?s-i- S iu ) t - o3 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/civicmanualforch01winc , THE NEW CITY IIALL AND COURT HOUSE MIC. A CIVIC MANUAL FOR CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS CONTAINING A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY AND EXHIBITING THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL, EDUCATIONAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND COMMERCIAL FEATURES DESIGNED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AS A TEXT-BOOK OR SUPPLEMENTARY READER, AND FOR REFERENCE BY CITIZENS GENERALLY COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY S. R. WINGHELL Author of “ Chicago Past and Present," “ Orthography, Etymology and Punctuation," and various other text-books for schools A. FLANAGAN COMPANY CHICAGO Copyright, 1910 BY A. FLANAGAN COMPAN Y 78 )?S3 tk. 0 -Withdrawn .9 7 7 , 3 I W 7 3 '? PREFACE The purpose of this Manual is to present in concise form and few words the essential facts pertaining to Chicago, Cook County, and the State of Illinois. Many interesting details have of necessity been omitted. The book is intended for use in the schools of the state, and particularly those in Chicago and Cook County. The facts have been gathered as far as possible from original sources, but when this was not possible, from reliable authorities. These essential facts should be supplemented by teachers who may have access to other works of a similar kind, but dealing more at length with certain features and less with the subject as a whole. Much more might be contained in a volume of this kind, but it was thought better to give only the main facts rather than to run the risk of making too bulky a volume. For the assistance rendered by the heads of departments in the city government, as well as others, and especially by the school principals of the First District of Chicago, under the supervision of Mr. Charles D. Lowry, the author desires to acknowledge special obligations. In some instances the language used was kindly supplied by such authorities. It is not unlikely that the book will be found to be marred by some errors and omissions. Mention of them will be thankfully received by the writer. S. R. WINCHELL [1912 Edition] 309440 CONTENTS CHICAGO The History of Chicago 7 General Geography of the Chicago Region 36 The Government of Chicago 49 Leading Institutions, Associations, Etc 119 Commercial and Industrial Features of Chicago. . . 135 Other Leading Features of Chicago 158 The United States Government in Chicago 187 COOK COUNTY The Government of Cook County 201 ILLINOIS The Geography of Illinois 229 The History of Illinois 232 The Government of Illinois 254 Final Suggestions 268 Index 273 CHICAGO o 0 9 4 4 (i CHICAGO THE HISTORY OP CHICAGO The Name. Many theories have been advanced to ex- plain the origin of the name “Chicago.” The one generally accepted is that it was given to the site of the great western metropolis by the red men ; being derived from their word for wild onion, or, as some claim, from the Indian name for skunk ( seganku ) ; and having been bestowed because of the ill-smelling odors which arose from the marshy region in its early days. Dr. William Barry, first secretary of the Chicago His- torical Society, says : “Whatever may have been the ety- mological meaning of the word ‘Chicago,’ in its practical use it probably denoted strong or great. The Indians ap- plied this term to the Mississippi River, to thunder, or to the voice of the great Manitou.” Edward Hubbard, the genealogist, adopts a similar view, and says that the word “Chicago,” in its applications, signified “ strong , mighty, pozv- erfnl.” N. H. Winchell, in studying the aborigines of Minnesota, made the following memoranda : — “De LaSalle, in 1681, in his relation of his trip for the discovery of the Mississippi, says: “ ‘Le 21 Decembre, le sieur de la Salle fit embarquer le sicnr de Tonty avec uhe partie de scs gens sur le lac des 7 8 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Ilinois, pour allcr vers la riviere Divine, appelee par les sauvages Chicagou.’* “In 1684 LaHontan arrived at the same place, from the south, and called it Chekakou. “Also Coronelli’s map of 1696 represents, at the same place, ‘R. de Chekagou.’ ” It is undoubtedly true that the name was given to the region in question before the arrival of LaSalle. The First Settlement. Though the site of Chicago was discovered by a white man, its first permanent settler and land-owner was a negro, a native of San Domingo named Jean Baptiste Point de Saible. De Saible, coming to this country from his native land, went first to Saint Louis, then to Peoria, which was at that time a French trading-post. In 1777 he built a cabin on the north bank of the Chicago River, near what is now a corner of Kinzie and Pine Streets. This he occupied for seventeen years, then sold to a French trader named LeMai, returning to Peoria, where he died. LeMai occupied the cabin until 1804, when he sold it to John Kinzie, the agent of Astor’s American Fur Company. Mr. Kinzie soon enlarged his cabin and transformed it into a comfortable house. Here he lived among the Indians * This quotation is substantially the same as an entry found in the journal of Zenobius Membre, who. with his cousin, Christian Le Clercq. accompanied LaSalle from Fort Frontenac to Fort Cr&vecoeur in 1678 and later to the lower Mississippi. Membre was among those who were with LaSalle on his last sea voyage from France, and was massacred at the fort on the coast of what is now Texas, where he had been left by LaSalle when the latter took his last journey into the country. Membre left at Quebec a journal of his voyage down the Mississippi, which Le Clercq later edited. Le Clercq’s entry at this point is as fol- lows : “On the 21st of December, I embarked with the Sieur de Ton + y and a part of our people on Lake Dauphin [Lake Michigan, called also the lake of the Illinois by LaSalle, Marquette, Dablon and others], to go toward the Divine River, called by the Indians Checagou.” THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 9 for twenty-three years, excepting four years following the massacre at Fort Dearborn, in 1812. He thus earned the well-deserved title of “Father of Chicago." Up to this time Chicago was essentially a French settle- ment, though in 1795, by a treaty of General Anthony Wayne with the Indians, a space of ground six miles square had been ceded to the United States. This cession is the first real-estate transfer on record in Chicago. But by the earlier conquest of Colonel George Rogers Clark the whole of what was known as “the Illinois Country” was claimed by Virginia, and thus Chicago came near being the metropolis of a slave state. In 1800 the territory of Indiana was organized, and Illinois became a county of that terri- tory. It remained a part of Indiana until 1809, when it was made a territory, with Ninian Edwards as governor, and Kaskaskia the capital. Fort Chicago was first set up July 4, 1803, but not completed till the following fall, when it was named Fort Dearborn, in honor of General Henry Dearborn. It was garrisoned by two companies of United States troops. At this time the settlement consisted of only three or four French fur-traders’ huts, surrounded for an indefinite distance by native Indians. It remained under United States authority till 1818, when Illinois became a state. Before the close of 1833 there were fifty families living in Chicago, and the settlement had been incorporated as a village. The United States government spent in that year thirty thousand dollars in dredging the Chicago River. The following spring an unusually large freshet carried away the bar at the mouth of the stream, thus giving access 10 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS to the largest lake craft, and on July 11th of that year the schooner Illinois entered the Chicago River — the first large vessel to float upon its surface. Great Land Treaty with the Indians. A great impetus was given to the sale of real-estate in the new town by the opening of lands for settlement, through a treaty made with the Indians in 1833 and ratified February 21, 1835. This treaty was really one of the most important events in the early history of Chicago, and the entire West, for the effect of it was to draw thousands of speculators to the Northwest, and thus begin the great industrial development of the richest section of land to be found anywhere in the world. Previously the Indians so far outnumbered the white people that they were a burden and a serious detri- ment, being lazy, dirty, and dissolute. When the United States Commissioners came, by ap- pointment, in September, 1833, to purchase lands of the Indians in Illinois and Wisconsin, seven thousand dusky warriors of the Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawattomie tribes met them, and by a treaty signed in a large tent on the bank of the river, ceded to the United States twenty million acres of the lands which they had occupied, and agreed to move twenty days’ journey west of the Mississippi, there to occupy an equal extent of territory, which was to be assigned by the President. The description of this tract reads as follows : — “Beginning at Grosse Point, twelve miles north of Chi- cago, thence due west to Rock River, thence up the Rock to its source near Fond du Lac, thence southeast along the Milwaukee River to Milwaukee.” THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 11 The Fort Dearborn Massacre occurred August 15, 1812, near the present intersection of Prairie Avenue and Eighteenth Street, while the citizens and soldiers were endeavoring to escape from the fort. Here fifty-two of the seventy persons at the fort were foully murdered by the Indians. Their bodies still lie buried on the lake front in what is now Grant Park, but the exact location is not known. This tragedy put a check on the growth of the settlement, but the spirit of Chicago was hovering over the place, and its future development and growth were inevitable. John Kinzie was one of the few who escaped with his life at the time of the massacre. He returned to Chicago with his family in 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. He died in the fort and now lies buried in Graceland Cemetery. Fort Dearborn was abandoned as a military post in 1837, when most of the Indians had left the country, and in 1856 gave place to business houses. To-day a marble tablet inserted in the wall of a warehouse on Michigan Avenue, near River Street, marks the spot where the old fort stood. The inscription on the tablet reads as follows : — This building occupies the site of old Fort Dearborn, which ex- tended a little across Michigan Avenue and somewhat into the river as it now is. The fort was built in 1803-04, forming our out- most defense. By order of General Hull it was evacuated August 15, 1812, after its stores and provisions had been distributed among the Indians. Very soon after, the Indians attacked and massacred about fifty of the troops and a number of citizens, including women and children, and next day burned the fort. In 1816 it was rebuilt, but after the Black Hawk War it went into gradual disuse, and in May, 1837, was abandoned by the army, but was occupied by various government officers till 1857, when it was torn down, excepting a single building, which stood upon this site till the great fire of 12 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS October g, 1871. At the suggestion of the Chicago Historical Society, this tablet was erected by W. M. Hoyt, November, 1880. Some of the original logs from the fort may be seen in the museum of the Chicago Historical Society. Another relic of the old fort is the Waubansia Stone, now resting in the yard of a residence at 674 Lincoln Park Boulevard. The portrait of Waubansee, a friendly Indian chief, is rudely carved on the stone. It is a great granite bowlder which was lodged on the site of the fort during the glacial period. Daniel Webster, in 1837, addressed the people from the top of this stone. It was removed to its present position during the Civil War by I. N. Arnold, who was then president of the Chicago Historical Society. Illinois Becomes a State. Illinois entered the Union in 1818, but the larger portion of the population was at that time scattered through the southern part of the state, with a French settlement at Peoria. Fort Dearborn was re- garded as on the remote frontier. Mail was received at the fort only twice a month in winter and once a week in summer, being brought by a man on horseback. In 1823 the entire property of Chicago was assessed at $2,500. Once a year a schooner was sent by John Jacob Astor to exchange supplies for furs. In 1830 Chicago’s residences consisted of only four cabins — one on the North Side, occupied by John Kinzie; one on the West Side, occu- pied by Guarie ; one near the fort, occupied by Ouillmette, from whom the village of Wilmette was named, and one not far away, occupied by Pettell. Chicago Begins to Grow. It was not until about 1830 that Chicago really began to grow. Previous to that time THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 1 ° 1 o it was simply a military post and fur station, and the whole region round about the fortification had been known as Chicago. In August, 1833, this whole region contained only twenty-eight voters — twenty-eight being the number of votes cast for the election of the first trustees of the vil- lage. The country was infested with Indians; the Indian trails leading to Chicago at that time being as numerous as are the railroad lines to-day. The name Chicago was definitely assigned to a certain plat of land, by maps, in August, 1830, by the Illinois and Michigan Canal Commissioners. The United States Con- gress had, in 1827, made a grant of land to aid in the con- struction of this canal. The act had been secured by the efforts of Daniel P. Cook, from whom Cook County was named. Chicago, by its first map, was bounded by the streets now known as Madison, State, Kinzie, and Halsted. The highest price paid for real-estate the first year in Chi- cago was $102 (some authorities say $114), for which two lots were sold, the average being much less. These lots were 3 and 4 (160 feet front) on the southwest corner of Lake and Market Streets. They are now worth about $500,000. In 1831 there were twelve families in Chicago. Cook County was incorporated by the state legislature Jan- uary 15, 1831. In 1832 the taxes amounted to nearly one hundred and fifty dollars. With twelve dollars of this sum Chicago’s first public building — a pound for stray cattle — was constructed. Clark Street was at that time the main street in the settle- ment. The lot on which the Chicago Opera House now stands was sold that year for sixty-one dollars. 14 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS In July, 1833, a meeting of citizens voted twelve to one (the total vote) to incorporate the town of Chicago, agree- able to the statute for that purpose. August 10th, following, at the house of Mark Beaubien (called the Sauganash Tavern and standing at the northeast corner of Lake and Canal Streets), the first trustees were elected, twenty-eight votes being polled. In a few months after this the influx of buyers from the East was so great that temporary structures had to be erected for housing them. Chicago was having its first “boom.” In 1834 the population was about two thousand. Four years later it had more than doubled, and since that time the rapid increase has been the marvel of the civilized world. An incident which occurred in October, 1834, is worth recording. On the morning of the 4th a large black bear was seen in the strip of woods existing at that time south of Madison Street. The men seized their guns and made for the woods, where the bear was soon found and killed, at the point where LaSalle and Adams Streets cross. But the hunting-fever was up, and instead of returning to their homes the men organized a systematic wolf-hunt, which resulted in the killing of twenty wolves in one day, all within the limits of the present great metropolis. The howling of wolves at night within the city limits is reported as late as 1838. Causes of Chicago’s Growth. The city obtained its first charter March 4, 1837, when its population was said to be 4,149. W. B. Ogden, a Democrat, was the first Mayor of Chicago, elected May 2, 1837. The area of the city at THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 15 that time was 10.7 square miles; to-day it is 190.6 square miles, besides 76.5 square miles of water area under the jurisdiction of the city harbor and 127.5 more under the jurisdiction of the Sanitary District. The total area of rivers, canals, slips, and lakes within the limits of the city is 4,215.21 acres, or 6.59 square miles, of which 652.30 acres are comprised in the Chicago River and 3,562.91 in the Calumet River. The distance from the northern limits of the city to the southern is now 26 miles. The line of lake shore from the city limits on the north to the Indiana state line is 25.5 miles. The distance from the lake to the most remote western boundary is 14.5 miles. The population is now about 2,250,000. At the time of Chicago’s birth the eyes of all people in the East were turned toward the rich and ever-inviting prairies of Illinois and the West. The constant influx of Europeans on the Atlantic coast also demanded an outlet westward, and the ambitious young men of the Eastern States saw in the great western country a most inviting field for their activities. With them came the steam rail- way, and shortly afterward the electric telegraph, the elec- tric light, and the numerous labor-saving machines, which gave a tremendous impulse to agriculture and manufactures in all the states. These were the chief causes which led to the settlement and growth of all the Central West. Its Geographical Location. But Chicago Avas not only born at an auspicious time ; its geographical location was such that its growth was as inevitable as its birth. Although the immediate conditions and environment were most un- 16 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS favorable, the city was not destined to be one of local limitations. In spite of adverse conditions the great North- west demanded a metropolis at the head of Lake Michigan, and Chicago had to meet the demand. The narrow, slug- gish stream which emptied into the lake at this point, though insignificant in itself, and with a scarcely perceptible current, yet offered a fine harbor for the vast shipping of the lakes, and the products of all the Northwest had to be brought to this point for shipment to the East. Thus as the people moved westward and opened up the great industries and cultivated the millions of acres of the richest land in the world, it was inevitable that the metrop- olis of the West should have its birth, and should develop with a rapidity in keeping with the rapid flow of population into the whole Northwest. The First Railroad. The Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, now the Chicago and Northwestern, was the first railroad constructed out of Chicago. This was chartered January 16, 1836. Galena at that time was a more im- portant town than Chicago, and therefore its name came first in the charter. The road was constructed to connect Chicago with the lead mines at Galena. Its capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars, and the company build- ing it was authorized to operate it “by animal or steam power.” The rails were of wood, with thin straps of iron laid over them, making what was called a “strap rail.” The first locomotive of the road, called “The Pioneer,” arrived at Chicago on October 10, 1848, nearly thirteen years after Tie charter was obtained. During this interval there was a serious check to the THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 1? prosperity of Chicago. The land boom had been overdone in 1837, and the city was practically bankrupt for five years. The same conditions existed throughout the state, and to some extent in all the states. Work on the Illinois and Michigan Canal was abandoned for a time, and Chicago waited for its new life. This came with the shipment of cattle and wheat to the Eastern States. In 1838 78 bushels of wheat were shipped eastward; in 1839 more than 3,000 bushels were exported; in 1840, 10,000 bushels; in 1841. 40,000 bushels; in 1842, nearly 600,000 bushels. In 1848, before the first railroad was in operation or the canal was completed, Chicago was exporting 2,250,000 bushels of grain in a year; in 1853, 6,500,000; in 1854, nearly 11,000,000. Since then there has been a steady increase, until in 1909 the enormous amount of 183,068,318 bushels of grain passed through Chicago to eastern points. In 1850 the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was completed as far as Elgin. In 1853 this road paid a divi- dend of eleven per cent. The road and the canal were by this time recognized as important agencies in the develop- ment of Chicago. The population of the city was trebled in six years after the opening of the canal. Other railroads were constructed, and, of necessity, terminated in Chicago, which to-day is the largest railroad center in the world. The Illinois and Michigan Canal. The construction of a canal which should connect the waters of Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico was first projected in 1810. Such a canal had been suggested by Louis Joliet in 1673. In 1814, four years before Illinois 18 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS became a state, the Indians readily granted a strip of land ten miles wide from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River, for a public highway or canal to unite the eastern waters with the western. In 1822 Congress granted to Illinois the right of way across the public lands from the head of Lake Michigan to LaSalle, a distance of about one hundred miles, for canal purposes, and in 1827 donated to the state a quantity of land “equal to one-half of five sections in width (about ninety feet), on each side of the canal, reserving each alternate section to the United States from one end of the canal to the other.” The state legislature passed the canal bill in 1823. The first ground was broken in the construction of the canal, at Lockport and at Bridgeport, July 4, 1836. This was a great day for Chicago. By January 1, 1839, $1,400,- 000 had been expended in work on the canal. In 1841 the work was stopped, on account of hard times, but was later resumed, and finished in April, 1848, at an entire expense of $6,170,226. In 1865 the City Council of Chicago donated $2,500,000 to deepen the canal for the purpose of increasing the current and disposing of the sewage of the city. This work was finished in 1871. The state legislature refunded the money to the city after the great fire of 1871. The Drainage of the City was still unsatisfactory, and the people of Chicago had a vital problem to solve, which seemed to present an almost insurmountable difficulty. The Chicago River is the chief outlet for all the sewage of the city, and as there never was sufficient current to carry THE HISTORY OE CHICAGO 19 this sewage away into the lake, the water of the river, in time, became a menace to health, to say nothing of its offense to sight and smell. Unless some relief could be obtained it seemed inevitable that the people must either die from poison or move away. But the people of Chicago have always been an indomitable class. The river had to be changed in some way from a filthy pool to a live, running stream, and they set out to accomplish this. It was effected, in a measure, by erecting an immense steam-pump at the entrance of the canal and pumping the water of the river into the canal, thus giving the river a current away from its mouth, which often seemed a mystery to strangers crossing it. Later, the deepening of the canal so that the water would flow into it naturally and be carried down the Illinois River, and into the Mississippi, gave further relief. The Drainage Canal. But all this did not meet the necessities of the case, and a still greater undertaking was planned in the construction of the great Drainage Canal — - the natural development of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The first ground was broken, in connection with this work, on “Shovel Day,” September 3, 1892. The lake water was first turned into the canal January 2, 1900, and the canal was filled in thirteen days. The formal opening was on January 17, 1900. The Drainage Canal is fourteen feet below the water of Lake Michigan and has a current varying from one and a quarter to one and nine-tenths miles an hour. The canal, by law, extends from Lake Street via the South Branch to Joliet. The length of the main channel is 28.05 miles; of the river 20 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS from Lake to Robey Streets 6 miles ; of the river diversion channel, 13 miles. It is 110 to 202 feet wide at the bottom and 198 to 290 at the top. Its discharges 300,000 cubic feet of water a minute. The total amount of excavation is 43,478,659 cubic yards. The whole volume of spoil (earth and rock) if deposited in Lake Michigan in forty feet of water would make an island one mile square, with its surface twelve feet above the water line. The canal is large enough for ships of light draft to navigate, and will no doubt ultimately be used for that purpose. The minimum depth of water in the main channel is twenty-two feet. Across the main channel at Western Avenue an eight- track railroad bridge is being constructed which will cost $450,000, and is the largest bridge of its kind in the world. This canal carries off all the pollutions of the Chicago River, as well as most of the impurities which find their way into the lake north and south of the river. The im- proved drainage of the city has greatly improved the quality of the water from the lake, and also nearly wiped out the fatal typhoid fever once prevalent at certain seasons. The Sanitary District, as the drainage district of Chicago is called, was organized under an act of the legislature passed in 1889. It embraces 358 square miles, including the whole of the city and a large portion of the county. This district is under the control of a board of nine trustees, elected by the voters of the district for a period of four years, and is a city corporation with power to borrow money within certain limitations. This board has power to levy and collect taxes, and has already spent over $59,000,000 in the construction and maintenance of the canal, including THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 21 right of way. It has built, three miles north of Joliet, at a cost of $3,000,000, a water-power plant capable of an elec- trical development of 32,000 horsepower. The North Shore Channel. In 1909 the construction of the North Shore channel was begun. This channel is to extend from the lake at Wilmette to the North Branch, a distance of 8.5 miles. It is to be 14 feet deep and have a flow of 1,000 cubic feet per second. The right of way for this channel cost $1,203,000, the construction $1,600,000, making a total of $2,803,000. The purpose is not only to furnish drainage for the North Shore, but also to dilute the sewage of the North Branch. History of Chicago’s Water Supply. The first system- atic supply of water to the city was obtained from the Chicago Hydraulic Company, a private corporation char- tered in January, 1836. For two years previous a partial supply had been obtained from a well which the town trustees had dug at an expense of $95.50. This well was located where Cass and Michigan Streets intersect. In 1840 the Chicago Hydraulic Company built a reservoir at the corner of Lake Street and Michigan Avenue, 25 feet square and 8 feet deep, and erected a 25-horsepower engine, by which water was pumped into the reservoir from the lake, through an iron pipe extending into the lake about 150 feet. Some two miles of wooden mains served to supply about one-fifth of the city with water. The rest was sup- plied by wells or by cartage from the lake. The city at this time included about ten and a half square miles, and was bounded by the lake on the east, Center Avenue to LaSalle Avenue and North Avenue on the north, 22 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Wood Street on the west, and Twenty-second Street on the south. In 1851 the city bought the rights and franchises of the Chicago Hydraulic Company, and municipal ownership of the waterworks has proved both popular and profitable since 1852. The Chicago Avenue pumping-station was at once con- structed. A wooden pipe 30 inches in diameter was extended into the lake, and a pumping-engine with a capacity of 8,000,000 gallons daily was installed. In 1856, the area of the city having again been enlarged, a second engine was installed, with a capacity of 13,000,000 gallons daily. In 1863 another considerable enlargement of the city was made, and the problem of having a pure water supply for the city was not easily solved, but Chicago enterprise seems to be equal to any emergency, and it was in this case. Chi- cago was now using nearly 7,000,000 gallons of water daily. Owing to the pollution of the lake water near the shore, it became necessary to carry water, for drinking purposes at least, from a point farther out in the lake. Therefore the project was formed by E. S. Chesbrough, the city engineer at that time, of constructing a tunnel under the lake. A guide-book of Chicago says that “when the work was con- ceived the whole civilized world was awed by the magnitude of the project.’’ Work on this tunnel was begun on March 17, 1864, and completed December 6, 1866, at an expense of $457,875. This was the first tunnel of its kind built in the United States for a water supply. THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 23 On New Year’s Day, 1866, tunneling from the bottom of the shaft toward the shore was begun. At that time the crew from the shore had gone 4,815 feet out. On Saturday, November 24th, it was announced to the world that the two sections were within an inch of meeting, and the doubting world was now filled with admiration and Chicago with joy over the happy result. The final task of removing this last thin wall of clay was performed with great ceremony, the Mayor, members of the Council, and Commissioner of Public Works all at- tending. There was a great deal more to be done before the water could flow through, but it was mere incidental work and was not attended by any danger or risk. The next year a third pumping-engine, with a capacity of 18,000,000 gallons, was erected at the Chicago Avenue station. The Two-mile Crib. At the outer end of the tunnel was built what is now called the Two-mile Crib. This was completed in 1865. It consists of a solid structure of iron and heavy timber, 40 feet high and 90 feet in diameter, nearly as la rge as the Palmer House, in the center of which is an iron cylinder 9 feet in diameter, which is sunk to a depth of 31 feet below the bottom of the lake, the water of the lake being 33 feet deep. This crib contains 750,000 feet of lumber, 150 tons of iron bolts, and is filled with 4,500 tons of stone. The crib was built on shore and launched much as any sea-going vessel would be launched. On the top of this crib live the superintendent and his 24 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS family, but their residence is by no means a lonely one, for it is daily visited by fishermen and others. The round-trip fare by steamer from the lake front is twenty-five cents. From the bottom of the crib, 66 feet below the level of the shore, two tunnels have been built, one 5 feet in diam- eter, the other 7. The second tunnel was completed in 1874. The five- foot tunnel connects with pumping-works on Chicago Avenue, and the larger one, continued westward three miles under the city, connects with pumping-works at the corner of Blue Island and Ashland Avenues. This also has seventeen large cisterns along its line for use in case of emergency. Its complete length is 31,490 feet. These two tunnels cost $1,500,000. They have a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons. The main pumping-works on Chi- cago Avenue draw water from a well at the end of the tunnel and force it up into an immense tower, from which it is distributed throughout the city in mains. These engines have a daily average of 50,000,000 gallons, with a capacity of 65,000,000 gallons. One of the four engines, which pumps the water from the larger tunnel and dis- tributes it to the city, is the largest in the world. It was built at an expense of $200,000. At each stroke it pumps 2,750 gallons of water. It is of 1,200 horsepower, with a fly-wheel 26 feet in diameter. But, as the city grew, a larger quantity of water was needed ; also the water became more or less polluted even two miles from the shore; therefore two additional engines were put into operation in 1884, and two more in 1887, making the nominal pumping capacity of all engines com- bined 159,000,000 gallons daily. THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 25 The Four-mile Crib. A second crib was begun in 1888, four miles from the shore eastward from Peck Court, and a tunnel eight feet in diameter was connected with this crib to supply a new station at Fourteenth Street and Indiana Avenue and another at Harrison Street between Desplaines and Halsted Streets. The towns of Lake View, Jefferson, Lake, and Hyde Park were annexed to the city in 1889. These towns, ex- cept Jefferson, had each its own system of waterworks. Lake View obtained its water through iron pipes about 2,000 feet long. A two-mile crib, with a six-foot water-tunnel, was completed in 1896. The Hyde Park and Lake pump- ing-stations were combined after annexation, and since 1894 have obtained their water through a tunnel ending two miles from shore. The Carter H. Harrison Crib was completed in 1899. A tunnel extends southwesterly from this crib to a shaft at the foot of Oak Street. Its length is 14,033 feet, with an in- ternal diameter of 10 feet. The tunnel and crib cost $590,000. The crib is sunk in 35 feet of water, the outside diameter being 112 feet, with a well in the center, 62 feet in diameter. Within the well two intake-shafts are sunk, each about 100 feet deep. The Edward F. Dunne Crib is now being constructed. Pumping-Stations. There are now eleven pumping- stations, and three others are under way. Also, some changes in and additions to those now in use have already been authorized. The Southzoest Land and Lake Tunnel System comprises a new intake crib adjacent to the Sixty-eighth Street crib, 26 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS sixteen miles of water tunnels, and three new pumping- stations, each with a maximum daily capacity of 100,000,000 gallons. The First Schools in Chicago. Previous to 1844, sixty- five years ago, the city did not own a single school building, and not until 1856 was there any high school. In the fall of 1843 the Chicago Female Seminary was opened on Clark Street, between Madison and Monroe, by Dr. Abner W. Henderson. In 1844 the University of St. Mary’s of the Lake was founded by the Roman Catholic Church, under the imme- diate direction of Bishop William Quarter. This school was opened in 1846 in St. Mary’s Church, which stood at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Madison Street. In 1867 this institution was abandoned and the building which it occupied was given up to the St. Joseph Orphan Asylum. Several private and semi-public schools had been taught in previous years, and money had been appropriated from the school fund in 1834 to aid in maintaining a school in the Presbyterian Church which stood on the west side of Clark Street between Lake and Randolph. This school was taught by Miss Eliza Chappel, who that year married Jeremiah Porter, the first pastor of a church in Chicago. He had organized the first Presbyterian Church in the fort the year before. The public meetings of the society were held over Peck’s store, on the southeast corner of Lake and Water Streets. A school in the Baptist Church on Water Street, near Franklin, the same year, was called a public school; also, in 1835, a school on the north side of the river was called a THE HISTOBY OF CHICAGO 27 public school. There were seven schools, public and private, in the town that year. When Chicago became a city, in 1837, the members of the Common Council were made Commissioners of Schools for the city. They elected ten School Inspectors. In 1839 the legislature passed a special act which placed the schools on a permanent and self-supporting basis. In November, 1840, free public schools were permanently established and a Board of Inspectors was organized. The salary of each of the four male teachers employed that year was $33.33 a month. In 1844 the first public-school house was erected, on Mad- ison Street, between Dearborn and State, and this building was standing there when the great fire of 1871 consumed all that part of the city. In 1846 there were three male teachers and six female teachers; in 1851 four male teachers and twenty female teachers. The Great Fire of 1871. In 1839 Chicago had its first big fire, the property loss being about $75,000. Ten years later a great storm and flood destroyed over $100,000 of property in wharves, vessels, etc. No event in the history of Chicago has been more momen- tous than that of the great fire of 1871, which swept away over $186,000,000 of property and paralyzed for a time tne very life of the city. The total value of all the property in the city at that time was only about $600,000,000. The summer and fall before the fire had been unusually dry and warm, transforming wooden structures of the city into tinder, making it almost impossible to check the flames. 28 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS This was undoubtedly the reason why the destruction of property was so great. The fire was started by the overturning of a lamp by a woman who was milking a cow, on the evening of Sunday, October 8, 1871. A strong southwest wind was blowing, and the flames spread with startling rapidity. The fire began in the rear of 137 De Koven Street, near Clinton, and before it was subdued had swept eastward and northward to Fullerton Avenue, four miles along the lake front, covering an area variously stated as from 1,687 to 2,400 acres. About seventy thousand people, nearly one- fourth of the total population, were rendered homeless, and 17,450 buildings were consumed within two days. Even stone buildings crumbled mysteriously, sometimes even be- fore the fire reached them. Flames would break out in places a block or two away from the real fire. Thousands of people were driven by the flames into the lake, and other thousands to the prairie on the west. The city waterworks, almost a mile north of the river, were among the first build- ings on the North Side to ignite. Thus while people were gazing southward at the burning city, they were astonished to discover that the waterworks had suddenly begun to burn in their rear. The glare of the flames was said to be visible a hundred and fifty miles away. At first Chicago seemed to be ruined forever by this dire disaster ; the old settlers were broken-hearted. But the site was the same as at first, and still possessed all its natural advantages for the building of a great metropolis. The vast Northwest still lay open, with its immense fields of grain and herds of cattle. The lake was still there, with its broad THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 29 expanse of waters inviting the commerce of the nation; and the river remained, with its improved harbor and docks. The world outside looked on and saw the situation. Capi- tal at once came to the rescue, and a new city began to rise from the ashes of its former self; the new buildings con- structed were more elaborate and more expensive than those which had been burned. In two years there was a new city in full dress, and the fire proved, after all, a blessing instead of a curse. In one year eighty thousand feet of frontage which had been burned in the South Division was more than half rebuilt, at a valuation of $32,154,700. The loss of life by flames and exposure was large — ac- cording to some estimates over two hundred. The property loss was $186,000,000, of which $53,000,000 represents the loss in buildings, $58,000,000 that in personal effects, and the balance that in stocks, produce, and manufactured arti- cles of every description. The amount of insurance was $100,225,000, not more than $50,178,925 of which was recovered. Contributions for the relief of those rendered destitute coming from almost every civilized nation, amounted to nearly $7,000,000, of which sum England contributed $500,000. At 137 De Koven Street, set in the facade of the building now occupying the spot where the fire started, is an inscrip- tion to commemorate the disaster. The City’s New Birth. It is hardly possible even now to appreciate the complete transformation wrought in Chi- cago by this destructive conflagration. Although the city had been great before, and scarcely able itself to account for 30 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS its rapid growth, the disaster which befell it in 1871 was like the birth of a new life from a chrysalis state. Up to that date most of the old landmarks were still standing; the city was yet in its swaddling clothes, only thirty-seven years having passed since its birth. The ruins of Fort Dearborn were still visible and several of the old frame houses of the Kinzie period were standing yet. Comparatively few of the streets were paved outside of the very center of business, and in many places there was no uniform grading of side- walks. Residences had become surrounded by business structures and in many blocks near the present loop district there were numerous vacant lots. There was only one high school in the city, and that was west of the river. The leading grammar school stood on Madison Street near the present site of the Tribune Building; it had been con- structed in 1845. Lake and Water Streets were the prin- cipal business streets. Nothing but a wholesale wiping out of all these relics of a former generation could have effected the complete trans- formation which was brought E;bout by the fire. At once a new city sprang into existence, covering the burnt district of about three square miles. In ten years there were more newcomers here than former residents. The fire marked the adolescent period in the city’s life. Passing this, it came quickly into its real vigor of youth and realized within itself its immense power and possibilities. At once it put on the habiliments of a maturing cityhood. It now looks back upon those former years as its period of childhood — its village life — and because of the great cataclysm through which it passed it may almost be justified in dating its birth from THE HISTOEY OF CHICAGO 31 October 9, 1871. This day is regarded as a red-letter day in the history of the city. The Anarchist Riots. Early in 1886 serious trouble began to be apprehended from the demand of labor for an eight-hour day. A general strike was planned for May 1st, 1886. On the 4th of May a riot at the McCormick Reaper Works resulted in the injury of several rioters. The worst element among the rioters was composed of anarchists. A circular was issued by some of their number, calling their fellows to arms. A large gathering of those who were advocating disrespect for the laws was held on West Randolph Street, in Haymarket Square. At this meet- ing violent language was used, and the police undertook to disperse the crowd. As the police were approaching an alley on Desplaines Street a bomb was thrown from a group of anarchists at that point, killing seven and wound- ing sixty. Several of the leaders were arrested and brought to trial. Three were sentenced to the penitentiary for life and five to be hanged. November 11, 1887, was the date fixed for their execution. Before the day arrived one of the five had succeeded in committing suicide in the jail. The excitement on the day of execution was intense, but no public disturbance was created, and since then the anarch- ists have caused little or no trouble in Chicago. The World’s Columbian Exposition. The “World’s Fair” of 1893 was one of the most notable events in the history of Chicago. It was designed as a celebration of the discovery of America by Columbus, and was to have been held in 1892, but the delays caused by the magnitude of so 32 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS great an undertaking made it necessary to postpone the opening until May 1, 1893, though the grounds were dedi- cated with great display and elaborate ceremony on October 21, 1892. The site selected was Jackson Park, about six miles south of the City Hall, on the lake shore. This park was com- pletely transformed and converted into an area especially suited for the location of buildings and the daily assembling of thousands of people. Great competition existed between Chicago and New York for the location of this great exposition, and it was only the indomitable energy and determination of the citizens of Chicago which secured the vote of Congress in favor of that city. Eleven million dollars were secured by a systematic canvass for subscriptions, and bonds were issued for five millions more. Thirteen million dollars were appropriated for over eighty state and federal buildings. The national government furnished ten million dollars. There were sixty- five thousand separate exhibits, valued at fifteen million dollars. Contrary to expectations, the exposition paid all its expenses. It was visited by twenty-one million people. The Railroad Riots of 1894. During the financial panic of 1893 workmen’s wages were reduced in the car-shops at Pullman, the largest plant of the kind in the world, as well as in most other shops and factories. When times improved, in 1894, the workmen at Pullman demanded an increase in wages, but their demand was not granted. A strike was declared May 11th, and three thousand workmen stopped working. For several weeks vain efforts were made by the strikers to secure concessions from the Pullman Company. THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 33 Then Eugene V. Debs, who was the head of the Switchmen's Union, or the American Railway Union, ordered a sympa- thetic strike. The men refused to switch trains on roads carrying Pullman cars, and this affected the moving of trains all over the country. Great confusion in business resulted, mails were delayed, and business generally became paralyzed. Cars were left anywhere and everywhere, and live freight perished on the tracks. The prices of meats and vegetables rose alarmingly, and a famine was threatened. Passenger traffic also was seriously interfered with. Chicago was the storm-center, as it was the central point reached by all the trunk lines. Other labor unions joined the ranks of the strikers, and much violence fol- lowed. Cars were overturned, tracks torn up, and freight- cars burned. This work of destruction began in July and grew steadily worse. The railroad managers called for protection, and in Chicago the police protection was inadequate to cope with the disorderly and violent crowd. The Governor was not asked for help, and offered none. But the national government was appealed to, and the Pres- ident sent fifteen hundred troops to prevent violence and protect the mails in transit and also interstate commerce, in accordance with a provision in the interstate commerce act of Congress. After several arrests were made the riots ended. Mr. Debs and several of his associates were arrested and im- prisoned for six months for obstructing the United States mails. In October, 1909, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed an 34 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS award of $100,000 damages to be paid by the city of Chi cago to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for loss of property at the time of the riot. Origin of Some Street Names. The first residences in Chicago were along the banks of the river, and mostly on the south side of it. The houses all faced north, which accounts for the narrow strip of land on the north side of South Water Street. This strip of land was at that time called “the levee,” after that in St. Louis. The first street was Lake, although what is now Randolph Street was then called First Street. The next was the last to the south for some time and was called Washington, after our first President. The street farthest west was named for President Jefferson, the one farthest north for John Kinzie, and the one farthest east Dearborn, for General Henry Dearborn. All east of Dearborn Street was at that time the property of the United States Government. Cottage Grove Avenue was so named from a grove at the foot of Thirty-fifth Street, in which was the residence of the late Senator Douglas. The Douglas Monument now stands there. Woodland and Groveland parks, and the grounds of the old Chicago University, also were portions of the Douglas estate. Other street names worthy of note are the following: — Clinton, for DeWitt Clinton. Franklin, for Benjamin Franklin. Wells, for Captain William Wells, who lost his life in the Dearborn massacre. LaSalle, for the great explorer. Clark, for George Rogers Clark. THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 35 Madison, Monroe, Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, Harri- son, Quincy, and Taylor for the Presidents of those names. Halsted was named for a large landholder on the west side. State Street was for many years known as Vincennes Road. CHIEF EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CHICAGO 1804 : ii8i2 : 1817: 1830: 1831 : 1833: 1834: 1836: 1837: 1847: 1848 : 1849: 1854: 1857: i860 : 1871 : 1873: 1875: 1886: 1889: 1892 : 1893: 1894: 1898 : I900: 1903: The Building of Fort Dearborn. The Fort Dearborn Massacre. The Savings Bank Crash. The definite location of Chicago by plat. Cook County organized. Chicago incorporated as a town. The great real estate boom. Beginning of the Illinois and, Michigan Canal. Chicago chartered as a city and first election held. Financial panic. The Great Harbor Convention. First railroad opened. Great flood in Chicago River. Cholera epidemic. Serious money panic. Destructive fire. Loss of steamer Lady Elgin, with 203 lives. Great fire. Great financial panic. City incorporated under general law. Anarchist Riots. Large annexations to the city. New University of Chicago opened. First elevated roads built. World’s Columbian Exposition. Great railroad strike. Another financial panic. Elevated loop constructed. Drainage canal opened. Centennial Celebration, The Iroquois Theater fire ; 575 lives lost. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHICAGO REGION The Exact Location of Chicago. The location of Fort Dearborn as reported to the War Department in Washing- ton was forty degrees, fifty minutes, one second north lati- tude; eighty-seven degrees, thirty-six minutes west longi- tude. Topography of Chicago. Nearly all the land now occu- pied by Cook County was formerly covered by the waters of Lake Michigan, and the name “Lake Chicago” has been applied to it during that period. These waters were the product of glacial action, and united with the waters of Lake Michigan after the retreat or destruction of the gla- cier. The entire stretch of country from Winnetka on the north, extending in crescent form southwestward through Glenwood and LaGrange, then southeastward to Glenwood and Dyer, and then northeastward to Lake Michigan in Indiana, constitutes what is called the Chicago Plain, which is the level area left after the withdrawal of Lake Chicago into Lake Michigan. The greatest width of this crescent plain is about fifteen miles. The surface of Lake Michigan is about five hun- dred and eighty-one feet above mean tide level, and the southwestern boundary of the plain is about sixty feet higher. From this limit the surface rises more or less regu- larly to a maximum height of about two hundred feet above 36 GEOGRAPHY' OF THE CHICAGO REGION 37 the lake, presenting a moderately rolling surface, declining again to the west and southwest. The Valparaiso Moraine. This elevated belt is about fifteen miles wide, and from the fact that the city of Val- paraiso, Indiana, is situated on it, it has been called the Valparaiso moraine, as it is undoubtedly of glacial forma- tion. As it approaches the lake north of Winnetka, its ele- vation decreases and becomes continuous with the Chicago Plain. The Desplaines River, the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and the Drainage Canal cut through this moraine on the southwest of the city at the level of the Chicago Plain, and furnish the outlet for the drainage of the city, carrying it off through the Illinois River and the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. The valley thus formed between Sum- mit and Lemont has been called “the twelve-mile level.” From Lemont it goes straight south to Joliet. It varies in width from half a mile to a mile and a quarter, and is from thirty to one hundred and fifty feet deep. The floor of the valley is nearly flat, but the sides are more or less abrupt. The Sag. Following this valley in a northeasterly di- rection from Lemont about three and a half miles, we come to a branch, or tributary, running nearly east, which is called the “Sag.” It reaches as far as the village of Worth, on the Wabash Railroad. The creek known as the Calumet Feeder traverses this valley of the Sag. The Chicago Outlet. These valleys are the natural out- let of the Chicago Plain, their elevation being about the same, or a little less, and they form what is known as the Chicago Outlet. 