DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/forestfiresinnor01 holm_2 NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, DIRECTOR ECONOMIC PAPER No/51 FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1918, 1919, and 1920 AND FOREST PROTECTION IN NORTH CAROLINA <* BY J. S. HOLMES, State forester i j 7 2~ RALEIGH MITCHELL PRINTING COMPANY STATE PRINTERS 1921 m STATE GEOLOGICAL BOARD Governor Cameron Morrison, ex officio Chairman Raleigh, N. C. Mu, Frank R. Hewitt .'. Asheville, N. C. Hon. John H. Small Washington, N. C. Mr. C. C. Smoot, III North Wilkesboro, N. C. Mr. Robert G. Lassiter Oxford, N. C. Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist Tli E‘ ' V ic - Swr - 4- 6‘3 >«■> 3 Tjr 'i' 1 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Chapel Hill, 1ST. C., May 20, 1921. To his Excellency, Honorable Cameron Morrison, Governor of North Carolina. Sir: — For the past twelve years the Survey has made a practice of collecting and publishing annually information concerning the extent and amount of damage caused by forest fires in order to impress upon the people of the State the need for greater care in handling fire in and near the woods. It is felt that this policy has been amply justified. I am, therefore, submitting herewith for publication as Economic Paper Ho. 51 of the Reports of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, a report on the “Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1918, 1919 and 1920 and Forest Protection in North Carolina.” An Appendix, containing the names and addresses of all the Voluntary Township Forest Fire Correspondents who reported for 1920, has been added for the information and convenience of the public and as a recognition of the public-spirited service these citizens have continued to render to the State. Yours respectfully, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. PREFACE The year 1920 completed the second phase of forest protection in TsTorth Carolina and the year 1921 begins a third. The winter of 1908-09 saw the first strong effort to secure legislation for the protection of the forests of the State from fire. The General Assembly was not then interested because the people of the various counties cared little or nothing whether or not their woods were burned over. From then on to 1915, when the forest fire law was enacted, con- tinuous publicity and education through publications, the press, meet- ings, lectures, correspondence, etc., was carried on by the State Geo- logical and Economic Survey. This then might he termed the period' of publicity. Although the forest fire law of 1915 carried no appropriation, the fact that its enforcement was entrusted to the Geological and Economic Survey enabled this department to carry out some of the provisions for which the necessary amount of money was available. The cooperation of the Forest Service of the Federal Government in fire prevention was secured and a few men in selected districts were appointd Federal Patrol- men and State Forest Wardens. Only fourteen districts, comprising from one to several townships, had been started up to the end of 1920, and the wardens or patrolmen in charge of these districts were on duty only a comparatively small part of the year, just during the dry and dangerous spring and fall fire seasons. The efforts of these men have been directed not only towards the extinction of forest fires but largely towards arousing in the district an intelligent public opinion, which will work towards the 'prevention as well as the suppression of forest fires. This second period may be considered the experimental stage. The extension period has begun with the appointment by the Survey of Mr. W. D. Clark as Chief Forest Fire Warden in the fall of 1920, and the increase of the annual appropriation of the Survey by the General Assembly of 1921, a part of which will be devoted to extending the forest fire prevention work. The policy of the Survey will be to continue work in the districts already established, provided the residents continue their interest and cooperation. Extension of the work to other districts will be guided and influenced by the amount and kind of cooperation which can be secured from the local landowners or the county authorities. The measure authorizing and empowering county commissioners to cooperate with the Survey in fire protection, recently enacted, will undoubtedly smooth the way for arranging cooperation of this kind. The passage of the state-wide stock law will have a very beneficial effect in reducing the causes and the number of forest fires. 6 Poke, st Pikes in North Carolina Cooperation with the IT. S. Porest Service, as authorized by the Weeks Law, will be continued and, due to the increased amount that the State Survey can allot for the protection of the forests of the State from fire, the State will receive much greater cooperation from the Federal Porest Service and will thus be enabled to protect greater areas. Protection of forests from fire is a prerequisite for all other measures relating to the conservation and perpetuation of our forests. This is by far the most necessary and important measure for the State to intensively carry out, because the success of all others is dependent upon it. The principal object of such a measure is to prevent fires — not to wait until they are started and then extinguish them. Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director. CONTENTS Fokest Fires in North Carolina During 1918, 1919, and 1920: page Introduction 9 Fire Seasons 10 Average Relative Monthly and Seasonal Fire Risks (Table 1) 10 Forest Fires During 1918 10 Summary of Reports by Counties: Mountain Region (Table 2) 11 Piedmont Region (Table 3) 12 Coastal Plain Region (Table 4) 13 Forest Fires During 1919 14 Summary of Reports by Counties: Mountain Region (Table 5) 15 Piedmont Region (Table 6) 16 Coastal Plain Region (Table 7) 17 Forest Fires During 1920 18 Summary of Reports by Counties: Mountain Region (Table 8) 19 Piedmont Region (Table 9) 20 Coastal Plain Region (Table 10) 21 Review of the Past Three Years 22 Summary of Reports of Correspondents by Regions for 1918, 1919, and 1920 (Table 11) Size of Fires 23 Classification by Size of Forest Fires in Percentages (Table 12).. 24 Progress of Protection 24 Increase Through Twelve-Year Period in Average Damage Per Acre Burned Over and Decrease in Average Area of Each Fire (Table 13) 24 Causes of Forest Fires Causes of Forest Fires in Percentages (Table 14)... Laws Against Burning the Woods Intentional Fires Careless and Accidental Fires Fires Must be Watched Carefully Forest Protection in North Carolina Federal Patrolmen State Forest Wardens Instructions to State Forest Wardens How Fires Destroy Community Values How Fires May be Reduced in Size and Frequency. Causes of Forest Fires Duties of Forest Wardens Reward for Evidence 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 37 38 42 Forest Protection in North Carolina — Continued. page Cooperation in Fire Protection 43 County Cooperation 43 An Act to Authorize Counties to Cooperate 43 What Virginia Has Accomplished 43 Proposed Basis of Agreement 44 Forest Fire Protective Associations 45 Linville Forest Protective Association 45 Mount Mitchell Forest Protective Association 49 T'ryon Forestry Club 50 Sandhills Fire Association..... 53 Western Harnett County Landowners 55 Protecting Mount Mitchell State Park 57 Act Providing for the Administration and Protection of the Park 58 Appendix. List of Voluntary Township Forest Fire Correspondents Re- porting in 1920, Together with List of Counties and Townships of North Carolina 61 Publications. List of North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. ... 75 FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1918, 1919 AND 1920 By J. S. Holmes. State Forester INTRODUCTION The prevention of forest fires has for the past few years been growing- in importance until now it is one of the ISTation’s chief problems. It is estimated by the United States Forest Service that during the years 1916-1918 (the last years for which figures are available) an average annual damage of approximately twenty million dollars to timber and improvements was caused by an average of between thirty and thirty- five thousand forest fires. Less .than ten per cent of these fires were caused by lightning, which is the only agency for starting fires beyond the control of man. Practically ninety per cent of our forest fires are due to human carelessness and therefore could be prevented if every one would take as much care as the most careful. This state of things was brought to the attention of President Harding and within thirty days of his inauguration he issued a proclamation designating and setting apart the week of May 22-28, 1921, as Forest Protection Week and requesting “all citizens of their states to plan for that week such educational and instructive exercises as shall bring before the people the serious and unhappy effects of the present unnecessary waste by forest fires, and the need of their individual and collective efforts in conserving the natural resources of America.” In this proclamation President Harding- clearly brings out what has been recognized by foresters for a long time, that one of the chief weapons for the prevention of forest fires is the education' of the people to be more careful. It was with this object in view that the fSTorth Caro- lina Geological and Economic Survey started publishing in 1910 annual forest fire reports, based on information furnished by the leading and best informed citizens in their various communities throughout Earth. Caro- lina, who without charge contributed this service for the good of their State. These reports have shown an alarming condition. An estimated loss of more than one million dollars a year for the past twelve years has occurred, almost entirely through the carelessness or indifference of our own people. At the same time a reduction in the yielding capacity of our forests through fire and destructive lumbering — and to a very small extent by necessary clearing — is greatly reducing the annual production of timber in this State, as it is throughout the country. Only by preventing this unnecessary and disgraceful annual loss from fire can we hope to provide for the future needs of the State and Uation, which promise to be as great, if not greater, than they have been in the past. 10 Forest Fires in FTorth Carolina FIRE SEASONS Tlie distribution of fires throughout the year, which showed an abnor- mal proportion of spring fires in the last published report, returns more nearly to normal in the accompanying table which shows the average distribution for the three years under consideration. An excessively dry and dangerous season resulting in a large number of fires may occur at almost any time of the year, and such an occurrence as the April fires of 1916 will give a disproportionate percentage of fires for that season. The past three years have been fairly average seasons so that this table is undoubtedly nearer to the normal than the one previously published. Table L— AVERAGE RELATIVE MONTHLY AND SEASONAL FIRE RISKS FOR THREE YEARS, 1918, 1919, AND 1920, IN PERCENTAGES Mountain Piedmont Coastal Plain State Months Seasons Months Seasons Months Seasons Months Seasons March 20' 26' 25 23 April... 24 54 25 60 22 56 23 56 Spring May . .. 10 ] 91 9j iO June 2 3 4 3 July 1 4 3 9 3 9 2 7 Summer August 1 3 2 2 September-- 2 5 5 4 October 8 26 6 19 7 19 7 22 Fall November. 16 8 7 ip December. 12 6 6 8 January 2 16 2 12 4 16 3 15 Winter February _ 2 4 6 4 FOREST FIRES DURING 1918 The year 1918 was remarkable for the shortness and lightness of the fire seasons. Although the precipitation was light through March, what there was was well distributed; whereas, in April, a very heavy rainfall occurred, which also was well distributed over the month. In May the rains were sufficient to keep the woods moist almost all the time. There were few periods of high winds and comparatively few serious fires occurred. Four Federal Patrolmen were appointed in March and taken off the latter part of May. One, however, was not appointed until April, and the sixth only worked through the month of May. Four of these cooperated with Forest Fire Protective Associations, and the other two were patrolling whole counties. The fall fire season commenced early in November, but by the middle of the month most of the serious danger was over. Throughout the State there were hardly any fires serious enough to call forth comment in the newspapers. Only one Federal Patrolman was appointed before ^November 1. They were taken off the second week in December. Fokest Fiees in North Carolina 11 Table 2— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1918 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Mountain Region County Total Number of Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number Acres Burned Over Merchantable Timber Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed Value of Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- | ments Destroyed | Cost of Fire Fighting Total Damage Reported 7 9 2 300 s § % 100 S — - .$ 100 7 12 1 20 30 80 8 3 3 2 20 '20 20 20 Buncombe... ... 18 8 16 31 2,630 lio 550 3,480 800 20 400 4,850 Burke. .... 13 6 11 12 2.400 130 650 1.200 20 100 100 1,970 Caldwell- 12 10 19 14 850 120 600 6,450 10.050 40 17.100 Cherokee ... 6 5 7 21 1,480 10 50 320 230 550 70 1,150 5 4 11 18 4,520 110 4,800 250 70 5,600 3 2 2 3,300 10.200 40 15,700 13 17 11 360 30 150 1.100 700 300 1,950 Henderson. _ ... 8 8 19 14 910 60 300 1.950 1,900 700 210 4,850 Jackson. .. 15 9 13 24 4,880 220 1,100 1,500 7,000 200 100 9,800 Macon ... 11 9 17 13 4.750 30 150 1.300 500 300 50 2,250 Madison... 16 12 22 8 1,320 60 300 1,300 400 100 60 2,100 11 8 11 22 1,400 10 50 650 350 10 1,050 10 8 9 2 10 50 50 Polk 6 5 8 2 20 10 20 Rutherford 14 8 13 24 790 100 500 1,400 1,000 200 150 3,100 14 11 29 27 160 610 150 20 760 4 1 1 3 14,000 100 500 20.000 200 20,500 Transylvania 8 5 9 23 3,550 50 250 8.500 80.500 150 20 89,400 Watauga _. 13 10 20 7 70 10 50 600 650 100 60 1,400 Wilkes .. 21 21 47 40 4,900 2,800 14.000 12,400 30,000 500 540 56.900 Yancey 11 9 26 90 3,380 50 250 7,100 10,250 1.700 230 19,300 Totals 262 181 351 416 56.000 4,000 20,000 85,000 150,000 5,000 2,700 260,000 12 Forest Fires in North Carolina Table 3.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1918 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Piedmont Region County Total Number of Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number of Acres Burned Over Merchantable Tim- ber Destroyed, M. I Value of Timber Destroyed Value Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed Cost of Fire Fighting ta 5 — 14 7 15 3 110 S S 600 $ S 100 $ $ 700 Alexander 8 5 6 3 1,120 10 50 6,500 800 3,500 210 10,850 8 10 12 7 12 6 10 50 30 130 9 4 7 1 8 5 8 Chatham __ 13 6 6 19 220 20 100 700 1,400 200 90 2,400 11 9 14 11 30 100 100 10 210 17 10 18 21 80 300 50 250 80 600 7 7 11 4 100 250 100 350 7 4 4 5 110 100 100 14 9 12 12 20 150 500 500 1,150 10 4 5 4 240 1,900 1,900 6 4 6 6 200 400 400 9 7 9 20 310 10 50 800 5,000 6,400 18 9 10 1 40 200 200 Iredell _ 16 6 ii 15 40 10 50 550 20 10 50 630 7 1 2 1 50 400 400 5 4 5 3 180 900 1,000 2,500 4,400 15 10 14 2 1 9 5 7 28 13,160 100 500 26,000 200 110 26,700 10 8 14 23 8,000 10 50 5,600 5,252 50 10,900 7 4 5 9 3 6 20 12 24 35 320 30 150 2,000 550 10 2,700 11 7 12 Rowan... _ 14 9 18 17 190 200 1,000 2,100 2,200 1,100 1,000 6,400 10 6 9 7 130 300 160 10 460 9 4 5 1 5 100 800 500 1.400 9 8 10 2 20 200 20 220 9 7 8 11 300 10 50 800 850 1,650 Wake 19 ii 18 26 1,000 1,400 7,000 3,000 500 10,000 10 20, 500 12 8 3 80 400 400 Yadkin 9 9 14 18 60 20 100 500 50 150 70 800 Totals 371 218 333 308 26,000 2,000 10,000 55,000 15,000 23,000 1,700 103,000 Forest Fires in North Carolina 13 Table 4.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1918 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Coastal Plain Region County 1 Total Number of 1 Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number Acres Burned Over Merchantable Timber | Destroyed, M. 1 Value of Timber Destroyed Value of Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed Cost of Fire Fighting Total Damage Reported 6 2 2 6 500 s $2,000 $ 500 $ 2,500 9 7 8 Bladen 15 8 9 28 19,450 960 4,800 17,500 23,500 5,300 700 51,100 6 2 2 6 5,000 300 1.500 5,000 10,000 16,500 3 2 3 i 10 4 4 3 530 4 3 4 Columbus 14 12 15 27 10,440 1,200 6,000 17, 600 15,000 500 150 39,100 9 4 7 7 500 11 4 5 7 300 200 1,000 2,000 2,500 5,500 5 3 4 1 2,000 0 3 4 5 30 20 100 350 900 1,350 Duplin 5 10 10 31 7.100 5,300 26,500 70,200 42,600 1,000 600 140,300 Edgecombe .. - 14 7 8 26 3,000 5,000 25,000 11,000 13,700 500 120 50,200 4 5 4 9 6 6 350 20 100 2,000 3,000 500 5,600 12 7 8 66 40 1,000 180 1,000 Harnett _ 13 9 11 23 28,660 100 500 8,200 9,500 500 100 18,700 6 3 4 Hoke 8 1 1 2 5.000 5 3 6 Johnston... . _ _ 17 9 ii 19 400 60 300 2.000 2,000 200 100 4,500 Jones . 