object is called an 
 adjunct; as; "He came with mi?\ With meia an 
 adjunct modifying came. 
 
 216. Prepositions are of two classes, simple 
 and compound or derived prepositions. 
 
 217. The simple prepositions are: — 
 
 At, by, down, ere, for, from, in, of, on, over, past, 
 round, since, till, to, through, under, up, with. Also, 
 after, the comparative of aft. " 
 
 218. The compound prepositions are : — 
 First, compounds with a. A in a-board is a 
 
 preposition meaning on or in. 
 
 Examples : A-board, a-bove, about, across, against, 
 along, amid, amidst, among, amongst, around, 
 artkwart. Aboard is equal to on board; amid, 
 on or in mid, $c. 
 
 Second, compounds, with be, which means by ; 
 as, before, behind, beloiv, beneath, beside, besides, be- 
 tween, betwixt', 'beyond. m 
 
 Ihird, compounds of preposition^ with prepo- 
 sitions or adverbs. In-to, out-of, through-out, to- 
 ward, towards, upon, until, unto, underneath, loithin, 
 without. . • 
 
 Prepositional phrases, according to, in respect of, 
 $c. Notwithstanding is compounded of not, with, 
 and participle standing. 
 
 219. Bating, barring, concerning, during, except- 
 ing, regarding, respecting, touching, $c, usually 
 treated as propositions are properly participles. 
 
 - 1. Save and except, are properly imperatives* 
 - 2. Near, nigh, like and unlike are adjectives fol- 
 
220] • PREPOSITIONS. . 97 
 
 lowed By the objective or more properly the da- 
 tive. 
 
 220. Prepositions also modify verbs, and form 
 parts of compounds; as, "He casts up his ac- 
 counts."- "He rides about" down-iaW, out-cry, 
 over-How, kc. 
 
 Their primary force ,-eems to he like that of 
 adverbs; as "He went up" This expression may 
 now be modified by various objects ; as, He went 
 up the hill, up the road, up the street, £c. 
 
 See farther in II. S. Grammar. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. He came with me. With is a preposition, i*- 
 shows the relation between me and came, by Rule XVII. 
 
 Prepositions show the relation between nouns and pro- 
 nouns and otJu r ford* in th< same sentences. 
 
 jfte is in the objective case after with, byllule XVIII. 
 
 Prepositions are followed by tin objective ease. 
 
 He resides in Richmond. Flowers bloom in 
 summer. Rivers flow into the Be . lie came 
 from Rome. 13irds .fly through the air. The 
 ball rotts along the ground. 
 
 Insert prepositions., §c. 
 
 The river flows the sea. 
 
 brother came home a wagon. 
 
 Compose short sentences containing the** preposi- 
 tions : 
 
 In, on, up, down, from, out of, under, behind, 
 across, beyond, beneath. 
 
98 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [221—223 
 
 lks>o\ XLJY. 
 
 CONJ UNCTIONS. 
 
 Tl\. John writes' ami Thomas reads. Here 
 and connects two propositions without forming 
 u part of either. 
 
 It is called a conjunction, which means joining 
 together, 
 
 222. A conjunction is a w u r tl use d 
 to connect words and propositions. 
 
 They are: and, although, as, because, both, 
 but, either, except, if, lest, nor, or, since, t^ian. 
 that, though, unless, whether, yet. 
 
 For the classes of conjunctions and conjunctive word 
 gee H. S. Gr. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. Thomas and James have come. *And is a con- 
 junction ; it is used to connect words and sentences. It 
 .connects Thomas aud James, by Rule XIX. , 
 
 Conjunctions connects words and sentences. 
 
 Mary and her sister have' come. The winter 
 is past and spring has come. James or his 
 brother will come to-morrow. Peaches, apples 
 and pears grow in the orchard. 
 
 Write, sentences describing a garden. 
 
 LESSON. XL Y. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 223. Interjections are exclamatory words, 
 thrown between propositions to express emotions 
 or to call attention. 
 
224] INTERJECTIONS. 99 
 
 - They arc dot members or modifiers of propo- 
 sitions' and not do connect them. 
 
 224. Interjections express, 1. Sorrow : i\s, oh ! 
 nit! alas! 2. Exultation : as, hurrah! huzza.' 
 aha! bravo! o. Disgust: as, fie! fudge! tush! 
 pshaw! 4. "Wonder: as, indeed! strange! ivhat! 
 5. A sudden call : as, ho ! hallo ! 6. Salutation : 
 as, 0, welcome! hail! 7... Taking leave : as, good 
 bye y farewell, adieu. 8. A demand for attention 
 or silence : as, hark! hush! hist! lo ! behold! 
 
 • 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Model. Ah! woe is me. Ah! is an interjection, it 
 expresses sorrow. 
 
 » 
 
 Hark ! some one comes. Hush ! here he is. 
 Alas ! my hope is tied. Hark ! what sound was 
 that. Hist ! he is coming. 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 LESSON" XLVI. 
 
 PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 225. Syntax treats of the arrangement and 
 construction of words in propositions and sen- 
 tences. 
 
 226. Language consists of propositions, 
 single or united, and modified in various ways. 
 
 227. Propositions* may be deckirative, in- 
 terrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. 
 
 228. A perfect proposition consists of two 
 parts, subject and predicate. 
 
 229. The ' s u b j e c t and p r e d i c a t c may 
 .be simple or compound, grammatical or logical. 
 
 230. The simple subject or piedicatc consists 
 of but one word or clause ; as, John runs; To lie 
 is base. 
 
 Here John is the simple subject ; runs, tin- 
 simple predicate. To lie is the subject; base, tnc 
 predicate. 
 
 231. The compound subject or predicate con- 
 sists of two or more simple subjects or predict 
 united; as, " John and James have come." " Mary 
 sings and plays " 
 
U>2 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [232 — 230 
 
 232. The grammatical subject or predicate is the 
 same as the simple; as, John runs.. John is the 
 grammatical subject, runs the grammatical predi- 
 cate. 
 
 233. The logical subject 'or predicate is the 
 grammatical, with its various modifiers; as "The 
 loud winds roar through the forest." The loud 
 winds, is the logical subject ; roar through the for- 
 est, is the logical predicate. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Point out the classes of propositions and the forms Or sub« 
 ject and predicate. 
 
 God is the maker of all things. Industry and 
 perseverence will overcome every obstacle. When 
 will James and his brother return ? Mary plays 
 and sings sweetly. How beautiful are the starry 
 haavens ! Call your -brother. Let us walk in 
 the shady groves. 
 
 Write six declarative sentences, containing any 
 words the teacher may assign. 
 
 Also, in the same manner, six interrogative 
 sentences. 
 
 LESSON XLVII. 
 
 SENTENCES, CLAUSES, AND PHRASES. 
 
 234. When -a sentence contains but one propo- 
 sition, it is a. simple sentence-; when more than 
 one, a compound sentence. 
 
 235. The propositions contained in a sentence 
 are called members. 
 
 236. The clause is a proposition or a collection 
 
237—238] SENTENCES, AQ. 108 
 
 of words introducing some new fact, and which is 
 dependent upon some w T ord in the sentence ; as, 
 " The tree which you see is a maple." " Which 
 you see," is a clause dependent upon tAe, 
 
 Clauses may be used as members of proposi- 
 tions. 
 
 5*37. A Phrase is a short expression like, in 
 ruin, in fine, in short, to be sure, fe'. 
 
 They express a single idea when taken together. 
 Taken word by word they have no grammatical 
 connection with the rest of the proposition. 
 
 238. Clauses my be divided into substantive, ad- 
 jective, relative, adverbial, and conditional clauses. 
 
 1 . A Substantive clause is one that performs 
 the office of a noun in the nominative or objective . 
 case; as, "I do not know whether he came." 
 - Whether he came " is the object oiknoio. 
 
 2. A Relative clause is* one introduced by 
 a relative pronoun. 
 
 3. An Adjective clause is one introduced 
 by an adjective or participle ; ^ James, eager to learn, 
 applied himself to study." " 1 erupted by pleasure, 
 he forgot the lessons of his youth." 
 
 4. A n A d v c rb i a 1 clause is one that performs 
 the office of an adverb ;' as, " Where thou lodgest. 
 T will kxHg 
 
 5. A Conditional clause is one that i 
 presses a condition ; as, "If he come* to morrow, I 
 will return 
 
 6. There is also the Absolute clause whi 
 forms no part of the proposition. It consists of 
 a noun or piv>u.»un joined with a participle; a*. 
 