38 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Mount Forest. The triangular tract of land formed by these two valleys and the Chicago Plain has been given the name of Mount Forest. Its greatest length north and south is four miles; east and west, six miles. Blue Island Ridge. Blue Island is situated seven miles west of the lake at South Chicago, on a ridge in the plain six miles long north and south, and one mile wide. Its ele- vation is from twenty-five to fifty feet above the surround- ing plain. Stony Island. Stony Island lies between this ridge and South Chicago. It is a rocky elevation, one and a quarter miles from east to west, and half a mile from north to south. Its elevation is about twenty feet above its marshy sur- roundings. Other Elevations. There are also two broad elevations north of Chicago, between the lake and the North Branch of the Chicago River, about thirty or forty feet above the lake. Old Beach Ridges. It is easy to detect the various shore lines of the lake as it used to be, by observing the ridges of sand and gravel running parallel with the plain and valleys. Drainage. The great Continental Divide may be said to pass through this district, since some of the waters flow eastward into Lake Michigan and the St. Lawrence system, and others flow westward into the Desplaines River and the Mississippi system. The Drainage Canal at Summit has partially united the two systems, the waters of Lake Mich- igan now flowing westward through the divide, as it is very probable they did originally. GEOGRAPHY OP THE CHICAGO REGION 39 The Chicago River. In the city of Chicago and its im- mediate vicinity the natural drainage is very poor, and this fact has rendered necessary extensive works to produce artificial drainage. The north and south branches of the Chicago River, whose waters moved so slowly that they could scarcely be observed to move at all, afforded the only natural drainage of the region near the great city. Perhaps no stream in the whole western continent has been celebrated more extensively in the press of the coun- try than the Chicago River. And the reputation thus given to it has not been especially to its credit. For upward of fifty years it was the perpetual byword of travelers and newspaper writers. It has been known as the breeding- place of the foulest miasma, the filthiest stream to be found anywhere in the land, though flowing directly through the heart of a great and boastful city. In the early days, before anything was done to deepen its channel or establish its banks, the Chicago River was little more than a deep bayou from the lake, about a hundred yards wide, reaching inland perhaps three-quarters of a mile, with one arm extending northward and another to the south, each several miles long, but finally vanishing in the sloughs of the low prairie land which extended many miles both north and south along the shore of the lake. The only perceptible currents of this so-called river were those caused by the winds blowing the water of the lake into it, and the return current when the winds subsided. This inlet was originally about twenty feet deep, but the accumulation of sand had prevented the entrance of large vessels until, by dredging, the channel was cleared and deep- 40 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS ened, so that this naturally well-arranged harbor has given the very best of docking facilities to mills, warehouses, ele- vators, and factories, as well as to merchants and manufac- turers, who by means of it are enabled to place their goods on board vessels for shipment direct from their establish- ments, without the necessity of loading them on wagons. At first the river was crossed only by means of Indian canoes. After the departure of the Indians, the canoes being no longer available, row-boats were constructed to ferry people across the river. The first ferry was estab- lished in 1829, where the Lake Street bridge now is. Floating bridges were established in one or two places in 1832, but these were so much objected to by the vessel- owners, that drawbridges replaced them, the first one, span- ning the river at Dearborn Street, being built in 1834. The Clark Street bridge was first built in 1839. Since then the number of bridges has been increased until there are to-day sixty-nine bridges in all, besides three tun- nels which descend beneath the river. The bridges were turned by hand till 1872; then steam power was applied on the Dearborn Street bridge. Electricity was first used at the Rush Street, Van Buren Street, and Lake Street bridges in 1895. The North Branch of the Chicago River rises in the town of Northfield, about four miles west of Highland Park, twenty-seven miles from Chicago. The South Branch has its origin near the village of Sum- mit and flows northeastward, uniting with the North Branch about a mile from the lake and with it forming the Chicago River. The opening of the Drainage Canal in GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHICAGO REGION 41 1900 gave all these waters an outlet through the Desplaines River into the Mississippi system. An Extensive Harbor. The Chicago River and its branches have been repeatedly dredged and enlarged until now they afford an extensive harbor for vessels, the South Branch being navigable for about six miles, and the North Branch half as far. The North Branch has for some time been rendered more active by flushing from the Fullerton Avenue conduit. The South Branch, which was made con- tributory to the Illinois and Michigan Canal, was given more life by the pumping-works at Bridgeport, and thus the drainage of the city was aided on the southwest. The Calumet River. On the south the Calumet River and its tributaries furnish a fair drainage. This river is unique in its course. It really has two outlets into Lake Michigan. It rises in the western part of Laporte County, Indiana, and flows westward for forty-five miles parallel with the lake shore, to the village of Blue Island. Then it turns about northward and traverses its course eastward twenty-five miles, at a distance of only two or three miles from its westward channel and empties into the lake. The south channel is called the Little Calumet and the north channel the Grand Calumet. The second outlet of the river is at South Chicago, this branch striking off near Hegewisch and flowing northward between Lake Calumet and Lake Michigan. This branch is largely the result of dredging, and is used extensively as a harbor for lake vessels, reaching to Hammond, about four miles farther east on the main channel. This brings Ham- mond and Chicago into direct communication by small 42 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS steamers. The dredging above referred to has caused the flow of the Grand Calumet westward toward the South Chicago outlet, and as a consequence the original outlet is practically closed by the shore-drift and sand. The Desplaines River. The Desplaines River rises in Racine County, Wisconsin, flows in a slightly southeasterly direction through Lake County and the towns of Wheeling, Maine, Leyden, Proviso, Riverside, Lyons, and Palos, to Summit, a distance of about sixty-five miles. Here it enters the valley which cuts through the moraine belt at that point, continues past Lemont, and finally empties into the Illinois River about fifteen miles south of Joliet. The spring floods sometimes cause the river to overflow in the neighborhood of Riverside, so that some of its waters find their way into Lake Michigan. It is only once in about five or six years that the volume of water at this point ex- seeds ten thousand cubic feet per second ; usually it is not more than six or seven thousand. The fall of the river above the Lyons dam averages about one and a half feet per mile. At Riverside it is four and two-thirds feet per mile. Salt Creek. The principal tributary of the Desplaines River is Salt Creek, which flows nearly parallel with the Des- plaines River till it reaches the vicinity of Fullersburg, when it turns abruptly eastward and enters the Desplaines at Lyons. The total length of Salt Creek is about twenty-six miles. Hickory Creek. South of the Desplaines valley numerous creeks flowing west and south drain the marshes in the mo- raine belt, the largest of these being Hickory Creek, in Will GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHICAGO REGION 43 County. This joins the Desplaines River about a mile below Joliet. Lakes and Marshes. The marshes between South Chi- cago and Hammond contain several small lakes or ponds, the chief ones being Calumet, Wolf, and George, of which Calumet is the largest, covering about three square miles. The whole region around is a marsh, but has been artifi- cially drained in many parts. These small lakes seem to have been left as remnants of a former submerged section covering several thousand acres. The entire region round about is level, with here and there a spot where the sand has been piled higher by the action of wind and waves. At the present time the general features of the land around Chicago are prairielike, there being comparatively small areas covered by trees or raised above the level of the plain. There are picturesque bluffs along the lake north- ward, and elevated ridges farther inland, formed, probably, by the glacial drift or the action of running water or waves in prehistoric time. Originally the whole region where Chicago now stands was a low marsh, and apparently least suitable of all pos- sible sites on Lake Michigan for the building of a city. In many places the mud was so impassable that signs were put up in the streets, reading, “No bottom here.” These same streets are now built up and paved in the most magnificent style. For several miles to the south the land was actually covered with water from one to three feet deep a great por- tion of each year. This land, which was then not worth a dollar an acre, is now very valuable. Hove the Marsh Was Removed. The land originally was I 44 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS only seven feet above Lake Michigan, though about six hun- dred feet above sea-level. In 1855 the legal level for build- ing and paving was raised seven feet above the natural level, so that now the surface is fourteen feet above the lake. In order to accomplish this, a most remarkable transformation was effected by raising the buildings and filling the streets. For ten years, during this process of raising the grade, there was little uniformity in the level of the streets, side- walks, and buildings, the grade having been raised three times, which made four different levels observable to a pe- destrian on any one of the streets. The original prairie level was seen in many vacant lots, and often with an early building yet standing on it ; above this would be the street pavement at the level first established in 1855 ; next above that a sidewalk conforming to the grade next established ; and contiguous to that a building and walk constructed after the final grade was fixed. So that a man passing along LaSalle Street, for instance, found it necessary to go con- tinually up and down flights of steps, which rendered walk- ing exceedingly unpleasant, not to say dangerous. Geology of the Region. Borings through the drift to a depth varying from a few inches to about a hundred and fifty feet reveal first a stratum of Niagara limestone. Be- neath this are other formations of limestone, sandstone, and shale, the deposits of earlier geologic ages, at the bottom of which is the Potsdam sandstone, the lowest known rock formation in the state. Niagara Limestone. The thickness of the Niagara lime- stone varies considerably throughout the Chicago district. On the northwest side of the city this rock crops out in GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHICAGO REGION 45 various places, but is mostly covered with clay. Near Grand and Campbell Avenues are two quarries where the rock is shown to be much fractured, and is used only for paving or rubble foundations and lime. At the corner of Chicago and Western Avenues a well was sunk in 1864 for the purpose of procuring petroleum, but only a small quan- tity was found. Other Quarries. At Nineteenth and Lincoln Streets is a quarry a hundred and seventy-five feet in depth. This pro- duces limestone with about fifty-four per cent carbonate of lime and forty-four per cent carbonate of magnesia, which affords a very strong lime. About a half mile farther south, near the corner of Robey and Twenty-third Streets, the rock is but thinly covered for several blocks. Near Bridgeport, at Twenty-seventh and Halsted Streets, is a quarry in which many fine fossils have been found. At Hawthorne is another quarry, which furnishes only crushed stone, abounding in fossils. At the foot of Cheltenham Place, in Windsor Park, the rock crops out ag.ain and betrays traces of petroleum. One of the most interesting exposures is to be found at Ninety-second Street and Stony Island Avenue, a mile north of Lake Calumet. This place is what is called Stony Island. It rises twenty to twenty-five feet above the surrounding marshy plain. Two quarries in this vicinity give opportu- nity for studying the character of the rock formations. Numerous other outcroppings of, this rock appear all about Chicago, in Cook County and the counties adjacent. The Drift. The loose material deposited by the glaciers in their movement southward is called drift. It covers the 46 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS submerged rock like a mantle, and may be seen exposed along the lake bluffs north of Evanston, along the Drainage Canal, between Bridgeport and Lemont, and at the various clay pits in and near Chicago, and sometimes where exca- vations are being made for any purpose, and along the road cuts and streams. This drift is usually a kind of calcareous clay in which rock materials of all kinds are imbedded, some of it fine, and some large bowlders several tons in weight. The pres- ence of these large bowlders is taken as one evidence of the glacial origin of the drift, since they could not have been carried along by the force of the water unless frozen in large blocks of ice. Surface of the Bed-rock. If we could clean off the sur- face of the rock beneath the drift, we would reveal an undu- lating surface of rock, rising in some places into hills of a hundred to a hundred and fifty feet, and if we follow the rock surface from Racine, Wisconsin, to the crest of the moraine in Will County, we shall find a rise of seven hun- dred and forty feet or more. Changes in Shore-line. From Evanston northward to Waukegan the lake was for many years gradually encroach- ing upon the land by wearing away the bluffs. This has been checked and almost stopped in recent years by the building of piers and breakwaters. The average encroach- ment for many years was about three or four feet per year, which of course destroyed much valuable property. The soil and rock material thus eaten up by the lake was depos- ited farther south and appears in the sand bars and banks on the north side of the piers. For this reason it is neces- GEOGRAPHY OF THE CHICAGO REGION 47 sary for the mouth of the Chicago River to be dredged occa- sionally to maintain a sufficient channel for vessels to enter, Previous to 1833, when improvements were begun on the Chicago harbor, the accumulation of sand at one time shifted the outlet of the river southward half a mile to Madison Street. The sand bar formed was then opened and piers were constructed on each side of the opening to prevent it from being again closed by sand. The north pier has sev- eral times been extended as the sand became piled up on the north side of it. Sand-Dunes. At Windsor Park, near the foot of Seventy- ninth Street, and at Dune Park and Millers in Indiana, may be seen sand-dunes of all sizes, constantly undergoing changes in form and size, caused by the winds. Some of these are from one hundred to two hundred feet high. The beginning is at the base of a tree, shrub, or stump, where the shelter first causes the sand to rest as it is being swept along by the wind, and soon the increasing size of this ob- struction presents the appearance of a mound, and then of a hill. Some of these dunes on the southeast shore of Lake Michigan rise to a height of from two hundred to four hun- dred feet. As the wind carries the sand from the windward side to the leeward, the location of the dune gradually changes, and some of them are now removed far from the shore. After a time, in favorable localities, these dunes become covered with vegetation and thus are secure from any fur- ther inroads from the wind. Such dunes may be seen along the west side of the Blue Island ridge and between Ham- mond and Thornton. 48 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS But again the wind may bring more sand to be lodged behind this vegetation, and for a time it may be that the trees will grow no faster than the sand is deposited, and at last even the trees which have grown upon the dunes may again be buried by a more rapid deposit of sand. In time the shifting of the sand-dune again reveals the dead trunks and branches of the trees once buried. The Climate of Chicago, though much maligned, is favorable to the growth and permanence of a great city. Some of Chicago’s first settlers are still here to testify to the healthfulness of Chicago’s climate. The water of Lake Michigan is naturally pure and health- ful, and the proximity of so large a body of water tends to prevent the greatest extremes in the temperature of the atmosphere, in both winter and summer. The winters are varied, but generally not long, though sometimes very cold. In summer, occasionally, hot, stifling winds blow from the south for a day or two. The normal temperature for the year is 48.3°. The high- est on record is 103°, which occurred July 21, 1901; the lowest is 23° below zero, which occurred December 24, 1872. The normal temperature for the three months of Decem- ber, January, and February taken together is 26 ° ; for June, July, and August, 69.9°. The normal precipitation, or rainfall, is 34.76. January is usually the coldest month in Chicago, and in February the most snow falls. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO The Duty of Citizens. Every citizen should feel a per- sonal interest in, and be familiar with, the organization and conduct of his own city government. The city officials come from the people themselves, and are sure to give us such a government as the majority of the people desire and permit. Every ordinance should be known and obeyed by the people. Good government can come only as a result of public desire for good government, and indifference or neglect on the part of the people is sure to result in corrup- tion and miscarriage in the administration. The present form of municipal government in Chicago conforms to the general law passed by the legislature in 1874 and accepted by Chicago April 23, 1875. Divisions of the City. The Chicago River, with its North Branch and South Branch, divides the city into three natural divisions, popularly known as the North Side, South Side, and West Side. For political purposes the city is divided into thirty-five wards, and these wards are divided each into from six to fourteen precincts for voting purposes. The New City Hall, which was completed in 1910, is headquarters for all departments of the city government. It occupies the west half of the block bounded by Clark, Ran- dolph, LaSalle, and Washington Streets. The County Courthouse occupies the east half of the same block. The 49 50 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS City Hall has one more floor than the County building, and contains 335,000 more cubic feet, while its cost was a trifle less. The cost of the Courthouse was $5,000,000. OUTLINE OF CITY GOVERNMENT The various departments of the city government may be grouped into branches under the general headings of Legis- lative, Executive, and Judicial. LEGISLATIVE Mayor and City Council. EXECUTIVE Mayor and City Clerk. Civil Service Commission. Election Commissioners. Law Department. Finance Department. ^•Police Department. Detective Bureau. Custodian’s Office. Bureau of Identification. Bureau of Police Records. Vehicle Inspection Department. Construction Department. City Dog-pound. Bureau of Firearms. T Fire Department. House of Correction. Building Department. - — ^Health Department. Executive Bureau. Bureau of Vital Statistics. Bureau of Contagious Diseases. Bureau of Laboratory Service. THE GOVERNMENT 'OF CHICAGO Bureau of Food Inspection. Bureau of Sanitation. Bureau of Hospital and Ambulance Service. Inspection Departments. Oil Inspector. ( City Sealer. Boiler Inspection Department. Smoke Inspection Department. Board of Examiners of Engineers. Board of Examiners of Plumbers. Board of Street Railway Supervising Engineers. Board of Examiners of Moving Picture Operators. Secretary of Boards of Examiners. Department of Public Works. Bureau of Engineering. Bureau of Streets. Bureau of Sewers. Bureau of Water. Bureau of Maps and Plats. Bureau of Architecture. Bureau of Compensation. Accounting Division. Department of Track Elevation. Department of Local Transportation. Board of Local Improvements. Department of Electricity. Bureau of Fire-alarm-Telegraph. Bureau of Police-alarm Telegraph. ^ Bureau of Electrical Inspection. - — * Bureau of Gas Inspection. Bureau of Electrical Construction and Maintenance. Board of Automobile Registry. City Markets. Pounds and Poundmasters. Bureau of Statistics and Municipal Library. Bureau of Information and Publicity. Special Commissions. Special Park Commission. City Expenditures Commission. 52 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Municipal Efficiency Commission. Harbor Commission. Board of Education. Public Library. JUDICIAL Municipal Court. THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH The Mayor is the chief executive of the city govern- ment. His principal duties and powers are to preside over meetings of the City Council ; to approve or veto the acts of the Council ; to appoint and remove all non-elective heads of departments, subject to the approval of the Council; to see that the ordinances of the city are faithfully executed; to exercise the power of sheriff to keep the peace. He may arrest without process of law, and may release persons who have been imprisoned for violating city ordinances. He may veto any measure passed by the Council which pro- vides for the spending of money, but the measure may be again passed by a two-thirds vote of all the members. It is evident that the Mayor’s responsibilities are very great, and his duties burdensome; yet if he does nothing more than the things above specified, he fails to meet all the obligations of his office. Like the President of the United States, he stands before the public as both an execu- tive and, indirectly, a legislative officer of the government. He is expected to be ever on the alert to discover and point out the needs of the city, and to recommend measures for promoting its general welfare and the welfare of all the THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 53 people. He is therefore largely responsible for the whole city government and the way in which it is administered. The Mayor is elected by the people once in four years, and his salary is fixed by ordinance at $18,000. Secretary to the Mayor. The Mayor selects his own secretary, and in a city like Chicago it is necessary that this secretary be a man of sound judgment and discretion, for his duties are more than those of a routine character. He is a kind of right-hand man to the Mayor, and has, himself, an assistant, who performs much of the routine work. The City Council represents the Legislative Branch of the city government. The Mayor, as presiding officer, is identified with this department. The Council is com- posed of seventy aldermen, two from each ward, one elected each year on the first Tuesday in April, for a term of two years. The Aldermen. Until 1875 the aldermen were the ab- solute rulers of the city. The Mayor was simply the presid- ing officer. In 1875 the departments were organized, and the Mayor was given the power to appoint the head of each department, subject to the approval of the Council. This placed upon the Mayor the responsibility in a large measure for the acts of his appointees. In 1889 the legislature passed what is known as the Cities, Villages, and Towns Act, which gave to Chicago forty-eight aldermen, two for each ward. As the town of Lake View, the village of Jefferson, a portion of Cicero, the town of Lake, and the village of Hyde Park were annexed to the city in 1889, the territory of the city, as well as its population, was so much enlarged that the number of wards was 54 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS increased to thirty-four, and the aldermen to sixty-eight. Shortly after that, other annexations made the thirty-fifth ward, and added two more aldermen, making seventy, which is the number at the present time. If still more territory is annexed in the future, the number of wards can not be increased, but the present ward boundaries must be read- justed to include the new territory. The present ward boundaries were fixed in 1901, but must soon be changed and adjusted to the changed conditions of the population, some wards having increased in population faster than others. As a body, the aldermen are known as the Common Council of the city. Their regular meetings are held in the council-chamber of the City Hall every Monday evening. The Council is organized into the following committees : — Finance; Local Transportation; Judiciary; License; Schools ; Gas, Oil, and Electric Light ; Streets and Alleys, South Division ; Streets and Alleys, West Division ; Streets and Alleys, North Division; Building Department; State Legislation ; Harbors, Wharves, and Bridges ; Special Assessment and General Taxation; Health Department; Police Department and Bridewell; Water Department; Civil Service; Elections; Rules; Street Nomenclature; City Hall and Public Buildings ; Printing ; Special Committees on Track Elevation, Compensation, Special Park Commis- sion, and Public Lands. The general duties of the Council are indicated by the names of the above committees. It is the duty of the Council to enact ordinances for the government of the city, levy and collect taxes, make appropriations, regulate licenses, etc. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 55 THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH The City Clerk. The chief duties of the City Clerk are to issue notices to members of the City Council and its com- mittees, when requested to do so ; to attest all licenses granted by the city ordinances ; to keep a record of the same, and is- sue a metal plate or badge, free of charge, to the licensee, when the ordinance requires it ; to record and preserve the proceedings of the Council meetings ; and, in general, to act as an intermediary between tbe Council, the Mayor, and the public, for filing, delivering, and reporting the transactions of the Council. The City Clerk is an elected officer of the city govern- ment, and holds office for two years. The Civil Service Commission was created by an act of ^ . the legislature passed in 1895. It includes three Commis- sioners, appointed by the Mayor. The Commission employs a Chief Examiner and other assistants needed. One Com- missioner is appointed each year for a period of three years. The Commissioners classify offices and places in the city service, examine applicants for employment in such offices and places, certify to the heads of departments, as required, the names of those standing highest on the list of eligibles, investigate charges against employees in the classified serv- ice, and remove employees for cause. The classified service includes all the officers and places of ^employment in the city government, except such as are elected by the people or by the City Council, or whose ap- pointment is subject to confirmation by the City Council ; except, also, Judges and Clerks of Election, members of 56 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS any Board of Education, the Superintendents and teachers of schools, heads of any principal department of the city, members of the Law Department, and one private secretary of the Mayor. All citizens of the United States are eligible for positions in the classified service with specified limitations as to resi- dence, age, health, habits, and moral character. The rules of the Commission provide that no person shall be admitted to examination who has not been an actual resident of the city for at least one year immediately preceding the date of examination, which restriction may be waived by the Com- mission in cases requiring unusual technical or professional skill. Names of persons who were engaged in the army or navy in 1861-65 and honorably discharged are placed at the head of the list of eligibles, provided they possess the neces- sary business capacity for performing the duties of the office. The rules for appointment are printed for free distribu- tion, and notices of examinations are published in the daily papers for two weeks. The examinations are usually fair and reasonable, all questions on politics and religion being excluded. Examiners are designated by the Commissioners, but they must not all be of one political party. A register is prepared for each class of positions and the names of successful candidates are entered therein according to their rank in examination. When a position in the classified service becomes vacant, the head of the department in which the vacancy occurs notifies the Civil Service Commission. The name and ad- dress is then given him of the candidate standing highest THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 57 on the register for such a position. Such candidate is then appointed on probation for a period fixed by the rules of the Commission. If not discharged by the head of the department with the consent of the Commission before the end of the probation period, the appointment is deemed com- plete. The head of any department may make a temporary appointment, with the approval of the Commission, to re- main in force not longer than sixty days, and only until a regular appointment can be made. In the classified service there are about sixteen thousand employees. This necessitates the examination of more than twenty thousand persons. About seven thousand are ex- amined each year. Election Commissioners. The state law provides that three Election Commissioners shall be appointed by the County Court, from the different political parties, each for a period of three years, one Commissioner being appointed each year. They must be legal voters and householders re- siding in the city. No Commissioner may hold any other public office. The Commissioners may employ a Chief Clerk and any other assistants with the consent and approval of the County Court. It is their duty to determine the election precincts and polling places, giving each precinct three hundred voters, as nearly as may be; to provide the polling-booths, ballot- boxes, tally-sheets, poll-hooks, and all blanks and stationery necessary in an election; to select judges and clerks of elec- tion; to canvass the returns of votes; and, in brief, to have charge of everything pertaining to the registration of voters and the holding of all elections. 58 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS. Nomination of Candidates. By an act of the legislature which went into effect July 1, 1910, a political party is de- fined to be such provided it cast more than two per cent of the entire vote cast at last preceding election. This act re- quires each political party to select its candidates for office at a primary election (usually called a primary), except candidates for electors of President and Vice President of the United States, and Trustees of the University of Illi- nois. The act does not apply, however, to township and school elections. Such primary election must be held on the second Tues- day in April of each year in which officers are to be voted for in the November following, or judges of the Supreme Court, the Circuit Court, or the Superior Court of Cook County to be elected in June of the same year. Officers to be voted for on the first Tuesday in April are to be nominated at a primary held on the last Tuesday in February preceding; and officers to be elected on the third Tuesday in April are to be nominated at a primary held the second Tuesday in March. The name of no candidate may be printed on the primary ballot unless a petition for his nomination has been filed from fifteen to sixty days prior to the date of the primary, the time depending upon the office for which the candidate is to be nominated. The Secretary of State then certifies to the county clerk the names of all candidates entitled to appear on the primary ballot, and the names of candidates must appear on the ballot in the order in which their pe- titions were filed with the Secretary of State. An independent candidate may be nominated, however, THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 59 by securing the signatures of not less than one for each fifty persons who voted at the next preceding general election in the city, petitioning that his name be placed on the official ballot. The voter is given a ballot, on which are printed the tick- ets of all the regular candidates. This ballot he takes into a booth, where he is entirely alone, and marks the names of the candidates for whom he wishes to vote. He then hands it to an officer who places it in the box known as the ballot box. Detailed instructions are given how to mark the ballot, and rules for the use of the ballot. The polls are open from six o’clock in the morning until four o’clock in the afternoon. The law permits a voter to be absent from his place of employment two hours, without loss of wages, for the pur- pose of voting, provided he asks for the privilege prior to the day of election, and accepts the hours specified by his employer. Voting for presidential electors and members of Con- gress must be done on the first Tuesday after the first Mon- day in November in all the states. Counting the Votes. As soon as the polls are closed, the counting of votes must begin, and continue without inter- ruption until finished. This is done by the judges and clerks of election. The County Judge, assisted by the Board of Election Commissioners, then canvasses the re- turns. The Law Department includes the Corporation Coun- sel, the City Attorney, and the Prosecuting Attorney. The Corporation Counsel. It is the duty of the Cor- 60 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS poration counsel, as head of the Law Department, to con- duct all the law business of the city. He drafts ordinances, deeds, leases, contracts, or other papers, when requested so to do by the Mayor, Council, or any committee or depart- ment of the city government, and furnishes them with legal opinions when asked. He employs an attorney to represent him at the head- quarters of the Fire Department, and this representative is also attorney and assistant for the Fire Marshal. The Cor- poration Counsel is also assisted by one Chief Clerk and Secretary, about twenty or more general assistants, one special assistant who acts as attorney for the Board of Local Improvements, and four others who act as assistant attor- neys for the same Board. The Corporation Counsel must be a man of superior legal ability. He is appointed by the Mayor, and is his close adviser in all technical questions that arise in administering the city government. He is the man to consult on all ques- tions pertaining to the city’s liability, or to new ordinances which any citizen may think would be beneficial to the city. He has the power of appointing and removing all assist- ants in the various law departments at his pleasure within an appropriation for his office made annually by the City Council. The City Attorney is appointed by the Corporation Coun- sel as his assistant. His special duties are to keep a register of all personal injury suits to which the city is a party, and to defend all such damage suits against the city, such as claims for damages for injuries received from a fall on the sidewalk, falling buildings, escaping gas in the street, etc. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 61 The Prosecuting Attorney. It is the duty of the Prose- cuting Attorney to prosecute any person who violates an ordinance of the city. The Prosecuting Attorney also is appointed by the Corporation Counsel. The Department of Finance. The City Comptroller, the City Treasurer, and the City Collector comprise the executive officers of the Finance Department. The fiscal year begins January 1st; the municipal year, May 1st. The City Comptroller is the head of the department. He has “general supervision over all the officers of the city charged in any manner with the receipt, collection, or dis- bursement of the city revenues, and the collection and re- turn of such revenues into the city treasury.” He has charge of all deeds, mortgages, contracts, leases, etc., belong- ing to the city ; he audits and settles claims against the city ; he keeps a record of persons committed to the House of Correction, with fines, etc. He keeps a record of appropriations ; he makes the annual estimates for expenses; he signs warrants upon the city treasury, and, in short, “exercises supervision over all such interests of the city as, in any manner, may concern or relate to the city finances, revenues, and property.” He also ap- proves and countersigns all contracts for work, materials, or supplies let by any officer of the city where the amount of such contract exceeds five hundred dollars. For the purpose of uniformity, fullness, and easy refer- ence, a system of accounting and auditing is prescribed by ordinance for all departments, bureaus, boards, and officers of the city, and all these are subject to the approval of the 62 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS City Comptroller, who may require monthly financial reports from all departments, bureaus, boards, or persons connected with the city government. He appoints his own deputy, with the approval of the City Council. The City Comptroller is appointed by the Mayor and is placed under a bond of $100,000. His salary is $10,000. A Business Agent is appointed by the Mayor. It is his duty to purchase all the supplies and material for the use of the city, and let contracts for labor, where the cost of supplies, material, or labor is less than five hundred dollars. The City Paymaster is certified for his position by the Civil Service Commission. He has immediate charge of the payment of salaries to city employees, including public- school teachers and library employees. His warrants on the Treasurer must be signed by the Mayor and countersigned by the Comptroller. The City Treasurer. It is the City Treasurer’s duty to receive from the City Collector, the Bureau of Water, and the County Collector all moneys belonging to the city, the Board of Education, and the Public Library; to deposit these in a bank ; to keep a separate account of each fund or appropriation, such as the Corporate Fund, the Water Fund, the School Fund, etc.; to pay warrants; and to render monthly accounts of the condition of the treasury to the City Comptroller. Warrants drawn on the City Treasurer must be signed by the Mayor and countersigned by the Comptroller, but school warrants are signed by the Secretary and the President of the Board of Education and countersigned by the Mayor and the Comptroller. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 63 The City Treasurer is required to give a bond for $2,000,- 000, and whatever interest accrues on the money in his hands is placed to the credit of the fund which earns it. The city funds are deposited by the Treasurer in such bank or banks as the Council may designate. He reports to the Comptroller monthly all details concerning the funds in his hands. He is treasurer ex-officio of the Firemen’s Pension Fund, the Public School Teachers’ Pension and Retirement Fund, the Public School Employees’ Pension Fund, the Municipal Employees’ Pension Fund, the Public Library Employees’ Pension Fund, and is the custodian of the City Clerk’s official bond. The City Treasurer is elected. The City Collector is appointed by the Mayor. It is his duty to collect all special assessments and other war- rants, receive money for licenses, inspections, permits, fran- chises, police court fines, etc. An ordinance provides, how- ever, that license and permit fees may be paid to the officer authorized to issue them, and that collections made by the Water Bureau shall be paid directly to the City Treasurer. He pays over to the City Treasurer daily all moneys col- lected by him, and files receipts with the Comptroller. The Police Department. The chief officers of the Po- lice Department are a General Superintendent, usually called the Chief of Police ; an Assistant Superintendent ; a Secretary of the Department ; a Private Secretary to the Chief ; a Chief Clerk; a Drill Master; a Custodian, and eight inspectors, one for each division. There is also one cap- tain for each of the twelve police districts, and as many lieutenants, detective sergeants, desk sergeants, and patrol- 64 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS men as may be deemed necessary by the Council ; in general, a lieutenant for each of the forty-four precincts. There are 482 commanding officers in the Department, 3,816 patrolmen, and 442 other employees. This gives about 25 police officers to each square mile, and 1 police officer to every 527 inhabitants. The Chief of Police is appointed by the Mayor and re- ceives his orders from him. This officer has many and great responsibilities. It is incumbent on him to enforce the laws so that nothing is permitted, either in word or deed, which will endanger the lives of citizens or the peaceful conduct of business through- out the city. He must place the various members of the police force where each will do the best work to secure the desired ends. His duties place him between the lawless and criminal classes on one side, and the law-abiding citizens on the other ; hence he is sure to receive the ill will of a large number of people before the end of his term of service. It is the duty of the police to preserve order, peace, and quiet within the city, and to enforce the laws and ordi- nances throughout the city. Police officers have power to serve warrants and make arrests. It is their duty to assist firemen in saving prop- erty from fire, give alarms, and keep the streets clear in the vicinity of burning buildings. It is their duty, also, to take notice of all obstructions and defects in the streets. Every regular policeman wears a large star-shaped badge, with the city seal in relief in the center, and each star indi- cates the rank or office of the wearer. Special policemen wear a plain nine-pointed star, without the city seal. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 65 The Chief of Police may appoint special patrolmen from among the citizens, and may appoint any employee of the city a special policeman. All policemen must be sober, civil, punctual, and prompt in obedience to orders. The Assistant General Superintendent looks after the general discipline of the force, and directs the training of new policemen. He also has charge of the selection of spe- cial policemen, and receives their reports at stated periods. The suppression of gambling is also under the charge of the Assistant Superintendent. Discipline in the force is materially aided by the patrol sergeants, who are dressed in citizens’ clothes, and report daily to the General Superintendent. Duties of Patrolmen. Each patrolman has a certain beat assigned to him, which he is expected to know thoroughly and to patrol at stated intervals. It is his duty to give in- formation to those asking about the location of objects and places ; to assist people across the street ; to respond to alarms ; to arrest violators of the law ; to attend fires ; to convey sick and injured persons to their homes, the hospital, or the police-station, and dead bodies to their former resi- dences, or, if unidentified, to the morgue ; to care for the insane and the destitute ; to take prisoners to the county jail or police-court ; to take stray children to their parents ; to kill mad or crippled animals ; to stop runaway horses ; to recover stolen horses and vehicles ; to take children to the Foundlings’ Home or orphan asylum ; to rescue people from drowning ; to conduct needy people to the benevolent in- stitutions, or the County Agent’s office ; to suppress dis- 66 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS turbances, if possible without arrest ; and, in general, to see that everything within his district is done decently and in order, and in accordance with law and the best interests of the community. Respect for Policemen. In a city like Chicago, no depart- ment of the city government comes closer to the people themselves than that of the police. All good citizens have the greatest respect for and interest in the man who wears the policeman’s uniform and protects the lives and property of the people. It is the duty of all to aid the police in every way possible, by giving information, discouraging public disturbances, and avoiding the company of the vicious. The men who are thus exposed to all kinds of weather, at all hours of day and night, facing dangers seen and un- seen, are deserving of the highest regard, not to say the affection, of all lovers of good order and true liberty. The Secretary of Police keeps a record of the expenses of the department, and has general supervision of the real estate and personal property used by it. The Detective Bureau does a very important work in receiving complaints from citizens and from other cities, and then finding the persons complained of and the prop- erty stolen. Officers in this bureau make a special effort to rid the city of confidence-men and pickpockets. These detectives are dressed in citizens’ clothes. Much stolen property is sold at pawn-shops, and each pawnbroker is required to report daily all articles taken in pawn, giving the numbers of watches, bicycles, etc., which may have been taken. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 67 If one knows the number of a stolen watch, he should report it to the Detective Bureau at the City Hall, with a general description of the watch. If it gets into a pawn- shop, the owner will surely recover it. A large number of watches are reported stolen each day in Chicago, and about one-fourth of these are restored to their owners. The Custodian’s Office. In one room of the City Hall is kept all property seized by the police or found on the streets or recovered from thieves, until it is claimed by the owners. If not claimed within sixty days, a public sale is advertised to take place after ten days more, and then the property is sold by auction, and the net receipts are applied to the Po- lice Pension Fund. The value of stolen articles turned into the Custodian’s Office has amounted to $75,000 in a year. By an ordinance passed by the City Council March 23, 1908, it is the duty of the Custodian to “transport all re- volvers, knives, slung shots, metallic knuckles, or other deadly weapons of like character, to a point in Lake Mich- igan at least five miles from the shore line, and there de- posit same on the bottom of said lake.” The Custodian also destroys all gambling instruments and weapons confiscated by the courts. Police Printing-Office. There is also a small printing- office at the City Hall, where a daily bulletin is printed and sent to all police officers in the city, giving a description of thieves that are being sought for and of people lost, and other matters which policemen should know. In this office is kept a list of all stolen property liable to find its way to pawn-shops, and pawnbrokers are at once notified, through the bulletin, of all such stolen property. 68 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The Bureau of Identification. It is the business of this bureau to identify persons charged with crime. The pro- cess of identification consists of taking photographs, meas- uring carefully every part of the body, and recording every possible mark or characteristic which can be found, and comparing such with those previously made. This is called the Bertillon system. The finger-print system has now been introduced also. The records of both systems are kept on cards filed in boxes. The Bureau of Police Records. This bureau maintains a uniform system of blankbooks and records throughout the department, which enables each station, as well as police headquarters, to keep a perfect record of all matters per- taining to the affairs of the department. This bureau is pe- culiar to the city of Chicago, as the whole system is original in its plan and method of compiling and recording the sta- tistics. Full and detailed information may be obtained from these records in a few moments’ time concerning criminal matters of all kinds. The Vehicle Inspection Department. The patrol ser- geant in charge of this department receives applications for license of vehicles and license to drive passenger-vehicles. He also investigates complaints from overcharge of pas- sengers, accidents with atuomobiles, and the loss of prop- erty in public vehicles. The Construction Department provides the labor and ma- terial for all the police-stations, the patrol-wagons, buggies, ambulances, etc., and reports the expenses in detail to the General Superintendent. The City Dog-pound is on the grounds of the House of THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 69 Correction. The superintendent keeps unlicensed dogs at the pound, and releases them on payment of the fee. The number of dogs received in a year amounts to about six- teen thousand, and the fees to about five thousand dollars. The Bureau of Firearms. It is contrary to ordinance for any person living in the city to carry, purchase, or sell firearms without holding a license or permit from the Su- perintendent of the Bureau of Firearms. A record is kept of all applications for license, the weapons permitted, and the weapons confiscated. Dealers are required to make daily reports of sales made. The Training of the Police. A Drill Master trains the members of the force in the use of the revolver, also in cav- alry and drill exercises. Sixty of the finest-looking men on the police force are drilled specially for extraordinary occasions, where a dis- play escort is desirable. These men are called the “Beauty Squad.” Mounted police within the loop are a recent innovation and have proved their efficiency in many instances. They cooperate closely with the policemen at crossings and in many ways demonstrate to the public the direct service of the police in preserving order and aiding in the move- ment of pedestrians, teams, and cars. The Police Pension Fund receivers from three per cent to a hundred per cent of different license fees. The Fire Department. When, in 1833, Chicago was only a frontier village, with a population of from one hun- dred and fifty to three hundred and fifty, living along the south bank of the river where South Water Street now runs, it had a fire company called the “Washington Volunteers.” 