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Librumhunc CuiTitulus 
 MyotomiaReforma- 
 ta, &c. dignum judi- 
 camus qui Imprimatur. 
 
 Thomas Durwell Praefes. 
 Samuel Collins , ^ 
 
 Fr. Stare, 
 
 William Dawes, 
 
 Fane red Kobinfon , 
 
 Cenfores. 
 
MT0T0M1A REFORMAT A: 
 
 O R, 
 
 A New Adminiftration 
 
 OF ALL THE 
 
 MUSCLES 
 
 O F 
 
 Humane Bodies ; 
 
 WHEREIN 
 
 The true Ufes of the Mufcles are 
 
 Explained, the Errors of former Anato- 
 mifts concerning Them Confuted, and 
 fevera \ Mufcles not hitherto taken no- 
 tice of Described ; 
 
 To which are fub join’d, 
 
 A Graphical Delcription of the Bones ; 
 And other Anatomical Obfervations. 
 
 Ilhiftrated with Figures after the Life . 
 
 By W ILLI AM COWPER Surgeon. 
 
 LONDON ; 
 
 Printed for Sam. Smith and Ben.Walford at 
 the Prince’s- Arms in St. Paul’s Church-Tar d. 
 MBCXCIV. • 
 
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Viris Expertiflimis 
 
 ROGERO KNOWLES 
 
 Magiftro , 
 
 Reliquifque Gubernatoribus 
 Societatis Cbirurgorum Lorn 
 dinenfium , 
 
 NEC NGN 
 
 DoEUjfim'ps Ornatijfimifque D.D bus 
 EDVARDO BROWN, 
 
 ATQUE 
 
 EDVARDO TYSON, 
 Coll . Regal . MeZ. Z07//. S'oai^ 
 
 ATQUE 
 
 Anatomic Vrdefforibus in Anphitbeatro 
 Cekbtnm* Societatis Cbirurgorum, 
 
 MYOTOMIAM. 
 
 Pane Obfervantiae ergo D.D.D 
 GUILIELMUS CQWPER, 
 
" 
 
 l v ;/ 
 
 » J H* . V i t 
 
 ? v 
 
 
 
THE 
 
 PR EE ACE- 
 
 I N the Contemplation of 
 NATURE , we meet with 
 nothing that a for As us A 
 more Invincible Argument of the 
 WISDOM of the DIVINE AR- 
 CHITECT, than the Structure 
 and Compofition of ANIMAL 
 BODIES, nor are the e fells of 
 that INFINITE UNDER- 
 Sl ANDING more vifible in any 
 farts of an Animal Body, than 
 in the INSTRUMENTS of VO- 
 LUNTARY MOTION, whofe 
 Variety and Contrivances are both 
 Admirable. 
 
 In this refpeEt ANATOMICAL 
 PISQUISITIONS are exceeding- 
 
 *4 // 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 ly entertaining 3 but befides it 
 behooves P HILO SOP HERS who 
 inquire into the Nature of Things , 
 and PHYSICIANS efpecially , 
 whofe province it is to preferve 
 the CVRIOVS FABRIC of the 
 HUMAN BODY, to acquaint 
 Themfelves fully with the Nature 
 and Confiitution of that NOBLE 
 SUBJECT 3 for that is the only 
 way to learn what are the Se- 
 cret Springs by which the Myfte- 
 rious Operations of SENSE and 
 MOTION are performed \ to dif- 
 cover the CAUSES and SEATS 
 of DISEASES , and their 
 SYMPTOMS , and the proper 
 Methods of CURING and PRE- 
 VENTING them. 
 
 What Opinion the moft Judi- 
 cious and Beft of Men had of 
 Enquiries of this Nature , even 
 in their Infancy , we may learn 
 from our Great Mafler HIPPO- 
 V CRATES, 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 CRATES, who was fent for to 
 DEMOCRITUS the Founder 
 of the Mechanical Philofophy, 
 to cure Him of his fuppofed Mac l- 
 nefs , and finding Him Differ- 
 ing the Bodies of Animals to 
 difcover the feat of the Bile, and 
 ajfign the reafons of its Effeffis, 
 was fo far from looking up$n Him 
 to he Mad \ that He pronounced 
 Him the Wifeft Man in his 
 Country. 
 
 Nor is the Story that is told 
 of our Modern Fhilofopher DES 
 CARTES lefs re?narkahle , who 
 fhew’d a Gentleman that came to 
 fee his Library, nothing hut a 
 Calf which he defignd to DiL 
 feel. 
 
 But it is needlefs at this time 
 to Enlarge either upon the Vfe~ 
 fulnefs of ANATOMT in gene - 
 raf or the particular Advantages 
 of an Exah Knowledge of MTO - 
 v ? • LOG r 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 LOGT in order to the PRACTICE 
 of CHJRVRGERT, an ' there- 
 fore I fhall wave what might be 
 faid upon thofe Heads , and only 
 give a fhort Hiftory of the Ad- 
 vancements that have been made 
 in MVSCVLAR ANATOMT in 
 fever al Ages , and the Rea^ 
 why I undertook^ to Write 
 that Subjeffi. 
 
 Without doubt HIPPO- 
 CRATES was well skjTd in 
 ANATOMT^ as it appears by his 
 Book s De Glandulis, De irra- 
 d:uris, &c. 
 
 ARISTOTLE Dijetted ma- 
 ny Animals before He began to 
 Compofe their Hiftory , of which 
 we have only a few Fragments. 
 
 RUFFUS EPHESIUS had 
 alfo made fome Progrefs herein , 
 and gave the External parts 
 fheir proper Names. 
 
 GA- 
 
the preface. 
 
 GALEN and the Anatomies 
 of his time were indefatigable 
 in their Anatomical Labours, 
 as appears not only from thofe Ex- 
 cellent Books of his Of Anatomi- 
 cal Adminiftration, and Of the 
 Ufe of Parts 5 but in that Com - ' 
 pendious Syftem of the Mufcles 
 colieded out of Them by ORIBA- 
 SIUS : Before and after whom 
 we find no confiderable progrefs 
 made in AN ATOM f till the 
 Rife of the Accurate Jacobus 
 Sylvius, and Andreas Vefalius, 
 about the middle of the laft Cen- 
 tury . 
 
 There have been indeed divers 
 Others who have Written of AN A- 
 TOUT as Alcmseus Crotonia- 
 ta, Diocles Caryftius, Erafi- 
 ftratus,d7z</Herophilus,o/ which 
 the two Latter are faid to have 
 Taught ANATOMT Public kly, 
 and to have ‘Diffe filed many Hun- 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 dreds of HumanBodies inG reece, 
 Syria, ancT Mg ypt : GALEN 
 was a Difciple of the laft 3 hut 
 we have none of their Writings 
 now extant. Befides Thefe there 
 are Others mentioned by Galen, 
 as Lycus, Quintus who was Ly- 
 cus 5 Mafter , and Marianus, but 
 we J hall not repeat their Names, 
 fince their Ob fervations afford Vs 
 no occafion to mention them here- 
 after . 
 
 Amongft the many ARABI- 
 ANS that have Written on this 
 Subjefi: , Avifcenna is efteemed 
 the Chief 3 and amongfi the An- 
 cient LATINES, Mundinus is 
 reckon d the Firji 3 whofe Works 
 are Commented on by Jacobus 
 Berengarius Carpenfis , atid 
 Curtius 3 but neither of thefe 
 furnifh Vs with any di [cover ies 
 in Myology. 
 
 THOMAS DE ZERBIS is 
 
 alfo 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 alfo mentioned , but hit Writings 
 are fuppofed to be Collected from 
 the Obfervations of Others . 
 
 NICOLAUS MASSA a 
 Phyfician of Venice, is reputed 
 A Benefaftor to Anatomy, and 
 mentioned by * Riolan to have * Anthro « 
 firfi Obfervd the Mufculi Pyra-ffc^' 
 midales defer ibed by Falloppius. viiL 
 
 CAROLUS STEPHANUS 
 affifted by the Induftrious Hand 
 of STEPHEN RIVERIUS a 
 CHIRVRGEON, (as Riolan 
 Writes) was a Diligent Improver 
 of this Art , and llluftrated it with 
 Figures before Vefalius 3 but we 
 were never fo fortunate as to fee 
 either of thefe Three laft men- 
 tioned. 
 
 JACOBUS SYLVIUS was an 
 Accurate Anatomift of his time 5 
 He Wrote an Admirable Com- 
 mentary on Galen’s Book of 
 the Bones, and an Anfwer to 
 
 the 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 the Calumnies of V th&msjvhom 
 He calls Vefanus : After hit 
 Death was Puhlijhed that In- 
 comparable Piece Intituled r , Ifa - 
 go ge Anatomica, wherein He 
 digefted the MUSCLES and 
 Veffels into order , which were 
 Treated of confufedly before by 
 Galen , V efalius, Columbus, 
 and Falloppius, and gave Them 
 their NOMENCLATURE fill 
 Ufed by ANATOMISTS. 
 
 Before Sylvius, or at the fame 
 time y FERNELIUS, and JO- 
 HANNES GUINTERUS AN- 
 DERNACUS, were Contempo- 
 raries 3 but neither of Them have 
 made any Improvements in the 
 Knowledge of the MUSCLES. 
 
 ANDREAS YESALIUS be- 
 gan very young to examine the 
 Parts of fever al Animals , in 
 which Study by a Wonderful 
 Sagacity and peculiarity of Ge- 
 nius, 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 nius, he made a fwift hut S ted- 
 dy Progrefs 3 He vpas * Scholar 
 to Guinterus, as himfelf confef- 
 feth in his Inftitution Anatom, 
 ac Lib. de Veteri & NovaMe- 
 dicina 3 and a Difciple to Syl- 
 vius, as He acknowledges in the 
 PREFACE to hisfirft Impreffion , 
 De Fabrica Humani Corporis, 
 Printed in the year 1543, which 
 paffage is left out in the fecond 
 Publijhed in the year 1555. 
 And here it may not he amifs 
 to take notice hy the hy of another 
 difference between thefe two Edi- 
 tions , to. wit, that the Figures 
 of the Former are much finer 9 
 hut the Defcriptions are more 
 Coned in the Latter. 
 
 Indeed much is owing to this 
 Great Man , whofe Accounts of 
 the MUSCLES as well as all 0 - 
 ther Parts that were known to 
 Him , are generally very faith - 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 fully delivered. He was Con - 
 temporary with REALDUS CO- 
 LUMBUS, GABRIEL FAL- 
 LOPPIUS, VALVERDA, and 
 BARTHOLOMEWS EU- 
 STACHIUS, all excellent Ana- 
 tomifts, ef peciaUy the Two For- 
 mer , the Firft of which and CE- 
 SALPINUS ftarted early hints 
 of Their Knowledge of the CIR- 
 CULATION of the BLOUD5 
 which perhaps for fome Reafons 
 They afterwards concealed. Fal- 
 loppius was a moft Accurate 
 DiffeUor of the MUSCLES , as 
 will appear in the following Tradt, 
 and his Ingenuity in acknowledg- 
 ing what He took, from Vefalius 
 is very Commendable. 
 
 From THESE the MTOLO- 
 GT has received its greateft Im- 
 provements $ and though there 
 are divers others that have Writ- 
 ten on this Subject, yet none ex - 
 
 cept 
 
THE PREFACE 
 cep HIERONYMUS FABRI- 
 CIUS ab AQUAPENDENTE, 
 and JULIUS CASSERIUS 
 PLACENTINUS, have given 
 any true Marks of their know- 
 ledge herein . 
 
 Both the RIOLAN’s peten - 
 fions are great , hut we Trace 
 Them in Falloppius. 
 
 There are divers Others in Re- 
 fute with the Vulgar for their 
 Vefcripions of the Mufcles, a- 
 mongft which SPIGELIUS is the 
 chief hut there feems to he no- 
 thhig extraordinary in his Book, 
 he fide s the Figures of Jul. Cafife- 
 rius Placentinus, fome of which 
 are very Imperfeffi. Since our 
 laft named Author there has 
 been nothing difcover d in MYO- 
 TOMY except M.DU VERNY’s 
 Oblique Mufcle of the Ear. 
 
 The Sculptures of BIDLOO 
 are not to he forgotten, fmce they 
 
 h Ex - 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 Exprefs clivers MUSCLES and 
 other Parts fo near the Life. 
 
 The many that have lately 
 written on this SubjePl have ra- 
 ther increaf d than diminifhed the 
 Errors , efpecially thofe that Write 
 in ENGLISH, and particularly 
 that 7 reatife of Mr. WILLIAM 
 MOLINS, and that moft Erro- 
 neous one of JOHN BROWN, 
 are only CoUePlions of the Mi- 
 flakes of others. 
 
 Indeed the greatejl part of 
 Books now Extant are mere Co- 
 pies, or Extracts , and Ufelefs 
 Rhapfodies 3 ORIGINALS are 
 few and Rare 3 MANKIND 
 finding it much e after to Tran - 
 fcribe a?id Steal, than to Invent 
 and Improve , though NATURE 
 affords a?i Vnexhauftible and yet 
 hidden Treafure , fufficient to em- 
 ploy the fearch and Induftry of 
 all the HANDS and WITS in 
 
 the 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 the World. One great Mi flake 
 has much ObftruHed the Advance- 
 ment of true Knowledge , and 
 that vs a general opinion the 
 Senfes are Grofs and Ignoble , 
 and that Ab fir ailed Contempla- 
 tions , are the perfections of Hu- 
 man Nature 3 and fo it comes 
 to pafs that MAN is fed and 
 pleafed with Chimera s and Sha- 
 dow s, inflead of true fubftantial 
 Knowledge , which vs to be learnt 
 by true Phyfical Examinations of 
 Senfe and Experiment , by En- 
 quiry and Obfervation. 
 
 Thus , after repeated D1S- 
 S EC T 10 NS, finding the Errors 
 of the Latter Writers of MTO- 
 LOGT to equal , if not exceed 
 thofe of the more Ancient AU- 
 THORS 3 I was induced to thinks 
 that a Reformation of fo con fi- 
 tter able as well as Vfeful a Fart 
 of ANATOMY , would not be 
 
 b § 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 altogether Ungrateful to the 
 Pub lick, at this Time. Neither 
 did I entertain fuch a defign 
 without forefeeing it would meet 
 with its Enemies , fome of which 
 I am Confident will d if approve of' 
 the Undertaking meerly for the 
 Jake of the Under talker. 
 
 I did at fir ft, 1 ?nuft confefs, 
 c?dy defign the Publication of my 
 own Obfervations and Difcoveries 
 tn ade in DISSECTION of the 
 MUSCLES , but confidering the 
 Confufion Authors make, and 
 the Multitude of Mifiakes with 
 which the Books of this kind for 
 the moft part are fill'd 3 I co?i- 
 ceived it might prove a Work, of 
 ?nore general Ufe to give their 
 e?itire Hiftory 3 Wherein, ac- 
 cording to my ability, I have 
 reSlified their Defcriptions , fup- 
 plied the Defeats, and retrenched 
 fhe Errors of Others, a?id done 
 ^ Jufiice 
 
THE PREFACE 
 
 Juftice to every Man by whom l 
 hatie been affifted 
 
 I have by way of INTRODV - 
 CTION premifed my Conjectures 
 concerning the Compofition of a 
 MVSCLE , and its Contraction 
 for the convenience of Thofe 
 who are not acquainted with the 
 Ordinary VoCtrine 3 which I hope 
 the Learned Reader will excufe. 
 For the fame Reafon it feemd 
 advifable to add the Adminiftra- 
 tion of their Direction in imi- 
 tation of Galen, Vefalius, and 
 Others 3 whereby the Learner 
 may at once be Inform d not only 
 of what is in NATURE, but of 
 the manner of difcovering it. 
 Thefe RULES are Inferted in a 
 different Charader preceding to 
 the Defcriptions , and there more 
 efpecially where any difficulty may 
 arife to the Unacquainted OPE- 
 RATOR. And to render what 
 
 my 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 
 my -particular Enquiries have 
 given me occafion to Ohferve 
 more ferviceable , thofe MUS- 
 CLES here described which have 
 escaped the Observations of 0- 
 thers are not only Delineated, but 
 Thofe alfo that have not hither- 
 to been weU expreft by the Figures 
 of Vefalius, Julius Cafferius, 
 ( which are annext to the Works 
 of Spigelius) and thofe of Bid- 
 loo, and fome others 5 To which 
 Authors, References are placed in 
 the Right hand Margin at the 
 Beginning of the Defcription of 
 each MUSCLE, that the Reader 
 may know where to find it Fi- 
 gured. 
 
 Laftly, to compleat my Defign, 
 and to render this Account ft iU 
 more Intelligible, I have added 
 Two Figures of the SCELEFON, 
 to which References are made in 
 the Text by Numbers anfwering, 
 
 or 
 
THE PREFACE. 
 or fubfequent to the Numbers 
 -placed upon the Figures Cited 
 in the Left hand Margin 3 To 
 the end the whole ( which are 
 my moft Hearty Wijhes ) may be 
 of more Vfe and Service to the 
 Publicly 
 
 THE 
 

 I ■ '/ 
 
 •• *»9I 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE 
 
 INTRODUCTION: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A Description of a Mufclei 
 
 A MULCLE is the chief and Imme- 
 diate Inftrument of Spontanious 
 Motion : It’s called by the Greeks 
 either from the refemblance 
 divers of them have to a Flead Moufe, or to 
 the Shell Fiih called Mufculas, Or from to 
 Contract Under this denomination of 
 Mu files is comprehended all that which is 
 called Fleffi, which is riot one continued Mafs, 
 but is diftiriguiihed into divers Portions, ly- 
 ing contiguous to each other, in fucli decent 
 Order as conduces as well to an Elegant 
 Symmetry of tlie whole Body, as to the Exe- 
 cution of each Mufcles particular Office. 
 
 A Muftle is compoled of Membranes , tendon , 
 Arteries , Veihs, Nerves, to which forne add 
 Ljmphe- duels and Fat. Of Thefe the two firft 
 are efteemed Proper Parts of It, the reft are 
 
 A counted 
 
The Introduction. 
 
 counted Common : As to their Origin, whe- 
 ther any of the Former are derived from the 
 Latter, or whether by an admirable Steno- 
 graphy of Nature they were all delineated in 
 the Ovum of the Female, or Semen of the 
 Male, or partly in both before the Impreg- 
 nation, fliall not be our Task at prefent to 
 confider : But we Ihall briefly enquire into 
 the Intimate Structure of a Mufcle, as it ap- 
 pears in an Adult Body. 
 
 A Muscle is commonly diftinguifhed into 
 three parts, viz. the Head, Belly, and Tail: 
 The Head or Beginning is as it were the Cen- 
 ter of its Motion, fixt to the raoft Stable 
 Fart ; its Middle or part molt Tumid is cal- 
 led its Belly ; and its other Extream Implant- 
 ed in the Part mQVed is Denominated its Tail 
 or Ending. 
 
 The Common Integument of Mufcles firft of- 
 fers it felf to view after the Skin and Adipofe 
 Membranes are removed. Thu is frequently 
 Complicated with the Tendons of Mufcles, 
 efpecially where Stricter Inclofures are ne- 
 ceflary, as on the Mufcles of the Cubit , and 
 thole of the Thigh and Tibia ; the Ules of 
 Which we have Demonftrated, Chap. XXVI. 
 
 The Proper Membrane of a Mufcle does 
 immediately Inclofe It, and is frequently 
 conjoined with the Former, efpecially on 
 thole Parts laft mentioned, where it’s compli- 
 cated 
 
The Introduction. 
 
 cated with Tendinous Expanfions, that it be- 
 comes in fc parable from it : this not only in- 
 volves each Mulcle, but diftin&dy inclofeth 
 each Fafciculus of its Flefhy Fibres, as is evi- 
 dent in the Glutai Maximi Deltoides , $ J c. And 
 thefe Fafciculi of Flefliy Fibres are in a pe- 
 culiar manner affifted by Thefe their proper 
 Inclofures, as the Mufcles of the Cubit are 
 by the Fafcia lata, Whofc Office I have elfe- 
 where endeavoured to Explain. 
 
 In the Interfaces of thefe Fafciculi in Ro- 
 bull Bodies we frequently find Fat, which, by 
 the affiftance of an ordinary Microfcope, ap- 
 pears compofed of certain Tranfparent Mem- 
 branous Cells diftended with an Oily Mat- 
 ter ; which plainly difcovered it felf to the 
 Naked Eye of that Inquifitive Anatomift, 
 Dr. tyfon, in the Diiledlion of a Porpefs . 
 
 ■ Thefe Adipofe Cells are furniffied with Blond 
 : Vefiels,as was fufficiently demonftrated in an 
 ! Experiment I lately made by Injecting of Mer- 
 !,| curj into the Artery of the Ann. The Ufe of 
 :• the Fat, according to the Ingenious Dt. Ha- 
 d vers in his Ofleologia Nova, Pag. 209. is to be 
 )f join’d with the Mufcilage feparated from the 
 L Neighbouring Glandules, and help to make 
 es up a Compofidon to preferve the Tendinous, 
 tyi and Flefhy Fibres from growing Dry and 
 on Rigid, and to Lubricate them, and render 
 ili* diem fit for Adion. 
 
 d! Ax The 
 
The Introduction. 
 
 The Tendon of each Mufcie is eithe 
 partly united, or partly divided, or totally 
 divided , if united it’s meerly Tendinous, 
 if divided it 7 s efteem’d Flelhy, wherefore it’s 
 faid to confill of Tendinous and Flelhy 
 Fibres, or Flelhy Fibres only : Thofe parts 
 of Them entirelyTendlnous are a Compages 
 of Filaments compactly joined without the 
 apparent Interpofition of other Parts , as 
 Bloud Veflels, Nerves, &c. The Flelhy 
 Fibres are continuous with the Former, and 
 are furnilhed with Bloud Veflels, Nerves, 
 and Lymphe-du<3:s : Thefe are divided into 
 divers Fafciculi of a Prifmatical form, Hexa- 
 gon, Square, or Triangular ; each Fasciculus is 
 tompoled of divers Tendinous Filaments 
 which lie Parallel to each other. Though 
 by the difmption of thefe Prifmes divers ob* 
 lique InterfibrilLx appear (which not unlikely 
 gave occafion to Stem to imagine them of a 
 Rhomboidal Conltrudbure) yet bytheaffi- 
 Itartce of the Microfcope They alfo appear no 
 otherwife than parts of the divided Fafcicu - 
 tus ; that appearance of Them being partly 
 Caufed by their agglutination to each other, 
 and partly by the diftribution of the Bloud 
 Vellels and Nerves pahing to each Fibrilla ; 
 which Interfering each other, I am apt to 
 think, might impofe on Borellus , and make 
 Him conceive thefe FibrilLe to be Compofed 
 
The Introduction. 
 
 of many Links of a Rbomhoidal or Lozenge 
 Figure. Each of thefe Fibrilla are much 
 fmaller than the fined Hair, Their Figure 
 is Cylindrical, their Internal fubftance is 
 porous like a Hair, with this difference, to 
 wit, the Pores of That are more numerous 
 and lefs, and in This the Pores are larger and 
 fewer ; which we fhall have occafion to men- 
 tion in examining the Diftribution of the 
 Bloud Veflels. 
 
 The Nerves accompahy the Bloud Veflels 
 at their Ingrefs into Mufcles, and are diftri- 
 buted to all their Carnous Fibres: fome have 
 thought the Head of the Mufcle to be the 
 place of their Infertions, but that opinion 
 has been long fince exploded, it being evi- 
 dent that divers Mufcles receive two or three 
 Branches of Nerves in differing parts of 
 Them. How the Extremities of Nerves Ter- 
 minate in Thefe and other Parts, is ftill like- 
 ly to be a fecret in Nature, fince neither the 
 Naked Eye, or any Microfcopes yet known, 
 are capable of rendering it a matter of Au- 
 topfie. The examination of Nerves by the 
 Microfcope doth diffidently inform us, that 
 nothing that has been faid of them hitherto 
 is lefs probable, than that They are employed 
 in conveying any Part of the Succus Nutri - 
 tins to other parts, which fome have fo 
 grofly dreani’t of. ? Tis true that an Atro- 
 \ . A 3 phe# 
 
The Introduction* 
 
 fhea of Parts will follow upon the abfciifio'* 1 
 or relaxation of their Nerves ; but if we con- 
 sider what alteration mull inevitably happen 
 in the Tone of thofe Parts, whole Nerves are 
 divided or relaxed, we fhould not be much 
 at a lofs in aligning a Caufe for that Phn- 
 nomenon. That the Trunks of Nerves are 
 compofed of divers Fafciculi of Fibriiie lying 
 parallel to each other, is what ocular de- ! 
 monftration evinceth *, but by the help of 
 our Glalles thofe Fibrill which before 
 fcarcely appeared to Us, will difeover them- 
 (elves to be dill made up of divers 0 hers ; 
 and all of Them full of Pores ; And if by 
 chance you difoover a (ingle Fib r ilia, as I 
 have fometimes done, you will find its fub- 
 flance porous ; but ( if I may be allowed to 
 calculate its dimenfions by the fame Micro - 
 [cope ) it does not leem to exceed the Hun- 
 dredth part of a Hair : Its contents in thofe 
 curious fine Cells or Pores mult necedarily 
 be very fubtil ; nor will I contend with 
 thofe who will call them Animal Spirits, or 
 an Aerial Body, fuch as the Materia Primi, 
 or Secundi Elementi, of Des Cartes, nor lhall 
 I concern my (elf with an account of the 
 Tranfmilfion or derivation of this fubtile 
 matter from the Great Fountains, whether 
 of the Brain or Bloud Veflels , palfing 
 Immediately between the Nervous Fafciculi, 
 
The Introduction. 
 
 fince I hear my Ingenious Friend Dr. Ridly, 
 will Publifh his Accurate Anatomical Lectures 
 lately Read in the Amphitheatre of the ColLedge 
 of Phyfecians, wherein He has touched on 
 this particular. 
 
 The Bloud Vetfels of each Mufcle , like thofe 
 of other Parts, are Arteries and Veins, of 
 which the former import Bloud into it, and 
 the latter convey it back again to the Heart. 
 Hovv Thefe tranfmit their contents to each 
 other, has been a Controverfie among Ana- 
 tomifts, till the Induftrious Leewenhoek, by 
 the AfTiftance of his Microfcope, difeoyered 
 thole Veilels in rhe Tranfparent Fimbria of 
 the Tail of an Eele, or Lacerta aquatic a, to 
 be continued Channels, without the in terpo^ 
 iition of any Spongious Body, which Ana- 
 tomifts had fa long imagined, which pleahng 
 Phenomenon, is commonly de- 
 monftrated by thole Improv’d * Living inkb- 
 Microfcopes made by Mr, * MeU clmrcil Iane - 
 lang, that ’tis needlefs to lay more of if in 
 this place : Wherefore I trait proceed to re- 
 late what offer’d it felf in an Experiment | 
 lately made, by Injecting Mercury into the 
 great Artery of the Arm, which not only 
 prov’d what Bor dins hacl obferv'd, that even 
 the Flelhy Fibres of Mufcles are in themfelves 
 white, and that their red Tindture is from 
 Bloud, but was an Intimation of a .peculiar 
 A 4 . gQpfyp? 
 
8 
 
 The lntroduffiion. 
 
 Conformation of the Extremities of the Bloud 
 Veflels, which were filled as full with Mer- 
 cury as they could be before with Bloud ; 
 and afterwards, in examining the Fihrilla, I 
 found their Cells before-mention’d fill’d with 
 the Mercury. Thefe Cells, by what I have 
 as yet obferv’d, do not communicate with 
 each other, but as I have fome reafons to 
 conceive, there are certain Foramina in the 
 fides of the Arteries that open into Them. 
 Each Globule of Mercury in the Fibrill* ap- 
 pear’d to be a'.mofl as big as two or three 
 Globules of the Bloud : Hence it may be ac- 
 counted how the Intumefcence of thefe Parts 
 happens by often injecting Water by the Ar- 
 teries in dead Animals ; That being a Body 
 whole parts are very apt to infinuate thern- 
 felves, qua da tur Porta, thefe Cells become 
 diltended by it. Hence alfo an account may 
 be given how Mufcles are excited to ad by 
 fuchlnjedions made foon after the Death of 
 the Animal ; but of this hereafter. 
 
 Thefe Contemplations compared with 
 fome Experiments I afterwards made, did al- 
 moft tempt me to form an Hyfothsfis of the 
 Contraction of a Mufcle ; but receding on the 
 various Conjedures of fo many Learned 
 Writers, who had already employ’d them- 
 felves on this Subjed, I found it would 
 prove a Work of more time to refute what 
 •t • . .. 4 *• < ‘ has 
 
The bitroduStion. 
 
 lias already been propofed, and corroborate 
 my Conjedures wirh repeated Experiments, 
 than I had allotted my felf for that purpofe. 
 
 The former Anatomifts being unacquaint- 
 ed with the Intimate ftrudure of a Mufcle, 
 and Ufe of the Parts which compofe it, 
 placed the power of Contradionin its Nerves, 
 or in its carnous Fibres only. 
 
 The Accurate Stem conceiving the Flelhy 
 fibres, and oppofite Tendons pf Mulcles, 
 to bear an Analogy in their Conltrudure to 
 Parallelograms , imagines that an alteration 
 of the Angles of their Are# may be made by 
 extenfign only of its Flelhy Fibres ; and this 
 He fuppoled may be done without the Ac- 
 ceflion of new Matter. 
 
 Dr .Willis pretends that the Animal Spirits 
 brought by the Nerves, are lodged in the 
 Tendons of Mufcles, which joining with other 
 Particles of an Adive Nature, fupgiy’d 
 from the J3loud, make an effervefcencfc, by 
 which the Carnous Fibres are exagitated, 
 which being Lax and Porous, are {tuft, and 
 become Corrugated ; hence he fuppofes the 
 whole Mufcle is alfo Contraded. 
 
 Dr. Mayor? imagines the Contradion of a 
 Mufcle may be made by an edervefcence ari- 
 fing from the Commixture of Sulphureo-faline 
 Particles, fecreated from the Mals of Bloud, 
 and Nitrogenous ones tranfnmted by the 
 Nerves. * ■ Mp 
 
The Introduction. 
 
 M. Du Ferny Conjectures an Intumefcence 
 may be made in the Carnous Fibres of 
 Mufcles without a Ferment, fuppofing (like 
 Dr. Willis) that the Tendons are Score- : 
 lioufes of Spirits which are excited by new ! 
 ones from the Brain, and thofe, together 
 with a Juice {upplied by the Arteries, Extend 
 the Fleihy Fibres, like a Fiddle-ilring ex- 
 pofed in a Moift Air. 
 
 Dr. Quon fuppofes each diftind Carnous 1 
 Fibres to confift of an Infinite number of 
 fmall Globules or little Bladders opening in- 
 to one another, and that the Nourilhing 
 Juice conveyed at large among the Carnous 
 Fibres through the Artery, by the conftant 
 pulfe of the Fleart is driven on, and after 
 mixing with another Liquor between thofe 
 Fibres, pafles into the Cavity of each Glo- 
 bule or Bladder, where it mixes with a fe- 
 cor^ fort of Matter more Adi e than the 
 Forrflfcr, and by Thele conftant agitations, 
 ebullition, and eftervefcence, with the Na- 
 tural Fleat ; Fie imagines is partly the caufe, 
 and partly the conftant aftifter of the Motion 
 of a Mufcle. Fid. Hook's P hilofopbical Cotle&. 
 N. 2.p. 22 . 
 
 Job. Alphonfus Borellm enlightened with 
 Mechanical Demonftrations, after an enqui- 
 ry into the intimate Stru&ure of a Mulcle, 
 conceives its Fibres to be compofed of a 
 - • Cham 
 
II 
 
 The Introduction. 
 
 Chain of divers Rhombi or Lozenges, whofe 
 Area may be enlarged or diminilhed by the 
 Acceflion or Retroceilion of Bodies, infmu- 
 ating themielves like fo many Wedges into 
 it ; and thefe He thinks are a Nervous Juice 
 inftill’d ad Imferium Anima, joining with the 
 Bloud or Lymphe, whence an Ebullition or 
 Fermentation does Arife. 
 
 The Experiments I have made, compar’d 
 with that above mentioned ( by Injecting 
 Mercury) feem to intimate, that the Bioud, 
 barely as a Fluid, is an Affidant in the Con- 
 traction of a Mu file : and this did not 
 only appear by making a Ligature on the 
 Defending Trunck of the Aorta of a living 
 Animal,' whereby all the Inferior Parts be- 
 come Deftitute of Motion, which they a- 
 gain recovered by loofing that Ligature, 
 and admitting the Bloud to flow again into 
 the Mufcles ; But even after the celiation of 
 motion in the fame Animal it was furpriG 
 ing to Obferve the Mufcles of the Legs re- 
 new their Contractions, upon the injection 
 of Water only into the Crural Artery; 
 which Experiment I have frequently repeated 
 with the like fuccefs. 
 
 Hence I began to fufpect, that the Bloud 
 is the Pondus by which the Action of a 
 Muscle is perform’d ; and that either by a 
 Turgefcence began in the P metes of the Cells 
 
 of 
 
12 
 
 The Introduction. 
 
 of the Flelhy Fibres caufed by the contents 
 of the Nerves Agitated ad Imperium Anim<e, 
 or by Conftridtion of the Venous Du£t, 
 may be die immediate caufe of Replietion of 
 theCells,whereby the length of their Fibrilla is 
 leflened : And this Opinion I could rather en- 
 tertain, becaufe it leems to Quadrate with 
 - De Motu that of a Bore lie's, and the late Ingenious 
 Hooks Dr. * Croon, to whofe farther Exphcations I 
 Sited re ^ er t ^ ie I n( l u ^ ltive Reader. 
 
 Numb. 2o 
 
 THE 
 
*3 
 
 THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 C Hap. I. * 0 / the Mufcles of the Ab- 
 domen. 17 
 
 Chap. II. Of the Mufcles of the Teftes. 
 
 3 ° 
 
 Chap. III. Of the Mufcles of the Penis* 
 
 3 1 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Mufcles of the Bladder 
 of Urine. 37 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Mufcles of the Anus. 
 
 37 
 
 Chap. VI. Of the Mufcles of the Hairy- 
 fcalp and Forehead , . 40 
 
 Chap. VII. Of the Mufcles of the Eye- 
 lids. 43 
 
 Chap. VIII. Of the Mufcles of the Eye. 
 
 47 
 
 Chap. IX. Of the Mufcles of the Nofe. 
 
 .H 
 
 Chap. X. Of the Mufcles of the Cheeks 
 and Lips. ' 57 
 
The Contents. 
 
 Chap. XI. Of the Muscles of Auricula 
 or Outward Ear . Page 63 
 
 Chap. XII. Of the Mufcles of the Inter- 
 nal Ear . 65 
 
 Chap. XIII. Of the Mufcles of the Os 
 Hyoides or Bone of the Tongue. 73 
 Chap. XIV. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Tongue . 78 
 
 Chap. XV. Of the Mufcles of the La- 
 rynx. 80 
 
 Chap. XVI. 0 / the Mufcles of ^Fauces. 
 
 86 
 
 Chap. XVlL Of the Mufcles of the Gar- 
 gareon. 90 
 
 Chap. XVIII. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Lower Jaw. 93 
 
 Chap. XIX. Of the Mufcles of the Tho- 
 rax that Appear the Body lying Supine. 
 
 98 
 
 Chap. XX. Of the Mufcles of the Sca- 
 pula or Shoulder-Blade. 1 09 
 
 Chap. XXI. Of the Mufcles of the Tho- 
 rax which Appear the Body lying Prone . 
 
 Chap. XXII. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Head, . 116 
 
 Chap. XXIII. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Neck. 1 x'7 
 
 Chap. XXIV- Of the Mufcles of the 
 Back and Loins. 1 3 1 
 
 Chap. 
 
The Contents. 
 
 Chap. XXV. 0 / the Mufcles of the Arm. 
 
 Page 138 
 
 Chap.XXVI.O/ the Mufcle of the Cubic. 
 
 HS 
 
 Chap. XXVII. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Palm of the Hand. 
 
 Chap. XXVIII. Of the Mufcles if the 
 Four Fingers. ij-f 
 
 Chap. XXIX. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Thumb. 166 
 
 Chap. XXX. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Wrifi or Carpus. 171 
 
 Chap. XXXI. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Radius. 174 
 
 Chap. XXXII. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Thigh. 178 
 
 Chap. XXXIII. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Leg. ior 
 
 Chap. XXXIV. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Foot or Tarfus. 206 
 
 Chap, XXXV. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Great Toe. 214 
 
 Chap. XXXVI. Of the Mufcles of the 
 Four Lejfer Toes. 218 
 
 IS 
 
 Books 
 
Books Printed for Samuel Smith and Ben- 
 jamin Watford , at the Prince’s Arms 
 in St. j TauTs-Church-Tard, 
 
 M Artini Lifter M. D. & S. R. S. Exercitatio Anatomi- 
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 rum DiJJe&iones Tabulis aneis ad ipfas res ajf'abre incisis 1 
 llluftrarttur. Interferitur Digreffo de- Refpiratione. 8 °. 
 
 Pharmacologia , feu manuduEtio ad materiam medieam , in 
 qua medicament a officinalia Simplicia j hoc eft 3 miner alia, 've- 
 getabilia , Animalia , eorumque partes in medicina officinis ufi- 
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 Synonymis 3 differ entiis 3 ' & viribus. Opus omnibus Medicis 3 
 Thilofophisj Fharmacopeisy Chirurgis 3 & Pharmacopolis uti- 
 lijjimuni. A Samuel Dale in 1 2 0 
 
 Medicinal Experiments : Or, a Collection of choice 
 and iafe Remedies, for the moft part fimple, a$d eafily 
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 Containing above a Thoufand Choice and Seled Re- 
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 and Emplaitrum Febisfugum, &c, in 8 °. 1694. 
 
MTOTOMIA REFORMAT At 
 Or, 
 
 A New Adminiflration of all the 
 
 MUSCLES 
 
 O F 
 
 Human Bodies,^ 
 
 CHAP, L 
 
 Of the Mufdes of the Abdomen^ 
 
 I N the regular Adminiflration of a 
 Human Body, we mufl begin our 
 Section with the Lower Belly, lead 
 the fpeedy Putrefaction of its Fifcera 
 fliould become troublefbme and offen- 
 five : For this purpofe, Incifion mufl 
 be made through the common Inte- 
 gaments of the Body, in a Crucial 
 G Form. 
 
1 8 
 
 Pefaltfii 
 jtrima 
 Mufculo- 
 rum Ta- 
 bula PP. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Form. The ftrft and direct Line of 
 Divifion beginning at the Cartilago 
 Enfiformts (3 z), mu ft be continued to F ; gi xvxi 
 the Os Fubis(^%). The other Tranft 
 verfe from the Navel on each fide to 
 the Region of the Loins, after which, 
 the Skin, Fat, and Membranes, of 
 each Portion being raifed from their 
 f efpedive Angles, the Mufcles, which 
 cover the J&ddmen , will appear in their 
 proper Situation. Thefe may be com- 
 prehended under the general Title of 
 Epigaflrick, whereof fome are Ante- 
 riour, feated in the Fore-part only, 
 fome Lateral, others Pofteriour, belt 
 referred to the Back and Loins. In 
 their particular Enumeration and Def- 
 cription we fhall conftantly obferve 
 the Method we propofed to our felves, 
 and Treat of them according to the 
 Order that they appear in Diftedion. 
 
 Firft then, Obli quits Defenders feu 
 
 Deelivis. 
 
 This Mufcle derives its Name from 
 the Progrefs of its Fibres. It arifes 
 with feveral acute Produdions, partly 
 Flelhy,and partly Tendinous, from the 
 lower Margin of the fifth (#), fixth (0), 
 
 feveiuh. 
 
luman. 
 orp.Tab . 
 lib. II. 
 
 )ap. 
 
 (XXI 
 
 Human. 
 Zorp. Fab, 
 
 Lib. IV. 
 Zap. X. 
 Syntag- 
 ma Ana- 
 ’.arnica. 
 Cap, II, 
 
 of the Abdomen, 19 
 
 feventh (f), and eighth Ribs (ej), where Fig. xyil. 
 its feveral feperate Originations lie be- 
 tween the Indentations of the Senates 
 Major Antic us', Thefe for better Di- 
 ftin&ion we chule to call its former 
 Origin ; befides which it continues to 
 derive more heads in like manner from 
 the ninth (r), tenth (y),and eleventh it), 
 and fometimes from the extremity of 
 the laft Ballard Rib {uj, where it is alfo Fig ' xv “’ 
 indented with the Sen at us Inferior Pojli- 
 cus, as Vefalius has well oblerv’d : From 
 its former Origin, its oblique des- 
 cending Flelhy part expands it Self in- 
 to a broad Membranous Tendon, be- 
 fore it marches over the Reel us to its 
 Infertion in the Line a Alba and Os 
 Pubis (38).- From its latter in the lame 
 manner defeending it ends partly Ten- 
 dinous in the Ligamentum Pubis ; but 
 chiefly Flelhy on the fuperiour and 
 forepart of the circular edge of the 
 Os Ilium (36). It adheres net to the ^ x .. 
 Tranfverfe Procelies of the Vertebra ° ' 
 
 • Lnmbares , as Spgelius , Vefiingius , and 
 with them molt Anatomifts have ima- 
 gined. But its largeit, laft, and 
 "mcit Flelhy Digitation, leaving tne 
 lowed Ballard Rib at its extream 
 Point, and in its oblique Defcent de- 
 C % dining 
 
20 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 dining forwards, {till recedes gradu- 
 ally more and more from the Verte- 
 br a (34), forminga Triangular Inter- FigJxvil 
 {lice , comprehended by the Sacro- 
 lumbm, Os Ilium (36), and its lower 
 fide ; in which Area, the Fibres of the 
 fubjacent Mufcle plainly appear. 
 
 Befides the Adions vulgarly afcri- 
 bed to this Mufcle, and its Partner, 
 together with the reft of their Fel- 
 lows , viz. Comprefling the Inte- 
 ftines and Bladder either in ex- 
 cluding the Faces and Urine in both 
 Sexes, or Fat us in Women ; They 
 have flill a farther and more Noble 
 life. That part of either of them that 
 is interjacent between their latter Ori- 
 gin and Spine of the Os Ilium (37), 
 bearing an Analogy in ,its pofition to 
 the Mafloideus of the Head, (of which 
 hereafter) ferves for the Circumro- 
 tation of the Trunk upon the Axis of 
 the Fertebrx, when we convert the 
 Body to the contrary fide, the Feet 
 remaining unmov’d, for which necef- 
 £>: ven- fary Motion Authors have allign’d no 
 fr'icui. & initrurnent, though this I think did 
 mts ' not efcape Dr. Qlijfons Judicious 
 Reflection. 
 
 For 
 
of the Abdomen. Vi 
 
 For the better Direction of thefe Abdo- 
 minal Mufcles, obfirve the following Me- 
 thod. The Body being fupported on its 
 fide, the Dorfi Latiflimus of the con- 
 trary mufi be Freed from its divers Flejhy 
 Originations at the Curvated parts of the 
 Ribs, as alfo the Tendinous port of it, 
 which Arifes from the edge of the Os 
 Ilium : This, done, the Blood being dried, 
 and the Fat cleared, which caution (to 
 prevent Con fife on) mufi perpetually be ob- 
 ferved, the Originations of the defcribed 
 Obliquus Defcendens will appear. 
 
 Begin its Separation by Introducing 
 your Fore Finger between it and the fol- 
 lowing Mufcle in the above noted Inter- 
 face, then Raife that Part of it which 
 Springs from the Lowefi Rib, and Ter- 
 minates in the Spine of the Os Ilium* 
 proceeding to Free the refi of its Digit ac- 
 tions from between the four above-named 
 Serrati, being cautious not to wound its 
 Tendon in dividing it from its fubjacent 
 Mufcle, efpecially as it marches over the 
 Redtus. Nor may their Separation be 
 attempted in every Subject by reafen of 
 their fir i cl Adhefon ; wherefore in prepa- 
 ring thefe Mufcles when they are to be De~ 
 monfirated after Diffeciion, yon may pro-? 
 ceed in the following Order. 
 
 C 3 The 
 
22 Of the Mufcles 
 
 The Obliquus Defcendens being 
 Rais’d on either fide fas before) to the 
 Redtus , cut through and Raife loth 
 Tendons together, leaving them ‘at their 
 Infertions in the Linea Alba, taking 
 fufficient care in their Separation 
 from the Inter fed ions of the Redtus. 
 This done, on the contrary fide Raife 
 its Flejhy part only , beginning in the 
 Linea Semilunaris , by making an 
 Aperture in its Tendon towards its 
 Tower part, where it is fep arable from 
 that of the following Mufcle, thrufing 
 a Probe between the Two Tendons , 
 divide this Superiour one through the 
 length of the Abdomen. Then, the 
 Flejhy part on this fide being alfo Rais’d, 
 and clear’d to the Extremities of its 
 Digitations and left there : Raife the 
 
 oblique Afcendent ; and on the fame 
 fide you Raised the ■ former towards its 
 Origination, Raife this E Contrario, 
 fo purfuing it to the Linea Alba , 
 where it is to be left : On the contra- 
 
 ry fide , its Flejhy Portion mufi be 
 Rais’d to its Origination. The refi of 
 thefe Mufcles appearing in fitu require 
 no Di fie cl ion. 
 
 Obliquus 
 
of the Abdomen. 
 