 The sun ha . the clonds disappeared. 
 
Inl ELEMENTARY 6UAMMAR. [230 — 240 
 
 239. The first five clauses may be reduced to three, 
 Substantive, Adjective, and Adverbial, 
 uniting the relative with the adjective; and the 
 conditional with the adverbial clauses. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Point out the clauses, and phrases; and analyze 
 and parse tlie sentences. 
 
 Some, presuming on the good nature of their friends, 
 write their letters in a hasty and unconnected manner. 
 Tn short, if a man prefers a life of industry, it is because 
 he has an idea of comfort. The measure is so exception- 
 able that we can by no means permit it. The youth fond 
 of play, neglects his .studies. Pleased with the sight he 
 returned homewards. When the sun arises, the clouds 
 will disappear. Having learned his lesson, he went out 
 to walk. 
 
 Write sentences describing a farm yard. 
 
 LESSON XLVIIL 
 
 * 
 
 THE RULES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 240. Rule I. The subject of the proposition 
 is put in the nominative case. 
 
 Rule II. The verb must agree with the 
 subject in number and person. 
 
 Rule III. The noun or pronoun in the pre- 
 dicate agrees with the subject in case. 
 
 Rule IV. 4 noun or pronoun limiting another 
 noun or pronoun denoting the same person or 
 thing, ag ree a w Ith i I i 1 1 ea s e . 
 
240] EULEo OF SYNTAX. , 105 
 
 Rule V. A noun or pronoun limiting an- 
 other noun denoting a different person or thing, 
 is put in the possessive case. 
 
 Rule "VI. Adjectives modify nouns and pro- 
 nouns. 
 
 Rule VII. The indefinite article limits nouns 
 in the singular number only. # 
 
 Rule VIII. The definite article limits nouns 
 in the singular or plural number. 
 
 Rule IX. Pronouns agree with their ante- 
 cedents in gender, number, and person. 
 
 Rule X. The direct object of the Transitive 
 verb is put in the objective case. 
 
 Rule XI. Verbs of asking and teaching are 
 followed by two objective cases, one of the per- 
 son, and the other of the thing. 
 
 feule XII. Verbs of giving, granting, allow- 
 ing, &c.,'are followed by- two objects; the di- 
 rect and the indirect in the objective case. 
 
 Or better, Verbs or giving, granting, allow- 
 ing, &c, are followed by the objectine of the 
 direct object, and the dative of the indirect ob- 
 ject. 
 
 Rule XIII. Verbs of making, choosing, ren- 
 dering, and constituting are followed by two 
 objectives; the one of the person, and the oth- 
 er of the effect produced. 
 
 Rule XIV. Nouns denoting duration of time, 
 distance, weight, measure, and prioe, &re # pu1 
 in the objective case. 
 5b 
 
106 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [240 
 
 Rule XV. The words like, unlike, near, and 
 nigh arc followed by the objective case. [Or, 
 better, by the dative, as that was their former 
 power.] 
 
 Rule XVI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjec- 
 tives, and other adverbs. 
 
 Rule XVH. Prepositions connect words and 
 show the relation between them. 
 
 Rule XVIII. The object of the preposition 
 is put in the objective case. 
 
 Rule XIX. Conjunctions connect sentences, 
 and parts of sentences. 
 
 Rule XX. The interjections 0! oh! ah! are 
 followed by the objective of the first person. 
 
 Interjections are generally followed by the 
 vocative of the second person. 
 
 Rule XXI. The Infinitive depends upon 
 verbs, adjectives, and nouns. 
 
 Rule XXII. The simple infinitive without 
 to is used after bid, do, feel, have, hear, let, 
 make, need, see ; and also after may, can, will, 
 shall, and must, in the compound tenses. 
 
 Rule XXIII. The infinitive has sometimes a 
 subject in . the objective case. 
 
 Rule XXIV. Participles refer to nouns and 
 pronouns. 
 
 Rule XXV. Oerbal riouns are followed by 
 the same cases as the verbs from which they 
 are derived. 
 
241 — 243] simple propositions. • 107 
 
 Rule ' XXVI. A noun or pronoun joined with 
 a participle having no dependence upon other' 
 words is put in the nominative case absolute. 
 
 Rule XXVII. The name of the person or 
 thing addressed is put in the vocative. 
 
 LESSON XLLV 
 
 ANALYSIS OV SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 241. The simple proposition consists of a sub- 
 ject and a predicate. 
 
 242. The subject may be various. 
 First, a noun ; as, " John runs." 
 Second, a pronoun ; iis, " He studies." 
 
 Third, an adjective used as a noun ; " Tho good 
 
 arc happy." 
 
 Fourth, an iniiuitivc; as, " To deceive is base." 
 Fifth, any word used merely as such ; as, 
 
 •• Good is an adjective. 
 
 243. The predicate may be various. 
 
 First, the verb ; as, " John runs." " God is." 
 Second, the adjective; as, " God is goodr 
 w * James is studious." 
 
 Third, a noun ; as, g James is a, painter " 
 Fourth, an infinitive ; as, " To falter is to I 
 everything." 
 
 Fifth, a noun and preposition or tho adjunct ; 
 as, -'He is in good spirits," that is, " He is cheer- 
 ful." 
 
 Sixth, an adverb ; as, « The tide is up.'' 
 
V)b kllme; [J44 — 246 
 
 244. Is in those sentences is a, copula connec- 
 ting the subject and predicate. ' 
 
 The word copula means a link or joining. 
 
 245. Alljthoso forms are predicative combina- 
 tions. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Analyze these sentences and point out the different forms 
 of subject and predicate. 
 
 Water flows. Rain falls. Trees grow. Mary is sing- 
 ing. The sun is shining. The sun is hot. The rose is 
 beautiful, Mary and her sister are happy. He is in 
 Paris. The tree is under* the hill. The stone' is above 
 the spring. The tide is out. The wind is up. To de- 
 ceive is base. 
 
 Write sentences containing these words as subjects: — 
 Sun, birds, boys, horse, he ; they, the wise, the indus- 
 trious, to do wrong, to tell an untruth, A, six. 
 Write sentences containing these as predicates : — 
 Blows, sing, mows, reap, laugh, play, prudent, indus- 
 trious, glad, merry, tall, sour, sweet, blacksmith, shoe- 
 maker, farmer, lawyer, student, .mason. 
 
 LESSON- L. 
 
 ATTRIBUTIVE MODIFIERS. 
 
 246. -Any word modifying a noun or pronoun 
 
 standing either in- the subject or predicate is an 
 attributive modifier. 
 They are:— 
 
 First, the adjective ; as, H A sweet apple." "'A 
 high hill." 
 
 The participle and the adverb used adjectively 
 
247 I ATTRIBUTIVE MOPTlIEKv . 1U-' 
 
 belong to this class ; as, "The rising sun." " The 
 above statement." 
 
 Second, the noun in apposition, or the noun 
 joined to another denoting the same person or 
 thing ; as, " Thomas, the carpenter, is a good 
 man." 
 
 Third, the possessive case ; as, " John's hat/' 
 
 Fourth, the adjunct; as, '"The house of my 
 father ." 
 
 Fifth, the infinitive with t*; as, "A time to 
 plat/'. " " A play time. " 
 
 The attributives jnay change for each oth- 
 er ; as, " A golden crown " is equal to " A crown 
 of gold r " An old mari/raro Itafy " to "An old 
 Italian (man*;") "The house of my father" to 
 •"Myfath&f'shouse^ 
 
 247. The principal word together with the 
 modifier forms the attributive combination. 
 
 KXKRCTSgS. 
 
 Hugh Miller, the Geologist was M mason. The tall 
 pine is a valuable tree. Newton, the great philosopher, 
 was an humble Christian. Mr. Mason's house is elegant. 
 The king of Italy is a brave soldier. The chest of oak is 
 heavy. The brave soldier, fighting for his native land, 
 should be held in lasting remembrance. There is a time 
 to weep and a time to laugh. 
 
 Compose fentences containing tKese words as attribu- 
 tive modifiers; — 
 
 Tall, beautiful, pleasant, high, sweet, strong, ma- 
 painter, shoemaker, farmer, Susan's, his, Mary's. Then.; 
 of my brother, in the garden. 
 
TTO ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [248—249 
 
 LESSOR LI. 
 
 ANALYSIS CONTINUED. 
 OBJECTIVE MODIFIERS. 
 