70 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The first fire ordinance, passed the year this fire company was organized, prohibited the “passing of any stove-pipe through the roof, partition, or side of any building unless guarded by tin or iron six inches from the wood,” with a fine of five dollars for any violation of the law, the fine to be repeated if the cause of complaint was not removed within forty-eight hours. The following year the town was divided into four wards, and in each a warden was appointed to make a monthly inspection to see that the ordinance was complied with. (It is interesting to note that Chicago’s first fire was occa- sioned by the carrying of a shovel full of coals from one building to another.) The wardens had the power in case of fire to call on citizens or bystanders to assist in putting out the blaze. The fire-bucket ordinance of 1835 required every occu- pant or owner of a store or dwelling “to have one good painted leather fire-bucket, with the initials of the owner’s name painted thereon,” for each fireplace or stove in the building, and hung in a conspicuous place. The real beginning of anything that might be called a fire department was made in 1835. The engine house was on LaSalle Street, where the City Hall now stands, and cov- ered a space twelve by twenty-four feet in area. It con- tained a cistern “made of good pine lumber” large enough to hold two hogsheads of water. Two hand-engines were purchased for this nucleus of a fire department. The first paid fire department was organized in 1858. Steam engines were then purchased for the first time, and a fire-alarm telegraph system was provided. The hose-carts THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 71 were at first drawn by men running at top speed, but the engines were drawn by horses. The great fire of 1871 led to a reorganization of the Fire Department on a military basis. The city is now divided into eighteen battalion districts, the companies in each com- prising a battalion, in charge of an Assistant Fire Marshal, or Battalion Chief. It is the Fire Marshal’s duty to attend all fires in his district and assume control. The captain and lieutenant of each company called out go with all the men at the house when the alarm is given. Once arrived at the fire, one set of men (the pipe men) await the captain’s order to “lead out’’ the hose ; others with pike poles stand ready to pull down walls, while the truck-men (with hook and ladder) set about their duty of rescuing people and property. And so, modestly and bravely, these firemen do their work, for the most part unnoticed by the busy city around them, until some signal act of courage calls atten- tion for a brief space to one important branch of the city’s protectors. The Fire Department is one of the most important of all the departments of the city government. Every citizen is interested in the working and the effectiveness of this de- partment. A fire may break out at any time in our house or in our neighborhood, and if the Fire Department does not do the best work possible in trying to extinguish the flames, our home and property may be quickly destroyed. There are now 117 fire-engine companies; 34 hook-and- ladder companies, including 15 chemical engines and 1 hose company ; 6 fire-boat crews ; 3 volunteer companies ( 1 at Normal Park, 1 at Flansen Park, and 1 at Riverdale), and 72 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS 1 water-tower ; besides 8 fire-insurance patrols, all read / to respond to a call at any moment, day or night, to aid in extinguishing or checking a fire which may have broken out in any part of the city. These companies comprise a membership of about 1,800 men. The fire-insurance patrols are not maintained by the city, but by the special contributions of fire-insurance companies. The volunteer companies draw no salaries, but are fur- nished supplies, apparatus, and buildings for their accom- modation. There are 53 men in these companies, and each company reports to the Fire Department. The Fire Marshal is appointed by the Mayor. He has absolute control over everything connected with the depart- ment. The Health Department. In this department every citizen is directly interested, as its leading purpose is to promote the health of all the citizens, by looking after everything that contributes to the cleanliness and health of the exterior city as well as that of private houses, public buildings, and business establishments. It is this depart- ment that prevents the sale of unfit meat, milk, and vegeta- bles, and to it should be credited the general good health of the people. The Commissioner of Health reported for 1909 that Chi- cago is the second healthiest American city having more than 300,000 inhabitants. The cities of this class ranked in the following order: Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, Boston, Baltimore, Washington, New Or- leans. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 73 In reference to mortality from special diseases in the eight cities of 500,000 population, Chicago ranked as follows: — Child mortality Second lowest Consumption Fourth lowest Pneumonia Second highest Typhoid fever Lowest Diphtheria Third highest Scarlet fever. . / Fourth lowest Diarrhoea Third highest By a popular vote in 1908, a special tuberculosis hospital is to be erected at once. Tbe death rate in 1909 per one thousand inhabitants was 14.05 ; of children under five years of age, 75.0 per one thou- sand of those living at those ages. There was a reduction in the death rate from typhoid fever, and from acute conta- gious diseases, excepting diphtheria, tuberculosis, bron- chitis, and influenza; while there was a slight increase in deaths from pneumonia. It is the duty of the Commissioner of Health to look after the general health of the city, and to enforce laws and ordi- nances relating to sanitation. He keeps records of births and deaths, and other vital statistics, and provides against the spread of contagious diseases. It is the duty of the Health Department to inspect fac- tories, tenements, and buildings in process of construction, with reference to their sanitary condition ; to inquire as to the condition of factory employees ; to prepare an annual report of trades and occupations, and the number of per- sons employed in them ; to inspect the markets for the dis- 74 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS covery of diseased meats, vegetables, or fruits ; to secure the removal of dead animals from streets, alleys, and vacant lots ; to suggest methods for the prevention of epidemics, etc. For the purpose of carrying out this thorough inspection of all places and conditions liable to produce disease, there are in all four hundred and seventy-five persons employed in this department. The City Physician is appointed by the Mayor. He ex- amines and cares for sick and injured persons at the police stations, also employees of the city and applicants for posi- tions in the service of the city, and persons claiming to have been injured by defective sidewalks, streets, or bridges. He makes monthly visits to the House of Correction, the Juve- nile Detention Home, the Chicago Infants’ Hospital, the House of the Good Shepherd, and the Chicago Erring- Woman’s Refuge, and reports to the City Comptroller monthly. The Bureaus of Laboratory Service and of Food Inspec- tion. The Superintendent, the Bacteriologist, and the Chemist are appointed by the Commissioner of Health from the Civil Service lists of eligibles. They examine milk and cream, meat, water, food, drugs, etc., and keep a record of every analysis or examination. Every person who sells milk, water, food, drugs, fish, or fowl must have a license, and must permit the Food Inspectors to examine not only the articles themselves but also the places where they are kept, under penalty of fine for refusal. A fine is imposed for the offering for sale of any impure or adulterated article of food or drink. A city ordinance requires that all milk sold in the city THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 75 must be pasteurized or come from cows that have passed the test for tuberculosis. Milk sold in stores where other merchandise is handled must be kept in bottles. All meats sold in Chicago must bear the stamp of inspec- tion of the federal or city inspection bureau. The Ice Inspectors examine the ice that is sold for do- mestic purposes, and the iceman is required to weigh the ice when delivered, if he is requested to do so. The Fish Inspector is appointed by the Mayor. He may enter into any store or other place and inspect the fish kept or sold there, for the purpose of ascertaining whether such fish are in good condition and fit for food. If the fish are found to be tainted or unwholesome, the Inspector must seize them and cause them to be destroyed at the expense of the owner, who is also made subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. The Meat Inspectors are authorized to seize, condemn, and destroy any tainted or unwholesome meat, fruit, or vegetables found anywhere in the city. In 1909, 3,617,578 pounds of food were condemned and destroyed, nearly half of which were canned goods, and 916,732 pounds were fruit and vegetables. For violation of the pure food law, 1,442 offenders were prosecuted, the fines imposed amounting to $5,846.50. The Bureau of Sanitary Inspection. The Chief Sanitary Inspector has supervision of the installation of sanitary appliances in new buildings ; may inspect any building or workshop ; may pronounce any offensive or unhealthy con- dition a nuisance and compel its abatement, by suit if neces- 76 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS sary; may examine and condemn defective plumbing; may enforce proper ventilation in rooms; and may order cellars, filthy yards, or unoccupied grounds cleaned and purified. The bureau collects fees for inspection and turns them over to the City Collector. The Bureau of Contagious Diseases. The number of medical examinations of school children for contagious dis- eases in 1909 was 647,742, and 15,618 of these children were excluded from the schools. The number of examinations for physical defects was 123,897, of which 63,188, or 51 per cent, needed treatment. A corps of about fifty nurses is employed for work among school children, as an auxiliary to the school medical inspec- tion. The nurses follow the children to their homes and see that the required treatments are given. These nurses ex- amined in 1909 nearly 200,000 children. School of Sanitary Instruction. The Health Department also practically affords a school for sanitary instruction to any graduate from a reputable medical college, or senior undergraduate, by admitting such students to the privileges of an eight-weeks’ course of practical instruction and work in sanitary science and public hygiene, all without charge. At the end of the term, if his work is satisfactory, the stu- dent is given a certificate by the Commissioner of Health, setting forth his qualifications and the fact of his attendance at the school. Ambulance Service. Besides about fifty private ambu- lances, maintained by hospitals and undertakers, and the fifty patrol wagons of the Police Department, which are often used as ambulances, the Health Department has con- THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 77 trol of six ambulances, one for each -police division head- quarters, and holds one Ambulance Surgeon ready to ac- company one of these ambulances whenever it is called out. Relief Station No. 1 is an emergency hospital established in connection with the Harrison Street police station. Other hospitals of this nature will probably be established in other parts of the city. Within the loop an auto ambulance is used for emergency cases. The Municipal Lodging-House is designed to provide shelter and food for deserving poor men who are tempora- rily out of employment. Those who are able to work are required to labor three hours on the streets in return for lodging and breakfast. No tramps or drunken persons are admitted. It is desirable that citizens should understand the purpose of this institution. Vagrants applying at our doors for food, clothing, or lodging may be needy, or may be profes- sional beggars or disguised thieves. In either case a card of admission may be given them, which will be honored as it deserves at the Municipal Lodging House, No. 12 North Union Street. If worthy, the bearer will receive food, lodging, and a bath free, besides such other aid as the cir- cumstances may demand. Cards of admission may be ob- tained either at the place named, or of the patrolman on the beat. Free Public Baths. There are now sixteen free public baths maintained by the city, and several more are to be opened for use in the summer of 1910. These baths are for all persons who are not provided with bathing facilities at their homes The baths are kept open every Saturday 78 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS night the year round, exclusively for workmen, and also on Wednesday nights during the warm season. They are open /two days each week during the bathing-season for women ’and girls only. Only shower baths are given. The first free public bath in Chicago was built in 1893, and was the first absolutely free public bath in the United States, if not the first in the world. The average cost of each bath-house is about twenty thousand dollars ; the cost per annum for maintenance is about five thousand dollars. There are also several other popular bathing-resorts, which are maintained by private management. Removal of Dead Animals. The presence of a dead ani- mal in any public place may be reported to the Police De- partment or to the Health Department, and the Dead Animal Contractor will be immediately notified to remove the same. The Contractor does this under contract with the city, and without pay, his remuneration coming from the hides which he sells. The House of Correction, sometimes called the Bride- well, is located on California Avenue, near Twenty-sixth Street, and includes an area of sixty acres. A Superin- tendent is in charge, under supervision and direction of a Board of Inspectors who serve without compensation. He enforces order and discipline, and receives and discharges all persons who may be sentenced thereto by any court or magistrate of the county authorized by the state, or by any ordinance of the city, or by any town or village of the county having a contract with the city for the care of its prisoners. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 79 Persons sent to the House of Correction are obliged to work not exceeding three hours a day, and each one so working is credited with fifty cents a day, exclusive of cost of board. Their work covers most of the common indus- tries, and is valued at upward of five thousand dollars a year. The daily average number of inmates is upward of two thousand. Two Houses of Shelter for girls under sixteen years of age are maintained by the House of Correction ; also the John Worthy School, which has about a thousand boys in the course of a year for training and education. The Building Department. The Building-Commissioner is expected to enforce all ordinances relating to the erection, construction, alteration, repair, removal, or safety of build- ings. He must thoroughly inspect all public school build- ings, public halls, churches, theaters, factories, hotels, apart- ment houses, etc., see that fire-escapes are provided where needed, and that safe exits are provided from all such build- ings. He may prohibit and stop the use of any passenger or freight elevator found unsafe, and may direct the Fire De- partment to tear down any defective or dangerous wall or building constructed in violation of the ordinance, the owner being obliged to pay the bill for expenses. Within certain limits, known as the fire district, the ex- terior of new buildings must consist of stone, brick, or iron and steel. Outside of those limits wooden buildings may be constructed, but a permit must be obtained before a building may be erected in any part of the city. 80 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS. The Building-Commissioner appoints four Chief Build- ing Inspectors, who must report weekly on all buildings in course of erection, alteration, repair, or removal. Some of the largest and costliest structures ever erected in Chicago are the following, all of which have been com- pleted since 1910: — Chicago & Northwestern Railway Station $5,000,000 LaSalle Hotel 2,800,000 People’s Gas Light and Coke Co. Building 2,500,000 Blackstone Hotel 1,500,000 City Hall • 4,500,000 Before the erection, enlargement, alteration, or repair of any building in the city is begun, a permit must be obtained from the Building Commissioner, and work must begin within six months and be completed within a reasonable time. The permit for removal of a building is issued by the Bureau of Streets. The specifications and requirements relating to buildings are fully set forth in the City Code, and are very strict. They should be studied carefully before the construction or alteration of any building is undertaken. In school buildings the principal is required to maintain a fire drill of the pupils, and practice at least twice every month during the school year. One inspector from the Building Department has special charge of public halls and places of amusement. There are about five hundred theaters of all kinds in the city, four hundred of which are five-cent theaters. The department insists that there must be two rear exits from every theater. Five-cent theaters are prohibited from occupying frame THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 81 buildings, and any floor above the first of any building ; also any building in which there are sleeping or living rooms above the first floor. Another inspector looks after hotels and large apartment buildings. The Oil Inspector is appointed by the Mayor, though the office was created by the legislature in 1874. It is his duty to test coa-l-oil, naphtha, benzine, gasoline, and other products of petroleum. He is paid a fixed rate by those em- ploying his services. The Department for the Inspection of Steam Boilers, Steam and Cooling Plants examines all steam plants to insure the safety of the pressure apparatus, and its accessi- bility for renewal of parts, whether for power or heating purposes. The Chief Inspector is appointed by the Mayor. He ap- points a Supervising Engineer and a Chief Deputy In- spector. The Department of Smoke Inspection. The Smoke In- spector is appointed by the Mayor. It is his duty to inspect the construction of boiler plants to insure adequate provision for the prevention of smoke, and proper ventilation of the furnace room. The Mayor also appoints a Smoke Abatement Commis- sion, consisting of eight members, who act as advisers of the Inspector and the Mayor, but serve without compensation. This board may name an advisory board of mechanical en- gineers, consisting of three members, who are paid ten dollars each per meeting. The Smoke Department may prosecute violators of the 82 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS ordinance, which forbids the issuing of dense smoke from the chimney of any private or public building, or from any boat or locomotive within the city. On conviction, a fine is imposed varying from ten dollars to one hundred dollars. The Department of Weights and Measures. The City Scaler is appointed by the Mayor, with the official title of Inspector of Weights and Measures. He inspects and stamps with his seal, at least once a year, all weights and measures, and all instruments used for weighing in the city, except track scales and scales of a capacity of three tons and upward ; these are inspected by him every six months. Any person who removes or destroys the seal of inspection is subject to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars. Any scales or measures found to be inaccurate he marks “condemned,” and if they are not adjusted and properly sealed within ten days, the City Sealer must seize and de- stroy them. This applies to scales used by merchants in stores, by peddlers, milk and ice dealers, fruit and vegetable dealers, and sellers of coal and wood, hay, and feed. It is unlawful to practice fraud or deceit in the selling of any article. Articles of dry measurement must not be sold in wine or liquid measures, and vice versa. For instance, beans and cranberries are often fraudulently sold by liquid meas- ure. Wooden plates or trays must not be included in weighing butter, lard, meat, etc. Boxes of candy sold for a pound must contain a full pound of sixteen ounces, besides the weight of the box. Every basket, measure, or bottle must be stamped to show its capacity, if the article is sold by measure. Coal baskets or measures, milk bottles, etc., THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 83 must be sealed by the Inspector of Weights and Measures and must contain the full quantity specified. Any person suspecting that he is receiving short weight in coal, gro- ceries, or any other article of merchandise, or scant measure in wood, fruit, berries, or vegetables, may complain to the City Sealer, and that officer will at once inspect the scales or measures used, and impose a fine if they are not found to be correct. His fees for inspection range from five cents to three dollars and a half. These fees he turns in daily to the City Collector, and at the same time reports to the Comp- troller his transactions for the day. All venders of merchandise, peddlers, and hawkers must have their scales, weights, and measures inspected and sealed annually. All bulky articles, like potatoes, apples, etc., sold by dry measure, must be heaped up as high as possible. No person is allowed to offer for sale any package, bas- ket, bag, box, or barrel of fruit, berries, or vegetables, the contents of which are not of uniform quality and size throughout. Any violation of the rules of this department subjects the offender to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. The Board of Examiners of Engineers examines and licenses applicants for positions as engineers or in charge of steam boilers. There are three members of the board, appointed by the Mayor, and three inspectors. Their sal- aries are paid from license fees collected, and in case the receipts from such fees are insufficient to pay the salaries and legitimate expenses of the board, the salaries are dimin- 84 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS ished pro rata. The board is provided with suitable quarters by the Commissioner of Public Works. No person may manage or operate any steam engine or boiler in the city until he has first obtained a license from this board good for one year. The penalty is from twenty dollars to fifty dollars for each offense. The penalty for an employer permitting such offense is from fifty dollars to two hundred dollars for each day’s violation of the ordi- nance. An engineer’s license costs two dollars ; a boiler or water-tender's, one dollar. Every licensed engineer is required to make a written report within the first ten days in January and July of each year, to the Board of Examiners, of the condition of the engine, boilers, and steam apparatus under his charge. Before applying for a license as engineer, the applicant must have had at least two years’ practice in the manage- ment, operation, or construction of steam engines and boilers. It is the duty of the Board of Examiners to see that each boiler plant in the city has a licensed engineer or boiler or water-tender in charge at all times when working under pressure. Engineers in charge of locomotives are exempt from these requirements ; also men in charge of boilers used for heat- ing private dwellings, hothouses, and conservatories, and other boilers carrying not more than ten pounds of pressure .of steam per square inch. The Board of Street Railway Supervising Engineers, By an ordinance passed in 1907, a Board of Supervising Engineers was created, consisting of one engineer to repre- THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 85 sent the Chicago City Railway Company, one the Chicago Railways Company, and one the city of Chicago. The rail- way companies appointed their own representatives and the Mayor appointed the representative for the city. Any one of these representatives may be removed by the authority appointing him, and another appointed, provided written notice is given to the other parties. In 1908 the Calumet and South Chicago Railway Com- pany was recognized as a fourth party to the agreement, and that company appointed its engineer as a fourth member of the board. The Board of Examiners of Plumbers is composed of three members, one of whom is the Commissioner of Health, who is ex-officio chairman of the board; a second member, who is required to be a master plumber ; and a third, who is a journeyman plumber. The second and third members are appointed by the Mayor, This board examines applicants for certificates as plumb- ers, and issues certificates to those found qualified. Em- ployers of plumbers or master plumbers pay fifty dollars for a certificate; journeymen plumbers one dollar. These certificates must be renewed annually. The fee for renewal of a master plumber’s certificate is ten dollars; of a jour- neyman plumber's, one dollar. Board of Examiners of Moving Picture Operators. In 1908 the City Council passed an ordinance establishing a Board of Examiners of Moving Picture Operators. This board consists of two members, one of whom is the City Electrician, who is ex-officio chairman of the board. The other member is appointed by the City Electrician according 86 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS to law. It is their duty to examine all applicants for licenses as moving picture operators, and if they are found compe- tent, to issue certificates to such applicants. The fee for a license is ten dollars. The ordinance also provides against danger in the use of moving pictures, and empowers the Chief of Police to pre- vent the use of moving picture machines in violation of the city ordinance. It also gives the Mayor power to revoke licenses of moving picture operators on advice from the Chief of Police, the City Electrician, or the Fire Marshal. Secretary of Boards of Examiners. By an ordinance passed January 10, 1910, the Mayor appoints one Secretary for the Board of Examiners of Plumbers, the Board of Examiners of Stationery Engineers, the Board of Automo- bile Registry, and the Board of Examiners of Moving Pic- ture Operators. This secretary performs the common duties of secretary for all the above-named boards. The Department of Public Works. The Commissioner of Public Works is the head of this department. He has charge of all the streets, bridges, docks, public lands and buildings, etc., collects water rent and taxes, water and sew- age licenses and permits, and makes contracts for public improvements not made by special assessment. All the bureaus of this department, with all the duties and powers at- tached to them, are directly under his control as executive head. They are as follows : — The Bureau of Engineering. The City Engineer has charge of all improvements, the construction and repair of all bridges and viaducts, and the construction and repair of other work in the river and harbor, and the construction, THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 87 maintenance, and operation of all city waterworks, including the laying of all mains and supply water pipes. The Division of Water-pipe Extension. The Superin- tendent of Water-pipe Extension has special charge of the extension of the city’s water-mains and hydrants and their maintenance. The Division of Bridges and Viaducts. This division has charge of the construction and repair of all the bridges over the Chicago River and its branches; also of the Calumet River and all viaducts. A Harbor Master is appointed by the Mayor. He has charge and control of the Chicago harbor, which includes the Chicago River and its branches; the Calumet River; the Ogden Canal; all slips and docks connected with the rivers ; all piers and basins, and the waters of Lake Michigan for a distance of three miles from the shore between the north and south limits of the city, a distance of twenty-five and a half miles. The Harbor Master keeps a record of all damages caused to bridges and docks by vessels. He controls the use of all the bridges, including railroad bridges, which cross the Chi- cago River or any of its branches, the Calumet River, and the Drainage Canal, within the harbor of the city. Owing to the fact that the river tunnels would not permit the passage of vessels of greater draft than sixteen feet, Chicago has lost much of its lake traffic, but now that the tunnels have been lowered, it is probable that the Chicago harbor will experience a marked increase in its patronage. The river is to be dredged to a depth of twenty-six feet in 88 CHICAGO, COOK COUNT £ AND ILLINOIS the channel, sixteen feet at the docks, while its width is to be increased to two hundred feet. The tonnage of the Calumet alone now averages about 5,500,000, or more than one-third of the whole. By action of the City Council a Harbor Commission is now engaged in securing for Chicago greatly extended harbor facilities. Bridges may not be opened over the Chicago River, or the North Branch, or the South Branch, from Kinzie Street to Twelfth Street, between the hours of half-past six and half- past eight in the morning and five and seven in the evening, except on Sundays. Beyond these limits the hours are from six to seven in the morning and half-past five to half-past six in the evening. The bridges at Rush Street, State Street, Dearborn Street, and Clark Street are opened to admit the passage of pas- senger boats one-half hour earlier in the evening than the hours above mentioned. No bridge may be kept open longer than ten minutes, and when closed must remain closed at least ten minutes. A Vessel Despatcher is also appointed by the Mayor, who keeps an accurate account of the movements of all vessels using the harbor, and controls their movements. The Bureau of Streets. The Superintendent of Streets has charge of the improvement and repair of streets and sidewalks, except such improvements as are made by special assessment ; street and alley cleaning, and the removal of garbage, ashes and obstructions of any kind outside of the building line. If any person wishes to obstruct or destroy any street, THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 89 sidewalk, or alley temporarily, he must obtain a permit from this bureau. To do so, he must submit a written estimate of the cost of restoring the street, sidewalk, or alley, with a fair additional sum as a margin for contingent damages. The City Collector then collects the amount named, as a de- posit, and issues a permit. If the street, sidewalk, or alley is not restored forthwith after the work provided for in the permit has been completed, the superintendent has the work done by city workmen and the cost is charged against the deposit. Removal of Garbage. It is unlawful to place any kind of dirt, solid or liquid, in any street, alley, or public place, or in the river or lake, except under permit from the city. Vessels for the reception of such garbage must be used in all cases, water-tight and made of metal, with a close-fitting metal cover, and kept in a convenient place for a health officer or scavenger, employed and licensed by the city, to remove the garbage or ashes. The city pays $47,500 per year for the destruction of garbage under a contract. The garbage is collected in wagons containing steel tanks and taken to various stations on the river, where the tanks are hoisted to scows, which convey them to a great reduc- tion plant at Thirty-ninth and Iron Streets. After the garbage is removed, the scows are sterilized and returned to be reloaded. Forty street-flushing machines also are used. It is planned to have the dirt from the outlying streets conveyed to two loading platforms, one at Division and Hickory Streets, for the north and northwest divisions of the city, and one at Fifteenth Place and Loomis Street, for 90 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS the west and southwest divisions of the city, and from there carried by dump-cars constructed for the purpose to dif- erent portions of the city which need filling. Most of the ashes and burnt coal refuse is used to fill streets and alleys that are below the grade in outlying sec- tions of the city. The dump-cars will be used for hauling this ash output as well as the street dirt. Much of the expense of repairing the paved streets is paid from the wheel-tax fund, which amounts to about $450,000 a year. Many unimproved streets are graded and repaired each year, and several miles of country roadways. For this pur- pose slag and limestone are used, and sometimes macadam. Rules of the Road. The following rules apply to vehicles, but not street cars When a vehicle overtakes another, it must pass on the left side. If the driver of the vehicle overtaken is requested to do so, he must turn to the right in order to make room for the other to pass to the left, provided there is not room to pass without such turning. When two vehicles meet, each must turn to the right when it is practicable to do so. Before turning a corner, a driver must raise his hand or whip so as to be plainly seen from behind and the side toward which he is to turn, and plainly indicate the direction in which he is about to go. He must also take the right of the center of intersection of the two streets, whether he turns to the right or the left around a corner. A driver is not allowed to stop in the middle of a street, but must drive to the curb on the right, unless he gives a THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 91 signal by hand or whip, or calls out, plainly indicating his intention to stop. No vehicle mr.y be driven in street-car tracks unless wholly within the rails of the track. No vehicle may stop with its left side to the curb. No vehicle may stop on a sidewalk or a crossing, or with- in five feet of a crossing, so as to obstruct the passage of pedestrians, nor remain backed up to the curb, except when loading or unloading. A person riding or driving a horse frightened by an auto- mobile or motor cycle may require such automobile or motor cycle to stop by raising his hand as a signal, and such vehicle must then remain stationary until the horse has passed. Every carriage or wagon, and every bicycle, tricycle, or motor cycle must have a light attached to it at night, which may be plainly seen. No one under sixteen years of age may for hire ride in the streets any animal or propel any kind of a vehicle, unless provided with a permit. One or two policemen are stationed at the busiest street crossings in the city to aid pedestrians in crossing and to prevent blockades of teams and cars. When a policeman at one of these crossings wishes a team or car to stop, he raises his hand or blows a shrill whistle. Street cars have the right of way as against any person or vehicle. Zone of Quiet. A zone of quiet exists within two hun- dred and fifty feet of every hospital within the city, and no unnecessary noise or playing of itinerant musicians is per- mitted within such zone. License of Vehicles. The annual license fee for a one- 92 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS horse vehicle is five dollars ; for a two-horse vehicle, ten dollars; for a three-horse vehicle, fifteen dollars; for a four- horse vehicle, twenty-five dollars; for six or more horses, thirty-five dollars; automobiles for two persons, twelve dollars ; automobiles for more than two, twenty dollars ; automobile trucks, coaches, and busses, thirty dollars. All such licenses expire on April 30th of each year. The fund thus created is used for repairing streets and alleys. Distances in Chicago. Madison and State Streets are taken as the base lines of the city. North of Madison the first mile reaches to Chicago Avenue; the second to North Avenue; the third to Fullerton Avenue; the fourth to Bel- mont Avenue; the fifth to Irving Park Boulevard; the sixth' to Lawrence Avenue ; the seventh to Bryn Mawr Avenue ; the eighth to Devon Avenue; the ninth to Kenilworth Ave- nue, one-half mile south of the city limits. South of Madison Street the first mile reaches to Twelfth Street; the second to Twenty-second Street; the third to Thirty-first Street ; the fourth to Thirty-ninth Street ; the fifth to Forty-seventh Street; the sixth to Fifty-fifth Street; the seventh to Sixty-third Street ; the eighth to Seventy-first Street ; the ninth to Seventy-ninth Street ; the tenth to Eighty-seventh Street; the eleventh to Ninety-fifth Street; the twelfth to One Hundred and Third Street; the thirteenth to One Hundred and Eleventh Street ; the fourteenth to One Hundred and Nineteenth Street, which is within two and a half miles of the city limits. East of State Street, on Madison, the distance to the lake is about half a mile. This distance does not vary much on the south till Thirteenth Street is reached, when the shore THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 93 line extends gradually farther into the lake, and at Eighty- seventh Street it is four and a third miles from State Street. West of State, it is one mile to Halsted Street; two to Ashland Avenue; three to Western Avenue; four to Kedzie Avenue; five to Fortieth Avenue; six to Forty-eighth Ave- nue; seven to Central Park Avenue, and half a mile farther to the city limits. At points farther north and south, the greatest width of the city is fourteen and a half miles. The Bureau of Sewers. The Superintendent of Sewers has charge of the construction, repair, and cleaning of all public sewers, manholes, and catch-basins, except such as are to be paid for wholly or in part by special assessment, bench monuments, and the approving of street grades. A complete diagram is kept of the network of sewers which drain the city, their total length being 1,732.8 miles, of which 644.6 miles are constructed of brick and 1,088.2 of vitrified clay pipe. These sewers are from nine inches to twelve and one-half feet in diameter. In Ninety-fifth Street a great system of sewers has been constructed, which cost over $950,000. Other great sewers recently completed are those on State Street and Garfield Boulevard, Kedzie Avenue, Belmont Avenue, and Western Avenue. House-Drain Division. A corps of twenty-seven in- spectors is employed to inspect house-drains.. For this in- spection fees are collected which render this division prac- tically self-supporting. Division of Benches and Street Grades. Before the City Council can establish a street grade, the ordinance fixing 94 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS such grade must be approved by the Superintendent of Sewers. This work is in charge of a Bench and Street Grade Engineer. Bench Monuments. One hundred and fifty standard monuments have been constructed, mostly in the grass-plats between the street-curb and the building line. They are of concrete formation, forty inches square at the base, sixteen inches square at the top, and six feet from bottom to top of the concrete. An iron cover is set on top of the concrete, just level with the surface of the ground, or flush with the surface of the cement sidewalk if the walk extends out to the curb. In the center of the top of the concrete is set a hardened copper rod, a half-inch in diameter and two feet long. The end of the rod showing in the top of the concrete is the bench-point on which the elevation of the monument is established. Ordinarily, bench-marks are located on the water-tables of brick buildings, stone steps, stone curbs, tops of hydrants, or by nails in roots of trees, to show where the leveling- staffs were placed. In first establishing grades for streets, sewers, etc., it was, of course, necessary to fix upon a certain level or height of water as the datum or mark from which all grades should be determined. The datum chosen is supposed to have been that of low water in 1847, as shown on a stone water table at the southwest corner of Clark and South Water streets. In 1855 the streets were graded for the first time, and this low-water mark was used as the starting-point or level. The level of the streets was fixed 8.47 feet above that datum, or exactly at the top of that table. The choice of THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 95 what is now known and used as the Chicago datum seems to have first been made by the Commissioners of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in determining their calculations for the flow of water. The Bureau of Sewers has a system of records and maps by which any ordinance relative to street grades at any point in the city, passed since the great fire of 1871, may be consulted immediately, and full information obtained rela- tive to subsequent changes of grade at that point. The Bureau of Maps and Plats prepares maps and plats for all departments. It also has charge of all matters per- taining to street numbering. The Superintendent of Maps can tell you the exact size and location of any lot within the city limits, and also the number which should designate the house on every lot, whether the house has been built or not. The Superintendent of Maps is also Examiner of Sub- divisions (ex-officio). Street Numbering. A recent revision of the street num- bers establishes two base lines, namely, State Street, run- ning north and south, and Madison Street, running east and west. All numbers begin at the intersection of these two streets, and continue to the limits of the city in four di- rections. On streets running east and west the first number and all odd numbers are on the south side of the street ; on streets running north and south, the odd numbers are on the east side of the street. All named streets which are open on each side of either of the base lines bear the prefixes North, South, East, or West, according to their location. All numbered streets. 96 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS such as Twenty-second Street, Forty-eighth Avenue, etc., bear the prefixes North, South, East, or West, according to their location, whether open on each side of either of the base lines or not. In every part of the city, except within the three miles between Madison and Thirty-first Streets, eight hundred numbers are given to a mile; between Madison and Twelfth Streets, eighteen hundred numbers; between Twelfth and Twenty-second Streets, one thousand numbers. Between Twenty-second and Thirty-first Streets, nine hundred num- bers are assigned. The number 800, therefore, on any east and west street in the city, indicates exactly one mile east or west of State Street ; the number 800 west being at Halsted Street, and 800 east at Cottage Grove Avenue. The next mile limit west of Halsted is Ashland Avenue, at 1600, etc. On the North Side, Chicago Avenue marks the eight-hundred limit, or one mile; North Avenue the sixteen-hundred, or two miles, etc. On the South Side, the numbers of the houses correspond with the street names; that is, 5700 on any north and south street is at Fifty- seventh Street. The highest number on the north is 7600; on the south, 13800; on the east, 4000; on the west, 7200. The Bureau of Architecture prepares plans and super- vises the construction of buildings for all the departments except those for schools, which are designed by the architect of the Board of Education. He gives special attention to the architecture of pumping-stations and buildings for the Health, Police, and Fire departments, the Special Park Com- THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 97 mission, the House of Correction, and Water-pipe Ex- tension. The Bureau of Water. The Superintendent of the Water Bureau has special charge of the collection of water assess- ments and rates. If the water tax, which is payable every six months, is not paid within sixty days after it is due, the water may be shut off. The amount of water tax is determined from the archi- tect’s plans, which must be shown when the building permit is issued, these plans showing the number of water faucets to be placed in the building. The average tax for an eight- room residence is $8.93 net, after fifteen per cent has been deducted for prompt payment. The Bureau of Compensation. The Chief Clerk of this bureau has charge of issuing permits for using streets, alleys, or public grounds, also underground space. The Accounting Division. It is the business of the Chief Accountant to keep accurate accounts of all moneys appropriated for and expended by each bureau and division of the department, and report the same annually in detail to the Commissioner. The Department of Track Elevation. The Commis- sioner of Track Elevation frames ordinances for the eleva- tion of steam surface-roads in Chicago. By various ordinances since 1892, the railroad companies have been required to elevate their tracks within a certain time designated by the ordinance, and this work is still go- ing forward at an enormous expense. But as great as the expense is, it is justified by the remarkable reduction in the number of accidents at grade crossings. 98 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS In 1899 there were 25,503 deaths in Chicago, which was 15.7 per thousand of population; the fatal accidents at grade crossings were 113, the rate per thousand, 69. In 1908 the total deaths were 30,548, or 14.1 per thousand of population ; the fatal accidents at grade crossings only 20, and the rate per thousand, 9. In 1899 the deaths at grade crossings were .44 per cent of the deaths of all classes; in 1908, only .07 per cent. The non-fatal accidents at grade crossings in 1899 were 169, or 104 per thousand of population; in 1908, 27, or 12 per thousand. The total number of accidents in 1899 was 282, or 173 per million of population; in 1908 the total was 47, or 21 per million. These figures are convincing, and constitute a most re- markable revelation. This department exists at the pleasure of the Mayor, not having been established by ordinance, like the other city de- partments. The Mayor also appoints a special committee to work with the Commissioner. The Department of Local Transportation. A Local Transportation Expert is appointed by the Mayor, and he may appoint such assistants as the Council may provide for. He is virtually the agent of the Council Committee on Local Transportation. It is his duty to study the conditions of local transportation, and enforce the ordinances relative to service by the companies. He receives complaints from citizens, and takes such action as the case may war- rant. The things he looks after are such as accidents and their causes ; heating, cleaning, and ventilation of THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 99 cars ; deportment of train crews ; spitting in the cars ; danger at crossings; convenient transfer points; sufficient supply of cars; flat wheels and dilapidated cars; fenders, and many similar things connected with both the elevated and surface car service. Chicago was the first city in the United States to intro- duce the pay-as-you-enter car, and now has more than fifteen hundred of these cars, with more ordered. The Board of Local Improvements was created by the legislature in 1897. It consists of five members, who are appointed by the Mayor and approved by the Council. When this board or any citizen wishes to have local improvements made, payment for which must be made wholly or in part by special assessment or tax, certain proceedings are ne*cessary, except in the case of sidewalks, sewer extensions, and water service pipe or house drain. Ordinances for such work must originate with this board. After all the property-owners have paid their assessments for an improvement, if there is any money left in the in- terest reserve it is returned to the property-owners who paid the assessment. As soon as rebate is declared, postal notices are sent to the property-owners, and vouchers issued to them when they bring in their receipts. During the year 1909 about twenty-five thousand notices of rebates and re- funds were mailed, and approximately $235,000 was paid out to the property-owners for rebates and refunds. If private property is to be taken or damaged, the board must publish a description of the property in question, in connection with a call for a public hearing at a specified day and hour, not less than ten days after the board has 100 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS adopted a resolution to proceed with the improvement. The estimated cost of the improvement must be contained in the resolution. At the time of the meeting, the whole matter may be publicly discussed, after which the board may pro- ceed according to its own judgment. If it decides to make the improvement, it prepares and presents an ordinance therefor for adoption by the Council. The board organizes its own bureaus as follows : — Law Department. Bureau of Streets and Bureau of Special Assess- Alleys. ments. Bureau of Water. Bureau of Sidewalks. Bureau of Sewers. Sidewalks. By computation from the prices paid by the city for different kinds of sidewalks, it appears that cement walks cost about thirteen cents per square foot ; cinder walks about thirty-six cents per lineal foot. The standard width of the walks is six feet. Most walks are laid by pri- vate contracts, but they are supervised and inspected by the Board of Local Improvements. The Department of Electricity. The City Electrician is appointed by the Mayor and approved by the Council. He has charge of the construction, repair, and maintenance of the city’s electric, gas, and gasoline lights, the power plants, and the police and fire-alarm telegraphs. The Fire Marshal has control of the fire-alarm oper- ators and the location of the fire-alarm boxes. The City Electrician consults with the Superintendent of Police in matters pertaining to the operation of the electric service of the Police Department. All of the current used in municipal lighting is taken THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 101 from the Sanitary District of Chicago. This power is less expensive than that of steam. It is expected that the whole city will be lighted by electricity at an early day. FIozv to Give a Fire Alarm. Every person should be ac- quainted with the means of giving an alarm of fire, for no one can tell when or where a fire may break out. The best, and probably the quickest, means of notifying the Fire Department, if you are not near a fire-alarm box, is by use of the telephone. Every telephone should have near it a card giving the telephone number of the Fire De- partment, which is Main 0. The telephone call for police is Main 13. If a telephone is not available, or you are near a fire- alarm box (which is always red in Chicago, and attached to a lamp-post, telegraph pole, or some such support), run at once to this box. Outside of it you will observe a handle ; turn this handle until the box opens. A shrill bell will be rung when the handle is turned, and if a policeman is within hearing, he will run to your aid. Inside of the box you will see a hook ; pull this vigorously and let go suddenly. This gives an alarm at the Central Station, from which an alarm is sent to the fire-engine house nearest you. The firemen will then appear within a few minutes. The Bureau of Fire-Alarm Telegraph. One Chief Op- erator, with a dozen or more operators and assistant-oper- ators, thirty-five or forty repair men, line-men, and assist- ant repairers, perform the work of this bureau. The re- pairers are never called on for electric-light service except in emergency. Their duties are to repair all fire and police- 102 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS alarm telegraph circuits and instruments and all municipal telephone apparatus. The Bureau of Police-Alarm Telegraph. Through the police patrol boxes and telephones policemen in every pre- cinct report to the Central Station, thus keeping that station constantly informed as to the whereabouts of every patrol- man in the city every hour of the day and night. How to Call a Policeman. A key to each alarm-box is kept in some drug-store, or public place near by, and when a policeman or a patrol-wagon is wanted, this key can be used to open the signal-box. Inside this box is a dial with ten spaces. On each space is a word, such as “Accident,” “Drunkard,” “Fire,” “Murder,” “Riot,” “Burglar,” etc., in- dicating the reason for calling the police. The indicator, turned to any one of these words, and there left, gives an alarm at the nearest police-station, and a patrol-wagon im- mediately responds. A key may be procured by any citizen, to be kept at his home, if he thinks he may have occasion to call the police. The Bureau of Electrical Inspection. The Chief Elec- trical Inspector has charge of inspecting the telegraph and telephone wires in theaters, halls, churches, schoolhouses, etc., and above, beneath, and upon the surface of the street. He has power to order modern wiring to be installed, even in office buildings, department stores, factories, etc. The object is to prevent the outbreak of fires caused by faulty wiring. The electric signs on buildings also are inspected by this department. A fee is charged for each inspection. The Bureau of Gas Inspection. The Gas Inspector is appointed by the Mayor, with the approval of the Council. He examines and tests any gas meter furnished to any con- THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 103 sumer of gas, whenever requested to do so. The cost for inspection is paid by the gas company if the meter is found to register too much, otherwise by the consumer. The re- quired fee of one dollar must be deposited in advance by the consumer. It is the business of the Gas Inspector to keep the street lamps in order. A large part of the cost of keeping them in order is due to the breaking of the lamp globes, either ma- liciously or by accident, by boys and others. The loss to the city from this unnecessary source amounts to nearly twelve thousand dollars a year. The streets signs are kept in place by the Gas Inspector. By an ordinance passed February 3, 1909, the Gas In- spector is required to test, or cause to be tested, the gas furnished to consumers in the city. Such gas must have an illuminating power of not less than twenty-two candle power, and the pressure at the meter must not be less than one and one-half inches of water. The penalty for furnish- ing gas below the standard is from fifty to one hundred dollars for each offense, or each day ; and for neglect or refusal to comply with the ordinance referred to is from fifty dollars to two hundred dollars for each offense. After February 13, 1912, no consumer may be supplied with gas having more than one hundred per cent fluctuation in pres- sure above the minimum pressure at the inlet of the meter. The Bureau of Electrical Construction and Maintenance. This bureau has charge of all the city’s electrical construc- tion and reconstruction work outside of the stations. The Board of Automobile Registry. On and after Feb- ruary 1, 1910, the chauffeur, or operator, of any automobile 104 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS used for hire in the city must hold a license obtained from the Board of Automobile Registry. The board consists of the City Electrician, the Commissioner of Health, and the City Engineer; the City Electrician being chairman. Ex- aminations for license are held by tbe board at least two days each month, and as often as necessary. To obtain a license it is necessary for tbe applicant to have free and full use of both arms, hands, legs, and feet, and be not less than eighteen years of age. He must have good eyesight, and if he wears glasses, they must be securely fastened to his head whenever he is operating his automo- bile. He must also have good hearing, must be free from epilepsy, and not addicted to the excessive use of any in- toxicating liquor or drug. He must be familiar with the details of construction and operation of his automobile, which must be described fully to the board, also have an acquaintance with the streets of Chicago and the state and city laws governing the use of automobiles and the use of public highways, and must be endorsed by two responsible citizens of Chicago. The license fee is three dollars, and is good for one year; but the license may be renewed from year to year by the payment of two dollars each time it is renewed. A badge is supplied with the license, and this must be worn on the outside of the outside coat. The operator must file a bond with the City Comptroller in the sum of two hundred dollars. The maximum speed at which an automobile may be driven on a street or in an alley is ten miles an hour, but in turning a corner, the speed must not exceed four miles. THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 105 Every automobile must be supplied with strong brakes, an alarm bell or gong, and one or more lighted lamps at night. A person holding a license as operator of an automobile may not operate any other kind of auto-car than the one specifically described in his license; if he does so, he is sub- ject to a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense. The license fee for a motor bicycle or motor tricycle is three dollars. The management of an automobile on the crowded streets of a city like Chicago should be entrusted only to a most careful and experienced operator. Persons who are on the streets every day become accustomed to dodging vehicles at street crossings, but there are always many other per- sons who easily become confused and do not escape from danger when they might. Even the crossing, policemen find difficulty in preventing collisions and accidents. There is great need, therefore, of extreme care on the part of the chauffeur. Bureau of Information and Publicity. A new bureau was created January 10, 1910, called the Bureau of Infor- mation and Publicity. It is entirely under civil service rules. The head of the bureau is called Commissioner and a second officer is called Chief Statistician, both appointed by the Mayor. It is the Commissioner’s duty to keep track of the doings and compile statistics of every department of the city gov- ernment, and to collect and compile information relative to the conditions and activities of other municipalities. The Chief Statistician acts as municipal librarian. 