 .23 
 
 Obliquus Afcendens feu Acclivis. 
 
 ff tl ‘ So called from the oblique Afcent 
 ib. 4 . " of its Fibres, the fame Error noted 
 X- in the preceding Defcription is like- 
 wife here committed by Vulgar Ana- 
 tomifts. Neither of thefe Mufcles 
 having any Communication with the 
 Lumbal Vertebra. It arifes Flelhy 
 from the whole circular edge of the 
 Os Ilium (37), and Ligumentim Pubis, 
 without any Thin Membrane fpring - Flg ' XVi, ° 
 '-turn an ing either from the Loins, or Os Sa- 
 zorp.Fi ib. crumbs Vefalius would perfuade us, or 
 : XXXI. f rom the Apices of theirTranfverlePro- 
 cefles,as others pretend, thence mount- 
 ing with an order of Fibres inclining 
 Forwards, Forms a Broad Membra- 
 nous Thin Tendon, Implanted into 
 the whole length of the Line a Alba, 
 and the Cartilages of the eighth ( q ), Fi i- XV H- 
 ninth (r), tenth (s), eleventh (f), 
 and twelfth Ribs (u). 
 
 Befides its known Ufe in compref 
 fing the Abdomen and its # Contents, 
 that part of it which ariles Flelhy 
 towards the back part of the edge of 
 the Os Ilium , by the oblique Aicent 
 of its Fibres, to the Cartilaginious 
 C 4 End- 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 Endings of the Ribs, not only De- 
 preffes them and ftreightens the Ca- 
 vity of the Thorax in Expiration, but 
 in regard the Order of Fibres of this 
 Interfed: thofe of the Former Mufcle, 
 bn the fame fide may Antagonife it in 
 the Circumrotatijn of the Trunk of 
 the Body on the Axis of the Vertebra ; 
 as on its contrary fide, its feries of 
 Fielhy Fibres being parallel to thofe 
 of the faid Defcendens , on the oppo- 
 fite fide may Adt in Concurrence with 
 it in difcharge of its Office. In the 
 Structure and Reciprocal Co-operati- 
 on of thefe Mufcles, the Afcending on 
 the Right, and the Defcending of the 
 Left, Turning the Body to the Right, 
 and Vice Verft. The Afcending in 
 the Left and Defcending in the Right 
 in like manner Turning it to the Left, 
 the Art of Nature indeed is very ad- 
 mirable. 
 
 F'jramidalis vel Succenturiatus. 
 
 This Mufcle lying on the Red us 
 prefents it felf next in order of DiR 
 fe&ion. It has its Name from its Fi- 
 gure aptly reprefenting a Pyramid from 
 a broad Bajjs ending in a Point. It 
 ” "■ r ~ • ' Arifes 
 
of the Abdomen. 
 
 Arifes from the fuperior part of the Os 
 Pubis (38), and in its Afcent ledens its 
 felf gradually till it becomes a long 
 dnthnp. Tendon inferted in the Navel. Rio- 
 uib.s.atp. i m ] ias obferved the left to be mod: 
 XX1 ' commonly the leder, and if either be 
 obfervat. absent, it mod ufually is that ; Fd - 
 I Anatom. [ 0 pp m (who fird difcovered thele 
 Mufcles) conjectures they comprels 
 Vid. a- the Bladder of Urin. Fdrlum- ab A- 
 ? Thom‘ ^ ua P e ^ nte imagines they fiipport the 
 Banhoiin, Abdomen, and hinders the fuperior 
 lib- 1. parts from preding too violently on 
 vi. t j ie inferior- ; but this Opinion feems 
 to take its rife from obferving the Ana- 
 tomical fubjedt in a fupine Podtiori. 
 The Ufe, which we think mod: genuine 
 and natural is this. When the Did- 
 fhragm has preft the Vifcera , whereby 
 the Abdomen is become Tumid, rffn* 
 pull the Navel downwards, by which 
 means they make a more adequate 
 compredlon of the Bladder in the ex- 
 pul lion of Urine, than any other 
 Mulcle of this part ; though it mud 
 be confeft they all contribute their ad 
 ddance in that Action. They are cal- 
 led Succenturiati by their Author, or 
 Auxiliary Mufc' 
 that they are on 
 
 les from a fuppodtion 
 ly fupplemsntal to the 
 
 25 
 
 ig. xvii. 
 
'%€ Of the Mufcles 
 
 following in their a&ion, the order of 
 Fibres in both agreeing, and thefe be- 
 ing always ablent, when thole are 
 continued Flelhy to the Juncture of 
 
 the 6 Jfa Pubis. 
 
 hid.T.%1. Rett US. 
 
 MN.PP. 
 
 So called from die Rectitude of its 
 Pofition. Anatomills differ in align- 
 ing the Origination of this Mufcle, 
 fome deriving it from the Sternum, 
 others from the Os Pubis ; but Itleems 
 a matter more of controverfie than 
 ufe , fince either part is indifferently 
 moved by it, the oppofite remaining 
 liable. Little can be added to the 
 common and well known defcription 
 of diefe Mufcles, they being conti- 
 jjjnNjd according to the length of the 
 Lower Belly from the Cartilago Enfi- 
 formis(^z), and two of the Cartilages Ft 
 of the True, and two of the Ballard 
 Ribs down to the Os Pubis (38), and 
 divided into four or live Portions by 
 three or four Intermediate Perigraph*, 
 or Traniverfe Tendinous Interfedlions. 
 The Veffels which pafs underneath its 
 Upper part are the Mammary Artery 
 Defending, and its Vein Afcending. 
 
 Thole 
 
$f the Abdomen. 27 
 
 Thole of its Lower part are the Epi- 
 gaflrick Artery Afcending, and its V ein 
 Defending. The Inclofure of this 
 Mufcle in the double Tendon of the 
 Afcendem we could never as yet dif- 
 cern, rather fufpe&ing that the Adhe- 
 fion of the Afcending Tendon to that 
 of the following Mufcle in the Linea 
 Semilunaris might occafion the miltake. 
 
 Vef. Muf. Tranfver falls. 
 
 Tab.$. Y. J J 
 
 So called becaufe its Fibres run tranf- 
 verily over the Abdomen. This Mufcle 
 does not A rile according to the Vul- 
 gar Tradition, from any Ligament, 
 whither Ipringing from the Os Sacrum , 
 or covering the Sacrolumbm, but, 
 
 De Re as Real dm Columbw truly writes, from 
 : f” b at °’ the Tranfverfe Procelles of the Lum- 
 tap. xxii. bal Vertebra (34) Spine of the Os Ili- Fig. xvii 
 urn (37), Ligamentum Pubis , and Car- 
 t tilaginious endings of the Ribs below 
 the Sternum, from whence itsFlelhy 
 part palles Over the Convex Sur- 
 face of the Peritomum, and be- 
 comes a Broad expanded Ten- 
 don before it runs under the Reffm to 
 its Implantation in the whole Longi- 
 tude of the Line a Alba. When this 
 
 Mufcle 
 

 De Strtt. 
 Burn 
 Diet- . 
 phr ag- 
 in at is. 
 Cap. ii. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Mufcle with its Partner Ad, they 
 Prefs the Abdomen diredly inwards, 
 as in Expiration. Cafpar Bartholin 
 obferves in Bulls and Animals of the 
 larger fize, that part of this Mufcle 
 is continuous with the Diaphragm at 
 the Cartilaginious endings of the 
 Ribs below the Sternum ; whence he 
 fuppofes the Diaphragma to be a Tri- 
 gaflrick Mulcle. But whither this 
 Obfervation will quadrate to a Hu- 
 man Body whofeTofture is Ered, and 
 manner of Refpiration different from 
 that of Quadrupeds , we leave undecid- 
 ed till farther Enquiries afford us bet- 
 ter Information. The Spermatick Veff- 
 lels pafs through this and the Afcen- 
 dant Mufcle near the Inguina in the 
 Mid-way between the Forepart of the 
 Spine of the Os Ilium and Os Pubis, 
 whence defeending for fome fpace be- 
 tween the Flefhy part of the lafl 
 named, and Tendon of the Oblicjuus 
 Defcendens, they run through a Fiflure 
 of the faid Tendon near the laft named 
 Bone. Thefe Perforations not exadly 
 correfponding to each other, is an Ar- 
 tifice in Nature to prevent a Prolapfus of 
 the Inteflines through them, not much 
 unlike that oblique Infertion of the 
 
 Vretres, 
 
of the Abdomeft. 
 
 Ureires and Duff us Bilarim paffing be- 
 tween the Membranes of the Inte- 
 ftines and Bladder, whereby theretro- 
 ceffion of the Bile in one, and the Urine 
 in the other is prevented. 
 
 
 N. In the Diffeffion of thefe Mufcles 
 care mufi he taken not to wound the Cre- 
 mafler on either fide , The Peritonaeum 
 
 with its Contents prefint themfelves next 
 to our Examination , hut they not being 
 Suhjeffs of our prefint Enquiry, theymufi 
 he all immediately removed for Re a fins 
 already mentioned. We proceed next to 
 the Mufcles of thofe parts, which for con- 
 veniency in Diffeffion offer themfelves next, 
 namely, the Teftes, Penis, Bladder of 
 Urine, and Anus. The Body being laid 
 with the Buttocks near the brink of the 
 Table, and the Legs forcibly devarricated 
 for the more commodious proficution of the 
 work, let the Operator place himfelf be- 
 tween them, and continue the Divifilon of 
 the Skin, Eat, and Membranes by a Semi- 
 circular Seffion on each fide of the Pubes 
 meeting in the Perinaeum near the Anus, 
 and begin to raifi the Skin of the upper 
 part of the Penis, freeing it from the 
 Spermatick Veffels, next raifing that pari 
 which lies in the Perineum. This done, 
 
 and 
 
30 Of the Mufctes 
 
 and the Fat removed, the following Mufcles 
 offer themfelves to view . 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 E 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Teftes. 
 
 | Ach Tefticle is attended with one 
 proper M Tele called Cremafler , 
 
 'Anthm- to which Riolan adds another, and 
 pg. lib. 5. thinks it common to both, compre- 
 ‘ XXXV1 ' hending them in the manner of a Bag, 
 and ferving for their .^uccuftation ; 
 but other Anatomifts efteem it a Mem- 
 brane only, calling it Dartos. 
 
 Cremafler. 
 
 Dt Graaf Or Sufpenfor Tefliculi. It Arifes 
 de Viro - Flelhy from the Lowed and Forepart 
 T gZfr\ r ^ e Spine of the Os Ilium (37)and f ^-xv*i 
 f. i.cd! Upper part of the Ligament um Pubis, 
 its Fibres running parallel with thofe 
 of the Obliqutts Afcendens, ( not with 
 Li ' J - l - .. the Tranfverfalis as Bartholin objedts 
 ***’ xxu ' againft Riolan ) and ai 110ft encompaf- 
 fing the Procefs of the Peritoneum, des- 
 cends on it to its Inferior part, which 
 entertains the Tefticle. 
 
 Its name declares its Office. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of the Penis. 
 
 3 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Penis. 
 
 Natomifts generally defcribe two 
 Pair of Mufcles belonging to 
 
 the Penis , viz. Acceleratores and Erec- 
 tor es. To thefe Fabritius ab Aquapen- 
 dente adds a Third Pair, which are 
 alfo mentioned by Bidloo , and expreft 
 in his 47 Table. 
 
 So called from their Ufc in expedi- 
 ting the Eje&ion of Urine and Seed. 
 Authors have been miftaken in the 
 aligning the Originations of thefc 
 Mufcles, either to the SphinEler Ani 
 or Tubercles of the Off* Ifchij. They 
 Arifing Flelhy from the fuperior part 
 of the Urethra , as it pafles under the 
 OJfa Pubis , and encompafling the Ex- 
 ternal part of the Bulb of its Caver- 
 nous Body (CC) (mentioned in our F 
 Appendix ). Both Mufcles meet on the 
 Inferior part, ( b b ) and march ac- 
 cording to the length of the Team of 
 
 Acceleratores Urina. 
 
 the 
 
32 Of the Mufcles 
 
 the skin in the Perineum, parting from 
 each other (cc) They Afcend to their F k- xll, 
 Infertions on each fide the Corpora Ca- 
 ve mo fa Penis ( G G ) . 
 
 Befides the Ufe commonly afcribed 
 to thefe Mufcles in comprefling the 
 Urethra in driving out the Remains of 
 Urine, and promoting the Ejacula- 
 tion of the Semen in Coitu, (which 
 Action is chiefly done by the lafl de- 
 fcribed Part of them embracing the 
 Urethra as they pafs to their Inferti- 
 ons on each fide the Cavernous Bodies 
 of the Penis) They alfo aflifl the fol- 
 lowing Mufcles in Its Ere&ion, by 
 driving the Blood contained in the 
 Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Ure- 
 thra ( A ) towards the Qians in greater ^-xlv. 
 quantities, whereby it becomes di- 
 llended, the Veins which carry off 
 the Refluent Blood from the Corpus . 
 Cavernofum Urethra at that time being 
 alfo compreft by the Tumefa&ion of 
 thefe Mufcles. 
 
 Ereci ores Penis feu Erigentcs, 
 
 By fome called DireBores, and by 
 Ub. 4 . Spigelius, Collaterales Penis . They Arifo 
 u ?‘ xu. fiejhy from the External Knob of the 
 
 Os 
 
of the Penis, 
 
 Os tfchtum (39) below the beginnings %-xvit 
 of the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, 
 in whole thick Membrane they are 
 Inferred. ( DD ). 
 
 When thefe Mufeles Ad: they pull 
 the Penis towards the OJfa Pubis, where- 
 by its great Vein is compreft, and the 
 Refluent Blood denied its paflage un- 
 der thofe Bones, by which means the 
 Penis is Ereded, of which, hereafter 
 we lhall give a more full Account, 
 
 Fig. x. 
 Fig. xil. 
 F F. 
 
 Tranfverfalis Penis „ 
 
 So called from their foliation. 
 
 Thefe are mentioned by Lindams after 
 Aquafendens, as * Thom. 'Bartholin takes 
 notice. They Arife near the Former, 
 from whence they pals Tranfverfly to 
 their Infertions at the upper part of 
 she Bull of the Cavernous body of 
 the Urethra. (EE.) Fig. 
 
 To thefe may be added the Mufcles and Xl ^ 
 of the Clitoris, and that of the Pu- 
 dendum in Women. 
 
 Anatomifls differ concerning the 
 number of thefe Mufcles belonging 
 to the Clitoris , fome With Falloffms ohfervai, 
 (who firft Obferved them) reckon One 
 D Pair 
 
34 Of the Mufdes 
 
 Be Mdie- pair only ; Others Two ; but De 
 fwffiz Graa f felines to the Fir ft Opinion, 
 which we alfo think moft agreeable to 
 Truth. Authors have not bellowed 
 any Proper Names on them, but lince 
 they agree fo exactly with the Ere- 
 ct ores Penis (above Treated of) except 
 in point of Magnitude ; The fame 
 Apellations may alfo ferve here. 
 
 EreBor Clitoridis. 
 
 De Gciaf This Arifes Flelhy from the Exeer- 
 ds Midie~ j Margin of the Os Ifcbium (39), and Fig. xvl 
 t. xi ii. is Implanted into the Beginning of the 
 r.iii.r./. Cavernous Body of the Clitoris. 
 
 The Acftion and Ufe of This and 
 its Partner is the fame with the Ere- 
 Bores Penis. The other Pair of 
 Mufcles afcribed to this Part by Vul- 
 gar Anatomifts, and Figured by De 
 Graaf, are a Portion of the Following, 
 adhering to it. 
 
 / - - 
 
 SfhinBer Vagina. 
 
 ibid.ee.' This lies immediately under the 
 T-f ee G ^ toru > incom palling the Vagina with 
 ’ Circular Fibres , Three Fingers in 
 Breadth ; in lome Subjects, it icarcely • 
 appeareth Flelhy. This 
 
of the Bladder of Urine. 
 
 . This Adding not only {heightens 
 the Vagina, but thereby alio it hin- 
 ders the Biood in its return from 
 the Plexus , Retiformis , of the 
 Pudendum ; by compreffing fome of 
 its fubjacent Veins which pals un- 
 derneath, by which means the Labia 
 become Diftended, and Vagina Con- 
 tracted. 
 
 - 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Bladder of UriHei 
 
 G Alen and the Ancient Anato- 
 mies take notice but of One 
 Mufcle belonging to this Part, viz* 
 the Sfhinffer, but Aquapendens menti- 
 ons an other, which Spigelius calls 
 Detrufor Ur in# from its Ufe, which we 
 {hall firft Defcribe. 
 
 Detrufor Urine. 
 
 iff 1 :.. This by fome is reckoned the Firft 
 \ jj U1, Proper Membrane of the Bladder, 
 am. lying under that which is derived 
 from the Peritoneum ; its Carnous 
 Fibres embracing the whole Bladder 
 f ' ft like a Hand (as Spigelius reprefents it) 
 
 D z com- 
 
 j ,ib. de 
 lugculu, 
 :.xxviii. 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 comprefies it in the Evacuation of 
 the Urine, 
 
 Sphincter Vejiic <e. 
 
 o bfervai. Fallopio obferves, that the Anato- 
 
 Amm. m j^- s jjj s Ag e had not well De- 
 fcribed this Mufcle in placing it be- 
 low the Profiatce, in which cafe as he 
 alledges the Semen in the Venereal 
 Ad could not be emitted without the 
 Urine ; which Obfervation latter Au- 
 thors have not taken notice of, ei- 
 ther through inadvertency in Difle- 
 dion, or being impofed on by Part 
 of the Lev at ores Ani, which remained 
 Anihrap. on the Fro fates, which Riolan calls the 
 c xxxvii Spanker Externus. It is feated in die 
 upper part of the neck of the Bladder, 
 immediately above the GlanduU Pro - 
 G J!aZ.ft at£ > ‘ Whcre O Fallopius fays) 
 ‘ you mull not exped to find an en- 
 
 * tire Mufcle and Subftance diftind 
 e from the Subjed Cannal, like that 
 
 * of the Anns, but the more Fleiliy 
 
 4 part of the neck of die Bladder com- 
 
 5 pofed of many Tranfverfe Fibres, 
 
 * whofe Contradion hinders the Invo- 
 f luntary Egrefs of the Urine. 
 
 N. Te 
 
, : r. 
 
 - 
 
 of the Anus^ 37 
 
 N. To discover thefe Tranfverfe Fibres, 
 cur Author advifls to Immerge the Blad- 
 der in fcalding Water after Inflation, the 
 External Right Fibres being removed 
 Thefe will appear underneath. 
 
 CHAR V, 
 
 Of the Mu flies of the Anus. 
 
 T He Penis, together with the Blad- 
 der of Urine being removed, 
 the Mufcles of the Anus offer Them- 
 {elves to V iew. Anatomifus have not 
 d e Mufc. agreed in their Number, Galen divides 
 tap.xxx. the Sphincter into Two, (viz.) Car- 
 nofus, and Cutaneus, which with the 
 Two Lev at ores make Four Mufcles be- 
 Ant hr op. longing to this Part. Riolan multi- 
 ub.v. pij es them to the Number of Nine, 
 ,ap.x . -j'j iree sphintters, namely Carnofus or 
 the Outermofl, Cutaneus ox. the Middle, 
 and Vaginalis or the Superior and In- 
 moll, and Six Elevators, Two Inter- 
 nal, and Four External ; but this Opi- 
 nion feems rather grounded on Fancy, 
 or fome particular Subject, than a ge- 
 neral Appearance of them in Dife 
 fedion, 
 
 D 3 Sphi 
 
3 8 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Sphincter Ani. 
 
 D,G ‘ This is a Large, Thick, Fleffiy 
 Mufcle encompafling the Anus ; its 
 Figure and Series of Fibres External- 
 ly , immediately under the Skin, in- F - g , x u. 
 cline to an abiong Oval ; It is Con- 
 nected Forwards to the Accelerator 
 Urina ( D ) (as above noted); Back- 
 wards to the Os Coccyges ; As it is conti- • 
 nued farther upon the Body of the In - 
 teflinum Rectum ; its Fibres are Circu- 
 lar for near Two Inches in Breadth ; 
 it is much larger in Man than in other 
 Animals, in whom by reafon of the 
 ereCt Fofition of the Body, there is 
 greater Force required to Retain the 
 Ftces , which is the Office of this 
 Mufcie» 
 
 ibid, e e. Lev at ores Ani . 
 
 Animad. Riolan reprehends Spigelius for his 
 zv hb. Defcnption of thefe Mufcles. They 
 
 sTglui Arife Fleffiy from each fide the Ojfa 
 
 L’uhts, internally within the Pelvis (3 3 ), Ui 
 
 as alfo from part of the Os Ifchium 
 (31) and Sacrum ( 0 ); from thefe 
 Places, like Lines drawn from a Cir- 
 1 J ' cum- 
 
of the Anus. 
 
 cumference towards a Centre, its 
 Fibres Defcend over the Mufculi Mar- 
 fupiales, to their Implantation at the 
 Lower end of the Intefiinum Return ia 
 the Anus. The Ufe of theie Mufcles 
 is chiefly to Sufpend and Draw the 
 Anus Upwards, left the Feeds ihould 
 be burthenfom to the Sphincter. Ia 
 their Defcent on each fide Forwards 
 from the OJfa Pubis they Pafsclofe 
 over the GlanduU Proftatce, in a man- 
 ner embracing them (as before) by 
 which Mechanifm they are rendred 
 capable of Comprefling them ; and 
 by Retra&ion of the Anus at the fame 
 time A<5t on the Veficuloe Seminales, in 
 order to promote the Emiiflon of the 
 Seed in Coitu. We proceed next to 
 the Mufcles of the Hairy-fcalp, &c. 
 
 i 
 
 D 4 CHAP, 
 
 
Lib. v. 
 cap. vii. 
 Obfervat. 
 tdnntom. 
 
 Of the Mufclm 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Hairy-fcalp, and 
 Fcre-head. 
 
 N. T 0 Demonflrate thefe Mufcles, the 
 Following Method may he Oh - 
 jerved ; make Inc if on through the Com- 
 mon Integuments of the Head, the Firfl 
 and Direct Line of Divifton being con- 
 tinued from the Middle , and Inferior . 
 part of the Os Occipitis, to the fame 
 fart of the Os Fronds ; The other Tranf 
 verfe from Two Circular Ducts round each 
 Ear, inter feeling the Former on the Sin- 
 ciput, begin from the Concourfe of Angles 3 
 taking Care in Freeing the Fore-head not 
 to Raife the Frontales. 
 
 Occipitalis. 
 
 This and its Partner are mentioned 
 by Columbus , and Accurately Defcrib- 
 ed by Falloppius ; They are Short, but 
 Broad, Thin, Flefhy Mufcles, fituated 
 on the Occiput , from whence they De- 
 rive their Names ; each of thefe Arifes 
 Fieihy from that Part of the Os Occi- ng-xy'A 
 •• ' ' ' 
 
of the Forehead. 
 
 pitis where the Majloidem and Mnfcu - 
 lm Splenitts are Inferred, and foon .be- 
 coming Tendinous joins with the Pe~ 
 ricrmium, which firmly adheres to 
 the Hairy-fealp on the Sinciput. When 
 thefe A6t, they pull the Hairy-fcalp 
 Backwards, 
 
 Frontalis. 
 
 This Arifes Thin, Broad, and Flefhy, 
 from the Upper part of the Os Front is 
 near the Sutara Coronalis, and Descend- 
 ing by the Posterior and Fore part of 
 the Temporalis, meets with its Partner 
 near their Infertions to the Skin of 
 the Eye-brows. (AA ) 
 
 Thefe A&ing draw up and wrinkle 
 the Skin of the Forehead, and cannot 
 Antagonife the Former Mufcfc£, as 
 fbme Imagine, fince their Originati- 
 ons is from the Bone Above, and their 
 Terminations in the Skin of the Lower 
 part of the Forehead. 
 
 )hfervat. Befides thefe, Folchems Coiter counts 
 4imm another Pair, which later Authors 
 call Corrugatores , Arifing near each 
 Great Cant hus of the Eye at the F unci a 
 Lachrymalia ; feeming to Terminate 
 about the Middle Region of the Eye- 
 ■ brows. 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 brows. But We rather incline to the 
 Opinion of Others, who take them 
 to be Two Oblique Elongations of 
 the Former Mufcles. 
 
 N. To raife the Skin , and difcover the 
 Mufcles of the Face, which in the Order 
 of DiffeCtion are next to he profecuted, 
 continue your Former Divifion from the 
 Dorliim Nafi where you before left it , to 
 its Apex, from Two Semicircular Secti- 
 ons on each fide the Alas Nafi to the Sep- 
 tum Narium, make a direli one to join 
 with a Circular Incifion about the Lips, and 
 from the middle of that of the Lower Lip f 
 draw your Knife directly over the Chin 
 Neck and Sternum till you meet that lon- 
 gitudinal one made in DiffeCtion of the 
 Mufcles of the Abdomen. The Skin is 
 heft chirred from the Eyelids, after Raifing 
 it from the circumambient parts. In the 
 Trait ice of this Operation, fpecial Atten- 
 tion mufi be had, left you wound the Orbi- 
 cularis Palpebrarum ; Care alfo mufi be 
 taken in Raifing the Skin of the Neck , 
 and Face , not to raife the Quadratus 
 Genas with it. 
 
 CHAR 
 
of the Eye-Lids. 
 
 43 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Eye-Lids. 
 
 \e Dif- 
 B. Muf- 
 ti. Gap. 
 
 J 
 
 tu m . thefe Mufcles , in dividing the OrU- 
 or p. Fab. cu laris into two, and fuppofing there- 
 x b y the Motions of the Eye-Lids 
 were performed. But this Syfteme 
 ffervat . was ^ a her’d b y Falloppius, partly 
 Inatom. from an Intimation of Oribafius in his 
 Book De Diffeci. Mufcul ex Galeno 
 Cap. VI. where he takes notice that 
 in the Cure of an JEgilops, not only 
 the defcribed Beginnings of thele 
 Mufcles are Cut and Burnt away, but 
 the Bone underneath Exfoliated, and 
 yet the Motion of the Eye-Lids re« 
 main : And partly from the Difledion 
 of the Eye in a Sea-Calf, where he 
 obferved four Mufcles latent in the 
 Orbit , inferted above Underneath and 
 on both fides the Palpebra: He was 
 induced to make the like Enquiry in 
 Man, in whom lie happily ditcovered 
 
 f^ALEN and the AntientAnatomifls, 
 ^ together with Fef alius, were ex- 
 treamly deceived in their Ideas of 
 
44 Of the Mufcles 
 
 the Aperiens Palpebram Rectus, which 
 flia ! 1 be defcribed hereafter. W e men- 
 tion this Paffage, becaufc fome latter 
 Authors have favoured the Account 
 of the former, retaining their Diftin- 
 Ctions into Semicircularis Superior, and 
 Semicircularis Inferior. 
 
 Orbicularis Palpebrarum. 
 
 This is a Thin Flefhy Mufcle, 
 whofe Fibres do Circularly environ 
 the Eye-Lids BB, and are Inferred to & £ . 
 them, (like the Sphincter Labiorum) 
 not adhering to any Bone, from whence 
 we may derive their Origin, except 
 the Superiour part of the great Bone 
 of the Nofe ; by fome reckoned the 
 fonrth Bone of the Upper Jaw. 
 
 This Mufcle Adfing like the Sphin- 
 cters of other Parts, Conftringes the 
 jnthro- Eye-Lids. To thefe Riolan adds ano- 
 V S ,c^x t ^ er Mufcle belonging to each Eye- 
 Lid, which he calls Ciliaris , which 
 we take to be a Portion of the former 
 adjacent to the Cilia. 
 
 To difcover the following Mufcle, that 
 part of the former , lying between the 
 Upper Eye-Lid and Eyebrow , mufl be 
 Raifed ; After which 3 the Glandula 
 - - Lachri- 
 
of the Eye-lids . 
 
 Lachrimalis, with fart of the Fat with- 
 in the Orbit being removed, by extending 
 the Upper Eye-Lid, either with a Hook , 
 cr your Fingers only , its Tendinous In- 
 fertion and fender Flejhy Body will appear 1 * 
 
 Aperiens Talpebram ReUm. 
 
 [M- T • So called from its ftreight Progrels 
 
 2,jF ' 4 ‘ and Ufe. It Arifes Sharp and Fklhy 
 from the profoundeft part of the 
 Orbit, near the place where the Op- 
 tick Nerve is Tranfmitted, paffing 
 diredtly over the Mufculns Attollens 
 it becomes Tendinous as it marches 
 over the Bulb of the Eye ; whence 
 growing frill Broader and Thinner, 
 till it is Inferted to the whole Supe- 
 riour part of the Upper Eye*Lid. 
 
 ■lynn, Thefe Mufcles of the Eye-Lids being 
 Ve'vifiQ- "removed, we proceed next to thefe of the 
 ie. cap. Eye it [elf ; in the Demonfir ation of which , 
 Aqua pendens propofes two ways ; the one 
 fhewing the Eye with its Mufcles in fitii- 
 the other the Eye taken out of its Cavity, 
 and its Mufcles expanded on the Table z 
 The Firfi exhibiting their Motions, the 
 Second their Figure or Shape. In the 
 Firfi , though our Author advifes the 
 Brain to be taken out, and the Bones of 
 
bfi Of the Mufcles 
 
 the Orbit divided ; yet we chufe to per - 
 form this Operation in the following man- 
 ner , without troubling our felves with 
 either. Both Eye-Lids being removed, 
 firf, with your Fore-Finger feel gently 
 for the Trochlea, fituated near the brink 
 of the Orbit (o), towards the Nofe ; then FI 
 clear the Tendon which pajfes through it : 
 This done in like manner clear the Oppo - 
 fite Mufcle , the Obliquus Inferior, firf 
 obferving its Origination at the brink of 
 the Inferior part of the Orbit (e), with Fig. 
 the AJfiflance of a fmall Hook and Scijfars 
 extrait the Fat and Membranes, and 
 Veffels from between the freight Mufcles. 
 The other manner of Demon f ration may 
 be Praffi fed in the fame Eye, or with the 
 contrary, taking Care in dividing the 
 Trochlea from the Orbic, to prevent 
 Wounding the Tendon,which pajfes through 
 it ; The Inferiour Oblique Mufcle being 
 cut off clofe from its Origin, as alfo the 
 ref of the Mufcles , and Optick Nerve at 
 the profoundef part of the Orbit, and the 
 whole Eye difodgd ; Difngage its Muf- 
 cles, and d/fplay them, whereby yon may 
 cbferve,that the Trochlearis is thelongef 
 Mufcle of the Eye ; and that its Infertion 
 is direUly behind the Attollens ; and on 
 the contrary , the Obliquus Inferior is 
 
of the Eye . 
 
 the flortejl, whofe Termination is direBly 
 behind the Abducens, by which means you 
 may diflinguifh each , and find the fide to 
 which it belongs. 
 
 CHAR VIII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Eye . 
 
 )e re A- {Columbus reprehends Galen, Vefalius , 
 atom, and the Anatomifts ofhis Time, 
 
 C'yJ'nfor afcribing the Ayer tens Palpebram 
 Rettus, and Obliquus Superior to the 
 Eye, and at the fame time commits 
 no lefs an Error himfelf, not only in 
 fuppofing that the laft named Mufcle 
 belongs to the Eye-lid, but imagining 
 that the Obliquus Inferior begins and 
 ends in the Cornea of the Eye. But 
 slam *' t ^ ie -Accurate Fallopius, who firft ob- 
 ferved the Trochlea, has given us the 
 moft exadt Defcription of thefe Muft 
 cles. 
 
 Obliquus Superior or Trochlear is. 
 
 It receives its firfl Denomination 
 from its Oblique Pofition and Courfe, 
 in regard of the reft of its Fellows, 
 
 - ~ ' the 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 The Second, it derives from that Car- 
 tilaginous Ring, fufpended near the 
 Brink of the upper Part of the Orbit 
 towards the Note (o) through which Fi - 
 its Tendon pafies, being refle&ed on 
 it, as a Rope on a Pully : (A)Be- f .y g ii> 
 Tides which, it is called Longijjimus 
 Oculi , as exceeding the others in 
 length. It arifes fharp, and Flelhy 
 from the profoundeft Part of the Or- 
 bit, near the Origination of the Abdu- 
 cens , and becoming a Flelhy Belly 
 (D) as it pafies Obliquely clofe under 
 its Superior Part, makes a round Ten- 
 don running through the Trochlea (as 
 above mentioned) from whence rever- 
 ting back (A) its inlerted to the Tuni- 
 ca Sclerotic , in the middle of the Di- 
 ftance between the Termination of the 
 Attollens , and Optick Nerve, towards 
 the back Part of the Bulb of the 
 Eye. (A) 
 
 Obliquus Inferior . 
 
 Alfo called Brevijfmuc Oculi , it be° 
 ing the fhorteft Mufcle of the Eye. 
 
 This fprings lharp and. flelhy from 
 immediately within the Lower, and 
 almoft outward Part of the Orbit (e), at iii, 
 
 the 
 
of the Rye* 
 
 die Jun&ure of die Firft Bone of die 
 Upper Jaw (6), with the Fourth ($.), Fig, x\ll 
 becoming Thicker Afcends Obliquely 
 over the Deprimens, growing Tendi « 
 nous at its Jnfertion to die Tunica 
 Sclerotis near the Implantation of the 
 Former, diredtly betwixt the Abdu~ 
 and Optick Nerve. (I.) Fig.lh 
 
 Thefe two Oblique Mufcles are by 
 fome called Qircumagenies , and Ama- 
 t.orii from their Actions in Winding 
 and Rolling the Eye about, which 
 Motions we cal 1 Ogling. Anatomiils 
 differ in affigning the Proper Offices 
 of thefe Mufcles, fome averting when 
 die Superior Ads, the Eye is Rolled 
 from the Nofe, when the Inferior, to 
 it : Others on the contrary, fuppofe 
 that the Former Draws it to the Nofe, 
 and the Latter Directs it towards the 
 Teller Cant hut of the Eye. But if 
 we rightly confider the Pofition of 
 the Trochlea (<?), which determines fi s , ill 
 die Motion made by the Superior 
 Oblique Mufcle, and the Origination 
 of the Inferior ( e ), and that the 
 Tendon of the Former, and die whole 
 Dullm of the Latter pafs Obliquely 
 from die External edge of the Orbit 
 to their Infertions at the Back, part of 
 E the 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 die Bulb of the Eye, as expreft Fig, ii. 
 We mull neceflarily conceive, that the 
 Vulgar Doctrines of their Motions 
 are Erroneous : wherefore if the Ob- 
 liqmts Superior ACts, the Pofteriour 
 Part of the Bulb of the Eye muft ap- 
 proach towards the Trochlea , whereby 
 its Globe is not only drawn fome- 
 what Forwards, but its Pupil is di- 
 rected downwards ; fo on the contra- 
 , ry, when the Obliquus Inferior ACts, 
 die Pofterior part of the Bulb of the 
 Eye approaches towards the External 
 edge of die Inferior part of the Orbit ; 
 and its Pupil is directed Upwards, and 
 its whole Globe Pulled fomewhat out- 
 wards. Hence it is that the Bulb of 
 die Eye is more Protuberant in thofe 
 ACtions, which Contrivance in Na- 
 ture feems very neceflary, fincethc 
 Projections of the Eyebrows and 
 Cheeks would be liable to hinder our 
 ProfpeCt, whether direCtly Upwards 
 or Downwards : Befides the Ufes of 
 thefe Oblique Mufcles now mention- 
 ed, they have (till a more notable one, 
 not only in pulling the whole Eye 
 direCtly Forwards, but they hold it 
 from being RetraCted, when any of 
 the Four Straight Mufcles ACt, which 
 
 other- 
 
of the Eye. 
 
 ©therwife would rather draw it In- 
 wards, then turn it either Sideways, 
 6r Upwards, or Downwards. But 
 thefe Mulcles, one of them Defend- 
 ing inwardly from the Uppermoft, 
 and the other Afeending from the 
 Lowermoft edge of the Orbit to their 
 Infertions, in effed not unlike an 
 Axis, prevent its being Retraded. 
 Hence it is when they ceafe to 
 Ad, the whole Globe of the Eye 
 finks, which may give Occafion for 
 that Vulgar Tradition, that the Eye- 
 firings break in Dying Perfons. 
 
 The reft of the Mulcles of the Eye 
 are called Reffi from their Streight 
 Progrefs and Ufe. 
 
 Elevator Oculu 
 
 It is alfo called Superbm from its 
 moral ftgnification, it being one of 
 the chief common marks of a Haughty 
 Dilpofition to look high ; wherefore 
 its Oppofite Mufcle is called Humilis ; 
 lajferm, but VUcentinm thinks the Motions of 
 txviii, r ^ e Upper Eyelids denote thofe DiE 
 pofitions more fignihcantly, for fays 
 he, Qui enim banc elatam habent, (fpeak- 
 ing of the Upper Eyelids) Superbi & 
 R x Feroces 
 
g 2 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Feroces funt ; qui vero Deprejfam ac dimi* 
 dium fere Oculum Claudentem, it a. ut Ter - 
 ram adfpicere vide ant ur,Humiles ac Mites 
 f mt. This Mufcle Arifes Sharp, and 
 Flelhy,near the place where the Optic k 
 Nerve enters the Orbit, and becoming 
 a Fleihy Belly makes a Thin Tendon 
 Inferted to the Tunica Sclerotic on the 
 Superior and Forepart of the Bulb of 
 the Eye under the Adnata. (A.) Fi i- 
 
 Deprejjor Oculi . 
 
 I 
 
 This, like the Former, Arifes from 
 the Profoundeft Part of the Orbit, and 
 like it pafles diredfly to its Infertion 
 to the Oppofite part of the Globe of 
 the Eye. (G.) rtg. 
 
 Adduftor Oculi. 
 
 So called becaufe it inclines its Pu- 
 pil towards the Nofe, and Bibitoriuc, 
 it directing the Eye towards the Cup. 
 The Origin and Progrefs of This is 
 agreeable with the Two Former, and 
 is Inferted to that part of the Tunica 
 Sclerotic bordering on the Nofe. {H. Fi s- 
 
 Al- 
 
differ tat, 
 inatom, 
 'ap. vi. 
 
 of the Eye . 53 
 
 Ab duff or Qculi. 
 
 So called from its Adion in Re- 
 trading the Eye from the Nofe ; it is 
 allb called Indignabundm , becaule it is 
 made ule of in fcornful refentments. 
 
 This like the Three Former Ariles 
 where the Optick Nerve is Trans- 
 mitted ; and is Inferred like Them to 
 that part of the Tunica. Sclerotic, that 
 refpeds the Lefier Canthus of. the Eye, 
 Oppofite to the Implantation of the 
 Former (F). When thefe Four Right p: s \ a. 
 Mufeles Ad together. They Pull the 
 whole Globe of the Eye into the O- 
 bit, from whence it’s Pull’d Forwards 
 again oy the Two Obliqui as before. 
 
 To thele Mullinete adds another, 
 which he calls the Fifth Right Mufele ; 
 the Office of which he confines to the 
 Motion of the Trochlea, ( fuppofing it 
 moveable) but what he has laid con- 
 cerning it either as to its Evidence or 
 Ufe is lo Obfcure, if not Impoffible, 
 that We can fee no Realbn to give it 
 any place or defcription amongft thofe 
 other Mufcles of the Eye. Neither 
 could we ever difcover by Dilledion 
 any fuch Mufele, but we fiilped 
 E 3 that 
 
54 Of the Mufcles 
 
 that part of the Orbicular is Palpebrarum, 
 which adheres to the Trochlea, might 
 occafion the Miftake, which I rather 
 remark, becaufe I find others upon 
 MuUinetes Authority, without ftridl 
 enquiry into the Matter, have fallen 
 into the fame Error. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Nofe. 
 
 T He Nofe is altogether immova- 
 ble, except in its Lower Griflly 
 parts, which are not improperly cal- 
 led AU or pinn£, thefe by their ap- 
 proach or Recefs, do Conftringe, or 
 % D .‘ r r Dilate, the Noftrils. Galen afiigns 
 cap. lii but One Pair of Mufcles to them, to 
 which Jacobus Beringarius of Carpus in 
 his Commentary on Mindinus adds 
 another, Arifing from the extremities 
 of the Bones of the Nofe, and In- 
 fertedto the Infideof the AU ; where- 
 Lib. ii. in he is followed by Fefalius. O- 
 Iambus pretends thofe defcribed by 
 natorf.' Galen belong to the Upper Lip, and 
 Lib. v. that Thofe placed in the infide of the 
 c/rp. iv. Nofe (above mentioned) are intirely 
 
 . fidtL 
 
f f the No fa 
 
 Vicious ; Defcribing dill another 
 Pair Arifing from the upper parts of 
 the Bones of the Nofe, and Inferted 
 obfervat. to their Ala. Falloppius is not pofitive 
 \Anatm. w i iet j ier [ ie J ias f een Thole Internal 
 Mufcles mentioned by Carpus and Ve- 
 falius 5 but Mr. Bvejfier an Accurate 
 Anatomid informs me he has frequent- 
 ly Obferved them, adding that thole 
 Defcribed by Columbus above menti- 
 oned do not properly belong to the 
 AU, but are rather parts of the Or- 
 obfervat. biculares Palpebrarum. Falloppius dill 
 ■Anatom, defcribes another Mufcle, not taken 
 notice of before him, which latter 
 Anatomids call Conftri&or AU Na/t; 
 cafer , The Invention of which Placentinus af- 
 f umes> j n Defcribing thefe Mufcles 
 **' we fhall imitate the Order of Riolan 
 and others, who divide them into 
 Proper and Common. 
 
 The Proper , are thofe which move 
 the AU only, as the Dilatores Alarum 
 tfafi. 
 
 The Common , are thofe which move 
 the Ala together with the Upper Lip, 
 as the Retraolores , and Conjlriclgres 
 Alarum Naji. Firft of the Proper . 
 
5 <? Of the Mufcies 
 
 Eilat ores Alarum Najt. 
 
 Thefe are Small Thin Mufcies, ha- 
 ving a double Order of Fibres decufc 
 Fating each other, not unlike the Muf 
 cull Intercofiales : They Arife from the 
 Inferior and Internal parts of the OJfa 
 Narium, and are Toon Inferted to the 
 fuperior parts of the AU. Thefe pull 
 up the AU and Dilate the Noflrils $ 
 but I am apt to think they are not 
 found in all fubjeds. 
 
 Retract ores Alarum Nafi & Elevatores 
 Labii Superior # , 
 
 Thefe were mentioned by Galen ; 
 
 They Arife Broad and Flefhy from the 
 Fourth Bone of the Upper Jaw (5), Fig. xvii. 
 whence defcending obliquely they are 
 foon Inferted to the Upper Lip and 
 AU Nafi. (C.) Fig. 1 
 
 The Conjlriffor AU Naji mentioned 
 by Falloppim and Placentinus, we fufe 
 ped to be altogether Fiditious. 
 
 On* 
 
cf the Cheek§ and Lip, §7 
 
 Conftr i£l ores Alarum Haji ac Deprejfores 
 Labii Superioris . 
 
 Thefe Arife Flelhy from the Fore- 
 parts of the Fourth Bones of the Up- 
 per Jaw, immediately above the Gums 
 of the Dentes Inciforii , and afcending, 
 are foon Inferred to the roots of the 
 AU Nafi, and fuperior parts of the 
 Upper Lip. (£>.) Kg. 111. 
 
 When thefe Ad: they draw the Up- 
 per Lip and AU downwards; by 
 which means they bring the latter 
 nearer each other. Hence, when we 
 attempt the Reception of any Odori- 
 ferous Effluvia, the Upper Lip is pul- 
 led downwards. 1 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Cheeks and Lips. 
 
 S ince Authors generally difagree 
 concerning the Number, Deferi- 
 ption, and Ufe, of thefe Mtifcles ; 
 We Ihall not Infert their particular 
 Differences, ' •• •• ' 
 
58 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Thefe Mufcles of the Lips are ei- 
 ther Common to the Cheeks and Lips, 
 or to both Lips, or Proper to the Up- 
 per or Under Lip only. 
 
 Thofe Common to the Cheeks and 
 Lips, are Two Pair on each fide. Two 
 Mufcles, (viz.) the Quadrat us and Buc- 
 cinator. 
 
 Vefai. m. Quadrat us Gena , feu Tetragonus. 
 
 T. 3. f 
 
 De Muf. By Galen called Platufma Muoides , 
 
 Ca P- **• or the Mufcular expanfion. This is 
 a great fquare Mufcle lying under die 
 skin of the Neck, and is fpread over 
 the whole Inferior Region of the Face. 
 It Arifes Thin and Membranous, ac- 
 cording to Galen , from the Spines of 
 the Vertebra of the Neck ; It alfo 
 (prings from the skin on the fuperior 
 part of the Cuccularis , and Pe&oral 
 Mufcle, from hence afeending under 
 the skin of the Neck becomes Fleihy, 
 and one part adhering to the Os Hj- 
 oides f is foon Inferted to the Middle 
 of the Lower Jaw ; The other Broader 
 portion proceeding fardier to its Im- 
 plantation in the Cheeks below the 
 Angle of the Lips. 
 
 When 
 
cf the Cheeks md Lip . 5 ^ 
 
 When boththefe Mufcles Ad, they 
 pull down each Angle of the Mouth, 
 together with the Cheeks, which Po- 
 fture of the Face is the proper Expref- 
 fion of Sorrow. But if the Inferior 
 Parts of thefe Mufcles (which lie 021 
 the Neck) Ad: alone, they diftend 
 the fuperincumbenf skin by making 
 it Aproach to a Dired Line with the 
 ClavicuU (14) and Lower Jaw Bone Fig. XviL 
 (to), which otherwile is Indented 
 according to the Formation of the part, 
 where by a Double Chin (as they call 
 it) is Reprefented. 
 
 Buccinator, 
 
 So called becaufe in Trumpeters it 
 Forces out the Breath. This Mufcle 
 does not fpring from the Gums of 
 the Upper, and end in thole of the 
 Nether Jaw ; nor is it of that Figure 
 which Vulgar Anatomifts would per- 
 (wade Us ; or Intertext with various 
 Orders of Fibres, as others Pretend. 
 
 It Arifes Broad and Ffcfhy from the 
 Forepart qf the Proceflm Qorone (B) of iv; 
 the Lower Jaw Bone, from hence 
 proceeding with dired Fibres it ad- 
 heres to the Gums of Both Jaws, 
 
 and 
 
60 Of the Mufcles 
 
 and is fo Inferted to the Angle of the 
 Lips. ( K .) Fig. i. 
 