 •J48. Any word modifying a verb, an adjective. 
 an adverb, or preposition is an objective modi- 
 fier. ■ , 
 
 They are:— 
 
 First, the direct object, or objective case; as, 
 '•' Mary reads her book." 
 
 Second, the indirect object, of the dative case ; 
 as, " My fatlfer gave me this book." 
 
 Third, the factitive object, or the effect pro- 
 duced ; as, They made him chairman. " Making 
 chairman" is the assertion, him its object. Htm 
 is the direct object ; chairman the factitive. 
 
 That which any person or thing is appointed, 
 chosen, or constituted, is called the factitive ob- 
 ject. . 
 
 Fourth, the remote object, expressed by an 
 adjunct; as, " He repents of his folly." "He is 
 fond of study." 
 
 Fifth, the object of flace ; as, "James is at . 
 home." "He lives here." 
 
 Sixth, the object of time ; as, " He came yester- 
 day" " He started before day.'' ♦ 
 
 Seventh, the object of cause ; as, " Bocrates died 
 from poison." 
 
 Eighth, the object of manner ; as, " He speaks 
 kindly", * 
 
 249. The principal word together with the mod- 
 ifier forms the objective combination. 
 
2. r >0— 251] CONTRACTED PROPOSITION. 
 
 Ill 
 
 250. These combinations are the elements of all 
 sentences. ' Tl<%, together with contracted con- 
 structions, form language. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 " A wise man governs his passions." "Man 
 governs " is the predicative ; " a wise man ' the 
 attributive ; " governs his passions," the objective 
 combination. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS., 
 
 Washington, the father of his country, was born in 
 Virginia. The wise Socrates taught the immortality of 
 the soul. The happy children of our friend were playing 
 in the garden. Mary's sister reads well. James will 
 return to-morrow. He conversed with us pleasantly. 
 
 Compose sentences containing these words as objective 
 
 modifiers : — 
 
 Field, arithmetic, house, him, me, James, president, 
 secretary, to-day, in Charleston, there, in the country, 
 kindly. 
 
 LESSON L1L 
 
 ANALYSIS CONTINUED.' 
 CONTRACTED PROPOSITIONS. % 
 
 251. There are certain forms in which the sub- 
 ject and predicate are not fully expressed, but 
 where they are found in a contracted form. 
 
 They are : — 
 
 • First, the participles ; as, " He answering said,' 
 which is, when fully expressed, equal to " He an- 
 swered and said." 
 
TUT ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. 
 
 Second, by the participle used adverbially : as, 
 "He fell fighting^ that is, "He%ll and he was 
 fighting when he fell." 
 
 ft modifies the verb, by expressing an action or 
 state taking place or existing at the same time. ■ 
 
 Ihird, the case absolute, or the noun joined 
 with a participle independent of the rest of the 
 sentence; as, "The enemy advancing, he retreat- 
 ed," that Is, "-Because the enemy advanced he 
 retreated." 
 
 Fourth, the infinitive with to, or the Supine; 
 as, " lie prepared to <7o," that is, "He prepared 
 that he might go." 
 
 This is the infinitive of purpose ; as, " He reads 
 to Irani;' *< JIc reads that he may learn." 
 
 Fifth, the infinitive with an objective case ; as, 
 "I advised him to nor « I advised him that he 
 •should go " or" I advised that he should go." 
 
 1 EXERCISES. 
 
 Expand the contracted sentences as shown 
 above. - % « 
 
 Walking down the street, I met a friend. Having 
 been elected, he accepted the office. His story having 
 been told, he departed. He went away rejoicing. He 
 labored hard to prepare himself for his position. He was 
 anxious to learn. T advised him to return. He bade 
 me go. 
 
 Complete sentences containing these contracted 
 propositions : — 
 
 The weather being pleasant. The storm having passed. 
 Walking down tne street. Running out. While walk- 
 ing by the rivrr. Pitying and shouting in the street, 
 
252 — 250] compound sentences 11 
 
 • > 
 
 By reading good books. Came running and saying. 
 Lesson having been* learned. Work being completed. 
 Sisters approaching. Desires to learn. Strives to gain. 
 Anxious to. go. Labors to become. Urged him to go. 
 
 LESSON LIIL 
 
 ANALYSTS CONTINUED. 
 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
 
 252. Simple propositions may bo used in two 
 ways. 
 
 1. They may be used like single words as mod- 
 ifiers or members of other propositions. 
 
 2. Or, they may be placed by the side of each 
 other, as independent members uniting in the ex- 
 pression ot a single thought. 
 
 The first methed is called Subordination : the 
 second, Coordination. 
 
 I. SUBORDINATE PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 253. Subordinate propositions are of three 
 kinds; substantive, adjective, and adverbial. 
 
 2,54. A substantive proposition is one that may 
 be used u\ the place of a noun. 
 
 255. They may be used, first, as the subji 
 as, " That all must die, is certain." Second, as the 
 direct object ; as, ^'We know that tummer will 
 cofne again." Third, as the second object ; 
 " The Bible teaches us that God is 4 
 
 25G. The adjective proposition is one that p< 
 forms the office of an adjectiv e man 
 
114 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [257 — 259 
 
 who is prudent provides for the future,'* is equal 
 to the prudent mem, $c. 
 
 257. An adverbial proposition is one that mod- 
 ifies the leading verb like an adverb. 
 
 258. It expresses, first, the place ; as, " where 
 thou lodge st, I will lodge ;"■ second, the time; as. 
 " ichen the mail arrives, we shall hear the news-;" 
 third, the manner; as, "Forgive ns our debts,. as 
 ive forgive our debtors;" fourth, the cause; as, 
 " The pear fell oft because it teas ripe ;;" fifth, in-' 
 tensity; as, " He is as rich as his brother." 
 
 Conditional propositions also belong to this class. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 That the earth is a sphere, is easily proved. When 
 letters were first used, is uncertain. Why he resigned 
 his office, -will soon be made known. He whom I loved, 
 is dead. The rewards which are promised, shall be 
 given, Whither thou goest, I will go. When the bell 
 rings, we must go to school. If it does not rain, I will 
 come. If I had not the book, I would purchase it. 
 Peter, who had a sword, drew it. Thomas is as tall as 
 his brother. 
 
 Write a few short sentences describing your slate. 
 
 LESSON LIY. 
 
 ANALYSIS CONTINUED. 
 II. COORDINATE EROPOSITIONS. 
 
 259. In the next condition of sentences, inde- 
 pendent propositions are brought by the side of 
 each other, and joined together to express one 
 
2G0— 2G2J COORDINATE PROPOSITIONS. 115 
 
 thought; as, " The sun shines, and the air is 
 mild." 
 
 260. This is done in three ways ; by uniting 
 them, by opposing them, by accounting for one 
 by means of the other. 
 
 261. The first class are called copulative ; the 
 second, adversative; the third causal. 
 
 Point out in these propositions the members 
 and connectives. 
 
 COPULATIVE PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 » 
 
 The sun shines and the clouds are breaking away. 
 Heaven and earth shall pass away. He has not only 
 heard the lecture, but also understood it. He is both 
 learned and wise. He is poor and happy. Tie is wise 
 as well as learned. 
 
 ADVERSATIVE PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 He is not an Englishman, but a Frenchman. The 
 house is convenient, but the garden is in waste. Either 
 John or his brother will come. 
 
 In such sentences as the last the conjunctive 
 words enter in pairs expressed or understood ; as, 
 " Whether James or John will come is uncertain." 
 kk Neitfier Mary nor her sister are here." 
 
 CAUSA L PRO POSIT I < » X 8 . 
 
 Enoch was not, for God took him. He ia idle, thi 
 fore he is poor. lie is quarrelsome, therefore people 
 avoid him. He is guilty, for he blush- 
 
 2(>2. When the propositions ar< onneofc 
 
 togethor as to express a complete thought, th< 
 
116 MENTARY 'GRAMMAR. [263— 
 
 term a Period; as, "God is loved, for he is 
 good." . 
 
 263. Periods may be simple or compound. 
 "Though I walk through the valley of the 
 
 §hadow of death, I will fear no evil ; for thou art 
 with me," is a compound period. 
 
 " Though I walk through the valley, of the 
 shadow of death, I will fear no evil," is one pe- 
 riod* " I will fear no evil for thou art with me," 
 is another. 
 
 264. -Periods singly or combined form the 
 highest condition of language. 
 
 EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Let the the teacher select some interesting lit- 
 tle story or short description, and require the 
 pupils to read it carefully and then give a written 
 
 abstract of it in their own language. 
 