7 3 4 14 6,500 580 2,900 12,600 22,500 1,400 150 39, 400 Lenoir ... .. 12 5 5 14 600 20 100 2,400 5,000 2,000 200 9,500 10 3 3 2 150 300 100 400 10 12 1,400 20 100 2,000 18,600 150 20,700 9 6 8 4 1.220 1,300 300 30 1,600 Onslow. ._ . 5 3 6 7 3,500 40 200 2,200 5,000 1,000 30 8,400 5 4, 4 6 3 10 4 6 13 400 5,050 5,050 3 3 Pitt ... . 12 7 9 12 1,600 500 2,500 3,100 7, 500 5,400 200 18,500 Richmond 7 4 6 19 5,000 200 1,000 1,800 5,300 4,400 90 12,500 25 12 13 10 2,300 20 100 2,500 3,000 5,600 Sampson.. 16 6 8 22 5, 700 400 2,000 7,200 8,000 1,800 600 19,000 4 1 2 5 4 4 1 4 3 10 6 10,000 40 200 10,000 10,200 12 5 6 5 330 20 100 5,700 5,800 10 3 Totals 385 201 256 412 122,000 15,000 75,000 182,000 210,000 26,000 3,400 493,000 14 Fokest Fires in [North Carolina While the area burnt is an increase over 1917 it is considerably less than the average of the past six years. The number of fires is also less. The total damage reported was far below the two succeeding years and less than two-thirds of the average. FOREST FIRES DURING THE YEAR 1919 The fire seasons of 1919 were on the whole short and not severe. The spring fire season began about the middle of March and ended about the middle of May. However, the month of April was showery and only a few fires occurred, chiefly toward the latter part of the month. May was showery over the greater part of the State, though fires occurred in some places. The Federal Patrolmen were appointed the last week in March and the first week in April. All but one, who was in an espe- cially dangerous district, were taken off duty the middle of May. The fall fire season began in September, which was exceedingly dry. However, as killing frosts did not occur until November, except in the high mountains, there was little danger from fires previous to this date. From [November 1 until December 6 the weather was dry, but occasional showers greatly reduced the number of serious fires. There was little danger after December 6, although the last week in December was dry and some fires occurred even then. Five Federal Patrolmen were appointed the second week in [November, the sixth one having been put on October 15. They had all ceased work by December 16. Forest Fires in North Carolina 15 Table 5 .— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1919 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Mountain Region County 1 Total Number of | Townships in County Number of Town- | ships Reporting 1 Number of Replies | Received Number of Fires Total Number of Acres Burned Over Merchantable Tim- ber Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed 1 Value Young | Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed | Cost of Fire Fighting Total Damage Reported Alleghany 7 6 7 3 20 10 S 50 S 50 s s S- — S 100 15 8 12 2 20 200 200 8 3 4 2 10 100 100 Buncombe 18 7 12 16 1,000 110 550 1,400 500 150 550 2,600 Burke. 13 5 8 13 2,000 60 300 10,500 7,500 600 100 18,900 Caldwell 12 9 21 22 1,300 70 350 2,200 800 50 120 3,400 Cherokee - 6 2 5 51 7,000 100 500 8,000 1.000 300 200 9,800 Clay.. 5 4 8 32 2,100 140 700 8,400 5.000 600 170 14,700 Graham 3 2 4 20 4,600 210 1,050 2,100 5,000 850 300 9,000 Haywood . 13 8 12 26 1,200 210 1,050 2,500 7,000 650 800 11,200 Henderson... .. 8 7 14 16 2,200 50 250 9,400 4,450 500 100 14, 600 Jackson _ _ 15 9 11 75 3,900 20 100 4,400 11,000 300 180 15,800 Macon.. . 11 10 12 22 1,700 120 600 2,500 1,000 500 110 4,600 Madison . 16 11 19 12 10,200 220 1,100 6,800 25,000 1,100 270 34,000 11 7 8 16 • 5,500 100 500 11,900 1,300 50 13,700 Mitchell.. - 10 6 8 6 500 300 1,500 10,000 50,000 300 100 61,800 Polk 6 6 12 18 3,600 160 800 9,400 6,800 500 17,000 Rutherford-. 14 9 14 61 2,600 510 2,550 15,050 13,200 1,200 270 32,000 Surry . . . 14 14 35 71 1,900 270 1,350 22,450 25,300 2,100 120 51,200 Swain ___ 4 2 2 9 2,000 200 1,000 14,000 10,000 3,000 600 28,000 Transylvania 8 6 8 22 13,200 3,000 15,000 25,000 20,000 5,500 500 65,500 13 7 12 1 10 2.000 2,000 Wilkes 21 18 38 22 1,100 310 1,550 3,200 1.550 1,700 160 8,000 Yancey 11 9 14 24 340 30 150 750 2,900 200 3,800 Totals 262 175 300 562 68,000 6,200 31,000 170.000 200,000 21,000 5,400 422,000 16 Forest Fires in North Carolina Table 6.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1919 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Piedmont Region County Total Number of | Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number Acres Burned Over Merchantable Timber 1 Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed Value of Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed Cost of Fire Fighting Total Damage Reported 14 8 13 3 10 s $ 50 S 50 8 __ 8 S 100 8 5 6 7 20 100 100 10 200 8 12 6 7 20 10 300 600 100 20 1 000 9 5 6 12 20 100 50 10 150 8 5 8 Chatham 13 5 6 9 90 20 100 600 500 1,000 70 2,200 11 6 13 2 20 500 500 17 13 16 5 20 200 200 7 4 6 3 20 100 1,000 1,100 7 5 6 6 350 200 200 14 9 13 9 50 500 150 750 1.400 10 4 5 6 3 4 1 300 600 10 600 9 6 8 11 100 20 100 800 1,000 100 1,900 18 11 13 14 100 80 400 600 500 1,500 16 5 11 1 30 10 50 200 500 100 850 Lee 7 2 6 9 10 20 100 50 500 50 250 700 5 3 6 1 15 9 11 26 20 100 10 150 10 8 29 16,900 240 1,200 26,200 11,600 600 39.000 9 4 20 10,300 1,500 2,200 800 150 4,500 7 4 5 2 100 200 200 9 4 6 Randolph _ 20 13 23 34 700 120 600 4,600 1,500 1,300 150 8,000 11 9 11 3 30 10 1,500 1,000 14 6 13 10 220 600 200 1,300 2.100 10 5 7 12 40 10 300 250 600 Stokes 9 5 7 ii 700 60 300 3,000 2,500 700 600 6,500 9 6 8 9 4 1 50 1,000 1,000 Wake.... 19 10 14 10 720 10 50 10,600 5,300 1,050 20 17,000 12 6 8 4 20 500 100 200 800 9 7 13 12 50 200 200 1,600 2,000 Totals 371 205 304 287 31.000 600 3,000 55,000 30,000 9,000 2,000 97,000 Forest Fires in North Carolina 17 Table 7.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1919 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Coastal Plain Region County Total Number of Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number of Acres Burned Over Merchantable Tim- ber Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed Value Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed bo rC to & s o o O Total Damage Reported Beaufort 6 5 8 51 1,600 180 $ 900 S12.600 86,500 §11,000 S400 831,000 9 6 7 15 620 100 500 4,000 25,000 2,000 31 500 15 6 8 14 12,000 1,200 6,000 19,000 7,500 500 33 000 6 1 1 1 1,000 400 500 900 3 1 2 10 3 4 4 1,500 20 100 6,200 1,200 7,500 4 2 2 Columbus 14 7 14 36 24,500 2,400 12,000 82,000 13,000 28,000 3,600 135,000 Craven 9 3 4 5 3,500 100 500 5,000 2,000 1,000 100 8.500 Cumberland. _ 11 4 5 19 760 500 2,500 12,000 4,500 5,000 900 24, 000 5 2 3 5 2 3 20 2,500 20 100 15,000 2,000 17 100 Duplin 13 3 3 18 2,000 60 300 15,000 9,000 500 2,500 24,800 Edgecombe. 14 6 8 8 1,380 80 400 6,500 18,200 100 45 25,200 7 3 3 9 3 3 2 30 500 500 1,000 Halifax 12 5 6 26 1,500 100 500 7,400 200 1,200 100 9,300 Harnett _ _ _ 13 11 15 26 25,800 20 100 12,300 25,600 7,000 100 45,000 6 1 1 Hoke . 8 1 1 2 2,000 1,000 1 000 Hyde 5 4 7 8 21,300 1,000 5,000 1,000 10,000 1,000 500 17,000 Johnston... 17 7 9 13 770 40 200 2,600 2,500 200 25 5,500 7 3 4 9 10,200 80 400 20,000 75,000 1,600 97,000 Lenoir 12 5 7 17 1,550 120 600 8,400 6,000 1,000 100 16,000 10 3 4 16 200 100 100 15 7 8 12 570 1,200 5,000 6,200 5 1 2 6 100 9 5 6 800 5,500 10,500 700 150 16,700 5 2 3 100 100 100 10 200 5 2 2 1 1,000 100 500 2,000 2,500 6 3 4 Pender 10 6 7 31 14,800 10,560 52,800 14,000 28,000 2,500 300 97,300 5 1 1 5 300 1,500 1,500 3,000 12 6 7 11 10 5,000 100 2,100 50 7,200 Richmond 7 6 8 33 11,900 120 600 7,900 8,000 2,000 50 18,500 Robeson. .. 25 10 15 57 3,600 80 400 15,200 15,400 6,000 520 37,000 Sampson,. _ 16 7 8 18 5,650 40 200 3,000 300 500 50 4,000 4 5 4 5 4 3 4 12 6 9 4 230 20 100 1,500 2,400 500 4,500 Wilson ... 10 4 5 2 230 60 300 2,200 6,000 8,500 Totals 385 170 226 510 154,000 17,000 85,000 290,000 280,000 81,000 9,500 736,000 2 18 Forest Fires in Forth Carolina Although ten per cent less of the townships sent in reports in 1919 than the previous year there was a twenty-five per cent increase in the total area burned over. The increasing value of stumpage and conse- quently of young growth is seen in the great increase in the total damage reported, this amounting to $1,255,000, two-fifths of which is injury to young growth. FOREST FIRES DURING THE YEAR 1920 There were no general severe or protracted fire seasons during 1920. The spring was cold and wet; at least two weeks later than normal. Farm operations were late so that the burning of brush and rubbish got delayed. Though occasional fires occurred in March — a large number in the Sandhills region — it was not until April that the wind and sun brought about more than ordinarily hazardous conditions and these were of short duration, owing to the heavy and well distributed rainfall. The peak of the season came from April 23-25, in the Mountain and Pied- mont districts, and many serious fires occurred then. The fire season continued through May because of exceptionally light, though well dis- tributed, rainfall, though before the end of the month all need for patrol was at an end. The first Federal Patrolman was appointed March 23 and at the last April 22. All but one were relieved of duty by the end of May. The fall fire season was exceptionally late in commencing. There was no killing frost, even in the mountains, till October 2, and the first gen- eral killing frost occurred on October 29 and 30, which was unusually late. Most of the weeds and grass stayed green in the middle and eastern parts of the State till the middle of November. It is not till the leaves have fallen and the weeds and other vegetation become dry that there is any great danger from fire. This accounts for the lack of fire danger through October, which was exceptionally dry, only about one-quarter of the usual rainfall occurring. Two short dry spells occurred in November, one before the 11th and the other ending with general rains on the 28th ; it was during this latter period that the worst fall fires occurred. There were periodic rains through December, yet a number of fires were reported. The patrol season lasted from about November 1 to the middle of December, when all but one of the Federal Patrolmen were laid off. The greater part of their time they were engaged in more or less educational work. Forest Fires in North Carolina 19 Table 8— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1920. Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Mountain Region County Total Number of Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number of Acres Burned Over Merchantable Tim- ber Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed Value Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed Cost of Fire Fighting Total Damage Reported 7 6 9 4 6,200 1,020 8 5,100 891,000 $12,000 S 6,200 $ --- $114,300 15 9 15 6 20 100 200 200 500 Avery 8 6 8 41 2,500 160 800 6,400 2,100 300 300 9,600 Buncombe 18 10 21 29 2,510 100 500 6,050 250 600 250 7,400 13 5 10 10 400 600 200 800 Caldwell .. 12 9 20 33 1,900 500 2,500 900 500 3,500 300 7,400 Cherokee 6 5 6 54 3,640 60 300 1,500 900 300 250 3,000 5 4 9 27 1,770 70 350 12,150 60,000 900 72,500 Graham 3 2 3 26 1,150 20 100 750 850 100 70 1,800 13 8 13 17 1,500 20 100 3,000 20,200 600 23,300 Henderson 8 8 21 21 1,480 170 850 8,800 1,850 500 80 12,000 Jackson 15 7 10 69 6,210 10 50 450 600 400 50 1,500 11 6 9 29 1,110 2,000 1,300 50 3,300 16 10 18 24 840 70 350 7,550 500 1,000 9,400 McDowell 11 10 13 35 8,100 90 450 16,450 1,800 600 200 19,300 Mitchell ... 10 5 8 2 900 400 2,000 19,800 3,000 1,000 200 25,800 Polk. 6 4 11 14 1,110 30 150 4,250 700 200 5,100 14 9 12 46 3,160 100 500 4,700 5,200 10,400 Surry 14 11 23 25 2,420 480 2,400 20,100 1,300 6,600 50 30,400 Swain ___ 4 3 4 19 4,800 30 150 7,300 3,050 300 400 10,800 8 6 9 57 1,270 80 400 1,750 550 250 2,700 Watauga 13 10 18 34 670 60 300 3,350 8,050 3,300 470 15,000 Wilkes 21 19 41 23 3,280 920 4,600 11,800 1,100 400 80 17,900 Yancey 11 9 18 13 2,060 10 50 1,250 1,000 1,500 300 3,800 Totals 262 181 329 658 59,000 4,400 22,000 232,000 127,000 27,000 5,000 408,000 20 Forest Fires in Forth Carolina * Table 9.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1920 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Piedmont Region County Total Number of Townships in County Number of Town- ships Reporting i Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number of Acres Burned Over Merchantable Tim- ber Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed Value Young Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed tc 'S 5 o u* £ o o O © 60 cJ ”3 ® p © b* £3 14 10 14 1 30 $ s 500 $ 100 s 8.. S 600 8 3 4 8 2 2 6 550 30 150 10,200 10,400 Cabarrus. 12 8 12 29 210 40 200 3,600 6,200 4,200 250 14,200 9 6 7 9 100 10 50 250 300 8 5 7 4 40 20 100 200 1,000 1,300 Chatham 13 6 6 17 200 10 50 6,150 3,700 5,000 50 14,900 11 6 14 14 100 300 600 10 900 17 10 15 5 170 800 200 50 1,000 7 6 6 1 100 300 300 7 4 5 1 5 50 150 200 14 8 12 3 30 150 50 200 10 4 4 4 130 20 100 1.500 5,500 1,000 8,100 6 5 8 7 1.010 1,000 1,000 9 7 9 8 60 500 500 18 7 8 5 30 10 50 600 16 6 11 7 3 4 9 200 600 600 5 4 9 15 6 10 5 15 200 200 100 500 10 10 19 36 2,650 570 2,850 8,750 8,000 30 19,600 Moore 9 8 48 109 25,000 160 800 44,200 200 4,800 1,000 50,000 7 4 5 3 40 50 250 950 50 1,200 9 3 4 4 260 10 50 550 600 Randolph... _ 20 14 26 34 370 170 850 1,200 250 300 50 2,600 11 9 17 14 90 50 250 2,150 1,500 3,900 14 6 11 14 400 300 700 10 6 8 8 20 100 100 9 3 4 5 60 1,100 200 1.100 9 6 7 3 100 10 100 9 6 8 13 280 300 300 Wake 19 9 12 16 600 30 150 4,850 12,000 1,000 200 18,000 12 6 8 33 520 3,700 1 . 500 1 . 500 50 6,700 Yadkin 9 8 17 10 80 20 100 1,100 200 100 1,500 Totals _ 371 214 361 430 33,000 1,200 6,000 96,000 42,000 18,000 2,000 162.000 Forest Fires in North Carolina 21 Table 10.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING 1920 Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Counties Coastal Plain Region County 1 Total Number of 1 Townships in County Number of Town- | ships Reporting Number of Replies Received Number of Fires Total Number of Acres Burned Over Merchantable Tim- | ber Destroyed, M. Value of Timber Destroyed 1 Value Young | Growth Destroyed Value of Products Destroyed Value of Improve- ments Destroyed Cost of Fire Fighting Total Damage Reported Beaufort 6 i i 32 400 100 S 500 SI , 000 § 2,000 $ 5,000 §500 s 8,500 9 5 6 2 70 250 1,250 350 80 1 600 15 7 9 5 1,110 150 1,550 2,000 50 4,300 6 1 1 2 20 3 1 2 10 3 3 22 550 10 50 3,950 7,000 11,000 4 2 4 2 40 200 200 Columbus 14 9 14 56 12,000 300 1,500 8,100 5,600 3,400 800 18,600 9 4 6 14 1,000 100 500 500 100 1,000 11 7 9 6 3,320 300 1,500 2,000 300 100 3.800 5 3 4 3 5 4 80 10 50 100 Duplin... 13 4 5 13 1,280 110 550 9,350 2,000 1,000 100 12,900 14 7 11 10 930 20 100 3,400 2,200 5,700 7 4 4 9 3 3 2 50 300 300 12 6 6 4 70 50 50 10 100 Harnett 13 9 14 14 16,580 160 800 11,000 1,900 1,800 200 15,500 6 3 4 8 3 3 6 2,100 160 800 1,800 200 10 2,800 5 3 8 3 1,500 100 500 1,000 1,000 500 2,500 17 9 14 26 150 800 1,100 25,000 10 26,900 7 4 4 6 50 1,000 2,000 25,000 28,000 12 2 2 4 500 10 50 50 100 10 4 5 6 600 10 50 1,650 3,000 10,300 15,000 3 3 2 520 1,100 1,100 5 Northampton 9 6 8 35 600 20 100 200 100 30 400 5 3 3 11 4,000 10 50 1,000 150 100 1,300 5 6 6 8 Pender 10 6 8 82 10,300 30,100 150,500 15,100 70,500 300 300 236,400 5 2 2 1 100 12 5 8 8 1,540 20 100 27,000 2,000 29,100 Richmond 7 7 10 47 6,850 560 2,800 11,200 8,700 2,700 200 25,400 Robeson 25 9 16 34 2,820 300 1,500 38,400 5,300 500 100 45,700 Sampson 16 7 19 18 5,300 480 2,400 12,500 21,000 6,200 260 42,100 Scotland. .. ... 4 4 4 17 3,450 100 500 20,100 112,500 1,500 100 134,600 5 2 3 2 30 1,000 1,000 4 2 3 18 20,000 10,000 10,000 12 5 8 2 30 10 50 100 450 600 Wilson 10 5 5 3 60 10 50 250 1,000 100 1,400 Totals 385 179 253 519 98,000 33,400 167,000 186,000 252,000 83,000 4,000 688,000 Although only slightly more than half the townships in the State reported in 1920, yet there was a decided increase in the number of forest fires; but this is counterbalanced by the very gratifying reduction in 22 Forest Fires in North Carolina area burnt over. In spite of this reduction the total reported damage mounted up to last year’s figure, or $1,258,000, only very little below tbe average for tbe six-year period. REVIEW OF THE PAST THREE YEARS Looking back over tbe past three years we see a gradual increase in tbe total number of fires and also in tbe total damage reported. Tbe former is probably due to more careful reporting and attention to tbe small fires rather than to any actual increase. The latter may undoubtedly he attributed to the gradual rise in the stumpage value of timber and the growing realization that young growth has a very real actual as well as prospective value. The patrolled areas, of which unfortunately there were very few, had a less number of fires and showed a marked diminution in the total damage per fire. Table 11.— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Regions for the Three Years 1918, 1919, and 1920 Mountain 1918 1919 1920 Average for Six Years Total number of townships in region 262 262 262 262 Number of townships reporting 181 175 181 187 Number of replies received 351 300 329 333 Number of forest fires reported 416 562 658 606 Total area burned over, in acres. 56,000 68,000 59,000 102,000 Total standing timber destroyed in M. feet board measure 4,000 6,200 4,400 12,400 Value of timber destroyed... $ 20,000 S 31,000 $ 22,000 8 54,000 Value young growth destroyed 85,000 170,000 232,000 146,000 Value forest products destroyed 150,000 200,000 127,000 130,000 Value improvements destroyed 5,000 21.000 27,000 24,000 Total damage reported _ 260,000 422,000 408,000 355,000 Cost to private individuals to fight fires 2,700 5,400 5,000 8,200 Piedmont 1918 1919 1920 Average for Six Years Total number of townships in region 371 371 371 371 Number of townships reporting 218 205 214 214 Number of replies received ._ ... 333 304 361 323 Number of forest fires reported 308 287 430 383 Total area burned over, in acres . 26,000 31,000 33,000 34,000 Total standing timber destroyed in M. feet board measure. 2,000 600 1,200 2,100 Value of timber destroyed $ 10,000 $ 3,000 $ 60,000 $ 16,000 Value young growth destroyed 55,000 55,000 96,000 59,000 Value forest products destroyed 15,000 30,000 42,000 36,000 Value improvements destroyed 23,000 9,000 18,000 15,000 Total damage reported 103,000 97,000 162,000 126,000 Cost to private individuals to fight fires 1,700 2,000 2,000- 2,300 Forest Fires in North Carolina 23 Table 11— FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA— Continued Summary of Reports from Correspondents by Regions for the Three Years 1918, 1919, and 1920 Coastal Plain 1918 1919 1920 Average for Six Years Total number of townships in region 385 385 385 385 Number of townships reporting 201 170 179 198 Number of replies received .. _ __ 256 226 253 266 Number of forest fires reported 412 510 519 563 Total area burned over, in acres 122,000 154,000 98,000 224,000 Total standing timber destroyed, in M. feet board measure - _ 15,000 17,000 33,400 48,000 Value of timber destroyed. . ... .. . . ... S 75,000 S 85,000 S 167,000 $ 181,000 Value of young growth destroyed _ 182,000 290,000 186,000 255,000 Value forest products destroyed.. ...... . 210,000 280,000 252,000 349,000 Value improvements destroyed . 26,000 81,000 83,000 97,000 Total damage reported . ... 493,000 736,500 688,000 882,000 Cost to private individuals to fight fires 3,400 9,500 4,000 10,600 State 1918 1919 1920 Average for Six Years Total number of townships in region . 1,018 600 1,018 550 1,018 574 1,018 599 940 830 943 922 1,136 1,359 1,607 1,552 204,000 253,000 190,000 360,000 Total standing timber destroyed, in M. feet board 21,000 23,800 39,000 62,500 S 105,000 S 119,000 $ 195,000 $ 251,000 322,000 515,000 514,000 460,000 375,000 510,000 421,000 515.000 54,000 111,000 128,000 136,000 856,000 1,255,000 1,258,000 1,363,000 7,800 16,900 11,000 21,100 SIZE OF FIRES The Federal Government in reporting forest fires has for some years classified them according to their area. The proportion of small fires to large should eventually be a good index of the efficiency of the forest fire warden system. Fires will occur as long as careless people are allowed to go near the woods and permitted to carry matches ; but if such fires can be prevented from becoming large fires, damage will be reduced to a minimum. The following table (No. 12) is based upon the Federal Forest Service classification, in vdiich “A” fires are less than one-fourth acre in extent ; “B” fires are from one-fourth acre to ten acres in extent; and “C” fires are ten acres and over in extent. 24 Forest Fires in North Carolina Table 12— CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE OF FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA DURING THE THREE YEARS 1918, 1919, AND 1920, IN PERCENTAGES Mountain Piedmont Coastal Plain State A 17 26 15 18 B_ 26 37 26 29 C — 57 37 59 53 PROGRESS OF PROTECTION Although the greater proportion of the fires are no doubt included in these reports, still many fires in the aggregate must occur in those town- ships for which no reports are received. The total number of fires reported, therefore, cannot be used as an indication of accomplishment in forest protection. A much more reliable index of the results of the publicity and educational work done and the progress of forest fire prevention is furnished in the average damage reported per acre burned over and the average area of each fire reported. The following table shows the gradual though not very regular trend of values in an upward direction through the past twelve years and the gradual and decided reduction in the average area of the forest fires reported. Table 13— SHOWING . INCREASE THROUGH TWELVE-YEAR PERIOD IN AVERAGE DAMAGE PER ACRE BURNED OVER AND DECREASE IN AVERAGE AREA OF EACH FIRE Average Damage per Acre Burned Over — Dollars Average Area of Each Fire Reported — Acres Annual Three-year Period Annual Three^year Period 1909 S 0.66] 668] 1910. .97 $ 1.48 594 493 1911 2.80 217 1912 1.76 926 1913 2.18 1.99 587 658 1914 2.03 462 1915 1.20 358 1916 3.73 3.40 442 290 1917 5.26 701 1918 4. 20* 180 1919 4.56 5.13 181 160 1920 6. 63 J 119 J CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES The portion of the annual reports from correspondents dealing with the causes of forest fires is perhaps the most interesting part of the whole report, because it is in a way a study of the mental attitude of the popu- lation of the different parts of the State towards forest fires, and inci- dentally towards many other live problems. Perhaps the most remark- Forest Fires in North Carolina 25 able feature of tbe following table is its close similarity to the table printed on page 27 of Economic Paper, No. 48, published in 1918, show- ing the causes of fires for the previous tliree-year period. The average for the past six years, as seen in Table 13, is very little different from three-year average given in the above report. Table 14.— CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES IN NORTH CAROLINA Averages for the Three Years 1918, 1919, and 1920, and for the Past Six Years in Percentage s Causes Mountain Piedmont Coastal Plain State oo 05 o C5 o cu 05 Average for Six Years 1918 1919 1920 Average for Six Years 1918 05 05 o CM 05 Average for Six Years GO 05 05 05 o 05 1 Average for | Six Years Brush burning .. 24 20 18 24 34 36 40 37 27 22 27 23 27 24 27 27 Hunters . _ . 12 13 12 13 13 11 7 8 9 13 6 9 11 12 12 11 Campers _ __ ___ __. 1 4 7 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 4 4 3 Railroads 12 19 11 14 17 18 18 20 17 17 19 18 15 19 18 17 Lumbering ______ _ 20 4 19 13 6 6 12 9 22 12 12 16 17 8 14 13 Incendiary. __ _ __ . 11 10 6 7 2 2 5 3 4 8 5 6 6 8 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Miscellaneous 2 2 7 3 8 4 7 6 4 4 6 5 5 3 7 4 Unknown 18 27 20 22 15 19 7 13 14 20 22 20 16 21 12 18 Forest fires caused by brush burning still lead in number and impor- ^ tance. These fires will continue to be most numerous until forest wardens can be placed all over the State, so that they can come into contact with every rural resident and gradually train them to he more careful in handling fire. The same excuse is nearly always given, ' namely that the fire was thought to be out but was really left before it was out and a wind coming up in the afternoon or the next day fire was blown out to the woods. There is a slight increase in incendiary fires which may be due to the apparent increase in illicit distilling in the State. Several correspond- ents mentioned this as a cause for forest fires. One correspondent reports from FEenderson County: “We have one or more fires each year back in the mountains, without doubt set by blockaders to hide their smoke. We have so far failed to catch them in the act.” From Wilkes and Chatham counties also fires are reported which were probably set by “moonshiners.” Another cause for incendiary fires has been ranging cattle in free range territory. One correspondent in Jackson County, who apparently thinks it advisable to burn the woods as a help to the pasture, says “most all of the fires are caused by stock rangers to keep down filth (namely, undergrowth.)” A correspondent from Craven County writes: “It is in the free range or no fence district that most of our fires occur. The trifling negroes (in most districts it is not confined to the negro race) 26 Forest Fires in North Carolina that own a few starved cattle set fire to the dry grass in the woods or cut- over lands so that their cattle may be able to get at the first sprigs of grass that get an inch high. If we could get stock law that would prac- tically eliminate our forest fires.” The Survey and the North Carolina Forestry Association have been strongly advocating State-wide stock law for many years, realizing that the free ranging of cattle was a fruitful source for forest fires. Now that the Legislature has passed this measure and cattle and hogs can no longer run at large, many of these fires will cease, and the cut-over lands will have a better chance of coming back to profitable pine timber. Amongst the causes of fires classed as miscellaneous, perhaps the most frequent is carelessness with matches, cigars, cigarettes, pipes, etc. A correspondent from the Sandshills region writes : “ We have more forest fires from people riding along the roads. One striking a match lights his cigar and throws the match out on the side of the road — this is one chance of a fire. He then throws out the stub when through smoking, which is another chance of a fire from the same match. Most of our fires start along the public, highway.” Recently an automobile load of men drove up in front of the State Forester’s residence to take on a passenger and in two or three minutes a fierce fire was discovered burning in the leaves by the side of the road. The weather was dry and the wind high. In a few minutes more the fire might have been beyond control and much damage done. Undoubt- edly this fire was set by the carelessness of a man throwing away a match or cigar stub. Children playing with matches is another fruitful source of forest fires. One of the most destructive fires reported from the mountain region during 1920, causing some $50,000 damage, was caused from “children played they were burning off tomato beds. The weather was very dry and the wind high.” Another fire in Duplin County was caused by children playing with matches at a schoolhouse. Parents and teachers should emphasize the danger not only to the woods but to the children themselves through playing with matches. Another cause of fires, classed as miscellaneous, is catching out from the open fire near the spring, which is used with the weekly wash. The wash usually has to be done on a certain day in the week whether or not the wind is high and the leaves dry. It would be much better to post- pone the wash for a day rather than set fire to the woods. However, by making a closed fireplace under the wash-pot such danger could he prac- tically eliminated. LAWS AGAINST BURNING THE WOODS After the passage of the Forest Fire Law by the General Assembly of 1915, little forestry legislation was enacted until the winter of 1921. In 1919, how'ever, an amendment to the Revisal was passed which in Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina 27 many parts of the State may have an excellent effect in preventing the setting of unlawful fires. It was first published as chapter 318 of the Public Laws of 1919, but is now incorporated in the Consolidated Statutes of Horth Carolina, as the last sentence of section 4309, chapter 82 : It reads as follows : “Any person who shall furnish to the State evidence sufficient for the con- viction of a violation of this statute shall receive the sum of twenty dollars to be taxed as part of the court costs.” The section mentioned above, to which the amendment has been added as a last sentence, refers to “setting fire to grass and brush lands and woodlands” and corresponds with section 8 of the forest fire law, chapter 243, Public Laws of 1915. For the convenience of the general reader the State Law against burning the woods is here given in its new form, for the Consolidated Statutes now takes the place of the Revisal of 1905 and the earlier Code. intentional fires Section 4309. Setting fire to grass and brush lands and woodlands. If any person shall intentionally set fire to any grass land, brush land or woodland, except it be his own property, or in that case without first giving notice to all persons owning or in charge of lands adjoining the land intended to be fired, and without also taking care to watch such fire while burning and to extinguish it before it shall reach any lands near to or adjoining the lands so fired, he shall for every such offense be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. This section shall not prevent an action for the damages sustained by the owner of any prop- erty from such fires. For the purposes of this section the term “wood- land” is to be taken to include all forest areas, both timber and cut-over land, and all second growth stands on areas that have at one time been cultivated. Any person who shall furnish to the State evidence sufficient for the conviction of a violation of this statute shall receive the sum of twenty dollars to be taxed as part of the court costs. CARELESS AND ACCIDENTAL FIRES Section 4311. Setting fire to woodlands and grass lands with camp- fires. Any wagoner, hunter, camper or other person who shall kindle a camp-fire or shall authorize another to kindle such fire, unless all com- bustible material for the space of ten feet surrounding the place where such a fire is kindled has been removed, or shall leave a camp-fire without fully extinguishing it, or who shall accidentally or negligently by the use of any torch, gun, match, or other instrumentality, or in any manner what- ever, start any fire upon any grass land, brush land or woodland, without fully extinguishing the same, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding thirty days. For the purposes of this section the term “woodland” is to be taken to include all forest areas, both timber and cut-over land, and all second growth stands on areas that have at one time been cultivated. 