 Through the middle of this Mufcle 
 Pafles the Ductus Salivalis fuperior (d), 
 which Placentinus had obfcrved and 
 rheat. called Vinculum robufium (as G ifper 
 Bauhttrwtiics.) Befides the Ufe Trum- 
 c^.ixix. peters makes of this Mufcle, it alfo 
 pulls the Lips or Mouth to one fide. 
 
 The Mufcles Common to both Lips 
 are fuch as are Infcrted into the 
 Angles of the Mouth, as the Zugo- 
 maiicusy Elevator , Deprejfor, and Con- 
 flricfor Labiorum. 
 
 Zugomaticus. 
 
 Anthro- So called by Riolan becaufe it arifes 
 S^n.'from the Os Jugale or Zugoma (tf.Fig.xn 
 Its Origination is Round and Flelhy 
 from the External part of the laid 
 Bone, whence Defcending Obliquely 
 Forwards is Inferted near the Angle of 
 the Lips. (6.) Fig. I 
 
 When this Mufcle and its Partner 
 Ad, they draw both Lips upwards, 
 and make a Pleafant Countenance. 
 
cj the Lip . 61 
 
 Elevator Labiorum. 
 
 This lies between the Former 
 Mufcle and Elevator Lahti Superior is 
 froprius. It Arifeth from the Os Quar- 
 tum of the Upper Jaw (?), and De- xv*. 
 Icends Diredly to its Infertion under 
 the Termination of the Former. (£).) Fig. l 
 
 Depreffor Labiorum .• 
 
 This Arifes Fleihy from the Lower 
 Edge of the Inferior Jaw Bone (io) Fig. xrlL 
 laterally, and Alcends Diredly to its 
 Infertion at the Angle of the Lips. (H.) Fig. I 
 
 This with its Partner and the Qua- 
 drati Ading exprefs a forrowful Coun- 
 tenance, in drawing down the Corners 
 of the Mouth and Cheeks. 
 
 Conftriffor Labiorum it. Sphintter, & 
 
 Orbicularis Labiorum. 
 
 This environs the Lips with Orbi- 
 cular Fibres, and when it Ads it Pur- 
 (es them, wherefore fome name it Of 
 mlatorm, ( F F.) Tig x 
 
 The 
 
62 Of the Mufcles 
 
 The Mufcles Proper to the Upper of 
 Nether Lip in particular are three Pair, 
 
 (viz.) Elevatores Labii fuperioris ; De- 
 prejfores and Elevatores Labii Inferioris .* 
 
 Of thefe in Their Order. 
 
 Elevator Labii Superiors. 
 
 This Arifes Flelhy from the Fore- 
 part of the Os Quartum of the Upper pig. xvii 
 Jaw (?) immediately above the Ele- 
 vator treated of before, and defcends 
 obliquely under the skin of the Up- 
 per Lip, joining with its Partner in a 
 Middle Line, from the Septum Mari - 
 um to its Termination in the Sphintter 
 Labiorum. (EE.) Fig. i. 
 
 Deprejfor Labii Inferioris. 
 
 Its difficult to determine whether 
 This be One only or Two Mufcles. 
 
 It lying between the Deprejfores Labio- 
 rum Communes (defcribed above) pof- 
 fefles that part of the Lower Jaw 
 called the Chin (io), and Afcending Fig.xvu 
 with a direct and tranfverfe order of 
 Fibres is Inferred into the Nether Lip, 
 in Depreffing of which it Turns it Out- F J^ l .\ L 
 wards. (/.) g*g!' 
 
 Ek- 
 
of the Outward Ear. 6% 
 
 Elevator Labii Infermis. 
 
 This Mufcle with its Partner lies 
 within the Lower Lip. Theft We 
 Firft Obftrved fome time fince, They 
 Arife Fleihy from the Inferior Part of 
 the Gums of the Lower Jaw, which 
 belong to the Dentes Inciforii, and 
 Defcend Dire&Iy to their Implanta- 
 tions in the Inferior part of the Skin 
 of the Chin (FF ) ; hence it is when Fig. iw 
 Thefo Adi they make divers Indenta- 
 tions in the Chin, as may be Ob- 
 lerved in Living Perfons when the 
 Lower Lip is drawn upwards. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Auricula or Out- 
 ward Ear. 
 
 ius theAuthor of thefeMufcles, 
 
 ...w.rns us there are fometimes 
 found Three, belonging to each Au- 
 ricle ; the Firft or Attollens, the Se- 
 cond or Deprimens, and the Third 
 which is part of the Platufma Mjotdes. 
 Theft, he lays, are fometimes want- 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
Cajferitu, 
 Lib. iv. 
 Cap. iv. 
 
 Spigel. 
 Lib. iv. 
 T.I. F.I. 
 TT. 
 
 Ds I'Org. 
 DtfOvie. 
 
 Of theMufcles 
 
 ing, though he has frequently feen 
 them. Placentinus multiplies them to 
 the number of Five ; but M. Du Ver - 
 ney in his Accurate Treatife of. the 
 Ear defcribes Two only, whofe Ac- 
 count we have found the trueft from 
 thofe Enquiries we have made into 
 this Part. 
 
 Attollens AuricuUm. 
 
 This confifts of divers Flelhy Fibres* 
 and is annext to that part of the Pe- 
 ricranium that covers the Temporal 
 Mufcle, whence it Defcends Dire&ly 
 to its Implantation at the fuperior 
 part of the fecond Wrinkle of the 
 Cartilage of the Ear. (M.) Fig. 
 
 Its Name declares its Ufe. 
 
 Petr ohms AuricuUm. 
 
 By fome called tricep Anris , be- 
 caufe it has fometimes Three Begin- 
 nings. M. Du Ver ney fays it iS com- 
 pofed of Five or Six Flelhy Fibres 
 which have their Origination from 
 the fuperior and Forepart of the Apo- 
 phyfis Mafloides, and Defcend obliquely 
 to their Infertion in the middle of the 
 Concha Auricula . ' N. 
 
of the Ear, 
 
 N. Theje Mufcles of the Internal Ear 
 cannot be Demonjlrated till after thofe of 
 the Head are difpatcht, and the Brain 
 removed ; but we J, ball follow the example 
 of others, and infrt their Defcriptions in 
 this places it being alfo cujlomary in the 
 Myological LeBures at Chirurgeons Hall 
 to jbew them in a dried Preparation from 
 the precedent . Subject. 
 
 1 V ' . V ; v \ 
 
 CHAP. XIL 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Internal Ear. 
 
 || 
 
 T Hefe Mufcles were altogether 
 unknown to former Anatom ids* 
 the mod Internal of thofe belonging 
 to the Malleus is Accurately Defcnbed 
 McuU, by Bartholomews Euflathius, and is caU 
 \natomi~ i e£ j Fnternus Auris. Volckerus Coiter 
 nut am. mentions Two Mufcles lattent on the 
 bfervat. {econd Meatus or Concha commonly 
 called Timpanum, but does not Defcribe 
 them ; his Obfervations being made 
 veAure from Brutes, we fufpedt one of them 
 \!b w ” 1 was t ^ ie hiternal Mufcle of Eujlathius, 
 U’ xii. and the other the Mujculus Siapidis „ 
 p Aurt, Fabritius ab Aquapendente , and Cajfe- 
 afliil rm of Pl^centine contend for the in- 
 
 F ’ vendors 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 vention of another lying in the Mea - 
 tits Audit or ius called Ext emus, in the 
 defcription of which they are followed 
 by molt Anatomifts except M. Du 
 Ferny, who (not taking notice of the 
 Accounts of others, but Writing from 
 Difledtion only)DefcribesTwoMufcles 
 belonging to the Malleus, wherein he 
 omits the External one of Aquaperdens 
 and Placentinus, and in ftead of it adds 
 another which he alio calls Externus , 
 becaufe it lies on the External Bony 
 Varies of the Ducius, leading from 
 the Palate to the Ear, which from its 
 Pofition we call Obliquus Anris ; hence 
 it follows that Three Mufcles belong 
 to the Malleus, of which the firft that 
 appears in Difredtion is the Externus of 
 Aquapendens ; the fecond is the Exter - 
 nus of Du Ferny, which we call Obli- 
 qus Aiirus, and the Third is the Inter- 
 nus of Eujlachius ; to which may be 
 added the Fourth belonging to the 
 Stapes , called Mufculus Stapidis De- 
 fcribed by Placentinus in Brutes, and 
 in Man by Du Ferny. 
 
 For the better Demonjlration of thefe 
 Mufcles ( after the Diffecfion of the Brain 
 and all the Mufcles which arife frm, or 
 
of the Ear. 
 
 are Inferted to the Balls of the Cranium) 
 Divide the Os Temporale with fart of 
 the Os Sphamoides of one fide , and the 
 Os Occipitis on the other , from the ref 
 of the Bones, {it being well cleared of the 
 Mufcles , Membranes and Veffels, that 
 remain on it) with a Jmail femicircular 
 Chifel cut away the Inferior Part of the 
 Meatus Auditorius, taking care not ten 
 Wound the Membrana Timpani. This 
 Performed, yon muf be very cautious in 
 Raijing the Glandulom Membrane that In- 
 vefls the Meatus, to which the External 
 Mufcle adheres. The other Two Mufcles 
 of the Malleus lying inclofd within the 
 Os Petrofum require our next Infpdtion , 
 Firfl obferve the lafl named Bone’s 
 Conjunction to the OsSph^noides, where 
 with the Chifsl lightly cut off their extern 
 nal Laminae, and the Oblique external 
 Mu(cle of Du Verny will afpear, toge- 
 ther with the Internal one 0/Euftachius. 
 But if you (lill prdceed to break off more 
 of the Os Petrofum, you will not only 
 have a Profpecl of the Bony part of the 
 Aquedudt, but the Articulation of the 
 Malleus with the Incus, and the whole 
 Cavity of the Timpanum. Wherein 
 may he Obferved the longer procefs of the 
 lafl named Bone f joining with the 03 
 
 F x Or- 
 
*8 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Orbiculare, and Stapes, and the Tendon 
 of the Mufculus Stapidis, running out 
 of a Perforation in the Os Petrofum, 
 down to its Infrtion in the Head of the 
 Stapes, together with the Internal Sur- 
 face of the Membrana Timpani, and 
 the long Procefs of the Malleus lying 
 on it. 
 
 rah ichs Ext emus Anris vel Lax at or Ext emus. 
 
 (lb Jqu -t- 
 
 ^urf.F. This lies in the Upper Part of the 
 
 *7 -r. Meatus Audit orius, having a Ihort 
 
 Flelhy Body with a long {lender Ten- 
 don. It Arifes from the External and 
 Superior Margin of the Meatus Audi - 
 torius, {bon becoming a {lender Ten- 
 don paffes diredly to the Upper part 
 of the Membrana Timpani, on which 
 it Defcends for fome fpace to its Infer- 
 tion in the long Procefs of the Malleus, 
 where it is Contiguous to the Paid 
 Membrane. This draws the Mana- 
 hrium of the Malleus , together with 
 the Membrana Timpani Forwards. 
 
 Du Ferny ObUaUUS Auris. 
 
 DeOrgatt. 
 
 t.6.f. y. This may be aMo called Semicircu- 
 
 c d.f. 7. Imh f rom j ts Position it lying in the 
 . — ' Ester- 
 
of the Ear. 
 
 External Parts of the Bony Channel 
 of the Aqueduct , whence marching 
 (omewhae Upwards and Backwards, 
 it enters the Timfanum in a very oblique 
 Sinuofity Excavated immediately a- 
 bove the Bone where the Timfanum is 
 Inchafed, and is Inferted to the Ben- 
 der Procefs o c the Mall' us. The Sin- 
 uofity in which this Mufcle palles is 
 that which may be taken notice of in 
 the Upper Part of the Bony Circle of 
 the F&tus. This we don’t find De- 
 fcrib’d any- where before Du Ferny. 
 
 ■ t. 6. Internus Auris. 
 
 5 . E. F. 
 
 This lies in a Bony Channel Exca- 
 vated in the Os Petrofum, which makes 
 one of the Parktes Timpani ; one part 
 of this Channel is without the Tim- 
 fanum, and lies in the upper part of 
 the Bony PalTage which gees from the 
 Ear to the Palate ; the other Part 
 which is within the Timpanum, advan- 
 cing as far as the Fenejlra Oval is, makes 
 in that Place a Rifmg, upon which, 
 as on a Pully, the Tendon of this 
 Mufcle palles to the other fide of the 
 Timfanum, and Inlerts it lelf at the 
 Pofterior Part of the Handle of the 
 F 3 Malleus 
 
jo Of the Mufcles 
 
 Malleus a little below the Infertion of 
 the External Mufcle ; by which means 
 it draws it towards the Os Petrofum. 
 The Origin of this Mufcle is Precifely 
 in that Place where the Bony part of 
 the Aqueduct Terminates. It is co- 
 vered with a Nervous Coat which 
 forms a Sheath, accompanying it in 
 its whole progrefs, and binding it 
 fall to the Channel. When this Mufcle 
 Adis it pulls the M anubri .m of the 
 Malleus towards the Os Petr ofum, where- 
 by the Membrana Timpani becomes 
 fomewhat Concave outwardly. 
 
 In the Tendon of this Mufcle in 
 chap. iii. fome Animals Schelhamar has fome- 
 seti. iv. times Obferved a fmall Bone, which 
 \ve fufpedt he millook for the Mufcu- 
 lus StapidU, in which Tendon, my 
 very good Friend, Dr. Adair , an Ac- 
 curate Anatomift, lately communi- 
 cated his Obfervation of it to me, as 
 it appear’d in a Calfs Head, which at 
 firft fight may deceive the Enquirer, 
 it being annext to the Stapes, and in 
 Figure like the Ofculum Quartum of 
 Sylvius ; but if you be careful in your 
 Examination, you may find both in 
 the fame Organ ; the latter common- 
 ly remaining on the long Procefs of 
 
of the Ear. 71 
 
 the Incus when feparated : but if 
 if you leave the Stapes (C) in Situ, rig. ix. 
 you may fee in that Animal, the Ori- 
 gin, (£) Progrefs (F) & Infertion (G) of 
 its Mufcle, together with the Bone in 
 its Tendon ( F ) as it pafles over a Pro- 
 jection of the Os Petrofum, which com- 
 pofes the Foramen Rotmdum ( B ) on 
 which we fufped: the Tendon of this 
 Mufcle A6ts,as on a Trochlea, to which 
 end that fmall Bone is placed, not 
 unlike the Petella of the Knee and 
 OJfa Sefamoidea of the Feet ; which is 
 an elegant Mechanifm in Nature. 
 
 Ferny, 
 
 n -S.F.8. 
 
 Mujculus Stapidis. 
 
 This lies hid in a Bony Pipe, ex= 
 cavated in the Os Petrofum, almoft at 
 the Bottom of the Timpanum, whence 
 it takes its Origin. It’s Belly is big 
 and Flefhy, and fuddenly forming a 
 very thin Tendon, which Defcends 
 to its Infertion at the Head of the 
 Stapes. The Pipe, which contains the 
 Belly of this Mufcle, is about the 
 fixth part of an Inch long, and is 
 much larger then the Foramen, through 
 which its Tendon PafTes\ 
 
§ Of the Mufcles 
 
 When this Ads, it draws the Stapes 
 upwards to the Foramen Ovale. 
 
 The Order of Diffeclion obliges us to 
 Examine the Mufcles of the Os Hyoides 
 next, to which end the Maftoidei mufl 
 he raifed on both fides of the Neck ; the 
 one being Freed from its Origination, 
 and left at its Infertion ; the other on the 
 contrary may be raifed from its Infertion, 
 and left at its Origin . This done, the 
 Biventral Mufcles of the Lower Jaw may 
 he cbferved in their whole Progrefs, where- 
 in may be Noted , that They Defend from 
 their Originations through the Stylohy- 
 oides to the Os Hyoides, where an An- 
 nulus is made on each fide for the Tranf- 
 miffion of their middle Tendons ; after 
 which They reafcend to their Implanta- 
 tions. Thefe being alfo Raifed contrary- 
 wife like the above-mentioned Maftoidei, 
 and the Perforations of the Stylohoidei 
 enlarged, thorow which each contrary end 
 of Thefe muf be drawn, leaving the one 
 at its Origination, and the other at its 
 Infertion, till we come to Defcribe the ref 
 of the Mufcles which move the Lower 
 Jaw, 
 
 t / * 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of the Os Hyoides. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Os Hyoides or 
 Bone of the Tongue. 
 
 S ince the Os Hyoides is faftned to 
 the Tongue and Larynx , the 
 Mufcles which move it ought to be 
 uh - efteemed common to both. Authors 
 fp.xvii. Dilagree concerning their Number, 
 Llh -y.- a Velajim , b Columbus, c Spigelius,&c. De- 
 lliftv. fcribe Four Pair, (viz.) Sternohyoideum, 
 v i- Coracohyoideum, Stylohyoidenm, and Ge- 
 niohyoideum. To thefc, the Accurate 
 Mm.' d FaUoffius adds another Pair, which 
 latter Anatomifts call Mylohyoideum ; 
 the Invention of which, is Arrogated 
 by Riolan, in his Animadverfions in 
 Cafpar Bauhins Jheatrum Anatomicum. 
 
 All thefe Mufcles of the Os Hyoides 
 receive their Denominations , from 
 their Originations and Infertions. 
 
 d. T. 
 F. 
 
 Sternohyoideus. 
 
 This does not Arife from the Upper 
 part of the Sternum (31), as Anato- Fig 
 mills generally write, but from the 
 
 Inter- 
 
74 0 / the Mufcles 
 
 Internal part of the Clavicula (14) next Fig. m 
 it, where its Origination is Broad and 
 Flelhy, and Afcends directly over the 
 Sternothyreoideus and Larynx, of an equal 
 Breadth andThicknefs, to its lnfertion 
 at the Bafis of the Fore Bone of the 
 Os Hjoides. (S.S.) Fig. i. 
 
 This with its Partner A&ing, pulls 
 the Os Hyoides , together with the 
 Tongue and Larynx , directly down- 
 wards. 
 
 ibid, g g. Coracohyoideus. 
 
 This does not Arife from the Pro- 
 cejfus Coracoides Scapula (1 6), as Vulgar Fig. r 
 Anatomifts pretend It’s Origination 
 being Round and Flelhy from the fu- 
 perior Cojla of the Scapula , at the root 
 of the faid Procefs, whence, marching 
 Obliquely under the Mafloideus, it be- 
 comes Tendinous, but growing Flelhy 
 again. It’s Inferted into the Bafis of 
 the Fore Bone of the Hyois, near the 
 Implantation of the Former Mulcle. 
 
 (T.T.) Fig. i. 
 
 This running under the Mafloideus 
 as on a Trochlea , it there becomes 
 Tendinous, not unlike the Digaflricus 
 of the Lower Jaw, wherefore, This 
 
 b y 
 
of the Os Hyoides. 75 
 
 by feme is alfo Called Biventer. When 
 It Ads together with Its Partner, 
 
 They do not only aflift the Former in 
 drawing the Os Hyoides , Tongue and 
 Larynx, downwards; but. They alfo 
 pull them fomewhat Inwards, towards 
 the Vertebra of the Neck. 
 
 b.t.js- Stylohyoideus. 
 
 tit >e C. 
 
 By fome called Styloceratohyotdeus, 
 becaufe its faid to be Inferred to the 
 Horns of the Os Hyoides. It Arifes 
 lharp and I'lefoy from the Proceffus 
 Styloides (/), and foon growing lar- Fig. iii 
 ger. It Defeends obliquely Forwards 
 to the Os Hyoides, in half its Progrels 
 thither, its Flelhy Body is Divided, to 
 give way to the Tranfmiffion of the 
 Middle Tendon of the Digafiricus of 
 the Lower Jaw. This Mufele is well 
 expreft (in fitii) by Bidloo. 
 
 This with its Companions, the Sty- 
 loglojfus and Stylopharyngceus Ading on 
 each fide, do draw up the Os Hyoides, 
 Tongue and Larynx, together with 
 the Fauces in Deglutition ; whereby 
 the Mafticated Aliment is not only 
 Compreft into the Latter, (they be- 
 ing then Dilated) but the Epiglottis is 
 
 Deprelll 
 
7 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Depreft, and adequately covers the 
 Rimula. of the Larynx by its Aproxi- 
 mation to it, by which means the 
 Defcent of the lead Partof the Aliment 
 into the Afpera Arteria is Hindered ; 
 which Mechanifm in Nature is indeed 
 very Admirable. 
 
 Bid.T. 15 . Mylohyoidew. 
 
 Differ tat. Though Falloppm and his Followers 
 
 Anatom. ma ke this a Pair of Mufcles, It feems 
 not to be divifible without apparent 
 Violence. It polfelles all that (pace 
 which is between the Lower Jaw and 
 Os Hyoides ; Arihng Flelhy from 
 both Tides the Mandible (10) Inter- Fig. 
 nally near the Dentes Molares ( A ), Figt 
 whence Marching with a double or- 
 der of Flelhy Fibres, the outward- 
 moll of Which pafs diredly to their 
 Implantation in the Os Hyoides ; and 
 the Middle run Tranfverfly over the 
 following Mufcles, being inleparably 
 joined to each other with a Middle 
 Line, as is well exprefl by Bidloo. T.i 5. 
 
 Befides the Ufes commonly aferibed 
 to this Mulcle in moving the Os Hy- , 
 Odes Tongue, and Larynx, Upwards 
 and Forwards, and to either fide ; its 
 
 laft 
 
of the Os Hyoides. 
 
 laft Defcribed Tranfverfe Order of 
 Fibres have ftill a further Ufe in Com- 
 prefling the GlanduU Sublinguales who 
 lie immediately under them on each 
 fide : whereby they Haften the Egrefs 
 of the Spittle from the Inferior Salival 
 Duds into the Mouth. Hence it is 
 we imploy thefe Mufcles (as in the 
 Adion of Deglutition*) when we want 
 Saliva to moiften the Mouth : And in 
 that Adion alfo they fupply it with 
 frelh Saliva to join with thole Ali- 
 ments where Maftication is not re- 
 quired ; which Artifice of Nature de- 
 lerves our Admiration. 
 
 T. iy. 
 . FF. 
 
 Geniohyoideus. 
 
 This with its Partner are Short, 
 Thick, and Flelhy Mufcles, Arifing 
 from the Internal parts of the Lower 
 Jaw-Bone called the Chin (A), and r 
 Dilating themfelves, are loon lellened 
 again, and Inferred tothefuperiorpart 
 of the Fore-Bone of the Os Hyoides . 
 
 Thele Ading pull the Os Hyoides , 
 &c, both Upwards and Forwards, 
 and allift the Genioglojfi in thrufling 
 the Tongue out of the Mouth ; of 
 which in the following Chapter. 
 
 All 
 
7 » 
 
 Cajfer. 
 Lib. ii. 
 Syntag. 
 Anatom. 
 Cap.xif 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 All thefe Mufcles of the Os Hyoides 
 being raifed from their Originations , and 
 left at their Inf ert ions, the whole Bone to- 
 gether with them may he taken out ; by 
 dividing its two extreams from the Two 
 Proceffes of the Scut formal Cartilage, and 
 cutting ojf the Originations of the Cera- 
 toglolfi and Hyothyroeidei, (of which 
 hereafter). This done they may be ex- 
 panded on a Plain, as they are repre- 
 sented by Placentinus and Veflingius 
 in their Figures ; the latter of which 
 calls the laft Defcribed Geneiohyoides, 
 and the preceding Geneiohyoides par 
 internum. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Tongue. 
 
 A uthors ailign various Numbers 
 of Mufcles to this Part. .Some 
 reckoning Eight, others Nine, Tome 
 Ten, and others Eleven, amongft 
 which they count the Tongue it Pelf ; 
 with whom we fhall not enter the 
 Lilt, contenting our lelves at prefent 
 with their Defcriptions only, as they 
 have appeared to us in DiHe&ion. 
 
 N. Thefe 
 
of the Tongue . yj 
 
 & Thefe Mufclcs of the Tongue, 
 like thofe of the Os Hyoides , are 
 named from their Originations and 
 Infertions. 
 
 The Ad minift rations of Thefe is 
 not Difficult, provided the Mufcles of 
 Os Hyoides are carefully Difleded. 
 
 Genioglofus. 
 
 This with its Partner lies immedi- 
 ately under the Delcribed Geniohyoidei. 
 
 They Arile Flefhy from the Fore-part 
 of the Lower Jaw Internally (A), and Fig. Hi, 
 inlarging themfelves, are inferted to 
 the root of the Tongue. ( DD .) ' Fi . v . 
 
 When thefe Ad they pull the 
 Tongue Forwards, and Thruft it out 
 of the Mouth. 
 
 Ceratoglojfus. 
 
 This we cut from its Broad Flefhy 
 Origination at the fuperior part of 
 the Os Hyoides laterally, whence it 
 Afcends to its Inlertion at the Root 
 of the Tongue. (C C.) Flg 
 
 This with its Partner A ding draw 
 the Tongue into the Mouth diredly ; 
 if One of them Ads only, it moves 
 it to one fide, Sty 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 Stylogloffus. 
 
 This Arifes Sharp and Flefhy from 
 the Proceffus Stjleides (/), whence 
 Defending Obliquely Forwards its 
 Infer ted to the root of the Tongue 
 immediately below the Implantation 
 of the Former. {E E .) Fi & 
 
 This Pulls the Tongue Up and In- 
 wards in the A&ion of Deglutition, 
 as before noted. 
 
 To thefe mod Authors except Fal - 
 lopptus add the B afiogloffus, by fome 
 called Hypfiloglofjm, Arifing from the 
 Os Hyoides , and Inferred to the 
 Tongue, but whether there be fuch 
 a Mufcle our late Enquirers have not 
 acquainted Us. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Larynx. 
 
 Hefe Mufcles of the Larynx are 
 
 generally divided into Common 
 and Proper. 
 
 The Common Arife from other Parts, 
 and are Inferred to it , concerning 
 
 which 
 
of the Larynx, 8 
 
 which, Galen and the Antient Anato- 
 mifts erred in their Accounts ; reck- 
 oning Three Pair, of which the 0e« 
 fophagkus is efteemed as One : But this 
 ^Lar. Miftake is Corrected by Aquapenden- 
 y ,vi “' dente ; It being but One fingle Mulcle, 
 and belonging to the Gula, where- 
 fore thefe are reckoned to be Two 
 Pair only; (viz,.) Sternothyroideum and 
 Hyothyroideum. 
 
 The Proper Mufcles of this Part 
 are fuch whole Rife and Termination 
 are Confined to the Cartilages them- 
 ifervat. felves. Falloppius and Aquapendente 
 .•Mom. j iave both employed themfelves in 
 their Inveftigation : The Firft rectified 
 the Ancient Syflem , the Latter accu- 
 rately Expreft them in his Figures. 
 Thele are Four Pair, befides one fingle 
 Mulcle, (yviz,.) Cricothyroideum , Cricoa- 
 rytccnoideum poflicum, Gricoaryteenoideum 
 laterale, Tbyroaryteenoideum and Arytcc- 
 noidem. 
 
 Ft. B. That all thefe Mulcles of 
 the Larynx ( like thofe Treated of in 
 the Two precedent Chapters) have 
 their Denominations from their Ori- 
 ginations and Infertions. 
 
82 
 
 Bid.T. IJ. 
 F.i.HH. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Stefmtbyroideus. 
 
 This Ariies Broad and Flefhy from 
 the Upper and Internal part of the 
 Sternum ,(31) whence Afcending on the Fig xv [j 
 Tides of the Wind-pipe over the Glan- 
 dule Thyroidci , it’s Inferted ro the In- 
 ferior part of the Thyroidal or Scu- 
 tiformal Cartilage. This with its 
 Partner Pulls the Larynx Downwards, 
 and lengthens the Canalis or Diftance 
 between the Rimula and Tip of the 
 Tongue, (which latter we take to be 
 the true Pktfrum Vocis) whereby the 
 Tone of the Voice is rendred Grave. 
 
 r 23. ». part 0 f Os Hyoides laterally, op- 
 34 ' N ' pofite to the Origination of the Cera- 
 toglojjtis, and Defcends diredly to the 
 lower part of the Scutiformal Carti- 
 lage near the Implantation of the 
 Former. 
 
 This with its Fellow draw the La- 
 rynx upwards in an Acute Tone of 
 the V 5 ice ; the Canale of the Aft era 
 Arteriabsing alfo (heightened thereby. 
 
 Heron. 
 Fab. ab 
 j4quaj>en. 
 De Lary. 
 
 Hyothyroidem. 
 
 This Arifes Flefhy from the inferior 
 
 We 
 
of the Larynx. 
 
 We proceed next to the Proper 
 Mufcles of the Larynx. 
 
 In the Adminif ration of Thefe, the 
 Mufculus Oefophagioeus mufi be freed 
 from both Jides the Scutiformal Cartilage, 
 and the Arytenoidal Cartilages divided 
 from the Glottis, and the Afpera Arteria 
 alfo feparated from the Gula : Cut off 
 the Former near the Bronchia, and the 
 Dijfeclion of the fubfequent Mufcles will 
 he the better performed. 
 
 r dem. F. 
 16.RR. 
 
 Cricothyroidew . 
 
 This is feated on the Forepart of 
 the Larynx, and is a Short Thin Flelhy 
 Mufcle : Arifing from the Forepart of 
 the Cricoides , whence marching ob- 
 liquely, is foon Inferred to the Scuti- 
 formis internally laterally. 
 
 3 De mfi. This by a Galen and b Fef allies is made 
 Two Mufeles ; but in feparating the 
 c^. xxi. Inferior precedes of the Scutiformal 
 Cartilage from the Anularis, you will 
 Fabrit.De find but One on each fide, lays Aqua - 
 vfiZ ” C pwdente :• The Origination and Infer- 
 tion of which is fuppofed by feme to 
 be e contrario , and that its Ufe is rather 
 to pull up the Anularis than to bring 
 G % down 
 
84 Of the Mufcles 
 
 down the Scutiformis nearer it ; but 
 the Controverfy (we think) is of no 
 moment, fince all Mufcles move the 
 Parts lefs Stable to thole more Fixt, 
 as is Inftanced in the Recli Abdominis 
 after Spigelius. Chap, i.pag. 26. 
 
 Aquaptn- CricoaryUnoideus poflicus. 
 
 den.F.i$. J 1 J 
 
 SS.}S.S. 
 
 This lies on the back part of the 
 Larynx, and is of a quadrangular Fi- 
 gure. It Arifes from the Polterior 
 part of the Anular Cartilage, filling 
 a fhallow deprefure of it with Fibres 
 afcending Obliquely outwards , to 
 their Insertion at the lowermolt part 
 of the Arytenoidal Cartilage. 
 
 This with its Partner ferve for the 
 Apertion of the Rimula ; which will 
 plainly appear, if with your Knife 
 you reprefs this Mufcle, the Arytse- 
 noidal Cartilage will then be opened 
 thereby. 
 
 U.F. 24. CricoaryUnoides lateralis. 
 
 3 2 > 33 '^> 
 
 This is a fmall,fliort,Flefhy Mufcle, 
 Arifing from the Cartilago Cricoides la- 
 terally, and Afcending obliquely is 
 Infected to the Arytenoidal Cartilage 
 
 near 
 
 
Aquapen. 
 24 . M. 
 32. 33- 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Id.F.lS 
 38 . T. 
 
 of the Larynx. 
 
 near the Implantation of the Former 
 Mufcle. 
 
 This pulls the Aryt&nois Tideways, 
 and thereby opens the Rimula . 
 
 ‘Thyroaryt&noideus. 
 
 This is the largefl of all the Pro- 
 per Mufcles of the Larynx. It Arif- 
 eth together with its Partner in the 
 Internal and Concave part of the Scu- 
 tiformal Cartilage, from whence they 
 Afcend to their Implantations at the 
 Foreparts of the Arjtmoides. 
 
 When thefe AdF,they approach the 
 Cartilages to which they are Fixed, 
 and Ihut the Rimula. The Contracti- 
 on of thefe Mufcles through an In- 
 flamation in an Angina will bring fud- 
 den Death, which Cafe I remember 
 I heard the late Dr. Croon fay he had 
 once Obferved in Difle&ion. 
 
 Aryidnoidem. 
 
 This is the fmalleft Mufcle belong- 
 ing to the Larynx , it’s in the Opinion 
 of fome Double, but has always ap- 
 peared to us Single. It Arifes from 
 the External part of one of the Ary-? 
 
 G 3 tenqi? 
 
86 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 tenoidal Cartilages , and running 
 Tranfverfly, is Inferted to the other. 
 
 This pulls the Arytenoidal Carti- 
 lages nearer each other, and Ihuts the 
 Rimula Adequately. 
 
 The Opinion of Dr. Croon (as it’s 
 Book v. related by Dr. Gibfori) concerning the 
 chap. xi. ule 0 f thele Mulcles, we can by no 
 means Approve. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Of the Mufcles ef the Fauces. 
 
 'Animad. 1 Mol an not only pretends to the In- 
 yspigei. yention of thele Mufcles, but af- 
 ° Ve ^ nt ' fumes the Difcovery alio of thole of 
 the Gar gar eon, though they were moll 
 Accurately Defcribed before him by 
 obfervat. p a u 0 pp m under the general Title of 
 natom - t j ie Mufcles of the Fauces. Neither 
 Vefalius nor Columbus mentions Thele, 
 or thole of the Gargareon, though the 
 Former are partly defcribed by Galen, 
 
 * Riflor. Oriba.fi us, and Avicenna, as * * Laurentius 
 Anatom, cbferves. Latter Writers have fol- 
 cap.l x , lowed the Erroneous Syllem of Rio- 
 lan, who, as I am apt to think, either 
 took Fallomus his Account upon 
 
 Trull, 
 
Anthrop. 
 Lib. v. 
 Cat. xix. 
 
 of the Fauces.' 87 
 
 Truft, or was not willing to diminifli 
 his Number of thofe belonging to the 
 Fauces , left it might appear Thofe of 
 the Gargarlon were alfo Defcribed by 
 him. Finding the Hiftory of thele 
 Mufcles lo confided. We thought it 
 neceffary to give a Figure of them to vi. 
 render our Account more Intelligible. 
 
 Stylopbarynge&s. 
 
 This has a Round, Sharp, and Flefliy 
 Origination at the root of the Proceffus 
 Styloides , (with the above treated 
 Styloglcffus) whence defcending oblique- 
 ly, it expands it (elf at its Termina- 
 tion on the Internal Glandulous Mem- 
 brane of the Fauces, in the middle of 
 which its joined with its Partner .(AA.) Fig. vl 
 Thefe Atfting draw the Fauces up- 
 wards, and Dilate Them in order to 
 receive the Mafticated Aliment in 
 Deglutition. 
 
 Thefe being Cut from their Origi- 
 nations, the next that offer themfelves 
 to the Knife are thofe which fallen 
 this Part to the Bafis of the Cranium s 
 which according to Riolan and others 
 confift of Two Pair of Mufcles ; but 
 to us rather feem to be but one Mufcle 
 G 4 ’With 
 
88 Of the Mufctes 
 
 with Two Flelhy Beginnings Ipring- 
 ing from the Procejfu s Pterigoidei , where- 
 fore we Call it Pterigopharyngeu s. 
 
 T terigopharyngeus . 
 
 This Arifes Thin and Flelhy from 
 both Pterigoidal procedes of the Os 
 Cuneiform , alfo from the Root of the 
 Tongue and extremities of the Os 
 Hyoides ; from thele Places its Flelhy 
 Fibres run in a femicircular manner, 
 embracing the fuperior and Back part 
 of the Glandulous Membrane of the 
 Fauces, where they meet in a middle 
 line. (B B .) / 
 
 When this Mufcle Adts it brings 
 the Middle or Back part of the Fauces 
 towards a Plain, by which means, 
 the TonfiU , together with the reft of 
 the Glandules, are Compreft in the 
 Evacuation of their Mucus , to join 
 with the Aliment in its Defcent into 
 the Stomach in Deglutition. And at 
 other times to promote Screation , in 
 which This Mufcle is the chief In- 
 ftrument ; That the TonfiU approach 
 towards each other, is Oblervable 
 when we Inlpecft thefe Parts in living 
 Perfons. 
 
htional. 
 C>. ii. 
 
 S K ii. 
 
 of the Fauces. g^ 
 
 Oefophageaus feu Sphincter GuU. 
 
 This feems to be a continuation of 
 the Former ; Arifing from each fide 
 the Scutiformal Cartilage, and Hke 
 it pafles to a Middle line on the Back 
 part of the Fauces. (C. C.) %. v f. 
 
 This does not only aflift rhe Former 
 in Comprefling the Mafticated Ali- 
 ment into the Gula, but is thought by 
 lome to (heighten the Scutiformis , and 
 render the Tone of the Voice more 
 Acute. 
 
 To thefe may be added the Perfo- 
 rated Mufcle of the Gula , as Dr. Willis 
 calls it. 
 
 Vugindts GuU. 
 
 Steno luppofes this to confifl: of a 
 double order of fpiral Fibres mutual- 
 ly intercuflating each other. Dr. Wil- 
 lis (ays the whole Oefophagus leems to 
 confifl: of Two Mufcles, whieh make 
 Four Parallelograms with their oppo* 
 fite Fibres decuflating each other. 
 
 But in Man we And it far otherwife, 
 in whom die Fibres of this Mufcle are 
 Longitudinal, and Oblique ; the For- 
 mer 
 
 
po Of the Mufcles 
 
 mer feem to take their Original at 
 the Arytenoidal Cartilages, and paft 
 ling fomewhat Obliquely to the 
 Back part of the Oefophagus (BB), Fig. 
 jdelcend to the Stomach: The Latter 
 (A A) feem to be a continuation of 
 the lafl treated of Mufcles , defcending 
 Difir tat. obliquely in a fpirai manner not un- 
 in f lh .- dt like thole of the mteftines Defcribed 
 fntelmit. by the Learned Dr. Cole. 
 
 tentibus. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Gargareon. 
 
 a Obferv. 
 Anatom. 
 
 T 
 
 Hefe were Firll Defcribed by 
 
 Fallcppius , as was above noted, 
 
 b "fftiro - amongft thofe of the Fauces , Riolan 
 fog. Lib. Fi r iL Alcribed Them to this Part, and 
 C. xx. Q ave xhem the Names of Pterigofa- 
 phjlinus Interms and Externus, which 
 Appellations not pleafing die late 
 Dr. Croon , (to whole Memory we Ihall 
 ever pay a Juft Defferance for his ge- 
 nerous Encouragement of our Young 
 Endeavours) he changed them for diat 
 of Sphcwopalatinus, and Pterigopalatinus , 
 or Sph&nopterigopalatinus ; for which 
 Reafon he has been Vulgarly Reput- 
 ed 
 
 In his 
 
 Learned 
 Lectures 
 in Surge- 
 ons Had. 
 
of the Gargareon. fi 
 
 ed Their Fir ft Difcoverer. Neither 
 m|v. did he propofe aThird Pair, as Dr. Gib- 
 4 xll fo» conceives. 
 
 mgius Sph&nopalatinus . 
 
 ilCap. 
 
 This defcends from a Round Flefhy 
 Origination at a Procefs of the Os 
 Sph&noides (X), which is in a Diredt Fig. iii. 
 Line between the Ala Vefyertilioms (P), 
 and Procejfus Stjloides (/), becoming 
 a Round Flefhy Belly, in half its Pro- 
 grefs grows lefs again near its lateral 
 Infertion to the Pofterior part of the 
 Gargareon. 
 
 This with its Partner A&ing Draw 
 the Gargareon with the Fuula Upwards 
 and Backwards ; which hinders the 
 Mafticated Aliment from Regurgitate- 
 ing through the Foramina Marium in 
 Deglutition. 
 
 hcc. Pterigopalatims feu Sph&nopterigopalati - 
 ms. 
 
 The Former Appellation intimating 
 its Progrefs and Infertion ; the Latter 
 its Origin alfo. This Arifes from the 
 fame Procefs of the Os Sphanoides, as 
 the Preceding Mufcle, and like it, 
 
 Defcends 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 Defcends according to the length of 
 the Interflice made by the Internal 
 Ala, of the Os Sphanoides and Mufculus 
 Pterigoideus Interms (£>) of the Lower Fig. \ 
 Jaw ; and becoming Tendinous, mar- 
 ches over the Procejjus Pterigoides , and 
 is Inferred to the Forepart of the Gar- 
 gar eon. 
 
 The Tendon of This, pafles over 
 the Pterigoidal Procefs, which like a 
 Pully gives It a Different Power from 
 that of the Former Mufcle, though 
 they have both their Origin from the 
 fame Place. Wherefore, contrary to 
 the Preceding. This Draws the Gar- 
 gar eon Forwards and Downwards ; 
 which Contrivance in Nature is no lefs 
 remarkable than any of thofe where 
 the like Artifice of a Trochlea is made 
 Ufe of. 
 
 N. Now all the Mufcles of the Lower 
 Jaw map he Differed; its DeprefibrS be- 
 ing left at Their refpeffive Originations 
 and Infertions, as before , Chap. XII. 
 Page 72. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of the Lower Jaw . 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Of the Muscles of the Lower Jaw. 
 
 mf. * f^Alen, b Vef alius, and ocher Ana- 
 pi- ^ tomifts Defcribe Four Pair of 
 Mufcies belonging to the Lower Jaw, 
 
 (viz.) Temp or ales, Maffeteres, Digajlrici, 
 and Pterigoidei. To Thefe Fatloppius 
 adds a Fifth by later Authors called 
 \r. Pterigoidei Externi. And Riolan a fixth 
 !CV the Quadratus Gen a, by him named Muf 
 cuius Latus, already defcribed Ch. X. 
 
 temporalis it.Crotaphites . Fig. i t. 
 
 This has a large Semicircular 
 Flelhy Beginning, from part of the 
 Os Front is (z), Syncipitis (i), Sph&- Fig. xvii. 
 noides, and Temporalis (3), from thefe 
 places its Fibres pafs (like Lines 
 drawn from a Circumference to a 
 Center) under the Os Jugale (9), from 
 whence alfo Arife fome Flelhy Fibres 
 joining with the Former at theirUnited, 
 partly Tendinous and partly Flelhy 
 Infertion, to the Upper part of the Fig. iv. 
 ProcefusQorone of the Lower jaw. (A.) 
 
 This 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 This with its Partner draws the 
 Lower Jaw upwards. We could ne- 
 ver Obferve thofe Dreadful Symptoms 
 Authors Relate in Wounds of this 
 Mufcle, though part of it has been 
 Divided to Apply the Trepan in Fra- 
 ctures of the Cranium. 
 
 Maffeter. 
 
 This is a fhort,Thick, partly Flefhy, 
 and partly Tendinous Mufcle ; A- 
 rifing Forwards from the Os Primum 
 MaxilLe fuperions (6) Backwards from Fig. 
 the Os Jugale (9), from hence De- 
 fending (with Fibres, decuflating each 
 other in Acute Angles) is Inferred to 
 the Inferior and External part of the 
 Lower Jaw Bone. 
 
 This Affifts the Former in its Of- 
 fice. Th z Dud in Salivalis Superior pat 
 ling over this Mufcle, is a Pro- 
 vident Contrivance ii> Nature to Ac- 
 cellerate the Motion of Saliva in 
 Maflication. The next which offers 
 it felf to our Confideration is the Di - 
 gafiricus, by fome called Graphoideus, 
 imagining it to Arife from the Styloi- 
 dal Procefs. 
 
T. 
 
 i. 
 
 of the Lower Jaw, ^5 
 
 Digafiricus feu Biventer. 
 
 So called from its peculiar confor- 
 mation, having Two Bellies. It A- 
 riles Flelhy from the Forepart of the 
 Procejfus Mafioides (8), whence De- F^.xviil. 
 fcending it becomes Tendinous, pat 
 fing through the Stjlohoidem and an 
 Annular Ligament laterally faftned to 
 the Os Hjoides ; from which Bone 
 fome Tendinous Fibres do Arife and 
 join with its Second Flelhy Belly, A- 
 fcending from thence to its Infertion 
 at the Middle of the Inferior part of the 
 Lower Jaw. The Middle Tendon of 
 this Mufcle and its Partner palling 
 throughT wo AnnularLigamentsF ixt to 
 the Os Hjoides } d.s Ropes through a Dou- 
 ble Pully is a Wonderful contrivance 
 of the Author of Nature to render 
 them capable of Pulling the Lower 
 Jaw Down, which had their Progrels 
 been Diredt from their Originations, 
 they could not have performed. Nor 
 is there any Procefles whether of the 
 Vertebra of the Neck, or the Neigh- 
 bouring Parts, that could give an Ori- 
 gination to thele Mufcles, below their 
 Inferuons, as in fome Quadrupeds ; 
 
 Whe/e- 
 
y 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Wherefore the Divine Architect of 
 Human Bodies has placed this Double 
 Pully below their Terminations, 
 whereby they Perform their defigned 
 Office. Hence Deglutition is hinder- 
 ed, when thefe Mufcles are in a&ion, 
 they then preventing the Afcent of 
 the Tongue and Larynx. Neither can 
 we at that time draw the Lower 
 Jaw down becaufe the Center of di- 
 rection is pulled upwards. Where- 
 fore we are obliged on that occafion 
 to keep the Jaws clofe together. But 
 in Dogs and other Voracious Animals 
 who have thefe Mufcles Arifing from 
 the Tranfverfe Procefles of the Firlt 
 Vertebra of the Neck, thefe A&ions 
 are not Dependent ; whence it is they 
 devour their Aliment lb Quick. 
 
 Pterigoideus Interm s. 
 
 So called from its Origin and Si- 
 tuation. It Arifes partly Tendinous 
 and partly Flelliy from the Procejfus 
 Pterygoides or Aliformis of the OsSpba- 
 noides, whence it Defcends to its Im- 
 plantation at the Internal and Inferior 
 part of the Lower Jaw Oppofite to the 
 Termination of the Majjetet \ ( B .) Fig. 
 