 A similar exercise may frequently aud profitably be given. 
 
 Indeed, the teacher should regard all the exercises 
 given in composition as models, which he may use according 
 t>> his judgment. 
 
 
 LESSOK LV. 
 
 THE RUfrES OF SYNTAX WITH REMARKS AND ILLUS- 
 TRATIONS. 
 
 KULE I. THE SUBJECT OF THE VERB. 
 
 265. The subject of the proposition is put 
 in the nominative case. 
 
 1. In contracted propositions the subject is put 
 in the objective with the inhnitive. 
 
266] RULES CONTINUED. 117 
 
 2. The subject of the imperative U generally 
 
 understood; as, Go (thou.) Come (ye.) 
 
 3. In answers to questions the noun is frequenl- 
 ly used without a verb expressed ; as, " Who gave 
 it to you?" Ans. "John" (gave it to me.) 
 
 4. The noun and pronoun must not be used 
 with the same verb; as, " The king is just," not 
 ik The king he is just." • 
 
 5. 7 hem should not. boused for these and those. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 • 
 Stephen was .stoned. Napoleon Bonaparte was the 
 tirst emperor of France. God tempers the wind to the 
 shorn lamb. The trees are laden with fruit. The pru- 
 dent will be respected, but the careless will be despised. 
 Correct these sentences : — Them are delightful. Him 
 and me were there. You and me saw them. Are not 
 him and her cousins. The Queen she is a noble lady. 
 John he has gone* to school. 
 
 RULE II. AGREEMENT Of THE 
 
 266. The verb must agree with the subject 
 in numbor and person.. 
 
 1. A singular noun used in a plural sense takes 
 a verb in the plural ; as, " Twenty sail were seen." 
 
 2. An intransitive verb between two nomina- 
 tives of different numbers usually agrees with the 
 first ; as, " His meat was locusts and wild bom 
 
 3. As regards, as appears, as follows, <fc, are 
 equal to as it regards, as it follows, <fc. 
 
 4. When they may be substituted for a coll- 
 tive noun with a singular form, the verb must be 
 plural: as. "The assembly were divided in their 
 
118 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [267 — 268 
 
 opinions," that * is, they,- the individah were di- 
 vided. 
 
 ."). When it may be substituted, it is singular ; 
 ,l The nation is powerful." " It is powerful. " 
 
 207. Twp or more different subjects connected 
 \>y and require a plural verb. 
 
 1. When the nouns thus connected are modi- 
 fied by each, every, cither, neither, and no., the verb 
 is singular. 
 
 2. A verb may agree with the first noun and 
 be understood with the rest; as, ""Thy beauty 
 walks, thy tenderness and love." 
 
 3. AY hen the subjects are of different persons 
 the verb prefers the first to the second, and the 
 second t<*the third ; as, " James and I are going." 
 
 268. Two or more singular subjects connected 
 by or or nor require a- singular verb. 
 
 "When they are of different numbers the verb 
 should be plural and the plural subject should be 
 placed nearest to it. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Varro was esteemed a learned man, but Aristides was 
 ealled just. To see the sun is pleasant. Titus has been 
 called the delight of the human race, A variety of bless, 
 ings has been conferred upon us. liichcs, honors, and 
 pleasures, steal away the heart from religion. He and I 
 are foes. My aunt, with her daughter, was here yestcr. 
 . day. To fish and hunt are pleasant. Either sex and 
 every age was engaged in the pursuits of industry. Ig- 
 norance or negligence has caused the mistake. Neither 
 the captain nor the sailors were acquainted with the 
 coast. One or both of the witnesses were present. Thou 
 mayst go, or he,' but not both. 
 
269] t;t ijs i ..XJINI'ED. 11* 
 
 TO BB CORRECTED. 
 
 The clouds has dispersed. The birds sings. There 
 was three men in the company. Thcrcis men who never 
 think. Idleness and ignorance is the parent of many 
 vices. James and John was there. John or William 
 have come. The horse or eow arc his. A meeting were 
 called. The crowd were very great. The council was 
 unanimous. The assembly was divided in opinion. 
 Either George or I has .the work to perform. Have the 
 horse or cow been found. 
 
 Write an abstract as directed in the previous 
 lesson. 
 
 LESSON 1AI. 
 
 BULBS CONTINUED. 
 RULE 111. THH PREDICATE NOUN' OK PfcONO 
 
 269. The noun or pronoun in the predicate 
 agrees with the subject in case. 
 
 1. It does not always agree with it in nunibcr: 
 as, " Honest men are the salt of the earth." kk > v 
 pence is twelve half pennies." 
 
 2. The verbs that admit a noun in the predicate 
 are to be,, to become and the passive voice of such 
 \ <rbs as to name, to render, to make, .* 
 
 .3. When the infinitive has a subject in the 
 objective case the predicate noun or pronoun ifl 
 put in the objective. 
 
 £. In contracted propositions after the irfftni- 
 tives andparticiplcs of intransitive verbs, the noun. 
 
120 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [270 
 
 or pronoun is put in the nominative ; as, "Being 
 a soldier* I could not resist the call," that is, 
 " Since T was a soldier." 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 It was he that said it. It is they who are to blame. 
 
 James is ; skillful workman. We thought him to be a 
 rogue. Brutus is represented as having been an ardent 
 lover of his country. I have a faint recollection of his 
 being a*classmate. 
 
 TO BE 'CORRECTED. 
 
 It was not him that said it. It cannot be him. Whom 
 are you? I did not think of its being him. I could not 
 believe it was her. It was me that you saw Tt is them. 
 If it is them whom you saw, it is right. 
 
 RULE IV. apposition. 
 
 -70. A noun or pronoun limiting another 
 noun or pronoun denoting the same person or 
 thing, agrees with it in case; as, "Paul, the 
 apostle." "Yemen of Athers." 
 
 1. The limiting noun is said to be in apposition 
 with the other. 
 
 2. The names of persons form complex nouns 
 and are parsed as one word; as, u 3Iark Antony 
 mourned the death of Julius Caesar." 
 
 3. As sometimes connects words in apposition ; 
 as, " Clay as an orator was" unrivalled." 
 
 4. Distributive pronouns and nouns modified 
 by distributive adjectives, in the singular agree 
 with nouns in the plural ; as, " They fled, every 
 
270] RULES CONTINUED. 121 
 
 man to his tcnf," that is, " They fled, every man 
 Hod to his tent. 
 
 They I h other," that is, "They each 
 
 Jove the other." \ch is in a; ion with th 
 
 and other is the ohjeet of love. 
 
 •>. A noun may be in apposition with a sen- 
 tence, and an infinitive or sentence may be in ap- 
 position with a noun. 
 
 When two nouns come together in the pos- 
 sessive ease, the sign is annexed to the last ; as, 
 ki John, the Baptist's head." 
 
 7. A- noun in apposition with two or more nouns 
 is put in the plural ; as, "Romulus -and Kemns, 
 grandsons of Nu mitor. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Newton, the great philosopher, was an humble Chris- 
 tian. We men are mortal. FJ men of Athens. Jane 
 and Mary, our cousins. Thou, even thou art feared. 
 Washington the fathSr of his country was born in Vir- 
 
 lia. They praise each other. 
 
 TO BE CORRECTED. 
 
 It was Virgil, him who wrote the Acneid. I speak 
 Cromwell he who beheaded Charles. XI and M:< 
 
 ria, our cousin. I saw Mr. Brown he who In - the 
 
 river. Give it to James he who is standing \ 
 
 Arrange these sentences differently without chang- 
 ing the meaning, thus : — " Tli« i tree is high winch 
 stands yonder." " The tree which stands yonder 
 
 is high." 
 
 The man whom you aafl returned. The river 
 
 which you crossed is rapid. The nignt was dark and 
 •6 
 
122 _ . lRY gram:.; [271 
 
 cold. The 1 is the longest' river iq ihe world. 
 
 Youder stands the kouit of my youth'. . 
 
 LESSON LV1T. . 
 
 • i;ri.i:s continued. 
 HULE V. . the i ;ive case'. 
 
 271. ' noun, or pronoun limiting another 
 noun denoting a different person or thing is put 
 in tl e possessive case, ars "Johns hat," "His 
 
 1. Tlie limited noun is often omitted when it 
 may be easily*known; .as, U I dined at Johnson's 
 
 2. When tlie thing possessed belongs to two 
 or more persons; tlie sign is annexed tg the last ; 
 as. "Joi'fn, James; • ■ illiam's house." 
 