28 Forest Fires in North Carolina FIRES MUST BE WATCHED CAREFULLY Section 4312. Certain fires to be guarded by watchmen. All persons, firms or corporations who shall burn any tar kiln or pit of charcoal, or set fire to or burn any brush, grass or other material, whereby any property may be endangered or destroyed, shall keep and maintain a careful and competent watchman in charge of such kiln, pit, brush or other material while burning. Any person, firm or corporation, violating the provisions of this section shall be punishable by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or by imprisonment for not exceeding thirty days. Fire escaping from such kiln, pit, brush or other material while burning shall be prima facie evidence of neglect of these provisions. A local law (section 4310) against “wilfully or negligently setting fire to woods and fields/’ referring only to tire counties of Caldwell, Wilkes, Watauga, Burke, McDowell, Yadkin, Cherokee and Mitchell, allows one-half the fine to go to the informer, if there be one. FOREST PROTECTION IN NORTH CAROLINA Although the Forest Fire Law of 1915 provides the machinery for appointing wardens “in each township of the State in which the amount of forest land and the risks from forest fires shall . . . make it advisable and necessary,” no appropriation was made for carrying out these provisions. The State Geological and Economic Survey has, there- fore, had to depend upon its own limited funds and upon the small appor- tionment, amounting to some $2,000 annually, made by the Federal Gov- ernment to the State for the payment of Federal Patrolmen. It was only possible to employ a few wardens and patrolmen from these avail- able funds, and efforts have been made to secure additional funds through cooperation with associations of landowners and with lumber companies. FEDERAL PATROLMEN Under the terms of the agreement, the funds contributed by the Fed- eral Government, under the Weeks Law, must be spent by the State for salaries of patrolmen and lookouts. The money has, up to this time, been paid direct from Washington to the patrolmen themselves upon certification of the State Forester. The amount has generally been apportioned in such a way that there has been less to spend in the spring when the need for it is greater and more in the fall when the fire season is usually shorter. This arrangement, which has tended to restrict the usefulness of the fund, is now being changed, making the use of the money more elastic. The following statement gives the names of the Federal Patrolmen and the duration of their appointments through the spring and fall fire seasons during the past three years. FEDERAL PATROLMEN, 1918 District Name Duration of Appointment Total Days Mar. 5-May 10 66 Nov. 1-Nov. 30 30 Linville _ _ __ E. R. Green Mar. 13-May 30 78 John Green Oct. 22-Dec. 10 49 W. L. Ward Nov. 1-Dec. 21 51 Mar. 7-May 31 85 Lawrence Doubleday.. Nov. 11-Dec. 10 29 Wilkes . U. A. Miller - 17 (daily basis) 30 F oeest Fires in North Carolina FEDERAL PATROLMEN, 1919 District Name Duration of Appointment Total Days 35 Ed. T. Shearer... ... Mar. 24-May 14 52 Nov. 10-Dec. 15 36 38 Nov. 6-Dec. 12 37 30 W. L. Ward 64 Oct. 15-Dec. 15 61 52 Wilkie Capps Nov. 10-Dec. 15 36 74 Nov. 10-Dec. 15 36 FEDERAL PATROLMEN, 1920 District Name Duration of Appointment Total Days 53 April 12-May 31 49 Oct. 19-Dec. 16 58 39 Nov. 3-Dec. 8 35 C. L. Wilson 51 61 27 (daily basis) Nov. 15-Dec. 17 21 (daily basis) 69 Nov. 8-Dec. 18 40 C. H. Colvard. .. Nov. 1-Dec. 17 47 STATE FOREST WARDENS In addition to those forest fire districts looked after by Federal Patrol- men the following five in the middle and eastern part of the State have been organized and partially patrolled by State Forest Wardens. District Forest Warden Postoffice Southern McDowell Vein Mountain. Rutherford ton, R. F. D. Wadeville. Clinton, R. F. D. Clarendon. Western Rutherford __ ..... J. W. Hardin Western Montgomery Southern Sampson __ Southern Columbus.. W. C. Gore Fokest Fires in North Carolina 31 A number of other districts will be organized during the spring of 1921. A badge like above cut, showing the State Geological and Economic Survey throwing its protective band around the young shortleaf pine tree, is furnished to all State Forest Wardens, who are required to wear it at all times when on duty. INSTRUCTIONS TO STATE FOREST WARDENS By W. D. Clark, Chief Forest Fire Warden HOW FOREST FIRES DESTROY COMMUNITY VALUES The total land area of North Carolina is approximately thirty-one million acres, of which about two-thirds, or twenty million acres, at the present time, are devoted to forest growth. About one-fifth (four mil- lion acres) of the total forest area burned over during the decade 1910 to 1920, causing a property damage conservatively estimated at ten million dollars. Such figures offer a sad commentary upon the manner in which we take care of an invaluable natural resource. The word invaluable is used in this connection, for who can correctly value all the indirect benefits which result from a healthy forest growth upon our mountain slopes and other non-agricultural land ? The damage figures given above include simply the average market value of the products destroyed. As a matter of fact, the loss is much more than the value of these products for when fire consumes a farm woodlot no less than when it consumes a large timbered tract, it destroys a source of employment for local residents, and for teams especially during the winter period, when other work is slack. It destroys local supplies of lumber for building and manufacturing purposes and of wood for fuel. It necessitates the importation of such products from more distant points and additional 32 Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina charges for freight and hauling of the same. The lack of local supplies of lumber is sure to drive away all sorts of industries which depend upon local wood supplies for their raw materials. This in turn reduces the local population, for it reduces local demand for labor. The reduction of population reduces local land values and destroys the local market for farm products as well as other products. The value of the land is reduced in another way by fire, in that the productivity of the land is reduced. Every ground fire, no matter how light, burns up a greater or less amount of humus, which is nature’s chief enriching element. This in turn drys out the soil and makes it more liable to erode and wash away. Thus, surface run off during rains is accelerated and deep seepage diminished. During periods of prolonged drought springs and streams, especially in mountainous country, are apt to go dry and during periods of heavy rainfalls they rush in torrents carrying along all manner of detritus. This is either deposited in the river channels lower down, where it obstructs navigation or the detritus is spread over fertile flood plains destroying their agricultural value. Fire destroys the beauty and general recreational value of the woods. It drives away the birds and all other wild life of the forest. It diminishes the value of the area burned as a cattle range. Although it may cause green shoots of grass to spring up in the early season it also reduces the vitality of the roots to spread and produce vigorously for the remainder of the season and kills entirely many other kinds of herbs which are desirable cattle food. This may all be summed up by saying that forest fires destroy a balance of nature as well as a balance of industry. They can and should be eliminated, or at least greatly reduced and controlled. HOW FOREST FIRES MAY BE REDUCED IN SIZE AND FREQUENCY Any form of wealth is worth protecting to the extent of its value. Insurance companies as a rule are quite willing to insure various forms of property to the full extent of their value and the rates they charge for such insurance bears a direct relation to the risk involved. The prac- tice of issuing insurance on standing timber or young forest growth has never been developed to any very great extent in this country, although the proposition has been agitated more or less. One serious obstacle to such development has been the prohibitive rate which the great risk necessitates. In other words, the chances are so great that standing tim- ber or young forest growth will be destroyed by fire that no insurance company is willing to carry the risk except at so high a rate that the owner cannot afford to pay it. The reason why insurance rates on town and city property are so low is that efficient efforts are made to prevent fires and also to stop fires quickly when they do break out. Comparatively little has been done so far either to prevent forest fires from breaking out or to extinguish them quickly when they do break out. Vigorous Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina 33 efforts along both of these lines must be made. If frame structures are worth protecting against fire, surely the source of supply from which all timber is derived should be protected against fire. The idea that forest fires are inevitable; that they are bound to occur; that they do not do much damage any way, and who cares, must all be counteracted. As a matter of fact, the ultimate cause of practically all of our serious forest fires lies in just such ideas. It is almost a self-evident truth that every one of us, all the way from our wooden cradle or wicker basket which receives us at our birth to the wooden coffin in which we are buried after death, is a beneficiary both directly and indirectly of the forest. If every one of us could be thoroughly convinced that forest fires are a wilful waste; that they are not inevitable; that most of them are the result of rank carelessness; that it is no less than a crime to carelessly permit one to start ; and furthermore, that it is an urgent pub- lic duty for every one who sees a fire or hears of one to do everything reasonable within his or her power to help to extinguish it, or at least to report it at once to those whose duty it is to extinguish it ; then and not until then will the loss from forest fires become merely nominal. The establishment of these facts is an educational process. The minds of our children constitute the most fertile soil for the reception of the seed. The lesson should, therefore, be taught in the schools. Sun- day schools, likewise, might very properly take it up, for as forest fires are a wilful waste to that extent it becomes immoral not to stop them. The daily press and all widely distributed periodicals should help to spread the idea. It should be propagated by the moving-picture houses, thrown out from the lecture platform and pulpit and by all other dis- seminators of beneficial ideas. Along with the dissemination of the idea must go the development of an organization and the acquisition and placement of equipment neces- sary to do the actual work required in the prevention, control and extinguishment of the fires. Good men, efficient and well organized, are needed and, likewise, good equipment. Ultimately every township should have at least one forest warden and more according to its needs. Every group of townships, perhaps every county, should have its supervising warden and every group of counties should have its district warden. These should all be headed up by a State Warden, whose duty it would be to supervise the whole organization. Every member of this organization should be accessible by telephone, especially during dry and dangerous periods for one of the secrets of success in any fire-fighting organization is to get reports of fire as soon as it breaks out in order to get to it with a crew and equipment and fight before it gains headway. Good equipment is just as essential as good and well organized men. Good soldiers are of little use without good arms and ammunition. Likewise a good forest-fire organization is of 3 34 Fobest Fiees in Hobth Cabolina little help without good equipment. Such equipment would include axes, saws, rakes, shovels, hoes, buckets, torches, and in some instances chemi- cal fire extinguishers and light auto trucks. The equipment should all be located so as to be accessible quickly whenever it may be needed. It would include a system of watch towers and cabins, located on high points, from which watchers could survey a wide expanse of territory and detect fires by the rising smoke as soon as they start. All cabins and towers should be connected by telephone lines and also with the forest wardens’ headquarters, so that they could receive notifications of fires immediately. In this connection recent inventions in wireless telephone and telegraph systems are very promising, for if the expense of install- ing and wire connections can be eliminated communications between inaccessible places will be greatly facilitated. It would be the duty of the warden, upon receiving notice of a forest or grass fire within his territory, to gather a crew and necessary tools and go to the fire as quickly as possible and extinguish it. The wardens should have author- ity to commandeer help, when it is necessary, in order to extinguish a fire and the State should pay those commandeered a reasonable sum for their time and labor. Such a forest protective system cannot be developed overnight. It grows and develops from small beginnings. A little development here and a little development there, then union and organization, until the entire forested area of the State is covered by a single, closely coop- erating organization. In other words, organized cooperative effort should be built up and substituted for disorganized individual effort. Every forest warden in the State has an opportunity to perform a very important and necessary part of such development and he may take con- siderable pride and satisfaction in all that he is able to accomplish towards that end. The war on forest fires is on in earnest. The battle line extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Canadian boundary on the north to the Gulf and Republic of Mexico. That this demon of the forest is bound to come under subjection is as certain as the subjection of the malaria-carrying mosquito or yellow fever, once the cause and effect and means of subjection is known. Forest fires are one of the outstanding signs of inexcusable ineffi- ciencies and insufficiencies of our age. They can and should be stopped : If we become pessimists and confirmed in the belief that the world is on the slip-slide and doomed to the bow-wows — then so be it! If we, or the majority of us, continue to be optimists and firm in the belief that the battle against all well known and flagrant inefficiencies is to be continued, then the unalterable laws of progress will be granted another vindication and progress will progress. “Where there is a will there is a way.” As the will has not been sufficiently spurred to action so the way has not been developed. Forest Fires in Worth Carolina 35 The way includes efforts directed first to prevention of fires ; second to the quick detection of the fires that are not prevented, before they gain headway, in order that they may he reported quickly to regularly appointed agents whose duty it will be to extinguish them. First prevention, next detection, followed by extinguishing, this covers in a nutshell what must be done. Carelessness and wilfulness is the cause of nine-tenths of our forest fires. The underlying cause of the wilfulness is mostly ignorance as to the nature and extent of the damage done but in some cases the wilfulness is due to pure and unadulterated cussedness. The attempt must be made to carry the lesson of the forest fire in some way to every man, woman and child in the State. They must be convinced and their support enlisted. Without such universal support and cooperation all the United States Army and all the United States ISTavy could not stop these fires. With such support the forest fire problem would already be solved. In remote sections the forest wardens and patrolmen must carry the message to every dweller in his district. Carelessness in letting fire escape and wilfulness in setting out fire should be penalized. Experiments demonstrate that a small fine for carelessness on the part of a negro in the use of fire is very conducive to future care. Conditions in Mountain Sections are very different from conditions in Coastal Plain Sections and this includes human as well as physical factors. In Coastal Plain Sections many advocate controlled burning of the forests in the winter time in order to avoid the risk of accidental burning in the dryer times. This idea should be given fair trial. The burning of fire lines along railroads, highways, and elsewhere will be effective. The Worth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey is increasing its activity in urging all forest landowners to organize and substitute concerted effort for individual effort in fighting this common enemy of the forest. During their recent session the members of the Legislature recognized the importance of this work and made a small increase in the appro- priation for carrying it forward. In order to make this money go as far as possible in developing cooperative effort on the part of the smaller owners the Director of the Survey offers to pay from funds appropriated for this purpose one-half of the expense of employing forest fire wardens to work in the more dangerous sections providing the property owners will bear the other half of the expense. As the most dangerous part of the season rarely lasts for more than two or three months the expense involved is not large and when shared by the average number of owners in a tract of one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand acres it is not a heavy burden and the insurance thus obtained is exceedingly cheap. In sections where forest protection is especially urgent, but for 36 Forest Fires in North Carolina various reasons it is exceedingly difficult for the small owners to get together on a cooperative basis, the Legislature at tbeir last session pro- vided another possibility for cooperative effort between boards of county commissioners and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, whereby the county bears one-half of the expense of employing a forest warden and the State bears the other half. In other words, the State proposes to help those who help themselves and those who wish to take advantage of such opportunities should apply to Colonel Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director, whose office is at Chapel Hill, N. C. It should be pointed out that State funds for the above purposes are strictly limited and the principle of “First come, first served” must be applied. The gradual development of public support for more efficient protec- tion of our forests against fire is very encouraging, for if only fire is kept out, our cut-over areas reforest themselves by natural methods very rapidly. In all sections of the State, where concerted efforts are being applied, results clearly demonstrate that most of the forest fires can be prevented, that all of these that are not prevented can be quickly extin- guished if those who see it first do their duty and report it at once to officials whose duty it is to see that it is extinguished. It has been equally well demonstrated that wherever inflammable material exists fires are likely to break out and that wherever it is customary to let them burn themselves out incalculable damage is done. That an efficient organization to prevent and extinguish the fires is by far the cheaper method is beyond the peradventure of a doubt. A large force of local patrolmen and forest wardens are needed to do educational work amongst the country people. Many of them do not realize at all the great damage done by fire, not only to the forest growth, but also the soil fertility. In fact, it is not at all uncommon to find that they firmly believe that fire is a good thing not only for the forests but also for grazing purposes and so they set the woods on fire every year. I have recently learned that in some sections cotton growers set adjacent woods a-fire because they believe that the boll weevil propagates in the woods from which it later launches its attack on the cotton fields. The bootleggers and illegal distillers also frequently set the woods on fire in order to make a smoke screen to hide their outlaw distilling operations. If these outlaws could be driven out of business by severe penalties many of our forest fires would cease. A large amount of educational work must be carried on to reduce the number of fires started by both igno- rance and carelessness and an efficient organization must be developed to enforce the forest laws and direct the fire-fighting crews where fires break out. If these measures are carried out the damage done by such fires will be reduced to a minimum. Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina 37 CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES Matches, Cigarettes, Cigars, Pipes. — Most of these forest fires are due to pure carelessness on the part of those who use the forest. Such carelessness includes the throwing of burning matches, cigarettes, cigars or pipe contents into dry leaves or dry grass. Such an act may he done by a man hunting or merely tramping through the woods, or it may be done by one riding in an automobile along a country road, or by a man on horseback. The fire does not start at once. Probably the one who thoughtlessly threw away the match or cigarette is out of sight when the smouldering fire breaks into flame. This flame may just creep along until it crosses a field, then enters an adjacent woods where there is consid- erable dry underbrush, or slash. When this catches fire severe burning and great damage result. Perhaps the man who started it has reached home several miles away. Mobody saw him throw away the burning cig- arette that started the fire and he, himself, never realizes that it was his act of carelessness that started a forest fire which did thousands of dollars worth of damage before it was finally extinguished. Camp-fires. — A similar act of carelessness is the leaving of a camp-fire of any kind before it is thoroughly extinguished. A breeze starts up after the party has left, it fans the smouldering embers into a flame, sparks are carried by the wind to dry grass or leaves near by, from which another severe forest fire starts and the members of the camping party never realize that it was their act of carelessness that started the fire. Sawmills. — But it is not always some one bent on pleasure that starts these unnecessary fires. The operator of a sawmill may permit a mass of scattered infl.a min a.hl.ft material to collect around his mill. A spark from the engine or some other source sets it on fire and it quickly gets beyond control. Logging Roads. — A logging operator may permit the locomotives which haul the log trains to scatter sparks among the slash along the line of the logging railroad. During the dry season many forest fires are started in this way and perhaps a whole mountain side burned over every year as long as the logging operation continues. Railroads.- — The section foreman of a passenger and freight railroad may neglect to clean up properly along their right of way before the dangerous dry season sets in and as a result fires start along this right of way. Brush Burning.— The farmer sets fire to brush to clear new land and because he does not use necessary precautions the fire gets away from him and burns over all of his neighbors’ lands. Range Burning. — The stock man sets fire to the grass land and lets it run wherever it will for his own selfish reasons. All Unnecessary Fires Should Be Eliminated.— All of such sources of forest fires can and should be eliminated. In fact, the only cause of 38 Foeest Fibes in Hobth Cabolina forest fires wliicli cannot be eliminated is lightning and this source is rarely the cause of any considerable damage because they occur while it is raining and tbe fire is soon extinguished by the rain. DUTIES OE THE FOEEST WAEDENS Watch Sources of Fires. — It is the duty of forest wardens to watch carefully all sources of forest fires and to keep accurately informed as to where the forest fires originate in their district. Whenever they see dangerous conditions which are liable to cause fire they should warn the owners of the property and advise them how to reduce the fire hazard by cleaning up the inflammable material in their vicinity. Post Notices. — When on patrol duty wardens should always carry with them a supply of notices issued by the Horth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. They should also provide themselves with a suitable tack hammer and tacks for posting securely. Hoofing nails should be used for posting on trees. Tacks are not long enough to hold. Hail them down to stay. Do not hang them up. Every district must be thoroughly posted. This means that at least one notice be posted at some gathering place in every town or village. The bulletin boards of county courthouses, postoffices and the general village store are good places to post. Permission to post should always be asked and permis- sion will rarely be refused if the reasons for posting are properly explained. Notices should also be posted at proper intervals along high- ways or trails commonly traveled through the forested sections, and especially at picnic grounds, springs, or other gathering places in the forests. Interview Residents. — The farmers and other residents in a forested section should be visited and informed of the measures the State and Hational Governments are taking to prevent and extinguish forest fires. The forest laws should be explained to them and they should be con- vinced as to the harm forest fires do to their community. They should be made to realize that it is their public duty to cooperate with the State officials in both preventing and extinguishing forest fires. They should be cautioned against the careless use of fire in burning brush or clearing land and informed of the State laws providing a penalty for carelessly allowing any sort of a fire to escape from their property on to their neighbors’. Visit the Sawmills, Logging Operations, Tar Kilns, Charcoal Pits, Tanning Plants and All Other W ood-using Industries. — These are the industries whose business it is to harvest and manufacture the products of the forests. The life of these industries depends on a continuous supply of these products. For this reason the owners and officers in charge of them should be vitally interested in preventing forest fires from burning up their source of supply. As a rule, they will be found to be practical and capable business men and will be glad to give you Forest Fires in North Carolina 39 valuable advice and suggestions as to bow to work up local sentiment for preventing forest fires. It is tbe duty of wardens to cooperate with those in control of such industries to the greatest extent. If they do not seem to be interested try to learn why they are not and report their objections and criticisms to this office. Railroads . — Practically all surface fires originating along railroad lines can be stopped effectually if sufficiently wide strips parallel to the railroad are cleared of all inflammable material before each spring and fall fire season sets in. It is the general custom of railroad companies to do this to the extent of their own right of ways. As their right of ways usually extend about fifty feet from the outside rail on both sides of the track this strip, even when thoroughly cleared, is not wide enough to catch all sparks thrown out by the locomotives. As the railroad companies have no right to clear beyond their right of way all abutting property owners should be urged to clear an additional strip one hundred to two hundred feet wide and parallel to the railroad line. The distance to which the sparks from the engines fly depends on the rise and fall of land from the track and exposure to wind. Where conditions permit a ploughed strip six furroughs wide and two hundred feet back from the outside rail will stop all surface fires originating from locomotives under ordinary conditions, providing it is kept clear of inflammable material. If the strip between the furroughs and the railroad is burned over once each year additional safety is secured. Visit Schools . — Every school in the official’s district should be visited at least once a year. Arrangements should be made with the teacher or superintendent for such a visit. If the official has ability in addressing children the teacher will no doubt be glad to give him an opportunity of talking to the pupils about how trees and forests reproduce themselves and how necessary it is to protect especially the young trees from fire in order that they and future generations of children may be provided with lumber to meet their future needs. It would also be worth while to show the children the leaves and fruit of different species of trees and teach them how to distinguish one from the other. The indirect benefits of the forests should also be mentioned, such as protection to birds and wild animals, prevention of soil erosion, equalization of the flow of rivers, preservation of springs and picnic grounds. If the official, himself, does not care to address the children, he should tell the teacher what he knows about trees, forests, forest fires, lumbering, State laws, etc., and request the teacher to talk to the children about them. Patrol . — All wardens should patrol their entire districts according to directions during the dry and dangerous periods. Certain sections will be more liable to burn than others and these should be worked more thoroughly and more frequently. When patrolling is on a daily basis it is especially ordered that only such days be selected for patrol duty during which forest fires are likely to break out. Rainy days or damp 40 Forest Fires in Forth Carolina and wet days must not be selected for patrol duty. In some sections the danger is particularly great on Sundays and holidays and patrol should be made on such days when conditions call for it. They should report fires at once to landowners, superintendents of estates, railroad agents, logging operators, lumbermen, etc., as soon as they are discovered. When necessary they can go to the assistance of such owners and help to extinguish the fires. In general, however, the owners are expected to protect their own land. The State has not yet made any appropriation to be used in extinguishing forest fires. But all officials can and should instruct owners in proper and efficient methods of fire prevention and fire fighting. In most parts of the State especially dangerous conditions prevail from November till January and from March till May. These periods are prolonged or shortened according to climatic conditions and ground cover. In the eastern sections of the State conditions frequently remain in a dangerous condition throughout the dormant season of vegetation; that is, from the fall of leaves until the reappearance of leaves in the spring. Forest Wardens are directed to be especially active and watch- ful during the dangerous periods but they should consider that they are the State’s duly authorized agent to prevent, extinguish, investigate and report upon forest and grass fires at all times. They should keep this office informed as to when dangerous conditions begin to prevail and also when they terminate. In other words, they should consider that they are on duty at all times, but as sufficient State funds are not avail- able for continuous employment every effort should be made to apply such funds as are available when and where they will he most effective. Badges Must Be Worn . — Forest Wardens are expected to wear at all times when on duty the badge furnished them by the State Forester. In this way the public will soon come to know and respect your authority, and your presence at any gathering will immediately remind people of their duty to be careful with fire. Care must be taken not to lose the badge, as it might come into the hands of unauthorized persons, who would use it for improper purposes. Wardens are responsible for the loss of a badge and will be charged one dollar for a new badge to replace the lost one. Warnings Must Be Emphasized . — As in all other matters, so in the matter of forest fires, an ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of cure. Your very first and most vigorous efforts must be to prevent forest and grass fires from breaking out. Your chief method must be by continually warning your people of the liability of fire breaking out whenever and wherever conditions become inflammable. Bear in mind at all times that a forest fire is rarely safely out before a following heavy rain. Therefore, it should be carefully patrolled until all danger of its breaking out again is passed. Always warn your people of this danger. As your chief weapon is learning, use it freely. Forest Fires in Hoeth Carolina 41 Police Powers . — All State Forest Wardens will be furnished with copies of the State Forest laws. They should study these carefully and become thoroughly familiar with all their provisions. Forest Wardens are given power to arrest without warrant persons detected in the act of unlawfully setting out forest fires, carelessly allowing forest fires to escape on to neighbors’ land or tearing down or mutilating State notices, which they or other State officials have posted. They are cautioned to use this power with great discretion. If the arrest can just as well be made by regular authorities it is better that they should do it, the warden swearing out the warrant and appearing as a witness when advisable. It is the duty of all Forest Wardens to assist generally in the enforce- ment of all forest laws. WTien breaking of the forest laws becomes inten- tional and frequent they should first collect evidence necessary to convict the guilty party and then take steps to have the party brought before the local magistrate. It is very important for the officials to endeavor to build up their good influence and gain the good will of their people by assisting them in every way possible in the work of forest fire prevention. They should carefully avoid antagonizing them in any way. Make Daily Reports . — Forest Wardens must make out their daily reports promptly upon the forms furnished them. They should be mailed at their first opportunity. This means the first time they are in the vicinity of a postoffice and not four or five days later. It is very important that they write carefully and answer all questions asked, not merely one or two of them. Make Special Report of Every Forest Fire . — Blank forms are fur- nished for making detailed reports on all forest fires. Ho forest fire is too small to be reported. The [North Carolina Geological and Eco- nomic Survey wants every warden to make special efforts to ascertain the cause of every forest fire which occurs in his district throughout the entire year. Arrangements have been made to pay for the time and expenses necessarily incurred in properly investigating all such fires, even though they occur out of the regular fire seasons. Careful estimates should be made of the area burned and value of damage done. It should be realized that damage to young growth is by no means limited to the value of the trees killed. It may be five or six years before nat- ural reseeding will take place and as a result there will be a loss of five or six years of growth in addition to the growth destroyed. Many trees that are not killed outright are badly scarred or otherwise injured so that their rate of growth is greatly reduced. The damage to the soil and to all other property values should be carefully estimated and included. Efficiency in making out complete and accurate fire reports is a fairly good indication of the efficiency with which other duties are performed. 