 Either 
 
of the Lower-Jaw, 
 
 Either of thefe A&ing draws the 
 Jaw to the Contrary fide, if Both A€t 
 they aflift the Temporales and Maffe* 
 teres. 
 
 N. To difcover the Following Mufcle 
 the Two lafi Named on either fide mufi 
 he removed. But if you fill defire a 
 fairer Profpeff of it , with a Chiffel Cut 
 off part of the Proeeflus Corone, toge- 
 ther with the Os Jugale. 
 
 Pterigoideus Externa*. 
 
 peryai 
 lattm > 
 
 This like the Former receives its 
 Name from its Situation and Origin : 
 
 It Arifrng from the External Part of the 
 laid Proceffm Pterigoides , (P) and fupe-jsfc.iii. 
 rior part of the Os Sphanoides (C) feated 
 in the cavity of the Temples oppofite 
 to the Os Jugale (9), and runs Back- && xviL 
 wards to its Inlertion at the Neck of/ig.iii.fi, 
 the Proceffm Condyloides (AA) of the Fig. iv. 
 Lower Jaw. 
 
 When This and its Partner Adt, 
 
 They draw the Lower Jaw Forwards, 
 and Force the Teeth of the Inferior 
 Jaw beyond thofe of the Superior, as 
 ' Falioppias their firlt Defcriber obferves. 
 
 H 
 
 CHAP, 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Thorax. 
 
 T O this Part Two Movements 
 may be afcribed. The Firft of 
 the Whole Chell with its Contents 
 on the Vertebra of the Back. The 
 other of the Parts which circumfcribe 
 its Cavity (viz.) the Ribs, by whole 
 fucceffive Elevation and Depreftion 
 the included fpace is inlarged or di- 
 miniflit. This Conftant Viciffitude 
 is neceflary for the great Work of Re- 
 fpiration, without which no Animal 
 Body can fubfift The Mufcles or 
 Inftruments of its Motion are diftin- 
 guifht into Proper and Common. 
 
 The Proper are fuch as are pecuhar 
 to it, and have their Rile and Termi- 
 nation confined within the Limits of 
 the Thorax. 
 
 The Common, are fuch, which tho’ 
 they regard the adjacent Parts, yet 
 chiefly refped: This ; of Thefe, fome 
 are Principal Inlerted here, and imme- 
 diately moving This, together with 
 Thofe Parts from which they are 
 
 derived 
 
of the Thorax. 
 
 derived ; Others are Auxiliary, and 
 only move the Contiguous Bodies, 
 whofe fubordinate Addons Contribute 
 to the better performing the Grand 
 Motion. Thus the Elevation of the 
 ScapuU is required in Ordinary Relpi- 
 ration, without which, the Serrati 
 could not Ad. Thus in Afmatic Per- 
 Tons, Peripneumonies, Pleurifies, or 
 other Cafes, where thefe Parts are In- 
 flamed or Obftruded in the due Exe- 
 cution of their Office ; the Extenfion 
 of the Vertebra of the Neck becomes 
 neceflary for the Introfufception of Air 
 through the Afpera Arteria and Reple- 
 tion of the VeJicuU of the Lungs. 
 
 Of the Mufcles Proper to the The* 
 rax which appear on the Fore Part, 
 Mho. a Rfalan, b Cafpar Bauhin, and others 
 reckon Three Pair (viz.) Subclavim ■; 
 
 ' That. Serrate Major ant tens, and l n angular u\ 
 inatom. t0 which c Falloppius adds fix more 
 :apy\. (viz.) three on each fide, by us called 
 obj'erv. Scalenus Primus, Secundus, and Ter tins % 
 snatom, g ut j n our Diftribution we lhall ra= 
 ther place the two Firft together with 
 the Three Laid among the Mufcles 
 common to This and the Neighbour- 
 ing Parts, and add the lutercojlales to 
 tire Triangularis, which together are 
 
 H * all 
 
loo 
 
 Bid. Tab. 
 2 6. F. i. 
 QQ.AA. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 all the Proper Mufcles feated be- 
 fore. 
 
 Intercoflales externi & Interni. 
 
 Thefe are placed in the Intervals 
 of the Ribs as their Names Declare. 
 Their Number on each fide is Twice 
 Eleven, equal to the Number of the 
 Interstices in which they are lodged. 
 Their Originations are differently af- 
 figned by Anatomifls, but we ffiall 
 acquiefce in the Opinion of Dr. Muyon 
 (after Steno) who thinks both (viz.) 
 Intercofiales Externi , and Interni , do 
 Arife from the Lower Edge of each 
 Superior Rib, and are inferted to the 
 Upper edge of each Inferior one. 
 Thefe are Thin and Flefhy ; the 
 Fibres of the External pafs from above 
 Obliquely downwards to the Forepart 
 oiOffaPubis (38); Thofe of the Internal, Fig. xvi 
 defeend in like manner obliquely to- 
 wards the Back-part or Os Sacrum (0): Fig.xvi 
 TheirFibresDecuflating each other like 
 the Letter X. 
 
 The Sternum being raifed by dividing 
 its Cartilages on each fide from the Bony 
 endings of the Ribs, the following Mufcle 
 will appear underneath. Trian - 
 
> • 
 
 of the Thorax. 
 
 id. Tab. Triangularis, 
 
 .F.i. 
 
 This with its Partner lies on each 
 fide the Cartilago Enjiformis (3 2) with- 
 in the Cavity of the Thorax under the 
 Sternum (/); (bme times this appears to 
 be Three, at other times Four diftind 
 Mufcles on each fide. It Arifes from 
 the Inferior part of the Os ? efforts, 
 whence its Upper part Afcends, and 
 Lower Defcends to its Implantations 
 at die Bony endings of the fourth. 
 Fifth, Sixth, and Ibmetimes Seventh, 
 and Eighth Ribs,near their Conjun&i- 
 ons with their Cartilages. 
 
 Its reputed Ule by molt (if not all) 
 Anatomifls, is to Contrad the Breaft. 
 
 The fecond Order of Mufcles (viz.) 
 fueh which move the Thorax in Com- 
 mon with the Contiguous Parts to 
 which They are affixt ; Comprehends 
 the three Scaleni , tyco Serrati Antki , 
 Sabclavius , and Diaphragma. 
 
 efal. m. Scalenus primus, 
 
 > 8. C* 
 
 This Arifes Flefiiy from the Fore- 
 part of the Second, Third, and Fourth 
 Tranfyerfe Procefies of the Vertebra 
 H 3 of 
 
 1© 1 
 
 Fig. xvii, 
 /Vg.xviii, 
 
|02 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 of the Neck ( nn ); and Defending Fig-xviv. 
 Obliquely Forwards, becomes Ten- 
 dinous at its Infertion to the Firft 
 Rib (/); The Axiliary Nerves pafs/^.xvii 
 between This and the Following 
 Mufcle. 
 
 Its Ufe is to draw the fuperior Rib 
 together with the reft Upwards in In- 
 fpiration, 
 
 yfii.M. Scalenus Secundus. 
 
 T. 14 . M. 
 
 This fprings Flefhy from the Se- 
 cond, Third, Fourth and Fifth Tranft 
 verle Procefles of the Vertebra of the 
 Neck (0 n), laterally (like the Former); f.^.xvui 
 in itsDefcent it becomes Thin,andTen- 
 dinous, marching over the Firft Rib 
 to its Infertion in the Second and fbme- 
 times to the Third. 
 
 Idem 27 . 
 
 Scalenus Tertius. 
 
 This has its Beginning near the 
 Former, from the lame Tranfverfe 
 Procefles of the Vertebra of the Neck ; 
 as alfb from the Fifth and Sixth of 
 thofe Procefles, and is foon Inferted 
 to the Firft Rib, 
 
 Thefe 
 
of the Thorax. 
 
 10 
 
 Thefe Three laft Treated ofMufcles 
 are called Sc aleni from their Figure, 
 having three unequal Tides. Though 
 they are moft commonly Enumerated 
 and Deferibed among thole of the 
 Neck, to whole Motion they are tub- 
 
 Sen at us Superior Pojlicns to be inliiffi- 
 cient for the Elevation of the Chelt, 
 afiigns Thele part of that Office. 
 
 it. 4 . f. This next prefents it felf to the 
 Knife. It Arifes Flelliy from the In- 
 ferior part of half the Clavicula (14), 
 next its connexion with the Spina 
 Scapula (15), hence its Fibres Defcend 
 Obliquely Forwards to its Infertion 
 at the fuperior part of theFirlf Rib (i) 
 near the Sternum. Its Ufc is intimate 
 ; jb . iv. ed above; but Spigelim who has writ- 
 ten a Chapter expreslly about this 
 Mufcle, pretends it Deprelies the Cla- 
 ' vicula , for which Opinion he Argues 
 ftrenuoully, and to this purpole re- 
 lates an Obfervation from Hippocrates, 
 that when the Clavicula is Fractured 
 near the Sternum that next part vifibly 
 
 'fetvient, yet the Judicious Falloppiws 
 
 'nd. T. 5 . 
 . Sfig. 
 18. 
 
 Suhclavitis. 
 
 H 4 Afeend^ 
 
1 04 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Alcends, and that part next the Sca- 
 pula, together with the Humerus, falls 
 down ; but if it’s Fra&ured near the 
 Scapula, then neither part Rifes ; which, 
 as our Author not abfurdly Conje- 
 ctures, to depend on the Terminati- 
 on of this Mufcle. In the firft Cafe, 
 it draws the Qlavicula , together with 
 the Humerus downwards, the Fradture 
 being betwixt its Infertion and the 
 contrary end of the Bone that is hxt 
 to the Sternum. In the Latter, it be- 
 ing Fra&ured on that part where its 
 Inferted it may draw the ends of the 
 Bone nearer each other. 
 
 Vefal. m. Sen at us Minor Anticus. 
 
 t. 5. n 
 
 .d.T.+.ic Anatomifls generally reckon this 
 Mufcle amongfl thofe of the Scapula ; 
 but we are perfuaded from its Position 
 that it may be equally ferviceable to 
 the Thorax, in Elevating thofe Ribs 
 it is Inferted to : Wherefore we offer 
 it Indifferently, whether belonging to 
 one, or the other ; but chufe to Infert 
 it in this place, becaufe know appears 
 in Situ. If due Care be not taken in 
 raifing the ?e floral is, you will be in 
 danger of Wounding this. It Arifes 
 
 Flefhy 
 
of the Thorax. 105 
 
 Flelhy from the Proceflus Coracoides 
 Scapula (16), and Defcends Obliquely Fig. xvii. 
 Forwards , becoming Broader and 
 Thinner, and is Inferted Flelhy to the 
 Bony part of the Second (k), Third (/), 
 
 Fourth (in), and Fifth Ribs (n). If 
 the Scapula are Elevated by their Pro- 
 per Mufcles, This with its Partner 
 are then capable of Dilating the 
 Bread in Large Inlpirations. But if 
 they are Deprelt, it may be eafily 
 conceived with what Difficulty that 
 Adtion mult then be Performed. 
 
 Sen at us Major Antic us. 
 
 This Arifes Flelhy from the whole 
 Bafis Scapula, and Palling under the 
 Subfcapularis it becomes Broader and 
 Thicker, Hill running fomewhat For- 
 wards till its Inferted to the Eight fu- 
 perior Ribs laterally (ik Im nop q) Fig xv ~ 
 by fo many Diltindt Flelhy portions 
 or Digituli , reprefenting the Teeth of 
 of a Saw ; The Two and fometimes 
 Three Inferior of which are Indented 
 With the Obliquus Defcendens of the 
 Abdomen , as was before noted. This 
 like the Former Dilates the Thorax , 
 or Moves the Scapula Forwards and 
 
 Down° 
 
i q 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Downwards when its Mufcies are 
 reJaxt. 
 
 The next Mufcle belonging to the 
 Thorax, and appears as the Body lies 
 Supine, is the Diaphragm. We fhali 
 not here enumerate the many Names 
 bellowed on this Part, our Task be- 
 ing only at Prelent to conlider it as 
 a lingular Mufcle elegantly Framed 
 for thofe Ufes for which the Author 
 of Nature has defign’d it. 
 
 Bid.T. 5 2 . Diaphragma. 
 
 BCDEF 
 
 ^speeim. 3 $ ten ° fuppofes this to be a Di- 
 
 Myoiogi gallric Mufcle. b Cafpar Bartholin 
 conce ^ r i n g it Double, calls the Lower 
 
 Cap. ii. part fpringing from the Fertehr a of 
 the Back and Loins the Mu f cuius Infe- 
 rior, and the Oppofite Arifing from the 
 Cartilaginous Endings of the Ribs, 
 the Superior : or Imagines it Trigaftri- 
 cal, as above noted Chap. I. Which 
 latter Opinion of his leems to qua- 
 drate to this Part in Birds. But whe- 
 ther we may fuppofe it One or Two 
 Mufcles in Man, is a matter more of 
 Controverly then Ufe. Its Inferior 
 part Arifes partly Tendinous and part- 
 ly Flefhy on the Right, from_the 
 
of the Thorax. 107 
 
 Firft («)> Second (w) and Third Ver- Fig . xv a 
 tebra of the Loins (x) ; on the Left 
 from the Lafl, and Lalt but one of the 
 Back, hence Amending with Flelhy 
 Fibres on each fide running Streight, 
 but in the middle pals lomewhat 
 Curvedly, interle&ing each other do 
 as it were embrace the Oefophagus, after 
 which they become Tendinous, and 
 join with its Upper part, which Arifes 
 Thin and Membranous, but foon 
 grows Flelhy at the whole Inferior 
 Margin of the Cartilaginous endings 
 of the Ribs, and lower part of the 
 Os P efforts ; whence, its Flelhy Fibres 
 like Lines drawn from a Circumfe- 
 rence towards a Center, pals to its 
 Middle part, where its Tendinous 
 Fibres are Intercalated with each 
 other, and exhibit a Rete. It has 
 Two large Perforations, the One in 
 its Tendinous part to Tranfmit the 
 Vena Cava towards the Right Auricle 
 of the Heart ; the other in its Flelhy 
 part, which like an Anulrn embraces 
 the Oefopbagus (as above noted). Its 
 double Origin at the Vertebra (34) F;g xv ^r 
 gives way to the Defending Trunck 
 of the Arteria Magna , and Two Af- 
 cending of the Vuthts Cbjli ferns and 
 Vena Azygos, ' Its 
 
Its Ufe in the Animal Oe.conomy is 
 too Large to be Inferted in this place. 
 Tecquet obferves when all the Mufcles 
 of Refpiration are feparated and re- 
 moved, the Diaphragms and Interca- 
 st ales excepted, the Animal {till per- 
 mits to Breath. When we Infpire, its 
 fuperior furface comes towards a Plain. 
 In Expiration it’sConvext towards the 
 Thorax , and Concave towards the 
 Abdomen. In the Former the Viscera 
 of the Lower Belly are Compreft, and 
 the Cavity of the Thorax enlarged. 
 In the Latter the Air is expreft out of 
 the Fe[cicttU of the Lungs. 
 
 We might here Infert another lin- 
 gular Mufcle the Heart, but it not 
 being an Inftrument of Voluntary 
 Motion, or moving any other Parc 
 befides it felf and the Blood, we {hall 
 therefore leave it, being fufKciently 
 fenfible how Accurately Dr. Lower, 
 Vicufenius, and Others have Defcribed 
 and reprefented it in their Figures. 
 The reft of the Mufcles that appear 
 on the Body lying Supine, do partly 
 belong to die Head , Neck , and 
 Limbs, of which in their Proper Or- 
 der. 
 
 N.7* 
 
of the Shoulder-Blade. 105? 
 
 N. To Profecute our Work We muf 
 now lay the Sub jell in a Prone Pofition 
 the Back Uppermofl, continuing our 
 Sellion from the Occiput down to the 
 Os Sacrum, Inter feeling it with a Tranf- 
 verfe Line over the Regio Lumbalis. 
 Which done , and the Common Integu- 
 ments removed the Subjacent Mufcles 
 may be befi Di (felled in the following Order . 
 
 CHAR XX. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Scapula or Shoul- 
 der-Blade. 
 
 T Hefe Mufcles Conftitute the 
 Third Order of thoie belong- 
 ing to the Thorax. The Realon of 
 this Divifion may be feen before, pag* 
 
 9$ and 99. 
 
 Gucnllaris, & Trapezius. 
 
 So named becaufe this with its Fel- 
 low covering the Back Reprelents a 
 Cowl. It Ariles Flefhy from the Os Fig.xv 111. 
 Qccipitis (2), Tendinous from the Li - 
 gamentum Colli, and Apex of the Spine 
 of the laft Vertebra of the Neck (/), 
 
 and 
 
o Of the Mufcles 
 
 and Eight fuperior of th eThorax (PP),ftg* 
 from which Broad Origination be- 
 coming Thick and Flelhy, its fo In- . 
 ferted to the Clavicula (i i), and Ten- 
 dinous to the Spina. Scapula (16), 
 Each Mufcle is Triangular, and both 
 conjointly compofe a Lozenge oiTra- 
 ptzium, whofe large Diameter extends 
 from the Occiput to the Fifteenth Ver- 
 tebra ; the Ihorter from near the Ex- 
 tremity of the Spina Scapulae on one 
 fide, to that of the other. They 
 contain a Triple Series of Fibres ; the 
 Middle palling direCtly Tranfverfe 
 from the Fir It Vertebra of the Thorax: 
 thofe Above Defcend, and thole be- 
 neath Afcend to their Infertion ; 
 whereby the Scapula is varioufly 
 moved according to their Directions, 
 either Obliquely Upward, DireCtly 
 Back, or Obliquely Downwards. 
 
 N. Tou mujl proceed with Caution in 
 the feparation of this Mufcle , leaf you 
 Eaife the following with it, which adheres 
 very flriffly to its Tendinous part, where 
 it Jprings from the Superiour Spikes of 
 the Vertebra Thoracis. 
 
 Rhm - 
 
I II 
 
 of the Shoulder-Blade . 
 
 I 
 
 u G. Rhomboides. 
 
 IK 
 
 So called from its Figure. It lies 
 immediately under the Former, in 
 fome Subjects we have found it divi- 
 ded into Two diftindt Mulcles on 
 each fide, which Bidloo alfo obferves. 
 ItArifes Tendinous from the Two 
 Jnferiour Spines of the Vertebra of the 
 Neck (<?/), *and Four Superior of the fl xviil. 
 Thorax (PR), whence defending Ob- 
 liquely, becomes Thick and Flefhy, 
 and is (o Inferred tto the whole Bafis 
 Scapula (13, 13). 
 
 When it A&s, it draws the Scapu- 
 la Upwards and Backwards. 
 
 N. This adheres firiclly to its Subjacent 
 Mufcle the Serratus Superior Pofticus, 
 wherefore you mufi be cautious in Raifing if* 
 
 £ Levator Scapula. 
 
 By fome called Levator Patientia, 
 becaufe we make ule of it in large 
 Infpirations, in order to Expire, as 
 when we Sigh, (as they call it.) This 
 lies immediately under the C ucull&ris, 
 arifing by fo many feparate Origina- 
 tions from the Second, Third, Fourth, 
 
 and 
 
1 1 2 Of the Mufcles 
 
 and Fifth Tranfverfe ProcefleS of the 
 Vertebra of the Neck (nn) , which Fl,vr 
 uniting into one large Flelhy Body, 
 Delcends Obliquely to itslnfertionat 
 the Superior Angle of the Scapula (13). 
 
 Its Name declares its Office. 
 
 N. We proceed next to the Mufcles of 
 the Thorax which appear on theBackfide , 
 the Body lying Prone ; to difcover which , 
 the Latiffimus Dorfi muft be removed \ 
 part of it being raifed in the Ilia in 
 Differing the Mufcles of tJoe Abdomen, 
 where you mufl purfue its Separation , firfl 
 Cutting it from the P ofleri our part of the 
 Spine of the Ilium (30), feparating it ( if 
 pojfible') from the Serratus Inferior Po- 
 Iticus ; Freeing it from the Spines of the 
 Loins (RR ) , and Inferiour of the 
 Thorax ( PP ), and leave it at its Infer - 
 tion to the Os Humeri (19). This 
 done on both fides t the ref of the Mufcles 
 of Refutation offer themfelves. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Xt-- 
 
 of the Thorax,. iig 
 
 chap. xxr. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Thorax, 
 
 Appear, the Body Lying Prone . 
 
 T Hoie of the Fore-part we exa- 
 mined, Chap. XVIII. the lame 
 Order we lhall here Obferve. Firfl 
 therefore of the Proper Mufcles re- 
 lating to this Part. 
 
 t'd.M. S erratic (uperior poflicm, 
 
 7 i.F. 
 
 This lies immediately under the 
 Rhomhoides, as above noted. It Arifes 
 with a Thin Tendon from the Two 
 Inferior Spines of the Vertebra of the fig.xvui 
 Neck (fg ), and Three fuperior of 
 the Thorax (VP), from thence Defcend- 
 ing Obliquely over the Splenius Capitis, 
 and Upper Parts of the Sacrolumbalis, 
 and Dorfe Longijfmus, it becomes 
 Flelhy, marching under the Scapula 
 to its Inlertion at the Curvature of 
 the Second (i), Third (k), and Fourth 
 Ribs (/), by fo many diftindt Flelhy 
 Endings, Reprefenting the Teeth of 
 a Saw. 
 
 I This 
 
114 
 
 Vefal. M. 
 
 T. u. 
 
 Aitfhrop. 
 
 Lib. v. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 This affifts in Elevating the Ribs 
 
 or Thorax. 
 
 Serratus inferior fojlicus. 
 
 * 
 
 The Origination of this Mufcle is 
 much Larger than Authors generally 
 affign it ; In a Robuft Subject we Ob- 
 ferved its Continuation not only from 
 the Spines of the Vertebra of the 
 Loins (RRf but from allthofe of the ^ 
 Thorax (??), as well underneath as 
 below the Former Mufcle ; its Supe- 
 rior and Inferior Parts being entirely 
 Tendinous, its Middle growing Flelhy 
 near its Serrated Termination at the 
 Curvature of the Ninth (f), Tenth ( r )> 
 Eleventh ( s), and Extremity of the 
 Twelfth Ribs ( t) : The Ducfm of Fibres 
 of This palling Tranfverfe, and thofe 
 of the Precedent DefcendingOblique; 
 do Decullate each other in. Acute 
 Angies ; which Riolan has well Ob- 
 ferved, and contrary to the Opinion 
 of Authors, ailigns It with its Partner 
 a different Ule,in Deprelfing the Tho- 
 rax, Both performing the Office of a 
 Bandige in Binding together and Con- 
 {fringing the Poilerior Mufcles of the 
 Spine, not unlike thofe conllrudive 
 
 In- 
 
of the Thorax. 1 1 5. 
 
 Inclofures of the Thigh and Cubit 
 hereafter mentioned. 
 
 The Common Mufcles referred to 
 the Thorax, and appearing on the 
 Backfide, are the Sacroiumbi. How- 
 ever We think thefe may be included 
 among thofe of the Back, yet in imi- 
 tation of molt Authors we ihall Treat 
 of them in this place. 
 
 id. g. Sacr olumb alls. 
 
 This with the Dorfi LongiJJimm have 
 their Origination in Common ; Ex- 
 ternally They are Tendinous as They 
 fpring from the Pofterior part of the 
 Spine of the Os Ilium (^o)^ and Su- Fig.xviiL 
 perior Spine of the Sacrum ( 34), and 
 all the Spines of the Vertebra of the 
 Loins ( RR j ; Internally it Arifes Fiefhy, 
 not only from thofe Parts, but from 
 the Tranfverle Procelles of the iaft 
 named Vertebra { uwxyz,); whence 
 With diretf Fibres Afcendins before it 
 marches over the L.aft Rib (t) its di- 
 vided into Two Fielhy Bodies, the 
 Outwardmoil of which is called Sa- . 
 crolumbm, whole Fibres aicend di- 
 rectly, and make lo many Thin Ten- 
 dons as there are Ribs to wnom they 
 1 2 are 
 
 I • 
 
ii£ Of the Mufcles 
 
 are Inferted; which are joined with fo 
 Accefiory Mufcles, Anting from each 
 Rib , and united with them betore 
 their Inlertions as they pafs over the 
 Specimen Superior, as Stem has well Oblerved. 
 Mjohgice. ^nd This Order or Multiformed dif- 
 pofition of it, is continued the whole 
 length of the Thorax to the Third, 
 Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Vertebra of 
 the Neck, which Superior Part is by 
 Lib. v. Diemirbroeck made a diftind Mufcle, 
 Ci<p ' V1 ‘ and called Cervical is defcendens. Now 
 all the Mufcles of the Head may be 
 examined. 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Head. 
 
 T He Head is moved by Mufcles 
 that are either Common or Pro- 
 
 per. 
 
 The Common are tliofe which move 
 the Head together with the Vertebra 
 of the Neck, which lhall be defcribed 
 in the following Chapter ; under the 
 Title of the Mufcles of the Neck. 
 
 The Proper are thofe, which move 
 the Head together with the firft Vertebra 
 
 of 
 
of the Head . 1 1 7 
 
 of the Neck only, the reft remaining 
 unmoved, of which Latter Anato- 
 ■'Jb. iv. milts, as a Speigelius, b Vepngim, and 
 ^•xii- others reckon (even pair, viz. Mafloi - 
 dei, Splenii, Complex/, Re Hi Mai ores. 
 
 Re Eli Minorcs, obliqui Superiores gr ob~ 
 ib.De liqui Inferior es ; But c Oribafiu* adds 
 . two pair more, who is followed by, 
 d Falloppius, which fhall be defcribed 
 '? x - here, as They Arife in Difiedtion, to- 
 jltlm’ gcther with another pair of Mufcles, 
 not mentioned by any Author, (for 
 what I know) but firlt obferved by 
 me fometime fince. 
 
 iT.16. S pie mu*. 
 
 .4. 
 
 So called from its Figure, fome- 
 what reprefenting an Oxes Spleen, It 
 Arifeth partly Tendinous and pai tly 
 Flelhy, from the four fuperior Spines 
 of the Vertebra of the Thorax (FT), F/g.xvl 
 which Lower part feems to beDiftindl 
 from its fuperior, which Arifeth from 
 the Spines of the two Inferior Vertebra 
 of the Neck (fg)% The former Afc 
 cending obliquely grows Flelhy, and 
 becomes Tendinous again at its Infers 
 tion to the Second, Third, and Fourth 
 Tranfverfe Procetles of the Vertebra 
 
 I 3 of 
 
H 
 
 1 8 Of the Mufcles 
 
 of the Neck (n n ) : The latter in like % xv 
 manner Afcending obliquely outward, 
 grows Flelhy, and is fo Inferred to the 
 Occiput part cf it lying under 
 the implantation of the Majloideut (C). Fig. vi 
 Although this. Mufcle by Anatomifts 
 be reckoned amongfl the Proper 
 Mufcles of the Head, yet when it 
 Adeth it mull necellarily move the 
 Second and Third Vertebra of the 
 Neck (to which it is Inferted ) ob- 
 liquely backwards ; But Adirig with 
 its Partner it pulleth them diredly 
 backwards. 
 
 ibid. f g Complexes. 
 
 H. 
 
 Or Implfcatus according to Lauren - 
 tint, ’tis alfo called Lergeminns from 
 its being faid to have Three Begin- 
 nings as fome imagin, which we could 
 ub. v. never as yet obierve in Dilledion. 
 cab. xxi. j c Anfeth with fix Thin, fmall Ten- 
 dons from the Tranfverle Procedes of 
 the Vertelr <?. of the Neck (nn), and in Fig.m'v 
 its defcent from thence becoming 
 Thicker and more Flelhy grows partly 
 Tendinous about its middie, where it 
 is interwoven with various Orders of 
 Fibres, and becoming Hill more Flelhy 
 
 again. 
 
of the Head, 
 
 again, is fo Inferred to the Superior 
 part of the Os Occipitis laterally (ij), 
 and the back part of the Proccfjm Ma- 
 miliar is (b ) ; The Fibres of this Mufcle 
 are rightly oblerved to decuflate thofe 
 < ferv at. of the Former. Lalloppim makes 
 - * tm - that part of it which is Inferred to 
 thsProceffusMamillaris a diltindt Mufcle; 
 It Arifing from the T’ranfverle Pro- 
 cefles of the Firft, Second, Third, 
 Fourth, and Fifth F'ertebr £ of the Tho- 
 rax, and from as many of thole of 
 the Neck ; which we have fometimes 
 obferved, but this not appearing fo 
 commonly, inclines us rather to think 
 it a Lit fix Nature than a feparate 
 Mufcle. Either of thefe Compkxi 
 Adting moves the Head backwards to 
 one fide ; If both Adt together, they 
 aflilt the two Former. This widi its 
 Partner being raifed, the Four follow- 
 ing Mufcles appear ijnderneath, on 
 each fide. 
 
 Rechx Major . 
 
 This Arifeth partly Tendinous , 1 
 but chiefly Flelhy from the Superior 
 part of the double Spines of the Se- 
 cond Vertebra of the Neck, and in its 
 I 4 Afcenc 
 
 up 
 
 Fig. xv ill. 
 
 Fig. via, 
 DDD, 
 
iso Of the Mufcles 
 
 Afcent becomes Broader and Fleihy, 
 and is fo Inferred to the Pofterior part 
 of the Os 0 ccipitis. (EE.) 
 
 This Mufcle with its Partner A&- 
 ing, pulls the Head direcftly back on 
 the Firft Vertebra, (Thefe being both 
 raifed, the Following will appear). 
 This with the four fublequent Mufcles 
 are named from their Progrefs, Por- 
 tion, or Magnitude. 
 
 Recti Minores. 
 
 Thefe are Two fmall Mufcles ap- 
 pearing both in fight at once. They 
 arife Fleihy from the Pofterior part of 
 the firft Vertebra of the Neck ; and 
 are fo Inferted to the middle part of 
 the Os Occipitis in two fhallow Depref- 
 fures of the faid Bone. ( HH. ) 
 
 Thefe from their Ufe may be called 
 Rementes or Nedders Backwards, and 
 are Antagonifts to thole we fhall here- 
 after defcribe and call Annuentes. 
 
 Obli quia Superior. 
 
 This Arifing Fleihy from the Back- 
 part of the Tranfverfe Procefs of the 
 firft Vertebra of the Neck, and in its 
 
 fame* 
 
 Fig.v i 
 
 Fig. vi. 
 
of the Head . 121 
 
 fomewhat oblique Alcent becometh a 
 Fleffiy Belly, and lefiening it felf a- 
 gain, is Inferted to the Os Occlptis la- 
 terally. (FF.) Fig. vili. 
 
 By this, together with its Partner 
 ( they never Ading leparately ) the 
 Head is moved Backwards on the ftrft 
 Vertelra. 
 
 Though the two Former Mufcles 
 feem adapted for all neceflary mo- 
 tions of the Head Backwards, yet it 
 Teems a provident Contrivance of 
 Nature to add thefe ; hnce the RecH 
 Majores are by accident Extended 
 when either of the Following Mufc 
 cles Ad in turning the Head to one t 
 fide, whereby they are deprived of 
 performing their Office at that time, 
 but the firft Vertelra of the Neck mo- 
 ving with the Head;thefe Mufcles are 
 then imploy’d in Pulling the Head 
 Backwards, as in looking upward to 
 one fide. 
 
 * » • 
 
 Olliquus Inferior , 
 
 This Arifeth Flelhy from the Ex- 
 ternal part of the Spinal Procefs of 
 the Second Vertelra of the Neck 5, 
 clofe by the Origination of the Re - 
 
22 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Bus major, and being dilated into a 
 Flelhy Belly, pafles obliquely to its 
 Inlertion at the Tranfverfe Procefs of 
 the Fir ft, where the Former Mufcle 
 begins. (6) When this ads on either 
 fide the Tranfverfe Procels of the 
 firft Vertebra of the Neck is moved 
 towards the Spine of the Second ; 
 wherefore fome Authors have reck- 
 oned it amongft the Mufcles of the 
 Neck. But fince the Head is alfo 
 moved thereby, and the Face turned 
 to that fide on which it Adeth, it is 
 not improperly reckoned amongft 
 the Mufcles that move the Head ; it 
 is Aftifted by the Mafloideus. But of 
 this more in its Order. 
 
 The Body mujt now be turned on the 
 Back again , to examine the ref of the 
 Mufcles of the Head that appear on the 
 Forepart , together with thofe of the Neck , 
 of which the Firfl is the Maftoideus 
 which is heft raffed , by freeing it at its 
 , Origination on one fide , and its Infertion 
 on the other as in Chapt. XII. in Order 
 to DiffcB the M ufcles of the Tongue , Os 
 Hyoides and Larynx. 
 
 Mafloideus. 
 
of the Head . \ 23 
 
 m. Majtoideus. 
 
 So called, becaufe it is Inferted to 
 the Mammillary ProceiTe of the Tem- 
 ple-Bone : It Arifeth partly Tendi- 
 nous, and partly Flelhy from the Upper m xvl | 
 part of the Os Pectoris (3 1) and near 
 half the Clavicle ; (i4)with two (as it 
 were diftinCt Originations, the firft 
 Afcending fomewhat obliquely out- 
 wards joyns with the Second , and 
 marches up more direCtly, compofing 
 it Round, Thick, Flefny Body, and 
 as it pafleth over the Upper part of 
 the Mufculm Levator Scapula, becomes 
 Broader again, at its Infertion to the 
 Back part of the Proceflus Mamillaris ( b) Fi ^ v ‘ ‘r 
 and the Adjoyning part of the Os Oo 
 cipitis , ( B ) where the Splenim (above 
 treated of) is Implanted. ( P .) . 
 
 Anatomifts not taking Notice of i£ ' 1 * 
 the true Infertion of this Mufcle , 
 have generally erred in their conje- 
 ctures concerning its Ufe, fuppofing, 
 that if both ACt, the Head is bended 
 Fore wards, which A&ion, if rightly 
 confidered, cannot be performed by 
 thefe Mufcles, except the Vertebra of 
 the Neck are alfo inclined Forward 
 
 with 
 
1 24 Of the Mufcles 
 
 with it, fince their Inlertion are right 
 e Diametre opposite, if not behind the 
 Articulation of the Head with the 
 hr ft Vertebra-, which part of the Cranium 
 (namely the ProceJJus Mamillaris') nei- 
 ther Afcendsnor Defcends in that A- 
 dion : Wherefore it neceflarily fol- 
 lows, that when the Head is moved, 
 either directly Forwards or Backwards 
 on the firft Vertebra , thele Muicles 
 cannot Ad:. But if either of them 
 Ad, the Face is then turned to the 
 contrary fide ; lo when we look over 
 the Left Shoulder, the Right Mufcle 
 Ads & vice verfa ; which may be 
 obferved in the naked Necks of li- 
 ving Perfons, and is commonly ex- 
 prelt by Painters. But if either of 
 thele Muicles ihould more and more 
 contrad, the Head is pulled down to 
 one fide forwards, as we fee in Wry- 
 Necks commonly fo called; where 
 one of thele Muicles is always con- 
 traded. 
 
 a L ib. de The next Mufcle that prelents it 
 Mufcuiis. {elf to the Knife, is partly defcribed 
 ii b y a ^ a ^ en > and mentioned by b Vef 
 c.xxviii .falius belonging to the Back: c Fallepi- 
 ' °V cr - m makes it his ninth pair of the Head. 
 Vn. Ana ' It is alio mentioned by Riolan , 
 
of the Head. 
 
 Caff. Bauhin, Bartholomeus , Euftachi - 
 us and others. Tho they are large 
 Flelhy Mufcles, and appear immedi- 
 ately under the Gtila or Pharynx , yet 
 Spigelim and fome others take no no- 
 tice of them. They are likewile ex- 
 preft by Bidloo , and called Recti in - 
 term : But we having obferved an 
 other fmall pair of Mufcles under- 
 neath them of a right pofition like- 
 wife, defer ving the Name of Recti, 
 to diftinguilh which from thofe of the 
 Back part, and thefe following Muf- 
 cles we lhall call them Recti interni 
 Minor es, and Thefe, Recti interni Ma- 
 jor es. 
 
 1 25 
 
 Rectus internm Major. 
 
 This Arifes Tendinous but chiefly 
 Flelhy, from the Forepart of all the 
 Tranfverfe Precedes of the Vertebra of 
 the Neck, except the firlt and fecond 
 and in it’s Alcent becoming Flelhy , 
 pafles over thole two Superiour Ver- 
 tebra and is inferted to the Anteriour 
 Appendix of the Os Occipitis near the 
 great Foramen , that Tranfmits the 
 Medulla Oblongata. 
 
 This 
 
t%6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 This manifeftly Bends the Head 
 Forewards, and therefore may be cal- 
 led Flexor Capita from its Ufe. 
 
 This withfits Partner being remo- 
 ved, the following Mufcles appear 
 underneath them. 
 
 Rectus internus Minor. 
 
 This and its Partner appear on the 
 Forepart of the firfb Vertebra like the 
 Recti minores on the Back part , and 
 arife near its Tranfverfe procefles 
 andAfcending direddy, are inferted 
 to the Anteriour Appendix of the Os 
 Occipitis immediately under the For- 
 mer i. Fig. 
 
 Thefenod the Head forward, and 
 are Antagonifts to the Recti minores 
 as is above noted, wherefore they 
 may be called uinmentes. 
 
 The laft pair of Mufcles which we 
 fhall Treat of belonging to the Head, 
 are mentioned by Galen , and Accu- 
 obfervM. rately defcribed by Falloppius in thefe 
 Anatom. Words, Ultimo loco notandi funt Muf- 
 culi duo admodum parvi qui A P roc efts 
 Tranfverfo Prtma Veneer t orti , valds 
 graciles afcendunt ad Caput & in illud 
 infernntur props MammiUmm prcccjfum, 
 
 Inele 
 
of the Nec\ • 12 7 
 
 Thefe we lhall call Recti Later ales , 
 from their Progrels and Pofition ; 
 they may be alfo called Rementes La- 
 ter ales from their Ufe. 
 
 This is a Short , Thick , Flelhy 
 Mufcle ; Arifmg from the Superiour 
 part of the Extremity of the Tranf- 
 verle Procefs of the firft Vertebra of 
 the Neck, between the Former and 
 Obliqum Superior , thence Afcends di- 
 rectly to its Infertion to the Os Occi - 
 pit is in the Interface made by the 
 Proceffus ManmiUaris and Styloides , k. Fig, iii 
 This nods the Head to one fide. 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 * 
 
 Of the Mufcle s of the Meek. 
 
 
 fore they are Eiteemed as Common to 
 both , of which Authors reckon 
 Four Pair, namely the Long: Colli, the 
 Scaleni , (which according to Falloppius 
 are deferibed amonglt the Mufcles of 
 
 Rectus Lateralis . 
 
 the 
 
1 2 8 Of the Mufcles 
 
 the Thorax ) the Tranfverfales and Spi~ 
 nati Colli. But firft of thofe that ap- 
 pear in the Forepart. 
 
 Longus Colli . 
 
 This Arifes partly Tendinous, but 
 chiefly flelhy from the Fore-part of 
 the Five Superiour Fertehr a of the 
 Thorax , and being dilated in its mid- 
 dle to a flelhy Belly , is Inferted to 
 the Fore-part of all the Vertebr£ of the 
 Neck. 
 
 This with its Partner A&ing bends 
 the Neck right forwards.Between this 
 1 an< ^ the Scalenus, (defcrib’d Chap. 
 XIX.) lies the ReEtus internus Major, 
 delcrib’d in the precedent Chapter, 
 which Fejlingius calls Mufculus Ere* 
 •vius. 
 
 The Body mull be now turn’d on 
 its Face again in order to examin the 
 reft of the Mufcles that appear on 
 the Back part of its Trunk. 
 
 L - 
 
 Spinalis Colli. 
 
 So called, becaufe it accompanies 
 the Spines of the Neck, it arifes from 
 the Five Superiour Tranlvers Procef- 
 
• of the Necfc. 
 
 fes of the Vertebra of the Thorax, and 
 Inferiour of the Neck, and in its Af- 
 cent becomes more Flefhy, and is fb 
 inferted largely into the Inferiour part 
 of the Second Vertebra of the Neck , 
 laterally Il.tkc. 
 
 Thefe Draw the Vertebra of die 
 Neck directly backwards.* Either of 
 thefe Mufcles being Railed, the Fol- 
 lowing will appear underneath. 
 
 Tranjverfalis CoilL 
 
 This Arifeth Flefhy from all the 
 Tranfverfe Precedes of the Vertebra 
 of the Neck except the Firfl and Se- 
 cond, and is inferted after an ob- 
 lique Afcending progrefs to their Su- 
 periour Spines {KJ: It being a Conti- 
 nuation of the fame Series of Mufcular 
 Fibres that compofe the Sacer and 
 Semi-Spinatus , of which hereafter. 
 
 If either of thefe Mufcles ad', the 
 Vertebra of the Neck are moved 
 obliquely Backward , as when we 
 look over one Shoulder. 
 
 Befides thefe Mufcles (which are al- 
 ready Treated of by Anaromifts) we 
 obferved in Difledion fome Flefhy 
 Bodies lying between the Bifurcated 
 K ’ Spines' 
 
i go Of the Mufcles 
 
 •Spines of each Vertebra, which upon 
 Examination proved to be fo many 
 Pair of Mufcles, as there was Infter- 
 ftices between the faid Spines. And 
 in thole Bodies that have the Spinal 
 Procefs of the laft Vertebra fomewhat 
 Broader than it is commonly found ; 
 we have feen Five Pair of thefe Muf- 
 cles, which from their Situation we 
 call Inter finales Colli. 
 
 Interfinales Colli. 
 
 Thefe are fmall Flelhy Mufcles, 
 arifing from the Superior parts of 
 each double Spinal Procefs of the 
 Neck (b, c, d, e,f ) except that of the Fi & x 
 Second Vertebra (a), and are Inferted 
 to the Inferior parts of all the faid 
 double Spines. L L. Fig , 
 
 When thefe Mufcles Adi, they 
 draw the Spines of the Vertebra of 
 the Neck nearer each other. Thele 
 wefirll difcover’d in the year 1690. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
of the Back, and Loins. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Back and l*oins a 
 
 W E fhall not infert the various 
 Opinions Authors have en- 
 tertained eoricerning thefe Muteies, 
 fince we have obferved fo great a 
 difference in divers Subjects, as hath 
 inclined us to think, that amongft 
 Ten of them Three will fcarce be found 
 exadtiy alike in this refped: ; which 
 might induce Fallopius to that Inge- 
 nious Confeflion, that they teemed to 
 him to be an Indigefted Heap and con- 
 futed Chaos. In order to render an 
 Account of them as explicit as we 
 can, we lhall confider them as Com- 
 ma to the Back and Loins , or as 
 Proper to either. 
 
 The Common are fuch as arife from 
 the one, and are Interred to the other 
 as the Dor ft Longijfimi. 
 
 The Proper are either fuch as Ante 
 from the Os Sacrum or Ilium , and are 
 Interred to the Vertebra of the Loins 
 only, as the Quadrati humhorum , or 
 Arife from the Tranfverfe Precedes, 
 
lyi Of the Mufcles 
 
 either of the Vertebra of, the Loins or 
 Thorax, and are Inferted to their Supe- 
 rior Spines ; as the Tranfverfales Verte- 
 brae am Dorfi & Lumhcrum ; which by 
 Authors are commonly called Sacer 
 and Semifiinalis : Fil'd of the Common 
 Mufcles. 
 
 pifal. m. Dor fi LongiJJimus. 
 
 T. 12 . N. 
 
 7. 13. r. This Arifeth in Common with the 
 Sacrolumbal/s from the Spine of Os /- 
 Hum ( 30 ) and the Superior part of f £ x 
 the Sacrum ( 34 ) and all the Spines 
 of the Vertebra of the Loins (RR)j 
 Externa! ly Tendinous , Internally 
 Flefhy, in its Afcent it is Inferted to 
 the Tranfverfe Procefles of the Ver- 
 tebra of the Loins ( S S S S ) and as 
 it marches over the lad Rib this 
 great Mufcle divides it felf into Two, 
 the Outermod of which is the Sacro- 
 lumbalis as defcnbed Chap , the XXI ; 
 
 But the Innermod next to the Spine, 
 is the Longijfimxs Dorji, which Afcends 
 with a partly Flefhy and partly Ten- 
 dinous outlide , and Fibres pading 
 fomewhat obliquely outward. Part 
 ©f which Tendinous Fibres arife di- 
 dindt from the Inferiour Spines of the 
 
 Ver- 
 

 of the Back^ and Breaft. 133 
 
 Vertebr a of the Thorax {PP) and $u- f ;. xviii, 
 perior of the Loins ( R R) from 
 which likewile Arife fome Flelhy Fi- 
 bres Afcending obliquely Inwards,and 
 are Inlerted to the Fifth, Sixth and 
 Seventh Spine of the Thorax ( PP ) as 
 ib 28 ex P re ft by Bidloo, and called Semifpi- 
 nalis. The other larger part of this 
 y ^J’-Mulcle afcendmg on the Thorax 
 divides it lelf into many diftind 
 Flelhy Portions not much unlike a 
 Palm Branch, which are Inlerted in a 
 twofold manner to the Tranfverlc 
 Procels of each Vertebra of the Tho- 
 rax (0 0 0) and Tubercle of each 
 Rib ; as alio to the Tranfverfe 
 Procelles of the Vertebra of the 
 Neck ( nn .) 
 
 When this, and its Partner Ads, 
 they are not only Serviceable in keep- 
 ing the Trunk of the Body ered and 
 bending it backwards,but they are alfo 
 uleful in Progreflion, as it may be 
 obferved when either Leg is moved 
 forewards ; This Mufcle on the lame 
 fide is in Adion, which to us leemeth 
 to be advantagious in rendring the 
 Os Ilium at that time liable, fo that 
 the Thigh may be the more com- 
 modioully Elevated ; in regard it is fq 
 K 3 moved 
 
154 Of the Mufcies 
 
 moved by a Mufcle arifmg from the 
 Vertebra, above the Os Ilium, namely 
 the Pfcas. 
 