 8. But when it belongs to each person separate- 
 ly it must be added to eat-h : as, "Worcester's' 
 and W eh & t cite dictionaries." 
 
 4. Wonls united so as to form a complex nonn 
 add the sign to the last; as, li Henry the eighth's 
 Bcign," 
 
 When po j eases are in apposition the 
 
 is annexed to the last only ■ unless the lim- 
 ited nonn is omitted, wheJi it is annexed to the 
 first; as, u Isaw him at Brown., the bookseller's 
 
 re," or, "at Browns the bookseller." 
 
 0. r Lro noun aiurpreposition of arc often used 
 ln^ead'of the pdsses ; -i\ w u ease; as, "The hat of 
 Jvil.u,' '}(■:• J.oiin*s hat." "The advice of my 
 mother," for "My mother'* advice." 
 
272] RULES CONTINUED. •♦128 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Man's extremity is God's opportunity. Whose works 
 are these ? They are Cicero's, the most eloquent of men. 
 Ho accompanied me to St. Mary's. Peter, John, and 
 Andrew's occupation was that of fishermen. The name 
 >»f Jackson, the Christian soldier, tho heraic and skillful 
 general will live forever in the memory of his country- 
 men. The great heart of the nation throbs heavilv at 
 the portals of his grave. 
 
 TO BE CORRECTED. 
 
 
 
 This was your fathers estate. One mans loss is often 
 another mans gain. These books are their's, those are 
 your's. The men shoes are in the box. David and 
 Solomon's reign were prosperous. Mary's sister's cou- 
 sin's child is sick. This was a discovery of Sir Isaac 
 Newton. The medicine was procured at Jones, the 
 apothecary and druggist's. 
 
 KTLE VI. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 272. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, 
 as, U A good man." "He is wis**." 
 
 1. They modify infinitives; as, "To see the 
 sun is pleasant;" and sentences; as, "That he 
 should have refused the appointment is extraordi- 
 nary,'* 
 
 2. They sometimes modify other adjectives ; 
 as, "' Red hot iron." 
 
 8. They modify also a noun and adjective taken 
 together as one idea; as, & poor old man. A fine 
 bay horse. 
 
 4. With infinitives and participles the adjeo- 
 tire is sometimes used indefinitely ; as, "To be 
 
llM ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. ("272 
 
 e and good is to be great and " Being 
 
 honettis better tlian lj$mg wealthy " 
 These are contracted expressions in which wis s 
 
 and good stand in the predicate. 
 
 They y intransitive verbs, and with 
 
 them form the predicate ; as, '*lle felWtf." "He 
 \66kspale.\' m 
 
 6. They modify also transitive -verbs, to" show- 
 the eitect produced; as, u He made me glad."* 
 ••Thou makest trie earth soft wifch showers." 
 Making gl he assertion, and me is the Object 
 of it. See Rule XIII. * 
 
 7. Adjectives s. • not be used *in the place 
 of adverbs, except in cases like those just given. 
 
 With the they are. used as nouns ; as, " The rich 
 are not always happy." 
 
 8. When comparison is made between two ob- 
 jects the comparative degree must be used ; when 
 it is made between tin :e.or more, the superlative 
 is used.' 
 
 • 9. Double • id superlatives must, 
 
 be avoided. 
 
 10. Adjectives thai 1 number must agree 
 
 with their nouns in i ne day, ten days, 
 
 this man, these men. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 • 
 The good man is happy. To advance was difficult, to 
 retreat dangerous. A fair young girl was leading a ven- 
 erable old man. The hay smells sweet.. Thou malcest 
 the earth soft with showers. - This boy is industrious, 
 .that one is idle. 
 
273 — 274] rules continued. 125 
 
 * 
 
 A new barrel of floui should be " A barrel oi 
 
 i load of 
 new pair of boots. She reads proper, writes 
 V tree fifty foot high. Twenty 
 of the two. He is the 
 fehe most best. 1 lis is the bestest. 
 all her daughters. A more heal- 
 thier place ea mot be found, t do not like those kind 
 ofaj I you have some of those molasses? I 
 
 three hour. He sat silently. The 
 appU 
 
 letter to some friend describing your school 
 ■ 
 
 WESSON LVIII. 
 
 ID. . 
 E VII. TUB II 
 
 r3< The indefin i limits nouns in 
 
 274. ' & the 
 
 singular or plur. . 
 men." 
 
 1. 
 limi is 
 
 ^mortal." •■ 
 
 in 
 ; ;\nu do not : 
 
126 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [274 
 
 1. Before certain proper nouns which are pre- 
 ceded by adjectives or are used like adjectives 
 themselves the article is used; as, "The great 
 Milton;" " The French (people.)" "The Andes 
 (mountains.)' ' 
 
 ,- 4. "When proper nouns are used to represent a 
 class the article is used ; as, u He is the Cicero of 
 his ago." " He is*not a Washington." 
 
 5. The article is sometimes used. to modify the 
 meaning of an adjective or adverb; as, .*'• A few 
 men." " A hundred men." Compare five hun- 
 dred men. " The more." " The Stronger." " The 
 often er I see it, the better I like it." 
 
 6. When two or more adjectives modify, one 
 object the article is placed before the first only; 
 
 * as, "A red and white flag." " A large and con- 
 venient house." 
 
 But if they modify different objects it ' must 
 stand before each ; as, "A red and white flag," 
 that is, two flags. 
 
 V. Where each adjective is to be made emphatic 
 the article is to be repeated, as, "The learned, 
 the eloquent, the patriotic Chatham." 
 
 8. Where from habit, two different objects are 
 • associated together, the article, is not repeated; 
 as, "I saw a man and horse." " The father and 
 mother of the child." 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 I saw a white and black horse. A white and a black 
 horse were in the pasture. He has a little reverence, 
 hut not much. He has little, if any. reverence. 
 
275] • bulbs cpXTftruii). 127 
 
 TO jii CORRECTED. 
 
 I have a ' o. ITo may be a jmljro or 
 
 doctor. Osk produces 
 
 flower. She lived in an age of el the 
 
 forbearance arc! the cl strong, lie 
 
 claimed tbc title oi'acj 
 
 UTILE IX. r 
 
 275. Pronouns agree ' •yrith their 'antecedents 
 
 in gender, number, and person. 
 
 Their case depends upon the construction of 
 the sentence. 
 
 1. Pronouns, referring to two or more nouns 
 taken together, must be plural ; as, " George and 
 Thomas excel in their studies." 
 
 2. "^Vhen " tlie". nouns are taken separately the 
 "pronoun 'must be singular ; as, "Neither James 
 
 not Jolin is diligent in Iris studies/.' 
 
 3. When the nouns are of difien nt persons the 
 pronoun is 'first rather than second and 
 
 .rather than third; as, "thou, he, and I must 
 study our lessons." I and he must find 
 
 your hooks." 
 
 4. 7ns often use&without reference to tin 
 
 der, number, or. person of itsani • ""It 
 
 is lie."' "It iSffthe " •- ! •• It i- 
 
 5. It sometimes stands (bra | 
 as, " J7.is certain thai 
 
 6. Who is applied to pel to animals 
 and things, that Is used lor who or which. 
 
 7. ,27«fl«J8preferrecl after the 
 
 , very, and all, 
 live who I 
 
128 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAB. [276 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 • 
 
 The trees arc putting forth their leaves. My brother 
 me his book. James and his sister will go to their 
 uncle's- You, Susan, and I must recite our lessons. 
 The boy who is diligent will improve. "Who is coming'/ 
 John. The dog which you saw, was mine. He is the 
 same man that he always was. 
 
 TO BE CORRECTED. 
 
 Livery person should lcfve their friend and do good to 
 them. No person should boast of themselves. Every 
 one must judge of their own feelings. The nobility usu- 
 ally have some title conferred upon them. He is the 
 same man whom I saw. Who which has common sense 
 can think so. The army whom he commands is well dis- 
 ciplined. James and you must study their lessons. The 
 dog who barked was killed. The* horse what I saw was 
 black. 
 
 Writs sentences describing the different trees in the 
 woods: Describe their form, size, height, the color of 
 their leaves, &c, 
 
 LESSOR LIX. . 
 
 RULES CONTINUED.* 
 RULE X. THE DIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 276. The direct object of the transitive verb 
 is put in the objective case; as, "James reads 
 his book." i( l love" him." 
 