42 Forest Fires in North Carolina Monthly Statement . — -At the end of every month and at the termina- tion of their period of service, when this occurs within the month, every Forest Warden should submit promptly a brief statement, giving the patrol dates and dates of various authorized items of expense, which were necessarily incurred in performance of duty and for which they are entitled to reimbursement. These may include automobile mileage, use of horse or mule, car fare, and sometime board and lodging, when night overtakes them at a distance from home and it would be obviously in the interest of their work to return the following day. Regular forms for a monthly statement of expenses are provided by the Survey and the Director will not authorize payment until these have been submitted in proper form. Special Requests and Information .- — All requests for report forms, envelopes, notices, etc., and all special reports on conditions and all requests for information and instructions, should be written on separate paper in the form of a letter and not on the back of report forms. In this way the matter will come to the attention of the proper parties at the head office more quickly and accordingly be more quickly attended to. Never allow your supply of report forms, notices, envelopes, etc., to become exhausted. Be sure to request more as soon as your supply is small. A general spirit of cooperation and helpfulness will always be appre- ciated by those in charge and it will greatly assist in efficient develop- ment of all forest protection work. Our watchword is “Reduce the frequency and size of forest fires.” North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey FORESTRY DIVISION Weeks Law FOREST FIRE PRETENTION IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE FOREST SERVICE, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Chapel Hill, N. C. Circular Letter: April 8, 1921. REWARD FOR EVIDENCE SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS TO FOREST WARDENS Dear Sir: — The question has come up as to who is entitled to the reward of $20, authorized by section 4309 of the Consolidated Statutes, for furnishing to the State sufficient evidence to convict any party for setting fire to the woods. This must be decided by the magistrate trying the case. It should be understood, however, by all forest wardens that they are employed and paid by the State, among other things, to enforce the laws against burning the woods. For this reason, forest wardens cannot claim this reward, as it is their duty to furnish all evidence in their possession without any reward. I feel sure that this is generally understood, hut this letter may prevent some misunderstanding in the matter. Very truly yours, (Signed) J. S. Holmes, State Forester, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Forest Fires in JSTorth Carolina 43 COOPERATION IN FIRE PROTECTION With the increase of the appropriation of the Survey, made by the Legislature of 1921, and an additional apportionment of Federal funds, after the first of J uly, it will be possible to still further extend the forest fire protective work of the Survey. The total amount available, how- ever, will be far from sufficient to adequately protect all the townships that really need protection, so that the policy of appointing wardens where financial cooperation can be secured will be continued. COUNTY COOPERATION In a State where local self-government plays such an important part as it does in Horth Carolina, it would seem as if some simple method should be in force to allow counties to initiate and take part in local protection from forest fires. A means to accomplish this has been pro- vided by the General Assembly of 1921 in the form of an act (chapter 26), “To authorize counties to cooperate with the State in forest fire protection.” The law is as follows : AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE COUNTIES TO COOPERATE WITH THE STATE IN FOREST FIRE PROTECTION [Chapter 26, Public Laws 1921.] The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: Section 1. That the board of county commissioners of any county are hereby authorized and empowered, in their discretion, to cooperate with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in the protection from fire of the forests within their respective counties, and to appropriate and pay out of the funds under their control for such protection an amount not to exceed one-half of the total expended by said Survey in such county during any one year for such protection: Provided, that said board of county commissioners may, in addition, agree with the Geological and Economic Survey to pay any part of or all the expenses incurred in extinguishing forest fires within said county after satisfying themselves that such expenses were legitimate and proper. Sec. 2. All laws and clauses of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Sec. 3. This act shall be in force on and after its ratification. Ratified this the 9th day of February, A.D. 1921. WHAT VIRGINIA HAS ACCOMPLISHED Virginia has a similar law, and in 1916 the State Forester, who had then only recently been appointed, invited the county authorities to cooperate with him in the employment of one or more forest wardens for patrolling his county. Eight counties accepted the invitation that year and in 1919 the number had increased to twenty. In that year one county appropriated $3*00 for this purpose; three $250; one $200; four $150; one $125 (for fall only) ; eight $100; and two $75 each (for only part of the county). 44 Forest Fires in North Carolina In eacli county from one to four patrolmen were appointed under the agreement to pay at least half of their salaries either from State funds or from Federal funds which had been placed at the disposal of the State Forester. They were employed to work on dry days only during the dangerous seasons. These men, while on duty, spent their entire time traveling over the districts watching out for forest fires, posting warning notices, cautioning people to be careful with fires, visiting sawmills, etc. ; in fact, doing exactly the same work as the forest wardens have been doing in North Carolina. As is the case in this State, they were given no authority to employ assistance in fighting fires, this being done in most cases by the local inhabitants. Suitable men were secured for around $3.50 per day, and out of this they paid any incidental expenses, such as feed for their horse, gas for their automobile and lodging, when it was necessary for them to stay out overnight. Fire protection work along these lines has proven decidedly successful in Virginia. With the expenditure of a small county fund, covering not more than half the total cost of the men’s salaries, fairly effective pro- tection has been secured. “The patrolmen themselves,” says the State Forester of Virginia, “are highly enthusiastic over the approval expressed by almost all citizens of their work and over the cooperation secured. It has been demonstrated that where there is serious fire danger a tre- mendous reduction in the forest fire loss can be brought about by this means at a cost that is trifling as compared with the damage that can he prevented. The method is undoubtedly right.” The boards of county commissioners in those counties where fire pro- tection is most needed are being invited by the Survey to offer coopera- tion as was done in Virginia. As long as the available State and Federal funds hold out, the offers of cooperation will be carefully considered, and will be accepted, if mutually satisfactory arrangements can be made. The State is suggesting an agreement along the following lines : PROPOSED BASIS OE AGREEMENT PROPOSED BASIS OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF COUNTY AND THE STATE GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE FORESTS OF COUNTY FROM FIRE. The Board of County Commissioners agrees: 1. To pay to the State Geological and Economic Survey one month before the beginning of the spring and fall lire seasons (February 1 and September 1) of each year the sum of $300 or more, to be covered by an equal or greater amount, both the county and State funds to be used for paying the salary (and necessary expenses) of one or more forest wardens in County. 2. To nominate and recommend to said Survey a suitable person or persons to act as forest warden or wardens in county, who must be men respected in their communities, of high character and of public spirit. They should own or have available a horse or automobile for use in patrolling. Forest Fires in North Carolina 45 3. To cooperate so far as is possible with, said wardens, after they have been appointed in the execution of their duties and the enforcement of the forest fire laws. The State Geological and Economic Survey agrees: 1. To employ and pay from funds at the disposal of the Survey one or more forest wardens in County. a. Wardens to be employed on part time during the dry spring and fall fire seasons, and for extinguishing and investigating forest fires at other times. b. Wardens to be appointed by State in accordance with State law. c. Wardens to be paid by the Survey as soon as after the end of each month as final reports can be received, at a fair rate to be agreed upon between the warden and the Survey. d. Wardens to be required to patrol during dry and dangerous weather, extinguish and investigate forest fires, post notices, interview residents, inspect sawmills, visit schools and other public places, and in general, work to prevent and extinguish forest fires. They will make necessary reports to the State Forester on forms provided by him. 2. To furnish to said wardens a badge of office, suitable notices for posting over the county and leaflets for distribution to landowners and other resi- dents and users of the forests. 3. To submit an accurate account of all money paid to wardens in County to the Board of County Commissioners at the end of each year, show- ing how the money was expended and what amount was paid by the county, and what paid by the Survey. If the cost of the forest fire prevention work in said county has not equaled or exceeded an amount equal to twice the amount appropriated by said county, the Survey will, upon request, return to said county its pro rata part of the fund remaining. It is hoped that such cooperation can he started with a number of counties both in eastern and western North Carolina during the year 1921. Public opinion in most parts of the State is such that county commissioners will find the people behind them in making small expendi- tures for starting definite fire protection in their counties. FOREST FIRE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION S The most effective cooperation in fire fighting has come from the sev- eral forest fire protective associations. These are not large organiza- tions of big landowners, such as one finds throughout the Northwestern United States, hut groups of small landowners and others, who are interested in the prevention of forest fires both for their own profit and the good of the community. Four of these associations have been active in the suppression of fires for part or all of the three-year period under discussion, and though no very extensive work has been done their organization and encouragement by the State have been well worth while. LINVILLE FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION This is the largest of the four associations, its membership representing some 33,000 acres of mountain land (See p. 55, Economic Paper No. 46 Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina 48). The interest of the members in its work has been fairly well sus- tained. The third annual meeting was held at Linville on September 27, 1918, when the following officers were elected for the ensuing year : President, George W. Hardin, General Manager, Linville River Railway Com- pany, Johnson City, Tenn. Vice-President, T. W. Hampton, Superintendent Boone Fork Lumber Co., Shulls Mills, N. C. Manager, J. P. Gibbs, Linville Improvement Company, Linville, N. C. Secretary, Mr. Van Mater, Linville Improvement Company, Linville, N. C. Directors: George W. Hardin, T. W. Hampton, J. P. Gibbs; L. D. Ellis, Cran- berry Iron and Coal Company, Cranberry, N. C.; E. G. Underdown, Man- ager, Cone Estate, Blowing Rock, N. C. Owing to the absence of several members on war work and the absorb- ing interest of other activities related to the war, little development work was done. Fortunately, both the spring and fall fire seasons were prac- tically free from dangerous periods and no large fires were reported. . A few small fires along the railroad were extinguished without cost to the Association. The report for 1919 shows that there were practically no fires during the year, the only expenditure for fire fighting being $5.00 in October. Those fires which did occur were caused by the railroad and in several cases were extinguished before spreading more than a few yards. Regu- lar rains materially reduced the fire risk, and it was not deemed neces- sary to put out regular patrolmen. At the annual meeting in 1919 the association area was divided up into six patrol districts, and in case of dangerous weather patrolmen will be employed to take the following routes : ( 1 ) One going out on trains from Cranberry to Gap and walking back along track; (2) one following trains from Linville to Gap; (3) one patrolling Pineola and Grandmother Mountain; (4) one at Boone Fork; (5) one at Hodges Gap; and (6) one from Foscoe to Linville Gap. During the year the association installed a protective telephone system from Poplar Siding to a point one mile beyond Linville Gap, a total distance of three miles. This line, in conjunction with the Linville Improvement Company’s line, has ’phones at a number of points, includ- ing the railroad sidings, railroad station, Sanford & Treadway’s office, Improvement Company’s office, Davis’s and Morton’s. In case of alarm (which may be turned in day or night) a large number of fire fighters may be assembled at short notice. Fire fighting tools have been located in boxes at the following points : West Linville Railroad Station, Linville (Sanford & Treadway), Linville Gap (Tate Davis’s house), Yonahlossee Road (Finley Gragg’s). Forest Fires in North Carolina 47 At this same meeting it was explained that Andrew Calhoun had assisted several times in extinguishing forest fires, and in appreciation of his services the treasurer was instructed to pay him $5. The constitution was amended to provide for seven directors instead of five. The following officers were then elected for the ensuing year : President, T. W. Hampton, General Manager, Boone Fork Lumber Company, Shulls Mills, N. C. Vice-President, F. M. Allison, Linville River Railroad Company, Cranberry, N. C. Treasurer, L. D. Ellis, Cranberry Iron and Coal Company, Cranberry, N. C. Secretary-Manager, J. W. Morton, Linville Improvement Company, Linville, N. C. Directors: J. Frank Hampton, General Manager Sanford & Treadway, New- land, N. C. G. W. Hardin, General Manager Linville River Railway Company, John- son City, Tenn. Ed. Robbins, Pineola, N. C. T. W. Hampton, Superintendent Boone Fork Lumber Company, Shulls Mills, N. C. E. G. Underdown, Superintendent Cone Estate, Blowing Rock, N. C. L. D. Ellis, Cranberry Iron and Coal Co., Cranberry, N. C. J. L. Hartley, Linville, N. C. On motion the secretary was allowed $50 per year to pay for any necessary clerical help. The manager’s report for 1920 includes the following items : “The year of 1920 did not require a great amount of action on the part of the Linville Forest Protective Association due to the fact that frequent rains greatly lessened the danger of forest fires. Therefore, there were no regular fire wardens engaged Jiy the association, and the association was charged only for the time of the men engaged in putting out the few small fires that started. “The expenses being low and balance on hand sufficiently large to more than meet the needs of the association, it was decided to postpone collection of annual dues until further funds were desired. “Since all tools have been distributed to the various boxes, and telephone lines installed as planned, the following improvements are contemplated: “(1) To provide the wardens with time clocks to make sure that they cover their territories thoroughly. “(2) To enlist the interest of parties living in Blowing Rock and Shulls Mills in a telephone line between these two places to work in conjunction with the association. “(3) To further perfect cooperation of the Linville River Railway, the Lin- ville Improvement Company, and other landowners with the Linville Fire Protective Association, in regard to territories covered by their respective wardens and in getting fire fighters quickly to the scene of action. “(4) To carry on a vigorous campaign to enlarge membership, thereby increasing protected territory and greatly lessening danger to the whole. “The spirit of increased cooperation and interest shown by the people in the past year is very encouraging, and the association may hope for continued improvement.” 