 {To ex amen this Mufcle it is better to 
 ufe the Fingers, or the pointed Handle of 
 a Differing Knife, to divide it from its 
 Companion-) the Sacrolumbalis, anddif 
 cover its Anfulte, as Spigeiius calls 
 thofe parts of it which are Tnferted to the 
 Tranfverfe Proceffes of the Vertebra of 
 the Back and Loins ;) This being re- 
 moved , the Proper Mufcies offer 
 themfelves to view ; firft of thofe of 
 the Loins. 
 
 Vefal. lYI. Quadrat us Lumborum . 
 
 T- i 3 • 
 
 l t P ‘ This is a Short, Thick, Flefliy 
 Mufcle, fituated in the Region of 
 the Loins, or between the laft Rib 
 and Spine of the Os Ilium, it arifeth 
 Flefliy from the Pofleriour pare of the 
 Spine of the Os Ilium (30), and is in Fi xvi 
 ferted to all the Tranverfe Proceffes 
 of the Vertebra of the Loins inter- 
 nally {u w x), under the Pfoas Mufcle. 
 
 This like the Mufculus Rectus Abdomi- 
 nis, either moves the Vertebra of the 
 Loins nearer the Os Ilium laterally, 
 when we are {landing, on both Legs 
 
of the Backhand Lobis. 135 
 
 firm, or elfe moves the Os Ilium nearer 
 the faid Vertebra, on the contrary fide ; 
 when we Hand upon one Leg only. 
 
 ? tl - Sneer. 
 
 AT. 14. 
 
 1 
 
 This may be alfo called Tranfverfa? 
 lis Lumborum. It lies under the Tendi- 
 nous part of th eLongiJfimus above men- 
 tioned ; It arifethFlelhy not only from ^ xV j- 
 the Os Sacrum (34), but alfo from the 
 Tranfverfe Procedes of all die Vertebra 
 of the Loins, and is inferted to their 
 Superiour Spines. We have fome- 
 times . obferved a Spinalis Lumbc- 
 rum like the Spinalis Colli above del- 
 cribed, which Arifing from the Supe- 
 riour Spines of the Os Sacrum, and 
 marching with dired Flelhy Fibres, 
 isfo Inferted to Superiour Spines of 
 the Vertebra of the Loins ; The 
 Tr an fuer falls Lumborum, now deferibed 
 lying under it. 
 
 2 3 ,K - This feems to be a meer continua- 
 tion of the precedent Mufcle, there- 
 fore might not improperly delerve 
 K 4 the 
 
 Semifpinatus. 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 the Name of Tranfverfalis Dorji ; it 
 Arileth Flelhy from all theTranfverfe 
 Procefles of the Vertebra of the 
 Thorax (00), and marching obliquely 
 upwards is Inferted to the Superiour 
 Spines of the Paid Vertebra (PP). 
 Thefe with the former, and Tranfver- 
 fales Colli, Ading, move the whole 
 Spine, or Vertebra of the Neck, Back, 
 and Loms, obliquely backwards, as 
 when we endeavour to look very much 
 behind us : If they all Ad together 
 on each fide , they allilt m Ereding 
 the Trunk of the Body. 
 
 We need not wonder at the many 
 Multiform Mulcles infervient to the Ex- 
 ecution or Eredionof the Head, Neck, 
 Back and Loins, if we confider how 
 much greater force is required to that 
 end, in regard to the projecting fore- 
 wards of the Head and Thorax ; for 
 as it appears in the Skeleton, Fig. xviii. 
 we ihould on the other hand think it 
 conftantly liable to fall on its Face, 
 were it not fupported by thefe many 
 flrong Mufcles ; in which we have 
 a plain Demonftration of the Immenfe 
 Wifdom of the molt Wile Archited, 
 in Frameing a Strudure projeding 
 from its Tide men, which for leveral 
 
 Ends 
 
of the Backhand Loins. 
 
 Ends (too numerous to fpecifie here) 
 is to be moved Forewards,Backwards„ 
 and Sideways, and therefore by no 
 other means could be fupported fo as 
 to render it upon occafion Flexible, 
 but by Mufcles, fince they only are 
 capable of a greater Contraction and 
 Relaxation than any other Springy 
 Bodies compoied of Ligaments, &c. 
 
 Thus having briefly Treated of all thofe 
 Mufcles, as yet known that appear in the 
 Trunk of the Body, we come next to thofe 
 belonging to the Artus, and firfl of thofe 
 that move the Arm ; two of which , 
 namely, the Pedroralis & Longiflimus, 
 we were obliged to Diffeff, Pag. 104. 112, 
 to di [cover their Subjacent Mufcles, but 
 we l ball now de [cribs them among ft the 
 reft , as the order of Diffeclion requires ; 
 for the convenient Performance of which , 
 we are wont to take of the whole Arm to- 
 gether, v°ith the Scapula WClavicuIa, 
 by dividing the latter from the Os Pe- 
 ctoris, by which means the trouble in 
 examining the following Mufcles is leffened, 
 thofe moving the Scapula being Cut 
 from it. 
 
 CHAR 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 538 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Arm, or, Os 
 Humeri. 
 
 a chap, *f^Alenf Jacobus Sylvius, and c Vefalius, 
 Kviii. defcribe Seven Mufcles belong- 
 
 B Jf*gfg- j n g t0 each Arm, viz. Petloralis, Del - 
 « Lib. n.toiaes , lores Major , LaUjjimus Dorp, 
 cha P- Supra finatuj , Infer afpinat ns, and Sub- 
 
 XX1V ' fcapularis. Arantius, in his Anatomi- 
 cal Obfervations, counts another by 
 a jjy m v d Riolan , called Coracobrachieus , to 
 chap, which e Julius Cajferius Placentinus adds 
 
 — vii ^ Te Teres Minor, byfome reckoned as 
 Lib. iv. the eighth Mufcle of this part, which 
 spigeia. i s therefore called Oclavtu Humeri 
 Placentini : Of thefe in their Order. 
 
 Vefal. 
 
 Mufcul. 
 
 T. I. L. 
 
 Pectoralis, 
 
 So called from its Situation. This 
 hath a broad Semicircular, Flelhy be- 
 ginning, above, from near half the 
 Inferiour part of the Clavicula (14) ; Fl 
 Below, from the Os Peel or ale (31), 
 and all the Cartilaginous Endings of 
 the fix fuperiour Ribs, and from the 
 
of the Arm. i 
 
 Bony part of the feventh, it hath a 
 diftind Fasciculus of Flelhy Fibres, 
 (which fometimes we have feen con- 
 founded with the Obliquus Defcendens 
 Abdominis ) from this large Origin it 
 marcheth Tranfverfly, and becoming- 
 narrower but thicker, leflens it felf 
 as it palleth over the upper part of 
 the Biceps Cubiti, and is Inferted by 
 a fhort but broad ftron’g Tendon, to 
 the Superior part of the Os Humeri , 
 above the Termination of the follow- 
 ing Mufcle. 
 
 The Fibres of this Mufcle Decuf- 
 fate each other,near their Implantation 
 to the Os Humeri ; thofe of the Su- 
 periour part running downwards, and 
 thofe of the Inferiour marching up. 
 Inter fed the Former in Acute Angles. 
 
 When it Ads it moves the Arm 
 either obliquely Upwards, or diredly 
 Forewards, or obliquely Downwards, 
 according to the various Diredion of 
 its Series of Fibres, 
 
 Deltoides. 
 
 So called from its Figure, being 
 like the Greek a. It hath a broad 
 Origination, fore wards from above one 
 
 third 
 
1 4 ° Of the Mufcles 
 
 third of the Inferiour and External ft. x 
 part of the CUvicula (ri), where it 
 is entirely Flelliy; Backwards itfpring- 
 eth partly Flelliy, but chiefly Tendi- 
 nous from the whole Inferior Margin of 
 theSpma ScapuU(i 6), from thefe places 
 clefcending foon becomes Thick and 
 Fldhy, growing narrower till it is 
 inferred by .its partly Flefhy, and 
 partly Tendinous Apex, to the middle 
 of the Os Humeri ( 1 7). This draws 
 the Arm either dircdfiy upwards, or 
 fomewhat Forewards or Backwards 
 according to the Direction of its diffe- 
 ring; Series of Fibres. 
 
 Fefai m. Suprafpinatu 6. 
 
 T. II. G. 
 
 So called becaufe it is placed above 
 the Spine of the Shoulder-Blade ; It 
 Arifeth Flelliy from the Superiour 
 part of the Bafis Scapula (13), that is 
 above its Spine, as alfo from the faid 
 Spine and Cojla Superior of the Scapu- 
 la (15), from thence pafling between 
 the Procejfus Coracoides( r 6),and Anchore- Fig. x 
 for mis (15), it grows lefs and be- 
 coming Tendinous, marches over the 
 Articulation of the Humerus, joyning 
 its Tendons with the following, is 
 
 Inferred 
 
of the Arm. 141 
 
 Inferted to the Head of the Os Hu - %. xviL 
 meri (20). The Proper Ufe of this 
 Mufcle is to lift the Arm upwards to- 
 wards the Occiput. 
 
 TT] Infraffimtus. 
 
 So called becaufe it is placed be- 
 low the Spine. This Arifes Flelhy 
 from the Inferiour part of the Bafis 
 ScapuU (13), as alfo from from its Fi. xviii. 
 Spine (16), and Inferiour Cofta( 14), 
 and Dorfum (12) ; from hence palling 
 in a Triangular Form according to 
 the Figure of the part, leileningitlelf 
 as it marches over the Jundure it 
 becomes Tendinous, and is inferted 
 like the Former to the Head of the 
 Os Humeri (19). This moves the 
 Arm diredly Backwards. 
 
 Teres Minor. 
 
 Sjrcl. T. 
 
 I Lib. 
 
 f \b. So called from its Figure and Mag- 
 
 nitude, to diltinguilh it from the Fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 This Mufcle in fome Bodies is con- 
 founded with the Former, but in 
 others we have found it diftind. 
 
142 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 It Arifes Fleihy from the Lower 
 part of the Inferior Co fa of the Sca- 
 pula (14) and defcends obliquely Fig 
 over the Superior Head of the Gemel- 
 lus Major,- where becoming Tendi- 
 nous it is Inferted to the Head of the 
 Os Humeri (19). 
 
 When this Adeth the Arm is mo- 
 ved fome what Backwards and Down- 
 wards. 
 
 Fifat. M.] 
 
 T. ix. L. 
 
 Teres Major, 
 
 This Arifes from the Inferior Angle 
 of the Scapula (13), and becoming a 
 Round, Flelhy Body Afcends oblique- 
 ly with the Former, but then pafieth 
 under the Superior Head of the Ge- 
 mellus and makes a Ihort , Flat Ten- 
 don Inferted below the Neck of the 
 Os Humeri clofe to that of the Fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 LatiJJimus Dorfi five Anifiaptor, 
 
 The firft Appellation it receives 
 from its large demenfions, it with its 
 Partner covering the whole Back. 
 
 The latter from the ufe that is 
 fometimes made of it. Its Thin , 
 
 Broad. 
 
of the Arm. 143 
 
 Broad , Tendinous Origination is 
 continued from the Seven Inferiour 
 Spines of the Vertebra of the 
 Thorax ( ?? ), and all thofe of the F/g.Xviii 
 Loins ( RR ) and Superior of the Os 
 Sacrum (34), and the Pofterior part 
 of the Spine of the Os Ilium ; ( 3°) 
 beginning to grow Carnous as it paF 
 fes over the Longijjimm Dorfi and Sa- 
 crolumbus, and in its Progress over the 
 Curvated part of the Ribs it receives 
 feveral Fajciculi of Flefhy Fibres Ari- 
 fing from thence, which by their Con- 
 junction compofe a Thick Body, ftill 
 leflening it (elf in its demenfions as 
 it marcheth towards the Axilla and 
 running over the Inferiour Angle of 
 the Scapula, from whence fometimes 
 does Arife a Flelhy part of it, which 
 I have Obferved in thofe Bodies in 
 whom the Teres Minor was abfent , 
 is at laid inferted by a Short, but 
 Flat Strong Tendon to the Os Humeri 
 near the Former. 
 
 The next Mufcle that prefents it 
 felf, is the Coracobrachialis , by fbme 
 called Perforates, which is delcribed by 
 Galen and Fef alius with the Internal 
 Head of the Biceps Qubit i, 
 
 Coracji* 
 
144 
 
 Fefal. M. 
 T. i. R. 
 
 Sid. Tab. 
 tfj. E. 
 
 Of the Mufcle s 
 
 Coracobrachialis. 
 
 So called from its Origination and 
 Infertion ; it Ariles partly Flefhy and 
 partly Tendinous from the Extremity 
 of the Procejfus Caracoides ScapuU,( 1 6) p . 
 and in its defcent it becomes larger , 
 ftri&ly adhering to the Internal Ten- 
 dinous Beginning of the Biceps , and 
 parts from it near its Tendinous In- 
 sertion at the middle of the Internal 
 part of the Os Humeri (18). Through 
 this Mufcle pafleth a Large Nerve ; 
 wherefore by fome it is called Perfo- 
 rat us. 
 
 When it A< 5 teth the Arm is moved 
 Upwards, and turned fomewhat Ob- 
 liquely Outward. 
 
 Subfcapularis. 
 
 So Named from its Situation , by 
 fome called Immerfus. It is a Large 
 Flefhy Mufcle, filling helnternalCon 
 cave part of the Scapula ( 17); Arifrng 
 Flefhy from its whole Bafts and Supe- 
 rior and Inferior Cojla Internally, and 
 mareheth forward, leflening it felf ac- 
 cording 
 
of the Cubit. 
 
 cording to the Demenfions of the 
 Bone , and palling over the jun* 
 &ure, is Inferred in a Semicircular 
 Manner to the Neck of the Os Hu<* 
 meri (ao). 
 
 When this Acfteth, the Os Humeri 
 is Pulled nearer the Trunk of the 
 Body. The Tendon of this MufHe 
 together witiithe Supra and Infra fpi- 
 natus and Teres Minor unite near their 
 Inlertions, and Environ the Articula- 
 tion of the Os Humeri with the Sea* 
 pula not unlike the Ligamentum latum 
 of the Coxa, to prevent frequent Lux- 
 ations : And by their Succeflive Al- 
 ternate A&ing, the Arm is moved 
 Circularly. 
 
 %xvii 
 
 C U A R XXVI. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Cubit. 
 
 T HE Lower Part of the Arm 
 from the Elbow to the Wrift , 
 is called the Cubit , which is either 
 Bended dr Extended by Five Mufcles, 
 Namely, Biceps , Brachiaus interna* , 
 jL Qemeliui, 
 
34 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Gemellus , Brachi&us exterms , and An* 
 contfus. 
 
 Pefal. M. Biceps. 
 
 T. i. & 
 
 Bccaufe it hath two Heads or Be- 
 ginnings, theFirft or Outmoft, Ariies 
 with a long Round Tendon from the 
 Upper Part of the Brink of the Ace- 
 tabulum Sc apuU, (17.) and runs under Fl i- 
 the Ligament of the Articulation in 
 a Sulcus or Channel on the Head of 
 the Shoulder-Bone, wherein it is in- 
 cloled by a proper Ligament. In its 
 Defcent it begins to grow Flelhy as it 
 marcheth under the Termination of 
 the Pe&oral Mulcle, where dilating 
 it felf into a Large Flelhy Body, 
 it joyns with its other Head or Begin- 
 ning. The Latter Arifeth with a 
 fomewhat Broad, Flat and Long Ten- 
 don at the Extremity of the Proceffus 
 Caracoides ScapuU (16) ; in its defcent 
 it itri&ly adheres to the Coracobrachia - 
 iis ( wherefore fome Authors not 
 rightly defcribing that Mufcle a- 
 mongft thole of the Arm, have mi- 
 ftaken it for a Flelhy Beginning of 
 this) But then parting from it, both 
 thefe Heads compofe a Large Flelhy 
 Belly, which becoming Tendinous 
 
 near 
 
of the Cubit, 14 j 
 
 near the Cubit, is commonly faid to 
 belnferted by a Strong, Round Ten- 
 don to the Tubercle at the Upper 
 Head of fche Radius, (25-.) But we X vH 
 have oblerved this Tendon to be dou- 
 ble, the External of which being 
 Thin pafleth obliquely over the 
 Mu fc ulus Pronator Radii Teres , and 
 Membrane like expanding it felf „ 
 Joyns with the Membrana Communis 
 Mufculorum, which Embraceth all the 
 External Mufcles of the Carpus and 
 Fingers. 
 
 When this Mufcle Adfeth the Cubit 
 is Bended. 
 
 The double Tendinous Terminal 
 tion of this Mufcle, (tho’ not taken 
 Notice of by any Author that we 
 know) is very evident, and was ob- 
 ferved firft by us, fome years fince in 
 Difle&ing thele Mufcles, in Compa- 
 ny with our very good f riend, that 
 moll Indefatigable and Curious Bota- 
 nift Mr. Samuel Doody. It appeareth 
 immediately under the Skin and Mem- 
 hr ana Adipofa of the Cubit. 
 
 As for the ufe of this External 
 Tendon which vve call Fafcia Tend/- 
 no fa, it leems defigned not only for • 
 the more advantagious Elevation, or 
 L % Bending 
 
248 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Bending of the Cubit , which it more 
 ealily moves, by how much the more 
 it recedes from sthe Centre of its 
 Motion or Fulcimen at the Lower part 
 of the Arm-Bone, (23) and approach- 
 ing to its other Extream ; But like- 
 wile ftri&ly including all the Exter- 
 nal Mufcles, whether belonging to 
 the Radius, Carpus , or Fingers , it 
 thereby Corroborates them in perfor- 
 ming thofe Itrenuous Actions they 
 are necelfarily employ’d in. This 
 Latter Ufe was firft fuggefted to us 
 by obferving thole Artificial Banda- 
 ges made of Leather which fome La- 
 borious Mechanicks make Ufe of (by 
 Adapting them to die Belly’d 
 part of the Mufcles of the Cubit ) 
 amonglt which Turners and efpecially 
 thofe that ufe the Rafp in making 
 the Frames for Cane-Chairs (as they 
 are commonly called) like a double 
 Screw, are frequently obliged to this 
 Artifice. 
 
 In Phlebotomy the duffus of thele 
 External Tendinous Fibres ought to 
 be refpe&ed by directing the Laun- 
 cet according to their Length , to 
 avoid too great a divifion of them 
 which is frequently the Occafion of 
 
 thole 
 
of the Cubit. i 
 
 thofe ill Symtoms that remain after 
 that fo commonly Pra&ifed Opera- 
 tion by Bold Blood Letters. 
 
 An extraordinary Cafe relating to 
 5| this Mufcle once happened in our 
 Fraffice. A Woman, three days be- 
 fore fhe confulted us, had, (as file 
 fufpe&ed) Diflocated her Shoulder- 
 Bone by wringing of Linnen Cloaths 
 after wafhing ( which is commonly 
 done to exprefs the Water) adding, 
 that in Braining her Arm, in that 
 A&ion, lire fenfibly felt fomething 
 fas fhe thought) flip out of its place 
 on her Shoulder. After examining 
 the part, we were well fatisfied that 
 there was no Diflocation : But ob- 
 ferving a Depreflure on the External 
 part of the Deltoide Mufcle, and 
 finding the two Inferior Tendons of 
 this Biciptal Rigid, and the Cubit 
 thereby denied its due Extention, we 
 fufpedded that the External Tendinous 
 Beginning, (before taken notice of) 
 was dipt out of its Channel in the 
 0* Humeri ; but finding the part at 
 that time fomewhat Inflamed, flie ha- 
 ving not long before made ufe of it. 
 We advifed her to an Emollient Ap- 
 plication, and to give it reft till the 
 L 3 ifext 
 
l^o Of the Mufcles 
 
 next morning, at which time we found 
 our Conjedure true, and by turning 
 the whole Arm to and fro, it readily 
 llipt into its place, fhe recovering the 
 ufe of the Part immediately. 
 
 Fefal.M. Brachiceus Inter nut. 
 
 T. i. s. 
 
 This derives its Name from its Si- 
 tuation, lying partly under the For- 
 mer, It Arifeth Flefhy from the Inter- 
 nal part of the Os Humeri (18 ) at the 
 Inlertion of the Deltoides and Caraco - 
 brachialis Mufcles, and defending o- 
 ver the Jundure of the Cubit with the 
 Arm-Bone, it’s Inlerted partly Flefhy 
 and partly Tendinous to the Superior 
 and Fore- part of the Ulna (x6). This 
 is alfo a Bender of the Cubit. 
 
 , r , ? ^ * * i ■ 
 
 id.M.T, •. Gemellus. 
 
 2.0 P g. 
 
 So called from its double Origin, 
 It Arifeth firfl Tendinous from the 
 Superior part of the Inferior Cojla of 
 the Scapula { 14) internally, and as it 
 pafleth between the two Round 
 Mufcles it grows Flefhy, and in its 
 Defcent joineth with its other Begin- 
 ning, which Arifeth Broad and Flediy 
 
 from 
 
of the Cubit 15 1 
 
 from the Upper and Back part of the 
 Os Humeri , under the Deltoid Mufcle, 
 and being Tendinous on the outfide 
 and Flefhy within, is lb Inferted to the 
 Superior and External part of the 
 Ulna called Olecramm , and Ancon, or 
 the Elbow. (14.) f%.xvuL 
 
 Its ufe is to Extend the Cubit ; If 
 we examin the two beginnings of this 
 Mufcle we (hall find them interwoven 
 with various Orders of Fibres, where- 
 by it is rendered capable of perform- 
 ing the Extenfion of the Cubit with a 
 greater ftrength, which appears in 
 Tumblers when they are Walking on 
 their Hands, who by an Immediate 
 Extenfion of their Cubits can return 
 to their Feet. 
 
 1. m.t. Brachi&us ExternuSo 
 
 2. x. 
 
 This feems to be the Third Begin- 
 ning of the former Mufcle, its Ori- 
 gination is continued from above die 
 middle of the Inferior and Back part 
 of the Os Humeri (17), to its Cavity, 
 which receives the Olecramm (24) in 
 the Extenfion of the Cubit , where 
 joining with the Tendinous outfide of 
 the Former, it is Inferred with it, as 
 abovefaid, L 4 Am 
 
Of the Mufdes 
 
 *5 2 
 
 Bid.T.6 
 
 Ancon&tts . 
 
 So called by Riolan from its Situa- 
 • v ° tion, It Arifeth Flefhy from the Infe- 
 rior and Back-part of the Os Humeri 
 (20), growing larger as it marcheth 
 between the Superior ends of the 
 Ulna and Radius, and is Inferted 
 Flefhy to the Lateral part of the For- 
 mer a Thumbs length below the Ole- 
 cranum. (24.) 
 
 This is alfo an Extender of the 
 
 Cubit. 
 
 The Mufcles of the Palm of the Hand 
 offer themfelves to be Differed, before roe 
 € an Examin Thofeof the Carpus, Fingers, 
 and Radius. 
 
 CHAP, XXVII. 
 
 Of the Mufdes of the Talm of the Hand l 
 
 He Ancient Anatomifls mention 
 
 but one Mufcle belonging to 
 the Palm, namely, the Palmar is lon- 
 gus ; But Falloppius defcribes the Pal - 
 maris brevis , communicated to him by 
 Joannes Baptifla Qannanus an Eminent 
 
 Ana- 
 
pf the Talm of the Hand . 153 
 
 Anatomift his Contemporary, and 
 was firft publilhed by Valverda in hig 
 Anatomy, written in Spanijh* 
 
 Palmar is Longus , 
 
 This has an Acute Beginning from 
 the Internal Extuberance of the Os 
 Humeri (ii), and foon becoming a Fig. xvlL 
 Fleihy Belly, and contracting it felf 
 again to a Long, Flat, Slender Ten- 
 don, marches obliquely with the Ten- 
 don of the Flexor ■ Carpi Superior , and 
 palling over the Ligamentum Anulare 
 where it expands it lelf, and cleaves 
 firmly to the Skin of the Palm, is In- 
 ferred to the roots of the Fingers la- 
 j terally ; It being there divided to 
 Tranfmit the Tendons that Bend 
 them. 
 
 Columbus obferves the long Begin- 
 v. ning of this Mufele from the Extube- 
 ranee of the Os Humeri is fometimes 
 wanting, which, obfervation is alfc 
 confirmed by our Experience. It Af» 
 fills in firmly, grafping any Tadile 
 Body, and defends the fubjacent Ten- 
 dons from External Injuries. 
 
 faU 
 
1 5 \ Of the Mufcles 
 
 Bid.T.6 4. Palmar is Brevis. 
 
 K. 
 
 Lib. v. By Spigelius called Caro Mufculcf* 
 c.xxxv. Quadrat a. Anatomifts have been ex- 
 treamly deceived in their Idea’s of this 
 Mufcle ; it not Arifing from the Mem- 
 Irana Carnofa, as Columbus pretends, 
 or from the Eighth Bone of the Carpus, 
 obfervat. as Falloppiu* Writes ; but it fpringeth 
 Anatom, with a Broad Membrane-like Tendon 
 from the External part of the Os Meta- 
 carpi Minimi Digiti t and one of the 
 Bones of th eCarpus ; whence Afcend- 
 ing over the Abductor Minimi Digits it 
 becomes a Thin Difgregated Fleihy 
 Mufcle, marching under the Tendi- 
 nous expanfion of the Former in the 
 Palm, and is Inferted by a lhorr,ftrong 
 Tendon, to the Eighth Bone of the 
 Carpus. 
 
 This Ading Draws the Mons Lunx 
 towards the Os Metacarpi Minimi Di- 
 gits , whereby the Palm becomes hol- 
 low ; contrary to the Opinion of Spi- 
 gelius 9 who pretends it Extends the 
 Hand when we open it ; which is not 
 done by any proper Mufcle, but 
 by the Common Extenders of the 
 Fingers, 
 
 CHAR 
 
of the four Fingers . 
 
 *55 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the four Fingers. 
 
 T HESE we lhall divide into Com- 
 mon and Proper. The Common 
 Mufcles of the Fingers are iiich as 
 Arile from the External or Internal 
 Protuberances of the Os Humeri , and 
 fubdividing themfelves, are Inferted 
 into moft, if not all the Fingers § 
 namely Perforates, Perforans, Lumhri - 
 cales, and Extenfor Communis Digito- 
 rum. The Proper Mufcles of the 
 Fingers are fuch as have their Begin- 
 nings diftind, and are Inferted with- 
 out any fubdivifion into each relpe- 
 dive Finger ; as the Interoffei, The 
 Extenfor and Abductor Indicis, the Ex- 
 tenfor and AbduEtor Minimi Digit i : 
 Fir ft of the Common Mufdes of the 
 Fingers. 
 
 Perforates. 
 
 So called becaufe its Tendons are 
 Perforated to admit Thole of the 
 following Mufcles to pals thorough 
 
 n ' ; : ; , : Them 
 
1 5^ Of the Mufcles 
 
 Them to their Infertions ; It is aJfo 
 call’d Sublimis from its Situation, be- 
 ing above the Following ; and Flexor 
 fecundi Internodii Digitorum from its 
 Ufe. It Arifeth Tendinous from the 
 Internal Extuberance of the Os Hu- 
 meri (22) between the Flexores Carpi ; ^ 
 it alfo has a Difgregated Flefhy Ori- 
 gination from the Fore-part of the 
 Radius, between the Pronator Radii 
 Teres and Flexor Follicis Magnus , com- 
 pofing a Flefhy Belly leflens it felf in 
 lefs then half its progrefs, where it’s 
 divided into Four Flefhy Portions, 
 each of which foon becomes fb many 
 Roundilh Tendons, and are included 
 in their proper Mucilaginous Mem- 
 brane as they pafs under the Liga- 
 mentum Tranfverfale Carpi through the 
 Palm ; near the firft Internode of the 
 Fingers each Tendon is divided to 
 admit thofe of the following Mufcle 
 to pafs through them, then joining, 
 and fubdividing again, immediately 
 before they are Inferted to the fu- 
 perior part of the fecond Bone of 
 each Finger (30.) 
 
 This and the following Mufcle are 
 Accurately exprelt by Bidloo, Tab. 67. 
 
 Per 
 
of the four Fingers, 15 7 
 
 Performs . 
 
 Becaufe its Tendons run through 
 thole of the Former, it’s alfo called 
 Profundus from its Situation, and Tertii 
 Internodii Digitorum Flexor from its 
 Ufe. It Arifeth Flelhy from near two 
 Thirds of the Superior and Fore part 
 of the Ulna (26), as alfo from the Fig. xvii 
 Ligament between the laft named 
 Bone and Radius , becoming a Large 
 Thick Bellied Mufcle, grows out- 
 wardly Tendinous before it pafies 
 over the Pronator Radii Quadratus , and 
 is divided into Four Round Tendons 
 which march under thole of the for- 
 mer Mufcle beneath the Ligamentum 
 Tranfverfale abovementioned, ( from 
 each of thele Tendons the Mufculi 
 Lumbricales are faid to Arile) after 
 which they pafs through the FijjuP scf 
 thofe of the Former, and proceeding 
 over their extremities, Terminate in 
 the luperior and fore-part of the third 
 Bone of each Finger. (30.) Fig. ml 
 
 The Tendons of the laft defcribed 
 Mufcle running through thofe of the 
 Precedent, is a nolefs Uleful then Stu- 
 pendous Artifice in Nature, 
 
 To 
 
358 Of the Mufcles 
 
 To the end the Fingers (like (o 
 many Leavers) ihould be Bended with 
 great Force, it is abfolutely neceflary 
 the ftrongeft Mufcle ihould be Inferr- 
 ed neareft their Extremities, and far- 
 theft from their Fulcimina the OJfa Me - 
 tacarpi : But in regard every Inter- 
 node ihould be attended with a parti- 
 cular Mufcle, the better to accommo- 
 date them to various Imployments, 
 and the Origination of the fuperior or 
 Perforate is confined to the Apex of 
 the Internal Extuberance of the Os 
 Humeri and upper part of the Radius 
 only, wherefore could not be a fit In- 
 ftrument for io Strenuous an Action, 
 and that not only in regard to its 
 Magnitude, but by the Approach of 
 its two Extreams when the Cubit or 
 Carpus are Bended; both which would 
 be no fmall impediments in divers 
 A&ions ; it’s therefore neceflary it 
 ihould be imployed in the Motions of 
 the fecond Internodes : Burfincetheie 
 fuperior Tendons would be hereby 
 liable to interrupt the Inferior in their 
 Right progrefs to the Extremities of 
 the Fingers, it feems an Argument of 
 great Counfel in tranfmitting the Lat- 
 ter through the Fijfures of each of the 
 
 Former, 
 
of the four Fingers. 15 ^ 
 
 Former, whereby the A&ions of Both 
 are not only diftin&ly performed, and 
 the extremities of the Fingers attend- 
 ed with the Largeft Muicle, ( whole 
 Origin is below the Os Humeri y where- 
 fore its Extreams cannot approach in 
 the Flexion of the Cubit) but their 
 Motions are preferved, though the 
 Superior Mufcle is totally divided, 
 which indeed is a Provident Contri- 
 vance of the Author of Nature, and 
 is in it felf fufficient to excite our Ad- 
 miration. 
 
 i 
 
 ,67. Lnmbr kales. 
 
 'M. 
 
 So called from their Figure, being 
 not much unlike the Common Earth- 
 worms ; they are alio called Flexores 
 Frimi Internodii Digit or mn from their 
 Ule. Anatomifts generally derive the 
 Originations of thefe Mulcles from 
 the Tendons of the laft treated of ; 
 but in a Subjed which we lately Dif- 
 feded I oblerved part of that Lum- 
 brical Muicle belonging to the Fore- 
 Finger had a diftind Flelhy Original, 
 and a long (lender Tendon lying be- 
 tween the Two Preceeding ; which 
 luggelted to me that the other Three* 
 
 and 
 
t6o Of theMufcles 
 
 and thofe of other Subjeds have their 
 Beginnings in common with the Per - 
 forans , and Uniting with its Tendons 
 are afterwards Difunited again , and 
 growing Fleihy pals to their Tendi- 
 nous Implantations with the Interoffei 
 at the firft Internode of each Finger 
 externally laterally next the Thumb. 
 
 Thefe we fuppofe perform thofe 
 Minute Motions of the Fingers when 
 the Second and Third Internodes are 
 Curvated by the two laft treated of 
 Mufcles ; and therefore Ufed in play- 
 ing on Mufical Inftruments, and may 
 be thence Named Mufculi pidicinales. 
 
 Bid. t. Extenfor Digitorum Communis, feu Digi - 
 69 ■ G ■ torum Tenfor . 
 
 This has an Acute Tendinous Ori- 
 gination from the outward Extube- 
 rance of the Os Humeri (20) between 
 the Extenfores Carp becoming Fleihy, 
 in lefs than half its progrefs its di- 
 vided into three Portions which be- 
 come fo many Tendons (of which the 
 Middlemolt is the Longed) palling 
 under their Annular Ligaments be- 
 tween the Lower parts of the Ulna 
 f 2,3) and Radius (zz) march fepa- 
 
of the Four Fingers. j Cl 
 rately over the Dorfum Manus, and 
 remitting Tendinous Filliaments to 
 each other as they pais the Firft In- 
 ternodes of each Finger, and are af- 
 terwards Inferted to the fuperior parts 
 of the Fir ft. Second, and Third Bones 
 of the Fore, Middle, and Third Fin- 
 gers. (28.) 
 
 There being no Force required in 
 the Extenfton of the Fingers, we 
 need not wonder that the Mufcles ini- 
 ploy ed in that Office are no Larger in 
 Proportion to their Antagonifts. 
 
 The Proper Mufcles of the Fingers 
 now offer themfelves to the Knife, 
 which we jhall Treat of in the Order 
 they are above Named. 
 
 fnterojjei Manus. 
 
 Thefe are Oiftinguiihed into Exter- 
 nal and Internal, They are aptly 
 named from their Situation : Authors 
 difagree in their Number, fome reck- 
 oning Six, others Eight, amongft which 
 they efteem the Ab duff or Minimi Digiti 
 and Indicis, but we rather incline to 
 the Firft Opinion, conceiving the Two 
 latter named Mufcles do not defer ve 
 thefe Denominations.TheyArife Flefhy 
 M In- 
 
1 6z Of the Mufcles 
 
 Internally in the Palm from the fupe- 
 rior parts of the Metacarpal Bones 
 (i8) next the Carpus (%j), whence ffc xv 
 defcending between the laft named 
 Bones they become Tendinous at the 
 firfl Internode of each Finger lateral- 
 ly, and pafs to their Infertions with 
 the lad; Treated of Mufcle. Each 
 Interface of the Metacarpal Bones en- 
 tertaining Two Mufcles Inferted to 
 the fides of the Fingers. 
 
 When all thefe Inieroffei A6t toge- 
 ther they Draw the Fingers nearer 
 each other, and Affift in their Exten- 
 
 lii. i. Dc fion, as Galen takes notice, at which 
 time they together with the Abductor 
 Indicti and Minimi Digit i are capable 
 of Divaricating the Fingers, which 
 Action cannot without fome Difficulty 
 be performed by them when they are 
 Bended ; which Contrivance of the 
 Mod; Wile Architect is alfo obferved 
 
 Loco fupra by Galen. 
 
 citato. 
 
 Bid.T.io, Exten for Indie is feu Indicator. 
 
 not let- 
 
 '' It Arifes Flefhy from the middle of 
 
 the External part of the Ulna (z^Jf^xL 
 next the Radius (zz), immediately 
 below the Extenfores Pollicis , and 
 
 defeend- 
 
of the Four Fingers . 1 6% 
 
 defcending obliquely becomes Tendi- 
 nous as it pafles under its Annular 
 Ligament at the Lower part of the 
 Radius and Carpus (25J, parting over Fig.wiil 
 the Os Metacarpi Indicts , and joining 
 with the Tendon of the Extenfor Com- 
 munis, is Inferred with it to the fupe- 
 rior part of the 3d Bone of the Fore- 
 Finger. The Tendon of it is fame- 
 times divided. Its Name Declares 
 its Ule. 
 
 ■id. t. Abdudfor Indigo 
 
 8 . H. 
 
 Thi$ is not to be feen till the Ab- 
 ductor Pollicis is Railed ; by lome it is 
 reckoned amongll the Interojfei as a- 
 bove noted. It Arifes F lelhy tirom the 
 Os Metacarpi that fuftains the Fore- kg. tvil 
 Finger (z8), and defcending over the 
 Firft Internode of the faid Finger be- 
 comes Tendinous, jgining with the 
 Tendon of one of the Lumbrical 
 Mufcles, and is Inlerted with it toge- 
 ther with the Tendon of the former 
 Mufcle. Its Name intimates its Ufe { 
 in Drawing the Fore- Finger from the 
 reft, 
 
 M T Ex~ 
 
i^4 Of tb e Mufcles 
 
 Bid.T.70. Extenfor Minimi Digiti. 
 
 & 71 . K, 
 
 This Arifes partly Tendinous at 
 the Extremity of the External Apo- 
 phyjis of the Os Humeri (zo), and Ftg.xvii 
 partly Flefhy from the fuperior part 
 of the Ulna (23), between the Ex- 
 tenfor Communis Digit or um and Mu f cu- 
 ius Ulnaris Extenfor, and becoming 
 Tendinous as it pafies under the Li- , 
 gamentum Annulare at the Carpus (15); • * 
 it is there divided into Two, fome- 
 times three Tendons, which are li- 
 nked into one at its Infertion to the 
 fuperior part of the 3d Bone of the 
 Little-finger: Its Name Declares its 
 
 % A&ion. 
 
 % 
 
 f. Abductor Minimi Digiti. 
 
 ' < 
 
 ‘This Appears in fome Bodies 
 divided into Two or Three Mufcles, 
 having each a differing Series of 
 Fibres ; The Firft of which feems to 
 be a Flexor primi Internodii Minimi 
 Digiti ; The Second an Abduitor of 
 die fame ; The Third Abductor Se- 
 cundi and Tertii Internodii i But this 
 Divifion is not Qonftant, wherefore 
 
 vvc 
 
of the Four Fifigers. 
 
 we fhall Defcribe it as OneMufcle, 
 left we might appear inclinable to 
 muitiplyvthek Number, which has 
 been a Vice amongft fome. It Arifes 
 Flefhy Firft from the L ■igarnznUim 
 Tranfverfale, and Fourth Bone of the 
 Carpus ; Secondly from the Third 
 Bone of the Carpus; Thirdly and 
 laftly from the fuperior part of the 
 fubjacent Os Metacarpi : The two Firft 
 ^continue Flelhy to their Infertions ; 
 the Former Terminating at the fupe- 
 rior part of the Firft Bone of the 
 Little- finger forwards, the Latter end- 
 ing at the fame part of the faid Bone 
 laterally; the Third and Laft be- 
 coming Tendinous like the Interojfei , 
 is Inferted like them with the Tendon 
 of the Extenfor Minimi Digiti at the 
 fuperior part of the 3d Bone of the 
 Little-finger. 
 
 M 3 CHAR 
 
1 66 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Thumb. 
 
 thefe Mulcles, which may partly 
 Proceed from that great Variety 
 which may be fo frequently obferved 
 in divers Subje&s : As they have moft 
 commonly appeared to me, I fhall 
 endeavour to Demonftrate ; firft of 
 the Benders of the Thumb. 
 
 to have a Twofold Beginning; the 
 firft and fuperior of which Arifeth 
 Acutely from the Internal Extuberance 
 of the Os Humeri (zz) between the Fig. xvi: 
 Perforate** and Perforans, becoming a 
 Flelhy Belly and then Tendinous joins 
 with the Middle Tendon of its other 
 Larger Head : The fecond or Inferior 
 Origin of this Mufcle (is that part of 
 it which is commonly Defcribed ) A- 
 
 Bid. t. Flexor tertii Internodii feu Longijfimus 
 68 L - Poll ices. 
 
 This we have frequently obferved 
 
 rifing 
 
of the Thumb . 167 
 
 riling with a Double Order of Flelhy 
 Fibres for fome fpace on the Radius 
 (2 $), from immediately below its fC%W\L 
 luperior part , which uniting in a 
 middle Line or Tendon (not unlike 
 the Fibrills: of a Feather joining to their 
 Stamina) which palling over the Ar- 
 ticulation of the Carpus becomes en- 
 tirely Tendinous as it runs over the 
 Flexor primi & feciwdi Intcrnodii to its 
 Implantation at the fuperior part of 
 the 3d Bone of the Thumb (29): 
 
 For the better Didedfion of the refl 
 of the Mufcles of this Part, Raife the 
 Abductor Pollicis. 
 
 id. Tab. Abductor Pollicis. 
 
 4 . 7 . 
 
 This Arifes Broad and Flelhy from 
 the Internal part of the Ligamentum 
 Tranfverfle Carpi, whence Defcending 
 lellens it felf, and becomes Tendi- 
 nous at its Implantation to the fupe- 
 rior and external part of the lecond 
 Bone of the Thumb laterally. 
 
 This Draws the Thumb from the 
 Fingers, from whence it derives its 
 Name, 
 
 M 4 flexor 
 
1 6 U Of the Mufcles 
 
 Flexor primi & ftcundi GJfis Poliicis. 
 
 This is a Large Diferegated Fleihy 
 Mufcle Arifing from die Ligamentum 
 TranfverfaleCarpiBones of til cCarpus^zy) Fig. r . 
 at the Bajis of the Mons Luna and Os 
 Metacarpi (x 8 ) of the Middle Finger, 
 whence paftes to its Infertion partly 
 to the OJfa Sefamoidea of the fecond 
 Internode, and partly to the firft Bone 
 of the Thumb. This may be divided 
 into Three, as Vejalius writes, and 
 Bidloo has Figured it tab. 68 . M, NN, 
 
 0 0, P. Its Actions are various accord- 
 ing to the diverfity of its Series of 
 Fibres ; ib it Bends the Firft or Second 
 Bones of the Thumb either dire&fy, 
 or obliquely towards the Carpus, and 
 Vclam Manus. 
 
 sid. t. Adductor Poliicis , 
 
 ^ i.L. 
 
 This Arifes Tendinous in Common 
 with the Abductor Indicts , becoming 
 Fleihy Afcends obliquely to its Broad 
 Termination at the fuperior part of 
 the firft Bone of the Thumb ( 19 ). 
 
 This brings the Thumb nearer the 
 Fore-finger, . . “ 
 
 k-/, The 
 
ef the Thumb. 16$ 
 
 The reft of the Mufcles employed 
 in the Motion of the Thumb are Ex- 
 tenders : Though Anatomifts gene- 
 rally reckon but Two of them, yet 
 it does not occur to our memory we 
 ever found left than Three diftindfc 
 Flelhy Mufcles, neither do the Figures 
 (that feem to be done after the Life) 
 in Fefalius and Bidloo exhibit them o~ 
 therwife. 
 
 t. Extenfor primi Internodii Poliicis, 
 not ; ■ 
 
 er’r? 
 
 This Arifes Tendinous from the 
 upper part of the Ulna (zjj imme- fig.xvtii. 
 diately below the Supinator Radii bre- 
 vis , loon growing Flelhy, and be- 
 comes Tendinous again as it Delcends 
 obliquely over the Tendons of the 
 Radialis Extenfor , and is Inlerted to 
 the fuperior part of the Firft Bone of 
 the Thumb (zy). This we have 
 fometimes found divided into 
 Two and fometimes Three diftindi 
 Mufcles. 
 
 t. 70, Extenfor fecundi Internodii offis Poliicis . 
 
 This Arifes Broad and Flelhy from 
 that part of the Radius ( zz ) next the Ul- 
 
 • • ; ! _ - ; ~ 7 • F na 
 
i jo Of the Mufcles 
 
 m (13), and becoming Tendinous ngx 
 pafles under the fame Involucrum with 
 ihe Tendons of the Former to its Im- 
 plantation of the fuperior part of the 
 fecond Bone of the Thumb. 
 
 *■ Bid. T. 
 70. C. 
 
 Extenfor tertii Inttrnodii Offts Follicle. 
 
 This has a Broad, partly Tendi- 
 nous, but chiefly Flefhy Origination 
 from the Ulna, immediately below the 
 Beginning of the Extenfor primi Inter - 
 nodii, or between it and the Indicator, 
 as alfo from Ligament between the 
 laft named Bone and the Radius, 
 whence Defcending obliquely, be- 
 coming Tendinous as it marches in a 
 proper Sinus on the inferior Appendix 
 of the Radius, wherein its Inclofed 
 by its Annular Ligament, and pafles 
 over the Two Tendons of xheRadialis 
 Extenfor to its Infertion at the iiipe- 
 rior part of the Third Bone of the 
 Thumb. 
 
 When this Ads it does not only 
 Extend the Thumb, but Brings it 
 fomewhat Backwards, in fo much that 
 fome can place it on the fuperior and 
 Back part of the OJfa Metacarpi. 
 
 CHAR 
 
of theWrift . iji 
 
 - - - _ 
 
 CHAP. XXX. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Wrift or Carpus. 
 
 T Hefe are generally well defcribed 
 by moft Authors, and receive 
 their Names from their Situation and 
 Ufe. 
 
 ^ r Flexor Carpi Radialis. 
 
 This Arileth Tendinous from the 
 Internal Extuberance of the Os Hume- 
 ri fix') Becoming Fleihy adheres^ xv g 
 ftri&ly to the Pronator Radii Teres, and 
 in half its oblique Progrefs to the Car- 
 pus (z 7 ) 3 it becomes a Flat Tendon 
 which pafleth over the Annular Liga- 
 ment, and is Inferred to the Upper 
 Part of the Os Metacarpi ( z8j) which 
 fuftains the Fore-finger. 
 
 fenot Flexor Carpi Ulnar is, 
 
 *’d. 1 
 
 This Arifeth Tendinous from the 
 fame Tubercle of the Shoulder-Bone 
 with the Former, as alfo from the Su- 
 perior and External Part of the Ulna 
 
 (26) 
 
172 Of the Mufcles 
 
 (2 6 ) where the Mu f ulus Perforans doth F: z iii 
 Arife, and continuing Flefhy accord- 
 ing to the length of the Ulna, is partly 
 Inferred by a Short, Strong Tendon 
 into die Fourth Bone of the Car put, 
 and partly into the Os Metacarpi which 
 fuftains the Little Finger. 
 