 1. Infinitives, phrases, and sentences may be 
 used as the object ; as, " He loves to study ." "He 
 ss^y how few returned," " I hope that they are 
 safe" 
 
276] 1 29 
 
 2. A few • them a 
 
 noun of similar meaiiin to live 
 
 a r. 
 
 an 
 
 [ . r in f 
 
 " Wo talked I 
 
 •u- 
 liar or idiomatic 
 
 Some verbs govern the objective, 
 
 ,'h are otherwise intransitive : as, "Dance 
 -Trot the 
 ufmitives, partic md verbal nouns' 
 
 govern their verbs'; as 
 
 " To n " Til m making clothes." 
 
 ing clothes is the tailors .employment." 
 
 ct in eacl 
 Some verbs naturally intransitive, wh< 
 pon nded with j i s, gov 
 
 verbs; as; " She 
 smil "He at hin The 
 
 • lie 
 was 
 
 • He was inu< 
 
 ■ 
 
 The farmer is ploughing in the fie'' • will si 
 
 I 
 
 D. 
 
 W ! I see? lie T 111' : ;; m 1 have 
 
 chosen. She v I met. He and they we know, but 
 
 whom art thou art ? Xo o old practice of stealing 
 
130 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [277 — 278 
 
 Who do you think L saw '■ The man who you raised 
 from obscur , v friend. He that is idle reprove". 
 
 They th;. hrc will honor.. 
 
 RULE XL " the double object. 
 
 ! 77. Verbs of asking and teaching arc fol- 
 ed by two abjecti\ r ( s, one of the pcr- 
 
 d the other of thing; as, "He asked 
 ■ stion." 
 
 1. Sentences likrei u Ete taught him Grammar," 
 
 o independent sentences; 
 
 B : lit him." "He taught Grammar.'"'' 
 
 W"hei i changed into the passive 
 
 her 6\ aiiy become the subject, 
 
 Other 'us in the objective; 
 
 him," or " lie was taught 
 nar." is .generally preferred. 
 
 II. THE EOT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS. 
 
 278. "'. i : iving ? granting, allowing, 
 
 wo objects, the direct and 
 vo case. 
 
 ■ rbs of giving, gi mg, 
 
 folio 'cdty the objective of the direct object 
 ' : c,- •■ - gave me a 
 
 bo( Bo the direct \ me, the indirect * 
 
 1. T >bject precedes the direct, when 
 
 it occupic atural position; as, "He gave 
 
 him a book." 
 
 * Two different forme of this ruje are given to meet the 
 different opinions of teachers. 
 
279] RULES COTTINUED. 131 
 
 2. If it follows, it becomes a noun and prepo- 
 sition, Rr" adjunct; as, "He gave, me a book." 
 * % Flo gave a book to m 
 
 3. *"Wheri these verbs take the passive voi- 
 the dire< t object becomes the subject, while the 
 indirect' remains unchanged; as, "A book was 
 given me." 
 
 4. There is also a form where the indirect ob- 
 ject becomes the .subject ; as, "He promised me 
 a present." "I was promised a present. The 
 first is to be preferred. 
 
 E<E XIII. Off E1«CT OR FACTI- 
 
 TIVE OBJECT. 
 
 279. Verbs of making, elftosing, rendering, 
 and constituting arc followed by two objectives, 
 one of the person, and the other of the effect 
 
 produced; as. -They made him a judge." 
 1 u,te, 
 
 ,„?, lllhli 
 
 ird, rech 
 
 ,r the i is now called the 
 
 t from f actus made. 
 
 e him President," him is the 
 Jii-, .is what 1' 
 
 the ad of chooi Lm 
 
 4. In the pa the dii 
 
 foesul and the object o pui 
 
 in th Hfewascl ral 
 
 id ma^ be 
 id him anadj< 
 
 •Thev cna 
 
 c 
 
182 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [280 — 282 
 
 wise;" or, an infinitive; as, •" They made him 
 go." "Thou Wilt make us to live." ' 
 
 6.* The adjective in such cases agrees with the 
 noun, but modifies the verb by expressing the 
 effect produced by its action. 
 
 RULE XTV". TIME, DISTANCE, WEIGHT, &C. 
 
 « 
 
 280. Nouns denoting duration of time, dis- 
 * tance, weight, measure, and price, are put in 
 the objective case. 
 
 1. JJome is also put in the objective case after 
 verbs of motion; as, "lie has gone home." -• 
 u IIe is coming home." Home, however, is con- 
 sidered by many an adverb in such cases. 
 
 "2. "When any particular time is referred to, a 
 preposition is commonly used; as, "He arrived 
 on Wednesday last." 
 
 RULE XV. LIKE, UNLIKE, AC. 
 
 "281 . The adjectives like, unlike, near, and 
 nigh are followed by the objective case. [Or | 
 - more correctly, the dative, as that was their 
 former power.] 
 
 James taught his brother Arithmetic. Greography is • 
 taught in our school. lie asked us a questiou. He 
 gave me a book. A present was promised me. Thomas 
 bought his brother a book. They allowed him credit. 
 They chose him secretary. He was chosen clerk. It 
 made them delirious. They were made delirious. He 
 remained at home forty days. The storm continued ' 
 three hours. I have walked five miles this morning:. 
 The tree is one hundred feet high. The house is twenty 
 
282] RULES CONTINUED. 133 
 
 ieet square. This field contains ten : i> 
 
 worth si hillings a bushel. It' cost five dollars. 
 
 James is like his father. The house is near the river. 
 His son is unlike him. 
 
 Write a description of a garden. Point out the differ- 
 ent vegetables it contains; the manner ot cultivating 
 them and their uses. 
 
 LESSON LX. 
 
 RULES CONTINUED. 
 RULE. XVI. ADVERBS, 
 
 282. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and 
 other adverbs; as", "The horse ran rapidly." 
 "It is very pretty/'* "He was treated m< 
 
 kindly." 
 
 1. They sometinj Lify p|*< >uns; 
 
 adjuncts, and pi i . l( Justl&elov 
 
 in word only, but \\ 
 dependency of these things ;" "1 lived ah 
 vain." 
 
 2; Adverbs an' sometime d Lndej 
 
 Thi dally the «■. 
 
 n. They are equivalent to a 
 • i Are you going? 5 ea ; tl 
 Properly they are not a it affirmative and 
 
 negative particles. 
 
 3. Adverbs are sometimes 
 without an ial modificati " ■■• '.•/. I had 
 
 not heard it," "Indeed, is it so 
 
1?A [282 
 
 [victory word; when 
 :<.:rb; as, " There 
 It lias the [ifying power. 
 
 nouns; as, 
 UicewZ ' «• of tliiD bout?" 
 
 -Till then ' ' •' 
 
 ('. IJivo : • sc utenee are 
 
 td should not be 
 
 aintcd -with liim." This means " I am 
 him. 
 7. Adverl d near the words they 
 
 modify; as, u Wa always find them ready." 
 " We lind I * 
 
 Her * 'placed in both instances 
 
 but convey nt meaning in each. * 
 
 '- 
 
 be old m s slow' e .should always rcver- 
 
 iend lives there. When will 
 , ery tirerome. "Just aoove 
 
 TO. BE CQ 
 
 e are. -The h 
 ice aonri Is rather 
 I finished this lesson. I saw the 
 id with half an eye. Ee rode to 
 eows on horseboek. He only read 
 book, nothing. • I dont know not! 
 
 about it. I cannot study no more. 
 
283] ru 
 
 RULE X 
 
 283. Pj • ow 
 
 the relation I 
 me:" E 
 
 • 1. Tli« art 
 
 ■ 
 
 2. It shows the relatio f and 
 
 I he word that they as an. a< lj unci 
 
 3.' The preposition stands regularly b 
 object. 
 
 4. Two or mor< 
 
 as a compound p ion; i 
 
 tHto arcades the ( up to a bit of bit 
 
 sky.'' 
 
 5. Appropriate prepositions jnu 
 words; a^, "I am int- in the boo] 
 wi 
 
 Fo 
 
 •. 
 
 •• He 
 
 ■ 
 
 7. At is used befoi • 
 and-/ 
 
 and land; "He bo 
 "AtGreei 
 at Liverpool 
 the 2'0flb. 
 
 8 « / • 
 large cil ■ 
 " In Mem 
 
 9. II' 
 than two. 
 
136 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [234 
 
 EXER< [SES TO BE CORRECTED AttD PARSED.' 
 