106 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The Municipal Library comprises all reports printed or published by the city or any of its departments. This library now contains fifteen thousand books and pamphlets, many of which are of great value because of their rarity. The City Markets. There are two marketplaces over which the city exercises supervision — one on West Randolph Street and one on Dayton Street, North Avenue, and Cly- bourn Avenue. A superintendent is appointed for each by the Mayor. For every one-horse wagon used in one of these markets for selling produce a fee of ten cents a day must be paid; for every double team, a fee of fifteen cents. These markets are open every day in the week except Sunday — that on Randolph Street from 4 a. m. till 10 a. m. ; that on Dayton Street from 4 till 8 A. m. Poundmasters. The city is divided into seven dis- tricts, for each of whom the Mayor appoints a Pound- master. The location of each pound is designated by the City Comptroller. It is the duty of each poundmaster to impound any animal running at large. Any person over eighteen years of age may take such animals to the pound and receive a fee of fifty cents for each animal impounded by him. Commission for Inquiring into City Expenditures. By authority of the City Council, the Mayor appointed, in 1909, a Commission of nine persons for the purpose of inquiring into the expenditures of the city and making recommenda- tions to the Mayor and Council upon this subject. This Commission is still at work (January, 1910). Municipal Efficiency Commission. The growth of Chi- cago has been so rapid, and the departments and bureaus THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 107 of government have been so much multiplied by reason of the increased growth, that great confusion in carrying on the work has arisen, resulting in duplicating expenses and lack of harmony. By authority of the Council, the Mayor appointed a spe- cial commission of ten members early in 1909 to study the organization of the city government and recommend such changes as they might think would contribute to greater efficiency and economy. There are about sixteen thousand employees connected with the departments centering in the City Hall, and more than ninety-eight per cent of these are in the classified service. The report of this Commission, which will probably be adopted in the main, will greatly simplify and unify the various departments and bureaus. Chicago Harbor Commission. In January, 1908, the City Council provided for the creation of a special Harbor Commission of five members for the purpose of making a comprehensive study of the conditions and needs of the Chicago harbor, with a view to reporting to the Council any recommendations as to the harbor, and railway terminal and park plans along the shore of Lake Michigan lying between Twelfth Street and Jackson Park. The Mayor was empowered to appoint the members of this commission, which he did, and extensive improvements are now about to be made in accordance with its recommendations. THE EOARD OF EDUCATION The Board of Education, though an independent corpora- tion, is yet a part of the municipal government, and as such 108 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS its employees fall under the provisions of the civil service act, the Board of Education having the power to examine its own employees. The board consists of twenty-one members, who are ap- pointed by the Mayor, seven each year. Its regular meet- ings are held on alternate Wednesday afternoons. The work of the board is done mainly through the following standing- committees : — School Management, meeting every alternate Thursday, at 4 p. M. Buildings and Grounds, meeting every Friday at 2:30 p. m. Finance, meeting every alternate Tuesday, at 4 p. m. The School Superintendents. The superintendents com- prise the following : — One General Superintendent. One First Assistant Superintendent. Two Assistant Superintendents. Ten District Superintendents. A Superintendent of Compulsory Education. A Superintendent of the Parental School. Supervisors of Physical Culture, Manual Training, House- hold Arts, and the Blind. A Director of Child Study and Pedagogical Investigation' A Department of Examination. Special Teachers of Singing and Drawing in Elementary Schools. The general offices are open from 9 a. m. till 5 p. m. ; on Saturdays, till 12 m. The President’s hours are from 2 to 6 p. m. ; the Business Manager’s, from 4 to 5 p. m, ; the THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 109 Superintendent’s, Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, 2 to 4 p. m.; Saturdays, 9 to 12 m. Most of the other Superintendents and Supervisors, from 4 to 5 P. M., and from 9 to 12 m. on Saturdays. The Public Schools of the city include : Chicago Teachers’ College, Carter Practice School. Harrison Prac- tice School, Parker Practice School, Chicago Parental School, John Worthy School (House of Correction), six- teen high schools, two hundred and fifty-eight elementary schools, three technical high schools, fourteen manual train- ing high schools, and the Lucy L. Flower Technical High School for Girls, first opened in September, 1911. The first two years of technical work for boys is now offered in all the high schools, and two years more, with two years of graduate work, may be had in the three technical high schools. Manual training is taught in 205 different schools in all ; household arts in 123. The deaf receive special instruction in twelve of the elementary schools and in the Normal Practice School ; and the blind in three elementary schools. Crippled children receive special attention in all the schools. Free Evening Schools are open two hours each evening, four evenings in a week, usually for twenty weeks, for graded and high-school pupils. A large part of the work done in the evening schools consists in teaching the English language to adult persons of foreign birth. Any child fourteen years of age or over, leaving school to work, may continue his studies in the evening schools, and on completing them may receive a diploma of graduation from the grammar or the high-school course, as the case may be. 110 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Technical Continuation High Schools. Instruction is offered in the three Technical High Schools and in one Central Continuation High School, with a view of fitting students to enter into business positions. The high school is sometimes called “the people’s college.” It is where the older children, who are beginning to realize their place in the community, find themselves side by side with others from homes widely differing in character and privilege. It is the best expression of the purely democratic character of our institutions. In Chicago, unfortunately, there has been a tendency to destroy this democratic char- acter of the high school by separating the lines of work and developing them in special schools, like technical, commer- cial, classical, etc., but of late public attention has been called to the justice of giving all classes the same advan- tages, and the differentiation of the schools is not likely to be carried further. Normal Extension Classes are maintained in several places in the city for the benefit of teachers in public or private schools who wish to obtain promotional credits. Business Management. The business of the Board of Education is attended to by a Secretary, who is also Gen- eral Business Manager, an Auditor, an Architect, a Chief Engineer, and an Attorney. Each of these has his own assistant. Text-books are furnished free to pupils whose parents are too poor to purchase them ; all others are sold by dealers at prices uniform throughout the city, by agreement with publishers when the books are adopted. The Business Manager has charge of the engineers and THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 111 janitors with reference to the cleanliness of the school buildings and grounds. He also attends to matters pertaining to the selection and acquiring of school sites under the eminent domain law. He receives proposals for the erection of new buildings, and has charge of the deposits made in connection with such proposals. The schoolrooms are ventilated as far as possible so as to give each pupil thirty cubic feet of fresh air per minute. The seats are all located, when practicable, so as to have the light come from the left side. The forenoon session is from nine o’clock to a quarter of twelve; the afternoon session, from half-past one o’clock to half-past three. The School Census. Every year the state appropriates $300,000 for school purposes. In order that this money may be distributed equitably, a school census is required to be taken every year to determine the number of children of school age. In Chicago, however, the census is taken only once in two years, and usually in May. According to the school census of 1910, there were 401 persons in Chicago under twenty-one years of age and twelve or over who could neither read nor write. There were 29,569 children between sixteen and twenty- one years of age attending the public schools ; 20,086 attend- ing other schools, and 121,648 not attending any school for thirty days; making a total of 171,303. There were 248 who were blind, and 523 who were deaf. * In private schools there were 2,667 teachers and 103,255 pupils. 112 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The census showed 814,115 children under twenty-one years of age; of this number 557,386, or more than two- thirds, were not born of American fathers. Compulsory Education. A Superintendent of Compul- sory Education, with about forty truant officers, is ap- pointed to see that all children between the ages of seven and fourteen, who do not go to some private school, are in attendance at the public schools ; also those between the ages of fourteen and sixteen, if they are not engaged at work. The Vacation Schools are not under the direct manage- ment of the Board of Education, but the board contributes liberally toward their support. The schools are usually open for about five weeks in July and August. More than six thousand children eagerly seek for admission to cthese schools. The teachers employed must be eligible to appoint- ment in the city schools. The total cost of these schools is about $25,000 per year. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH The Municipal Court. The Municipal Court com- prises one Chief Justice and twenty-seven Associate Justices. For convenience the city is divided into two districts, the first comprising that part of the city north of Seventy-first Street and west of Cottage Grove Avenue, with a popula- tion of about 2,400,000; the second that part of the city south of Seventy-first Street and east of Cottage Grove Avenue, with a population of about 100,000. In the first district there are now eighteen branch civil courts, all located in the City Hall. There are also THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 113 thirteen criminal branches of this court in the first district, located in different parts of the district. VARIOUS CITY ORDINANCES The ordinances of the city provide very definitely, ex- plicitly, and in detail for the preservation of the public health, the neat appearance of the streets, the protection of life and property, and the decent and orderly conduct of all persons within the city, and every child and adult should take care to respect the rights and privileges of others, and the observance of law and order at all times. If there is any doubt as to one’s privileges in any respect, the best way is to consult the City Code, for it is very full and com- prehensive, and it is likely that any questionable act is pro- hibited by the imposition of a fine. For example, one may not kill any bird within the city ; distribute handbills or circulars in any public place ; spit on the sidewalks ; remove sod from any public lot ; engage in any game or show, either in a public place, or in a public window, or on private premises, which causes persons to assemble and obstruct the public passageway ; throw any stone or other missile in a street or alley, or fly a kite in any street or public place. Many other things which might in some way interfere with the rights or privileges of others, or cause personal harm of any kind, are forbidden. Cruelty to Animals. A person guilty of cruelty to anv animal is subject to a fine of from three dollars to one .hun- dred dollars. Cruelty may consist in overloading, over- driving, or cruelly beating a horse, or in underfeeding or neglecting it. 114 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Bill-posting. It is unlawful to post bills or advertise- ments of any kind on the curbstones or sidewalks, or on any tree, lamp-post, hitching-post, pole, hydrant, bridge, pier, or any other structure within the limits of the street; or on any private wall, window, door, gate, fence, or any other private structure, without the written consent of the owner, agent, or lessee. A state law prohibits the erection of any billboard within five hundred feet of parks and boulevards. It is unlawful to post any advertisement of certain medi- cines or remedies for curing certain specified diseases in any place within the city, where it can be seen from streets, alleys, or other public places. It is also unlawful to post pictures or illustrations of an obscene or immoral character in such public places. Blasting. Before one may fire a blast within the city, a permit must be obtained and a bond given of $10,000 to protect the lives and property of citizens in the vicinity. Furthermore, the blast must be covered so that all danger to persons and property shall be absolutely prevented. Three minutes before the firing, a red flag must be displayed on a staff not less than ten feet high, conspicuous within twenty-five feet of the place where the charge is placed, and the words “A Blast” must be called out several times, loud enough to be distinctly heard two hundred feet from the point of discharge. Amusements. To regulate and license theatrical, dra- matic, and operatic entertainments, shows, field-games, etc., these forms of amusement are divided into sixteen classes, and each class is required to pay a special license fee, except THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO 115 when they are presented in a duly licensed theater, opera house, or hall. There are also special regulations for the sale of theater tickets by scalpers, and in hotels. Other Ordinances. It is violation of an ordinance to spit on floors and platforms of cars, or on the stairs leading to the elevated stations, on the sidewalks, or in any public hall. Soft coal sold by the bushel must contain eighty pounds. Junk shops may not be located in residence districts or within four hundred feet of a school, hospital, or church. It is unlawful to pack or unpack fruit, flowers, vegetables, rags, paper, old iron, bottles, or junk on any street, alley, or sidewalk or other public place in the city. No fruit, flower, or lunch stand, bulletin board, or feed- ing trough is permitted on any street, alley, or sidewalk without a permit from the Commissioner of Public Works. The width of wagon tires (except rubber) must be in proportion to the weight of the load carried, ranging from one and one-half inches for three thousand pounds up to eight inches for eighteen thousand pounds. No one-horse wagon may carry a load exceeding 3,500 pounds, and for each additional horse only 4,000 pounds may be added to the load. If a surface or elevated car is delayed ten minutes by a break-down, or by any act or neglect of the street-car com- pany, any passenger may demand the refund of his fare. Every person who owns or keeps a dog within the limits of the city is required to pay an annual tax of two dollars for each one on or before May 1st. 116 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS No dog is permitted by ordinance to run at large in any street or alley at any time, unless securely muzzled or led by a chain. The police are instructed to impound any dog running at large contrary to the ordinance, and unless it is redeemed by its owner within five days, it is to be destroyed by the poundkeeper. There is a fine of not less than $25 for giving, in any way, a false alarm of fire. There is a fine of not less than $25 for making a bonfire in any street, alley, or public place within the city. There is a fine of from $5 to $25 for discharging any kind of firearms within the city, except under license duly issued by the City Clerk. No person is permitted to set off any kind of fireworks within the city, except by proclamation of the Mayor per- mitting it, as on the Fourth of July. There is a fine of $25 to $200 for selling or giving away any cigarettes or cigarette-paper without first obtaining a license, and the same fine for selling or giving away any tobacco product, of any form, within six hundred feet of a building used for school purposes. There is a fine of $10 to $100 for gathering to use, or for using in any way, for sale, the stumps of cigars and cigarettes thrown away in the streets, alleys, saloons, etc. Every loaf of bread offered for sale must have on it a label one inch square or an inch in diameter plainly stating how many ounces the loaf contains. Legal Fares for Cabs and Carriages. For Tzvo-Horse Vehicles One or two passengers, one mile or less $1.00 THE GOVERNMENT OF CHICAGO H7 Each additional passenger, first mile, or part thereof only 50 One or more passengers, for second mile and subse- quent miles, or part thereof. Fare for all for each mile, or part thereof 50 Children between five and fourteen years of age, when accompanied by adult, not more than half the above rates. Children under five years of age, accompanied by adult* free. One or more passengers, by the hour, with privilege of going and stopping at pleasure, first hour 2.00 Each additional hour, or part thereof, per hour 1.50 If a vehicle, hired by the hour, is discharged before re- turning to the starting-place, the driver may charge for the time required to return. For One-Horse Vehicles One or two passengers, not exceeding one mile $ .50 Each additional passenger, first mile, or part thereof. . .25 One or more passengers, for second mile and subse- quent miles, or part thereof. Fare for all for each mile, or part thereof Children between five and fourteen years of age, when accompanied by adult, not more than half the above rates. Children under five years of age, accompanied by adult, free. One or more passengers, by the hour, with privilege of going and stopping at pleasure, first hour 1.00 Each additional hour, or part thereof 1.00 118 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS. When hired by the hour, the driver may charge for the time required to return to the starting-point. Every passenger may carry with him, without extra charge, traveling baggage not exceeding seventy-five pounds in weight. Legal Fares for Automobiles. With seating capacity not exceeding two persons, three dollars per hour, the min- imum being one dollar. With seating capacity more than two and not exceeding five persons, four dollars per hour, the minimum being one dollar and a half. With seating capacity more than five persons, five dollars per hour, the minimum being two dollars. No charge may be made for the time consumed in re- sponding to a call, or in returning to the place from which the automobile is called. Every passenger may carry light baggage not exceeding fifty pounds in weight without charge, but twenty-five cents may be charged for a trunk. The above rates of fare apply only in cases where pas- sengers at the time of hiring demand and secure from the operator a card on which appears the name of the owner, the name of the operator and the exact time of hiring. In other cases the fares are the same as for taxicabs. Legal Fares for Taxicabs. Fares for passengers con- veyed in taxicabs must be computed by the distance trav- eled and shall not exceed fifty cents for the first half mile or fraction thereof, for one person. For each fourth of a mile thereafter, ten cents may be charged. For each ad- ditional person, twenty cents for the whole distance. Ten cents may be charged for each four minutes of wait- ing. Twenty cents may be charged for conveying a trunk. LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ASSOCI- ATIONS, ETC. Chicago Public Library. The first mover toward the establishment of the Chicago Public Library was Thomas Hughes, the author of “Tom Brown’s School Days.” After the great fire of 1871 Mr. Hughes led a movement in Eng- land that resulted in the donation of 7,000 volumes, which formed the nucleus of the Public Library in Chicago. It now occupies its own permanent building on Washington Street, Michigan Avenue, and Randolph Street. The cost of the building, including furniture, book-stacks, and ma- chinery, was about $2,000,000. The Library now contains 376,463 volumes. The number of patrons holding cards is 100,755. Its annual revenue is about $260,000; the num- ber of employees about 200. The interior of the building presents one of the most artistic examples of interior decoration to be found in the United States. The circulating department is open from 9 a. m. to 6:30 p. m. except Sundays. The reading-room and reference department are open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. on week-days, and from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. on Sundays. The library is free to all residents of -Chicago; also to residents in the county outside of the city who are regularly employed in the city. During the year 1909, 2,500,000 volumes were in circula- te 120 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS tion, of which 1,805,217 were for home use. It now has fourteen branch reading-rooms, and three circulating centers are maintained. An “open shelf’’ service has been intro- duced like that in the John Crerar Library. The Chicago Public Library is maintained by the city as a part of its public educational system. A special library tax of one mill supplies the revenue for its maintenance, the annual expenditures being about $260,000. The Mayor appoints a board of nine directors, who hold office for three years. How to Use the Library. It is necessary only to have your application signed by some person who is a resident of Chicago, and whose name is in the city directory, as a guarantor for your proper observance of the library rules and regulations. A card is handed each person whose appli- cation is accepted, on which a record is kept of the books drawn. Ordinarily each book may be kept for two weeks and may then be renewed for the same length of time. This card is good for three years. A fine of three cents a day is imposed for keeping a book longer than the stated time without renewal. There is a fine of not less than five dollars for tearing, marking, or in any way injuring any book or paper belonging to the library ; also a fine of from one dollar to ten dollars for not returning a book which has been drawn. As an aid in finding out whether or not a book wanted is in the library, also to show what books are there relating to the subject in which you are interested, special finding- lists are published, which give the authors and titles of books under each head, with a letter and number annexed LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 121 to each title. The clerk furnishes you a slip on which to copy one or more numbers and letters for books which you wish to consult, and the first book found on the shelves is then brought to you. If a book is in very great demand, it is labeled as one which may be kept only one week. Delivery Stations. Readers in the remote parts of the city are able to use the library by means of delivery stations. A book may be drawn or delivered either at the main library or at a station. Order lists left at a station are sent to the library and the books are returned daily. There are many delivery stations maintained at convenient points throughout the city. The Library and the Public Schools. The library issues special cards to teachers on which six books may be drawn at one time. It also permits principals to draw larger num- bers of books for use in the schoolroom. The Board of Education carries the books back and forth and publishes the rules governing the issue of books in quantities. The Newberry Library occupies a building on Walton Place, Clark Street, Oak Street, and Dearborn Avenue, which was completed in 1893 at a cost of $545,429.28. In 1868 Walter S. Newberry bequeathed more than $2,- 000,000 for the establishment of a library on the North Side. This fund is now much increased. The collection of books is designed for reference and not for circulation. By arrangement with the John Crerar Library, the Newberry does not maintain any extensive collection of scientific works. The number of volumes now in the library is upwards of 200,000, besides about 50,000 pamphlets and 900 periodicals. 122 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The library is open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. every day in the year except Sundays and holidays. It is closed during the first two weeks of August. The John Crerar Library was founded by the bequest of John Crerar, who died in 1889. The endowment is said to be worth $3,500,000 at the present time. In his will Mr. Crerar said : “I desire the books and periodicals selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian sentiment in the community, and that all nastiness and immorality be excluded. I do not mean by this that there shall not be anything but hymn books and sermons, but I mean that dirty French novels and all skeptical trash and works of questionable moral tone shall never be found in this library. I want its atmosphere that of Christian refinement, and its aim and object the building up of character.” The library was organized as a corporation January 12, 1895. A building-fund has accumulated from the endow- ment which now amounts to .nearly $1,000,000, and it is expected that a suitable building will be erected as soon as a satisfactory site can be found. It is at present located cn the fifth and sixth floors of the Marshall Field Building, its entrance being at 110 N. Wabash Avenue. The number of bound volumes already amounts to 275,- 000, and there are also 21,400 unbound volumes. Between 4,000 and 5,000 current periodicals are on file in a special periodical alcove of the reading-room. There are about as many more serial publications, such as annual reports and parts of books issued at irregular intervals. By purchase from the Newberry Library of some 25,000 volumes of LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 123 medical works, mostly the gift of Dr. Nicholas Senn, this library now has a very large and valuable medical collection. The Crerar is exclusively a reference library and aims to cover especially the field of scientific and technical literature in order that the scope of the leading libraries of the city may not be duplicated. It therefore contains no works on music, sculpture, painting, theology, philology, or law. The library is open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. daily, includ- ing holidays, except Sundays. In the reading-room are some 5,000 volumes which are accessible without formality, and these are made good use of by an appreciating public. The Chicago Historical Society Library was founded in 1856, but was destroyed by the fire of 1871, when it con- tained 100,000 volumes. Like the other departments of Chicago life, it was quickly replaced, but was again burned in 1874. In October, 1877, it was again ready with a third collection, many of which were donated from the private libraries of its enthusiastic friends. The library now occu- pies its own fireproof home on the corner of Dearborn Avenue and Ontario Street, the cost of which was $190,000. The total number of volumes is now over 140,000. The library is open daily except Sunday from 9 a. m. to 5 P. M. Other Important Libraries are the following : — The Ryerson Library, of the Art Institute. The Library of the LTniversity of Chicago. The Library of Northwestern University. The Library of Lewis Institute. The Library of the Garrett Biblical Institute. The Library of the Academy of Sciences. 124 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The Field Columbian Museum Library. The Library of St. Ignatius College. The Pullman Public Library. The Hammond Library. The Western Society of Engineers Library. The Chicago Law Institute Library. The Evanston Public Library. Besides these there are twenty-five or thirty others of more or less importance. The University of Chicago. This great university is one of the marvels of Chicago. It was opened for its first students only eighteen years ago, and to-day rivals the fore- most universities in the world, not only in its number of students, bnt also in buildings and equipment. The campus covers ninety-five acres, which cost $4,217,- 553. There are now thirty-three buildings, and more are to be built in the near future. These have cost $5,000,000. A new Harper Memorial Library building is to be erected at once, which will require a fund of $900,000. An addi- tional $800,000 is also to be spent for four other depart- mental library buildings within the next year or two. These and the Memorial Library building will form a library group, with reading-rooms all connected. When completed there will be space in the stacks and in the departmental libraries for nearly 3,000,000 volumes. The total gifts to the university aggregate about $30,000,- 000. Tbe number of students is about 6,000; the number of instructors, 350. The first and by far the largest contributor to the endowment of this university is John D. Rockefeller, whose donations amount to $24,515,322. LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 125 The first president of the university was William Rainey Harper, who died in 1906. The first students entered in October, 1892. The Yerkes Observatory at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, is a part of the university. Its refracting telescope of forty inches aperture ranks second of its kind in the world. The library of the university contains 461,000 bound volumes and 170,000 pamphlets. The University of Chicago is open the year round. The Northwestern University is located at Evanston, but its professional schools are in Chicago. It was incor- porated in 1851. The first building was erected in 1853, forming the nucleus of the city of Evanston, which now has a population of nearly 30,000. While a majority of the members of the Board of Trus- tees must be members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, no particular religious faith is required of those who be- come students at the institution. It is provided in the charter of the Northwestern that no alcoholic liquor shall be sold within four miles of the uni- versity. The campus covers an area of about seventy-five acres. On it are located eleven college buildings, besides the Gar- rett Biblical Institute, the Evanston Academy, and the Northwestern University School of Oratory. In Chicago are the Medical School, and the schools of Law, Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Commerce. The number of bound volumes in the several libraries of the university is about 130.000; of pamphlets, about 80,000. The value of the buildings and grounds, including libra- 123 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS ries, museums, etc., is 3,694,199; the endowment and trust funds amount to $4,005,309. The total number of students is about five thousand. The Art Institute of Chicago was organized in 1879. It is located in its own building at the foot of Adams Street, on the lake front. Its present home was erected in 1893. All there is of the institute has been the voluntary gift of the people of Chicago. Over 2,300 families contribute regu- larly to its support. The ground it occupies was given by the city. It is valued at more than $2,000,000. It expends annually more than $50,000 in the conduct of its museum lectures. It costs $51,000 a year to maintain its schools. For several years about 700,000 persons have visited the institute annually, of whom over 650,000 were admitted free. The total enrollment of pupils in its schools is up- wards of 3,000 a year. Admission is free on Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sun- days. On other days a fee of twenty-five cents is charged. Theaters. There are about forty theaters in Chicago, of which number twenty, at least, may be said to be first- class in respect to structure and equipment. Nearly two hundred thousand people attend these theaters every week. There are also three hundred and forty five-cent theaters in the city. By an ordinance of the city it is unlawful for any man or woman to wear a hat or bonnet in any licensed theater, dur- ing any part of the performance or program being rendered on the stage or platform. It is made the duty of the man- agers of the theaters to enforce this ordinance. The fine fo r wearing a hat is from three to five dollars. LEADING INSTITUTIONS ETC. 127 Independent Charitable Organizations. There are in Chicago more than sixty associations organized for the pur- pose of dispensing general charities, twelve or more special charity organizations, and sixty or more church charity or- ganizations. Some of the most important of these are the following : — The Illinois Humane Society was chartered in 1869. Its purpose is to prevent cruelty to animals and children. The laws of the state and the ordinances of the city forbid cruelty to animals, bull-fighting, cock-fighting, dog-fighting, docking horses’ tails, killing birds, using children under fourteen years of age for purposes of public exhibition or entertainment, and unnecessarily exposing children to the inclemency of the weather. The Visitation and Aid Society. The work of this society is similar to that of the Juvenile Court, which was brought into existence chiefly through its agency. Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium. In April, 1909, the city voted a levy of one mill on every dollar of assessed valuation, for the establishment and support of a Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium. Three commissioners were ap- pointed by the Mayor to have charge of this work. Fresh Air Funds. Summer outings lasting one week or more are provided for needy children, with their mothers, by the Daily News Fresh Air Fund and Sanitarium, at Lin- coln Park; Camp Good Will, at Evanston; the United Chari- ties ; Gads Hill Encampment Association, near Lake Bluff ; La Rabida Sanitarium, at Jackson Park ; and the camps at New Lenox and Benton Harbor, which are maintained by Chicago associations. 128 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Visiting Nurses’ Association. This association is a philan- thropic institution maintained by voluntary contributions from those of recognized standing in the social life of Chi- cago. The purpose of the association is to provide in every practicable way for the needy sick. This is one of the largest organizations of its character in the United States. In 1909 the eighty nurses made 99,514 visits to the homes of the needy, and 175,167 school chil- dren were examined by these nurses, as aids to the Health Department. Out of the latter number they found 47,707 needing their help. They also made 71,461 visits to the homes of pupils ; 14,502 visits to the public schools, and 334 to parochial schools. The United Charities of Chicago was established in April, 1909, by the union of the Relief and Aid Society and the Bureau of Charities. The first year, through eleven district offices, they helped 13,965 families, numbering over 50,000 individuals. The Mary Crane Nursery maintained by the society is devoted to the interests of mothers and children. It con- tains a day nursery with a capacity of seventy-five children. In the milk depot 120,000 bottles of pasteurized and modi- fied milk were distributed to sickly children during 1909. In the laundry, sewing-room, and domestic science room employment and instruction are given to mothers who must learn how to earn a living for their children. Over 2,000 homeless men and boys, some convalescent, some stranded in the city, were assisted by the United Chari- ties association in 1909. The society maintains a home for such men and boys. LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 129 The society carries on a social service work at the Cook County Hospital in behalf of outgoing patients who have no home or money. In the registration department is the index which makes a clearing house for the charity work of the city; 160,000 records are on file. This information, confidential in char- acter, can be made of great service to those who are appealed to on the streets or in their homes if they will communicate with the society before aiding. In 1909 16,375 children and mothers were given outings in the country, and the United Charities handled all the transportation for them. The society covers the whole city and helps regardless of race, color, or creed. Social Settlements. The chief aim of these settlements is to provide centers for higher civic and social life ; to initiate and maintain religious, educational, and philan- thropic enterprises, and to investigate and improve condi- tions in the industrial districts of Chicago. The leading settlements are : — The University of Chicago Settlement, 4630 Gross Avenue. The Forward Movement, 305 West Van Buren Street. Northwestern University Settlement, Augusta Street, north- west corner of Noble. Hull House, 335 South Halsted Street. Chicago Commons, Grand Avenue, corner of North Morgan Street. Hull House is probably the best known of all Chicago’s settlements, as it was the first one of the more than twenty now existing here. It occupies the old residence of Charles 130 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS J. Hull, on Halsted Street, in which the institution had its origin, although it has other buildings adjoining. There are about fifty resident workers in the institution, and more than a hundred non-residents serve as club or class leaders. Among the permanent features of this institution are a good restaurant, a branch of the Public Library, a good the- atrical stage and audience room, two residential clubs — one for boys and one for girls — a day nursery, a kindergarten, a gymnasium, a labor museum, an art studio, a book bindery, arts and crafts shops, and a playground. City Gardens Association. This association seeks to pro- vide gardens for needy families to cultivate in the vacant lands of the city. About, four hundred such families are provided with gardens in the summer, and in the winter they are taught in classes as much as possible about gar- dening. Outdoor Art League. The league lends its influence in every practicable way to the beautifying of the city extern- ally, by suppressing smoke, maintaining public drinking- fountains, placing flower boxes in windows, etc. The Chicago Young Men’s Christian Association is the largest institution of its kind in the world. Its land and buildings are valued at $2,000,000. It has recently raised a semi-centennial fund of $1,000,000, and is planning to raise another fund of $750,000 for the construction of a large hotel exclusively for the temporary accommodation of re- spectable young men, and possibly women, with limited means, until they can be furnished with positions. The Young Women’s Christian Association. It is the design of the Young Women’s Christian Association to pro- LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 131 vide a home for working girls who are alone in the city. It is well furnished and kept, and its accommodations are always in demand. Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. The object of this or- ganization is to study the causes and conditions of consump- tion, and promote all possible means for its cure and pre- vention. An open-air sanitarium is maintained at Naper- ville, with a capacity for thirty beds, which are constantly filled. The Catholic Church in Chicago. The fact that there are 1,150,000 members of the Roman Catholic Church in Chicago is evidence of the large place held by this religious body in the life of the city. In 198 parochial schools there are 92,000 pupils. There are also 22 academies for girls, with 5,100 students; 5 High Schools, with 1,250 students; 12 colleges and academies for boys, with 3,000 students ; 1 school for mutes, with 71 pupils; 2 training-schools for boys, with 600 pupils ; 1 industrial school for girls, with 300 pupils; 6 orphan asylums, with 1,700 orphans; 2 infant asylums, with 906 inmates during the year ; 1 working-boys’ home, with 200 inmates during the year ; 3 working-girls’ homes, with 340 inmates ; 5 homes for the aged, with 600 inmates; 16 hospitals, with 15,000 patients; 5 communities nursing sick in their homes ; 1 theological seminary, with 138 students. The archdiocese of Chicago contains 1 archbishop. 2 bishops, 1 mitred abbot, 377 diocesan priests, 270 priests of religious orders, 127 seminarians, 187 city churches with resident priests, 5 city missions, 17 county missions, 45 chapels and 1 preparatory seminary. 132 CHICAGO, COOIv COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Chicago Sunday Evening Club. Among the religious organizations of Chicago, the Chicago Sunday Evening Club, which holds services regularly on Sunday evenings, except during the summer months, in Orchestra Hall, is worthy of mention, inasmuch as it is supported by all de- nominations and has no stated pastor, but engages the most eminent speakers in the country. It also makes music a feature of its services. Strangers in the city find here a hearty welcome, and the attendance usually reaches above two thousand. The Chicago Association of Commerce is an organiza- tion of business and professional men and firms, in all num- bering about three thousand, whose aim is to promote the business and financial interests of the “Great Central Mar- ket.” It is strictly non-partisan in politics. It cooperates with the city authorities in an advisory way, and aims to exercise a conservative influence in business crises, to draw trade to Chicago through cooperation with the railroads and its own generous advertising, and even to advance the bulk of foreign trade in every practicable way. The asso- ciation was organized in 1905. Public Lectures. The University of Chicago maintains an extensive system of university extension lectures ; the Daily News a system of free public lectures in the public school buildings. The Young Men’s Christian Association, the Northwestern University, the Lewis Institute, and many of the churches and other societies furnish regular series of popular and educational lectures at cost prices. The Field Museum offers a course of lectures free tc the public. The Citizens’ Association of Chicago seek? to promote LEADING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 133 the general political and commercial welfare of the city and state. The City Club is non-partisian ; it was organized in 1904. The Chicago Law and Order League was organ- ized and incorporated in July, 1905. Its purpose is to aid the people in securing the enforcement of the laws and the suppression of disorderly places. The Municipal Voters’ League is not a political body, except that it seeks the purification of municipal politics in determining the character of candidates for the position of alderman, and in deciding which candidates are most worthy of their votes. It is non-partisan. The League was first formed in 1896, and has been a very effective agency in the election of honest men to the City Council. Its pub- lished criticisms of candidates before election are accepted by the citizens generally as being impartial and correct. The league is supported solely by voluntary contributions, varying from one dollar to one thousand dollars. Every citizen should be willing to aid so valuable an agency for securing and maintaining an honest and efficient Council. The president of the League has stated its aims and ob- jects as follows: “There is just one thing, the League is and has been in- terested in from its inception, and that is progressive im- provement in the personnel and methods of the City Coun- cil. “Our purpose is to examine into the qualifications of can- didates for that body and to watch proceedings, both in Council and in committee, and to note the attitude of its 134 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS members, with the end in view of correctly advising the peo- ple in the selection of Aldermen. “The League regards the City Council of Chicago as one of the most important legislative bodies in the United States, and believes that the welfare of Chicago is in a large meas- ure dependent- upon the ability, efficiency and integrity of its Aldermen. “To make the Council of the largest value to the people and a representative body of high order we shall continue in our efforts, as heretofore, to find and recommend for election the worthiest candidates and to secure the introduc- tion and maintenance of the fittest methods and procedure in the transaction of the City Council’s business.” Other Associations and Clubs are as follows : — The Civic Federation. The Civil Service Reform Association of Chicago. The Legislative Voters’ League of Cook County. The Municipal Ownership League. The Marquette Club, established 1889; Republican. The Hamilton Club, established 1890; Republican. The Iroquois Club, established 1881 ; Democratic. The Citizens’ League of Chicago. The Englewood Law and Order League. The North Side Law and Order League. The Society for the Prevention of Crime. The Commercial Club. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO The Union Stock-yards were first opened in 1865. They represent the greatest livestock market in the world. They are located about five and a half miles from the City Hall, in a southwesterly direction. The grounds cover an area of 500 acres, all but 50 acres being paved with brick. These grounds include 25 miles of streets ; 20 miles of water- troughs; 50 miles of feeding-troughs ; 6 artesian wells with an average depth of 1,230 feet; 50 miles of sewer-pipes; 90 miles of water-mains, and 300 miles of railroad track. The original cost of the plant was $4,000,000. The pack- ing-houses cost $10,000,000. The number of people employed by the Union Stock Yards, the packers, and other concerns directly connected with them, reaches nearly 50,000. The bank in the Stock-yards district has annual deposits approaching $1,000,000,000. The annual volume of business is $600,000,000, which in- cludes the livestock, packing, commission, and stock-yards railway interest. The livestock trade in 1909 was $316,754,000, which was $9,000,000 more than in 1908. The increase was due to the great advance in prices, for the receipts were 1,544,997 head less than in 1908, being 14,491,372 head, the smallest number in thirteen years. 135 136 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS All buying must be finished by three o’clock each day, and all purchases must be paid for on the day of purchase. About a million dollars changes hands here every day for livestock alone. Packingtozvn. The packing-house district, commonly styled “Packingtown,” covers nearly as much territory as the Stock-yards. Here a separate and independent business is carried on, which is, however, dependent for its supplies on the livestock at the yards. The cattle, hogs, sheep, etc., are slaughtered and* prepared for the market by the packers, and by them shipped to every part of the world. The yards supply the raw material gathered from every state in the Union, and the packers prepare and distribute this material to consumers everywhere. The rapidity with which animals are slaughtered and ‘‘packed” is one of the most marvelous sights in the world. An average of about five hundred carloads of the various products of Packingtown are shipped away every day in the year. Millions of dollars’ worth of by-products are made yearl) from materials that were formerly thrown away. The feet, knuckles, hide-clippings, and small bones are made into neatsfoot oil, gelatine, glue, and ising-glass. Tallow and grease are converted into toilet and laundry soaps, washing- powders, and glycerine. The hair of cattle is used for up- holstering, for plastering, for hair-felt, and for ropes and mats. The hides are tanned and made into leather for shoes, harness, and other leather goods. The bones are made into buttons, toothpicks, toothbrush handles, and knife handles, and are used for refining sugar. The pigs’ stomachs COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 137 and the sheep’s thyroid and other glands are made into pep- sin, pancreatin, and other medicinal articles. The blood, the small bones, and the waste scraps are taken to the fer- tilizing works and are converted into fertilizers, albumen, and stock and poultry foods. Some of the largest firms in the business are the fol- lowing :• — Armour & Company. Swift & Company. Nelson Morris & Company. The Anglo-American Provision Company. Libby, McNeil & Libby. Fairbanks Canning Company. Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company. The Union Stock-yards and Transit Company is a cor- poration chartered by the state. This company simply fur- nishes the facilities for carrying on the livestock business, but does not buy or sell any livestock. The buying and sell- ing are done by owners or commission-men, who dispose of their stock to the packers, shippers, and other stock-men. There are, then, three distinct parties interested in this business — the owners and commission-men, who buy and sell the stock; the Union Stock-yards and Transit Com- pany, which furnishes the grounds, pens, weighing facilities, etc., to the stock-men for certain stipulated fees, which con- stitute the only revenue of the company ; and the packers and shippers, who buy the livestock and dispose of it to their own customers. k The Business Done. There is an average of about 1.00C carloads of livestock received at the yards every day of the 138 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS year, each carload averaging in value upward of $1,000, making a total of $1,000,000 worth every business day. In “Packingtown” these figures are duplicated in the amount of trade and the expenses of business done there. In these two mammoth establishments more than one hundred carloads of coal are consumed daily. The commission-men are organized into a Chicago Live- stock Exchange, which establishes and enforces certain rules for trading. This exchange has now about seven hun- dred members. The International Livestock Exposition. The first In- ternational Livestock Exposition was held in December, 1900. The purpose was to gather together the best speci- mens of cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses, as an inspiration to higher breeding and general improvement in stock. The exhibition was a great success. As many as three hundred and fifty thousand visitors attended it. The exposition was provided with a location and the necessary funds by the Union Stock-yards and Transit Company. The second exposition was a still greater success, and each year marks an enlargement of the scope of this ex- position and a more widespread interest among the people. The total valuation of the domestic animals in the United States is estimated to be more than the total of all the grain, cotton, coal, petroleum, minerals, precious stones, metals, potatoes, sugar, molasses, wool, and tobacco produced. Chi- cago is the largest grain market in the world, the largest lumber market, and the largest wholesale drygoods market ; yet her aggregate business as a livestock market exceeds the aggregate of all these combined. COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 139 Receipts and Shipments of grain, provisions, livestock etc., in 1909, were as follows : — Receipts. Shipments. Flour, barrels . . 8,526,207 8,316,930 Wheat, bushels . . 26,985,112 23,484,171 Corn, bushels . . 90,894,920 72,835,839 Oats, bushels . . 87,884,238 77,288,653 Rye, bushels . . 1,426,350 903,569 Bariev, bushels . . 27,061,614 8,556,086 Timothy seed, pounds .. 51,066,739 20,673,915 Clover seed, pounds . . 5,551,664 4,669,531 Other grass seeds, pounds . . 34,473.910 50,705,116 Flaxseed, bushels 1,199,119 150,934 Broom corn, pounds . . 10,970,204 9,127,816 Cured meats, pounds . .207,405,026 720,032,586 Canned meats, cases 9,106 604,454 Dressed beef, pounds . .443,118,730 810,193,622 Beef, barrels 111,390 Pork, barrels 24,953 182,228 Lard, pounds . . 70,852,783 255,052,422 Cheese, pounds . . 84,473,211 64,879,359 Butter, pounds . .284,546,835 235,648,841 Dressed hogs, number 57i 29,409 Flides, pounds . . 150,636,892 180,677,234 Wool, pounds . . 91,695,097 118,156,595 Lumber (including timber), M. ft... .. 2,584,512 961,822 Shingles, M 501,117 434,021 Salt, barrels . . 1,728,305 460,359 Hay, tons 253,047 16,571 Potatoes, bushels . . 12,662,864 3,877,795 Some of the lake receipts and shipments reported by the Collector of Customs for the port of Chicago for 1909 are as follows : — 140 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS RECEIPTS Tons of iron ore 4,678,885 Tons of hard coal 790,759 Tons of soft coal 449,527 Feet of lumber 382,220,000 Packages of green fruit 4,750,540 Bushels of wheat 5.555.546 Bushels of barley 41,000 Bushels of oats 6,000 SHIPMENTS Barrels of flour 3,065,669 Bushels of wheat 9,247,517 Bushels of corn 26,734,776 Bushels of oats 4,741,000 Bushels of rye 45,000 Bushels of barley 216,000 Tons of grass-seed 3.165 Tons of millstuff 204,072 There was collected as duties on imported merchandise, $10,142,634. The drygoods entered at the port of Chicago during the year were valued at $7,384,683 ; the duty collected on them amounted to $4,017,207. Internal revenues collected in 1909 amounted to $8,149,- 614. Of this amount, $4,815,337 was collected for beer stamps. The amount collected on tobacco was $1,095,624; on cigar and cigarette stamps, $667,965. The report shows that 220,853,956 cigars and 18,260,405 pounds of tobacco were taxed, and 4,995,062 cigarettes. The tax on oleomargarine amounted to $430,075; the number of pounds, 72,280,211. The grain is “handled" without the use of hands. It COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 141 comes by rail, canal, or lake boat, “in bulk,” not in bags or barrels, but loose in the car or boat. The train or boat stops by the side of an “elevator,” and the grain is pumped into enormous bins; from these bins it is poured out into other cars or vessels on the other side of the elevator by steam-power, and all this is done within a few minutes. The facilities for handling cargoes are of the best, and it is remarkable that 180,000 bushels of grain can be loaded within five hours with comparatively no loss; or 5,000 tons of ore in three hours. The grain is inspected and graded by an inspector and dumped with a mountain of other grain of the same grade. A receipt is given by the clerk of the elevator, and this re- ceipt is as good as a bank check. It goes from one hand to another among grain dealers on ’change and in the grain market, like so much money. Shoes. There are seven shoe manufacturing com- panies in and immediately tributary to Chicago, where 25,000 pairs of shoes are made daily. Excepting in one factory, only men’s and boys’ welt shoes are made. All boots and shoes now made in the United States are cut, stitched, pegged, or nailed by machinery, which was in- vented, patented and first used here and is now being intro- duced into Europe. Most of the machines used in shoe-making are of quite recent invention. In 1907 the uppers of all shoes were cut by hand ; now they are cut by machinery ; and where for- merly it was a day’s work for one person to make one pair of shoes, a modern factory now turns out five pairs of shoes for each operative, including men, women, and boys. 142 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS In the West, St. Louis is first in shoe manufacture, Mil- waukee second, and Chicago third. 1 Men’s Clothing. Chicago is the second largest cloth- ing manufacturing center in the United States to-day. It is second only to New York City. Cloth is manufactured chiefly' in the eastern states ; practically none is made in Chicago. One hundred and sixteen firms in Chicago make clothing for men and boys, and one hundred make clothing for women. None of these firms make clothing for both men and women. The firms manufacturing men’s clothing are divided as follows : — Automobile clothing, 2. Boys’ clothing, 12. Men’s clothing, 71. Duck and leather clothing, 2. Evening dress suits, 3. Fur and fur-lined overcoats, 3. Smoking jackets, 2. Knee breeches, 7. Overalls, 21. Trousers, 29. Rain coats, 18. Summer clothing, 7. Uniforms, 6. Vests, 8. Bar and waiter jackets and barber coats, 18. Tailors to the trade, 67. Besides these are many smaller tailor and repair shops. COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 143 Women’s Clothing. One hundred firms are making clothing exclusively for women. Twelve firms make only cloaks ; nineteen only skirts ; two only suits. Sixty-one make cloaks and suits ; nine make suits and skirts ; and three make cloaks, suits, and skirts. No cloth is manufactured in Chicago, the trade being supplied by sixty jobbing houses handling woolens and tailors’ trimmings. Thirty-seven firms handle wool only. The Chicago Board of Trade is the largest institution of the kind in the world. It was first formed in 1848. The present building was begun in 1882 and completed in 1885, at a cost of $1,800,000. The present membership of the board is about 1,500. The nominal price of a member- ship is $10,000, but retiring members sell their certificates for varying amounts. The value of a membership at the present time is about $2,500. The board is in session from 9:30 A. M. till 1:15 p. M., except on Saturday, when it closes at 12 m. During its ses- sions the members buy and sell the staple articles of food, especially grains. The clearances of the board in 1909 amounted to $91,232,- 308.50; the balances, $31,265,530.55. Through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, a Council of North American Grain Exchanges has been or- ganized to promote the general interests of grain exchanges in all parts of the North American Continent. Rolling Mills. The industries of Gary, Indiana, are practically those of Chicago. Three years ago this city of 15,000 population contained only 346 inhabitants. The 144 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS United States Steel Corporation appropriated $100,000,000 for the construction here of immense iron and steel works. Already $60,000,000 of this fund has been expended, and 50,000 men can be employed in the works as they stand to- day. When fully developed, about 200,000 workmen will be needed to keep them running at their full capacity. The rolling mill of the Indiana Steel Company, a subsidiary com- pany having control of the works there, is operated by elec- tricity, the motors aggregating 30,000 horsepower. The product of the blast furnaces of Chicago in 1909 amounted to 31,000,000 tons, which is an immense increase over that of any previous year. Six of the eight blast fur- naces under construction at Gary are now in operation. Approximately 2,000,000 tons of ore were stored during the year 1909 at the ore docks there. Twenty-eight open-hearth furnaces are in operation. The production of pig iron in 1909 was 300,000 tons ; open-hearth ingots, 520,000 tons ; open-hearth blooms and billets, 75,000 tons; open-hearth steel rails, 330,000 tons. Sites have been occupied in Gary by several other sub- sidiary and independent companies, and the enlargement of the work at that point is going forward rapidly. Ship-Building. About one mile from the mouth of the Calumet River, and twelve miles from the City Hall, is located a ship-building yard, which covers twenty acres. Here ships for lake service are constructed. During 1910 twenty vessels are to be constructed at these yards, twelve of which will be used for bulk freight, four for package freight, two for passengers, one as a fire boat, and one as a ferry steamer. COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 145 The Chicago Clearing House Association was organ- ized in 1865. Its objects are: “The effecting at one place of the daily exchanges between the several associated banks, and the payment at the same place of the balances resulting from such exchanges, and to establish rules and regulations in matters of common interest arising from or affecting re- lations with banks in other localities, and the fostering of sound and conservative methods of banking.” The payment of exchanges is effected systematically, within about twenty minutes, from Monday to Friday at 11 A. M. ; on Saturdays at 10 A. M. There are seventeen members of the association, and thirty-five non-members, or banks which make their clearing through members. The business of the Clearing-house is confined entirely to banks and large corporations which handle a great many checks. The United States Sub-Treasury is also a member of -the association. Depositors’ checks or bank balances are not in any way connected with the business done at the Clearing-house. Each bank closes its accounts with other banks at 10:30 a. m., and all checks received later than that are carried forward into the next day’s transactions. The total clearings by the associated banks of Chicago for 1909 were $13,781,843,612. Street Railways. The first regular omnibus line in Chicago was started May 9, 1853, by Frank Parmalee. The first horsecars ran on State Street from Randolph to Twelfth, beginning April 25, 1859. There were five two- horse cars and one one-horse car. The following summer several other lines were put into operation, on the West, 146 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS South, and North sides of the city. The Chicago Railways Company is now the largest public service corporation in Chicago. It has 452,921 miles of track. Reconstruction of Lines. By a special agreement entered into in February, 1907, between the city and the various street railway companies, the companies were thoroughly to reconstruct and equip their lines within three years. Such work is now almost completed, and a deal has recently been effected by which the Chicago City Railway Company, the Calumet and South Chicago Railway Company, the South- ern Street Railway Company, and the Hammond, East Chi- cago, and Whiting Railway Company are placed under one management in the name of the Chicago City and Connect- ing Railways, and this company is controlled by Chicago capital. This unites all the lines in the South Division of the city, and the remaining two companies will probably unite with the new company as soon as practicable. In the reconstruction of their lines, the Chicago Railways Company alone has laid 776,000 square yards of granite paving in its sixteen feet of right of way, or more than enough to cover a hundred-acre farm. The traction companies together have constructed twenty- two new shops and stations, using enough bricks to build a thirteen-inch wall ten feet high and eighteen miles in length. The Chicago Railways Company alone carried in 1910 1,338,329 passengers a day, of which 758,222 were cash pas- sengers, 568,743 rode on transfers, and 11,364 rode free. The cost of the repairs amounts to the great sum of nearly $43,000,000; 310 miles of track have been recon- structed; 1,350 new cars have been installed, of which over COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 147 1,000 are the new pay-as-you-enter cars. Fifty of these new cars are made of solid steel. Three hundred and twenty-eight more are being constructed by remodeling. The average number of laborers employed in making the repairs was 6,000 per day, the maximum reaching 10,000. The accomplishment of this work surpasses anything of the kind ever before done in the world, and transforms Chi- cago’s street-car system from one of the very worst to the very best in the world. The rails used in the repairs are grooved, nine inches high, or deep, and weigh 129 pounds to the yard, which is from 30 to 64 pounds heavier than the heaviest steam serv- ice rails. Each car, when fully loaded, weighs almost 30 tons. The track and paving cost about $40,000 a mile. The average cost of the cars now in use is about $6,800. A mile of overhead trolley, with iron poles, costs $4,800. An important condition in the terms of agreement be- tween the traction companies and the city requires the com- panies to pay to the city annually 55 per cent of their net receipts. The money received by the city on this account is to be used for constructing a subway for the use of the cars under the business section of the city. About $5,744,635 of- this fund was in hand early in 1911, and work on the subways will be begun as soon as details of construction can be agreed upon. Connecting Lines. One wishing to go to any point on the North Side may safely take a North Clark Street car and transfer if necessary. To go to the northwest section, take a Milwaukee Avenue or Elston Avenue car and trans- fer; to go to the West Side, take a Madison or Twelfth 148 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Street car and transfer; and to go to the South Side, take an Indiana Avenue, Cottage Grove, State Street, or Went- worth Avenue car and transfer. The elevated cars reach all these sections in somewhat less time. For the Aurora, Elgin, and Chicago Interurban, take the Metropolitan Elevated; for the Calumet Electric, take the South Side Elevated ; for the Chicago and Harlem line, take the Oak Park Elevated; for Joliet and points farther south, take the Archer Avenue or Metropolitan Elevated ; for the Chicago and Milwaukee electric, take the Northwestern Ele- vated ; for South Chicago, Hammond, Whiting, and East Chicago, take the South Side Elevated or the City Railway lines going south. Agricultural Machines and Implements. Whenever any one begins to look after the causes of Chicago’s great- ness, his attention is sooner or later centered on the great manufacturing plants where agricultural machines and im- plements are made. The harvesting machine plants located here have perhaps contributed more to Chicago’s greatness than any other single factor, because this great industry is cooperating with the American farmer in the work of de- veloping the vast agricultural wealth of the great states in the Middle West. Among the plants devoted to the manufacture of farm machines, wagons, and implements, the largest are the Mc- Cormick, Deering, Weber, and Plano, known together as the International Harvester Company. Chicago plants give em- ployment to some 25,000 men, and the value of the output aggregates considerably more than $50,000,000. The build- ings of the various plants cover more than 700 acres. COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 149 The volume of export sales in this line is steadily grow- ing, the foreign shipments from Chicago aggregating con- siderably more than- $25,000,000 annually. It is estimated that every grain binder shipped abroad releases five men from the farm so that they can devote their energies to other work; and many of the men thus replaced with machines are improving the chance of looking for higher opportunities which are to be found in the United States. The International Harvester Company has a system of pensions for its employees who have become too old or feeble to work. This company has fifty men and women on its pension list, drawing from $18 to $63 a month each. The same company has also established the Employees’ Benefit Association as a regular department of its business. From the organization of this association, September 1, 1908, till January 1, 1910, it paid out in cash or allowed for claims about $250,000. The membership in the association is now over 23,000. It is wholly voluntary. Members pay two per cent of wages due for full time each pay day. Gas. The gas which is used so extensively for illumi- nating, heating, and cooking purposes is sold by measure- ment to citizens at eighty cents per thousand cubic feet. Gas is produced by spraying steam over a fire of coke, and also spraying in oil to give it illuminating quality. After passing into purifiers, it is conveyed to the large gas-holders, which everybody has observed, and held there, to be dis- tributed through the streets of the city in pipes laid in the streets. From these pipes service-pipes are laid into the houses where gas is to be used. The amount used by any house is determined by meters 150 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY 4ND ILLINOIS connected with the service-pipes, which register automat- ically the number of cubic feet consumed. The gas is forced through most of the pipes by the pres- sure of the holders, but this pressure is reinforced for long distances by an artificial process of blowing. The People’s Gas Light and Coke Company, which sup- plies most of the gas of the city, has 496,000 meters set. The city was first lighted by gas in 1850. Publishing Interests. The City Directory. Once every year there is published by a private publishing-house a large volume which contains the names and addresses of all per- sons living in Chicago, besides much other matter of infor- mation to the general public. The names are obtained by a systematic canvass of the city immediately after May 1st of each year, when most changes of residence occur. The book is ready for delivery by July 15th. The directory of 1909 contains 768,600 names, and by the computation usually made the population of the city is placed at 2,462,600. This is the seventy-first issue which has been published. It required 500 persons to take the names, and 150 to arrange them in alphabetical order. The Chicago Directory of 1839 was the first book com- piled and printed in Chicago. It contained less than 200 names. Newspapers and Periodicals. The first issue of a daily newspaper in Chicago was dated April 9, 1839. It was named The Chicago Daily American. The first weekly paper was called The Chicago Democrat , edited, printed, and published by John Calhoun. It was COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 151 dated November 26, 1833. It was this paper of which, in 1836, John Wentworth, familiarly called “Long John,” be- came the proprietor, and which he continued to own and publish till July, 1861. The first newspaper published in the state was probably The Illinois Herald, established in 1814 at Ivaskaskia, by Matthew Duncan. The name was soon changed to Illinois Intelligencer. The Illinois Gazette was established at Shawneetown about the same time. There are now 750 newspapers and periodicals published in Chicago. Electricity. The Commonwealth Edison Company is one of the most important of Chicago’s great industrial en- terprises. The amount of capital invested reaches nearly $60,000,000. To pay the interest alone on this investment - the company must earn from $300 to $400 an hour. An- other $100 an hour is required to pay taxes and compensa- tion to the city. It requires about 150 tons of coal each hour to keep this immense plant in operation. Extensions in the service require an additional investment of $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 annually. In the company’s plant at Twenty-second Street and the South Branch of the river there are ten turbine engines with a guaranteed output of 18,000 horsepower each, and in the smaller plant across the river three engines with a guar- anteed output of 22,000 horsepower, which gives the com pany a total output of over 246,000 horsepower. Of thi s amount, by agreement, the surface and elevated railways consume about 140,000 horsepower. The power furnished to residences and other establish- 152 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS ments exclusive of other public service corporations, like the street railway companies, is equivalent to 5,252,000 six- teen-candle-power electric lights, sufficient to illuminate 262,600 residences with 20 lights each. The value of this service is $4,927,306. The gross earnings for the year 1909 were $10,639,446; net earnings, $3,996,752. The North Shore Electric Company has main plants at Waukegan, Blue Island, and Maywood ; also substations at Chicago Heights and Lake Bluff. Its gross earnings in 1909 were $1,005,432; its operating expenses, $600,995. The value of its plants, real estate, etc., is $8,635,344. . The Corn Products Refining Company is constructing a $5,000,000 plant at Summit, on the canal, eight miles from the city. Lake Steamboat Lines. Besides the various steam- boat lines maintained in connection with many of the trunk lines of railroad, there are several independent lines for both passenger and freight traffic, running from Chicago to all the chief points on the Great Lakes. The Chicago Telephone Company has in use, in the City of Chicago, over 262,000 telephones. These lines require 615,973 miles of wire within the city, of which 539,065 miles are underground. Thirty- two exchanges are actively engaged in handling the traf- fic. The growth during the past few years has been very large, 31,364 telephones having been added during the year 1910, at an expenditure of $4,500,000 for additions to COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 153 plant and equipment and 22,755 stations have been added to November 1, 1911. In addition to the number of telephones in Chicago, the company operates more than 65,000 telephones in 154 suburban cities and towns in ten counties, all of which connect with Chicago by direct toll lines. The daily tele- phone traffic in Chicago is over 1,500,000 calls, which exceeds any other city in the world. Ninety per cent of all the fire alarm calls are by tele- phone. One firm of packers alone has an average of 10,000 telephone calls daily. There are also about 67,000 telephones connected with private exchanges ; one estab- lishment having 141 lines from its private switchboard to the Central Exchange, which furnishes service for 489 telephones, located in different departments of the estab- lishment. The leading hotels have telephones in each room, so that their guests can be furnished with both local and Long Distance service as desired, one hotel having 1,145 telephones. Many of the prominent restaurants are equipped with special service, so that its patrons can ob- tain service without leaving the table. The charter of the company expires January 8, 1929. By this charter three per cent of the gross receipts must be paid to the city, in addition to which the city has free telephone service in the City Hall and the right to purchase the plant January 1, 1919 or 1924, at an ap- praised valuation. About 24,000 automatic telephones have recently been in- stalled in Chicago by the Illinois Tunnel Company, and this number will soon be doubled. This company has entered into a contract with the independent telephone companies 154 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS outside of Chicago which gives them connection with prac- tically all the leading cities and towns of Illinois, and those of other states are constantly being added. The Tunnel, or Subway. A great tunnel under the streets of Chicago was begun in September, 1901, by the Illinois Telegraph and Tunnel Company, with so little talk or disturbance that comparatively few people knew anything about it till several miles had been constructed. Its extent is now nearly 60 miles, with 80 miles of tracks. It is oper- ated by electricity. As yet this tunnel is used exclusively for the transporta- tion of freight and mail to and from the various railroad stations. It is claimed that 30,000 tons of freight are hauled daily by this company. The tunnel extends 42 feet below the surface of the ground, and is longer than any other subway in the world. The main lines of the system are 12.5 feet wide and 14 feet high, but the greater portion are 6 by 7.5 feet. On the bottom of the trunk portion of the system there is a con- crete floor 21 inches thick, while the walls are protected by a similar concrete 18 inches thick ; the lateral conduits are protected by concrete walls 13 inches and 10 inches thick. The importance of this great tunnel system to the city of Chicago can hardly be estimated. In the single item of transportation of freight to and from the railroad stations millions of dollars are saved and thousands of loaded trucks and freight-wagons are taken off the streets. The teaming to and from the stations was said to cost more than $50,- 000,000 a year. It employed about 30,000 teams almost continually on the streets in the most congested district. It COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 155 is estimated that $57,000,000 was invested in these trucks and teams, and 100,000 tons of freight were handled daily. The tunnel relieved the streets, the people, and the shippers from much of this crushing burden, by carrying the freight under the ground, and leaving the surface for the people to pass to and fro with a minimum of danger and discomfort. In making excavations for new buildings the dirt was car- ried off through the tunnel and dumped on the lake shore, instead of being carted through the streets. The delivery of nearly 100,000 tons of coal each year is accomplished through the tunnel instead of being carted through the streets. The tunnel extends north to Superior Street, south to Sixteenth Street, and west to Halsted street. Financial. The following figures are for the year 1909: — Total clearings of Chicago state and national banks, $13,- 781,843,612. Total deposits of Chicago state and national banks, $800,- 000,000. Clearings of the 66 banks in the city, about $35,000,000 daily. Total deposits of Chicago savings banks, $170,000,000. Amount of checks exchanged at the clearing house in 1909 in excess of amount in 1908, about $1,900,000,000, or nearly 16 per cent. Amount collected by County Treasurer for general taxes, $37,464,684.81. Amount collected by County Treasurer for special assess- ments, $4,264,814.67. 156 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Amount paid by County Comptroller for salaries of all county employees, $2,587,533.26. Insurance losses paid for fires within the city limits, $4,901,580. Amount of trading done on the Chicago Stock Exchange, 1,604,118 shares of stock; par value of bonds, $14,880,- 500, nearly double that of 1908. Aggregate par value of securities listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange, $568,082,250, of which $481,660,000 were stocks, and $87,422,250 were bonds. Aggregate value of real and personal property in Cook County as named by the Board of Review, for 1909, $2,437,656,231, an increase of $102,702,761 over the total for 1908. Real estate transfers recorded in Cook County, 32,821 ; con- sideration for same, $146,690,193. Manufactures. The following figures represent the to- tal value of the articles named manufactured in Chicago in 1909:— Men’s clothing, $68,006,000. Womens’ clothing, $60,000,000. Flour, $6,000,000. Wool, $15,000,000. Flowers, $2,000,000. Furniture, $24,500,000. Shoes, $18,216,000. Musical instruments, $15,840,000. Farm implements, $100,000,000. Beer, barrels, 4,815,337. Brick, $6,750,000. COMMERCIAL FEATURES OF CHICAGO 157 The total value of manufactured goods produced by Chi- cago in 1909 was, according to The Chicago Record Herald, $1,342,306,000. These were manufactured in 8,159 differ- ent plants, some of which employ from 10,000 to 13,000 men, and do a business exceeding $100,000,000 a year. The wholesale trade for 1909 was $1,763,150,000. Sev- eral wholesale firms do a business each year amounting to $25,000,000, and a few reach double that amount. Sales. The following figures represent the aggregate sales in Chicago during 1909, of the products named : — Cigars, tobacco, etc $22,000,000 Leather 28,800,000 Cement 8,000,000 Furniture 39,800,000 Furs 19,008,000 Coal 47,300,000 Jewelry 50,000,000 Musical instruments 22,000,000 Drugs, wholesale 30,500,000 Typewriters 9,200,000 Heavy hardware 90,000,000 The capital stock of Swift and Company, packers, is $60,- 000,000, held by over 12,000 persons. OTHER LEADING FEATURES OF CHICAGO Chicago has been personified as an Amazonian warrior wearing the dress of the Goddess of Liberty, with the words “I WILL” across her breast, in large letters. Within the limits of the river on the north and west, Twelfth Street on the south, and the lake on the east, there is more business transacted than in any other spot in the world, of equal size. There are more teams in the streets, more street-railway cars filled with passengers, and more pedestrians within these limits than can be found within the same space in any other city on the face of the globe. Chicago has long been called the “Garden City,” prob- ably on account of the many beautiful residences surrounded by garden-like grounds in the southern outskirts in its early days, possibly because of the many real gardens on the northern boundary, which furnish a livelihood for many foreigners the year round. The motto of the city adopted in its early days is “Urbs in Horto.” Public Recreation and Art. While Chicago is noted chiefly for its remarkable growth and the great development of its commercial and industrial interests, it may well claim distinction for its literary, artistic, and social achievements. The Parks of Chicago. There are four distinct boards of commissioners which have under their supervision all 158 OTHER LEADING FEATURES 159 the public parks of the city, besides the Special Park Com- missioners. 1 The South Park Commissioners, five in number, who are appointed by the judges of the Circuit Court for a period of five years. The South Park, system comprises Jackson Park, of 542 acres; Washington Park, of 371 acres; Mar- quette Park, of 323 acres ; Grant Park, of 205 acres ; 33 miles of connecting boulevards, and twenty smaller parks, comprising in all 602 acres, making a total of 2,044 acres beside the boulevards. A unique feature of these parks is the field house in each, comprising a gymnasium for men and boys, and another for women and girls, with trained physical directors ; also baths, reading-rooms, luncheon counters, club rooms, and an assembly hall. Outside of each building are gymna- siums, swimming-pools, and band stands. Branch libraries are established in some of them, with other features de- signed for the benefit of residents of the neighborhood. Jackson Park is. famous for having been the site of the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. In it is located the Field Columbian Museum of Ethnology, Natural His- tory, and Archaeology. The museum is open from 9 a. m. till 4 p. m. Admission is free on Saturday and Sunday ; on other days twenty-five cents is charged. This museum is now being reconstructed on a much more elaborate scale, and will be located in the north part of the park. Grant Park, on the lake front, from Park Row to the river, is being enlarged to five times its present size, and will be elaborately improved. It is the purpose of the Park 160 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Commissioners to make this park one of the most beautiful and impressive of all public parks to be found anywhere in the world. An immense stadium, or exhibition ground, will be constructed east of the tracks of the Illinois Central railroad, where numerous driveways have already been laid out. All this extensive area east of the tracks is new land, having been formed by the receding of the lake shore and filling in by dumping the excavations from the canal and the subway. To protect the shore of Jackson Park from encroachment of the lake, a docking of sheet piling is being driven entirely around the margin of the harbor, and a small granite rubble wall, backed with concrete, has been constructed at greater or less distance from the piling. At the close of 1910, the total length of docking constructed was 1,092 feet, and of wall, 1,063 feet. The wall varies in height from one foot to five feet. 2 The West Park Commissioners, seven in number, ap- pointed by the Governor. The West Park system com- prises Humboldt Park, of 205 acres; Garfield Park, of 187 acres ; Douglas Park, of 182 acres ; with nine smaller parks, and 25 miles of boulevards, which occupy 54 acres ; a total of 628 acres. 3 The Lincoln Park Commissioners, seven in number, appointed by the Governor. The Lincoln Park system com- prises Lincoln Park, of 506 acres ; with five smaller parks, and 9.23 miles of boulevards, aggregating 148 acres, making a total of 654 acres. Lincoln Park is the oldest of the greater city parks. The OTHER LEADING FEATURES 161 south sixty acres was originally one of the main cemeteries of the city. In 1865 an ordinance was passed forbidding any more burials in this cemetery, and opening what was then called Lake Park. In 1869 the Council changed the name of the whole to Lincoln Park, and the State Legisla- ture passed an act creating the Board of Lincoln Park Com- missioners, but the park was not legally opened till 1874. Persons holding lots in the old cemetery were given an equivalent in Graceland, farther north, and the bodies of those buried in the cemetery were nearly all removed. Lincoln Park is the most popular of all the parks, and contains one of the largest and most complete zoological gardens in the world. There are upward of 1,200 animals in it. The park contains one lagoon a mile in length. The Academy of Sciences, containing 250,000 specimens, is located in this park, opposite Center Street. The Museum is open from 9 a. m. till 5 p. m. on Wednesdays, and from 1 to 5 p. M. on Sundays. There is no charge for admission. The South, West, and Lincoln Park Systems together comprise 3,533.19 acres. They are maintained by funds de- rived from a direct tax upon the three divisions of the city. They include also the boulevards connecting them, as far as completed. Drexel and Grand Boulevards are said to be the finest on the continent. They are two hundred feet wide and magnificently adorned with floral decorations, and are lined on each side with, beautiful and costly residences. 4 The North Shore Park Commissioners. This district has no parks as yet, but the board has jurisdiction over four miles of boulevards, including Sheridan Road, Ashland Avenue, and Pratt Boulevard. The district extends from 162 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Devon Avenue north to the city limits, and from the lake to the Chicago and Northwestern Railway. Monuments in Lincoln Park. 1 Lincoln Monument. Designed by St. Gaudens. Erected in 1887 by a bequest of Eli Bates, amounting to $50,000. The inscription on the monument is from the immortal speech of Lincoln at Get- tysburg: “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on. Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty as we understand it.” 2 Grant Equestrian Statue. Erected by the citizens of Chicago, by popular subscriptions of one dollar or more. It is said to be the largest bronze figure ever cast in Amer- ica. Its cost was $65,000. It is eighteen feet three inches in height. At its unveiling in 1891 one hundred and fifty thousand persons were assembled to witness the ceremony. 3 Indian Group — “The Alarm.” The gift of Martin A. Ryerson in 1884. Cost $14,000. 4 Statue of Schiller. Presented by the German-Amer- ican Society of Chicago in 1886. Cost $8,000. 5. Statue of Robert Cavelier de LaSalle. Presented by Judge Lambert Tree in 1889. 6 Statue of Linne (Linnaeus). Presented by Swedish- American citizens in 1891. 7 Statue of Shakespeare. Presented by English citizens in 1893. 8 Statue of Benjamin Franklin. Presented by Joseph Medill in 1896. 9 Statue of Hans Christian Andersen. Presented by Hans Christian Andersen Memorial Association in 1896 OTHER LEADING FEATURES 163 10 Equestrian Statue of Indian Messenger — “The Sig- nal of Peace." Presented by Judge Lambert Tree in 1894. 11 Bust of Beethoven. Presented by Carl Wolfsohn in 1897. There, are also statues of Garibaldi, Goethe, and a bowlder with an inscription which marks the approximate burial place of David Kennison, the last survivor of the “Boston Tea Party.” Other Monuments in the City. In Union Park there is a monument to commemorate the Haymarket Riot, also a statue of Carter H. Harrison. In Garfield Park there are statues of Queen Victoria and Robert Burns. In Grant Park there is an equestrian statue of Major- General John A. Logan. At the foot of Thirty-fifth Street there is a monument surmounted by a statue of Stephen A. Douglas. In McKinley Park is a statue of William McKinley. At the corner of Calumet Avenue and Eighteenth Street is a statue commemorating the Fort Dearborn massacre, erected by George M. Pullman. At Grand Boulevard and Fifty-first Street there is a statue of Washington. In Humboldt Park there are statues of Humboldt, Leif Ericson, Reuter, and Kosciusko. In a triangle formed by the intersection of South Chicago Avenue, Exchange Avenue, and Ninety-second Street, is located -the Columbus Memorial Fountain, which was pre- sented to the city by John B. Drake. This fountain for- merly stood outside the old City Hall. 164 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The Special Park Commission is composed of twenty- seven members, fifteen of whom are appointed by the Mavor, under authority of the City Council, six by this Commission, one from each of the three other park boards, two from the County Board, and one from the Board of Education. At the present time there are forty-five smaller parks under improvement by the Commission, and sixteen larger parks not improved. Municipal Playgrounds. The Special Park Commission has supervision over fourteen municipal playgrounds, vary- ing in area from one to five acres, in which more than two million children assemble to play in the course of a year. These playgrounds are under a Superintendent of Public Playgrounds and Bathing-Beaches, who has full police power, and directs all the athletics of the boys. Each playground has, also, an experienced Director, who coaches the older boys in track and field athletics, and su- pervises the various sports and exercises, without expense to those who participate. Statistics prove that small parks and playgrounds are important agencies for the prevention of juvenile delin- quency. The Commission says that many boys who might have been members of street-corner gangs, through the influence of these playgrounds have become the athletic teams of the neighborhood, and the records of the Juvenile Court, the officers of the Health Department, and the principals of the public schools unite in testifying to the value of these play- grounds as deterrents in crime, truancy, and disease among children. OTHER LEADING FEATURES 165 Usually a police-officer is on duty at each playground, and during the vacation season a lady assistant, who is a trained kindergartner, leads the smaller children in their games and exercises, and instructs them in raffia-weaving. The municipal playgrounds are open day and night, seven days of the week, and some of the larger ones are kept open in the winter also, and flooded for skating and other winter sports. Chicago is conceded to lead the world in its system of small parks and playgrounds, in area, number, facilities, artistic effect, and gymnastic and athletic activities. The whole number of parks in the city is now ninety- nine, covering 3,533.19 acres, including the boulevards, which extend 63.33 miles, and form a continuous driveway around the city, terminating in Lake Michigan on the north and the south. Bathing-Beaches. There are two bathing-beaches main- tained under the supervision of the Special Park Commis- sion, open from 8 A. M. until 8 p. M. daily from the middle of June till the middle of September. A Director, a staff of men and women attendants, and a life-saver are at hand at all hours when the baths are in use. In the season of 1908 384,865 bathers used the beaches. Tree Planting. By an ordinance passed in March, 1909, the Special Park Commission has control of all trees and shrubbery growing in the public streets. The Commission is also authorized to appoint a City Forester, who directsi • assists, and advises persons wishing to plant trees, and has general charge of the care of trees in the streets. He issues bulletins for the information and guidance of the public. 16G CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The ordinance requires the owners of building-lots to keep their trees trimmed to a height of ten feet above the ground. Trees must not be planted less than twenty-five feet apart, nor less than two feet from the sidewalk, and no trees may be planted in or removed from the streets until the City Forester has granted a permit. Horses must not be hitched to trees or their guards, nor within five feet of them ; nor may any one attach a rope, wire, sign, or hand- bill of any kind to a tree or its guard. The Forest Preserve. In 1904 the legislature appointed a Commission for the purpose of providing for the estab- lishment of a .metropolitan system of parks and boulevards within the county and encircling the city from Calumet on the south to Winnetka on the north. The work of this Commission has been suspended for the purpose of com- bining its recommendations with the plans for a New Chicago. Private Amusement Parks. Besides the public recrea- tion parks, there are many private amusement parks, three of these being of magnificent proportions. The admission fee is usually ten cents, but there is an additional fee for entering each of the numerous enclosures within, where some special form of amusement is presented. The Playground Association of America, in its year book for 1909, reports the expenditures for playgrounds as fol- lows Chicago, $500,000; New York, $123,000; Boston, $55,000; Philadelphia, $30,934; St. Louis, $6,135. The New Chicago. The Chicago Commercial Club, at an expense of $100,000, has published an elaborate plan for improving and beautifying Chicago, which has met the ap- OTHER LEADING FEATURES 167 proval of the City Council and is generally accepted as a plan which will be followed as far as possible in the future development of the city. The Mayor has appointed a Com- mission for the purpose of aiding in carrying out the pro- posed scheme as fast as practicable. According to this scheme the civic center of Chicago will be located at the intersection of Congress and Hal- sted Streets, where an Administration Building will be constructed, from which radiate broad avenues in eight or ten different directions. There is a growing sentiment in favor of making Chi- cago a “city beautiful,” as well as a prosperous city. There are a dozen or more clubs and leagues whose chief pur- pose is to bring about such a result. The “Chicago plan” provides for extensive development of the present park system, reaching far into the country, the widening and beautifying of Michigan Avenue, and the transformation of Twelfth Street into a boulevard of unusual width. In 1909 the legislature passed an act making it possible for Chicago to acquire some 200,000 acres of this outer park belt for the purpose desired. It remains now only for certain legal formalities to be carried out, when Chi- cago will have one of the most extensive and most at- tractive park systems to be found anywhere in the coun- try. The City Art Commission. By an act of the legisla- ture, which went into force July 1, 1899, cities may create an Art Commission with full power to pass upon the pur- chase, or acceptance as a gift, and the location, of all works of art which may be tendered to the city. Such a 168 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS commission was established by the City Council of Chicago, February 11, 1901. It is the duty of this Commission to inspect, and approve or condemn, any work of art offered for purchase or as a gift to the city. Unless approved by the Art Commission, it may not be placed anywhere on or within the property of the city. The Mayor or City Council may ask this Commission to . pass judgment on designs for buildings, bridges, approaches, gates, lamps, etc., which are to be erected on land belonging to the city, or in the parks and boulevards. The Commission consists of the 'Mayor, the President of the Art Institute, and the Presidents of the Lincoln, West, and South Park Boards of Commissioners, with a painter, a sculptor, and an architect, all residents of the city, and appointed by the Mayor. No salaries are paid to the members of the Commission, but each one is allowed one hundred dollars for expenses. The Municipal Art League was incorporated January 30, 1901, for the purpose of developing the artistic features of the city, in both public and private buildings and grounds. It is a private corporation, and possesses only advisory powers. Its board of directors includes the Mayor or the Commissioner of Public Works, three Park Com- missioners, three sculptors, three architects, and three painters. The Leading Museums in Chicago are the Field Colum- bian Museum, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Mu- nicipal Museum of Chicago, the Chicago Art Institute, and tb* Chicago Historical Society Museum. OTHER LEADING FEATURES 169 Fountains. The chief public fountains in the city are the Drake, or Columbus Memorial Fountain, on the corner of Ninety-second Street, South Chicago Avenue, and Ex- change Avenue; the Drexel, on Drexel Boulevard, near Fifty-first Street ; and the Rosenberg, at the south end of Grant Park. Cemeteries in Chicago. There are fifty cemeteries re- quired for burying the dead of Chicago, some of the most important of which are the following : — Mount Greemvood Cemetery, on One Hundred and Eleventh Street, or Morgan Avenue, between California and Western Avenues, sixteen and a half miles from the City Hall. It comprises 80 acres, on a heavily timbered ridge, in some places seventy feet above the lake. Graceland Cemetery comprises 128 acres, on North Clark Street, five miles from the City Hall, extending a mile north and south along an elevated ridge. The Graceland Ceme- tery Company was chartered in 1861. All lots in the ceme- tery are exempt from taxation, also from execution and at- tachment. A sinking-fund is created by reserving 10 per cent of the gross proceeds of sale of burial lots. With this fund the expenses are paid for the perpetual maintenance of the cemetery. The fund is held and managed by trustees elected by the lot-owners. Calvary Cemetery is located ten miles north of the City Hall, in the south part of Evanston. It contains 100 acres. It was first opened in 1861. The number of interments is now about 200,000, and all the lots are occupied. - Waldheim Cemetery is located ten miles west of the City Hall, on Harrison Street. 