48 Forest Fires in North Carolina Tlie annual meeting of the directors of the Linville Fire Protective Association was held at Linville on November 3, 1920. The motion was made and adopted that Mrs. Tate Davis he given the sum of $25 in recognition of her faithful services in vigilance and in fighting fires. The motion was made and carried that the expenses of Mr. W. D. Clark, Chief Forest Fire Warden in the State Geological and Economic Survey, be paid by the association while engaged locally in securing additional members for the association. Resolutions were adopted requesting the State of North Carolina to increase its appropriation for forest fire protection, in order to increase the Federal appropriation; petitioning the United States Congress to increase to one million dollars its appropriation under the Weeks Law; and requesting the United States Congress to adopt a permanent policy looking towards extensive acquisition of cut-over lands for national forests. The financial report of the Linville Forest Protective Association, covering the past three years, follows: Jan. 1. Dec. 31. Dec. 31. Jan. 1. Dec. 31. May 19. Oct. 24. Oct. 31. Nov. 6. Nov. 15. Dec. 31. Financial Statement 1918 Balance on hand , Semiannual dues from members Miscellaneous expenditures $ 9.17 Balance on hand 546.94 $195.20 360.91 $556.11 $556.11 1919 Balance on hand $546.94 By semiannual dues, July -Dec., 1919 336.41 To hack salary patrolmen $ 40.00 To expenses fire fighting 5.00 To shovels and axe handles 31.13 To three miles telephone wire 43.00 To freight on wire 2.22 To balance on hand 762.00 $883.35 $8S3.35 1920 Jan. 1. Balance on hand Paid for fire fighting, 1920 $ 46.00 Making tool box 3.35 Expenses of Chief Forest Fire Warden, securing members 24.50 Salary of Secretary-Manager 50.00 Dec. 31. Balance on hand 638.15 $762.00 $762.00 $762.00 Forest Fires in jSTorth Carolina 49 MOUNT MITCHELL FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION This association has continued its fire fighting work throughout the past three years with practically the same organization. Mr. A. R. Bauman, of Montreat, has been the secretary-manager, while Mr. Fred A. Perley, Black Mountain, has continued to act as president, and Mr. J. P. Parker, of Black Mountain, as vice-president. The activities of the association have been restricted to a small area, hounded on the east by the Blue Ridge, and on the west by the fSTorth Fork of the Swannanoa River. The repbrt for 1918 includes the following items : On April 24 the manager wrote : “While we have had several fires this season we have been able to handle them without much damage, and fires in general are much less frequent than in former years. We have had two fires on the Black Mountain watershed, both of which were extinguished by the Federal patrolman (who is coop- erating with the association) with some assistance, our association paying for labor used in extinguishing these fires. We all feel gratified at the reduc- tion of forest fires in our area.” On May 3 the manager reported : “Tools have been sent to Mr. Fred Moser (Federal patrolman in Mount Mitchell District, adjoining the association on the north).” On October 25 the manager reported : “We have made our usual arrangements for the fire fighting season, and hope to be able to put on more patrols. We had quite a bad fire in Montreat and along the Perley & Crocket Railroad last week, and it took a good many men to extinguish it, costing about $65. The fire was along the entire length of the Perley & Crockett Railroad, where it goes through Montreat, and it went over to our watershed, doing much damage there. I am doing every- thing possible to keep such fires down, but owing to the very dry weather it was a hard joD to check this one.” The report of this association for 1919 includes the following: “We had about eleven fires in all during the season, most of which were small and easily extinguished without doing any material damage. Three of the fires burned over about three acres before being put out. These fires were caused by the Perley & Crockett Railroad engines, and were extinguished with the use of the potato rake and with brush. Owing to the lack of suffi- cient funds, we have been unable to do much constructive work other than to patrol and keep down these fires. There has been great improvement along this line, and we do not begin to have as many fires as in the past, because we are educating the people up to the importance of preserving the forests in general, and they are willing to assist in a moral way, though we have not been able to get them to assist financially. “Much work in putting out fires is not charged for, as the people in general are always willing to assist in this work without any charge.” 4 50 Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1920 the only fire fighting done by the’ association was in November. Several serious fires occurred and $126 was paid out for extinguishing them. The manager reports : “All the fires we worked on during November were along the Perley & Crockett Railroad and set out by this road. These fires burned on Lookout, Brushy, Long Gap, Big and Little Slaty mountains, and also extended over on to the watershed of the Mountain Retreat Association, where this settlement gets its supply of drinking water. I would judge that over 200 acres were burned over.’’ Collections have been very slow in coming in during the past three years. Two or three of the more important members are contributing in a way by paying for fire fighting on their own land. There is also an understanding that some other members will contribute as soon as funds are exhausted. It is hoped that in this way the fire-fighting work of the association will be continued. Its patrol work has not been carried on for several years. It is expected that the logging railroad will he taken up within a year or two and then the association can be thoroughly reor- ganized or discontinued, as thought best. The report of receipts and disbursements for the past three years follows : Financial Statement 1918 Jan. 1. Balance on hand $192.15 By dues and subscriptions 76.00 To labor, spring fire fighting $112.95 To expenses, secretary-manager 6.80 Dec. 31. To balance on hand 148.40 $268.15 $268.15 1919 Jan. 1. Balance on hand $148.40 By dues and subscriptions 45.00 To labor, spring fire fighting $ 3.50 To labor, fall fire fighting 11.10 To expenses, secretary-manager 10.00 Dec. 31. Balance on hand 168.80 $193.40 $193.40 1920 Jan. 1. Balance on hand $16S.S0 By dues 10.00 To labor, fall fire fighting $102.90 To expenses, secretary-manager 23.40 Dec. 31. To balance on hand 52.50 $17S.S0 $17S.S0 TRTON FORESTRY CLUB Reports of the Tryon Forestry Club to the Survey have been meagre and irregular. This is in part due to the change in the management Forest Fires in FTorth Carolina 51 made necessary by the illness and subsequent death of the former secre- tary, Mr. George B. Cobb, through whose earnest efforts the club was organized in 1911. The interest of the members in fire extinction has been sustained and their cooperation with the Federal patrolman of the district helpful. The following statement, showing the number and character of fires occurring in the district over the three-year period indicates the success of their efforts: Date Area Burned Over Total Damage Cost of Extin- guishing Cause 1918: Feb. 26 40 S 200 S 3.95 From burning building. March 15 75 150 13.50 Burning grass field. 21 4 .60 22 100 500 6.60 Incendiary. 30 2 2 Railway. 2 1919 April 14 .. _ 6 50 3.30 Railway. 24 35 1,750 15.00 Railway. 24 50 750 15.00 Brush burning. Nov. 23 40 5.40 Railway. 1920 Mar. 23 35 175 21.80 Hunters. April 25 79 1.000 23.60 Bee tree. Nov. 19 _ _ .. 500 2,500 148.20 Hunters. Only one fire during the entire period exceeded 100 acres in extent, and the average fire was sixty-nine acres. This compares very favorably with the average for the State of 160 acres per fire and the six-year average for the State of 225 acres per fire. The average damage per fire reported by the Federal patrolman in this district, but in most cases esti- mated by the club, amounts to $7.30 per acre. The following items have been reported by the officials of the club : “The year of 1918 had damp weather both during the spring and fall fire seasons, with very few fires.” On April 24, 1919, the Treasurer writes: “Had a call by ’phone from a man at Mill Springs, outside the area protected by the club, wanting help to put out the fires, which, of course, we could not give. At midday, a fire was reported near the Horse Shoe Curve (on the Southern Railway). The Federal patrolman, James F. Berry, was over on Green River, but we managed to get a force to the fire, and stopped it. Late this evening either the same fire or another one was burning on Piney Moun- tain, and we got another force out to it, but have not heard the result. Very dry, with high wind from the north tonight, so that it is almost impossible to control fires.” 52 Forest Fires in LTorth Carolina The annual report for the year 1919 shows Major Bernard Sharp, president; G. H. Holmes, treasurer; and B. C. von Kahlden, secretary, all of Tryon, H. C. A total of 130 acres of land is reported as having been burned over during the year, about 35 of which is in Tryon Township and the bal- ance in Saluda Township. An estimated damage of $20 per acre in timber and young growth is made. The treasurer writes : “The fire season in the spring of 1919 was short, though very dry for a while. In the fall there was scarcely any dry weather when fires could do damage. The membership of the club is about forty.” The fire seasons for 1920 were short, and with one exception, not very serious. In [November, however, during a brief windy dry time, a fire broke out on Tryon Mountain and lasted from 2 p.m., November 19, to 3 a.m., FTovember 22, and burned over 500 acres. It would have been much larger but for the faithful work of the Federal patrolman, James F. Berry, who stayed with it the whole time. It is to be regretted that this faithful patrolman was shot and killed in Tryon on February 12, 1921. The State, the Federal Government, and the community have lost a faithful servant and citizen. The secretary reports that at the annual meeting on November 8, 1920, the following officers were elected: W. T. Lindsey, President. G. H. Holmes, Treasurer. B. C. von Kahlden, Secretary. The meeting adopted resolutions (a) calling upon the General Assem- bly to make adequate appropriations so that the State Geological and Economic Survey may greatly strengthen and extend its work for the prevention of forest fires in this State; (b) requesting Congress to con- tinue the policy of acquiring lands for national forests and appropriat- ing at least $10,000,000 a year for the next five years; and (c) requesting Congress to increase to one million dollars a year the appropriation for cooperation with the states in fire protection under the Weeks Law. The club decided not to charge membership fees, but to depend on volun- tary contributions for necessary fire fighting funds. The financial statement for the past three years is given below : Financial Statement 1918 Jan. 1. Balance on hand $ 65.22 Mar. 5. To paid expenses fighting fire 3.90 Mar. 25. To paid expenses fighting fire 2.20 Nov. 20. To paid expenses fighting fire 2.50 Dec. 31. To balance on hand 56.62 Forest Fires in North Carolina 53 1919 Jan. 1. Balance on hand $ 56.62 By dues and subscriptions 56.11 To paid labor fighting fires $ 16.50 Dec. 31. Balance on band 96.13 $112.73 $112.73 $ 96.13 152.10 $183.80 64.43 $248.23 $248.23 sandhills fire association After a number of conferences and correspondence extending over a number of years a fire protective association was organized in the center of the Sandhills region of the State, perhaps the most difficult region of the Eastern United States in which to control fires. At a meeting held in Southern Pines on March 2, 1919, the Sandhills Fire Association was formed and the following by-laws adopted: 1. Name. The name of this association shall be the Sandhills Fire Association. 2. Object. The purpose of the association shall he for the proper and efficient handling of the woods fires in McNeills and Sandhills townships, in Moore County; and protection of said townships from fires arising in Hoke County. 3. Area. The activities of the association shall extend over such parts of McNeills and Sandhills townships in Moore County as it shall designate; and so much of the upper end of Hoke County as may be necessary for the protection of the above territory. 4. Officers. The association shall have the following officers: a chairman, whose duty shall as such consist solely in conducting the meetings; a secre- tary, whose duties shall be confined to acting as clerk of the meetings, con- ducting the correspondence and safeguarding all the papers of the association; a fire warden, whose duties shall consist of taking and having full charge of all the field activities of the association; a small committee to be selected by the warden to advise and assist him in such manner as he may designate. In the absence of the chairman from any meeting the members present shall choose a temporary chairman. 5. Meetings. The association shall hold its annual meeting on the first Saturday in December of each year, at which meeting the chairman, secre- tary, and fire warden for the ensuing year shall be elected. At said meeting reports shall be filed by all elective officers covering their work for the past year, which reports shall be filed with the records of the association. Other meetings shall be called from time to time by the secretary by the direction of either the chairman or the warden. 6. Headquarters. The headquarters of the association shall be in the town of Southern Pines. 7. Membership. The membership of the association shall consist of all adults in the district who shall sign the articles of association and pay the dues required. 1920 Jan. 1. Balance on hand By dues and subscriptions To paid labor for fighting fires Dec. 31. Balance on hand 54 Forest Fires in North Carolina 8. Dues and assessments. The dues and assessments of the association shall be as follows: For all landholders, outside of the towns, at the rate of one-half a cent per acre per year; for all residents of the towns the rate shall be one dollar a year. All dues shall he payable in advance in half yearly installments on the dates of January 1 and July 1. 