 Who did you speak to? Whom do you ] 
 walked by a staff -with moonlight. He has a c 
 in learning. He is reconciled with his brothy. Yon 
 may safely confide on him. I dif you in regard 
 
 of that measure. He died by the yellow fever. T; 
 TiccefBity of immediate action. There is no need on 
 Do you live in the white Sulphur Springs? They, 
 have gone in the field. Come in the garden, 
 the money between the four persons. He is de;- 
 of the public. He is independent on his father, 
 should profit from experience. He died for thirst, 
 lives at Xew Orleans. They remained sometime at 
 gland. 
 
 RULE XVJII. objective after prepositions.' 
 
 284*. The -object of the preposition is put in 
 the objective case. 
 
 . 1. Transitive verbs governing a case should 
 not at the same time be followed by a preposition ; 
 :is, a .This allows of no trifling." 4 
 
 2. But meaning except is sometimes followed 
 *by the objective. In the older writers it is fol-' 
 
 lowed by the nominative; as, "There is none 
 other. but he, '^ that \sjjut he is. 
 
 3. Titan after tbfc, comparative degree, is fol- 
 lowed by objective case of the relative pronoun 
 in some instances; as, "Beelzebub than whom 
 none higher sat." 
 
 The nominative is the more natural and correct 
 construction. 
 
285] \ CONTINUED. 187 
 
 E8. 
 
 ' ■ '■' :i.'i- arrived at ( on 
 
 tlic 25th of Mn ..• to improve in all 
 
 W.c may piofit by the errors o? others. On hi^ retui 
 was .captured by the enemi D Kane penetrated far 
 the Ar< ions. Gel into the carriage and shut 
 
 the door. 
 
 Write a ?< tter to some Fri< ant of \ o 
 
 studies 
 
 LESSOR LXL 
 
 RULES CONTINUED. 
 
 ftULE XIX. < ( >xjunctto:\ t s. 
 
 • 
 
 285. Conjunctions connect sentences, and 
 parts of sentences; as ? "The sun shines and 
 the clouds disappear;" c - William and Mi 
 are a happy pair." 
 
 1. When conjunctions conne 
 
 they must be in the san and in tin 
 
 construction; as, "Between you and I uld 
 
 be " between you and me." 'jM< 
 
 >g their fellow creatures and wl 
 sion," should be u and hating oppression." 
 
 2. When they connect w | mayb 
 
 red as connecting sent and 
 
 John were studying/' thai 
 ing, John was studying." 
 
 3. The connectives arc conjunct': 
 live adverbs, and relative pronoui 
 
138 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [2S6 — £87 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 James and his sister are coming to-morrow'. Ti:o Bun 
 . rising in the eastern sky and dispelling the mists 
 that hung oyer the valley. Neither uespise the poor nor 
 envy the rich. Idleness and ignorance are the parents 
 of many vices. Cast thy bread upon the waters and it 
 shall return unto thee again. When the sun shines the 
 is mild. "Whoever strives to improve will succeed. 
 
 RULE XX. interjections; o! on! ah! 
 
 286. The interjections ! oh! ah ! .are fol- 
 lowed by the objective of the first person ; as, 
 "0 me!" "Ah me!" 
 
 Interjections are generally followed by. the 
 vocative of the second person; as, "Oh thou!" 
 "0 virkie!" 
 
 1. The first expressions -may be regarded as 
 cases of ellipsis; as, "Ah me!" "Ah *pity me." 
 •"Woe is mo." , "Woe is to me." "Me misera- 
 ble." " Alas for me miserable one" or u It is mis- 
 erable to me." 
 
 2. ! or oh ! is frequently used as expressive 
 of wishing; as, "Oh that I had wings' like a 
 dove." " I wish that I had wings like, a dove." 
 
 RULE- XXL the infinitive. 
 
 287. The Infinitive depends upon verbs, 
 nouns, and adjectives ; as,. " He studies to 
 learn;" "He has. time to go;" "James is 
 anxious to learn." 
 
-88] Les CONTINUED. 189 
 
 RULE XXII. THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO. 
 
 288.' The simple infinitive without to, is 
 
 used after bid, do, feel, have, hear, let, -m 
 need, see; and also after may, can, will, 
 and must, when used as auxiliaries. 
 
 1. The infinitive in its.nature is a verbal noun. 
 They differ fr.om other nouns by having the gov- 
 ernment and modifications of a verb. 
 
 2. It may he used as the subject, " lo err is 
 human ;" as predicate, "His object is to improve',]' 
 as object, "lie loves to play ;" as the second ob- 
 ject, " He taught him to write;" as the factitive 
 object, "They chose him to lead the way." 
 
 3. It also denotes a purpose or result; as, " He 
 studies to learn" — thai he may learn. "He stood 
 up to read" — that he might read. " He is willing 
 to sutler" — that lie may suffer. "He is liable to 
 be robbed" — tthat he may be rubbed. 
 
 (1.) In this manner it modifies ,adjeetiv< 
 " He is eager to learn" — tluft he may learn. " lie 
 was ambitious to rule " — that I 
 fruit is good to eat " — so that n. 
 
 (2.) It modifies nouns in a similar manm 
 " It is time to study" — that ice should study. kt He 
 showed' an eagerness to learn" — that lie n 
 learn. 
 
 4. The infinitive i also modifies Borne aw 
 as, "He is old enough to write." 
 
 how to write." 
 
 5. It is sometimes used absol 
 >'the truth I was in fault." 
 
14° ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. [289 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 To steal is sinful. To hi to be happy. It i^ 
 
 isantto see the sun. I hope to see you. love 
 
 to play. I heard bim speak. They would have him go. 
 We* are anxious to learn. We were all eager to hear the 
 news. My father taught nie to write. I am in haste to 
 return. The ship was ready to sail 
 
 TO BE CORRECT! 
 
 He bids me to ge. Do you hear the bell to ring? I 
 the sun to rise. We dare not to disobey him, 
 
 Et[ i.i' iiE INFINITIVE .AND OBJECT LVE 
 
 CASE. 
 
 280. The infinitive has sometimes a subject 
 in the objective case; as, "I believe him to 
 be dishonest." 
 
 1. Certain verbs of thinking and judging; such 
 as, think, judge, hold, consider, regard, admit, 
 hiQio, suppose, suspect, acknowledge, declare, u 
 rant, are followed by an-objective case, 'and ii. 
 itiw, standing in the i elation of subject and, pre- 
 dicate. 
 
 2. The objective case thus used as the subj< 
 of- the infinitive is always different from the sub- 
 ject of the leading verb, both in the contracted 
 and expanded form. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 I thought him to be innocent. He judged it to be wrong. 
 We know him to be honest. They supposed him to be 
 there. We hold these truths to be self evident • 
 
290—291] rf . 141 
 
 . in maki 
 Write an j thin] 
 
 LESSON L 
 
 RULES XXIY. 
 
 -90. Participles refer to nouns and \ 
 nouns ; as, "-James, seated at the table, 
 iding;" "He stood leaning on his staff." 
 1. The participle i -o refer to a clause or 
 
 tence ; as, u He /wa nedtoday the* 
 
 wing to the the bad stat< 
 vinq refers to 
 
 particip sly; 
 
 as, "Generall 
 bl< 
 
 \\. Whefl a ' 
 beconv cljective uh1< 
 
 •and with the same; as, 
 " Unsung 
 
 4. The participle ma;. 
 'The beaten 1 "Tl an:" 
 
 291. Verbal aonuns in nee have the same 
 government as the the verbs from which tl 
 are derived; as, "Writing lett< 
 employment. '\ "She was e d in reading 
 
 Plato." 
 
'■'-' ■ IMENTAKY QRAMMAR. 
 
 1- The verba] noun \\\ing may be distinguished 
 from the participle in % by. its ability to form 
 the subject of a proposition. 
 
 2. The compound participle is sometimes used 
 
 as a Verbal noun ; as, " Caesar-s haying crossed the 
 
 Rubicon spread consternation throughout Rome." 
 
 . .3. If the verbal noun is preceded by the, it is 
 
 followed by of or both should be omitted; as, 
 
 By the observing of truth" or "JBy observing 
 the truth." . * 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 SSwaman ploughing in the fields. But yonder 
 comes the powerful king of day, "rejoicing in the east. 
 Crowned with her pail the tripping milkmaid sings. 
 Having learned his. lesson, lie went out to play. She was 
 engaged in writing, a Jetter. Thomas went away withour 
 taking leave of either of us. The trumpet having sound- 
 ed the combatants charged. 
 
 RULE XXVII. THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE. 
 