 Their Names declare their Ufe. 
 
 Bid j. 69. Extenfor Carpi Radialis. 
 
 D.F. 
 
 By fome called Bicornu and Radians 
 Externus. It hath Two Beginnings, 
 and indeed feems to be Two diftin& 
 Mufcles, the Outermoft ArifingFleihy 
 above the External Protuberance of 
 the Os Humeri ( 20), immediately be- 
 low the Supinator Radii Longus , in its 
 defcent becomes a Flelhy Belly, and 
 grows Tendinous above the middle of 
 the Radius (22) : The other Begin- 
 ning of this Mulcle is partly Flelhy 
 and partly Tendinous Below the For- 
 mer, either from the Apex of the Ex- 
 tuberance of the Os Humeri or Supe- 
 rior Part of the Radius, and continues 
 Flefhy fomewhat Lower than the Su- 
 perior ; Both Tendons marching un- 
 der the Extenfores ToUicis , run under 
 the Ligamentum Annulare , and are In* 
 
 1 " ferted 
 
of the Wrift . 
 
 ferted to the Superior Parts of the 
 OJfa Metacarpi of the Fore, and Middle 
 Fingers. (26.) i 
 
 Extenfor Carpi Ulnaris. 
 
 This hath an Acute Tendinous Be- 
 ginning from the Outward Extube- 
 rance of the Os Humeri (20), and 
 becomes Flelhy as it Defcendeth ac- 
 cording to the length of the Cubit, 
 growing Tendinous again as it march- 
 eth over the Inferior part of the 
 Ulna (23), and palling under the An- 
 nular Ligament, It is Inferred to the 
 Superior Part of the Metacarpal-Bone 
 of the Little Finger. (2 6.) 
 
 If this Mufcle and the Ulnaris 
 Flexor Ad, they move the Hand Tide- 
 ways towards the Ulna, and in like 
 manner if the Radialis Flexor and Ex- 
 tenfor Ad, they move it towards the 
 Radius . It is well obferved by moll 
 Authors, that the Extenders, whether 
 belonging to the Fingers or Carpus 
 Arife from the Outward Extuberance 
 of the Os Humeri , and their Antago- 
 nifts the Flexors, from the Internal 
 Protuberance of the fame Bone, as 
 alfb from the fuperior and external 
 
 part 
 
174 Of Mufcles 
 
 part of the Ulna next the Anconeus 
 (above treated of.) 
 
 that, it hath Id .z4 
 alfo a Proper Motion, in which the __ 
 Carpus together with the Hand is Fig m 
 chiefly Moved, or Turned, either 
 Upwards or Downwards, and to this 
 End there are two forts of Mufcles : 
 of which feme are called Pronatores, 
 or thofe that turn it Inwards, and the 
 Palm of die Hand Downwards, and 
 others Supinatores, which turn it Out- 
 wards, and the Palm of the Hand 
 Upwards. Thefe have their Names 
 from their Figure and Ufe. 
 
 fefal m. Pronator Radii Teres. 
 
 By Ibme called Pronator Superior Ro- 
 tundas ; It Arifeth Flelhy from the In- 
 ternal Extuberance of the Os Hume- 
 ri (zz), where thole Bending the Ftg i 
 
 CHAP. XXXI. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Radius. 
 
 'HE Radius (zz) is Moved in 
 Common with the Ulna, or 
 
 T. ri v. 
 
of the Radius. 175 
 
 Carpus and Fingers do Arife, and 
 Firmly adhering to the Flexor Carpi 
 Radialis, It Defcends obliquely Down- 
 wards to its Flelhy Inlertion, a little 
 above the Middle of the Radius (zq.) Hg.xvli. 
 Externally. 
 
 , r> Tronator Radii Quadratus . 
 
 SB. 
 
 Or Inferior Quadratus , It Arifetli 
 Broad, and Flelhy, from the Lower 
 and Inner part of the Ulna (z 6), and 
 palfing Tranfverlly over the Liga- 
 ment, that joins the Radius to the 
 Ulna, and is fo Inferred to die Superior 
 and External part of the Radius. 
 
 h. c. Supinator Radii Longus . 
 
 This Arifeth Broad and Flelhy from 
 the Superior and External part of the 
 Os Humeri (17) three Fingers breadth Fig.wul 
 below the Termination of the Del- 
 toides , and Defending obliquely in- 
 wards, It gradually leflens it felf, 
 and becomes a Flat, Broad Tendon, 
 which likewife grows narrower till it 
 is Inferted to the External and Inferior 
 part of the Radius (zq) near the Car- 
 pus. 07.) Fig. xvii 
 
i 76 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Bid. t. Supinator Radii Brevis. 
 
 ti.g. 
 
 This Arifeth partly Tendinous and 
 Flelhy from the Superior and Exter- 
 nal part of the Ulna (14) next the /Vg-.xu. 
 Radius , and palling obliquely TranG- 
 verfe over that Bone, is fo Inferted to 
 its Superior part below the Promi- 
 nence of the Radius , where the Round 
 Tendon of the Biceps endeih. (zf.) Fig xii 
 
 We come next to the Mufcles of the 
 Thigh , Leg, and Foot, though Riolan 
 fbarply reprehends Gafpar Bauhin in his 
 Animadverjions on his Theatrum Ana- 
 tomicum for Male- admini fir ation of the 
 Mufcles of the Leg before thole of the 
 Thigh , aliedging that thofe of the Former 
 may he all demonf rated, and the Latter 
 remain untouched, yet we cannot agree 
 with him in that particular, knowing it 
 to be abfolutely neceffary to fey ar ate diverfe 
 Mufcles of the Tibia, as well as to cut 
 off fome of thofe moving the Os Femo- 
 ris it felf before we can have a tolerable 
 profpett of others ; efpecially the Ro- 
 tator Femoris Extrorfizm. However 
 f ace fome Mufcles which belong to the 
 Thigh do Arife from the Vertebra; of the 
 
 Back, 
 
of the Thigh * ijj 
 
 Back , Loins, and Os Sacrum, we jhall 
 begin with them Fir ft ; and then divide the 
 Os Ilium from the Sacrum, and remove 
 the Trunk of the Body, which Brattice 
 is not only convenient for Diffettion, in 
 refpett the Limb is more eafily turned to 
 and fro upon the Table, but in publick 
 Demonftrations is done to avoid an offen *» 
 five Scent Apt to arife from the Trunk. 
 
 This done, proceed to diveft the reft of the 
 Muftles of their Common Teguments the 
 Skin , Fat , and Membranes : Taking 
 care that the Fafcia Membranofa of the 
 Thigh and Leg be not wounded, and that 
 you like wife take off all the Fat in the 
 Planta Pedis, and avoid Cutting the 
 Long Tendon of the Mufculus Planta- 
 ris as it defends internally by the great 
 Tendon of the Gafterocnemii near the 
 Os Calcis. 
 
 N CHAP, 
 
 » 
 
 i 
 
 0 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 1 De Muf. 
 Cap.xxx i. 
 b Lib. ii. 
 Cap. Ivi. 
 c Lib. v. 
 C.xxviii. 
 
 Obfervat. 
 
 Anatom. 
 
 Animad. 
 in The at. 
 Anatom. 
 Bauhitn 
 & An - 
 thropog. 
 Lib ; v. 
 Cap xli. 
 
 * Lib. iv, 
 Cap. xi. 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Thigh. 
 
 A Uthors differ in the Enumera- 
 tion, Defcription and Office of 
 the Mufcles belonging to this Part. 
 a Galen , b Ve (alias, and e Columbus men- 
 tion Ten, viz. Pfas, lliacus inter ms, 
 PePt metis , Glut oe us major , Glut ecus 
 me dim. Glut ecus minor , Pyriformis, Mar - 
 ftpalis. Triceps, and Obturator Exter - 
 nus ; To Thefe Faliopp/us adds ano- 
 ther called Quadratic Femoris, whofe 
 Invention Riolan pretends , is due 
 to Sylvius ; and deferibes another, 
 which he calls Pfoas parvm , ly- 
 ing on the Great Pfoas. To Thefe 
 * Tho. Bartholin adds yet another di- 
 ftind: from that mentioned by Riolan , 
 lying beneath it, having the fame 
 Flefhy Beginning about Three Fingers 
 in Breadth, and is fo Infer ted to the 
 upper Edge of the Os Ilium Back- 
 wards, where the Iliac us inter nus does 
 Arife ; This he tells us he found in a 
 ftrong Mufcuiar Body in the year 
 165-1 ; and the following year he fays 
 he faw it with Michael Lyferus, who 
 
of the Thigh. i 
 
 .had obferved it in a Monkey to equal 
 the Great Pfoas. That mentioned by 
 Riolan we have frequently obferved. 
 Which, notwithftanding is ablent in 
 fome Bodies, as he has well remarkt. 
 But the Latter of Bartholin I could ne- 
 ver yet difcover. But if fuch be found, 
 
 1 conjecture it Ihould rather be refer- 
 red to the Loins, together with the 
 Quadratus Lumborum, of whicli I (lif- 
 ped it is a Part that may fometimes 
 be Diftind. The like Rufus Natura 
 we frequently find in other Cafes, of 
 which the Rhomhoides Scapula and 
 Triceps Femoris afford us Examples. 
 
 Pfoas Parvus. 
 
 Though This ought to be counted 
 amongft Thole belonging to the 
 Loins, yet its fublerviency to the Great 
 Pfoas , & for our better convenience in 
 Diffedion, we chufe rather to rei’erve 
 it for this Place. It Arifes Flelhy 
 from the fuperior part of the 
 Firft: Vertebra of the Loins internally 
 laterally within the Abdomen, imme- 
 diately below the Cavity of the Dia- 
 phragm, whence defending obliquely 
 Inwards towards the Pelvis Abdominis 
 N % (where 
 
i8o Of the Mufcles 
 
 (where it ceafes to be FlefhyJ in a 
 manner embracing the Great Pfoas, 
 and is Inferred with a Thin, Broad, 
 Strong Tendon, to that part of the 
 Os Pubis (40), where it is joined to Fi e- 
 the Os Ilium. This Mufcle with its 
 Partner Adding afhft the Recti Abdo- 
 minis in drawing the OJfa Pubis up- 
 wards,, as in raifing our (elves from a 
 Decumbent Pofture. Thus Rope- 
 dancers hang by their Hands, and 
 Raife the Inferior pares of their Bo- 
 dies to take hold of the Rope with 
 their Feet. Though their proper 
 Addion is to bend the Loins, yet their 
 Tendons embracing the Two follow- 
 ing Mufcles (which we have frequent- 
 ly obferved to extend over their infe- 
 rior parts) not unlike the Fafcia Ten- 
 dinofa Cubiti and Lata of the Thigh, 
 do alfo Corroborate them in their 
 Addion. 
 
 y e fal. m. Pfoas Mugntis feu Lumbales. 
 
 T. S.0. 
 
 Si d T ^ 
 
 v.'k.k. S° call’d from its Situation, Its a 
 Round, fomewhat Large and Flelhy 
 Mufcle, Arifing from all the Vertebra 
 of the Loins (34), and their Tranf- Fig. 
 verfe Precedes z) internally 
 
 and 
 
of the Thigh. 1 8 1 
 
 and laterally, within the Cavity of 
 the Abdomen; from thence defend- 
 ing over the fuperior part of the Os 
 Sacrum (33), and Spine of the Ilium F! s- xv 'i- 
 (37), where it’s joined with the Flelhy 
 Fibres of the following Mufcle ; with 
 which its infeparably united at their 
 partly Flelhy and partly Tendinous 
 Infertions in the Inferior part of the 
 lefferTrochanter of theThigh-Bone. (46 ) 
 
 This aiiiils the Following in its 
 A&ion. 
 
 Iliac us Internus. 
 
 N. 
 
 This Arifes Flelhy from above half 
 the Superior Region, and Internal 
 concave part of the Os Ilium (36), 
 and in its defcent over the Inferior 
 part of the laft named Bone (40), 
 joins with the Former, and is Inferted 
 with it as above-faid, partly under 
 the Termination of the Following, 
 
 This together with the Former move 
 the Thigh Forwards in Progreflion. 
 
 ie-el. L. Peel incus. 
 
 T. 31 . 
 
 C " 5° called from its beginning at the 
 0 s Pubis or fedinis (38). It has a 
 N 3 Thick, 
 
1 2 2 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Thick, Broad, and Flelhy Origina- 
 tion from the External part of the 
 faid Bone, between the Two laft de- 
 fcribed Mufcles and fecond Head of 
 the Tricep, and Defcending Oblique- 
 ly Backwards it becomes a flat ftrong 
 Tendon near its Implantation to the 
 Afperity (37) on the Pofterior part of Fig xv 
 the Os Femoris , immediately below 
 the Lefler Trochanter , at the Infertion 
 of the Two Former Mufcles. 
 
 This Ading together with the Two 
 Preceeding, do not only Draw the 
 Os Femoris Upwards, but direds it 
 Outwards, by its Curve defcent from 
 its Origination to its Infertion at the 
 pofterior part of the Os Femoris ; 
 which is a Provident contrivance of 
 Nature in Walking ftnce the Thigh- 
 bones by their Oblique pofttion do 
 thereby render the Toes liable to turn 
 Inwards. Thefe Three laft treated 
 of Mufcles, beftdes the Recti Abdomi- 
 nis and Pfoi parvifieem to ferve for the 
 Inflexion of the Body, and Dired 
 the whole Limb, to wit, the Thigh, 
 
 Leg, and Foot outward in a more 
 Graceful Step. 
 
 The 
 
of the Thigh. 183 
 
 The Mufculus Membranofus prefects 
 it [elf next to the Knife ; therefore muf 
 he Raifed before we can gain a View of 
 the ref which move the Thigh bone. 
 
 This may be done , either by cutting it 
 from its Flejhy Origination at the point of 
 the Spine of the Os Ilium (37), andfig.xv if. 
 turning it Downwards ; or after its 
 well cleared of the Skin, Fat, and Mem- 
 branes, it may be Raifed contrarywife by 
 cutting off its Tendinous Infertion at the 
 fuperior Appendix of the Fibula (5 3), 
 and Freeing it from all the Mufcles of the 
 Tibia, and leaving it at its Origination : 
 
 Either of thefe being done, proceed to 
 Raife the Pyriformis from its Origin 
 within the Pelvis of the Abdomen (40), 
 and part of the Flefhy Beginning of the 
 Glutseus Major from the External part of 
 the Os Sacrum (34) and Coccygis (o). F jg X viil 
 The Body then being laid in a Supine Po- 
 fiure, and the Legs Divaricated ; with a 
 Thin Knife divide the Os Ilium (36) f-v. xviL 
 from the Sacrum (3 j.) 
 
184 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Ve f al - 3 *- Gluteus Major. 
 
 $>. n.T. J 
 
 10. K . 
 
 spigei. So called from its being the largefl 
 l ‘ 9 cc °f thofe which compofe the 
 
 4 ’ ' Buttocks It has a large Semicircular 
 
 Beginning ; Forwards meerly Tendi- 
 nous, from near two Thirds of the 
 External Part of the Spine of the Os 
 Ilium (50); Backwards its Origina- 
 tion is Thick and Flefhy from thePo- 
 fletior part of its Spine, and hindmoft 
 part of the Sacrum (34) laterally, 
 and whole Os Coccygis ( 0 ) as alfb from 
 a Broad Ligament that’s extended be- 
 tween the two laft Named Bones and 
 Tubercle of the Os Ifchium (31); its 
 Flefhy Fibres Defcending Difgregate- 
 ly in an aimoft femicircular manner 
 become Tendinous as they approach 
 the Great Trochanter (40), where its 
 United with its Firfl defcribed Ten- 
 dinous Beginning , Defcending over, 
 the External part of the Great Tro~ 
 canter, after being joined with the 
 Tendon of the Membraneous, proceeds 
 to cover and Briefly Embrace all the 
 External Mufcles of the Tibia like the 
 External Tendon of the Biceps Thofe 
 of the Cubit : But the other part of 
 
 Figxv 
 
of the Thigh . 
 
 it proceeding from the Flefhy Body 
 of this Mufcle, is largely Inferted to 
 the Line a Afpera (^7) on the Back 
 part of the Os Femor is, near Four Fin- 
 gers breadth below the Great Tro- 
 chanter. 
 
 The firlt defcribed Tendinous Be- 
 ginning of this Mufcle doth not only 
 lerve to fupport its Flelhy Body, but 
 its Fibres Interfacing thole of the 
 Memlranofus as they cover all ■ the 
 Mulcles of the Tibia, do more ade- 
 quately include them, whereby they 
 are corroborated in their A<Cion. 
 When this Mufcle Ads it pulls the 
 Thigh diredly Backwards, 
 
 f aL M - Glutaus Medim. 
 
 10. 2. 
 
 IT. 72. 
 
 f. spi- This lies chiefly under the Tends- 
 
 ' T 'l 9 L nous beginning of the Former Mufcle, 
 
 ‘ and Arifing Flelhy from almolt the 
 whole External part of the Spine of 
 the Os Ilium (30), in its Defcent be- 
 comes Thicker and Flelhy, and is In- 
 ferted by a Ihort llrong Tendon to 
 the Superior and External part of the 
 Great Trochanter (40) in a Semicir- 
 cular manner. 
 
 If 
 
 185 
 
 ivg.Xviil. 
 
1 8 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 If the differing Series of Fibres in 
 this Mufcle are rightly confidered, 
 their- Pofition will manifeft they are 
 not fo Ufeful in Extending the Thigh 
 as Authors would perfwade us, but 
 rather imployed in Turning it In- 
 wards. This will plainly Appear if 
 in the time of Dilledion you give 
 the Thigh that motion, you then may 
 obferve the Forepart of this Mulcle 
 notably relaxt. And in living Per- 
 fons when the Thigh is turned in- 
 wards, you may fee it Tumified ; or 
 if in performing that Adion with 
 your own Thigh you lay your Thumb 
 on this Mufcle, you may feel it con- 
 trad or Move under the Skin. Be- 
 ftdes its being partly ufeful in Extend* 
 ing the Thigh with the former Mufcle, 
 it is alfo imployed in divaricating 
 the Legs, it co-operating with the 
 Mufculus Membranous in that Adion. 
 
 Fe f aL M ■ Gluteus Minor , 
 
 T. n.Z. 
 
 Spigel. 
 
 t. 30. Lies totally under the Former 
 
 l^.gg. Mufcle, it being fo much lefs than 
 the Former , as the Former is 
 the Precedent ; It arifeth Semicir- 
 cular, Broad and Flelhy, from the 
 
 Dor 
 
of the Thigh. i S 7 
 
 Dorfum Ilii (19) ; from hence its Fi s xv ‘& 
 Fleihy Fibres defcend to their partly 
 Tendinous, and. partly Fleihy Infer- 
 tion like the Former, at the Superiour 
 part of the Root of the great trochan- 
 ter (40). 
 
 TheFibres of this running Parallel, 
 with thole of the Former, alfilt it in 
 all its Actions: Whatfoever Authors 
 have laid concerning an Obturator Ft - 
 work intror[um, we are well allured, 
 that there is no other Mufcle im- 
 ployed in that Adion, but the Fore- 
 parts of thele Two only. They allb 
 a Hill in rendering the Articulation of 
 the Thigh Bone, with the Coxa , more 
 Stable in Handing Ered. 
 
 ul.M. Fyriformis feu Iliac us Externus. 
 
 >2:o .b. 
 
 ]\ 9 [ It receives its Firll Name from its 
 
 ;.4.m Figure, the Second from its Situation; 
 its beginning is Round and Fleihy 
 from the Inferiour and Internal part 
 of the Os Sacrum (35), where it re- 
 fpeds the Telvis of the Abdomen, and p . T xv - ; 
 defending obliquely in the great 
 Sinus of the Os Ilium (3 5), above the ^ > xvii •_ 
 Acute Procefs of the Ifchium, and 
 joyning with the Glut am Me dim, its 
 j • Inferted 
 
1 88 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Inferred by a Round Tendon to the 
 Superiour part of the Root of the 
 Grea t Trochanter (39). This mo es Fig. 
 the Os Femorls fomewhat Upwards, 
 and turns it Outwards. 
 
 Sfigel. Marfupialu feu Buy falls. 
 
 L. 4 . T. 
 
 $ 0 ca n e( 3 from j ts Tendinous run- 
 ning thorough (as it were) a Second 
 Flelhy Beginning of it felf, which 
 Duplication reprefents a Purfe 3 It is 
 alfo called Obturator Internus from its 
 Situation, and not from its Ule, as 
 fome have imagined. It Arifeth Broad 
 and Flelhy, from that part of the 
 Os Ilium, Ifchium ( 31 ), Pubis ( 33 ), 
 and Ligament that is extended in the 
 Great Foramen (36), of the two lafl 
 named Bones internally, and march- 
 ing Tranfverfly in the Sinus of the 
 Ifchium , (fenced on each fide by 
 two Procefles, the one Acute (31),, 
 the other Obtufe (31), where it is 
 Externally Flelhy, but Internally it 
 hath Three, fometimes Four Tendons 
 pahing in fo many diftindt Furrows 
 in the faid Sinus, like fo many Cords 
 in a Qadruple Pulley, where it meets 
 with 
 
 ;he other Flelhy Beginning, com- 
 monly 
 
of the Thigh. ifty 
 
 monly called its Marfupium, arifing 
 from the above-mentioned Acute and 
 Obtufe Procefles, which joyning with 
 the faid Tendons at their united In- 
 (ertion to the Superiour part of the 
 Root of the Great Trochanter near the 
 Implantation of the Former Mufcle 
 ( 39 ). Fig.TNUU 
 
 timp. Ridan makes two Mufcles of the 
 p. 4 i. Marfupium; which Error is taken no- 
 •natom.xicz of by * Marchette, who thinks 
 Mix. t [ ie Marfupium a contrivance of Na- 
 ture, whereby the Motion is confir- 
 med , and the Subjacent Tendons 
 defended from too great a prefiure. 
 
 When this Mufcle Adeth, its In* 
 fertion is direded towards that part 
 of the Ifchitm , over “which its Ten- 
 dons run after the manner of a Pulley, 
 and the Os Femoris is thereby turned 
 Outwards. 
 
 I «; gel. t. Quadrat us Femoris . 
 
 ‘.tfet 4 " 
 
 r’d! ’ So called from its Figure ; it Ari- 
 feth Broad and Flelhy from the Apo~ 
 phjfis of the Os Ifchium (31), and pa£ 
 fes Tranfverfly,with an equal Breadth 
 and Thicknefs to its partly Flelliy 
 and partly Tendinous Inlertion at the 
 
 Pofteriour 
 
l?0 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Pofteriour part of the Os Femoris , 
 partly below the Great Trochanter. 
 
 This Aftifts the Former Mufcle in 
 turning the Thigh-Bone outwards. 
 The next Mufcle belonging to the 
 Thigh, which appears as the Back 
 part of it, lies Uppermofl, is the 
 largeft Beginning of the Tricep , 
 which, (contrary toothers) we reckon 
 the Firft Head of that Mufcle. 
 
 Veftl. m. Tricep. 
 
 T. i a Z. 
 
 32?l.' 4 ." $° called from its Three Heads or 
 
 a add. Beginnings, the Firft and Largeft of 
 c - which Anfeth Broad and Flelhy from 
 the Inferiour Edges and External parts 
 of the Os Ifchium and Pubis, where they 
 are joynea to each other (33) lying F ; eXV u 
 between the Semitendinojus and Semi- 
 membranofus, and that of the Gracilis , 
 and Defcending with an Oblique Or- 
 der of Flelhy Fibres, is Inferred part- 
 ly Tendinous and Flelhy near an 
 Hands Length in Breadth to the Unea 
 Afyera of the Thigh-Bone (3 7), that 
 is immediately below the Insertion of 
 the Former Mufcle ; Its Inferior part 
 making a Strong Round Tendon In- 
 ferred into the Superior Part of the 
 
of the thigh. 191 
 
 Internal and Lower Appendix of the 
 Thigh-Bone (47). The Second Head Fig. xvil. 
 or Beginning of this Mufcle Arileth 
 Tendinous from the Os Pubis (38), 
 but in its Defcent foon becomes 
 Flelhy, and joins with the Former, 
 near to its Infertion to the Middle 
 part of the Lima Afpe/a of the Thigh- 
 Bone (3 7). The Third and Lafr Be- Fig.xviiL 
 ginning of this Mufcle fptingethfrom 
 the Inferior part of the Os Pubis, be- 
 tween the Origination of its Lafr De- 
 fcribed Head, and That of the Pecii- 
 neus , and Defending obliquely joins 
 with the Firft, near its lalerdon to 
 the Lined Afpera of the Thigh Bone, 
 immediately above the Termination 
 of the Second Head of this Mufcle. 
 
 This moves the Thigh varioufly 
 according to the Diverficy of its Be- 
 ginnings, fo the Firft defcribed part 
 of it pulls the Thigh-Bone Upwards, 
 Inwards, and fomewhat Backwards; 
 
 The Second and Third Beginnings of 
 it Pulls it more Inwaras, and turns 
 it fomewhat Outwards, as when we 
 put our Legs a-crofs each other. 
 
o' O 
 
 ip2 Of the Mufcles 
 
 spi&i. t. Obturator Externm. 
 
 l * * L. 4. 
 
 a 
 
 So called from its Situation, and 
 Rotator Femoris Extrorfrm from its Ufe; 
 
 It hath a Large Flelhy Beginning from 
 the External parts of the Os Ifchium 
 (39) and Pubis (38) and Membrane xv 
 that covers their For am n (41) Ex- 
 ternally, oppofite to the Origination 
 of the Marjupialis or Obturator Internus 
 (already defcribed) and palling tranf- 
 verily Backwards, lellens it felf, and 
 becomes Tendinous at its Infertion to 
 the Root of the great Trochanter of 
 the Thigh-bone (39) near the Ter- Fig.m 
 mination of the Laft named Mufcle. 
 
 This turns the Thigh Outwards. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIIL 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Leg. 
 
 * DeMuf. * Alen , b Ve [alius, c Columbus, and 
 lS. ^ d Spigelins, defcribe Ten Mufcles 
 which move the Tibia, namely, Mem- 
 c^xxix branofus, Sartorius, Gracilis, Seminer - 
 i'lib. iv, vofus, Semimembranosus , Biceps, Rectus, 
 c xxxii, Vafins Exterms, Vafins Internus, and 
 
 Popli - 
 
*g°s- 
 
 natom. 
 'b. v. 
 Xxix. 
 
 ial.M. 
 
 H-3- 
 l gel. T. 
 
 \:-L- 4 - 
 RSS. 
 
 0/ //•><? Leg . 1^3 
 
 Popliteus : To thefe Jacobus Sylvius, 
 Laurentius, and latter Authors add 
 another Mufcle lying between the 
 two Fafti and call it Crureus : Of 
 Thefe we reckon the firft {even as 
 Common both to the Thigh and Leg, 
 they Arifing either from the Os Ilium 
 Pubis or Ifchium, and are Inferred into 
 the Tibia or Fibula , in Moving of 
 which they move the Thigh alfo : 
 
 The other are Proper Arifing from the 
 Os Femoris only, and Inferred to the 
 Tibia . 
 
 Membranofus, 
 
 So called from the large Membra- 
 nous Expanfion it is Continuous with> 
 inclofing all the Mufcles of the Tibia 
 and Tar Jus , whence it is alfo called 
 Fafcia Lata : It hath an Acute Flefliy 
 Beginning from the Forepart of the 
 Spine of the Os Ilium (37J between Fig. xvil 
 the Origination of the Sartorius and 
 Tendinous Beginning of the Glut ms 
 Magnus, and being dilated to a Flefhy 
 Belly which fills the Interface made 
 by the Firfl of the two Laft named 
 Mufcles and Upper part of the ReSus 
 and Forepart of the Glut&us Mtdius ; 
 
 O ia 
 
Of the Mufcles 
 
 in ks Oblique Defcent becomes Ten- 
 dinous, Four Fingers breadth below 
 the great Trochanter (45), whence it Fi g- 
 pafles diredtly over the Faflus Exter- 
 ms to its proper Termination, at the 
 Superior Appendix of the Fibula (53), 
 but in its progrefs thither; it is Con- 
 joined with the Tendinous Expansion 
 of the Glutaus Magnus which Arifeth 
 from the Spine of the Ileum (30) co- F ; g 
 vering the External part of the Glutaus 
 Medius and all the External Mufcles 
 of the Tibia as well as thofe of the 
 Thigh-bone; and Defcending over the 
 Patella comprehends the Mufcles of 
 the Tarfus, and joins with the Liga- 
 rnentum Annulare , which retains the 
 Tendons of the Toes and Foot : Un- 
 lefs it may be fuppofed that the faid 
 Fafcialata fliould end at the Lower part 
 of the Thigh-Bone or Superior parts 
 of the Tibia and Fibula , and that the 
 laft named Bones lliould give an Ori- 
 gination to the Inferior part of the (aid 
 Fafcia, which feems to be a Matter 
 more of Controverfie than Ufe. When 
 this Mufcle AdfethjtheLegand Thigh 
 are Drawn outwards ; its Tendon be- 
 ing joined with part of the Glutaus 
 Maximus, and having a different Se- 
 
'efal. M. 
 
 i. o. 
 ’•figel. T. 
 4 -L- 4 - 
 iA, 
 
 of the Leg. 1^5 
 
 ties of Fibres interfering each other, 
 do thereby, compofe a ftrong Invo- 
 ke rum, as well including all the Com- 
 mon Mufcles of the Leg, as covering 
 the Proper ; whereby they Corroborate 
 them in their Action, as the Tendi- 
 nous Expanfion of the Biceps Cubits 
 doth Thole of the Carpus and Fingers. 
 
 Sartorius. 
 
 It receives this Denomination from 
 the life Taylors make of it in bring- 
 ing one Leg and Thigh over the other 
 to fit crols Leg’d ; It is alfo called 
 Longijfmus Femoris, it exceeding the 
 reft of the Mufcles of that Part in 
 Length, and Fafcialis from its palling 
 over the Mufcles of the Thigh and 
 Leg like a Swathe. It Arifeth Sharp 
 and Flelhy from the Forepart of the 
 Spine of the Os Ilium (37) clofe by ^ xv &. 
 the Former Mufcle, and Defcending 
 obliquely inwards above the Mufculus 
 Re cl us and Vafius Inurnus, and over 
 part of the Triceps, of an equal Breadth 
 and Thicknefs, meets with the Graci- 
 lis below the Middle of the Thigh 
 internally, and Defending with it 
 becomes Tendinous in its Pallage over 
 O % the 
 
i $6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 the Internal and Inferior Head of the 
 Thigh Bone , ( under a ftrid Inclo- 
 fure of the above defcribed Fafcia 
 Lata ) and is Inferted Four Fingers 
 Breadth below the Superior part of the 
 Tibia, internally (44). Its ule is de* Fig.xw iii 
 dared above. 
 
 Vtjd. m. Gracilis . 
 
 T.i.P.Spi- 
 
 g L.^J.F. So called from being the mod Ben- 
 der of thele Mufcles ; It Arifeth fome- 
 what Broad, partly Tendinous and 
 partly Flefhy from the Os Pubis (38) ng.xvu 
 internally, between the Firfl and Se- 
 cond defcribed Heads of the Triceps , 
 and in its Streight Defcent in the In- 
 fide of the Thigh grows narrow, and 
 becomes Tendinous a little above the 
 Former Mufcle, and is fo Inferted 
 (immediately beneath it) to the Tibia. 
 
 (44.) F/g.xvil 
 
 It Aflifteth the Former and Follow- 
 ing Mufcles in bending the Thigh and 
 Leg inwards. 
 
 Pefal.M. 
 T. 9 . 1 1. 
 Spigel. T. 
 33 - L. 
 
 L. 
 
 Semi nervous feu Semitendmojus. 
 
 Which is io called from its being 
 half Tendinous, and Nerve-like. It 
 
 Arifeth 
 
of the Leg. 
 
 l 97 
 
 Arileth partly Tendinous and partly 
 Flefliy from the External part of the 
 Protuberance of the Os Ijchium (31),^™^ 
 and prefently being Dilated to a 
 Large Flelhy Belly, becomes a Round 
 Tendon in half its progrefs, which 
 Defcending over the Fleihy Belly of 
 the Following Mufcle , marcheth 
 dole by the Gajlerocnemius on the Po- 
 flerior part of the Superior Appendix 
 of the Tibia, from whence it pades 
 Forwards to its Infertion in the faid 
 Bone immediately Below the Termi- 
 nation of the Former Mufcle, (44.) 
 
 This with the Former Mufcle Ad> 
 ing, Bend the Tibia diredtly Back- 
 wards. Its Tendon together with the 
 two Former and following Mufclcs 
 make the Inward Hamftrings, as they 
 are commonly called. 
 
 dinous and Membrane-like ; lying 
 immediately under the former Mufcle, 
 It Arifeth Broad and Tendinous from 
 the Protuberance of the Os Ifchium, 
 and in its Defcent becomes broader, 
 and in lefs than half its Progrefs be- 
 
 Semimembranofa, 
 
 So called from its being half Tern 
 
 O 3 
 
i^3 
 
 ' Vefal. M. 
 T. 9 .f 
 T. jo .^. 
 Spigel. T. 
 3 3 . Lib. 
 4-M.F. 
 Y. X. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 gins to grow Flefhy, (where the Belly 
 of the Former Mufcle leffens it felf) 
 and is dilated into a Large and Fleihy 
 Be’ly, lying under the Long Round 
 Tendon of the Former, becoming a 
 Short Thick Tendon Inferted to the 
 fuperior part of the Upper Appendix 
 of the Tibia Backwards. N. B. That 
 the Fleihy Belly of the former Mufcle 
 is above ; and That of This is Below, 
 and their Tendons on the contrary. 
 
 Biceps. 
 
 Or Biceps Femoris to diftinguifh it 
 from That of the Cubit .-It having 
 Two Heads, the fuperior and longeft 
 of which Ayfech with a Round Ten- 
 don from the fame Protuberance of the 
 Ifchium , as the Two Former, in its 
 Defcent becomes Large and Flefhy, 
 and in above half its progrefs leffens 
 it felf again, where it is joined with 
 its other Head, having a Broad, part* 
 ly Tendinous and partly Flefhy Be- 
 ginning from the Line a Afpera of the 
 Os Femoris (37), immediately below/; 
 the Termination of the Glutaus Maxi- 
 mus ; it being thus united grows Ten- 
 dinous, as it marcheth in a Channel 
 .. ; ii, on 
 
 ■V-Xvlii 
 
of the Leg . 
 
 on the External Appendix of the Os 
 Femoris , becoming perfe&ly Tendi- 
 nous at its Implantation to the Supe- 
 rior Epiphjfis of the Fibula. (47.) F/g.xviu. 
 
 Befides the Office commonly afc 
 (igned to this Muicle in Bending the 
 Tibia together with the Two Former, 
 
 Itfis likevvife impioyed in turning the 
 Leg together with the Foot and Toes 
 outwards, when we fit with the Knees 
 Bended. 
 
 ”efal. M. Popliteus. 
 
 14. r. 
 
 By fome called Subpoplitem, It Arif- 
 eth with a Short, Strong Tendon 
 from the External Head of the Infe- 
 rior Appendix of the Os Femoris (41), 
 from whence defending obliquely 
 over the Jun&ure becomes Flefhy, and 
 Expanding it felf is lb Infer ted to the 
 Superior part of the Tibia internally 
 immediately below its Superior Ap- 
 pendix (44). This doth not only 
 Affill the Three Former Mufcles in 
 Bending the Tibia , but Antagonized! 
 the Precedent by turning the Foot and 
 Toes outwards in that Pofitjon of the 
 Leg as before Noted. 
 
 O 4 Rectos 
 
200 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 t'efal. M'. 
 T.i.S.Sp:- 
 
 34 - 
 L. 4. a a, 
 
 id -T- 35 : 
 A A. EE, 
 
 iSefa!. M. 
 
 T. i. r. id . 
 T.z.t.Spi- 
 
 L.+.GG. 
 
 Rectus Femoris. 
 
 Is named from its {freight Progrefs 
 and Situation," it Arifeth Flelhy from 
 a Tubercle of Os Ilium, that is in the 
 Mid-way between the Forepart of its 
 Spine and the Acetabulum f , from Fig. xv 
 thence defcending diredtly between 
 the two following Mufcles and over 
 the Crureus, Its Fibres Externally 
 Defcend from a Middle Line ob- 
 liquely Laterally; internally they run 
 according to its Length, and become 
 entirely Tendinous Four Fingers 
 breadth above the Patella, where it is 
 united with the Tendons of the three 
 following Mufcles, and Inferred to- 
 gether with them at the Upper part of 
 the Tibia. (50.) Fi z- 
 
 Fajlus Ext emus. 
 
 So called from its Magnitude and 
 Situation, It Arifes outwardly Ten- 
 dinous , Inwardly Flefhy from the 
 External part of che great Trochanter 
 (45), and Line a Afpera of the Thigh- Fig. xvii 
 bone (37), from whence its Fibres ffc-xviii. 
 Defcend Obliquely Forwards, and on 
 *■*'•-* * - the 
 
efiil. M. 
 , i. t. 
 ngel. T. 
 
 5.^-4- 
 
 L. 
 
 of the Leg. 201 
 
 the contrary become outwardly 
 Flelhy and Tendinous Internally, and 
 fofoon asThey meet with theTendon 
 of the Former Mufcle, grow per- 
 fectly Tendinous, and join with it 
 and that of the two Following. 
 
 fafius Interims. 
 
 This like the Former hath its De- 
 nomination from its Situation and 
 Magnitude; Its Beginning is Large, 
 partly Tendinous, and partly Flelhy; 
 it being continued from the Line a Af- 
 fera on the Back part of the Thigh- 
 bone ( 3 7), from immediately below Jv^.xvliL 
 the Lefler Trochanter , till within Three 
 Fingers Breadth above the Inferior 
 Appendix of the faid Bone Internally 
 Laterally ; from hence its Flelhy 
 Fibres Delcend obliquely outwards in 
 an almoft Semicircular manner, and 
 bn a fudden (like the Former Mitfcles) 
 ceafing to be Flelhy, its Tendon is 
 United with that of the Reffus, toge- 
 ther with the Former and following 
 Mufcles, and Inferted with them. 
 
 Crtt- 
 
 * • l? v 
 
202 
 
 Fefal. M. 
 
 t-s- n. 
 
 Spigel. T. 
 35 ■ L. 4. 
 KK. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Crureus feu Femoreus. 
 
 So called from its Situation on the 
 Bone of the Thigh, like the Mu f culm 
 Brachuus , on that of the Arm ; Its 
 Origination is Large and Fleihy, be- 
 ing continued from between the 
 Greater and Leiler Trochanter of the 
 Thigh-bone Forwards ( 41 to its Fig. v 
 Lower part, that is Immediately a- 
 bove its Inferior Appendix, Its Fleihy 
 Fibres defcending dire&ly, and be- 
 come perfe&ly Tendinous a little be- 
 low the Upper part of the Tendon of 
 the Reel us, where it joins with it, and 
 the Tendons of the TwoLaft Defcrib- 
 ed Mufcles, which pafles over the Ex- 
 ternal part of the Patella , (or on each 
 fide of it) and is Inferred to a Promi- 
 nence at the Superior and Forepart of 
 the Tibia. ($0.) 
 
 Thefe Four Mufcles laft treated of, 
 
 •viz,. 'Rectus Fa flics Externus, Faflus 
 Interims, and Crureus , may be eiteemed 
 One, in regard they make but one Ten- 
 don at their Infertion, and ferve for 
 •the fame Ufe in Extending the Tibia, 
 or Leg, however they are divided in- 
 to feveral Bodies, and one of them is 
 
 In- 
 
of the Leg . 
 
 Inclofed on all Tides by the FafciaLata, 
 namely the Rett us, and in themfelves 
 have a Multiform Series of Flelhy 
 Fibres , whereby they are rendred 
 capable of Performing their Office 
 with greater ftrength, which is abfb- 
 lutely neeeflary not only in Running, 
 Walking, Leaping, &c. but in Stand- 
 ing to keep the Body Eredt, by op- 
 poling that Flexure at the Knee, 
 which muft otherwife neceflarily 
 happen through the fuperincumbent 
 Preflure. For this reafon like wife we 
 find thefe Extending Mufcles in fb 
 great a proportion Larger than their 
 Antagonists the Benders, which ap- 
 peared by their Weight, when at the 
 Requeft of my very good Friend 
 Dr. Brown, (now Reader on the Mus- 
 cular Difie&ions atChyrurgeons-FIall) 
 thefe Extending Mufcles were weigh- 
 ed, and their Antagonifts the Benders 
 in the fame Body, whereby we found 
 the Former exceeded the Latter, two 
 Pounds wanting an Ounce ; The For- 
 mer, namely the Extenfores , weighing 
 Three Pounds fix Ounces, and their 
 Antagonifts the Latter but One Pound 
 feven Ounces. Should it be inquired, 
 (fmce it is fo Apparently neeeflary in 
 
205 Of the Mufcles 
 
 moft, if not All Motions of the whole 
 Body that the Leg ought to be Ex- 
 tended with great Force, it being 
 Bended to fupport its own weight 
 only) Why the Mufcles employed 
 in that Adion fhould all Terminate 
 in one Tendon, when their Antago- 
 nifts the Benders have Divers Inferred 
 on both Tides the Bones of the Leg ; 
 whereby They have a greater advan- 
 tage in doing their office than that 
 one Tingle Inlertion of the Extenders ? 
 It may be Anfwered, that fuch a Stru- 
 cture is not only for the Beauty of 
 the Part, but it is neceflary that the 
 Tendons of the Former ihould be 
 United into One near their Infertions, 
 and that a Bony Body, fuch as is die 
 Patella , fliould be placed on the Arti- 
 culation of the Thigh-bone with the 
 Leg to defend it from being prefl on, 
 in going down fteep places, which 
 could not have been done, had They 
 been divided and Inferted on each 
 fide of the Bones of the Leg like the 
 Flexors, which is a Stupendous De- 
 vice in Nature. 
 
 CHAR 
 
of the Foot 
 
 206 
 
 CHAP. XX XIV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Foot or Tarfus. 
 
 v - S^Olumlus, FaUoppius , and other A- 
 rvat. natom ift s reckon Eight Mufcles 
 tom. belonging to each Foot, rejecting Ve- 
 falius his Ninth, it being part of the 
 Extenfor Digitorum longus that is In- 
 ferted to the Metatarfai-bone of the 
 iv. Little Toe : but Spigelius , * Fefiingius, 
 X1V ’ and latter Authors making of their two 
 firft the Gafierocnemius Externus and 
 Gafierocnemius Internus One, giving it 
 the name of Gafierocnemius Externus 
 only, and call its fubjacent Mufcle 
 Gafierocnemius Interne, which former 
 Anatomifts had named Soleus, have re- 
 duced their Number to Seven in each 
 Foot, whofe Example we fhall fol- 
 low. 
 
 1/. m . Gafierocnemius Externus , it. Gemellus. 
 
 1. e£. 
 
 1 ' L , 4 . So called becaufe (with the Soleus 
 
 ; i-G G or Internus of that name) it compotes 
 1:^ the Calf of the Leg : it is alfb called 
 Gemellus from its being as it were 
 
 double. 
 
2q 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 double. It has two Diftindt Flefhy 
 Originations from the Superior and 
 Hindmoft parts of each Tubercle of 
 the Lower Appendage of the Thigh- 
 bone (42), which in their defcent are Fi s x i* 
 each dilated into two large Flelhy 
 Bellies ; The innermoft of which is 
 Thickeft and Largeit, having each a 
 differingSeries of Fleihy Fibres, and join 
 to each other near where they make 
 a Broad Strong Tendon, which nar- 
 rowing it felf joins with the great 
 Tendon of the Gafierocnemius Interms, 
 four Fingers breadth above its infer- 
 tion to the Os Calcis. (49.) 
 
 Lib. v. Riolan afierts, with Pefalius, that in 
 € *R 43* the two Beginnings of this Mufcle 
 there are two OJficula (efawoidea, which 
 we mult acknowledge with Marchettt 
 have hitherto efcaped our Oblervati- 
 on, though its likely it may be ib in 
 Aged Bodies, as it appeared in a Sub- 
 ject I lately Diiledfed on One Side only. 
 
 When this Mufcle Adts die Foot is 
 faid to be Extended or Pulled Back- 
 wards, which motion of it is very 
 neceflary in Walking, Running, Leap- 
 ing, and Handing on Tiptoe, &c. 
 Hence it is thofe that Walk much have 
 thefe Mufcles Larger than others, 
 
 through 
 
of the Foot* 20 y 
 
 through the frequent ufe of them, and 
 amongft which thofe that carry Hea- 
 vy burthens, and efpecialiy Sedans or 
 Chairs in this Town ; and Thole who 
 wear Low-heeled Shoes have thele 
 Mufcles remarkably larger than 
 Others. 
 
 hl - M - Plant arts, 
 
 S3.$. 
 
 *> el - T - So called from its Tendon expand- 
 
 I j 4 ' ed in the Plant a Pedis like that of the 
 
 1 k. Palmaris in the Palm of the Hand. 
 