170 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Oakzvoods Cemetery is located on Sixty-seventh Street and Greenwood Avenue, nine miles south. It contains 182 acres. Rose Hill, seven miles north, contains 500 acres. It lies from thirty to forty feet above Lake Michigan, and a large part of it is covered with native oaks. St. Boniface is on North Clark Street, adjoining Lawrence Avenue, about six miles from the City Hall. It contains 30 acres. St. Maria contains 102 acres. It is thirteen miles south, near Eighty-seventh Street and the Grand Trunk Railway. The German Lutheran Cemetery is six miles north, at the corner of North Clark Street and Graceland Avenue. It contains 14.5 acres. Mount Hope is sixteen miles south, near Morgan Park. Mount Olive is twelve miles north, on Sixty-fourth Ave- nue, near West Irving Park Boulevard. It contains 41 acres. Mount Olivet contains 80 acres, located sixteen and a half miles southwest, near Morgan Park. Forest Home is ten miles west, on Madison and Twelfth Streets ; it contains 86 acres. Concordia is nine miles west on Madison Street, con- tiguous to Forest Home ; it contains 80 acres. There are also sixteen other cemeteries, not named in the records. More than 1,000,000 people lie buried in these cemeteries, which is more than one-third of the present population of the city. Nearly 100,000 new graves are made every year. The oldest cemetery in the city, in present use, is Union OTHER LEADING FEATURES 171 Ridge Cemetery, just outside of Norwood Park. The first burial there was in 1841. The first cemeteries in Chicago were laid out in 1835, one of 16 acres on the South Side, near the lake shore and Twenty-third Street, and one of 10 acres on the North Side, near Chicago Avenue, east of Clark Street. There are three crematories in Chicago, one at Graceland, one at Montrose, and one at Oakwoods. The River Tunnels. There are three tunnels under the Chicago River, each used for street cars only. The Washington Street Tunnel was built in 1867-69. Its length is 1,605 feet ; its cost was $517,000. The LaSalle Street Tunnel was built in 1869-71. Its length is 1,890 feet; its cost was $566,000. The Van Buren Street Tunnel was built in 1891-92. Its length is 1,514 feet; its cost was $1,000,000. All of these tunnels are now being reconstructed and lowered, to facilitate the passage of vessels of heavier draft. The Newsboys. There are from 4,500 to 5,000 news- boys in Chicago. These newsboys are not the hoodlums of twenty-five years ago, but are for the most part boys who have homes. Many of them are the sole support of their homes, and others support only themselves. There is a remarkable esprit dc corps among newsboys. While quarrels among themselves are not infrequent, they quickly unite in defending one of their number against any imposition or abuse from an outsider. There is a kind of Protective Association among them, similar in some respects to a labor union. There is also a Benevolent Association, which is entirely sustained by 172 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The Daily News. In their delivery-room there is a lunch maintained, and The Daily Nezvs turns in the rental of this lunch-room to the funds of the association. These funds are used to pay expenses incurred for medical or hospital service, and for funerals, etc. The Daily News Band and the Zouaves are maintained by The Daily News. It is a kind of reward of merit for a boy to be admitted to the military company. By far the largest part of the papers sold by newsboys are evening papers. The boys acquire certain corners, which they preempt for their exclusive use, and the trade of a certain corner often becomes so valuable that it is re- garded as a property, and is sold for a considerable sum of money, sometimes as much as two thousand dollars. On a good corner a boy’s profits sometimes run as high as four to five dollars a day. As a rule, the boys are bright and intelligent. Their life brings them into contact with all phases of business, and their wits are sharpened and their brains developed, so that many of them later become successful business men. Many of Chicago’s most eminent men began their careers as news- boys. Formerly, the boys were mostly Irish, then German, and later many Jews took up the business; but at the present time the majority of the boys are Italians. The Languages of Chicago. Forty-three languages and dialects are spoken in Chicago. With the exception of Berlin, Hamburg, and New York city, there are more Ger- mans in Chicago than in any other city in the world. In Chicago there are nearly as many Bohemians as there are OTHER LEADING FEATURES 173 in Prague; more Irish than in any other city except Dublin ; nearly as many Scandinavians as in Stockholm, and more Jews than can be found in Palestine. One public school is said to have children from homes where forty-eight different languages are spoken. There are fourteen languages besides English spoken in Chicago by permanent colonies of more than ten thousand persons each. Newspapers are published regularly in ten languages, and about twenty churches have services conduced in as many different languages. Nativity of Chicago’s Population. The Chicago City Manual for 1909 gives the following table as representing the population of the city by the nativity of its inhabitants : *American 699,554 Germans 563,708 Irish 240.560 Poles 173,409 Swedes 143,307 Russians 123,238 Bohemians 116,549 English 70,753 Italians 70,753 Norwegians 57, 117 Canadians 54,801 Negroes 45,024 Scotch 27,787 Austrians 60,462 Danish 24,957 Hollanders 23,38 7 Hungarians 21,869 Lithuanians 10,291 Swiss 7,204 Greeks 5,660 Roumanians 4,372 Belgians 3.616 Welsh 3,602 Finns 1,286 Chinese 1,801 Servians 978 Croatians 772 Armenians 515 Spanish 540 Japanese 257 Mexicans 154 Syrians 154 Egyptians 180 Manx 87 Albanians 39 Others 4,315 Total Population 2,572,835 * Only those classed as American whose parents are not foreign born. 174 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS South Water Street Market. One of the interesting features of Chicago is the market on South Water Street, extending from State to Franklin. Here are from two hundred to three hundred commission firms dealing in fruits, vegetables, poultry, eggs, and butter. From four to five o'clock in the morning this street begins to be packed with wagons from the freight depots and the farms con- tiguous to the city. The sidewalks are crowded full of merchandise, and the wagons are backed up to the curbs on each side as closely as they can stand, for the whole length of the street. As the street is narrow, there is scarcely room for a team to pass along the center of it, and passage for pedestrians on the sidewalk is even more difficult. Ten to fifteen thousand wagons visit this crowded street every day. To give some idea of the great amount of business done here, it may be stated that about 2,600,000 cases of stored eggs are shipped from this market each year, and 866,000 cases are used locally. Besides these, there are about 1,732,000 cases of fresh eggs required for local use, making a total of 2,598,000 cases, or 935,280,000 eggs used in Chi- cago in one year. The average wholesale business in eggs alone is between $25,000,000 and $30,000,000 a year. The butter business is about two-thirds as large. From 650,000 to 1,000,000 barrels of apples are handled in this market each year. The average price being about $3-5° P er barrel, the maximum value reaches $ 3 , 500 , 000 . California furnishes most of the oranges and lemons, though some come from Florida and some from Italy. The sale of bananas amounts to $1,200,000 at wholesale OTHER LEADING FEATURES 175 prices. It is estimated that 151,200,000 bananas are dis- posed of in Chicago each year. Chicago as a Convention City. The first great con- vention held in Chicago was the River and Harbor Con- vention of July, 1847. This convention brought to the young city the largest concourse of people that had ever been seen in the western metropolis, and was said by Thur- low Weed, who was president, to be ‘‘the largest deliberative body that ever as-sembled.” Those present came from vari- ous states, nineteen at least, and on returning home were loud in their praises of Chicago and its future possibilities. The purpose of the convention was to promote the river and lake navigation of the great West. In 1860 came the second national convention of the Re- publican party, the first one ever held in the West. A great “wigwam” was erected at the southwest corner of Randolph and Market Streets. The attendance of dis- tinguished citizens from other states exceeded even that of the River and Harbor Convention in 1847. This was suffi- cient to establish Chicago as the convention city of the United States. The International Amphitheater is one of the largest buildings in the United States. It is located at tne Union Stock-yards. It is 310 by 600 feet in size, the auditorium measuring 200 by 310 feet. The seating capacity is ten thousand. The floor space covers an area of 243,600 square feet. This is the building in which the annual International Livestock Exposition and Horse Show are held. The total number of animals exhibited here in 1907 was 7,500. The total number of visitors to these two exhibitions, held in conjunction, was about half a million. 176 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS t The Coliseum is another of Chicago’s largest buildings. It is built of stone, 170 by 378 feet in extent. It is used for amusements, public gatherings, and political and trade expositions. It is located on Wabash Avenue near Fifteenth Street. Legal Holidays in Illinois. Throughout the state the following are legal holidays : — January 1st. New Year’s Day. February 12th. Lincoln’s Birthday. February 22d. Washington’s Birthday. May 30th. Decoration Day. July 4th. Independence Day. First Monday in September. Labor Day. October 12th. Columbus Day. November. Thanksgiving Day. December 25th. Christmas Day. Every day on which a general election is held is a legal holiday ; Sundays, also, are legal holidays. Some Interesting Facts and Figures The following facts have been gathered from various sources. They present some of the most striking features of the city in a concise form. The figures have been made to agree with the latest statistics available. They are for the year 1909 when not otherwise stated. Chicago ranks fourth (possibly third) among the cities of the world, the others having been founded from 285 to 1,000 years ago, while Chicago, as a city, is only 72 years of age. In 1833 (within the lifetime of several persons then and OTHER LEADING FEATURES 177 now living in Chicago) the 600-acre tract bounded by Statd, Madison, Halsted, and Twelfth Streets, was sold for $6.75 an acre. More than 60 per cent of the manufactured product of the state of Illinois is made in this city. Only five states in the entire Union exceed in the value of their manufactured products that of the city of Chicago. The first manufactory of any note in Chicago was erected in 1847, while in 1909 there were 8,159 establishments (the finished product of which was valued at $955,036,277), em- ploying 241,984 wage-earners, who were paid annually $136,404,686. The first wholesale store was opened in 1844, but in 1908 the wholesale trade of the city was conservatively esti- mated at $1,684,057,000. In 1837 there were 398 dwelling-houses in Chicago, but in 1908 there were 229,000. In 1837 Chicago had ten hotels, but in 1908 she had 478. In 1833 she had one church (a Presbyterian), but in 1909 the number had increased to 1,407. As late as 1868, a large sign stood in the middle of Fifth Avenue (then Wells Street) just south of Madison Street, bearing this legend: “No bottom here.” In 1848 the total enrollment of pupils in the public schools was 410, and the number of teachers was 5; in 1909 it was 296,427 and 6,296 teachers. There are more wage-workers in Chicago than there are inhabitants in any of the following cities: Louisville, Jersey City, Indianapolis, St. Paul, Providence, Rochester, Kansas City, Missouri, or Toledo. 178 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS There is no important seaport between Portland, Maine, and Portland, Oregon, that has not one or more through railway passenger trains from Chicago daily. Chicago produces more steel rails for railroads than any other city on earth. It requires 980 suburban trains daily to carry passengers from the surrounding villages, towns, and cities to and from Chicago. Chicago has 73 hospitals, a larger number in proportion to population than any large city in the country, notwith- standing the fact that it has the lowest death rate of any of them. Chicago has the largest car manufactory, the largest tele- phone manufactory, and the largest piano and organ manu- factory on the continent. Chicago has one of the largest floral conservatories in the United States, if, indeed, it is not the very largest. The 43 public libraries of Chicago contain 1,482,931 volumes, not including pamphlets and maps. The universities and colleges within the corporate limits of Chicago have 10,000 students, making this city the edu- cational center of the country. The professional and business schools of Chicago have nearly 12,000 pupils. The Young Men’s Christian Association of Chicago, the largest in the world, has a membership of over 13,000, sustains 18 branches, and owns property valued at $ 2 , 200 , 000 . Criminal statistics prove that there is less crime in Chi- cago in proportion to population than in Baltimore, Boston, OTHER LEADING FEATURES 179 Cleveland, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Missouri, New York, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and several other im- portant cities. Chicago has within its limits 2,193.73 miles of railroad track, which is more than there are miles of main track within any one of the following fourteen states : — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, or Wyoming. Chicago pays a larger percentage of its revenues for public instruction than any city of 300,000 population, and over, in the United States, with one exception. Between 1840 and 1900 Chicago increased its population by 3,552 per cent, St. Louis by 339 per cent, Philadelphia by 128 per cent, New York by 555 per cent, and Boston by 497 per cent. The first wholesale drygoods house in Chicago was opened in 1845 by Hamilton & Day, while in 1908 the wholesale drygoods trade was conservatively estimated at $ 220 , 000 , 000 . The first wholesale boot and shoe house was opened by C. M. Henderson in 1851 ; in 1908 the trade was valued at $135,500,000. One department store employs regularly 7,500 people, and in the holidays nearly 10,000. Several of the largest office buildings have each more than 5,000 people working in them. The greatest length of the city north and south is 26 miles. The greatest width of the city east and west is 14.5 miles. 180 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The number of marriage licenses in 1909 was 26,234. The number of suicides in 1909 was 476. The geographical center of Chicago is on South Wood Street, about two hundred feet south of Thirty-fifth Street. The center of population is near Center Avenue and Twelfth Street. The business center is at State and Madison Streets. The industrial center is at Van Buren and Desplaines Streets. The wheel tax brings into the city treasury about $500,000 annually. Chicago has the largest packing-houses in the world, and handles three-fourths of the meat products of the United States. Chicago is the largest grain market, with twenty public elevators and sixty-two private elevators, having a com- bined capacity of more than 60,000,000 bushels. Chicago does the biggest mail trading business ; has the largest trade in ready-made clothing, and the largest trade in men’s furnishing goods. She is the largest hardware market in the world. She has the biggest hardware store, with fifteen acres of floor-space. Chicago is the biggest furniture market, and sells one third more furniture and household goods than any other city. She has the largest and finest retail department store in the world. She has the finest wholesale drygoods establishment in the world. OTHER LEADING FEATURES 181 The show-windows in her retail section are unsurpassed for size or taste or gorgeousness of display. Chicago has the greatest telephone system in existence — one company, with investments of nearly $20,000,000, and 207,000 subscribers. In finance Chicago stands fourth among the great cities of the world, being led by London, Paris, and New York only, which fact is especially remarkable when the relative ages of those cities are considered. Chicago is the third city in manufactures, being surpassed by London and New York only. The percentage of in- crease is far greater than that in either of those cities, the capital having advanced from $170,000,000 to $620,000,000 in twenty years. She has a pay-roll amounting to $165,- 000,000 a year, and it bears more than 300,000 names. The increase of population in Chicago averages 150,000 a year, more than the entire population of Omaha or Den- ver. In one year and a quarter the increase equals the total of St. Paul, Indianapolis, or Kansas City. Chicago is the greatest of railway centers, whether measured by freight or passenger traffic, by earnings, or by the mileage of the roads which focus here. It has been shown that no other city in the world is in- creasing one-tenth as fast as Chicago is in manufactures. No other city in the United States exerts so great an influ- ence in national affairs. In the iron and steel industry, Chicago does more than twice the business of all other cities west of Pennsylvania. The first steel rails ever made in this country were rolled in Chicago in 1865, and to-day she is the greatest producer of steel rails in the world. 182 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS In Chicago are some of the most extensive sash, door, and blind factories, and planing-mills in the world. More food and clothing for the people of the United States is produced at or distributed from Chicago than from any other market on the continent. Chicago is the chief livestock market of the world, and receives and ships more cattle, calves, sheep, hogs, and horses than any other city on earth. Chicago has the greatest car-building shops, agricultural implement works, vehicle works, stove works, and boiler shops in this country. Chicago has the largest system of underground freight railway in the world. Chicago ranks second in wealth of real and personal property. Of the entire wool product of the United States, 75 per cent is produced in territory tributary to Chicago, and about 40 per cent is handled by railroads centering here. Chicago ranks second of the cities in America in the value of its manufactured products and in its bank clear- ances. Chicago is the greatest convention city in the country. It is estimated that the regular delegates to 250 conven- tions of various kinds in Chicago in 1908 spent $8,000,000 in the city. Chicago has 80 asylums and homes of a more or less charitable character; 50 cemeteries; 1,407 churches and mis- sions ; 40 convents and monasteries ; 26 dispensaries ; 70 hos- pitals ; 2 eye and ear infirmaries ; 3 emergency hospitals ; 30 libraries and reading-rooms ; 39 medical, dental, pharma- OTHER LEADING FEATURES 183 ceutical, and veterinary colleges ; 30 kindergartens besides those connected with the public schools ; 33 consuls and consulates representing foreign countries ; 40 first-class hotels; 10 daily newspaper offices; 10 ocean steamship offices; 15 lake-steamer passenger lines; 8 express com- panies doing local and foreign business ; 37 colleges, uni- versities, and theological seminaries ; 19 university exten- sion centers; 36 college alumni associations; 141 religious societies and orders, with hundreds of local branches and councils ; 97 secret and benevolent societies, with several hundred branches and councils, and 1,200 other miscel- laneous societies. About 600 publications emanate from Chicago, including 33 newspapers, printed in ten different languages ; 46 re- ligious periodicals ; 35 scientific journals, and 32 literary papers and magazines. There are in Chicago 36 church clubs, societies, and as- sociations ; 23 musical clubs, 1 1 art clubs ; 6 teachers’ as- sociations ; 13 political clubs; 10 law and order leagues; 23 social settlements; 4 institutional churches; 17 day nurseries, where mothers who are employed during the day may leave their children or babies to be cared for ; 23 homes for neglected and delinquent children ; 1 18 com- mercial, industrial, and semi-commercial associations ; 450 public halls; 5 theological seminaries, with over 1,000 students. Fifteen million tons of coal are received in Chicago an- nually. Railways. Chicago is the terminus of 34 railroads, 26 of which are trunk lines. Not a railroad passes through 184 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Chicago. The aggregate mileage of these roads is 91,627 miles, or more than one-third of the entire railroad mileage of the United States. The railroads use about 13 per cent of the coal brought to Chicago for local consumption. Two thousand and seventy-two steam passenger trains arrive and depart daily. Four hundred and four trains enter and leave the North- western station daily, carrying about 80,000 passengers. The new station of this road will accommodate 250,000 pas- sengers daily. There are 541 mail trains to be met daily by the Post Office. The total amount expended for elevating tracks up to December 31, 1909, was $60,000,000. There are 800 miles of streets covered by electric lines. The number of passengers carried per day by electric lines is 879,000. The number of passengers carried by elevated trains daily is 475,000. The average number of cars on the loop in twenty-four hours is 7,250; the average number of trains, 2,170. The number of persons brought within the loop daily by surface and steam cars is 800,000. One five-cent fare will carry a person (with transfer) to any place within the city limits, a maximum of 25 miles. The Lumber Business of Chicago is greater than that of any other city in the world. Most of the great lumber yards are located in the southwest part of the city. Ten miles of water frontage are devoted to these lumber in- OTHER LEADING FEATURES 185 terests, and the amount of business done each year runs into the billions. The total receipts of lumber in 1909 were 2,577,716,000 feet, an increase of 30 per cent over 1908. The total shipments of lumber were 960,667,000 feet. Statistics of the City Government The following statistics are for the year 1909 unless other- wise stated : — General Total receipts for city government, 1908, $50,031,389.98. Total expenditures for city government, 1908, $47,955,529.53. The total city budget for 1910 is about $60,000,000. Excess of revenue over expense, $2,075,860.45. Number of licensed saloons, 7,120. Number of pounds of food-stuffs condemned and destroyed, 3,617,578, nearly half of which were canned goods, and 916,732 pounds were fruits and vegetables. Number of buildings erected, 11,401; their cost, $90,509,580, which was $27,248,080 more than in 1908. Fire Department Number of fire companies, 151. Number of battalions, 18. Number of steam fire-engines, 117. Number of hook-and-ladder trucks, 34. Number of uniformed men employed in the Fire Department, L730. Number of horses used by the Fire Department, 700. Number of fire-hydrants in the city, 22,000. Number of fire-alarms received, 10,319. Police Department Number of men on the police force, 4,287. Number of police stations, 45. Number of police patrol boxes, 1,200. Number of horses in use by the Police Department, 298. Number of patrol wagons, 41. 186 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Number of ambulances, io. Number of arrests made, 67,716. Streets Longest street in Chicago, Western Avenue, 22 miles. Next longest street in Chicago, Halsted Street, 21.33 miles. Number of miles of streets, 2,805,981. Amount expended for street cleaning and repairs, $815,833.17. Amount expended for the collection and disposal of garbage and ashes, $1,087,179.58. Number of loads of garbage removed from alleys, 309,122. Expense of removing snow from streets, $50,000. Number of street electric lamps, Dec. 31, 1909, 12,300. Number of street gas lamps, 17,604. Cost per year of each electric lamp operated from municipal plant, in 1908, $45.86. Public Schools Number of school buildings owned by the city, 389. Amount expended for maintenance of public schools, $9,001,554.04. Number of pupils enrolled, 1909-10, 336,618. Total seating capacity of schools, 271,348. Number of evening schools, 42. Number of pupils enrolled in evening schools, 21,454. Value of public school buildings, lots, and furniture, $40,000,000. Number of teachers in the public schools, 6,226. Number of high schools, 19. Number of pupils enrolled in high schools, 16,616. Number of pupils enrolled in the Normal School, 672. Salaries paid teachers in all the public schools, $6,538,239.91. Water Supply Number of mile's of water-mains and pipes, 2,200. Total number of gallons pumped in a day, 500,000,000. Gross revenue from water service, $5,205,707.88. Number of bridges controlled by the city, 69; by the railroads, 22. Number of bridges over the Chicago River and its branches, 64. Number of vessels arriving, 6,011. Total tonnage of vessels arriving, 7,672,035 ; of clearances, 7,688,562. There are 45 miles of private docks along the Chicago River. Number of miles of lake tunnels, 22.4. Number of miles of land tunnels, 24.5. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IN CHICAGO The Federal Building. The present Federal Building was erected at a cost of more than $5,000,000. Its prede- cessor on the same block was erected in 1873 at a cost of about $4,000,000, and was removed for the new build- ing in 1896. The new building is the finest of its kind in the United States. It occupies a whole block in the heart of the business section of the city, bounded by Adams, Dear- born, Jackson, and Clark Streets, with a spacious entrance on each street. The cornerstone was laid on “Chicago Day,” October 9, 1899. The building was first occupied in 1905. The predominant style of its architecture is Co- rinthian. It differs from all other buildings of its kind in the country, being an entirely new departure from the con- ventional massive architecture which distinguishes most buildings constructed by the government. Four giant sky- lights, besides many large windows, afford light in abundance, without the sacrifice of beauty or utility. The elevators and stairways are in the center of the building. In its general scheme it is a two-story structure, with a cross portion rising six stories higher, having an octagonal dome at the sectional point of the cross. In the center of each wing is a broad corridor with rooms on each side. The basement, outside of such parts as are used by the 187 1S8 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS mechanical plants, is used by the Postoffice, also the first, second, and third floors, except the rooms occupied by the Sub-Treasury on the first floor. In the Federal Building, unless otherwise specified, the following United States Government offices and officials are located : — Department of Justice. United States Circuit Court. United States District Court. United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Dis- trict — Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. United States District Attorney. United States Marshal. Special Agent. United States Postoffice. Raliway Mail Service. Inspectors’ Department. Department of Agriculture. Dairy Inspection, 22 Fifth Avenue. Bureau of Standardization of Grain, Board of Trade Bldg. Bureau of Plant Industry, 160 Jackson Boulevard. Bureau of Animal Industry, Stock-Yards. Forestry Service, Fisher Building. Weather Bureau. Food and Drug Laboratory, 315 Dearborn Street. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Labor. Bureau of Census, 160 Adams Street. THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CHICAGO 189 Bureau of Immigration, Commercial National Bank Bldg. Chinese Bureau, Commercial National Bank Bldg. Inspectors of Steam Vessels. Lighthouse Department. Department of the Interior. Civil Service Examiners, Seventh District. Internal Revenue. Geological Survey. Inspector of Public Buildings. Reclamation Service. Indian Warehouse, 682 South Canal Street. Pension Agency. Navy Department. Hydrographic Office. Recruiting Station, 100 Lake Street; 6158 South Halsted Street. Treasury Department. Assistant Treasurer, United States Sub-Treasury. Custom House. Internal Revenue. Life-Saving Service, Twelfth District. Marine Hospital, Clarendon and Graceland Avenues. Secret Service. Appraiser’s Office, Harrison and Sherman Streets. Bank Examiner. War Department. Army Headquarters, Department of the Lakes. Purchasing Commissary, 1 1 Lake Street. 190 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Corps of Engineers, Northwest Division. River and Harbor Work. Recruiting Office, 601 West Madison Street. Two United States Masters in Chancery are located in the Federal Building, and one in the Monadnock Building. Eight United States Commissioners for Chicago are variously located in the city, also one outside of the city. The Government maintains a small body of troops at Fort Sheridan, twenty-six miles north of Chicago, compris- ing infantry, artillery, and cavalry. Naval Training-Station. Through the personal efforts of members of the Chicago Commercial Club, and their purchase and donation of a site near Lake Bluff, thirty miles north of Chicago, the national government established a Naval Training-School at that point and has spent about four million dollars in buildings and equipment. The school will be opened in September, 1910, and will be prepared to give instruction to a thousand students. The Postoffice may be compared to the heart of a living organism — the center into which flow the streams of thought and action of the city’s busy life from every portion of its wide area, and from which the same vital force again flows out and permeates the most distant parts of the civilized world. The business of the Chicago Postoffice is so essentially a part of the active life of the city that it is interesting to note the extent of some of its activities. The following are a few of the many facts which show the magnitude and the importance of the United States Post- office : — Number of pieces of mail handled in the year 1909, 1,532,899,852; total weight, 149,969,160 pounds. THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CHICAGO 191 Amount disbursed in money-orders, $236,362,603.57, an increase of $41,253,419.28. Number of pieces sent to the Dead Letter Office in Washington 2,214,106. Number of transactions in the money-order department at the mam office, 13,960,572. Total number of registered articles handled, 6,787,648. Total receipts of Postoffice, $16,699,783.99. Total expenses of Postoffice, $5,682,998.11. Net profit of Chicago Postoffice, $11,016,785.88. Number of clerks employed, 3,229. Number of carriers and collectors, 1,887. Total number of employees, about 6,000. In many important respects the business done by the Chicago Postoffice surpasses that done by the Postoffice of New York. The carriers cover 190 square miles of terri- tory, a greater area than is covered by the carriers of any other city in this country. Those of New York and Brook- lyn cover only 132 square miles. Postoffice cars are run on the main lines of street rail- way, making a trip every ninety minutes from 9 a. m. till 6 p. m. These cars connect with all lines in the city. Letters may be posted in them and on the postal cars of steam railways up to the moment of leaving There are 48 branch offices with carriers, 4 stations with- out carriers or collectors, and 247 stations with a clerk in charge of each, like those in drug stores. The increase in receipts of the Chicago Post Office for the calendar year 1909 was more than a million and a half dollars. Lighthouses. There are six lighthouses within the Chicago harbor. Owing to the curvature of the earth's surface, the distance at which a light may be seen by a vessel on the lake depends on the height of the light and of 192 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS the eye of the observer above the level of the lake. An ob- ject fifteen feet above lake level can be seen at a distance of 5.12 statute miles; one a hundred feet above lake level can be seen 13.23 statute miles; one. two hundred feet high, 18.71 statute miles; one five hundred feet high, 29.58 statute miles; one a thousand feet high, 41.83 statute miles. That light in Chicago harbor which stands in thirty feet of water inside of and near the southeastern end of the outer breakwater is sixty-seven and a half feet above lake level ; it is therefore visible from the surface of the lake a distance of 10.78 miles. But the eye of an observer on a vessel is supposed to be fifteen feet above lake level, which would make the distance at which the above light would be seen 5.12 plus 10.78, or 16 statute miles, under ordinary atmospheric conditions. This light flashes alternately red and white, the intervals between flashes being ten seconds. The fog signal at this station is a ten-inch steam whistle, biswing a blast five seconds and then is silent for twenty-five seconds. The light at Grosse Point, Evanston, is a fixed white light, varied by a red flash every three minutes. It is a hundred nineteen and a half feet high and can be seen 5.12 plus 14.38, or 19.5 statute miles. The fog signal is a steam whistle, blowing a blast five seconds, but its silent intervals alternate between twenty and forty seconds. THE WEATHER BUREAU The Weather Bureau notes and records the tempera- ture, barometer, wind, and climatic conditions of all kinds, as observed in Chicago and reported by telegraph from all THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CHICAGO 193 parts of the country. From these records and reports the bureau is able to make a pretty accurate prediction as to what the weather will be during the next twenty-four hours. The Weather Bureau office is in the dome of the Federal Building, two hundred and twenty feet above the ground. It is probably the best equipped of all the local weather bureau offices in the world. The room where the weather forecasts are made is connected with the operating room of the Western Union Telegraph Company by pneumatic tube service, by which messages are rapidly transmitted to and from the weather office. Through this tube are sent all the messages for the newspapers and the Board of Trade. A mail chute fourteen inches in diameter also runs from this room to the mailing-room of the Postoffice on the second floor of the Federal Building, through which the weather maps, bulletins, forecast cards, etc., are hurried to the mails each day. The Signal Service. The signal flags used to indicate the probable weather just ahead are as follows: — No. 1 . No. 2 . No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. Fair Weather Rain or Snow Local Rain Temperature Cold Wave or Snow INTERPRETATION OF SIGNALS No. i, alone, indicates fair weather, stationary temperature. No. 2 , alone, indicates rain or snow, stationary temperature. No. 3 , alone, indicates local rain or snow, stationary temperature. No. i, with No. 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer. No. I, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. 194 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates rain or snow, warmer. No. 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates rain or snow, colder. No. 3, with No. 4 above it, indicates local rain or snow, warmer. No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates local rain or snow, colder. Storm Signal. A red flag with a black center indicates that a storm of marked violence is expected. The pen- nants displayed with the flags indicate the direction of the wind; red, easterly (from northeast to south); white, westerly (from southwest to north). If the pennant is above the flag, it indicates that the wind is expected to blow from the northerly quadrants, if below, from the southerly quadrants. By night, a red light indicates easterly winds, and a white light above a red light, westerly winds. Information Signal. A red or white pennant displayed alone, at stations on the Great Lakes, indicates that windk are expected which may prove dangerous to tows and smaller classes of vessels ; the red pennant indicating easterly and the white pennant westerly winds. Hurricane Signal. Two red flags with black centers, displayed one above the other, indicate the expected ap- proach of tropical hurricanes, and also of those extremely severe and dangerous storms which occasionally move across the lakes and northern Atlantic coast. No night information or hurricane signals are displayed. Forecasts. In Chicago, daily forecasts of the weather are made at eight o’clock in the morning. These fore- casts are based upon simultaneous observations taken daily at numerous regular observing-stations in the Mississippi Valley and the Northwest, and immediately telegraphed to THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CHICAGO 195 Chicago. Within two hours after the morning observa- tions have been taken, the forecasts are telegraphed from Chicago to distributing points, whence they are further disseminated by telegraph, telephone, and mail. A weather map, on which the salient features of current weather conditions throughout the country are graphically represented, is mailed immediately after the morning fore- cast is telegraphed. The warnings given by the Weather Bureau of sudden changes in temperature, the approach of a cold wave, etc., have proved of great value to individuals, railroad com- panies, shippers, etc. The warnings issued in January, 1896, foretelling a cold wave of exceptional severity, re- sulted in the saving of over $3, 500, OCX) in the protection of property from injury or destruction. It is estimated that more than $15,000,000 worth of property was saved from destruction by the flood of 1903, through the warnings given by the Weather Bureau. Life-saving Stations. There are sixty-one life-saving stations on the coasts of the Great Lakes, three of which are in the Chicago harbor and one at Evanston. One keeper is on duty at these stations during the en- tire year, and seven or eight surfmen at each from April 1st to November 30th, or during the season of navigation. Life-saving stations are maintained by the United States government, purely for the protection of life and property on the coasts of the Great Lakes and the oceans. The sta- tions are equipped with all needed appliances, including ap- paratus, books, charts, draft-horses in many cases, tele- phones, furniture, boats, wreck-guns, restoratives, etc. 196 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS The crews are paid salaries by the government, and are strictly forbidden to solicit or receive rewards for services rendered by any person or vessel. Shipwrecked sailors are provided with food and lodgings as long as they are necessarily detained. How the Service is Performed The station crews patrol the beach from two to four miles each side of their station four times between sunset and sunrise, and if the weather is foggy, the patrol is continued throughout the whole day. Each patrolman carries Coston signals, and if he discovers a vessel in danger, he ignites one of them, which emits a brilliant red flame of about two minutes’ duration, and this is a warning to the vessel, or notice that assistance is at hand. If a vessel is in distress, it sends up rockets or burns flare-lights, or, if the weather is foggy, fires guns, to at- tract attention, provided it has received no signal from the station. Usually, a large lifeboat is launched and sent imme- diately to the vessel, or a lighter surfboat may be hauled overland to a point opposite the wreck, and launched there. If it is inexpedient to use a boat, the wreck-gun and beach apparatus are used. A shot with a small line at- tached is fired across the vessel, and this line is seized as soon as possible by those on board and hauled in until a tail-block is in hand, with a whip or endless line through it. This tail-block has a tally-board attached to it, with the following directions, in English on one side and French on the other: THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CHICAGO 197 Make the tail of the block fast to the lower mast, well up. If the masts are gone, then to the best place you can find. Cast off shot- line, see that the rope in the block runs free, and show signal to the shore. As soon as their signal is seen, a three-inch hawser is fastened to the whip-line and hauled to the ship by the life- saving crew. A tally-board is attached to the hawser, bear- ing the following directions, in English on one side and French on the other: Make this hawser fast about two feet above the tail-block; see all clear, and that the rope in the block runs free, and show signal to the shore. The life-saving crew then hauls the hawser taut, and by means of the whip-line sends to the ship what is called a breeches-buoy, suspended from a traveler-block, or a life car from rings, running on the hawser. Only one person, or at most two, can be hauled ashore by means of the breeches buoy, but from four to six by the life car. The operation is repeated till all are landed. The rules require that women and children shall be landed first, and if the lifeboat is sent, no goods or baggage is permitted in the boat till all persons are landed. Signals are given from the ship in the daytime by one man separating himself from the rest and swinging his hat or handkerchief, or his hand alone; if at night, by showing a light and concealing it once or twice. Like signals are made from the shore. ■ COOK COUNTY THE GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY The General Government of the County is under the control of a Board of Commissioners, fifteen in number, elected by the people every two years, ten from the city of Chicago and five from outside the city. List of County Officers. The complete list of county officers is as follows, all being located in the Courthouse unless otherwise stated : — Sheriff. County Treasurer. Recorder of Deeds. Registrar of Titles. County Clerk. County Comptroller. Clerk of Board of Commissioners. State’s Attorney. Criminal Court- Building, corner of Michigan and Dearborn Streets. Coroner. County Surveyor. County Superintendent of Schools. Judge of Probate Court. Judge of County Court. Clerk of County Court. Twelve Judges 'of the Superior Court. Fourteen Judges of the Circuit Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court. 201 202 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Clerk of the Criminal Court* Criminal Court Building, corner of Michigan and Dearborn Streets. Clerk of the Appellate Court. f Room 706 Ashland Block. Board of Review. Board of Assessors. Board of County Commissioners. County Attorney. Civil Service Commissioners. Jury Commissioners. Superintendent of Public Service. Warden Cook County Hospital. Corner Harrison and Wood Streets. General Superintendent County Poor House and Insane Asylum. Dunning. County Physician. County Detention Hospital, corner Polk and Wood Streets. County Agent. 142 South Peoria Street. The Sheriff, County Clerk, County Treasurer, State’s At- torney, Coroner, Recorder of Deeds, and Surveyor are elected by the people ; also five Assessors and a Board of Review of three members. One County Court Judge, one Probate Court Judge, four- teen Circuit Court judges, and twelve Superior Court judges are also elected by popular vote. The Board of County Commissioners does its work through the following five committees: — 1 The Committee on Buildings. 2 The Committee on Institutions at Dunning. *This Court is presided over by the judges of the Circuit and Su perior courts. tThis Court is presided over by the judges of the Circuit and Su- perior courts as appointed by the Supreme Court. GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 203 3 The Committee on County Hospital. 4 The Committee on Out-door Relief. 5 The Committee on Juvenile Court and Detention Home. Owing to the fact that the city of Chicago contains more than fifteen times as many people as all the towns of the county outside of Chicago, the city is given ten of the fifteen County Commissioners. The Commissioners meet weekly to direct the govern- ment of the county and its public institutions. The board has the right to levy taxes not exceeding seventy-five cents on the hundred dollars for county purposes. The president of this board is chosen by the people at the Congressional elections. He has the power of vetoing appropriations, and his veto rules, unless overcome by the votes of twelve members of the board. He appoints the County Attorney, the Superintendent of Public Service, the heads of all departments, and three County Civil Service Commissioners to direct the examinations for other county offices. Department of Poor Relief. The County Agent has charge of this department. Few people appreciate the great extent of the service rendered by it. In the year ending November 30, 1908, 12,461 families, including 53,251 in- dividuals, were assisted by it to obtain the necessities of life. There are sixteen doctors on the county staff, all under civil service. One of these is assigned to the County Jail, and one to the Commissioners’ office. The latter is at his post daily from 12 m. till 2:15 P. M., except Sundays, to give free dispensary service. The other doctors are as- 204: CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS signed to six districts into which the whole city is divided for this purpose. In order to receive aid from the County Agent, the appli- cant must have resided in Cook County at least six months. The department also assists in the proper disposition of dependent children, the feeble-minded, the insane, the blind, and deaf mutes. It also delivers rations and fuel to needy war veterans and their families. The Institutions at Dunning. Dunning is about ten miles northwest of the Courthouse, just outside the city limits. The various institutions there are in charge of a General Superintendent. They comprise the Infirmary, formerly called the Poor House ; the Hospital for Consump- tives, the Hospital for the Insane, and the Farm. The total number of persons under the charge of the General Super- intendent is more than 3,200. The amount of money appropriated by the County Board for charitable purposes in 1910 is $1,758,283.69. The total net appropriation for all purposes is $7,086,337.05. In the Insane Department the patients are treated with consideration, and an attempt is made to restore them to normal conditions by the best scientific methods. Chronic cases are taught elementary construction work with good results. Various entertainments are given the inmates. The average number of insane persons in this depart- ment is about 2,000. In the Poor Department certain industries are carried on not only for the benefit of the institution, but also for the benefit of the inmates themselves. Much of the repair work GOVERNMENT OP COOK COUNTY 205 of the institution is done in this department. The average number of inmates is about 1,400. In the Consumptive Hospital about one-third of the con- sumptives of the county are cared for. The average num- ber of patients is about 350. A large Farm in connection with the institution is culti- vated partly by the patients. The Cook County Hospital gives temporary medical and surgical care to the sick and injured poor. The attending staff comprises seventy-eight skilled prac- titioners, who serve subject to call day and night, without pay. The average number of patients in the hospital is about 2,500. The County Physician resides at the Detention Hos- pital, on the corner of Polk and Wood Streets. Besides at- tending patients in that institution he gives service also to the prisoners confined in the County Jail. The house staff (formed of internes) is made up of young doctors recently graduated from recognized licensed medi- cal colleges in Cook County. There are 48 internes, se- lected by an examination, who serve for six months, or eighteen months for the full period, without compensation, except that they are given their board and lodging at the hospital. There are 157 nurses at the hospital, supplied by contract from the Illinois Training-school for Nurses, which is main- tained in connection with the hospital. The Detention Plospital is connected with the County Hospital. Here persons thought to be insane are kept till it is decided whether they shall be set free or sent to an asylum. 206 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS All patients are admitted free, and no charge is made for physicians or medicines. The conditions of admission are that the patient shall be without money, sick, and in need of hospital care. No one is admitted who is sick from smallpox, consumption, alcoholism, or any chronic or incurable disease. The capacity of the hospital at the present time is 1,270 beds. It is located in Chicago between Wood, Lincoln, Polk, and Harrison Streets. The Morgue is located on the same grounds, also the Detention Hospital for Insane, the Children’s Hospital, and the Tuberculosis Hospital, which was included in a recent vote by the citizens of the county to raise $2,000,000 for a new County Infirmary. The new infirmary is located on a beautiful farm of 255 acres three miles southwest of Blue Island, and nineteen miles from the Courthouse. It is called Oak Forest. There will be about forty buildings when all are completed, all con- nected by an inclosed corridor to protect the inmates from inclement weather, also by outdoor walks. The contract price for the buildings is $1,257,018. This will be the highest ideal of a home for the poor. The Cook County Hospital for Children has 20 wards and accommodates 150 beds. Being located on the County Hospital grounds, it has 78 doctors on call, and 12 nurses. The Juvenile Detention Home is located in the Juve- nile Court Building at 767 Ewing Street. The children, while in the home, are taught to read, write, and reckon, and also some manual-training work, such as sewing, weaving, and clay-modeling, and the com- GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 207 mon work of housekeeping. During the last fiscal year the home has cost $34,667.51, one half of which was paid by the city of Chicago. During that year the home received 2,641 children. The Sheriff is the most important of the executive offi- cers of the county. He is elected for a term of four years. It is his duty to execute the orders of the County Courts, to prevent the commission of crime, and maintain peace and good order within the county. He may arrest offenders on sight. He is the keeper of the Jail, and has the custody of prisoners. The County Treasurer holds and pays out the funds of the county, and acts as County Collector. The Recorder of Deeds keeps a copy in full of deeds, mortgages, and various legal papers which the law requires shall be recorded in order to make them valid. The Registrar of Titles is an attorney employed by the Recorder. It is his duty to examine titles to real estate when conveyed under the Torrens system. The County Clerk acts in four different official capaci- ties, namely, as County Clerk, as Clerk of the County Court, as County Comptroller, and as Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners. He maintains three separate offices. As County Comptroller he has control of the financial affairs of the county, having custody of all deeds, mort- gages, contracts, bonds, notes, etc., belonging to the county. He is bookkeeper and paymaster for the county, reporting annually the expenses of all departments of the county or- ganization, and submitting estimates for the coming year. As Clerk of the Board of Commissioners he attends all 208 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS meetings of the board, and prepares and publishes their proceedings. It is the County Clerk who extends all general taxes and keeps the records of all property within the county sold for non-payment of taxes. In extending the taxes on the tax warrants, he annually describes in writing about one million pieces of property and extends an average of eleven valuations and tax amounts against each piece of property. There are over three hundred separate taxing bodies in Cook County, each requiring a different tax to be extended in its special territory. These tax warrants are compiled by the towns, and as the taxes on personal property are due on January 2d of each year, the warrants, bound in large books, are delivered to the various town collectors on that date. Each town collector endeavors to collect all taxes in his hands before the tenth day of March, as each town col- lector must return his tax books to the County Collector on that day, showing what taxes have been paid and what are delinquent. Delinquent taxes may be paid to the County Collector between March 10th and May 1st. It is the duty of the County Clerk also to direct election matters, both state and county, outside the city of Chicago and the town of Cicero. This territory consists of thirty townships containing 144 election districts. He does the same work in election matters for those districts that the Election Commissioners do for the city of Chicago, such as printing and distributing ballots, poll books and in- structions, receiving returns of elections, etc. The County Clerk also issues hunting and fishing licenses, GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 209 about 4,500 annually; certificates of magistracy, about 25,- 000 annually ; tax deeds and saloon licenses ; certificates of election to county officers, justices of the peace, constables, etc. ; records miscellaneous papers, and about 30,000 birth records and 40,000 death reports annually ; and makes and keeps the public official maps of the county. Penalty for Non-Payment of Real Estate Taxes. If the taxes are not paid by May 1st, a penalty of one per cent a month is imposed, besides “costs” of six to eighteen cents per lot. If not paid by the second Monday in July, the County Treasurer makes application for judgment, ancl if the taxes still remain unpaid by the first Monday in August, the property is offered for sale at the price of the tax that is due. How Property Sold for Taxes May be Redeemed. Property on which the taxes are not paid is sold to the lowest bidder, and may be redeemed within two years by paying the County Clerk the amount of the tax and a penalty not exceeding 25 per cent additional if within six months, not exceeding 50 per cent additional if between six and twelve months, not exceeding 75 per cent additional if between twelve and eighteen months, not exceeding 100 per cent additional if between eighteen months and two years, also any other taxes that have accrued in the mean- time, with a penalty of 7 per cent added from the time the taxes were due, if accrued taxes have been paid by the holder of the certificate of sale. If the owner does not pay the taxes and costs as above within two years, the purchaser is given a tax title to the property, and may then settle with the owner as he pleases. 210 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS If no bids are received for the taxes, the property is forfeited to the state. A penalty of 25 per cent is then added, and the property may be redeemed at any time by paying the delinquent taxes and penalties. Many people forget or are unable to pay their taxes when they become due, and from 2,500 to 3,000 pieces of property are redeemed each month. In 1908 the tax sales numbered 47,880. Marriage Licenses. Before a marriage ceremony can be legally performed, a license must be obtained from the County Clerk. The law requires that the man shall be at least eighteen years old, and the woman sixteen years, and if the man is between eighteen and twenty-one, and the woman between sixteen and eighteen years of age, they must have the written consent of parents or guardians. The marriage license fee is $1.50. About 25,000 marriage licenses are issued annually in Cook County. The County Comptroller. The duties of the Comp- troller are those which relate to the financial affairs of the county. He is expected to devise plans for the raising and distribution of the revenue of the county, and at the same time maintain the public credit. He prepares and issues warrants on the treasury for all appropriations used by the County Board. The County Attorney is the legal advisor of the County Board, and has charge of all its suits for or against the county. The Civil Service Commissioners, three in number, are appointed by the president of the Board of County Commissioners. GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 211 The statutes of Illinois provide that the following em- ployees in the public service of the county shall be selected and discharged on the basis of merit : — 1 The employees (except appointive heads) of all depart- ments and institutions that come under the ministerial jurisdiction of the Board of Commissioners. 2 Physicians, surgeons, and internes serving on the at- tending staff of the Cook County Hospital. 