 92. A noun or proribun joined with a parti- 
 ciple having no dependence upon other words 
 is put in the nominative case absolute ; as., 
 ' Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came into 
 Italy." 
 
 In. such cases the noun with, the participle is 
 different from the subject, of the participial sen- 
 tence. 
 
 RIJLE !XXVII. THE VOCATIVE CASE. 
 
 293. The name of the person or thing ad- 
 dressed is put in the vocative; as, "James, 
 listen to me." 
 
'2^4] »NTINUE 
 
 In titles of book if chapters, &c, 
 
 in abrupt excJamnii noun ia 
 
 sonietirm 
 are ral 
 
 • "' ''" 
 wo : 
 
 xerci^es; 
 
 Supper being ended we went out to- walk. Jesus had 
 oonveyed himself away a multitude being in that place. 
 Shame being lost, all virtue is lost. Ho! every one that 
 tkirsteth, conic ye to the waters. Men, brethren, and 
 fathers hearken. 
 
 "Write <i letter to sojtne friend describing what you e 
 on your last ride. 
 
 LE L. 
 
 RULE XXVIII. 
 
 I Tho subjunctive mode u 
 
 press future couth ons 
 
 if, though, whether, &c; a) 
 
 that joined to a comm 
 
 and sometimes after tJ ajuncti bs. 
 
 The subjunctive mock- is ue ily when ; 
 
 C0nting< ncy relates to the future and when an 
 auxiliary ' .-.stood.: lie be - " 
 
 dioua he will learn," that is, "If he shall bo 
 Btudious.'' 
 
M !• \ T V ' ' ' ft R 
 
 EXERGISES. 
 
 If he acquire riches, the y will corrupt him ' will 
 not..l ted unless he repent. Wait till i come, 
 
 any condition lest it happen to 1>< j your.own. 
 I thou reform. Oh! that 1 were at hom^T 
 
 Rl % XIX. THE [TSE OF THE TE 
 
 205. Those tenses onl} s]b be employ 
 which express correctly the intended. 
 
 - 1. Tho perfect participle must not be used for 
 
 past indicative, nor ("be past tense i for>the p'e'r- 
 
 • participle ; as, " I done it iu great haste,'' 
 
 / did; she come for Bhe came; he begun for he be- 
 
 gan ; the river has'/ro^l over for- has frozen ; the 
 
 horse v\ hard For way d}iv( 
 
 2. The ']->>< .\-;i-m i perfect must.not be used with 
 modifiers expressing past time; as, /"I have fin- 
 i bed the work two days ago-." 
 
 3. The tenses of the potential should correspond 
 with each other, n< lome unto me 
 that ye might have life," but u Ye. would not." 
 
 4. The \ / and tie must not be confounded 
 with se£ and /^//. To s is -'" re«£ Dw a scatf, /o 
 s& raeana to place. We sit down, but set things 
 in order. There is, also, an intransitive verb to 
 set; as, "The sun se 'ZW^ means to recline ; 
 to t lay means to place. We lie down; we lay a 
 thing down. In "I lay dq ; wn yesterdry," lay is 
 is the past of lie. 
 
 TO BE CORRECTED. 
 
 They desired to hav^ seen you respected. I expected 
 to have seen them before the news should have reache 
 
2 ^5] GENERAL EXERCISES. 145 
 
 fchein, but urgent duties will have i. ;. I bemr. 
 
 to think I had don. i have all for- 
 
 sook him. The boil has ran'-. Robert has come to the 
 same conclusion last week. ting by the 
 
 -way-side. A stone was laying in tl 
 down. 
 
 IK kjtl U> os SYNTAX. 
 
 The committee will visit the school. I saw 
 James walking in the garden with his mother. 
 Cary translated the works of Dantej the great 
 Italian poet. 
 
 •How shall I praise t.hcc. Lord of light? 
 v all thy generous love doc-tare v " 
 
 This is a faithful saying, and worth; of all ac- 
 ceptation, that Jesus Olni into the world 
 to save sinners. 
 
 James will assist 3 oa 
 
 • Liberal, not lavish, is kind Nature- 
 
 ■To err is human, to forgi "nc." 
 
 •■Some place the bliss in action, some in case; 
 Those call \i pleasure, ancTcontentment, t Ik 
 
 Admitting this, the point is notpcoved. • 
 He looks downcast and weary. Mary app< 
 
 . ted v, it',, her lot. 'Jam< 1 T have heen 
 
 lying our Xou and Mary have im- 
 
 ir time. This ia the book of which 
 
 ;:■ • .!<■ 
 
 man 1: "'■• 
 
 ir friend yonder! Which is >a<L 
 
 Whoever do*i wrong shot .nishment 
 
 7 
 
146 MEXTARY GRAMMAR. [295 
 
 Whence and what art thou execrable shape? 
 
 "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen." 
 Thev tliat are wh6le need not a physician, but 
 
 they that are sick. 
 
 ; - But strew his ashes to the wind 
 
 \Vi.w o sword or voice has served mankind ; 
 
 And is he dead whose glorious mind 
 
 Lifts thine on high ? 
 To live in hearts we leave behind 
 
 [s not to die.'" 
 
 Tlmcc is he armed that hath his quarrel just. 
 Time and tide wait for no man. 
 I£ach man has his task to perform. 
 
 '■■ 1 dare do a-ll that may become a man; 
 Who 'dares do more, is none.*' 
 
 The passions under control, a man's enemies 
 are subdued. 
 
 Upon the landlord's leaving the room 1 could 
 not avoid expressing my concern for the stranger. 
 
 The youth desires to learn. t cannot tell who 
 it is*. They elected Cfce'ro^ the distinguished 
 orator, consul. He sleeps the sleep of death. 
 Charles the Fifth appointed Phillip his successor. 
 Give us this day our daily broad. J will send you 
 a present. 
 
 He did the flavor without being requested. 
 
 My father returned three days ago. 
 
 My judgment approves this measure, and my 
 whole heart is in it, All that I have, anfi all that 
 I am, and all that I hope, in this life, I am now 
 ^ready here to stake upon it ; and I leave off, as 1 
 
295] i iWERAU EXERCISES. 147 
 
 began, that five or die, survive or perish, I am 
 '• the declaration. 
 
 'Thou kingly spirit throned among the hills . 
 Thou dread Ambassador fi ih to heaven, 
 
 Great Hierach. {ell thou the silent - 
 And tell the stars, an the rising sun 
 
 Earth with her thousand 
 
 a 
 
 How mituy hired servants of my father's have 
 
 ad enough and to spare, and I perish with 
 
 hunger! I will aviso and go to my father, and 
 
 will say .unto him. Father, 1 have sinned against 
 
 heaven and before thee, and am no more worthy* 
 
 • be called thy son :' make me as one of ^> 
 hired servants. 
 
 .••'For mine is the lay 4>ha< lightlj M< 
 And mine are the murmuring dying not< 
 
 That fall a s snow on \ 
 
 And melt in the heart as instantly." 
 
 Let any man resolve to do right now leaving 
 then to do as it can ; and it be were to live to the 
 age of Methuselah he would never dp wrong. 
 
 • Like leaves on trees the race of maid is found ; 
 y 0Y ith, not? witheicjjog on the ground. 
 
 •■ He stood and called 
 HLis legions, angel forma, who lay entrant 
 Thick as autumnal leaves that atroir the bro 
 1 d Vallan ; 
 
 When I consider Thy bea of Thy 
 
 lingers; tin Q and th< -. which Thou 
 
 hast ordained ; what ie man that Thou art mind- 
 
148 ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR. .[295 
 
 ful of him, and the son of man thai Thou visitest 
 him? 
 
 " Oh ? that this lovely vale were mine ! 
 . . Then, from glad youth to calm decline. 
 Sly years would gently glide j 
 Hope would rejoice in endless dreams. 
 And memory's oft-returning gleams 
 By peace he sanctified ! " , 
 
 The Throne of eternityis a throne of mercy 
 and love. God has permitted and invited us to 
 repose ourselves and our hopes on that which 
 alone is everlasting and unchangeable. He takes 
 us from earth that He may lead us to heaven, 
 share with us His own immortality, admit us to 
 His everlasting habitation, and crown us with his 
 eternity. 
 
 Doing well has something more in it than the 
 fulfilling of a duty. It is the cause of a just sense 
 of elevation of character; it clears and strength- 
 ens the spirits ; it gives higher reaches of thought ; 
 it widens our benevolence, and* makes the cur- 
 rent of our peculiar affections swift and .deep. 
 
 Fisrrs. 
 
 
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