 It Ariles Flelhy from the Superior and 
 Back-part of the outermoft Tubercle 
 of the Lower Appendage of the Thigh- 
 bone (42) immediately under the Ex* .Fig.xviu. 
 ternal Beginning of the Former 
 Mufcle, and Descending Obliquely 
 between it and the Following, foon 
 becomes a Thin Flat Tendon, which 
 palling out from between Their Flelhy 
 Bellies delcends internally laterally, 
 by their great Tendon ; and march- 
 ing over the Os Qalcis (49), expands Fig xviil 
 it lelf on the Soal of the Foot, where 
 it firmly adheres to the Flelhy Body 
 of the Mafculus Flexor Digitorum Per~ 
 forms, and is Inferred on both fides 
 the firft Internode of each lefler Toe. 
 
 The Adfton of this Mufcle is very 
 
 ©hfeure. 
 
toy Of the Mufcles 
 
 obfcure, its Tendinous Expanfion on; 
 the Bottom of the Foot being chiefly 
 lerviceable in defending the fubjacene 
 Mufcles, Tendons, Nerves, and large 
 Bloud Veflels, from being Compreft 
 in Standing, Walking, &c. We have 
 fometimes oblerved that the Flelhy 
 Beginning and long Tendon of this 
 Mufcle is wanting. 
 
 Pefal.M. 
 T. 14. A 
 A. Spigel. 
 T. 3 8 .L. 
 4. Fig. 2 . 
 MM. Bid. 
 T. 84. F. 
 
 Gajlerocnemius Interms. 
 
 This is placed under the two 
 former Mufcles; It’s alfo called Sole us 
 from its Figure ; refembiing a Sole- 
 Fifh : its External Flelhy part is co- 
 vered with a Tranfparent Tendinous 
 expanfion, which makes it appear of 
 a livid Colour. Its Beginning is 
 partly Tendinous, but chiefly Flelhy 
 from the hindmoft part of the upper 
 Appendix of the Fibula (47), and Fig.xvi 
 Back-part of the Tibia (45), that is 
 below the Infertion of the Suhpopliteus, 
 and increafing to a large Flelhy Belly 
 compoled of Various Orders of Flelhy 
 Fibres, fome of them underneath aptly 
 exprefling the Figure of the top of a 
 Feather, vvhofe Stamina here being 
 Tendinous join with the great Tendon 
 
 which 
 
of the Foot . 
 
 which is about four Fingers breadth 
 in length, and Inferted to the Superior 
 and Hindmoft part of the Os Calc is. 
 
 ( 49 -) 
 
 The Foot, together with the Toes, 
 being as it were a Leaver to the whole 
 Body, ought therefore to be attended 
 with Mufcles of great ftrength to Ex- 
 tend it , wherefore we find thefe 
 Mufcles lb much to exceed their An- 
 tagonijl the Tibdus Amicus , as well 
 in the advantageous conftru<ftion of 
 their differing Series of Flelhy Fibres, 
 as their Magnitude and Insertion at 
 the extremity of the Os Calcis : where 1 - 
 by they are not only rendered fer- 
 viceable in Walking, Running, Leap- 
 ing, &c. but do alto fupport the Ttbid 
 in Handing, left the fuperincumbent 
 Preffure of the Weight of the Body 
 fhould make them incline forwards at 
 their Articulations with the Talus. 
 
 r a l gt Tibialis Antic us, . 
 
 i.Z. 
 
 ' S nno. So called from its fituation on the 
 r. 2. Forepart of the Tibia, its alio by Spt- 
 ca ^ ec ^ Mufculus Catena:, becauie 
 ' when it is divided the Patient is 
 forced to ufe a Sling to fupport the 
 
 P Foot 
 
 2b£ 
 
 F/g.xviiL 
 
210 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Foot in Walking. Its Origination is 
 Flefhy from the Lower part of the Su- 
 perior Appendage of the Tibia (50) Fig.wYi 
 between its Prominence, where the 
 great Tendon of all the Extending 
 Mufcles of the Leg is Inferred, and 
 the Origination of the Mufculus Ex- 
 tensor Magnus Digit or urn Pedis : it alio 
 continues a DifgregatedFlelliy Ori- 
 gination for near two Thirds of the 
 Superior part of the faid Tibia Exter- 
 nally lateral next the Fibula ($z); 
 which Compofing a Flefliy Belly lef- 
 fens it felf in Half its Progrefs, and 
 growing into a Strong and lomewhat 
 Round Tendon defending obliquely 
 over the Inferior Part of the faid Tibia, 
 and under the Annular Ligament, is 
 Inferred to the infide of the Os * Ctt - 11 f. xvii 
 nei forme Majus (57) that fuftains the n- 
 Os Metatarji Pollicis. 
 
 This pulls the Foot Upwards and 
 Forwards Directly. 
 
 refal m. Peroneus primus. 
 
 T.i. r- 
 
 t.ao.'f. By fome it is called Longus it be- 
 
 2 cd. ing the Firft that offers it feif to 
 ' view ; and the longed Mufcle feared 
 on the Fibula or Os Per one (56). It Fig xvii 
 
 Arifes 
 
of the Foot* 21 1 
 
 Arifes Externally Tendinous , and 
 Flefliy Internally from above half 
 the Superior part of the laid Bone, 
 and marching fomewhat Backwards 
 becomes a Strong, Flat Tendon, Four 
 Fingers breadth in Length above the 
 Inferior Appendage of the faid Fibula 
 called Malleolus Externus (48), palling iu. 
 behind which in a Channel like a Rope 
 in a Pully, and from thence being in- 
 •fleded forwards together with the 
 Tendon of the following Mufcle, 
 they pafs under an imbanding Liga- 
 ment as they run over the Os Calcis, 
 but this Tendon declining from its 
 companion marches over the * Os Cu- 
 boides (5-1) under the Mufculus Ab-*F.xv ii. 
 duff or Minimi Digiti, and over the 60, 
 
 Ojfa Cuneformia in the bottom of the 
 Foot, and under the Tendons and 
 Mufcles Bending the Toes, and is In- 
 ferted to the Superior and Hindmolt 
 part of the Os Metatarji of the Great 
 Toe. 
 
 The Tendon of this Mufcle being 
 conveyed over the Hindmolt part of 
 the Malleolus Externus (44), as on a Fig.xvi'd. 
 Pully , is an elegant contrivance 
 in Nature, whereby the Ball of the 
 great Toe (as that part is commonly 
 P 7 , called 
 
u 
 
 212 Of the Mufcles 
 
 called to which It is Inferred) is 
 direded towards a Perpendicular 
 bearing of the Weight of the Body 
 on the Leg in Handing on Tip- 
 toe by pulling the Foot and Toes 
 lomewhat outwards. 
 
 Fefal- m. Ter one us Secundus . 
 
 T. 6 . ' f . 
 
 40 . L. 4 . By Tome called Semi-fibuUus : It 
 
 f.*.eef. j ias an Acute Flelhy beginning above * 
 
 1 8l ’the Middle of the External part of 
 the Fibula (46) under the Flelhy Bel-i^.xvi 
 ly of the Former Mufcle, it alfo 
 continues its Flelhy Beginning from 
 the Pofterior Sharp Edge of the laid 
 Fibula y and Becoming Flelhy Belly 
 grows Tendinous as it runs under the 
 Malleolus Externus (48 ) together with Fig.w 
 the Tendon of the former Mufcle, 
 and is inferred to die Superior and 
 External part of the Os Metatarfi of 
 the Little Toe. 
 
 The proper Addon of this Mufcle 
 is to pull the Foot and Toes out- 
 wards. 
 
 V 
 
 TibU - 
 
of the Foot . 2 1 3 
 
 9/W. t. Tibialis Pojlious. 
 
 !y. G. • ' 
 
 d This being placed on the Back part 
 of the 77^/4, is aKo called Mufculus 
 Ffauticm, becaule Mariners chiefly ule 
 it in climbing up the Mails of their 
 Ships. It lies partly under the Flexor 
 tertii internodii Pollicis , which Mulcle 
 mull be partly, railed, together with 
 the Flexor tertii internodii Digit or um Pe- 
 dis, before we can have a clear light 
 of it. It appears Biventral, Ariflng 
 partly Tendinous and partly Flelhy 
 from the Superior and Back-part of 
 the Fibula (47), as alfo from the Li- F>g.xv\\l 
 gament that fs continued between the 
 laid Bone and the Tibia (45), in near 
 half its progrefs it becomes lefs, and 
 grows Flelhy again, and making a 
 Strong Round Tendon which runs in 
 a Sinus on the back-part of the lower 
 Appendage of the Tibia called the 
 Malleolus Inter ntis (51) under an Am F ; s . xvii. 
 nular Ligament, and is inferted to the 
 Os Naviculare (547 internally and la- % 
 terally. * ' ^ xviK 
 
 This draws the Foot upwards and 
 Awards. 
 
514 Of the Mufcles 
 
 CHAP. XXXV. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Great Toe. 
 
 HTHe great Toe is moved by its 
 || Proper Mufcles , which we 
 reckon to be fix in number, namely, 
 Extenfor Pollicis Longus, and Extenfor 
 Brevis , Flexor Pollicis Longus , and 
 Flexor Brevis, Adductor and Abductor 
 Pollicis ; Though Anatomifts com- 
 monly mention but Four of thefe, yet 
 we have obferved them in feveral 
 Difiedtions to be fo many Diftindt 
 Mufcles as they are AccuratelyFigured 
 7 ?'^ 8l > in Bidloo. To thefe may be added 
 the Mufculus Tranfverfalis Placentini, 
 which our above-mentioned Author 
 and feme others make to be an Ad- 
 dutior Pollicis, But we take it rather 
 to be an Adductor Minimi Digiti, 
 Wherefore it fhall be defcribed in the 
 following Chapter. 
 
 Vejal. M. 
 
 7 -4' M- Exteufor Pollicis Longus. 
 
 40. L. 4. 
 
 This Mufcle doth not Arife as 
 s^r.81. mo fl- D e fcribe it, from the Tibia, or 
 g. from 
 
S id. T. 
 ?2. not 
 etter’d. 
 
 of the Great Toe . 215 
 
 from the Ligament between it and 
 the FibuU. It’s Beginning is Large 
 and Flefhy from the Fore-part of the 
 Fibula (^x) from immediately be* Ftg.xvil. 
 low its fuperior Appendix, to Four 
 Fingers Breadth above the Inferior 
 one, and Defcending under the Liga- 
 mentum Annulare of the Tar f us , be- 
 tween the Tendon of the Tibialis 
 Anticus and thofe Tendons of Exten- 
 sor Pedis Longus , and marching along 
 the fuperior part of the Foot, Is In- 
 ferted to the Upper part of the Se- 
 cond Bone of the Great Toe (63). 
 
 Its Name Intimates its Ule. 
 
 Extenfor Follicis Brevis. 
 
 Though this Mufcle is not men- 
 tioned by Anatomifts, yet we con- 
 ftantly obferve it in Direction, It 
 hath been rather taken for part of the 
 Extenfor Digitorum Brevis, but we fre- 
 quently find it Diltinft. 
 
 It Arifeth Flelhy from the Forepart 
 of the Os Calc is (61), being Dilated 
 into a Belly, foon becomes a Long, 
 Slender Tendon, palling obliquely 
 over the upper part of the Foot, and 
 is Inferred to the fuperior part of the 
 
 q Second 
 
21 6 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Second Bone of the Great Toe, 
 which it Extends or Pulls Up- 
 . wards. 
 
 Bid.T. 84. Flexor PoKucbs Lonrus. 
 
 notler- 0 
 
 ter’d. . 
 
 TT.85.K. This is a dire# Antagonift to the 
 Extenfor Longtss , It Arifes oppofite 
 to it from the Back-part of the Fibula 
 (46) with a double Order of FJefliy f^.xvii 
 Fibres, running to a Middle Tendon, 
 
 (like the Flexor tertii internodii Poll; cu 
 Manus above) which ceafeth to be 
 plelhy as it pafles over the Juncture, 
 and runs through a Channel on the 
 Internal part of the Os Calcis (49) 
 under the Tendon of the Mufculus 
 Flexor Digit or um Longus Perforans over 
 the Following Mufcle, and is Inferted 
 to the Upper End of the Second Bone 
 of the Great Toe. 
 
 &,c! - 7 . plexor Pollicis Brevis „ 
 
 S6.F. 1 . 
 
 not Jet- 
 
 ter’d. Is Short, Thick, and Flelhy, feem- 
 ingly divided into Two Mufcles by 
 the Tendon of the Former palling 
 over it. 1 $ Arileth from the fuperior 
 part of the Os Cune forme medium (f8), F ig. xvL 
 and running over the Termination of 
 
 the 
 
of the Great Toe . 217 
 
 the Mufculus Peroneus, is Implanted 
 into the Ojfa Sejamoidea of the Great 
 Toe, who are likewife Tied to the 
 fuperior part of the Second Bone of 
 the faid Toe, which it Bends. 
 
 I id. T. 
 
 6. F. 2 . 
 C. 
 
 Abductor Pollicis. 
 
 This Arifeth Fleihy from the Os 
 Calcis internally Laterally, in half its 
 Progrefs becoming Tendinous, it joins 
 with another Fleihy Beginning, fpring- 
 ing from the Os Cane forme majus {S 7 ) Fig.xx'n, 
 that fuflains the Os Metatarji of the 
 Great Toe ; both which making one 
 Tendon, are Inferted to the External 
 part of the Os Sefamcides of the Great 
 Toe Laterally. 
 
 This pulls the Great Toe from the 
 reft. 
 
 d. t. Addutfor Pollicis . 
 
 This is Defcribed and Figured by 
 xix. * Vefingius, It is alfo mentioned by 
 Marchette , It arifeth partly Tendinous 
 and partly Fleihy from the Inferior 
 parts of the Os Cune forme Tertium (59), 
 and Dilating it felf to a Fleihy Belly, 
 
 I. F. 2. 
 
218 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 the Foot, and becomes lefs and Ten- 
 dinous at its Infertion to the Internal 
 part of the OJfa Sefamoidea of the 
 Great Toe laterally, oppofite to the 
 Termination of the Former. 
 
 This Brings the Great Toe nearer 
 the reft 
 
 ■ y . 
 
 CHAP. XXXVI. 
 
 Of the Mufcles of the Four Defer Toes, 
 
 Hefe (like the Mufcles of the 
 
 Fingers) we lhall divide into 
 
 Common and Proper. 
 
 The Common Mufcles of the Toes 
 are ftich as have their Tendons Inferr- 
 ed into all the Lefler Toes, as the 
 Extenfor Digit or urn Pedis Longus , Ex- 
 tenfor Brevis, Perforatus, and Perforans. 
 The reft are the Proper Mufcles of 
 the Toes, namely, Lumbricales , Ab- 
 ductor Minimi Digits , Tranfverfalis Pla- 
 ce mini , and the Inter offei : Of thefc 
 in their Order. 
 
 fLxtefr 
 
of the Toes . 
 
 'efal. m. Extenfor Digit orum Pedis Longus. 
 
 Id T 
 
 2 .d. This hath an Acute Flelhy Begin- 
 ning Externally from the Inferior part 
 of the Upper Appendix of the Tibia 
 (fo) next the Fibula (53), as alio a 
 Long Flelhy one from the Superior 
 part of the laft named Bone, and 
 leflening it felf in half its Delcent on 
 the Leg , it joins with a Second, 
 Broad, Difgregated Flelhy Beginning, 
 continued for near half the Inferior 
 part of the laid Fibula , where Defend- 
 ing under the Ligamentum Annulare 
 of the Talus , it is divided into Five 
 Tendons, Four of which are Inferred 
 to the Third Bones of all the Lefler 
 Toes; The Fifth to the fuperior part 
 of the Os Metatarfi of the Little Toe, 
 b. H. \vhich part of it Fefalius makes his 
 f lx - Ninth Mulcle belonging to the Foot. ' 
 
 Extenfor Digitorum Brevis. 
 
 f«l. M. 
 
 6 . a. This is a fhort Flelhy Mulcle ly- 
 dloo F 1 ’• ing under the Tendon of the Former 
 on the Foot. It Arileth Flelhy from 
 the External and Forepart of the Os 
 Calcis (6j), foon Dilating it felf to a 
 r • ' ; ' > Flelhy 
 
 2ip 
 
 Fig. xvii. 
 
220 
 
 M 
 
 T , 4 -®. 
 Spige!. T. 
 42 . F. 2, 
 C D.Bid. 
 T. 85 . /. 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Flefhy Belly, which being divided 
 into Four Flefhy Portions becomes fo 
 many Tendons, palling over the Up- 
 per part of the Foot, and making 
 Acute Angles with the Tendons of 
 the Former Mulcle as they run over 
 the Firlt Internode of each Leller Toe 
 to their Infertions at the fuperior parts 
 of their Second. 
 
 Perforates. 
 
 So called becaufe its Tendons are 
 Perforated like Thole of the Fingers. 
 
 It is alfo called Flexor Secundi Inter - 
 nodii Digitorum Pedis , from its Ufe 
 and Sublimis from its Situation, It 
 Ipringeth from the Inferior and Inter- 
 nal part of the Os Calcis (49J be-F/Vm 
 tween the Mufculi Ab dull ores of the 
 Greater and Leller Toes. Dilating 
 it felf to a Flefhy Belly after it hath 
 palled the middle of the Planta Pedts, 
 it is divided into four Flefhy Portions, 
 which become fo many Tendons,and 
 are divided near their Terminations 
 to Admit the Tendons of the follow- 
 ing Mufcle to pafs through them to 
 their Infertions ; Thefe being United 
 again, pafs underneath them to their 
 
of the Toes. 
 
 Implantations at the Upper part of 
 
 221 
 
 the Second Bone of each LeflerToe. 
 
 So called beeaufe its Tendons run 
 through the Fiflures in the Tendons 
 of the Former, It is a!(o called Flexor 
 te'rtii Internodii Digitorum Pedis from its 
 Ule. It hath an Acute Flelhy Ori- 
 gination from the Back-part of the 
 Tibia (45) immediately under the Fig XV na 
 Mufculus fubpoplitaus, having a double 
 order of Fibres united in a middle 
 Tendon like the Flexor Pollicis Longus, 
 but cealeth to be Flefby as it paileth 
 behind the Malleolus Internus , and run- 
 ning in a Channel over the Internal 
 part of the Os Calcis (49) under it, 
 Imbanding Liguments in half its Pro- 
 grefs through the Sole of the Foot, it 
 is divided into Four Tendons which 
 march thorow the perforations of the 
 Tendons of the Former Mufcle. and 
 are Inferred to the Third Bone of 
 every Lefler Toe. 
 
 Perforans. 
 
 Lam- 
 
222 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 $ pi gel. t. Lumbricales. 
 
 42. F. 3. 
 
 t F z 6 .ff. So called from their Figure likethofe 
 
 Bid. t. of the Hand, and though Anatomifts 
 F ' Im have generally defcribed them Arifing 
 from the Tendons of the lafl: treated of 
 Mufcle, yet we rather think the Carrie a 
 majfain the Plant a Pedis, is their true 
 Origin, It fpringing from the Internal 
 part of the Os Calcis, and becoming 
 Tendinous joins with the Tendons of 
 the Former Mufcle, in the middle of 
 the Sole of the Foot, Then dividing 
 it felf into Four (as it were) diftindt 
 Flefhy Mufcles, they all become Ten- 
 dinous at their Infcrtions to die In- 
 ternal parts of each Lefler Toe Late- 
 rally next the Great Toe. 
 
 Spigel. T. 
 
 42 .Lib.+.- Abduffor Minimi Digits 
 
 F.3.KM. 
 
 86. f. 2. This Arifeth outwardly Tendinous, 
 inwardly Flefliy from the External 
 part of the Os Calais (49), becoming Fig- 
 Tendinous in half its progrels on the 
 outfide of the Foot, it joins with the 
 other Flefliy part of this Mufcle A- 
 rifing Flefliy from the Outfide of the 
 Os Metatarjt of die Little Toe (57), 
 
 and 
 
of the Toes . 223 
 
 and making one Tendon at its Infer- 
 tion to the Upper part of the Firft 
 Bone of the Little Toe Externally La- 
 terally. 
 
 Tranfverfalis Pedis, 
 
 So called from its Tranfverfc Situa- 
 tion. It Arifeth Tendinous from the 
 Internal Os Sefamoides of the Great 
 Toe, and becoming a Flefhy Belly in 
 its Progrefs over the Firft Intemodes 
 of the two next Toes, it is Leflened 
 at its Inferticn to the Inferior part of 
 that Metatarfel Bone which ftipports 
 that Toe next the Lefler. 
 
 Its Ule is to bring the Lefler Toe 
 towards the Greater. 
 
 To this may be Added a Flexor 
 Primi OJJis minimi Digits , though (brae 
 reckon it amongft the following Inte* 
 rcjfei , yet its fituation doth not de- 
 ferve that Name. It Arileth Flefhy 
 from the Superior part of the Os Me - 
 tatarji Minimi Digiti, and pafles di- 
 re<ftly to its Infertion in the Firft Bone 
 of the Lefler Toe. In the Tendon of 
 this and the Interojfei, the Ojfa Sefa - 
 moidea of the Lefler Toes are enter- 
 gained. 
 
 In- 
 
Sfigel. T. 
 43 - L. 4 . 
 F.z.DD 
 
 224 
 
 Of the Mufcles 
 
 Inter of ei Pedis. 
 
 Jy . ^ / -/ 
 
 cc. s«v. Thefe are reckoned to be Seven in 
 7 *aaa Number, They derive their Names 
 3 ' from their Situation, and may each 
 
 deferve a Proper Appellation from 
 their Ule. The Firft may be called 
 an Adductor Minimi Digits, The Se- 
 cond, which is the Largeft, draws die 
 next Toe towards the Lefler, and may 
 be called Abduttor AuricuUrius. The 
 Third Antagnifes the Former, and is 
 an AbduUor of that Toe. The Fourth 
 may be called Abductor Medii Digits. 
 
 The Fifth is an Adductor of the fame. 
 
 The Sixth is an Adductor , and Seventh 
 Abductor Indicis Pedis. All thefe Arife 
 Flefliy from the Superior part of the 
 Off a Metatarjt of the Lefler Toes (6z), Fig. xv 
 and becoming Bellied grow Tendi- 
 nous at their Infertions to the Firft 
 Internode of each lefler Toe laterally. 
 
 AN 
 
22 < 
 
 AN APPENDIX: 
 
 Containing a Defer iption of the 
 Penis, a nd the manner of its 
 Erection. 
 
 nEgnerm De Graaf in his Elaborate 
 Treatife of the Organs of Gene- 
 ration, has Accurately Defcribed this 
 Part ; and Fndtricm Rujfch in his late 
 Anatomical and Chyrurgtcal Observations 
 Demonftrated the Structure of its 
 Gians, which the Former has notfo well 
 Obferved; to which I fhall add what 
 upon a ftrieft Enquiry on this Subject 
 has given me occafion to difeover. 
 
 I ihall not here repeat thofe many 
 Synonimous Appellations which 
 Lafcivious Wits, or over fedulous 
 Authors have Invented. The Penis 
 is an Organ Contrived by the Author 
 of Nature for the Ejection of the 
 Seed, and Emiffion of Urine, com- 
 pofed of certain Spongy or Cavernous 
 Bodies with their Pejjfls and Integu- 
 ments , of which in their order. Firft 
 
 0. of 
 
22 6 
 
 Tlxt Co- 
 tieula. 
 
 The Cu- 
 tis. 
 
 An Appendix concerning 
 
 of its External or Common Contain- 
 ing Parts, as the Cuticula, Cutis and 
 ± Memhrana Carnofa. 
 
 In the Cuticula we could never Ob- 
 ferve any confiderable difference from 
 that of other Parts, except on the 
 'Gians, where we find, by the affiflance 
 of a Microfcope, that its Exterior fur- 
 face appears Villous or Downy. 
 
 The true Skirf or Cutis (A A) in Fig. x. 
 This and the Scrotum is much Thinner 
 than we commonly find it in other 
 Parts ; and both have a peculiar dif- 
 pofition of their Bloud Vejfels ( KK ) : 
 the Arteries are called here Pundenda, 
 which Arifing from the External 
 Branch of the lUiac, and running un- 
 der the Superior part of the Skin of 
 the Penis, divide themfelves into ma- 
 ny Branches, the larger of which are 
 ftill fubdivided, till they become Ca- 
 pillary ; from whofe Extremities are 
 continued fb many Veins, which a- 
 gain uniting into larger Branches, do 
 pafs into thofe that partly Arife from 
 the Corpora Cavernofa Penis, and march- 
 ing under the Common Integuments, 
 do empty themfelves into the upper 
 part of that continued from the Sa- 
 phena Vein of the Foot ; Thele for 
 
 di- 
 
the Human Penis. 227 
 
 diftitidhon we call Vena Praputii. {K.) Fig. x. 
 he . Befides the Bloud-Vefiels now men- 
 ■mphe- t j onec l j j t B as Lymphe-Ducis ( LL ) 
 which I had firll an opportunity of 
 oblerving by Injedfing this Part 
 with Prepar'd Mercury ; which con- 
 firms the Opinion of Schelhamer, and 
 the Accurate Muck, concerning the 
 Origin of thele Duels : But whether 
 they Arife here from that part 
 of the Canalis Sanguineus call’d the 
 Artery , or the Vein, did not appear 
 from my Experiment ; fince I made 
 Injection into both promifcuoufly : I 
 obferved divers Trunks on each fide, 
 palling under the Common Integu- 
 ments accompanying the Vena Preputii, 
 which do (as 1 fufpedt) afterwards 
 empty themfelves (like thofe Ariiing 
 from the Inferior Parts) into the 
 Glandula Inguinale s . This Contem- 
 plation may ferve to Inform us how 
 the Morbid matter comes to be con- 
 veyed more particularly to thole 
 Glands in Veneriai Cafes, and Caufe 
 thofe tumors that frequently happen 
 on that occasion, commonly called 
 Buboes ; which Conception is the 
 more confirmed, by oblerving thofe 
 Phenomena that are previous to that 
 
 2, Efiedt, 
 
228 An Appendix concerning 
 
 Efledb, as Ulcers, and Inflammations on 
 the Prepuce, and by the too early Ufe 
 of Aflringent Topicks ; which pro- 
 bably may infpiflate the Refluent 
 Lymph a, and render it unfit to pals 
 through thole Vefcicula Gian do fa into 
 their exporting Lymphe-Ducfs ; from 
 which obltrudtion begun a Tumor may 
 Arife ; Hence an Account may be alfo 
 given how foon the Malignity may be 
 fometimes conveyed into the Mafs of 
 Blond, by the common paflages of the 
 Lympha ; and a very good Reafon of- 
 fer’d for the Practice of opening thofe 
 Tumors before the uliial time of Supu- 
 ration. 
 
 Ths ' In that part where *he Praputium is 
 
 Giaridula contiguous to the Balanu*, my very 
 good Friend that Judicious Anatomift, 
 
 Dr. Tyfon, has Dilcovered certain fmail 
 Glands (a a); which he calls from die Fig. x. 
 great fcent their feparated Liquor 
 emits, Glandula Odor if era : their Num- 
 ber is uncertain ; in thofe that have 
 the Praputium longer than ordinary, 
 they are not only more, but alfo 
 larger, and feparate a greater quan- 
 tity of their Juice, which being lodged 
 there, often grows Acrid and corrodes 
 the Gians. They are very conlpicu- 
 
 ous 
 
the Human Penis. 2 29 
 
 ous in ffioft Quadrupeds, particularly 
 in Dogs and Boars, in the latter of 
 which; their feparated Liquor is con* 
 tained in a proper Cifi, at the Verge 
 of the Prxfntium ; out of which there 
 is a large Aperture, whereby it’s re- 
 mitted again to lubricate the Penis of 
 that Animal. 
 
 :he The Third Common Tegument is 
 lembra. t ] ie Membrma Carnofa. This Part 
 Ji* r ‘ commonly wanting Fat for divers 
 Reafons. Firft, left its Eredfion into 
 that necellary Stiffhefs iliould be 
 thereby hindered ; Secondly, left it 
 fhould be too Bulky ; and laftiy, it 
 would have dull’d the Pleafure the 
 Male is affecfted with in Venery. But 
 whether thefe confiderations induced 
 the Author of Nature to Frame this 
 Part without a Membrana Adipofa does 
 not appear, fince its want of Fat may 
 not unlikely depend on its great At 
 teration, from that Flaccidity when 
 it is not Eretfed to that Extenfion of 
 it when it is. In the Former, though 
 we can conceive no great obllacle 
 why its Adipofe Cells fhould not be fup- 
 plied with their Oyl, except its too 
 great laxity fhould retard the Influent 
 ploud in jts paftage through its Qa? 
 
 % 3 pP ar 2 
 
2%o An Appendix concerning 
 
 pillary Arteries ; yet in the Latter its 
 great Extenfion may not unlikely 
 Compreis them to void their contain’d 
 Oyl ; which may be the caufe why 
 the Interftices of the Mufcles and o- 
 ther Parts moft quiefcent are fubjed 
 to be fill’d with Fat. And in the Penis 
 it felf in Children before Erection has 
 been frequent, I haveobferved its Mem- 
 hr ana Adipofa to be extended with fat ; 
 but afterwards though the Membrane 
 remains, yet the Increafe of Fat is hin- 
 dered, and therefore we find it com- 
 monly without ; yet in fome Subjeds, 
 and thole Adult too, I have found it 
 almoll cover’d with Fat ; But what 
 inconvenience the Party fufier’d when 
 Living, was not my Fortune to be 
 acquainted with. 
 
 The Li- I come next to take notice of its 
 Ligaments ; firfl of that called the Fr&- 
 
 mm. num (a) which ties the Prepuce to the 
 lower part of the Gians (A). This 
 in fome we have found fo fhort, 
 that we have been obliged to divide 
 it to procure a compleat Eredion ; 
 in others I have been obliged to do 
 the like, where a Cicatrix has been 
 made after large Ulcers on it, which 
 frequently happens in Venerial In- 
 fections.' * ” The 
 
 Fig. xi 
 
the Human Penis. 231 
 
 fhe Li- The next Ligament which I fhall 
 wnfuf. °f> I call Sufpenforium ; although 
 
 enfirium it has efcaped the Obfervation of 
 '***• Anatomifts, yet it’s very confpicuous, 
 and of remarkable Ufe ; of which 
 hereafter, when we come to give an 
 Account how this Part becomes E- 
 reffed. It Arifeth from the Anterior 
 Part of the OJfa Pubis, and is fixt to 
 the Upper part of the Dorfum Penis 
 ( cc ) on each fide its great Vein 
 The reft of the Ligaments are fucii 
 as compofe its CapfuU or divide them 
 as their Septums ; Thefe we lhall men- 
 tion in Treating of its Internal or 
 Contained Parts, which are, the Two 
 Corpora Cavernoja Penis, the Corpus Ca- 
 vernofum Urethra , Their Septums , 
 
 Mu fcles and Veffels, of which as they 
 appear in Diftetftion. 
 
 phe Ar- Firft of the Vefiels that carry 
 : eries - Bloud to it, viz. the Arteries (GO). 
 Thefe Arife fometimes from the Rami 
 Iliad interni, at other times from the 
 Inferior parts of the Umbilical Arte- 
 ries ; whence an Account may be given 
 why this Part is Ids than ufual by 
 tying the Umbilical Rope too dole 
 to the Belly, and that not only from 
 the retradion of the Uracus, but by 
 
 Q*, 4 the 
 
 m< 'v 
 
232 An Appendix concerning 
 
 the conltridture attending thefe Arte- 
 ries by the great Extenfion of the 
 Umbilical ones, from whom They have 
 their Rife ; whereby may be denied 
 that plenty of Influent Bloud; but 
 this we leave to future Oblervation. 
 
 As thefe Arteries pafs towards the 
 Perns, they fend forth Two or Three 
 Branches on each fide, the Two In- 
 ferior of which Cgg) run to the Fig. x. 
 Mufculi Dir eel ores Penis : The Two 
 Superior ( hh ) adminifter Bloud to the 
 Adjacent Farts , particularly to the 
 Mufculi Elevatores Ani, between which 
 and the Marftp idles Femorum , thefe 
 great Trunks pafs, but marching over 
 the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis, 
 They are both fubdivided into Two 
 large Branches, the Two Inferior of 
 which (ii) pafs to the Bulb of the 
 Cavernous Bodies of the Urethra, but 
 the Two Superior (kk) are both fub- 
 divided again, the External ( dd ) run- 
 ning on the fuperior lurface of the Ca- 
 vernous Bodies of the Penis, the In- 
 ternal (//) entering the Capful* pals 
 through the middle of each Cavernous 
 Body (DD), wherein they divide Flg Xl 
 themlelves into innumerable Branches 
 (CCJ from whole Capillary extremities Fg . 
 
 are 
 
the Human Penis. 233 
 "k Veins, are continued To many Veins, in the 
 Cannals of which are divers Aper- 
 tures into as many Cells (D) which Fig. xvl 
 communicate with each other, and 
 empty themfelves into the larger Ve- 
 nous Dudfs (E), running on the fu- 
 perior lurface of the Perns, feme of 
 which joins with thofe of the Pre- 
 puce ; others make one large Trunk 
 which we call Vena ipfim Penis ( I), Fi ^ % 
 marching on the Dorfum Penis imme- 
 diately under the Ligament that ties 
 the OJfa Pubis together internally ; 
 whereby its Compreft in Erection, as 
 fhall be hereafter Demonllrated, but 
 proceeding further on the Profiat a, it 
 is there Bifurcated, and enters the 
 Rami Illiaci intcrni on each fide. The 
 Veins which arife ( in like manner J 
 from the Corpus Cavernofum Urethra 
 pals from its Bulb through the Mufculi 
 Acceleratores ( C C), whereby they are fig. xii. 
 compreft when thole Mufcles are in 
 Action. 
 
 The Nerves ( HH) that belong to F i g . x . 
 this Part, are derived from the Trunk 
 
 [ compofed by the coallefcion of the 
 Third of the Os Sacrum, and a Branch 
 remitted from the Great Crural Nerve ; 
 which after their union provide Nerves 
 iniif : ‘ ' " • " for 
 
$34 An Appendix concerning 
 
 for the TefieSy Perineum, and Mufcles 
 of this Part, afcending on the Caver- 
 nous Bodies of the Penis, and expand- 
 ing themfelves on its fuperior furface 
 (i cc ), are diflributed to ail its Parts. Fi i- x - 
 Its Ljmphe-Duffs we mentioned in de- 
 scribing its External Integuments, 
 wherefore we proceed next to its Ca- 
 vernous Bodies. 
 
 The cor- The Corpora Cavernofa Penis (BB), Ftg.x.i, 
 pom ca- £) e Qraof called Nervofa, by others F! &- xu - 
 vemoja. j^ ervea jp 0 ftgi 0 j " a ; are Two Capfulce or GG 
 oblong Folliculi every where outward- 
 ly fenc’d with a Thick Membrane, 
 a Lih - by a Nef alius and b Columbus fuppofed 
 to be like Ligaments, whofe External 
 .ctip.xv. furface is cover’d with Nerves and 
 
 Bloud- Newels as is Reprefented ( dd e e ) ; Fig. x. 
 They fpring with Two diflind Ori- 
 ginals from the Lowerfide of the 
 OJfa Pubis, whence firetching forwards 
 meet each other, leaving an Interflice 
 before their Conjunction, in which 
 the Urethra ( F ) is conveyed : where 
 they leave the OJfa Pubis, they are 
 each cover’d with a Membrane, and 
 are afterwards joined to each other 
 The Sep- by the intervention of a Septum inter- 
 tum in ~ medium , which the nearer it approaches 
 dnm~ the Gians , is more dimimfht (a), and Fig, xiii 
 
 before 
 
- 
 
 'heir In- 
 tmul 
 ubfiance. 
 /b. v. 
 iap.xiv. 
 
 db. vii. 
 )e Corde 
 T Artcr. 
 
 the Human Penis, 235 
 
 before it arrives to the middle of the 
 Penis , its Fibres Afcend from the 
 Urethra ( B ) to the Dorfum Penis {de) Fig. x ii. 
 like the Teeth of a Comb, as De Fi &- x - 
 Graaf has well obferv’d .* but is not 
 obliterated, and the two Cavernous 
 Bodies united near the Gians , as he 
 would perfuade us ; but on the con- 
 trary rather grows Thicker and Nar- 
 rower ( a ), as Ruyfch has well oblerved. Fig. xlii. 
 In Inflation the Wind I confels may 
 fometimes pafs from thele Cavernous 
 Bodies of the Penis to that of the 
 Urethra ; which yet will not always 
 happen ; which communication, de- 
 pends on the Mediation of their 
 Bloud Uejfels, as our lalt named Author 
 aifo takes notice. Anatomifts differ 
 concerning the Internal conftructure 
 of thefe Cavernous Bodies : Fef alius ac- 
 cedes Galen for his inadvertency herein. 
 Columbus flrlt oblerved their Arteries, 
 which proceeding {freight to their Ex- 
 tremities, difperfe themfelves into in- 
 numerable Branches ; which efcaped 
 the Oblervations of Former Ana to - 
 mills, as he writes. Dr. Whorton ima- 
 gines they are partly compoled of 
 Glandulous Fielh. : others conceive 
 They are intertext with divers Nerves, 
 
 '■ v ’■'* from 
 
2 3 £ An Appendi x concerning 
 
 from whence the Names of Nervofa 
 was firft impofed on them. Diemer - 
 Iroeck fuppofes they are not a meer 
 Texture of Veflels intricately inter- 
 woven in the manner of a Net, as 
 Bauhinus, Riolan , and Vejlingim ima- 
 gine, but their fubftance is Fibrous, 
 Fungous, and Cavernous, like the 
 Lungs, receiving into their hollow 
 Interfaces Bloud and Spirits from the 
 Veflels that are difperfed through 
 their fubftance. The Enquiries I have 
 made inform me, that there is a great 
 Analogy between the Internal ftru- 
 dfure of This and that of the Spleen , 
 
 Lib xi. which Columbus alfo remarks ; in both 
 Cap. xv. which the fides of the Veins have 
 large Apertures or Cells, which moft 
 plainly appear in the Bulbus of a Dogs 
 Penis ( DE ) : but in a Humane one Fig. xvi. 
 they are here much lefs, and larger 
 in the Spleen, and do alfo open into 
 each other ; wherefore when the Re- 
 fluent Bloud is flopt, the Penis be- 
 comes equally Diftended thereby, and 
 it is driven forwards towards the 
 Gians when its Mufcles Contract. 
 
 The Cor- Under thefe Cavernous Bodies of the 
 Zrnofan penis iies tiie Urethra ( B ), which has Fig. xii. 
 Urethra, alfo its Corpus Cavernojim differing 
 
 very 
 

 I :s Bt<l- 
 w. 
 
 ts Sep- 
 m. 
 
 the Human Penis. 237 
 
 Very much in Figure from that of the 
 Two Former ; they being left at each 
 End, and Largeft in the Middle, 
 whereas this on the contrary is there 
 Leaft, and Largeft at its Two Ex- 
 treams : neither is its Proper Tegu- 
 ment fo Denfe. The fuperior Part of 
 it lying between the Two Crura of 
 the Former, we call from its Figure 
 Bulbus , which is covered with the 
 Mufculus Accelerator Urim ( C C) (de- m s . xH. 
 fcribed Chap. III,). It pofleftes the 
 Lower part {E) of the Urethra (Z>), Fig. xiv, 
 extending it felf in the Perinaum, 
 and is divided in Cutting for the Stone, 
 in which Operation caution ought to 
 be had to its Arteries which enter that 
 part of the Bulb towards the Anus la- 
 terally. It has alfb a Septum interme- 
 dium {a) (though net hitherto taken 
 notice of by Anatomifts) dividing 
 the Right fide of the Bulbus (Al ) from 
 the Left, which Defcending to the end 
 of the Bulbous Part, is there oblite- 
 rated. The Office of this Septum we 
 conceive is to diredt the Refluent 
 Bloud to the exporting DuBs, its Two 
 Veins mentioned before. As this 
 Corpus Cavernofum defcends on the In- 
 ferior Part of the Urethra ( D ) it is 
 
2 3 % 
 
 The 
 - Giant. 
 
 Lib. xi. 
 Cap. xv. 
 
 Lib. i. 
 C.xxxii. 
 
 An Appendix concerning 
 
 lefiened (E), but when it approaches Eg-xiv. 
 the Extremities of the Two Former, 
 it again Dilates it felf and covers 
 them, Compofing that Body which 
 we call Glaus or B alarms (A), which A^.xii. 
 De Graaf had miftaken for a Flelhy 
 fubftance diftind from either. This 
 Ruyfch has well defcribed and Figured 
 in his above-mentioned Century of 
 Obfervations. Its Cells (C) in the Fi z - xiii - 
 Gians ( B) are much lefs than thofe of 
 the Former, but towards its fuperior 
 Part or Bulbus ( A) they equal Them. Fi s- *' IV 
 Having already defcribed the Mufcles 
 of this Part, we lhall proceed to 
 give an Account how It becomes E - 
 rebled. 
 
 Galen and the Former Anatomifls 
 not knowing the Circulation of the 
 Bloud, or that it paft from the Arte- 
 ries into the Veins, were extreamly 
 deceived in their Ideas of the Erection 
 of the Penis. Columbus , who has 
 given an almofl compleat Defcription 
 of that Grand Work , (till conceiveth 
 the Arteries of this Part pour out 
 Spirits with a great force into It by 
 which means its Extended. Cafpar 
 Bauhin (uppofes in a Venerial Appe- 
 tite the Bloud and Spirits flow into 
 
the Human Penis. 23^ 
 
 this Part in great plenty, and being 
 fill’d like a Gut with Wind, it begins 
 to fwell, and grows hard, which he 
 imagines is done by a Sphincter Mufcle 
 Conftringing the Neck of the Bladder 
 and roots of its Cavernous Bodies. 
 
 De Graaf afligns two kinds of Veflels 
 with its Mufcles for the performance 
 of this Office ; The Nerves by which 
 the Animal Spirits flow into its Mem- 
 branous Parts, and render them more 
 Rigid and Tumid ; and the Arteries 
 carrying Bloud to diftend the Corpora 
 Cavernofa, for, as ‘ he Reafbns, we are 
 ‘ firmly perfwaded the chief Extenfion 
 
 * of the Penis is from Bloud, firft by 
 ‘Inje&ing Water into its Corpora Ca- 
 
 * vernofa, by its Arteries, in a Dead Bo- 
 ‘ dy, we fee it Extended to the fame 
 4 dimenfions as when the Animal was 
 ‘living : Secondly, in firmly tying a 
 ‘Dogs Perns in C oitu, and afterwards 
 ‘examining it, we find nothing but 
 ‘ Bloud to Diftend it. To which may be 
 added, that in Criminals which Hang 
 long after Death, this Part becomes 
 Eredted, the Bloud in that Pofitionof 
 the Body falling to the mferiour Parts : 
 And by Inflateingthe Bloud Veflels or 
 
 a 
 
> An Appendix concerning 
 
 a Dead Animal It will alfo Erect ; 
 which we firft praXifed in a Human 
 Body by inferting a Blow-pipe into 
 the Saphena Vein ; whereby it was 
 not only EreXed, but afforded a pro- 
 fpeX of the External difpofition of 
 its Bloud Vefiels, particularly its 
 Veins , which fuggefted to us a Con- 
 trivance in Nature in this AXion 
 which has hitherto efcaped the re- 
 flexion of Anatomifts. De Graaf not 
 confidering the Ufe of the Adjacent 
 Parts, affigns its Erection to its 
 Mufcies ; Imagining, that by the In- 
 tumefcence of their Bellies they not 
 only comprels the Corpora Cavernofa, 
 and drive the contained Bloud to- 
 wards the Gians, but like wife the 
 Paflages through which it ordinarily 
 Flowes back ; which latter, we can 
 by no means admit in the Cavernous 
 Bodies of the Penis it felf, fines the 
 Mufculi Erigentes are lo remote from 
 their Great Vein. Our Hjpothefis 
 founded upon the Obfervation above- 
 mentioned, and compared with the 
 StruXure and Situation of its Parts 
 is as follows. The Tents is approxi- 
 mated to the Ojfa Pubis when thole 
 
 Mulcles 
 
the Human Penis. 
 
 Mulcles Ad: by means of the Liga- 
 mentum Sufpenforium , whereby the 
 Bloud is not only driven Forwards 
 towards the Gians in greater plenty, 
 and its Veins dillended, but their 
 great Trunks^ running over the Dor - 
 Jam Tents, are*Comprefl as they march 
 dole under the Ligament um Tranfuer- 
 fum of the Offa Pubis. The like can- 
 not happen in the Cavernous Body of 
 the Urethra fince there is no Bone 
 whole Pofition can have that effed 
 upon its Veins, as the Off a Pubis hath 
 uponthofeof the Penis it lelf ; where- 
 fore the Mufculi Acceleratores CompreE 
 fing Thofe of its Bulb do that Office : 
 hence it happens in an imperfed E- 
 retfion the Gians is not equally Extend- 
 ed with the Penis it felf, and at other 
 times isfooneflRelaxt ; But when thole 
 Mufcles Ad,the Bloud contained in the 
 Bulb is driven forwards towards the 
 Gians , whereby it becomes more Ex- 
 tended ; lb in a piece of Gut, which if 
 fill’d with Wind or Water, and either 
 end Comprell the oppolite being ty’d, 
 we lliall fee it llrut out and be more di- 
 ftended, as De Graaf inltances after 
 Cafpar Bauhin. The Bloud thus hin- 
 der’d in its return, Diltends the Ca- 
 vernous Bodies which are thereby E- 
 reded ; the Arteries which before 
 
 R were 
 
242 An Appendix concerning 
 
 were flaccid, having then their Trunks 
 alfo extended, do more plentifully 
 Import Bloud into this Part. But 
 fince it is abfolutely neceftary fome 
 part of the detained Bloud fhould 
 be ftiii palfing off, left it become 
 Grumous and unfit for' a Reflux ; to 
 this end the Venn. Prnputii are joined 
 to thofe of the Penis it felf, as above 
 noted, and are placed under the Skin 
 only, and running over the Offa Pubis 
 carry off part of the Impell d Bloud, 
 to give way to a freih fupply from 
 the Arteries , and preferve the Circu- 
 lation uninterrupted. I remember 
 once in an obftinate Priapifma which 
 would not yield to ordinary repeated 
 Phlebotomy, I opened the Vein of the 
 Penis it felf, not without the expect- 
 ed fuccefs, it immediately loofing its 
 troublefom Rigidity, by which I was 
 confirmed in my Conjecture. 
 