3 The probation officers of the Juvenile Court. Candidates for employment under the Civil Service laws are examined by the Civil Service Commission, and ap- pointed to positions in the order of their standing on ex- amination. The laws and rules governing the Commission are printed in pamphlet form for the accommodation of the public. The County Superintendent of Schools examines appli- cants who wish to become teachers, and issues certificates to such as pass the required examinations. He also visits each school of the county, outside of Chicago, at least once each year, and advises the school officers with reference to their schools. All facts of general interest to the public, pertaining to schools, he reports to the County Board once in two years. The Cook County Teachers’ Association. The teach- ers of the county are organized into the Cook County Teachers’ Association, which meets the second Saturday of each month from October to May inclusive, in the audi- torium of the Young Men’s Christian Association of Chi- cago. The funds for the support of schools are derived from 212 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS the interest on the proceeds of sales of school lands given by the United States government (one-sixth part excepted), from a state tax of one-fifth per cent (or two mills) on all property, and the interest on the surplus revenue distributed by act of Congress. The state school fund is distributed through the counties to the townships in the ratio of their school population. Schools. According to the County Superintendent’s last report, there are fourteen high schools in Cook County outside of Chicago. Eight of these are township high schools and six are district high schools. In the township high schools there are 119 teachers and 2,493 pupils ; in the district high schools there are 32 teachers and 553 pupils. The township high schools are located as follows : — 1 Evanston. 5 Berwyn. 2 Kenilworth. 6 La Grange. 3 Desplaines. 7 Harvey. 4 Oak Park. 8 Chicago Heights. The six district high schools are located in Blue Island, Morgan Park, Maywood, Riverside, Palatine, and Barring- ton. In the 142 graded schools of the country there are 944 teachers and 31,104 pupils. There are also 137 districts having ungraded schools, in which there are 73 teachers and 3,580 pupils. The total number of teachers in the public schools of the county outside of Chicago is 1,168; of pupils 37,730. There are 81 private schools in the county outside of Chicago, with 202 teachers and 678 pupils. GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 213 The States’s Attorney, on behalf of the people, prose- cutes all violators of the law, and acts as legal adviser for all county officers. The Coroner’s chief duty is to hold inquests on the deaths of persons who have died under suspicious circum- stances. He is assisted by a jury of six men, selected by himself. The Coroner takes charge of the bodies of all such persons, and places them in the County Morgue, at the corner of Wood and Polk Streets, until identified and removed by friends or relatives. If not so identified, they are buried at the expense of the county, in the Potter's Field, or turned over to a medical college. If any person is implicated by the inquest as in any way responsible for the death of the deceased, the Coroner causes his arrest, if he is not already in custody. The number of inquests held in a year amount to about four thousand. The County Surveyor surveys any piece of land in the county when asked to do so by an officer or private citizen. He is paid for his services by the persons receiving them. The Judge of the Probate Court has charge of inher- itance cases and others of a kindred character. He ap- points administrators and guardians. The County Court, besides its regular duties, has con- trol of all elections in Chicago. It has original jurisdiction in the matters of taxes and assessments, and insane and pauper cases, and has jurisdiction in cases where the amount involved is less than $1,000. The Judges of the Superior Court and of the Circuit Court have concurrent jurisdiction in all cases. The Judges of the First District Appellate Court hear 214 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS appeals from all the city and county courts, except criminal cases and those affecting a franchise or freehold, or the validity of a statute. The decision of the Court is final if the amount involved is less than $1,000. The Juvenile Court is designed to care for dependent, neglected, and delinquent children. It is under the juris- diction of the Circuit and County courts. The law ap- plies to boys under seventeen and girls under eighteen years of age. Its aim is to provide for the classes named, as nearly as may be, in homes or charitable institutions, such care as should be given by parents. Every year parents who would otherwise neglect their children are com- pelled by this court to pay thousands of dollars for their support. The Board of Assessors is composed of five members. They determine the taxes to be paid on real and personal property, being guided by the statutes as to the rate of taxation. The Board of Review is composed of three members. It is their duty to revise and correct the valuations fixed by the Assessors, according to their judgment, after hear- ing and considering the complaints of taxpayers. Their decision is final. The Jury Commissioners. There are three Jury Com- missioners for the county, appointed by the judges of the courts of record, whose duty it is, every four years, to pre- pare a list of all electors in the county, between twenty-one and sixty-five years of age. This list is known as the jury- list. The names are entered in a book, or books, kept for that purpose, with the age, occupation, and residence of GOVERNMENT' OF COOK COUNTY 215 each elector, and information as to whether or not he is a householder, whether or not he resides with his family, and whether or not he is a freeholder. This list may be revised annually. Such persons are notified by mail that their names have been included in the list of those subject to be drawn for jury service, and are requested to report within five days whether or not they are eligible for jury duty. From time to time the Commissioners select from the jury-list the requisite number of names, and write each name on a separate ticket, with the age, place of residence, and occupation of the person named, and place the whole number of tickets in a box known as the jury-box. The law requires the Commissioners to have not less than fifteen thousand names at all times in the jury-box. For the grand jury, a separate list of names is selected in the same way and placed in a separate box, known as the grand-jury box. In this box there must be at all times not less than one thousand names. When a jury is to be drawn from either box, one or more of the judges of the court where a jury is required certifies to the clerk of the court the number of jurors wanted ; the clerk of the court then goes to the office of the Jury Commissioners, and, in the presence of at least two of the Commissioners and their clerk, draws at random from the jury-box, after it has been well shaken, the neces- sary number of names. He then certifies the same to the Sheriff, who summons the persons according to law. Jurors selected must, as far as may be, reside in different parts of the county and be of different occupations. 216 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS At the expiration of the term of court the names of those who have served as jurors are checked off from the jury- list, and must not be again placed in either jury-box until all other names have served or been found disqualified or exempt, but the names of those who have been excused and who possess the qualifications for jury service are again placed in the jury-box. Persons Eligible for Jury Service. To be eligible for jury service a man must be: — 1 A citizen of the county, of the age of twenty-one years or upward, and under the age of sixty-five years. 2 In the possession of his natural faculties, and not infirm or decrepit. 3 Free from all legal exceptions, of fair character, of ap- proved integrity, of sound judgment, well informed, and able to understand the English language. Every citizen ought to be willing to serve the city in any capacity where his services are needed. When a business man is summoned to serve on a jury he should not be ex- cused except for reasons specified by law. All public of- ficers and employees of the city should do their best to render valuable and faithful service. Every citizen should willingly obey and respect the laws and ordinances of the city. Every citizen is a part of the city, and when he serves the city well he does a favor to himself. Classes of Persons Exempt from Jury Service. Those exempt from jury service are practicing attorneys; prac- ticing physicians ; officiating clergymen ; professors and teachers in colleges and schools during terms of school ; members of the State Militia ; members of the Police De- GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 217 partment; members of the Fire Department; United States government officials; state, county, and city officials; judges and clerks of election ; registered and assistant pharmacists ; embalmers, undertakers, and funeral directors actually en- gaged in their business ; all persons employed in the editorial or mechanical departments of newspapers ; and persons sixty-five years of age or over. Each juror is paid two dollars a day for each day’s service ; also ten cents a mile for going to and returning from the Courthouse, once each way. The Grand Jury is established for the purpose of en- abling a plaintiff to lay his complaint before a body of in- telligent men for their decision as to whether or not he has just cause for prosecution. Such complaints are brought before the Grand Jury by the State’s Attorney in the form of a bill of indictment. The usual way is for the plaintiff to swear out a warrant in the Municipal Court, whereupon the judge will refer the matter to the State’s Attorney if he thinks the evidence justifies such action. The Grand Jury also serves as a protection to one accused of crime, if he is innocent, since it lies with the State’s Attorney to decline to bring the case before the Grand Jury if he thinks the evidence does not justify such a step. • A full panel of the Grand Jury consists of twenty-three persons, at least sixteen of whom must be present when a true bill is found, and twelve of them must agree to the finding. The foreman of the Grand Jury is appointed by the court. When any twelve or more of the Grand Jury unite in deciding that a bill of indictment has been supported by 218 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS the evidence offered, the foreman indorses on the bill, “A true bill,” and when they do not find a bill to be supported by sufficient evidence, he indorses on it, “Not a true bill.” He then signs his name as foreman below the indorsement, and in case of a true bill he adds the names of the witnesses upon whose evidence the bill was found to be true, and also the name of the prosecutor, unless the true bill is found on the information and knowledge of two or more of the Grand Jury, or some public officer in the necessary discharge of his duty, in which case no prosecutor is required, but it must be stated at the end of the indictment how the same is found. The name of the prosecutor is required in order to pre- vent a malicious prosecution, for if the defendant, on trial, is found not guilty, and the petit jurors have found that the prosecutor acted maliciously in the premises, the court is required to enter judgment for costs against the prose- cutor, including a fee of five dollars to the State’s At- torney. When a true bill is found, the defendant is admitted to bail if the offense is one for which bail may be offered, and the clerk of the court in which the indictment is found im- mediately issues an order to the Sheriff for the arrest of each person indicted, if he has not already been arrested. A Grand Jury considers only criminal cases, while a petit jury considers both civil and criminal cases. The Superintendent of Public Service purchases sup- plies for the county institutions, for which he secures bids. He also secures bids for county printing, and for the con- struction and repair of buildings. GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 219 THE TOWN GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY The state constitution provides that the people of any county of the state may organize the county into town- ships. There are thirty-seven different towns in Cook County, seven of which are wholly within the city of Chicago, also a part of the eighth. Those outside of the city are : — Barrington, Northfield, Berwyn, Norwood Park, Bloom, Oak Park, Bremen, Orland, The south part of Calumet, Palatine, Cicero, Palos, Elk Grove, Proviso, Evanston, Rich, Hanover, Ridgeville, Lemont, Riverside, Leyden, Schaumburg, Lyons, Stickney, Maine, Thornton, New Trier, Wheeling, Niles, Worth. Dse within the city are : — Hyde Park, North Town, Jefferson, South Town, Lake, West Town, Lake View, Part of Calumet. The population of the country towns is about 150,000; of the city, about 2,250,000. 220 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS While Chicago covers only about one-fourth the area of the county, its population is fifteen times greater than that of all the country towns combined. Each town outside of Chicago elects its own Supervisor, Assessor, Collector, Highway Commissioners (usually three), Justices of the Peace (usually two), Constables (usually two), Police Magistrate (usually one), and three School Trustees. In the towns within the city, the County Treasurer is ex-officio Supervisor and Collector, and the County Clerk is ex-officio Assessor and Town Clerk. These towns have no Highway Commissioners, Justices of the Peace, or Con- stables. The Municipal Court of Chicago, its Bailiff, and its Clerk take the place of Justices of the Peace and Con- stables. Town government within the city was abolished when the city accepted the privileges granted by the legis- lature of 1901. The election of town officers occurs the first Tuesday in April of each year, after the custom of the New Eng- land “town meeting,” at which time, also, any legislation may be enacted which is in accordance with the statutes, such as relates to the acquisition or sale of town property, the fixing of taxes for roads and bridges, the removal of noxious weeds, vermin, etc., the impounding of cattle run- ning at large, the erection of public drinking-fountains, etc. The Supervisor is the general manager of the town busi- ness. He acts as overseer of the poor, and receives and pays out all town money except that belonging to the high- way and school funds. GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 221 The Clerk is custodian of the town records, books, and papers. The Highway Commissioners have oversight of the roads and bridges in the town. The Assessor fixes the tax value of all real estate in the township. His report is laid before the County Board and values are adjusted so as to compare equitably with those from other townships. An abstract of the corrected assess- ment is then placed before a State Board of Equalization, where the valuations between counties are adjusted before the taxes are collected. The Collector. It is the duty of the Collector to gather up the taxes and apportion to each fund its proper quota. The compensation of town officers usually depends on fixed fees for specific services, percentages, or a per diem for time actually employed in official duties. The School Trustees may divide the town into school dis- tricts, which are usually two miles square, nine such dis- tricts covering the whole township of thirty-six square miles. A schoolhouse is usually erected near the center of each dis- trict. According to the new school law enacted by the Forty- sixth General Assembly, which goes into effect the first Monday in November, 1910, each district having less than one thousand inhabitants, and not governed by any special act of the Legislature, must elect, on the first Saturday of April each year, three school directors, who may levy taxes for school purposes, not to exceed a rate of 1.5 per cent, for educational and 1.5 per cent for building purposes. The Board of Directors. It is the duty of the Board of 222 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Directors to employ all teachers and to fix their salaries ; to provide the necessary revenue for maintaining the schools in accordance with the statute ; to adopt and enforce rules for the management of the schools ; to determine the branches to be taught and the books and the apparatus to be used in the schools ; to enforce uniformity of text-books and not to permit any text-book to be changed oftener than once in four years ; to keep the schools open at least six months in each year; to purchase and loan to indigent pupils such text-books as they may be required to use ; and in gen- eral to manage all the affairs of the schools. No school officers are entitled to any salary. THE TORRENS LAND ACT The Torrens Land Act was first passed in 1895, but cer- tain features of it were declared unconstitutional, and in 1897 a new act was passed. This act provided that the Torrens system of transfering real estate should become legal in any county of the state whenever adopted at a special county election called for that purpose. In this state only Cook County has yet adopted the system. The aim of the system is to simplify and facilitate the transfer of land titles and reduce the expense involved in such transfer. The cost of bringing a tract of land under the operation of the act is about twenty-five dollars, but after this has been done transfers can be made at a total expense of three dollars, without the usual fees to attorneys and writers of abstracts. In the words of the Secretary of State: “In obtaining a certificate of title under this act, the land owner secures at less than the usual cost of an ab- GOVERNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 223 stract, a thorough examination of his land title, a decree confirming the title, the insurance of his title for two years by the indemnity fund provided for that purpose, and, at the end of two years, an absolute defense under the statute against any attack that can be made upon his title.” Nature of the Torrens System. It has been the custom for hundreds of years, in this country and in England, to place on record in a book kept for that purpose by the County Recorder, a full copy of every deed of conveyance. This plan still prevails in Scotland, Ireland, and nearly all the states and territories of this country. In England, ex- cept in the counties of Middlesex and York (where deeds are recorded, as in Scotland and Ireland), deeds are de- posited with solicitors and conveyancers. About 1854 Robert Torrens in England published what has since been known as the Torrens system of transfer- ring real estate. Its prominent features are brevity and simplicity in the process of transfer. It resembles the system by which banks and stock com- panies keep their books, where everything relating to a personal account is set forth upon a single page. The complete status of a title to real estate is written upon a single folio and may be seen at a glance. This is “the pivot upon which the whole mechanism of the system turns,” as Mr. Torrens said. A single short paper called a certificate of title takes the place of an abstract of title, and may be bought and sold like a certificate of stock or a bond. Difference betzveen the Old System and the New. By the Torrens system the title is registered; by the old system 224 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS the deed is recorded. The difference between these two systems is substantially as follows : — In the recording of deeds, the title to property passes from one party to the other on the execution and delivery of the deed, but the purchaser must then have the deed recorded as a public notice of transfer, and the condition- of the title can be learned only by an examination of the records by lawyers specially skilled in the business, and the opinion of such lawyers, whether correct or not, is what the client must rely upon as to the validity of his title. These examina- tions must be repeated at much expense every time the property is sold or mortgaged. But in the registration of titles there is no transfer of title until such transfer is entered on the Registrar’s book. The deed is simply a power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made. The actual transfer and public notice are therefore simultaneous. In the recording of deeds, the validity of the title de- pends upon an attorney’s opinion, formed after an exami- nation of the records ; under the registration plan the reg- ister speaks for itself ; the transfer there entered is in- defeasible ; that is, it cannot be questioned. The Certificate of Title. The certificate of title may be compared to a certificate of stock. The Registrar cor- responds to the Secretary of the corporation ; the transferee to the shareholder who receives his certificate from the Secretary; the seller in each case instructs the holder of the books to substitute the buyer’s name in place of his own on the register; the certificate is handed to the buyer, and this is his evidence of ownership of the land or the GOVEKNMENT OF COOK COUNTY 225 stock ; the title does not have to be investigated and a new opinion secured every time a transfer is made; all question as to that has been settled once for all by the examiner of titles, whose authority holds and passes from one sale to another. The chief features of the Torrens system have been in use in Hamburg for six hundred years, in Prussia and Bavaria for more than a hundred years, and in recent years have been adopted in Australia, Manitoba, and other Eng- lish colonies. No community having once adopted the system has ever abandoned it altogether. TAXATION IN CHICAGO There are now eleven boards which levy taxes annually within the city of Chicago, as follows 1 State Tax. For state purposes. From fifty to sixty cents on the one hundred dollars assessed valuation. The General Assembly of the state levies taxes to cover the state expenses. The Governor, the Au- ditor, and the Treasurer constitute a board to deter- mine the rate per cent required to produce the amount levied. 2 County Tax. For county purposes. Levied by the County Board, not to exceed seventy-five cents on the one hundred dollars. 3 City Tax. For city purposes. Levied by the Mayor and the City Council, limited to two dollars on the one hundred dollars. 4 School Tax, Levied separately by the Mayor and the 226 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS City Council, limited to two dollars and a half on the one hundred dollars. 5 Library Tax. Levied separately by the Mayor and Council, limited to ten cents on the one hundred dollars. 6 Sanitary District. Levied by the Board of Trustees. 7 South Park System. Levied by the South Park Com- missioners for parks in the towns of South Chicago, Plyde Park, and Lake. 8 West Park System. Levied by the West Chicago Park Commissioners for parks in the town of West Chicago. 9 Lincoln Park. Levied by the County Treasurer, act- ing as ex-officio supervisor, since the Lincoln Park Commissioners are not “corporate authorities.” 10 Ridge Park (a small district in Rogers Park). Levied by a board of five commissioners. 11 North Shore Park District. Organized like Ridge Park District, by popular vote. The average rate of taxation for all purposes in 1909 was 6.391 per cent. The tax rate is based on an assessed valuation of one- third of the full value of the property. ILLINOIS THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS The Surface of Illinois. The State of Illinois is 385 miles in length and 218 miles in width, covering 56,665 square miles, or 36,265,600 acres. The highest elevation of land is in the northern part of the state, which is about 1,175 feet above the level of the sea. From here the sur- face slopes gradually to the most southern point, where it is only 350 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The surface is level, except for an irregular range of hills in the southern part, stretching from Grand Tower on the west to Shawnee- town on the east. Rivers. The territory of Illinois extends to the mid- dle of the Ohio River on the southern boundary and the middle of the Mississippi River on the west. The Illinois River lies wholly within the state, and is nearly five hun- dred miles in length, about one-half of which is navigable. By the great Drainage Canal, which unites Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, there is a continuous water passage through the state from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. Agricultural Products. Because of the extreme length of Illinois from north to south, which is more than five and a half degrees of latitude, nearly every staple food product of the world is grown within her borders. The value of all the gold and silver mined in the United States 229 230 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS in one year is not equal to that of the farm products of Illinois in the same period of time. The four leading crops of feeding grains are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. The Secretary of Agriculture gives the coni area of Illi- nois in 1909 as 10,300,000 acres, from which 369,770,000 bushels were produced. This is the largest acreage ever shown by any state, Iowa being second in acreage and in number of bushels produced. The wheat acreage was 1,810,000 acres; the yield, 31,- 494,000 bushels. The acreage of oats was 4,346,000 acres; the yield, 159,- 000,000 bushels. The acreage of barley was 31,000 acres, yielding 868,000 bushels. Mineral Products. Illinois is covered in large part by the products of the carboniferous era. From the northwest to the southeast an immense coal field may be traced for 375 miles, and from St. Louis to the northeast, about 200 miles,- covering a total area of about 45,000 square miles. Only certain portions of this great area contain workable coal mines, however. The coal produced is bituminous. Various kinds of limestone are quarried within the state, from which many of the public buildings have been con- structed. The soil is generally black and of a loamy character. The Manufacture of Coke for Fuel. Experiments are being made on an extensive scale to convert Illinois coal into coke, chiefly for the purpose of overcoming the smoke nuisance in manufacturing localities and on railroads. Some THE GEOGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS 231 of the railroad companies have already succeeded in pro- ducing a good commercial coke in limited quantities, and the University of Illinois has declared in favor of the feasi- bility of such a product. Coke as fuel would undoubtedly be cheaper, cleaner, and more healthful than coal. The supply of coal in Illinois is almost inexhaustible. The state covers 56,665 square miles, and 35,600 square miles of that area is underlaid with coal which has from one to seven seams. It is estimated that Illinois can furnish 240,000,- 000,000 tons of minable coal, which is seven times as much as the total product of the United States in a year. So that if Illinois alone were called upon to supply all the coal consumed in the United States, it could do so for a period of more than seven hundred years. In 1908 49,273,454 tons were mined in the state, this amount being taken from fifty-four counties. If it is found that the vast supply of coal beneath the surface in Illinois can be converted into coke, the mining-interests of the state will receive an impetus truly wonderful. THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS Marquette and Joliet. In 1669, Father James Mar- quette, a zealous and popular young priest of the Roman Catholic Church, was serving as a missionary to the In- dians at Sault Ste. Marie. From here he was directed to go to La Pointe, in northern Wisconsin, near what is now Ashland, to relieve Father Allouez, who was transferred from La Pointe to Green Bay, near the mouth of the Fox River. In 1671 the sovereignty of the French over the Great Lakes was proclaimed at Sault Ste. Marie, and was wel- comed by the Algonquin Indians, several tribes of whom were present. These tribes were constantly at war with the Iroquois on the east and the Sioux on the west. After a time the Sioux compelled the abandonment of the mission at La Pointe, and Marquette, with a band of Huron Indians, went to Michilimackinac and founded the mission of St. Ignace, near what later became known as Old Macki- nac. Here Louis Joliet first met Marquette. He was on his way to Quebec with copper ores which he had taken from Indian mines at the head of Lake Superior. Joliet was an enthusiastic trader and explorer, and became greatly interested in the stories told him by Marquette about a tribe of Illini Indians who had visited his mission at La Pointe. Both men wished to penetrate the unknown region from 232 THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 233 which the Indians had come — Marquette that he might carry the story of the cross to the tribes along the “Mes- sippi,” and Joliet that he might cooperate in this and at the same time gratify his desire for adventure. On returning to Quebec, Joliet obtained a commission to join Marquette in the search for the Great River, and in two years was back at St. Ignace, ready for the expedition. It was in May, 1673, that they set out on their perilous journey, in two birch-bark canoes, accompanied by five com- panions. Reaching Green Bay, they proceeded southward along the western shore to the mouth of the Fox River, which stream they ascended to a point where its waters are only a little over a mile from those of the Wisconsin. Here they landed and carried their canoes across the divide — as the high land is called which separates the waters flowing eastward into the St. Lawrence system from those flowing westward into the Mississippi system — at what has since been called Portage in remembrance of this event ; descended the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi and continued down the Great River to the borders of Arkansas. Paddling back to the mouth of the Illinois River, they ascended that stream to the north fork of the Desplaines, and thus passed into the Chicago River and Lake Michigan. They made their way to the Green Bay Mission, where Marquette remained, while Joliet in the spring left for Quebec. On his return to Quebec Joliet suggested the cutting of a canal through the divide in the neighborhood of where Sum- mit now is, so that one might go by boat from Lake Michi- gan to the Gulf of Mexico. While making their way up the Illinois River, the ex- 234 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS plorers rested at the Indian village of Ivaskaskia, in what is to-day La Salle County, where the village of Utica now is — near the bluff which a hundred years later became his- toric as the scene where the last of the Illinois Indians were literally starved to death by their enemies, the Pottawatto- mies. While here Marquette became very much attached to the Indians and promised that he would return and found a mission among them. Late in October, 1674, the priest therefore set out from the Green Bay mission to return to Ivaskaskia. The com- pany with which he traveled consisted of two French voy- agers and a few Illinois and Pottawattomie Indians. They had ten canoes and thoroughly explored all the streams they came across on the way. It was the 14th of Decem- ber, 1674, before they arrived at the “portage,” as the French called the elevated plain which separated the Chi- cago River from the Illinois. The condition of Marquette’s health was at that time such that he decided to spend the winter at this point rather than attempt the last hundred miles of his journey to Kas- kaskia. He spent the winter in a cabin near what is now known as Robey Street and the South Branch, and thus be- came not only the first white man to discover Chicago, but also one of its first white residents. At this point, in September, 1907, the city erected the Marquette- Joliet Memorial Cross, constructed of solid ma- hogany, fourteen feet high. The cross commemorates the visit of Marquette and Joliet to this place in 1673. It was donated by Mr. G. L. Willey, whose lumber yard occupies the place where Marquette spent the winter of 1674-5. A THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 235 bronze tablet is inserted in the concrete base of the cross, bearing the following inscription : — In memory of Father Marquette, S. J., and Louis Joliet of New France (Canada), first white explorers of the Mississippi and Illi- nois Rivers and Lake Michigan, 1673, navigating 2,500 miles, in canoes, in 120 days. In crossing the site of Chicago, Joliet recom- mended it, for its natural advantages, as a place of first settlement and suggested a lake to the gulf waterway (see “Jesuit Relations,” Vol. 58, p. no), by cutting a canal through the “portage” west of here where begins the Chicago Drainage Ship Canal. Work on this canal was begun Sept. 3, 1892, and received the first waters of Lake Michigan Jan. 2, 1900. This remarkable prophecy made 234 years ago is now being fulfilled. This end of Robey Street is the historic “high ground” where Marquette spent the winter of I 674 - 5 - “To do and suffer everything for so glorious an undertaking.” Marquette’s Journal. Erected Sat., Sept. 28, 1907, by the city of Chicago and Chicago Association of Commerce. Late in March, 1675, the voyagers again took up their march, crossed the portage, and arrived- at Kaskaskia late in April, where Marquette was most heartily welcomed. But he was conscious of his approaching death, and therefore tarrying at Kaskaskia only a few days, he was escorted back to Lake Michigan by way of the Kankakee portage, hoping to return to St. Ignace. Late in May he arrived at a point near where the little village of Glenn Haven, Mich., now stands, not far from St. Joseph, and there died at the age of thirty-seven. His bones were later removed by the Indians, but it is not known with certainty where they were buried, whether at St, Ignace, Frankfort, Ludington, the St. Francis Xavier Mission at Green Bay, or Old Mackinac. La Salle and Tonty. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La- 236 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Salle, a name shortened into LaSalle by the American tendency to shorten everything possible, was a French ad- venturer to whom the French king had granted an estate on the Island of Montreal. He was in charge of Fort Frontenac at the foot of Lake Ontario (where he had also been given some lands adjacent), when, in 1674, Joliet made his report of having discovered the Mississippi, the Illinois, and the Chicago rivers. At once he set his heart on opening up this great territory for the fur trade, in which he was interested. lie went to France and secured a com- mission to explore, colonize, and trade in the great valley of the Mississippi. Returning, he sold his estate, mortgaged his lands near Fort Frontenac, and built a fort at Niagara. He then constructed a sailing-vessel which he called the Griffin. In 1679 he .began his first voyage to the westward to execute his commission. From Green Bay he sent the Griffin back to Montreal with a load of furs. Then, in canoes, he and a party of fourteen men, guided by a band of Pottawattomies, passed down the western, along the southern, and up the eastern shores of Lake Michigan to the mouth of the St. Joseph River, where he built Fort Miami. Proceeding up the St. Joseph to the portage at what is now South Bend, the party crossed to the Kankakee River, and, paddling down it, entered the Illinois. Continu- ing to an Indian village near the present site of Peoria, he there built Fort Crevecceur. The Griffin had been lost on its return voyage, and La- Salle, with five companions, started for Montreal to obtain supplies, leaving his faithful lieutenant, Henri de Tonty, in THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 237 charge at Crevecoeur, with instructions also to fortify the bluff near Kaskaskia, now called “Starved Rock.” Passing through the Chicago portage in March, 1680, he left his canoes where the city of Joliet now stands, and struck out for the lake across the prairies, and continued his journey on foot, a distance of twelve hundred miles, to Fort Fronte- nac. During his absence the hostile Iroquois fell upon the Illi- nois Indians at Kaskaskia and completely routed or killed them all. Tonty barely escaped with his life. Making his way to the Chicago portage in October, 1680, he probably rested in the same cabin occupied by Marquette fifteen years before. Late in November he reached Green Bay, and later made his way to the mission at Mackinac. Here La- Salle met him the next year and together they returned to Canada, and then started once more for the country of the Illinois. On the bluff near the ruins of Kaskaskia they built Fort St. Louis, hoping by the aid of many friendly tribes to be able to defend their position against the Iroquois. In 1684 LaSalle returned to France for financial help, going first down the Mississippi and taking possession of the country in the name of France. Tonty was left at Fort St. Louis. The king gave LaSalle the aid he desired, including four vessels, abundant supplies, and a hundred soldiers. He sailed for the Gulf of Mexico, hoping to find the mouth of the Mississippi, but in the wilds of what is now Texas, through the treachery of those who either harbored a jealous spirit or had come to regard him as a deluded adventurer, he was assassinated. He was forty-three years of age at the time of his death. iJ38 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Tonty was unable to defend himself against the Iroquois, Sacs, and Foxes, and was obliged again to flee from the spot chosen for a permanent home. After vainly trying to meet LaSalle again, going twice down the Mississippi River for that purpose, and visiting Mackinac for help, he built a fort (1685) on the Chicago River, probably where the Kinzie House later stood. Here and at Fort St. Louis Tonty spent the next ten years. In 1704 he went to Mobile and died there soon after. Indians in Illinois. The American Indian has been a prominent factor in shaping the early history of Illinois. Some of the most celebrated names of Indian heroes and chiefs figure prominently in Illinois history. The Illinois Indians comprised a confederacy of the Peorias, the Kaskaskias, the Cahokias, the Tamaroas, and the Michigamies. They occupied and claimed nearly the whole of what is now the state of Illinois, as well as con- tiguous portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri. They belonged to the great Algonquin family, and were friendly to the French. For this reason, and in order to deprive them of their rich hunting-grounds, the hostile Iroquois, as well as other tribes, made constant war upon them. The original name of the Illinois was “Illini,” meaning “real men.” The French changed the plural ending of the word by substituting their own termination — ois. At last the Iroquois surprised the Illinois and conquered them. The shattered remnant, in 1680, were assailed by the Pottawattomies, and actually died from thirst and hunger, in their impregnable fortress upon what has since been known as “Starved Rock,” on the Illinois River. Only one escaped to tell the tale of their sufferings. THE HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS 239 In the spring of 1681 LaSalle induced many of the Algonquin tribes to join themselves together into a con- federation, for the purpose of defense against the Iroquois. The French in Illinois. After twenty years of hope- less struggle to hold together the Indian confederation which had been formed by LaSalle, and forgotten by those in France who had pledged their support to LaSalle, Tonty was obliged to tell his devoted Indian followers that their only hope was to turn their faces southward and relinquish their lands to the aggressive Iroquois, Sacs, and Foxes. Their names remain with us in Peoria, Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Tamaroa, etc. The French were now planning to reenter and possess the territory from the south, and this is why we find Tonty spending his last days in Mobile. The Pottawattomies, Sacs, and Foxes took possession of northern Illinois, and there is no vital history of that por- tion of the state until nearly a hundred years later. A new Kaskaskia was founded at the junction of the river now called Kaskaskia and the Mississippi, and it was here that the government of Illinois was first to be set up. Here the French commander had his headquarters, and here was the metropolis of northern Louisiana. Illinois was at that time a part of the state of Virginia, and Kas- kaskia was practically the county seat of its largest county, and of course the capital of the Illinois country. In 1725 it became an incorporated town. When Illinois became a state in 1818, Kaskaskia was made its capital. The Mississippi Bubble. About sixteen miles north of Kaskaskia and sixty miles south of the present site of St. 240 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Louis, the French built Fort Chartres, which they officered and maintained in the most extravagant style, thinking they were in the midst of a country of untold wealth in minerals and all products which go to enrich a country. Farms were laid out and tilled and half a dozen villages sprang up both north and south of Kaskaskia. The “Illinois country,” as it was called, was not definitely limited in its boundary, and was assumed to extend west of the Mississippi River into Missouri and Iowa, and also Wisconsin. Mines of silver and of gold and even of diamonds were supposed to exist in various parts of this country, especially beneath the lead mines of Missouri and Galena, where the hostile Indians were still the rulers. The wealth of France was poured into this region through a company which was called the Company of the West, formed in Paris by John Law, a rich banker of that city. Even King Louis and his courtiers were heavy investors in this company. At last, in 1781, after thirteen years of lavish expenditure, the visions of fabulous wealth began to fade and the Company of the West was compelled to surrender its charter to the king. This incident in the history of Illi- nois has become known as the “Mississippi Bubble.” How the Wealth of the Country Was Used. In the meantime the farms of the region were found to be real mines of wealth, and the lead of the mines in Missouri was used for making bullets, which soon came to be needed. In 1750 there were 1,100 white inhabitants in the five vil- lages near Kaskaskia, besides 300 black slaves and many friendly Indians of the Illinois tribe. The farms of the country were so rich in grains that great quantities of sup- THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 241 plies were sent each year to Martinique and San Domingo ; so that the country was called the “granary of the French West Indies.” And now, in 1754, came the war between England and France, known in history as the French and Indian War. At the very outset Illinois was in the lead, for not only did young Neyon de Villiers and his brother lead a company of French troops and allies from Fort Chartres to defeat George Washington at Fort Necessity, but the Illinois coun- try continued for six years to supply food, lead, and sol- diers for what was to them a war between Illinois and Vir- ginia, though England, of course, sustained her colony of Virginia. Three times did expeditions set out from Fort Chartres before the war was ended, and scores of vessels loaded with supplies for the soldiers in eastern and northern forts of the French. Supplies were also sent to the forts on the Wabash and the lower Mississippi. Had the center of British activi- ties been in Louisiana instead of Canada and Virginia, the outcome might have been different, for there was no weak- ness of any kind in the West and South, and the resources were almost unlimited. At the close of the war the French abandoned Fort Chartres, crossed the river just above Cahokia, and set- tled at St. Louis, where Pierre LaClede and Pierre Chou- teau had already established a trading-post. The Conspiracy of Pontiac. The French in the Illi- nois country accepted the dictum of the king with sad hearts and ceased hostilities toward the British, but many of the 242 « CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Indians were reluctant to place themselves under British rule. Chief among these was the intrepid and valiant Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, who journeyed throughout the whole domain of the French from Lake Champlain to Lake Superior and New Orleans, and by his earnestness and eloquence bound all the Algonquin tribes, with the Natchez, Shawanoes, and Senecas, to unite in defending their country against the British intruder. In six months he had recaptured all the old French forts except Niagara, Pitt, and Detroit, but could not hold them long, and re- treated to Fort Chartres before it had been occupied by the British. Here he refused three times to listen to terms of peace, and for two years was supreme in the Illinois coun- try. At last the French persuaded him that it was useless for him to hold out longer, and he consented to negotiate for peace. In doing this, he secured for his people the whole territory west of the Alleghenies, including the Mis- sissippi and upper St. Lawrence valleys. Thus the Indians were granted a home in their own right, and became at once the friends and allies of Great Britain, possessing mu- tual interests in the country as a whole. It is but natural, therefore, that they should stand by the British when the colonists found themselves at war with the mother country, and later, when they encroached so persistently upon the territory which had been ceded to them by the treaty ef- fected by Pontiac. Colonel George Rogers Clark. This treaty with Pon- tiac threw out the claim of Virginia to any Illinois terri- tory, and was one of the first causes of provocation which the colonists had against Great Britain. The ambitious THE HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS 243 Yankee was not to be thus curbed in his desire to extend his domain into the Great West. Although the king had proclaimed that no more settlements were to be made west of the Alleghenies, his proclamation was wholly disre- garded; within three years three important settlements had been made, among them one at Harrodsburg, Kentucky, un- der the leadership of George Rogers Clark. He, with other independent spirits, was jealous of the rights of the colo- nists, and determined to maintain them even in the face of war. After the opening of the war, Colonel Clark organized Kentucky into a county of Virginia and formed a plan to retake the lost stations of Kaskaskia and Vincennes. Pat- rick Henry, Governor of Virginia, gave him a commission to command an expedition for this purpose. In the spring of 1778, Clark effected a long and hazardous march across the country from the Ohio River near the present site of Louisville to Kaskaskia, with upward of one hundred volun- teers. Fort Chartres had been destroyed six years before by a flood in the Mississippi River, and the British garrison had built Fort Gage on the borders of Kaskaskia. This Clark found no trouble to capture, and at once all the French were his friends, choosing to sympathize with the Virgin- ians rather than with their old enemy, whom they never re- garded as their conqueror, though they had been compelled by their king to surrender their forts to him. It was known that their own nation was in full sympathy ' with the colo- nists. Colonel Clark next marched his men across the state and captured Fort Vincennes, on the Wabash, which gave the 244 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS whole Northwest Territory to the colonies. The Virginia - assembly named the country the Territory of Illinois. The Ordinance of 1787. And now came a new form of government for the French in Illinois. By an act of the Virginia legislature, all of that state lying west of the Alleghenies — including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan — was organized into the County of Illinois, with Ivaskaskia as its capital. In 1787 the territory northwest of the Ohio River was formed into the Northwest Territory at the last session of the Continental Congress, while the national Constitutional Convention was in session at Philadelphia. This act was the celebrated Ordinance of 1787, “the most notable law ever enacted by representatives of the American people.” The terms of this ordinance were favorable to the rapid settle- ment of the Northwest Territory, and in a year or two some of the most important cities in Ohio were founded. Arthur St. Clair was the first governor of the Northwest Territory, with his seat of government at Marietta, on the Ohio River. In February, 1791, under orders from Presi- dent Washington, he came to Ivaskaskia to organize a local government and distribute the lands to their rightful own- ers. St. Clair County thus became the first organized county in the state, and Cahokia the first county seat. But the Indians, encouraged by the British at the old French forts, harassed the new settlers, and for six or eight years seriously checked the impulse for emigration which had at first been felt through all the East. General Anthony Wayne met their combined forces at Fort Meigs, in Ohio, and defeated them in a great battle August 20, THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 245 1794. In the treaty which was signed a year later the Pot- tawattomies ceded to the general government “one piece of land six miles square at the mouth of Chicago River, emptying into Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood,” the old fort which had been built by Tonty in 1685. In 1803, the United States purchased Louisiana from France for $15,000,000 and ordered a fort constructed at the mouth of the Chicago River. This was the birth of Fort Dearborn and the great city of Chicago. The War of 1812. In June, 1812, the United States declared war with Great Britain. The first territorial legis- lature of Illinois met at Kaskaskia the same year. The whole region was at that time under the sway of hostile Indians, many of whom had gone to Canada temporarily to help the British. Ninian Edwards was governor of the territory, and under his direction about twelve hundred vol- unteers marched from the southern portion of the state into the northern, where the Indians were practically the sole occupants. On the shore of Peoria Lake they built Fort Clark, but the absence of the Indians prevented an encoun- ter. In the treaty of peace made at the close of the war, the Pottawattomies made a second cession of land to the United States, which proved to be a most valuable property. This was the strip of land designed and later used for the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Statehood. The Territory of Illinois was organized in 1809, and Ninian Edwards was appointed its first gov- ernor. The people clamored for admission into the Union as a 246 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS state, but by the ordinance of 1787 a population of 60,000 was necessary. Congress, therefore, passed an “enabling act” reducing the requirement to 40,000, and a questionable census reported the required number. In the bill admitting Illinois as a state it was provided that three-fifths of the five-per-cent fund from the sale of public lands should be devoted to “the encouragement of education,” and that one-sixth of this sum should be used exclusively for the establishment and maintenance of a university or college. It was also provided that the north- ern boundary of the state should be extended to the parallel of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes, north latitude, which was fifty-one miles north of the line indicated by the ordinance of 1787. This placed the site of Chicago in Illi- nois instead of Wisconsin. In July, 1818, thirty-three delegates met in Kaskaskia to draft a state constitution. The convention adjourned Au- gust 26th, and on December 3d of the same year Illinois became the eighth state added to the original thirteen. A new constitution was adopted in 1848, and a third in 1870. Slavery in Illinois. The first slaves in Illinois were five hundred natives of San Domingo brought to Fort Chartres in 1751 by Philip Renault to work in the gold and silver mines which the Company of the West expected to open. As no gold or silver was found, there were no mines to work, and the slaves were sold to the French settlers. But slavery never flourished in Illinois. The ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, and in 1818 Illinois was admitted as a free state. In 1822 a THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 247 majority of the legislature favored slavery, and a resolu- tion was adopted submitting to a vote of the people the question whether Illinois should be a slave state or not, hoping to secure an amendment to the constitution. This led to a most bitter and exciting political contest. Governor Coles contributed his entire salary of $4,000 as a campaign fund. The anti-slavery party won by 1,800 majority. The Murder of Lovejoy. Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of a religious paper published in St. Louis, fearlessly attacked the institution of slavery in the columns of his paper. His office was assaulted by a mob and completely destroyed. He then moved to Alton, in a free state, and attempted to reestablish his paper, but mobs destroyed his press twice. A fourth press was purchased by his friends. It arrived on the night of November 7, 1837. The next night a drunken mob attacked the warehouse where it was stored. In the building were Mr. Lovejoy and a few friends, who had armed themselves to defend the property. The mob set fire to the building and shot the men within. This event created great excitement throughout the state. Our State Capitals. The first capital of Illinois was Kaskaskia, chosen in 1809, when the Territory of Illinois was separated from that of Indiana. The second was at Vandalia. The temporary statehouse was occupied first in December, 1820. In 1837 the capital was removed to Springfield and a new statehouse was built at an expense of $200,000. In 1868 the cornerstone was laid for the present magnificent building, which cost $4,- 260 , 000 . Nauvoo and the Mormons. The Mormons came from 248 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Missouri to Illinois in the winter of 1838-39 and settled in Hancock County, calling their village Nauvoo. But the sect became unpopular in Illinois, as they had been in Mis- souri, and the people threatened such violence against the leaders, Joseph Smith and his brother Idyram, that the two men placed themselves in charge of the sheriff. On June 27, 1844, they were assassinated at the hands of a mob. Then followed dissensions among the Mormons themselves, and in 1846 most of them migrated to Salt Lake, Utah, un- der the leadership of Brigham Young. But many dissenters separated from the main body and in 1860 chose Joseph Smith, a son of the founder of Mormonism, to be their president, and settled at Lamoni, Iowa. The Black Hawk War. The provocation for the so- called Black Hawk War began in 1813, when a friend of the Indian chief Black Hawk was assaulted and beaten by some white men. He then set about avenging his friend, and became a cause of terror throughout the whole region of Illinois. In 1823 he received a severe physical punish- ment from some white men, which only made him the more vindictive. He refused to conform to the terms of a treaty signed at St. Louis, November 3, 1804, by which the Sac's were to move beyond the Mississippi, and held a band of 380 of his followers at the mouth of the Rock River, where the city of Rock Island now is. In the war of 1812 he sided with the British, and remained in a hostile mood. During the absence of Black Hawk’s people on a winter hunt in 1831, some white men took possession of their lands. A contest ensued, and certain terms of peace were agreed to, but they amounted only to a truce, and sucff ascare-was THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 249 stirred up throughout the state that the governor sent a troop of 600 volunteers to Fort Armstrong, on Rock Island, near the Indian village, under command of General Gaines, who compelled the Sacs to retire beyond the Mississippi, as they had originally promised to do. But Black Hawk secretly returned and besought the Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies to join him in an attempt to recover his lands. Instead of doing this, the Winnebagoes offered Black Hawk the privi- lege of raising corn in their territory. Accordingly Black Hawk and his braves, with their women, children, and old men, disregarding their treaty, recrossed the river and created terror in the hearts of all the people of northern Illi- nois. Governor Reynolds called out 1,800 volunteers, and among those who responded was Abraham Lincoln, then twenty-three years of age. It was not Black Hawk’s intention to fight, but his flag of truce was criminally violated and he flew into a rage and rallied as many supporters as possible to murder and pillage until victory should be won. No pitched battle was fought, but many whites were massacred, the chief loss of life oc- curring at Indian Creek, near the present site of Ottawa. The Indians at last fled from the country, their numbers much reduced, and history cannot fail to lay the blame for all the loss of life and property to the unfair and heartless treatment of the Indians by the powers of the state. The Mexican War. In 1845 President Polk called for volunteers to enter the war against Mexico. Illinois’s quota was three regiments, but six were furnished, a total of 6,315 men, and more were ready to go but were not ac- cepted. The first and second regiments joined the forces 250 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS of General Taylor in August, 1846. At Buena Vista they met the enemy 20,000 strong, under the command of the celebrated Santa Anna. The battle raged all day, and at night the Mexicans fled. This was a fierce and stubborn battle, and many brave men from Illinois gave up their lives, among them gallant Colonel Hardin. The third and fourth regiments were joined to the troops of General Scott and took part in the storming of Vera Cruz. After the fall of Vera Cruz, they marched to the City of Mexico, and distinguished themselves at the battle of Cerro Gordo by repeated charges upon the enemy’s lines. The other regiments were held back and did not have an opportunity of showing their valor on the field of battle. The war ended with the fall of the City of Mexico. Illinois in the Civil War. The state of Illinois fur- nished 260,000 men for the great Civil War. Only New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio furnished a larger number. Only Kansas furnished a larger number in proportion to her population. General U. S. Grant was a citizen of Galena when he first entered the army as a volunteer. Other illustrious generals from Illinois were President C. E. Hovey, of the State Normal University; John A. Logan, John A. McClernand, Richard Oglesby, John M. Palmer, John A. Rawlins, John Pope, and many more. Illinois troops were engaged in battles in all parts of the great battlefield, and everywhere became known for their bravery and excellent discipline, the nineteenth regiment especially, which enrolled 1,500 men and lost 1,000. THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 251 At the outbreak of the war in 1860 Chicago had a popu- lation of only a little more than 100,000. The President called on Illinois for six regiments. Elmer Ellsworth had been a captain of zouaves in Chicago and various other cities of the country, had studied law with Abraham Lin- coln in Springfield, and had acted as one of Lincoln’s body- guard on his inaugural trip to Washington. At the out- break of the war he went to New York and organized a company of zouaves and was the first Union man to fall in the war. Camp Douglas was opened in Chicago as a rendezvous for recruits in 1861. It was located on what was then open prairie, west of Cottage Grove Avenue, between Thirty- first and Thirty-third Streets. Douglas Square, the Douglas monument, and the grave of Stephen A. Douglas are a little south of the old camp. After recruiting was over, the gov- ernment used the camp for holding prisoners of war. Six thousand Confederate soldiers died in that camp. The Illinois Central Railroad. In 1850 Congress granted to Illinois 2,595,000 acres of land for a right of way for a railroad. In 1852 the state chartered the Illinois Central Railroad and conveyed all these lands to the rail- road company to aid in constructing its line of road. The company agreed to build seven hundred miles of road in Illinois, the main line from Cairo to LaSalle, and from that point branches to Chicago and Galena. The first train entered Chicago in 1855. The city and legislature had granted a right of way about three hundred feet wide, but it was provided that the track should be at least four hundred feet from Michigan Avenue, and for 252 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS that reason the track was laid on piles a part of the way. The station was at the foot of Randolph Street, but was burned in the great fire and never rebuilt. In 1893 the present station at Park Row was constructed. The ruins of the old station were not wholly cleared away for nearly twenty years. In return for its grant of land, the railroad company agreed to pay the state annually seven per cent, of its gross earnings in place of the usual taxes. The first railroad in Illinois was “The Great Northern Cross,” begun May 9, 1838, at Meredosia. This was only ten years after the building of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first one in the United States. This road was completed to Jacksonville at an expense of $1,000,000, but was sold at auction for $21,100. Lincoln in Illinois. Early in the spring of 1830 Abra- ham Lincoln and his parents came into Illinois as immi- grants from Indiana, Lincoln being then twenty-one years old. The family settled on the Sangamon River, about ten miles south of Decatur. Young Lincoln needed new clothes, and, being without money, he made a bargain with a woman of the neighbor- hood, agreeing to split four hundred rails for every yard of cloth she used in making him a pair of trousers. He had to split fourteen hundred rails for his trousers. Setting out to make an independent living, he became a clerk in a store at New Salem. He was captain of a com- pany in the Black Hawk War. After the close of the war he became postmaster. He was chosen to represent the people of his district in the state legislature. In 1837 he THE HISTORY OF ILLINOIS 253 settled at Springfield and took np the practice of law. In 1846 he was elected to Congress. During this year, in com- pany with Stephen A. Douglas, he made a tour of the state debating the subject of slavery in the territory obtained from Mexico. Lincoln was nominated for President of the United States at a convention of the Republican party held in Chicago in 1860. His election precipitated the Civil War. THE GOVERNMENT OF ILLINOIS The State and the Nation. The state is a part of the nation. The nation is made up of the states. Let all the states secede from the nation and it would cease to exist, for the strictly national territory would not afford a sup- port for the national government. The state is, therefore, a nation by itself, though, for the general good of all, the national constitution is accepted by the people of all the states as the highest authority in all matters not purely local in their nature. This is called “the supreme law of the land.” In return, each state has its representatives in Congress ; each state is protected by the federal government if its existence is threatened by insur- rection or foreign attack ; and any state may call upon the federal government for military assistance in suppressing mobs or whenever in distress of any kind. Sometimes the federal government has assisted the states when in financial distress, by distributing large sums of money or assuming state indebtedness. The national government has also distributed about 162,- 000,000 acres of public land, worth perhaps a billion dol- lars, and state experiment stations and agricultural colleges have been established and are largely supported by the na- tional government. The appropriations made for the es- tablishment of such institutions amount to about $2,000,000 a year. 254 THE GOVERNMENT OF ILLINOIS 255 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT The State Legislature. It is in the state legislature (technically styled the General Assembly) that the people of the state find their power to control themselves. The legislature represents the highest powers of government in the state. It may make any laws for the government of the people which are not in conflict with the federal or state constitution. And it is the direct vote of the people that places men in the legislature. For members of the legis- lature men are chosen by the voters among whom they live; so that the interests and opinions of every section of the state are directly represented by the people’s chosen repre- sentatives. The legislature meets once in two years at Springfield, in the state capitol. It is composed of two bodies, one called the House of Representatives and the other the Senate. Each body has a separate room for its meetings. There are fifty-one senatorial districts in the state, and each district is entitled to one senator (elected for four years) and three representatives (elected for two years) in the General As- sembly. In the Senate, the Lieutenant Governor acts as presiding officer ; in the House, a “speaker” presides who is chosen bv vote of the members. Standing Committees. For carrying on the business of legislation most expeditiously, various committees are ap- pointed by the speaker, known as standing committees, and besides these there is a coterie of party leaders, recognized 256 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS as such without official action, who are known as a “steer- ing committee.” No other member of the House has so much power as the speaker. He may prevent any member from addressing the House, and by virtue of his office is an influential member of the steering committee. How a Bill Becomes Law. While in session, the legis- lature meets every week-day. A set of rules is adopted which are intended to protect the legislature against hasty action in making laws. Any bill, in order to become a law, must be passed by both houses. If they cannot agree, a conference committee is appointed by each house, which seeks to unite the views of both houses into one bill. Any member of either body may introduce a bill, thus giving the greatest liberty to all the people in initiating, if not deter- mining, any desired legislation. Frequently bills originate with some local society in the state, and are placed in the hands of the representative from that locality, to be pre- sented to the legislature. The Governor sometimes recom- mends measures on his own account, or at the request of citizens, by embodying them in his message to the legisla^ ture. All bills are referred to committees before they are enacted into laws, and the committees carefully study their word- ing as well as their constitutionality. Only a small portion of the bills so referred are ever heard from again. The process of exchanging favorable votes on different measures which might not otherwise secure a majority vote is called “log-rolling.” One member agrees to vote for an-? other member’s bill if he in turn will vote for the first mem- ber’s bill. THE GOVERNMENT OF ILLINOIS 25 ? One of the important duties of the General Assembly is to elected United States senators. The Governor’s Veto. If a bill passes both houses, it then awaits the Governor’s signature before it becomes a law. If it is not approved by the Governor, he may return it without his signature, giving his reasons therefor. If he does not wish to express either his approval or disap- proval, he may let the bill lie for ten days, when it becomes a law without his signature. If the Governor vetoes a bill, it may then become a law by a two-thirds vote of each house. The veto power is important, though it throws a great responsibility on the Governor. Often bills are hastily passed which cannot secure even a majority vote after a veto. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT The Executive Department of the state comprises the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Secretary of State, the Auditor of Public Accounts, the Treasurer, the Super- intendent of Public Instruction, and the Attorney General. The Governor. The Governor’s duties are not con- fined wholly to administering the government of his own state. As chief executive of the state, he stands very near to the government of the nation, since every state is a part of the nation, and the Governor is the representative of his state. There is also a community of interests among states, and he is often called upon to act or speak for the state in its dealings with other states. Among his chief administrative duties are the appointing" of many subordinate officers and heads of departments and 258 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS state institutions. The Governor has the power of pardon- ing any person convicted of an offense against the state, and may make requisitions upon governors of other states for the return of fugitives from justice and may offer rewards for the arrest of offenders against the laws of the siate. Besides performing the regular administrative duties of the office, the Governor is expected to represent the state on the occasion of great celebrations, public meetings, funerals of distinguished men, public exercises of state in- stitutions, state and county fairs, etc. As commander-in-chief of the military forces of the state, he may call out the militia whenever he considers it neces- sary to maintain order or suppress a riot in any part of the state. The Lieutenant Governor. In case the Governor is absent from the state, the Lieutenant-Governor acts in his stead ; and if the Governor dies in office, he is succeeded by the Lieutenant Governor until the end of the term. He acts as president of the Senate ex-officio. The Secretary of State acts as his title implies. In an organized society the secretary has generally certain prescribed duties, and the Secretary of State performs simi- lar duties for the state as an organization. He keeps in his possession all original laws and resolutions passed by the General Assembly, which is the working-session of the or- ganized state. He supervises the printing and distribu- tion of all public documents of the state. Lie issues licenses for corporations, and certificates of organization to cities, villages, and incorporated towns. He THE GOVERNMENT OF ILLINOIS 259 has charge of most of the buildings and grounds in Spring- field which belong to the state. The Printer Expert. As an aid to the Secretary of State in accomplishing the great amount of printing re- quired by the state, the Governor appoints a Printer Ex- pert, generally called State Printer, who not only supervises the work done, but prepares specifications for bids, and examines all printing accounts. The State Auditor is the state’s bookkeeper. He au- dits accounts of all persons authorized to draw money from the state treasury. He brings suit against persons in be- half of the state. With the Governor and the Treasurer he determines the state tax rate. He exercises a general supervision over the state banks, and over building, loan, and homestead associations. The State Treasurer is the custodian of the funds be- longing to the state. The Superintendent of Public Instruction has super- vision over all public schools of the state ; advises county superintendents of schools ; grants state certificates to teachers; visits charitable institutions of an educational character, and reports biennially to the Governor. The Attorney General represents the state in the Su- preme Court, and acts as counsel for the Governor and all state officials in matters relating to their official duties. QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING According to the Fourteenth Amendment of the Con- stitution of the United States, “all persons born or natu- ralized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction 260 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.” The voter must be a male citizen, at least twenty-one years of age on the day before election; must have lived in the same state for one year, in the same county for ninety days, and in the same precinct for thirty days preceding the day of election. All voting must be done by ballot. In the State of Illinois persons who have been convicted of bribery, felony, or other infamous crime, and have not been officially pardoned, are not entitled to vote. An idiot is not entitled to vote, nor an alien who has not taken out naturalization papers, nor a pauper in a public institution. No person may vote except in the precinct where he resides. Section 83 of the Constitution of Illinois is as follows : — • Any person who shall solicit, request, demand, or receive, directly or indirectly, any money, intoxicating liquor, or other thing of value, or the promise thereof, either to influence his vote, or to be used to procure the vote of any other person or persons, or to be used at any poll or other place prior to or on the day of an election, for or against any candidate for office, or for or against any meas- ure or question to be voted upon at such election, shall be guilty of the infamous crime of bribery in elections, and upon conviction thereof shall be sentenced to disfranchisement for a term of not less than five nor more than fifteen years, and to the county jail not less than three months nor more than one year, and to pay the cost of prosecution and stand committed to the county jail until such costs shall be fully paid. For conviction of a second offense under this section, such offender shall be forever disfranchised and deprived of the right to vote in this state. Section 70 also provides as follows : — No person who has been legally convicted of any crime the punishment of which is confinement in the penitentiary, Or who THE GOVERNMENT OF ILLINOIS 261 shall be convicted and sentenced under Section 83 of this Act, shall be permitted to vote at any election unless he shall be restored to the right to vote by pardon, or by the expiration of the term of his disfranchisement under Section 83 of this Act. How a Foreigner May Become a Citizen of the United States. The law says that “no alien shall be admitted to become a citizen who has not, for the continued term of five years next preceding his admission, resided within the United States.” If an alien is over eighteen years of age when he first comes to this country, he may apply for citizenship to a circuit court, or a district court, or other court of record, at any time after his arrival, and obtain his “first papers.” This is called his “declaration of intention.” Chinese, Japanese, and other Mongolians are not admitted to citizenship in this country. Two years after an alien has declared his intention to become a citizen, he may obtain his naturalization papers by taking an oath of allegiance to the United States govern- ment, provided he has been in the country five years and in the state one year, and can prove this, on oath, to the satisfaction of the court, and is a man of good moral char- acter and not an anarchist. If under eighteen years of age when he arrives in this country, he may, on becoming twenty-one years of age, pro- vided he has resided in the country five years, obtain admis- sion as a citizen without having previously declared his intention to do so. In either case a witness is necessary to establish the proof of residence, and in the latter case the applicant must “declare on oath that for two years next 262 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS preceding it has been, bona fide , his intention to become a citizen of the United States.” Children who were under twenty-one years of age when their parents became naturalized are regarded as citizens on becoming of age. An American Indian can acquire citizenship only by leav- ing his tribe. The people of Porto Rico and the Philippines sustain much the same relation to American citizenship as the American Indian. Voters are called electors because they elect their officers of government. No elector is subject to arrest while attending an elec- tion, or in going to or returning from an election, except for treason, felony, or a breach of the peace. An elector cannot be said to have lost his residence in the state because of absence in the service of the state or the United States. Soldiers and marines of the United States do not acquire a residence in the state by reason of being stationed therein. Women May Vote for School Officers. Any woman, twenty-one years of age or over, meeting all the require- ments for a male voter, is entitled to vote at any election held for the purpose of choosing any officer of schools, and may therefore hold office in school government. The ballot offered by any woman entitled to vote must contain no names except those of candidates for public school offices, and must be deposited in a separate ballot-box. Registration. Voters must be registered on one of two days fixed by law before each general election, and no one is allowed to vote who has not registered on one of the two Issued by Board of Election Com- missioners of the City of Chicago. Election Tuesday , N ovember 5, 1906. ISAAC N. POWELL, Chief Clerk Board of Election Commissioners. © f/3 £ p I 8 a? p £ 3 O P w p p <5 P « a) - H P >» O 03 3 H a S £ o ft a S3 o to 5 a -4-> M S G o w O Q o « a > «3 ft p o o ft CSJ .a ° a; C/3 o 2 * 5 3 O Id 3 £ •c w O S3 v C/3 5 si a •-p a CO 3 I M a 03 Sx ft ft «3 O P w o <3 -3 c3 o a; ft p H C W H C/3 S3 ft <3 s m <3 M p < ft ft co ft P o a & S3 Q W a cj.2 O to ft.® -n> 2 e c a> C O •so ft o w o ■ P C/3 ft) £9 « O O o > 'g £ £c t-p* -2 tc g w P •2 «S P M O ^■0 0)^ « "2 ft ®6^ < Xfl > c «+-i o O fa fa Eh a fa fa 525 »— < £ Q ft) C/3 r , w g O ft ft ft ft £3 . M P £ ft W □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ ! □ 1 □ 1 I □□□□□□□□□a □□□ n o p 03 s » 3 § 53 ft S 3 « « « W P CO 03 0. w ■s S3 2 g ° w !-. r G H ^ C/3 S « W - >-4 -r 1 >-) £ W S ! >. O ■S P w p Pei O M P ■S {X ^3 Cl3 2 3 Ph « “ &< o H -*■' MH & o a S3 o I— » □ □ □ □ O ^ □ £T 2 cc o m >y c o a fa o 09 fa t-4 fa K o 0 fa O ^ ■°g <3 CL -n> 33 CJ 2. w ? M S « o W P fe (3 Eh < o' ^ -2 £ c/3 vS ^ tp o r? W ^ H a p o O . c .2 O co fa .23 rg O r„o O — t ft W o « P 2 o Ex P ft 2 O £ w P H £ « -4-< 3 r ^ ft W 3 ^ ^ f 5 M o ft ft p w w p p *> o o I— , 1—1 ft ft <3 £ ft ft « s ft p ft . ft *“> p <3 g o S3 H .£- P O ■p ft £ p x 6 O 0 « !- W 1 S ft o w □ □□□□ □ □□□ n □□□□□□□□□□ □□□ n THE GOVEENMENT OF ILLINOIS 263 days. The registration days are the Saturday immediately preceding the Tuesday four weeks before the election, and the Tuesday just three weeks before the election. This registration is not necessary oftener than once in two years. The Australian Ballot. The Australian Ballot law was enacted in order to facilitate the casting of votes without interference, in secret, and with deliberation. In this ballot the names of all candidates appear on the same sheet, the candidates of each party being printed in separate columns. Formerly the party emblem was printed at the top, so that a man who could not read might place his cross under it and thus indicate that he wished to cast his vote for all the candidates in that column. This emblem is now omitted and the voter places a cross in the circle before the name of his party. Voting Machines. Various attempts have been made to construct a machine to facilitate the casting of votes and insure accuracy in counting the votes cast, but their expense and liability to get out of order have as yet prevented their adoption in most places. THE JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT The Judiciary Department of the state comprises the Supreme Court, the Appellate Courts, the Circuit Courts, the Courts of Cook County, the Municipal Court of Chi- cago, the County and Probate Courts, and the City Courts. The Supreme Court consists of seven judges, elected for a term of nine years, one from each of the seven dis- tricts into which the state is divided. The election is held in June of the year in which any term expires. 264 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Appellate Courts. There are four Appellate Courts, one for each of the four districts into which the state is divided. , The Circuit Courts. There are seventeen judicial cir- cuits outside of Cook County. The state constitution recognizes Cook County as one judicial circuit, and establishes the Circuit, Criminal, and Superior Courts of that county. The Municipal Court of Chicago was established by act of May 18, 1905. Probate Courts are established in counties having a population of over 70,000, distinct from the County Courts. In other counties the County Courts have jurisdiction in all matters of probate. City Courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the Cir- cuit Courts within the city. THE INSURANCE DEPARTMENT The Insurance Department is in charge of the Insurance Superintendent. He is required to administer the state laws relating to insurance of all kinds, and to enforce compliance with their provisions. More than six hundred companies are obliged to make annual reports to the Insurance De- partment, and about 37,000 agents’ licenses are annually issued by the Superintendent. The premiums paid on in- surance of all kinds in this state amounts to about $70,000,- 000 annually. THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT Adjutant General. Next to the Governor, who is com- mander-in-chief, is the Adjutant General. He is in direct THE GOVERNMENT OF ILLINOIS 265 charge of the whole military and naval organization of the state. It is his duty to see that the Military Department is at all times prepared to respond to the call of the Gov- ernor for aid in enforcing the laws. He is appointed by the Governor. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR The Governor appoints one Public Administrator for each county, for a term of four years, to administer the estates of deceased persons who have no relatives or cred- itors within the state. EXECUTIVE BOARDS In order to distribute the labor and at the same time secure a fair and impartial conduct of state affairs, a num- ber of executive boards have been organized which are generally composed of men representing different sections of the state. Some are non-partisan in name, but most are bi-partisan in reality. Among these boards are the Railroad Commissioners, the Board of Health, the Board of Administration of the state charitable institutions, and many others. STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS There are seventeen state charitable institutions as fol- lows : — Asylums for the insane at Jacksonville, Kankakee, Elgin, Anna, Watertown, Peoria, and Chester. Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, at Quincy. Soldiers’ Widows’ Home, at Wilmington. 2.66 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home, at Normal. St. Charles School for Boys, at St. Charles. State Training School for Girls, at Geneva. Asylum for Feeble-minded Children, at Lincoln. School for the Deaf, at Jacksonville. School for the Blind, at Jacksonville. Industrial Home for the Blind, at Chicago. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Chicago. The average number of insane persons in the hospitals of the state is about 5,000. The Board of Administration. A very important act of the last legislature was that creating a new Board of Administration for the seventeen state charitable institu- tions. This new board, consisting of five men, came into existence January 1, 1910, displacing the several boards of trustees and also the former State Board of Charities. The Board of Administration thus has charge of 15,000 wards of the state, 2,200 employees, and property worth $10,000,000; and must be responsible for the expenditure of over $3,000,000 annually. A new Charities Commission also was created, whose duties are largely those of visitation, criticism, and recom- mendation. The old boards of trustees also become local boards for visitation. This new system brings all the charitable institutions under one board, like the departments of a large manufac- turing concern ; all their funds are handled at one place and by the same treasurer, and all supplies are furnished from the same office. THE GOVERNMENT OP ILLINOIS 267 PENAL AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS State Penitentiary, at Joliet. Southern Penitentiary, at Chester. State Reform School, at Pontiac. STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS University of Illinois, at Champaign and Urbana. Illinois State Normal University, at Normal. Northern Illinois State Normal School, at De Kalb. Eastern Illinois State Normal School, at Charleston. Southern Illinois State Normal University, at Carbondale. Western Illinois State Normal School, at Macomb. THE ILLINOIS NATIONAL GUARD The complete organization of the Illinois National Guard consists of 569 commissioned officers ; 8,428 enlisted men ; the Commander-in-Chief, who is the governor ex-officio ; Adjutant General; The Division, Chicago; First Brigade, Chicago ; Second Brigade, Decatur ; Third Brigade, Rock Island; First Infantry, Chicago; Second Infantry, Chicago; Third Infantry, Rockford; Fourth Infantry, Jacksonville; Fifth Infantry, Quincy; Sixth Infantry, Rock Island; Seventh Infantry, Chicago ; Eighth Infantry, Chicago ; First Cavalry, Chicago ; Artillery Battalion, Danville ; Signal Corps, Chicago ; Medical Department, Chicago ; Inspector General, Chicago ; Inspector of Rifle Practice. Chicago , Judge Advocate General, Chicago. ILLINOIS NAVAL RESERVE The Naval Reserve has its headquarters at 20 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. There are six divisions located in Chi- cago, and others at Moline, Rock Island, Alton, and Quincy. FINAL SUGGESTIONS Importance of the Subject. In the preceding pages we have presented the history and civil government of Chicago, Cook County, and Illinois, yet only in the briefest manner possible for practical use in public schools. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the elements which are neces- sary to good government and good citizenship is acknowl- edged more generally to-day than ever before. If the pupils in our schools are to become intelligent and useful citizens they must have this knowledge. They must know the causes and conditions which have led up to the existing forms" of government, and they must know what are the things which make a city or a state great or strong. The Study of Municipal Government. The study of civil government as pursued in most schools has too little to do with the government of our great cities. It is the cities that shape all legislation ; in them reside the strongest forces which influence the lawmakers of the state. In a sense they not only make the laws of the state, but are them- selves the vital forces of the state. It is important, then, that the government of cities should receive a larger share of the attention given to civics in our schools. In Illinois, Chicago presents the greatest and most important munici- pal problems anywhere found in the state. The study of Chicago is therefore of equal importance with the study of the state. 268 FINAL SUGGESTIONS 269 Municipal Government Interesting to Children. In any city the pupils in the schools will be more benefited by studying the government of their own city than by trying to comprehend what seems to them a theoretical form of so-called state government, remote from their daily life, even the existence of which they see no evidence of. In the city they see the government in action; they admire the policemen ; they honor the firemen ; they appreciate the street car, the schools, the libraries, the waterworks, the parks, the jail; etc., and know what these institutions mean; but their minds are confused when they are taught about matters of state with which they have no personal contact, and about which they can form only a vague conception. Supplementary Work Needed.. The discussion of topics in the preceding pages is little more than an enu- meration of some important facts. The full benefit will not be derived from their study unless the teacher supplements the facts here given by much detail, and by accompanying his pupils to see for themselves the things in which they are interested. They should also have access through their school library to the annual reports of the different depart- ments of the city government, and of all the great corpora- tions and institutions of the city. If possible, the school library should contain a copy of the City Code, and an abundance of photographs. Stereopticon lectures should be given, to impress more thoroughly upon the pupils’ minds the extent of Chicago’s industries and the intricacy of their management. The Pupils’ Personal Interest. Children should be led to see that all this life and activity about them, all this 270 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS elaborate system of municipal government, is only the great life of which they are themselves a part, and in which they should feel a deep personal interest. In connection with this study, the individual’s obligations and personal inter- ests should be emphasized and enforced. Their fathers are more or less directly connected with what is described in the book, and this fact should be made a vital one in nearly every lesson. A City’s Personality. There is hardly any subject of more vital interest and importance than that which has to do with the development of a city’s personality; for a great city like Chicago certainly has a personality of its own, and it is as interesting to trace the history of its develop- ment and growth, and discover the elements of its present greatness, as it is to study the biography of a great man. The Charm of a Great City. Chicago is a live city — a lively city. It had its birth ; it developed its character ; and it now enjoys its own individuality. Its attractions are as real as its repulsions. There is a charm in any such great city which is felt by all classes of people, young or old, learned or unlearned, the philosopher, the poet, and even the rustic from the farm. It is the vital, active life of the city that makes it so attractive. Hence the constant flow of humanity from the country to the city. Chicago Has Been Transformed. This active business and social life of Chicago has transformed it within the past few years from a great pork-packing metropolis merely into a city of art, industry, education, and great moral in- fluences. The artistic sentiment of Chicago is to-day the dominant influence in shaping her future career, and the FINAL SUGGESTIONS 271 greatest undertakings of her citizens now have to do with the aesthetic and moral rather than the politic or even the civic. The recent improvements in her street-railway service, in her street-paving, in her great boulevards, in her mag- nificent retail stores, rivaling the finest to be found in any of the cities of the world ; her numerous clubs and leagues whose chief aim is to purify the politics of the city, enhance its civic virtues, and improve the conditions of its more unfortunate citizens — these and many other agencies are tending to make Chicago great in all that pertains to the higher and better things of life, as well as in numbers and the magnitude of her industries. Books for Reference. As an aid in the further study of this subject, the following imperfect list of books is sug- gested. Most of these books may be found in the Crerar Library or the Public Library. Efficient Democracy. — Allen. Civics and Health. — Allen. How the World Is Fed. — Carpenter. The Social Problem at the Chicago Stock-yards. — Bushnell. Principles of Relief. — Devine. Modern Methods of Charity. — Henderson. Prisoners and Paupers. — Boies. How to Become a Patrolman. — O’Reilly. Outlines for Teaching Civics. — Thurston. Guarding a Great City. — McAdoo. Through the Chicago Stock-yards. — O’Brien. The Story of Chicago and National Development. — Atkinson. A Students’ History of Illinois. — Smith. Lessons for Junior Citizens.— Hill. The Making of Illinois. — Mather. The Old Northwest. — Hinsdale. City Government for Young People. — Willard. Illinois and the Nation. — Trowbridge. 272 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS Government and the Citizen. — Ashley. The American City. — Wilcox. City Government in the United States. — Goodnow. The Study of City Government. — Wilcox. Municipal Administration. — Fairlie. Actual Government.— Hart. Municipal Administration. — Coler. History of Illinois. — Brown. The Illini. — Carr . Illinois in 1837. — Ellsworth. Chapters from Illinois History. — Mason. Early History of Illinois. — Breese. History of Illinois. — Ford. Black Hawk War — Stevens. Old ’Kaskia Days. — Holbrook. Illinois in the Eighteenth Century. — Mason. The Story of Tonty. — Catherwood. Annual Reports of the various departments, hospitals, corpora- tions, etc. Directory of Chicago Charities. Blue Books of Illinois. Publications of Historical Societies of Illinois and Chicago. Publications of Chicago Geographical Society. Articles on Police, etc., in any good encyclopedia. Captain A. R. Piper’s report of an investigation of the discipline and administration of the Police Department of the City of Chicago. APPENDIX— MARCH 1, 1911. Page 44. Building Level. It has been discovered by engineers that the surface of the land within the loop dis- trict has sunk from six to eight inches during the last twenty years, the reasons assigned being the construction of heavy buildings and the subway of the Illinois Tunnel Company. The discovery was made when it was found that newly laid sidewalks were six to eight inches higher than the older walks adjoining. Page 54. Council Committees. To the list of standing committees of the Council should be added: Fire De- partment, Local Industries and special committees on Bathing Beaches and Recreation Piers, and City Ex- penditures ; and the special committee on Public Lands should be omitted. These special committees are now called select committees. Page 63. Pension Funds. The Comptroller’s report shows that the city paid the following sums into the Pen- sion Fund in 1910 : Three-fourths of dog licenses $ 90,642.00 One-fourth of pawnbrokers’ licenses 64,030.00 One-fourth of junk dealers’ licenses 1,021.03 One-fourth of second-hand dealers’ licenses 2,433.78 Three per cent of liquor licenses 1,512.94 Three per cent of saloon licenses 214,545.00 Other licenses 15,809.92 Police details 30,429.84 Sale of lost or unclaimed property 187.47 One-half of costs for violations of city ordinances and all fines for concealed weapons 42,037.00 Total $402,668.93 The Police Pension Fund now amounts to $450,000. 273 274 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS For full information concerning the creation of these funds and the method of their distribution, consult the Illinois statutes. Page 67. Dumping in the Lake. In May, 1910, Con- gress passed a bill making it unlawful to deposit refuse matter of any kind, except sewerage, into Lake Michigan at any point opposite Cook County, or Lake County, In- diana, within eight miles from the shore. This was done to protect the water supply from contamination, and ap- plies to government dredging work. Page 69. Bureau of Firearms. By order of the Mayor this bureau was discontinued February 6, 1911. Page 86. Commissioner of Public Works. By an or- dinance passed June 13, 1910, it was made the duty of the Commissioner of Public Works to award and execute contracts for any work or public improvement, the cost of which exceeds five hundred dollars, and all contracts for coal for the use of any department of the city. Page 95. Street Numbers. Numbers in the business section of the city were changed April 1, 1911, so as to conform to the general plan of numbering in the residence districts. Page 103. Automobile License. On March 14, 1910, the Council amended the ordinance relative to automobile license so that every license is terminable on December first of each year, and the charge made is three dollars if the license runs for a period exceeding six months ; one dollar and a half if for a period less than six months. Page 107. Board of Education. At its meeting held December 14, 1910, the Board of Education increased the powers and duties of the secretary of the board by giving him jurisdiction, direction, and control over all de- APPENDIX. 275 partments of the board other than that of education, also over the civil service employes of the department of edu- cation. He was also given general charge, direction, and control over all expenditures of money (except the pay- ment of teachers’ salaries), the investment of all property of the public school system, and all other matters of a business nature. His salary was made equal to that of the Superintendent of Schools. Page 112. Municipal Court. The branch civil courts of the first district are now located in the new City Hall. Page 114. Bill Posting. An ordinance passed July 11, 1910, requires that before any poster or advertisement of any kind which exceeds twelve square feet in area may be put up in any place, a permit must be obtained from the Commissioner of Buildings. Page 119. Public Library. There are now over one hundred places where patrons of the Public Library may secure books for home use, or return those which they have read. Fifteen of these are circulating centers, where one may make his own selection from the books on the shelves. Several deposit collections, containing from 200 to 500 books each, have also been placed in factories and mer- cantile institutions for the convenience of laborers. Page 150. Gas. The People’s Gas Light and Coke Company pays the city annually five per cent of its gross receipts. Page 173. Population of Chicago. The government census of June, 1910, gave the official figure of 2,185,283 as the population of Chicago. Page 175. Conventions. The Association of Com- 276 CHICAGO, COOK COUNTY AND ILLINOIS. merce estimates that during the last five years the money spent in Chicago by persons attending conventions here amounts to $44,160,000. The number of conventions is given as 1,275, and the aggregate attendance at 1,380,- 000. The 'average time a visitor remained in the city is estimated at four days, and his daily expenditures at eight dollars. ADDITIONAL MATTER IN THIS APPENDIX. Height of Buildings. By an ordinance adopted Feb- ruary 6, 1911, the maximum height of new buildings per- mitted after September 1, 1911, was fixed at 200 feet. Passenger Subway. In February, 1910, the Mayor ap- pointed a Chief Subway Engineer, with instructions to formulate a plan for a passenger subway under the city. Several such plans have now been completed, and it is ex- pected that all necessary legal preliminaries will be at- tended to soon, when one of the plans will be adopted and work begun. Sales of Intoxicating Liquors. A recent ordinance re- quires all druggists to report monthly to the Chief of Police all sales of intoxicating liquors in quantities of more than six ounces ; also to keep a complete record of all sales of liquors, no matter how small the quantities. INDEX A Accounting Division, 51, 97. Adjutant General, 264. Administration, Board, 265, 266. Administrator, Public, 265. Agricultural Machines and Im- plements, 148; Products, 229. Aldermen, 53. Algonquin Indians, 232, 238, 239, 242. Alleghenies, 242, 243, 244. Allouez, Father, 232. Alton, 247. Ambulance Service, Bureau, 51, 76. American Fur Company, 8. American Railway Union, 33. Amusement Parks, 166. Anarchist Riots, 31, 35. Animals, Cruelty to, 113. Annexation, 35. Appellate Court, 213. Architecture, Bureau, 51, 96. Arkansas, 233. Armstrong, Fort, 249. Arnold, I. N., 12. Art Commission, 167. Art Institute, 126. Art League, Outdoor, 130 ; Mu- nicipal, 168. Assessors, Board, 214; Town 221 . Association of Commerce, 132. Astor, John Jacob, 8, 12. Asylums, State, 265. Attorney, City, 60; County, 210; State, 213 ; General, 257, 259. Auditor, State, 257, 259. Australian Ballot, 263. Automobile Registry, Board, 51, 103. B Bacteriologist, 74. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 252. Barry, William, 7. Bathing-Beaches, 165. Baths, Free Public, 77. Beaubien, Mark, 14. Bed-rock, 46. Benches and Street Grades, Division,. 93. Bench Monuments, 94. Bill Becomes Law, 256. Bill-posting, 114. Black Hawk, 248, 249; War, 248, 252. Blaekstone Hotel, 80. Blasting, 114. Blue Island, 41, 47 ; Ridge, 38. Boards: Examiners of Engineers, 51, 83 ; Examiners of Plumbers, 51, 85 ; Supervising Engineers, 51, 84; Local Improvements, 51, 99 ; Automobile Registry, 51, 103 ; Examiners of Moving Picture Operators, 51, 85 ; Education 51, 107; County Commissioners, 202 ; Trade, 143; Assessors, 214; Review, 214; Directors, 221; Health, 265; Administration, 265. 266. Boiler Inspection, 51, 81. Books for Reference, 271. Bridewell, Committee, 54. Bridgeport, 18, 41, 45. Bridges, Committee, 54; and Viaducts, Division, 87. Buena Vista, 250. Building, Department, 50, 79; Committee, 54. 277 27S INDEX Bureaus: Detective, 50, 66; Identification, 50, 68 ; Police Records, 50, 68 ; Fire-arms, 50, 69; Vital Statistics, 50, 72; Contagious Diseases, 50, 76; Laboratory Service, 50, 74; Food Inspection, 50, 74; Sani- tation, 51, 75; Hospital and Ambulance Service, 51, 76; Engineering, 51, 86; Streets, 51, 88; Sewers, 51, 93, 100; Water, 51, 97, 100; Maps and Plats, 51, 95; Architecture, 51, 96; Compensation, 51, 97; Fire-alarm Telegraph, 51, 101 ; Police-alarm Telegraph, 51, 102; Electrical Inspection, 51, 102; Gas Inspection, 51, 102; Electrical Construction and Maintenance, 51, 103; In- formation and Publicity, 51, 105; Special Assessments, 100; Sidewalks, 100; Streets and Alleys, 100. Business Agent, 62. Business Done at Stockyards, 137. Business Manager, 110. C Cabs and Carriages, Fares, 116. Cahokia, 241, 244; Indians, 238, 239. Cairo, 251. Calumet River, 15, 41 ; Lake, 43, 45. Calvary Cemetery, 169. Camp Good Will, 127. Canada, 241, 245. Candidates, Nominated, 58. Capitals, State, 247. Carter H. Harrison Crib, 25. Catholic Church in Chicago, 131. Causes of Chicago ’s Growth, 14. Cemeteries, 169. Census, School, 111. Centennial Celebration, 35. Cerro Gordo, 250. Certificate of Title, 234. Champlain, Lake, 242. Chappel, Eliza, 26. Charitable Organizations, 127. Charities Commission, 266. Charm of Great City, 270. Chartres, Fort, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246. Chemist, 74. Chesbrough, E. S., 22. Chicago a Convention City, 175. Chicago and Northwestern Rail- way, 16; Station, 80. Chicago : Association of Com- merce, 130; Board of Trade, 143 ; Clearing House Associa- tion, 145; Commons, 129; Erring Woman’s Refuge, 74; Female Seminary, 26; Fort, 9, 10; Harbor, 47; Harbor Com- mission, 107 ; Historical Soci- ety, 7, 12, 123; Hydraulic Company, 21; Infants’ Hos- pital, 74; Lake, 36; Law and Order League, 133 ; Outlet, 37, 42; Police, 36, 37; Portage, 234, 235, 237 ; Public Library, 119; River, 8, 9, 13, 18, 20, 39, 47, 233, 234, 236, 238, 245; Sunday Evening Club, 131 ; Telephone Company, 152; Transformed, 270. Chief of Police, 63, 64. Chief Statistician, 105. Chippewa Indians, 10. Cholera, Epidemic, 35. Chouteau, Father, 241. Christian Association, Young Men’s, 130; Young Women’s, 130. Cities, Villages, and Towns Act, 53. Citizens ’ Association, 132. Citizens, Duty of, 49; How to Become, 261. City: Art Commission, 167; At- torney, 60; Clerk, 50, 55; Club, 133; Collector, 63; Comp- troller, 61 ; Council, 50, 53 ; Dog Pound, 50, 68 ; Electrician, INDEX 279 100; Engineer, 86; Expendi- tures, Commission, 106; Gar- dens Association, 130; Hall, 32, 49, 80 ; Hall Committee, 54 ; Markets, 51, 106; Paymaster, 62; Physician, 74; Treasurer, 62. Civic Federation, 134. Civics, Importance of, 258. Civil Service Commission, 50, 53. 210; Committee, 54. Civil Service Keform Association, 134. Civil War, 12, 250, 253. Clark. George Rogers, 9, 242, 243 ; Fort, 245. Climate, 248. Clearing House, 145. Clerk, Town, 221. Clothing, Men ’s, 142 ; Women ’s, 143. Coke for Fuel, 230. Coles, Governor, 247. Coliseum, 176. Collector, City, 63; County, 221. Commander-in-Chief, 258, 264. Commissions and Commissioners : United States, 10; Civil Serv- ice, 50, 55, 209; Election, 50; City Expenditures, 106; Mu- nicipal Efficiency, 106; Harbor, 107; South Park, 159; West Park, 160 ; Lincoln Park, 160 ; North Shore, 161 ; Special Park, 164; Jury, 214; Chari- ties, 266 ; Illinois and Michigan Canal, 13. Commissioner: Health, 72 ; Build- ing, 79 ; Track Elevation, 97 ; Information and Publicity, 105; Highway, 221; Railroad, 265. Committees, Council, 54; Special, 54 ; County, 202 ; Standing, 255. Common Council, 54. Commonwealth Edison Company, 151. Company of the West, 240. Compensation, Bureau, 51, 97 ; Committee, 54. Comptroller, City, 61 ; County, 210 . Compulsory Education, 112. Concordia Cemetery, 170. Congress, U. S., 13, 251; Conti- nental, 244. Connecting Lines, 147. Conspiracy of Pontiac, 241. Constitution, State, 246, 260. Constitutional Convention, 244. Construction, Department, 50, 68. Consumptive Hospital, 205. Contagious Diseases, Bureau, 50, 76. Continental Divide, 38. Continuation High Schools, 110. Cook, Daniel P., 13. Corn Products Refining Company, 152. Coroner, 213. Corporation Counsel, 59. Correction, House of, 50. Counting Votes, 59. County Agent, 203; Commis- sioners, 202; Comptroller, 210; Illinois, 244; Hospital, 205; Officers, 201 ; Physician, 205 ; Surveyor, 213 ; Teachers ’ Asso- ciation, 211. Court: Appellate, 213, 263, 264; Circuit, 213, 263, 264; City, 263, 264; County, 213, 263; Juvenile, 214; Municipal, 52, 112, 263, 264; Probate, 213, 263, 264; Superior, 213; Su- preme, 263. Cruelty to Animals, 113. Crevecmur, Fort, 236, 237. Custodian ’s Office, 50, 67. D Daily News, 172; Fresh Air Fund, 127. Dead Animals, Removal of, 78. Dearborn, Henry, 10; Fort, 9, 10. 11, 12, 30, 35, 245. Debs, Eugene V., 33. 2, SO INDEX Decatur, 252. Declaration of Intention, 261. Delivery Stations, 121. Departments: Law, 50, 59, 100; Finance, 50, 61 ; Police, 50, 63 ; Vehicle Inspection, 50, 68; Construction, 50, 68; Fire, 50, 69; Building, 50, 79; Health, 50, 72; Public Works, 51, 86; Track Elevation, 51, 97 ; Local Transportation, 51, 98; Elec- tricity, 51, 100; Insane, 20