 This elegant contrivance in dif- 
 pofing thefe Exporting Sanguiferous 
 DuUs, that fome are liable to be 
 Comprcft whilft others remain alto- 
 gether Free, is not only obfervable in 
 the Penis of Men and Clytoris of Wo- 
 men, but in that of all Animals which 
 have hitherto fell under our Examina- 
 tion, as well as in the Pudenda of ail Fe- 
 males ; and is indeed an Artifice that 
 deferves our Admiration, ’ THE 
 
fyl ■ 
 
2 43 
 
 THE 
 
 EXPLICATION 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 FIGURES. 
 
 FIG. I. 
 
 R Eprefenteth the Mufcles of the 
 Face, the Quadratus Gence being 
 remov’d. 
 
 AA, The Mufcnli Frontales. 
 
 BB, The Orbiculares Palpebrarum. 
 
 C, The Mufculm Retractor Alte Naji ; 
 conjoined with the Elevator Labii fu* 
 perioris Proprim EE. 
 
 D, The Elevator Labiorum Com * 
 f/iunis. 
 
 EE, The Elevator Labii fuperiork 
 pro prim. 
 
 EE, The Sphincter Labiorum . 
 
 GG, The Mufculi Zugo?natici. 
 
 H, The Deprejfor Labiorum. 
 
 I, The Depreflor Labii Inferior is pro =• 
 prim. R 2, K, 
 
244 The Explication 
 
 K y The Buccinator partly in fitu . 
 
 - L, The Temporalis. 
 
 M, The Attollens Auricnlam . 
 
 N, The Maffeter. 
 
 O, Part of the Digaflricus in fitu. 
 
 P, Part cf the Mafioideus. 
 
 Q_, A Portion of the CuctiUaris. 
 
 R, Part of the Elevator Scapula, in 
 fitu. 
 
 SS, Parts of the Mufiuli Stern o- 
 
 7T, Parts of the Coracohyoidei. 
 
 a, Part of the Os Jngale. 
 
 b by The Cartilage of the Auricula. 
 
 (P) cc y Glandula Parotis. d. Its Duel us 
 Excretorius palling over the Mufculus 
 Majfeter. 
 
 e e, A Branch of the Corotid Ar- 
 tery.^ 
 
 f, Part of the Lower Jaw-bone 
 Bared 
 
 g, The C'landula Maxilla Inferioris. 
 
 FIG. 
 
of the Figures. 2 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 E ! Xhibits the whole Eye, together 
 j with the Origination/ Progrefs, 
 and Infertion of its Mufcles, when 
 taken out of the Orbit. 
 
 AA, The Tunica Sclerotic, compof- 
 ing the External furface of the pofte- 
 rior part of the Bulb of the Eye. 
 a a, The Optick Nerve. 
 
 B, A Portion of the fuperior part 
 of the Bone of the Orbit next the 
 Nofe, to which the little Cartilage 
 ( \b ) call’d the Trochlea b... is fixt. 
 
 C, A Portion of the inferior and 
 oppofite part of the external Edge of 
 the Bone of the Orbit, from whence 
 the Oblique inferior Mufcle does 
 Arife. 
 
 c, The Originations of the Four 
 Right and fuperior Oblique Mufcle of 
 the- Eye from the profoundeft part of 
 the Orbit. 
 
 D, The Mufculuc Obliquuc fuperior, 
 whofe Tendon runs through the Tro- 
 chlea b... to its Infertion at the pofte- 
 rior part of the Bulb of the Eye (J/) 
 behind the Termination of the fol- 
 lowing Mufcle. 
 
 R 3 
 
The Explication 
 
 B, Mufculus Attollens. 
 
 F, Abducent. 
 
 G, Depriment. 
 
 H, Adducent. 
 
 Jy Obli quut Inferior. 
 
 F I G. III. 
 
 S Hews the Safes of the Cranium, 
 with the Mufcles that Arife from 
 the Firft: Nertebra of the Neck, and 
 are Inferred to It, together with fome 
 of Thofe imploy’d in the Motions of 
 the Upper and Under Lip. 
 
 A, Half of the Inferior Jaw-bone 
 on the Left fide. 
 
 By The Mufculus Pterygoideus Inter - 
 ms in fetu. 
 
 C, Part of the Os Sphenoides. 
 cc. The Ala Nafe. 
 
 D, Mufculus Deprefeor Labii fuperioris 
 froprius, feu Confer ici or AU Nafe , in 
 fetu. 
 
 d. Part of the Elevator Labii Infe- 
 rior is proprius remaining at its Origin. 
 
 e, The Inferior part of the Brink 
 pf the Orbit , from whence the Inferior 
 pblique Mufcle (expreft at I, Fig. II.} 
 does Arife. '' 
 
of the Figures . 
 
 E, The Os Jugate. 
 
 P, The ProceJJus Pterygoides , or 
 Aliformls. 
 
 ff- The Procejjus Styloides, one of 
 which is frequently Broken by the 
 Rope after the common Execution of 
 Malefactors, as it happened in this 
 Subject on the Right fide. 
 
 G(j,The Procefus Mafioides or Md?n* 
 miformes. 
 
 H t The pofterior part of the Fir ft 
 i&S) ^' erte ^ ra °f the Neck; gg, its Two 
 Procefles that are Articulated with the 
 Second Vertebra. 
 
 ^ The Extremity of the Tran!- 
 verfe Procefles of the laid Firft Vertebra. 
 
 i. The Mufculus Atinvam or Rectus 
 minor aniicus, which I firft obferved 
 in the year 168 5'. 
 
 k, The Mufcutus Abnvans Lateralis 
 or Reft us Lateral is, mentioned by FaU 
 loppius. 
 
 hi The Obliquus fuperior Capitis. 
 
 m. The Rettus minor po(licus. 
 
 Iy The Right Auricle or outward 
 ( nn ) Ear, nn, its Lobus Cut off 
 
 KKy The Os Occipitis. 
 
 JL,The Os Squammofum or Temporal* 
 
 M y The Os Frontis. 
 
 v, That part of the Orbit to which 
 the Trochlea adhereth. R 4 FIG, 
 
248 The Explication 
 F I G. IV. 
 
 R Eprefenteth the Lower Jaw- 
 bone, with the Proper Mufcles 
 of the Under Lip remaining on it. 
 
 . AA, The Prccejfut Condyloidcs. 
 
 BB, The Two other Procefles of 
 the Lower Jaw called Conane. 
 
 CCC, Part of the Internal Mem- 
 brane that Invefts the Mouth. 
 
 DDES, The Nerves and Bloud 
 Veflels palTing out of the two Perfo- 
 rations in the Lower Jaw-bone to the 
 Glandules and Mulcles of the Lips 
 and Cheeks. 
 
 EF, The Mufculi Elevatores Labii 
 Infmoris proprii, not hitherto defcribed 
 by any Author for what I know. 
 
 G G, The Internal furface of the 
 
 Mufculus. Dep/ejfor Labii Inferiors Pro- 
 print. 
 
 HH, The Glandules of the Cheeks. 
 II, Part of the Mufculu* Spincter 
 Labi or urn. 
 
 FIG. 
 
A 
 
. V . 
 
of the Figures, 24J 
 
 F I G, V. 
 
 S Hews the Under fide of the Tongue 
 with its Mufcles. 
 
 A, The Apex or Tip of the 
 Tongue. 
 
 B, Its Bafis or Root freed from the 
 
 Os Hyoides. 
 
 CC, The Mufculi Ceratoglojji. 
 
 DD, GeniogloJJi. 
 
 EE, Styloglojji. 
 
 a, A Branch of the Guftatory 
 Nerve. 
 
 ji 
 
 F I G. VL 
 
 D Emonftrates the Back part of 
 the Mufcles of the Fauces. 
 
 AA, The Mufculi Stylopharyngei \ 
 BB, The Tterygopharyngei. 
 
 A A The Glandule TonjtlLe. 
 
 CC, The Mufculm Oefcphageus. 
 
 b b, The 
 
Explication 
 
 b b. The fuperior part of the Oefo- 
 phageus raifed to difcover the progrefs 
 of the Stylopharyngeus underneath it. 
 
 c t A Piece of the Long Procefe of 
 the Thyroidal Cartilage that is joined 
 to the Os Hyeides. 
 
 D t The faperior part of the Ocfo- 
 phagrn oi Mufculas Vaginalis QnU, 
 
 F I G. vil 
 
 C Hews the fuperior part of the Oefo- 
 ^ phagus or part of the Mu f cuius Va- 
 ginalis GuLe. 
 
 AA, The Internal or Tranlverfe 
 Fibres being continued from the Oefo- 
 phageus Mufcle. 
 
 BBy The External or Longitudei- 
 nal Fibres of the Vaginalis GuU. 
 
 .IV .t> I ? 
 
 1 l 1 — ; — f — 8 — rdi 
 
 ■ i Ofb lo ; -'i'j; r/ 3:1 1 \ 
 
of the Figures. 251 
 
 F I G. VIII. 
 
 R Eprefents divers Mufcles of the 
 Head and Neck. 
 
 A, The Hairy-fcalp. 
 
 B, The Os Occipitis. 
 
 C, Part of the Mufculus Splen'ms. 
 
 VDD, The Complexes Railed from 
 its Infertion. 
 
 EE, The Recti Majores on the Right 
 fide in fitu, on the Left depending. 
 
 FF, The Obliqui fupericres. 
 
 GG, The Obliqui inferiores. 
 
 HH, The Relti Minor es. 
 a, The Os Jugate, 
 b, The ProceJJus Mafi aides, 
 c. The Back-part of the Firfl Ver- 
 tebra, of the Neck. 
 
 d, Part of the Mufculus Complexus 
 remaining in fitu, which Falloppitts 
 makes a Diftind Mufcle, and reckons 
 it with its Partner to be Third Pair of 
 the Head. 
 
 Ill, The Mufculi Spinales Colli. 
 
 K, The Tranfverfales Colli. 
 
 LLL, The Interim ales Colli, 
 e e e e. The Apices of the Double 
 Spines of the Vertebra of the Neck, 
 r- ' — ■ /, The 
 
2 5 2 The Explicati on 
 
 f The Extremity of the Spine of 
 the Firft Vertebra of the Thorax . 
 
 F I G. IX. 
 
 CHews part of the Organ of Hear- 
 ^ ing of a Calf. 
 
 JA, Part of the Os Petrofum di- 
 vided. 
 
 B, The Foramen Rotundnm. 
 
 C, The Stapes in its proper fite on 
 the Foramen Ovale. 
 
 E, ‘ The Mufculus Stapidis. 
 
 F, A fmall Bone in the Tendon of 
 the laft named Mufcle as it pafles 
 over a Projection of the Os Petrofum 
 which compoieth the Foramen Rotun- 
 dum B. 
 
 G, Part of the Cochlea broken up. 
 
 FIG, 
 
of the Figures . 253 
 
 r FIG. X. 
 
 R Eprefents the Fore-part of the 
 Human Penis Prepared with 
 Mercury. 
 
 AA, The Skin together with the 
 reft of the Common Integuments of 
 the Penis freed from it. 
 
 aa , That part of Them which 
 compofeth the Praputium. 
 
 By The Beginnings of the Corpora 
 Cavernofa feparatcd from the Ojfa 
 Pubis. 
 
 ( cc ) bb, The Veins $ cc t The Nerves, 
 
 (dd) dd. The Arteries, as they appear on 
 the Back- part or Dorsum Penis. 
 
 C, The Gians or Balanus. 
 
 DDy The Mufculi Ereffores. 
 
 EE, The Tranfverfales. 
 
 F, Part of the Sphincter Ani. 
 f, A Blow-Pipe Inferred in the 
 Urethra. 
 
 GG, The Trunks of the two Ar- 
 teries of the Penis Cut from the In- 
 ternal Branches of the Iliac Arteries : 
 
 (gg) gg, Their two Inferior Branches which 
 (hh) run to the Mufculi Erect ores ; hh. Their 
 fuperior Branches which adminifter 
 (ii) Bloud to the adjacent Parts ; i i. Thole 
 
 Arteries 
 
254 The Explication 
 
 Arteries which pals to the Bulb of the 
 Cavernous Body of the Urethra , ; k k. 
 Their largeTrunks which are fubdivid- 
 (dd) ed again ; the External of which d d, 
 pafs on the fuperior lurface of the 
 (//) Penis ; the Internal//, enter the Cor- 
 pora Cavernofa. 
 
 HH, The Nerves of the Penis. 
 
 I t The Vena ipfus Penis . 
 
 KKy The Vma Praputii which are 
 joined with the Former. 
 
 LLy The Ljmphe-Duffs. 
 
 FIG. XI. 
 
 CHews the Two Corpora Cavernofa 
 ^ Penis, and that of the Urethra , 
 after a Tranfverle Sedficn, when In- 
 flated and Dry’d. 
 
 A A, The Corpora Cavernofa Penis. 
 By The Corpus Cavernofum Urethra. 
 C, The Trunk of the Vena ipfiu 
 Penis. 
 
 DD, The Trunks of the two / 
 teries palling through the Corpora 
 verncfa of the Penis. 
 
cf the Figures- 255 
 
 F I G. XIL 
 
 T> Eprefents the Back-part of the 
 Jtv Human Penis. 
 
 A , The Balanus. 
 
 a, The Frenum. 
 
 B f The External furface of the 
 Corpus Cavernofum Urethra. 
 
 CC f Its Bulb cover’d with the Muf- 
 (b) cuius Accelerator by The conjunction 
 of its Right fide with the Left, cor- 
 refponding to the learn of the Skin in 
 the Perineum ; c c Its two extremities 
 embracing the Corpus Cavernofum Ure- 
 thra, which terminate on the fides of 
 the Cavernous Bodies of the Penis it 
 felf. 
 
 D, Part of the Sphincter Ani. 
 
 EE, The Mufculi Tranfuerfales Penis , 
 
 FF, The Dire 51 ores or Erect ores. 
 
 GG66, The Corpora Cavernofa Penis , 
 (ddd) HH, The Arteries d d d. Thole 
 Branches adminiltring Blond to the 
 (ee) Mufcles ; ee Two ' large Trunks of 
 Them which are fubdivided intoTwo 
 (fg) more / 
 
 1,1, The Nerves of the Penis. 
 
2$6 
 
 The Explication 
 
 F I G. XIII. 
 
 dews the Internal parts of the Ex- 
 tremities of the two Cavernous 
 Bodies, and that of the Gians Penis. 
 
 A , The Dorfum Penis , covered with 
 its Capfnla. 
 
 B, The External part of the Gians, 
 a. Part of the Septum of the Corpora 
 
 Cavernofa. 
 
 b b , The Internal Membrane of the 
 Corpora Cavernofa Penis cover’d by the 
 Gians. 
 
 C, The Corpus C aver nof urn Glandis 
 Penis , on the Extremities of the 
 Corpora Cavernofa Penis. 
 
 F I G. XIV. 
 
 E ^Xhibits the Bulb of the Caver- 
 j nous Body of the Urethra , being 
 Dried after Inflation. 
 
 A , The external part of the Bulb 
 devefted of the Mufculus Accelerator 
 Urina. 
 
 B, Part of the Bulb railed after Se- 
 dition to fhew its internal Cavernous 
 Conftrudture. 
 
 a. The 
 
of the Figures . 
 
 a. The Seftum Bulbi. 
 
 CC, The Mufculi Tranfverfales , 
 
 F I G. XV. 
 
 s H ews part of one of the Cavernous 
 Bodies of the Perns , being like- 
 wife dried after Inflation. 
 
 A, That part of the Capfula of the 
 Cavernous Body next the Os Piibis t 
 which is here comprefl by the Liga- 
 ture made to retain the Wind. 
 
 B, The Mufculus Ere A or Penis, 
 
 CC, The Artery as it is diftributecf 
 
 within the Cavernous Body of the 
 Penis on either fide. 
 
 c — 
 
 F I G. XVI. 
 
 R Eprefents the Bulb of a Dogs Pe* 
 nis after Inflation. 
 
 A, The external furface of the 
 Bulb ; 
 
 B , A Ligature made oh a Vein that 
 Arifes from the fuperior part of It, 
 into which the Veins of the Prepuc e 
 
 S enter., 
 

 8 The Explication 
 
 enter, and may therefore be called 
 Venn Praputii. 
 
 CC, The large Trunk of one of 
 the Veins of the Perm it felf, which 
 in this Animal is double, Arifing from 
 each fide the Bulb. 
 
 D, The internal appearance of the 
 Corpus Ccivernofum of the Bulb. 
 
 EE, The Cavity of the Vein which 
 communicates with the CavernuU of 
 the Bulb. 
 
 EE, The Corpus Cavernofiwt Penis. 
 
 .0 
 
 F I G. XVII. 
 
 i. The Os Sine ip it is or Bregmaus. 
 z, The Os Front is. 
 
 3, The Os Temper urn or Squanmo- 
 
 b The 
 
4, The Two Bones of the Nqfe, 
 either of which is reckoned the 
 Fifth Bone of the Upper Jaw. 
 
 3, The Fourth Bone of the Upper 
 Jaw. 
 
 The Fir ft Bone of the Upper 
 
 Jaw. 
 
 7, The Septum Narium, 
 
 8, The Process Mafioides of Mum* 
 mi for mis. 
 
 9... The Os Jugale. 
 
 10, 11, i2. The Lower Jaw-bode ; 
 
 1 o, that part of it called the Chin ; 
 11, its Pofterior Procefs that is Arti- 
 culated to the Os Temp or urn, called 
 Condjloides ; 1 2, The Anterior Pro- 
 cefs called Cor one. 
 
 13, The Bodies of the Two Infe- 
 rior Vertebra of the Neck ; / g b. Their 
 Tranfverfe procejles. 
 
 14, The CUnjicula. 
 
 15, The Spinet Scapula. 
 
 1 6, The Prccejjm Coracoides Scapula? 
 
 1 7, The Short Procefs of the Sca- 
 pula. 
 
 18, 19, 20, 2i, 22, 23, The Cs 
 Humeri , or Shoulder Bone ; 18, that 
 Part of it where the Deltoides- Mufcle 
 is Inferred; 10, Its Head that is Ar- 
 ticulated with the Shoulder-blade | 
 
5o The Explication 
 
 20, the Afperity where die Mu fc ulus 
 fuhfcapularis is Inferted ; 21, A Sinus 
 in the Upper part of the Shoulder- 
 bone that receives the External Ten- 
 dinous Head of the Mufculns Biceps ; 
 22, The Internal Protuberance of the 
 Lower part of the Os Humeri, whence 
 the Two Fledting Mufcles of the 
 Carpus, Pronator Radii Teres, Palmar is, 
 and Mufculns Perforatus of the Fingers 
 do Arite ; 23, The External Protube- 
 rance of the laft named Bone, whence 
 the Mulcles Extending the Carpus and 
 Fingers do Arife. 
 
 24, 25, The Radius, 27, Its Pro- 
 minence to which the Large Tendon 
 of the Mufculus Biceps is Interred. 
 
 26, The Ulna. 
 
 27, The Eight Bones of the Carpus. 
 
 28, The Four Bones of the Meta- 
 carpus. 
 
 29, The Three Bones of the Thumb 
 with their Ojjicula Sefamcidea. 
 
 30, The Bones of the Fingers, 
 Compofed of Twelve Bones, of which. 
 Three belongs to each Finger. 
 
 31, The Upper part of the Os 
 peel or is or Sternum. 
 
 32, The Lower part of the Os Pe- 
 ctoris or Cartilago Enjifcrmu, which is 
 
 fome 
 
of the Figures. 2 61 
 
 fome times Bifid, as it appeared in the 
 Subject from whence This Figure was 
 Drawn. 
 
 33, 33, The Vertebra of the Back 
 or Thorax. 
 
 34, 34, The Vertebra of the Loins. 
 
 i, k, l, m, n, 0, f‘ q, r, f, t, u, The 
 
 Twelve Ribs. 
 
 w, x, y, z, HK The Tranfverfe Pre- 
 cedes of the Vertebra of the Loins. 
 
 3 5, The Os Sacrum. 
 
 36, 37, 3 8,39, The Os Tnnomlnatum f 
 tho’ by fome called Qoxendix ; 3 6, 3 7, 
 That part of it called Ilium ; 36/its 
 Internal Concave part, and 37, its 
 Spine ; 38, the Os Pubis or Peciinis ; 
 
 39, The Oslfchium, where it is joined 
 to the laft named Bone. 
 
 40, 40, Shews the Great Sinufles of 
 the Of a Ilii, and eircumfcription of the 
 Pelvis Abdominis. 
 
 41, The Foramen of the Os Ifchium 
 and Pubis. 
 
 42, 43, 44, 47, 4 6, 47, The Os Fe- 
 moris or Thigh-Bone: 43, Its Head 
 which is received into the Acetab lum or 
 Cotyle of the Os Innominatum : 44, Neck 
 of the Thigh-bone : 47, The Great 
 Trocanter : 4 6, The Leffer Trocanter , 
 >vhere the Mujculus Pfoas and Iliacus 
 
 S 3 1-Uf 
 
262 The Exflic at ion 
 
 Internus are Inferred : 47, The lower 
 and Internal Head of the Thigh-bone, 
 to which the ftrong Tendon of the 
 Mu f cuius Triceps is Implanted. 
 
 48, The Mola or Patella, by (bine 
 called Rotula. 
 
 49, 50, 51, The Tibia ; 50, a Pro- 
 minence on its upper part, where the 
 Tendons of all the Extending Mufcles 
 of the Leg are Inferred ; 5-1, The 
 Malleolus Iniernus. 
 
 52; 53, 54, The Fibula 5-5:3, 54, Its 
 Superior and Inferior Appendix, 
 
 •7 57 The Os Afragali. 
 
 56, The Os Cymbi forms. 
 
 5" 7, The Os Cuneiforms majus, feu 
 Internum. 
 
 58, The Os Cuneiforms medium. 
 
 59, The Os Cuneiforms Externum . 
 
 60, The Or Cubiforme. 
 
 6 1, Part of the Os Calebs in ftu. 
 
 6 z, The Five Bones of the Meta- 
 tar [us. 
 
 6.3, The Two Bones of the Great 
 Toe. 
 
 64, The Twelve Bones of the Leflet 
 Toes, of which Three compoie each 
 Toe. 
 
 ****,&c. The Appendices of the Spina 
 Scapula, Os Humeri', Radius, Ulna, Os Ft- 
 moris, and Tibia, FIG. 
 
of the Figures. 
 
 F I G. XVIII. 
 
 Eprdents the Back, and Side of 
 the SCELETON. 
 
 1 , The Os Sincipitis. 
 
 2, The Os Occipitis. 
 
 3, The Precepts Mammifermk. 
 
 4, The Os Squarnmof/m. 
 
 5, Part of the Os Spbsnoidss. 
 
 6 , The Os Jugate. 
 
 7, The Firft Bone of the Upp« 
 Jaw. 
 
 8, Part of the Fourth Bone of the 
 Upper Jaw. 
 
 9, 10, The Lower jaw-bone; 10, 
 The Internal part of It, where the 
 Mufcfili Geniohyoidei and 'Geniogloffi do 
 Arife. 
 
 1 1 , Part of the Clavlcula. 
 
 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, The' Scapula or 
 Shoulder-blade 513, 03, Its Bags ; 
 From 1 3 to 14, Its Co ft a Inferior : .14, 
 Its Procepss brevis-. 15, Part of the 
 Procejjm Coracoides on the Left fide, in 
 feta ; 1 6, Spina. ScapuU. 
 
 17, 18, 19,20,21, The Os Humeri ; 
 1 7, That Part of It where the Muf 
 cuius Brachiaus ExUrms begins to A- 
 pfe; 18, Its Head; 19, The Afpe- 
 
The Explication 
 
 rity of the Humerus , where the Mup 
 culi Suprafpinatus, Infrafpwatus, and Te- 
 res Minor , are Inferred zo, The Ex- 
 ternal Protuberance; zi, The Inter- 
 nal Protuberance of this Bone. 
 
 2 z, 'The Radius. 
 
 z3, Z4, The Ulna ; Z4, Its fuperior 
 part called the Olecranum or the Elbow. 
 z^jThe Eight Bones of the Carpus. 
 z 6 , The Four Bones of the Meta- 
 carpus. 
 
 • zj, The Three Bones of the 
 Thumb. 
 
 z8, The Bones of, the Fingers, 
 f, The Firft Vertebra of the Neck 
 wanting a Spinal Procefs, 
 
 a, b r c, d, e,f, The Spinal Proceiles 
 of the other Six Vertebra of the Neck, 
 of which the Five fuperior are Double, 
 between whom are placed the Mufculi 
 interfpinales Colli. 
 
 n, n, n, n. The Tranfverfe Procelles 
 of the Vertebra of the Neck. 
 
 h, /, k, l , m, n, 0, p, q, r, /, t , The 
 Twelve Ribs. 
 
 000, &c. The Tranfverfe Procefles 
 of the Vertebra of the Thorax ; PPP, 
 &c. Their Spines. 
 
 - RRR,&c. The Spines of the Five 
 Vertebra of the Loins. 
 
 / ?,■ •• - .... sss. 
 
of the Figures. 
 
 SSS, &c. The Tranfverfe Procefles 
 of the (aid Vertebra. 
 
 u, w, x, y, z, The Bodies of thofe 
 
 Vertebra. 
 
 29, The Back part of the Os Ilium, 
 by ibme called Dorfum Ilii. 
 
 30, The Spine of the Ilium. 
 
 31, The Protuberance of the Os 
 Ifchium, whence the Mulcles Bending 
 the Leg do Arife, namely, the Semi- 
 nervofm, Semimembranofm , and one of 
 the Heads of the Biceps ; and the 
 
 . Quadrat us Femoris. 
 
 32, An Acute Procefs of the Os 
 Ifchium, between which and the laft 
 mentioned Protuberance 31, the 
 Tendons of the Mu fc ulus Marfupialis 
 pafs, as on a Pully. 
 
 3 3 , Part of the Os Tubis . 
 
 3 4, The Os Sacrum . 
 
 o. The Os Qoccygis. 
 
 3 5, The large Sinus of the Os Ilium , 
 wherein the Mufculus Pyriformis pafles 
 to its Termination. 
 
 3 6, The Great Foramen of the Os 
 Ifchium. 
 
 37 > 3 8 , 39, 40, 4 1 , 42, The Ch/^- 
 moris ; 37, The Line a After a • 38, Its 
 Head that is received in the Acetabu- 
 lum of the Ccxendix 5 39, The Neck 
 
 of 
 
266 The Explication 
 
 of the Thigh-bone ; 40, The Tro - 
 canter major, to which divers Mufcles 
 are Inferred 5 41 , TheLeder Trocanter ; 
 41, 42,, The Two Inferior Protube- 
 rances of the Lower Appendix of this 
 » Bone, 
 
 43, Part of the Patella in fitu. 
 
 44, 45, The 7 ibU ; 44, that part 
 of the Left, where the Mufculus Sar- 
 torius , Gracilis, and Seminervofus, are 
 Inferted. 
 
 46, 47, 48, The ; 47, 48, 
 
 Its Superior and Inferior Appendix . 
 
 49, The Or Colds. 
 
 50, The Os Aflragali. 
 
 51, The Or Cuboides. 
 
 52, The three OJfa Cuneiformia. 
 
 53, The Or Cune if or me majus. 
 
 5'4, The Or Cymbiforme. 
 
 5 5, The 0 /, Metatarji. 
 
 56, The Bones of the Toes. 
 
 ***, &C' The Appendices of the Spina 
 Scapulae, Os Humeri, Radius, Ulna , 0 ([a 
 Metacarpi, Os Ilium, Femoris, and Tibia. 
 
2 
 
 Index Mufculorum. 
 
 A. 
 
 Pag, 
 
 A Bductor Auris, vid. Retrahens Au- 
 riculam. 
 
 Abductor Indicts . 
 
 Abductor Minimi Digit i Mams. 
 Abductor Minimi Digits Pedis. 
 
 AbduStor Occuli. 
 
 Abductor Pollicis Manus. 
 
 Abductor Pollicis Pedis. 
 
 Accelerator Ur inn. 
 
 Acclivis, vid. Obli quits Afcendens. 
 Adductor Minimi Digiti Pedis 3 vid. Tranj - 
 verfalis Pedis. 
 
 Adduttor Oculi. 
 
 Adductor Pollicis 
 
 Anconnus. 
 
 Ani-fcalptor , vid. Latijftmus Dor ft. 
 
 Ani Sphincter, vid. Sphincter Ant 
 
 16 3 
 
 164 
 
 %zz 
 
 S3 
 
 167 
 
 ZIJ 
 
 3 * 
 
 S* 
 
 217 
 
 152 
 
 Ani 
 
68 Index Mufculorum. 
 
 Pag. 
 
 Am Levator, vid. Levator Am. 
 Annuens, vid. Rectus minor anticus. 
 Antithenar , vid. Adductor Pollicis Mams. 
 Aperiens Palpehram Rectus. 4^ 
 
 Aryt&noideus. 8 5 
 
 Att aliens Auriculam. 64 
 
 Attollens Naji Alam, vid. Elevator, &c. 
 Attollens Oculi, vid. Elevator Oculi. 
 Attollens Palpehram, vid. Aperiens Pal - 
 pebram. 
 
 Auricula Elevator, vid. Attollens Auri- 
 culam. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bajtoglojfus. 80 
 
 Bihitorius, vid. Addu&or Oculi. 
 
 Biceps interms Humeri. 146 
 
 Biceps exterms Humeri, vid. Gemellus. 
 Biceps Femoris. 198 
 
 Bicornis, vid. Extenfor Carpi Radi alis. 
 Biventer, vid. Digajlricus. 
 
 Buchims S E r X ‘ ermS - 
 
 l Internus. 1 yo 
 
 Buccinator. 59 
 
 Bur falls, vid. Marfifpialis. 
 
 C. 
 
Index Mufculorum. 269 
 
 c. 
 
 Pag. 
 
 Caro Mufculofa Quadrat a, vid. Palmaris 
 Brevis. 
 
 Catena, vid. Tibiexs Anticus. 
 Ceratogloffus . 79 
 
 Ciliaris, vid. Orbicularis Palpebrarum. 
 Qlitoridis Mufculi, vid. Ereffor Clitoridk , 
 Cnemodaciilius , vid. Extensor tertii In- 
 ternodii Digitorum. 
 
 Collaterals Penis, vid. Erigens. 
 Camplexus. 1 18 
 
 Gonjlr ictor Palpebrarum, vid. Orbicularis. 
 Conjlriilor Labi or um. ' 61 
 
 Conftriifor Al<e Naji feu Deprejfor Labii 
 fuperioris. 57 
 
 Coracobrachialis. 
 
 Coracohyoideus. 
 
 Cremajler. 
 
 Cricoarytenoideus f Pcfiicus. 
 
 J i Lateralis . 
 
 Cricothyroideus, 
 
 Crurms. 
 
 30 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Gubiteus 
 
 Cucullaris 
 
 S Extend \ d 
 LFlexor J 
 
 Ulnaris. 
 
 aoz 
 
 107 
 
 D. 
 
Index Mufculorum. 
 
 D. 
 
 Pag. 
 
 Declivis, vid. Obliquus Defcendens. 
 Deltoides. 139 
 
 Deprejfor Labii fuperioris feu Cor? fin cl or 
 Al& Nafi, vid. Con frill or AD,&c. 
 Deprefjor Labii Inferior is Proprius. 6 z 
 Deprejfor Labiorum Communis. 6 1 
 
 Deprejfor Maxilla Inferiors, vid. Diga - 
 jtricus. 
 
 Deprejfor Oculi. 52 
 
 Detrufor Urinn. 35 
 
 Diaphragma. 106 
 
 Digafricus. 9 5 
 
 Dilatator AN Nafi. 56 
 
 Direclor Penis , vid. Ere&or. 
 
 Difiortor Oris, vid. Z^gomaticus. 
 
 Dorfi Latifiimus, vid. Latiffmus Dorfi. 
 Dorfi Lonfijfimus. 132 
 
 E. 
 
 Elevator Ani , vid. Levator. 
 
 Elevator Anris , vid. Attollens Auricularn . 
 
 Elevator Oculi. 51 
 
 Elevator Labiorum Communis. 6 1 
 
 Elevator Labii inferior is proprius. 6 3 
 
 Elevator Labii fuperioris proprius. 6 2 
 
 Elevator Scapula, vid. Levator. 
 
 Ere&or 
 
Index Mufculoruna. 
 
 Erector Clitoridis . 
 
 Ertgens feu Erector Tents. 
 
 Extenfor Carpi \ R^ialis . 
 
 Pag. 
 
 34 
 
 172, 
 
 nans. 173; 
 
 Extenfor Communis Digitorum Manus 
 
 160 
 
 Extenfor Digit or um Pedis Lsngm. 2191 
 Extenfor Digitorum Brevis. ibid. 
 
 Extenfor Indicis feu Indicator. 162, 
 Extenfor Minimi Digit i Mamas. 164 
 Extenfor primi Offts Pollicis Manm. 169 
 Extenfor Pollicis Pedis Longus. 2,14 
 Extenfor fecundi Offts Pollicis Manm. 1 69 
 Extenfor Pollicis Brevis . zi 5 
 
 Extenfor tertii Offts Pollicis Manm 170 
 Exterus Auris vel Lax at or Exterms. 68 
 
 2 7 
 
 Fafcialis, vid. Sartor ins. 
 
 Fafcia lata , vid. Membramfus . 
 
 Fibuleus , vid. Peronem Primus. 
 Fidicinales, vid. Lumbricales Mims. 
 Flexor Capitis, vid. Rett us major AMicus. 
 
 Flexor Carol $ Radialis - * 7 * 
 
 r l Ulnar ts. ibid, 
 
 Flexores primi Intermdii Digitorum M&~ 
 
 nm, vid. Lumbricales Manm. 
 
 Flexor Pollicis Longus. zi 6 
 
 Flexor 
 
2 
 
 Index Mufculorunx 
 
 Flexor Pollicis Brevis. 
 
 Pag. 
 zi 6 
 
 Flexor primi Internodii Digit or urn Pedis , 
 vid. Lurnbr icdes Pedis. 
 
 Flexor fecundi Internodii Digitorum Ma- 
 nut, vid. Perforate Manus. 
 
 Flexor primi & fecundi OJJis Pollicis Ma- 
 nus. 1 68 
 
 Flexor fecundi Internodii Digitorum Pe- 
 dis , vid. Perforate Pedis. 
 
 Flexor tertii Internodii feu LongiJJimus 
 Pollicis. 1 66 
 
 Flexor tertii InternodiiDigitorum Manus > 
 vid. Perforans Manus. 
 
 Flexor tertii Internodii Digitorum Pedis , 
 vid. Perforans Pedis. 
 
 Frontalis. 41 
 
 G. 
 
 gExternus. z ®6 
 
 'nternus. zo<? 
 
 Gemellus. 
 
 Genyoglojfus. 
 
 Genyohyoideus. 
 
 ISO 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 184 
 
 i8y 
 
 Gracilis 
 
 Grapboides, vid. Digaferkus. 
 
 1 96 
 
 Hr 
 
Index Mufculorurru 
 
 H. ' 
 
 Pag, 
 
 Hyothyroideus. g^ 
 
 Hypfilogloflus, vid. Bafioglofeus, 
 
 2 73 
 
 tliacus Ext emus, vid. Pyrifeortnis. 
 Iliacus Internus . 
 
 Immerfus, vid. Subfcapularis. 
 Indicator , vid . Extefeor Indicts. 
 Infrafpinatus . 
 
 Im,M ts \ E T xtcni -l 
 J L Inter nu i 
 
 Internus Anris. 
 
 Inter fpinales Colli. 
 
 L. 
 
 i 8 i 
 
 141 
 
 1 00 
 
 69 
 x 61 
 2.24 
 13© 
 
 Labiorum Sphintfer, vid . Confer Her L.&c* 
 Latifeimm Dorfe. 
 
 Levator AnL 1 3 § 
 
 Levator Scapul<e „ 1 1 1 
 
 Lividus, vid. PeBineus. 
 
 Longifefemus Dorfe, vid. Dorfe Longijjimus , 
 Longifeimits Oculi, vid.Obliquus feiperior . 
 Longus Colli. ‘ 1 2,8 
 
 X x^- 
 
274 Index Mufculorum. 
 
 p ag. 
 
 Longns Femoris , vid. Sartorius. 
 
 r 7 ■ / S Manus. icq 
 
 Ltmbncales< n 
 
 treats. zzz 
 
 M. 
 
 Marfaialis. 1 8 8 
 
 Maftotdeus. 113 
 
 Mafic ter. 94 
 
 Membranes fa. 193 
 
 f Manus Abductor , vid. 
 Abductor Minimi Di - 
 
 MmmDigiufa'l TOl £ 
 
 1 Ab duff or Minimi Di- 
 [ giti. 
 
 Minimi Digiti Tenfor, vid. Extenfor Mi- 
 nimi Digit:. 
 
 iPj-jlohjoideus. 76 
 
 N. 
 
 Nautiius, vid. Tibies pojticus. 
 
 Non us Humeri P lucent ini, vid. Rotundus 
 Minor., 
 
 a 
 
 Ohli quits Afcendens. 
 
 *3 
 
 Obli- 
 
Index Mufculorum. 2 
 
 Pag. 
 
 Obli quits Defcendens. . 1 8 
 
 Obliquite minor feu inferior Oculi. 48 
 
 Obliquite fuperior Oculi cum 'trochlea. 47 
 
 Obliquite Inferior Capitis. 1 z 1 
 
 Obliquus fuperior Capitis. no 
 
 Obliquus Timpani Auris. 68 
 
 r. 1 x ( Exterms. . 191 
 
 Obturators T x ,, rr .. r 7 
 
 ( InternuSy vid. Majjupialis. 
 
 Occipitalis. 40 
 
 Oefophageeus , feu Sphinter G11U. 89 
 
 Orbicularis Palpebrarum . 44 
 
 Orbicularis Labionm , vid. Conftr/flor, 
 
 &c. 
 
 P. 
 
 I 5'3 
 
 Patientia, vid. Levator fcapuU. 
 
 Pe floral is. 138 
 
 Pefloralis internus , vid. Triangularis. 
 Peflineus. 1 8 1 
 
 Pedieus, vid. Perforatus Pedis . 
 
 Pjrf°rat»sl M 
 
 Perforans \ 
 
 Perforatus l p 
 Perforans V 
 
 T x 
 
 157 
 
 zzo 
 
 ZZl 
 
2 j6 Index Mufculorum, 
 
 Pag, 
 
 Peroneus\Pj* mus ' 210 
 
 [ & £ C Hyidus . 2, 1 2r 
 
 T Untar is. ZO y 
 
 PUtyfma Myoides, vid, Quadratus Gena. 
 V of lit eus. jpp 
 
 Pronator Radii\^J res . . I 74 
 
 . {Brevis feu Qyadratus. 175- 
 
 180 
 
 179 
 
 97 
 96 
 
 91 
 88 
 
 M 
 
 187 
 
 T(oJ^ mS 
 
 J {Parvus. 
 
 t>. • 7 S Externus, 
 
 Pterxvoideus < r x 
 7ci 4 Inter nus. 
 
 Pterygofalatinus. 
 
 Pterygofharyngeus. 
 
 Pyramidalis. 
 
 Pyriformis. 
 
 % 
 
 Quadratus Femoris . 
 Quadratus Gena. 
 Quadratus Lumborurrt . 
 
 R. 
 
 189 
 
 58 
 
 *34 
 
 Radialis ( f ^ Carfi. 
 
 {Flexor, vid. Flexor Carpi. 
 
 Reel us Abdominis 0 2,6 
 
 Reff us Fentons, a go 
 
 Reftus 
 
Index Mufculorum. 
 
 Pag. 
 1x7 
 iz$ 
 1 z6 
 1 19 
 
 IXQ 
 
 177 
 
 Refills Capitis Lateralis. 
 
 Rettus Capitis major Antic us. 
 
 Refius Capitis minor Anticns. 
 
 Reft us Capital 
 
 * {Minor Fojticus. 
 
 Re if us palpebra , vid. Aperiens, &c. 
 
 Remans , vid. Rettus Capitis minor An- 
 
 thus. 
 
 Retrafior Al& Naji, feu Elevator Labip 
 
 fuperioris. 56 
 
 Retrahens Attriculam . 45 
 
 Rhomboides. in 
 
 r> , j r Major, vid. Teres Major. 
 Rotundus^ M j nor , vUL Tms MimK 
 
 S. 
 
 Racer. 135" 
 
 Sacrolumbalis. 1 1 5 
 
 Sartorius. 195 
 
 C Primus. 101 
 
 Scalenus JSecundus. iox 
 
 iTertius. ibid. 
 
 Semifibuleus, vid. Peromus fecundus . 
 Semimembranofus. 197 
 
 Seminervofus. 196 
 
 Smifpinatuso 13 5 
 
 Ser- 
 
278 Index Mufculorum. 
 
 Serf atm 
 
 \Maj 
 l Min 
 
 or antic tit. 
 Minor anticut. 
 
 Pag. 
 io* 
 104 
 
 SerratJfe ricr rf m - ”? 
 
 {Inferior pofeicus. 114 
 
 Soleus, vid. Gafierocnemim intermit. 
 Sphempalatinns. 9 1 
 
 Sphenopterygopalatinus. ibid. 
 
 Ani. 38 
 
 GuU, vid. Oefophagaus. 
 Sphincter! Labiorum, vid. Confer iff or. 
 
 f Vagina Uteria. 
 
 Fefica. 
 
 Spinalis Colli. 
 
 Spleniu /. 
 
 Stapedis Mufeulus . 
 
 Sternohyoideus. 
 
 Sternothyroideus. 
 
 Stylohyoideus. 
 
 Stylogloffus. 
 
 Stylopharyngeus. 
 
 Subclavius. 
 
 Subpopliteus, vid. Popliteus. 
 Subfeapularis. 
 
 SuccenturiatuSy vid. Pytamidalis. 
 Suprafpinatus, feu fuperfcapularis. 
 
 Supinator Radii 
 
 Sypopliteus , vid. fubpopliteus. 
 Sufpenfor Tefiiculi, vid, Cremafetr. 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 118 
 
 117 
 
 71 
 
 ll 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 I0 3 
 
 *44 
 
 140 
 
 *75 
 1 76 
 
Index Mufculorum. 
 
 2 79 
 
 T. 
 
 Pag. 
 
 Temporalis. 93 
 
 Tenfor feu Extenfor Digitorum Mams . 
 
 Ten for Pollicis, vid. Extenfor . 
 
 Teres l m i 0r ' * 4 * 
 
 Ieres l Minor . 141 
 
 Thenar , wW. AbduBor Pollicis Mams. 
 
 Thyoarytmoideus. 85 
 
 j Anticus. 2.00 . 
 
 ^Abdominis. 27 
 
 1 Colli. 129 
 
 | Dorfi, vid. femifpinatus. 
 Tranfverfalisi Lumborum, vid. Sacer. 
 
 I Femoris, vid. Quadrat us. 
 Pedis Placentini. 223 
 
 iPenis. 33 
 
 Trapezius, vid. Cucullaris. 
 
 Triangularis. 1 o 1 
 
 Triceps. 190 
 
 Trochlearis , vid. Obliquus fuperior Octtli. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaginalis Gala. 89 
 
 Vagina Uteri fphintfer, vid \ fphintier^c. 
 
 Vafins 
 
o 
 
 Index Mufculorum. 
 
 Pag. 
 
 n (Exterms. xoo 
 
 ^ \lnterms. ioi 
 
 C Extenfor, mid. Extenfor Carpi, 
 Ulnaris < &c. 
 
 I [Flexor , mid. Flexor Carpi, &c. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Z^jgomaticus. 60 
 
 F I N I S. 
 
 Errata. 
 
 j)Ag 19 in the Margin r. Anatomicum ,p. 2$. / . nr. 
 
 hinder, p. 29 /. i r. Ureters, l. 19 r. Divaricated, 
 p. 33 /. 19 r. Bulb,p. 38 /. 5 r. oblong, p. 41 l.n r. 
 Sutura,p. 54/. 18 r.Mundinus, p. 5 61 . 1 r. Dilatateres , 
 p.57 for Defferences r. particular accounts of Them, 
 p. 58 /. 10 Platyfm a Myoides, l. 19. r. CueuSaris , 
 p. 60 l. 12 r. Zygornaticus, p. 6y /. 20 r. Tympanum, 
 l. tilt. r. Pi a cent inns, p. 68 /. 21 r. Manubrium, p. 73 /. 
 8 r. Vefalius, p. 82 1.6 r. Thyroids a, p. 83 /. 22 r. 
 Amularis, p. 89 Osfophagaus, p. 90 l. 21 r. Defe- 
 rence, p. 99 /. 8 r Afthmatic, p. 104 1.6 r. depends, 
 p. 116 /. e for fo r. lb many, p. 123 for it r. a, p. 
 124/. 11 r. Xniertions, p. 1 1 8 /. 1 8 r. Brevier, p. 
 13 6 1 . 15 r. LatiJJitnus, l. 21 r. off, p. 142 r. Ani- 
 fcalptor, p. 144 l. 2 1 r. for he r. the, p. 168 /. iS r. 
 Pola, p. 170 12 for from Ligament r. from the Li- 
 
 gaments, p. rSo l. 23 r. Luthbalis , p. 182 l 13 r. 
 Doth, p. 186 for is the r. is than the, p. 202 hi 1 
 r. becoming, l. 16 r. pafs, p. 216 1 . 4 r. Pollicis, p. 
 221 1 . 1 7 r. rtS, f. 224/. 10 r. Aricuhtris,p. 230 uj 
 the Margin r, Firft of the Frsnonn. 
 

 
 
 

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