9. Pledge. It is further understood and agreed by and between the parties signing these rules that each one pledges and binds himself to cooperate with his neighbor for protection against lire at the call of his neighbor. Mr. P. P. Pelton, through whose untiring efforts the association was formed, was elected secretary; and Mr. D. C. Lemons was requested to act as forest warden. He was subsequently appointed a State Forest Warden by the State Forester. During that year the association was quite active in investigating fires and in prosecuting offenses against the forest fire laws. One case in particular, in which a prominent citizen had set fire to the woods to protect his own property and allowed fire to escape without any effort to control it, was hotly fought, but the man was convicted. The association’s efforts to interest the railroads of that region ic preventing fires escaping from their right of way and extinguishing those resulting from sparks from their engines is bringing results. An effort to cooperate with the War Department in preventing the spread of fires from Camp Bragg, which adjoins the association property, brought out the fact that the War Department was taking strong measures to keep down fires on their property. The following letter was received by the secretary of the association : Headquarters Camp Bragg, Office of the Commanding Officer, Fayetteville, N. C., Dec. 4, 1919. Mr. P. P. Pelton, Southern Pines, N. C. Dear Sir: — Replying to your letter of November 20th, we have a fire guard on Johnson Mountain looking out for fires in the reservation and the property adjacent thereto. The guard is there primarily to put out small fires in their vicinity, and to report to the camp commander any evidence of fires they can- not handle, in which case a detail of men would be sent out from camp as rapidly as possible to stop the fire. The above precautions have been taken to protect the entire reservation. We have had no fires of any consequence on the reservation to date, and we hope you have been as fortunate. (Signed) S. R. Hopkins, Lieut. -Colonel, Field Artillery, Executive Officer. An effort was made to appoint a Federal patrolman to cooperate with the association in the spring of 1919 but no suitable man could be fouud until the fall, when William R. Rice, of Pinebluff, was appointed patrol- man. He patrolled that fall and the next spring in a Ford truck and covered a large district, doing excellent work. Unfortunately, Mr. Rice has gone into other work and his services are not available. An attempt Forest Fires in North Carolina 55 to secure another suitable man in the fall of 1920 failed. Little has been done by the association during the past year, largely because the personal efforts of the secretary have had to be relaxed, owing to business reasons. There is a great opportunity for a live association in this region and it is hoped that the activities of the Sandhills Fire Association may be revived. Financial Report for 1919 and 1920 Receipts , 1919. By dues and subscriptions $60.00 Expenditures, 1920. To lawyer’s fee for prosecution $20.00 To fire fighting tools 5.50 To re-charging chemical extinguisher 2.75 To telephone tolls 1.00 To miscellaneous expenses 3.11 To balance on hand December 31 27.64 $60.00 $60.00 January 1, 1920. Balance on hand $27.64 January 1, 1921. Balance on hand 27.64 WESTERN HARNETT COUNTY LANDOWNERS As a result of an appeal for assistance in protecting their lands from fire made by some of the landowners in southwestern Harnett County late in the fall of 1920 the new Chief Forest Fire Warden visited the region and conferred with a number of prominent landowners. As a result of this, the Survey has made an offer to cooperate with the land- owners without the formality of organizing a fire association. Pending the definite acceptance of this offer a fire warden, Mr. J. S. Johnson, Spout Springs, N. C., was appointed to start protection work and attempt to organize along the lines suggested in the following letter, which is given in full because it is thought other communities might like to receive the assistance of the State along similar lines : Chapel Hill, N. C., November 30, 1920. To the Superintendent, Highland Farm, Pine View, N. C. Dear Sir: — Upon my return to headquarters I reported to the State Forester upon the practical efforts the landowners in your section of Harnett County are making to protect their forest lands against fire. I am very glad to be able to inform you that the Forester, on behalf of the State Geological and Economic Survey, is willing to authorize the appointment of a forest warden for duty in the western part of Harnett County and adjacent territory, the particular boundaries to be decided upon at a meeting of the interested parties. The basis of such authorization would be that the State pay 50 per cent of the salary and expenses of the appointee, and the associating landowners the 56 Forest Fires in FTorth Carolina other 50 per cent. It would also be necessary to limit the total State expendi- ture for this work to $250 for the coming year. If the other cooperating parties could raise $250 this would make a total of $500, which should accom- plish considerable in starting educational work, posting fire warning notices, and generally creating a public sentiment against uncontrolled forest fires. The cooperating parties in this case would be the State, Mr. J. S. Johnson, yourself acting for Mr. Sprunt, Mr. Davis and Mr. Campbell, for the Overhills Club. No doubt Mr. E. G. Moss would want to come in for the Never Fail Farm, and perhaps you may think of others. In order that this work may be started without unnecessary delay I am going to assume the privilege of asking you to call a meeting of the parties interested for the purpose of discussing these matters and arriving at some agreement. Sometimes patrolmen are employed on a monthly basis with salary ranging from $75 to $90 per month and expenses at 75c a day for use of a horse; or 5c per mile for use of a car. They are employed for a month or two during the dangerous fall season and again during the spring season. Sometimes they are employed on a daily basis for from $3 to $5 a day and expenses, put- ting in three or four days a week. The duties of the State forest wardens and Federal patrolmen would be chiefly as follows: A. Educational: 1. To post in conspicuous places fire warning notices and essential parts of forest laws. 2. To distribute to interested parties copies of the State forest laws and other forest literature. 3. To call upon local residents, farmers, etc., and advise with them about the forest laws and caution them about the use of fire. 4. To visit the schools and teach the children how trees and forests reproduce themselves and how necessary it is to protect especially the young trees from fire in order that they and their children may be provided with lumber to meet their future needs. B. Patrol: 1. To patrol their territory during the dry and dangerous seasons under the direction of the State Forester. 2. To report fires at once to landowners, to superintendents, to managers of local fire protective organizations, and to the State Forester. 3. To assist in preventing and extinguishing forest fires and in organ- izing and directing fire fighting crews. G. Police: 1. To assist in the general enforcement of all forest laws. 2. To investigate and report upon the causes of forest fires and suggest improved methods of control. The above is a general outline of forest warden duties. It would he of con- siderable help to us if you could bring these up for discussion at your meeting and let us have the benefits of your criticisms and suggestions. The wardens should be nominated by the cooperators subject to the approval of the State Forester by whom the appointment would be made. The entire salary and expenses would be paid direct from the Survey office on submission of account supported by necessary vouchers. Then the Survey would submit all to the association which in turn would remit its half to the Survey. It has been suggested that the cost of this forest protective work be distributed among the cooperating members on an acreage basis. Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina 57 In order that a start may be made this year, we have written Mr. Johnson asking him to serve at State and Federal expenses for the first two or three weeks of December only. We hope you will advise us how we may be of further assistance in this undertaking. Very truly yours, (Signed) W. D. Clark, Chief Forest Fire Warden , North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. PROTECTING MOUNT MITCHELL STATE PARK When the General Assembly, at the urgent request of Governor Locke Craig, provided for the purchase of “a portion of Mount Mitchell, includ- ing the summit . . . for the creation of a public park,” it did not make any provision for its administration or its protection from fire. Previous to JSTovemher, 1916, when the purchase of the first 524 acres was completed, there had been no forest fires on the west slope of the area included in this purchase, but in the spring of 1917 two or three serious fires broke out. One of these killed some fifteen acres of the finest spruce and balsam timber on the park. It was from this burn that later some 200,000 feet of burnt timber was sold, and the money used for inaugur- ating fire protection. Shortly after the occurrence of these fires, Governor Bickett requested the State Geological and Economic Survey to do what it could to pro- tect this park from fire and from the damage to young growth being caused by some of the visitors. Since that time, until the present, the State Forester has had the actual supervision of the fire protective work on the park and has as far as he was able, on account of the shortness of funds, carried out a continuous policy of protection. With the appoint- ment of a special commission to administer the park by the General Assembly of 1919, the responsibility was shifted from the Survey, but as the State Forester was made a member of the Commission the Survey’s connection with the work was not severed and the policy which had been inaugurated was continued. The protection policy on the park has included the following measures, all of which have been carried out as far as the limited funds available have allowed. The park has been placed in immediate charge of a forest warden, Mr. D. L. Moser, who lives close to the middle of the park practically the whole year. His chief duty throughout the dry spring and fall seasons and at other times when any fire danger exists is to patrol the park and the area which is being lumbered adjoining it. He travels along the railroad lines, visits the steam skidders, the logging crews and other places where engines and men are liable to set out fires. The need for this work is shown by the number of small fires set by sparks from engines which he has extinguished. During an excessively dry period last fall he reported that he had extinguished five such fires a day. In excessively dangerous seasons he has been assisted by an extra man. 58 Forest Fires in North Carolina As an additional precaution a strip 100 feet wide between tbe logged- over area and the live timber standing on tbe park is being cleared of tbe inflammable brush and tree tops as rapidly as money has become available It is hoped that this line can be completed during the present year. Already one or two fires burning in the slash would undoubtedly have destroyed a good deal of the live timber had it not been stopped by this fire line. During the season when visitors and camping parties come to the park the warden makes a point of looking after camp-fires and cigarette smokers. Visitors are warned to be careful in the use of fire and requested to cooperate with the State in the protection of the park. The General Assembly of 1921 has discontinued the commission ap- pointed two years ago and transferred the care and management of the park to the State Geological and Economic Survey. The law, chapter 222, Public Laws of 1921, reads as follows : An Act to Provide for the Administration and Protection of Mount Mitchell State Park. The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact: Section 1. That the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey and the Geological Board shall exercise and perform all the rights, powers, duties and obligations that have been heretofore exercised and performed by the Mount Mitchell Park Commission and the Mitchell Peak Park Commission, and said Survey and Board shall be the lawful successor of said commissions; and upon the passage of this act, those portions of the acts establishing the Mount Mitchell Park Commission and the Mitchell Peak Park Commission are herewith repealed. Sec. 2. That said State Geological Board be hereby further authorized and empowered to charge and collect fees for the use of such improvements as have already been constructed, or may hereafter be constructed on the Park, and for other privileges connected with the full use of the Park by the public; to lease for camps, houses, hotels and places of amusement and business; and to make and enforce such necessary rules and regulations as may best tend to protect, preserve and increase the value and attractiveness of the park. Sec. 3. That all fees and other money collected and received by the State Geological Board in connection with its proper administration of Mount Mitchell State Park shall be used by said board for the administration, pro- tection, improvement and maintenance of said park. Sec. 4. That the State Geological Board shall make an annual report to the Governor of all money received and expended by it in the administration of Mount Mitchell State Park and of such other items as may be called for by him or by the General Assembly. Sec. 5. That all laws and clauses of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Sec. 6 . That this act shall be in force from and after ratification. Ratified this the 9th day of March, A. D. 1921. Tbe cooperation of tbe National Forest officers on duty to tbe east of tbe park bas been secured, and telephone connection witb tbern and with tbe Bell telephone at Marion bas been made. Tbe keeper of tbe Forest Fires in North Carolina 59 park can now communicate with most of the forest officials on the Boone National Forest and can when necessary connect with the general tele- phone system throughout the State. In addition to this a Federal pa- trolman, under the direction of the State Forester, has been on duty in Pensacola Township, Yancey County, in which most of the park is situated. This man has assisted, by patrol and educational work, in keeping down fires on the lower slopes of the mountain. The lumber company operating on the west side of the park and below it has been appealed to from time to time to do everything possible to prevent fires on their operations and they have shown a disposition to do what they can along these lines. They have agreed to maintain hoods or spark arresters on their locomotives, and to use all men available for extinguish- ing fires whenever they get well started. It is expected that all timber owned by this company will soon be cut and their operations will cease. Undoubtedly the danger to the park from fire will be greatly reduced when this happens. This act provides no special fund for protecting or administering the park but opens a way whereby funds for this purpose may be secured. It is expected that the State Geological Board will shortly approve some preliminary measures, which it is hoped may eventually result in secur- ing sufficient funds for the proper protection and administration of the park. For the first year or two, however, the results will undoubtedly be small and the Survey’s own appropriation will have to be drawn upon to meet the necessary protection expenses. The same policy will be con- tinued that has been in effect heretofore, and every effort will be made to protect the live standing timber which is now the great beauty and attrac- tion of the park. APPENDIX VOLUNTARY TOWNSHIP FOREST FIRE CORRESPONDENTS IN NORTH CAROLINA REPORTING FOR 1920 MOUNTAIN REGION ALLEGHANY Township Name Address Cherry Lane J. T. Miles Cherry Lane G. W. Miles Miles 0. 0. Smith Doughton Cranberry J. M. Blevins Gray J. J. Miller Laurel Springs Gap Civil Glade Creek A. 0. Carico Edmonds Piney Creek C. L. Hash Piney Creek Prathers Creek Whitehead Wiley Combs Whitehead ASHE Chestnut Hill J. E. Gambill Grumpier J. F. Oliver Crumpler Clifton J. C. Roland Clifton Creston J. R. McMillan Creston Helton Charles F. Sexton Grassy Creek Horse Creek W. E. Perry Grayson M. Neech Edison C. C. Barker Park, Va., R. F. Adolphus Shepherd Edison J efferson Laurel North Fork Obids D. H. Burgess Obids Old Fields E. E. Trivett Beaver Creek Peak Creek G. B. Austin Laurel Springs W. L. Miller Laurel Springs W. N. G. Wellborn Laurel Springs Piney Creek H. M. Ashley Lansing Jonathan Perry Husk Pine Swamp V. L. Moretz Hopkins Walnut Hill AVERY Altamont W. C. Franklin Altamont Banner Elk T. L. Lowe Banner Elk Beech Mountain F. C. Palmer Heaton L. W. McGuire Whaley Cranberry Linville J. L. Hartley Linville E. C. Robbins Pineola Roaring Creek Toe River J. P. Hall Plumtree Wilsons Creek Monroe Coffey Edgemont BUNCOMBE Township Asheville Averys Creek Beaverdam Name Address Biltmore J. M. Wagoner Biltmore Black Mountain Fairview W. H. Burnett Black Mountain Flat Creek H. C. Blackstock Stocks ville French Broad Haw Creek Hazel W. H. Hunter Alexander Ivy M. T. Arrowood Democrat Leicester Limestone Lower Hominy J. H. Woodward Democrat Reems Creek W. C. Sprinkle Weaverville J. C. Roberts Weaverville Sandy Mush W. E. Waldrop Sandy Mush ■ Swannanoa A. L. Ingle Odessa Upper Hominy J. S. Smith Candler J. C. Waters Candler J. C. Curtis Candler, R. 3 BURKE J. C. Byrd Candler Icard Jonas Ridge G. L. Stine Hildebran Linville Lovelady L. P. Guigou Valdese L. L. Lowman Connelly Springs D. W. Lowman Connelly Springs Lower Creek J. V. Powell Morganton Lower Fork Morganton , No. 1 Morganton , No. 2 Quaker Meadow W. P. Corpening W'orry Silver Creek J. A. Wainwright Morganton, R. 1 A. H. Conley Morganton, R. 1 Smoky Creek S. C. Bennett Bridgewater Upper Creek Upper Fork M. S. Arney Worry 62 Forest Fires in North Carolina CALDWELL HAYWOOD— Continued Township Name Address Township Name Address Globe J. B. Moore Globe Fines Creek George A. Brown Crabtree James Moore Globe Iron Duff D. O. Moore Globe Ivy Hill Hudson Jonathans Creek Robert Howell Waynes vi lie Johns River W. T. Mays Lenoir, R. F. D. E. J. Howell Waynes ville Kings Creek G. M. Icenhour Kings Creek Pigeon Wm. Ledbetter Canton, R. 2 Pickens Barlow Kings Creek W. W. Wilson Canton, R. 2 Lenoir J. L. Suddreth Lenoir H. P. Ledbetter Canton, R. 2 A. K. Joy Lenoir W aynesville W. M. Tate Waynes ville G. A. Tuttle Lenoir, R. 5 White Oak W. 0. Moore Lenoir R. R. Corpening Lenoir, R. 5 HENDERSON Little River T. E. Story Lenoir Blue Ridge A. K. Hyder Saconom Lovelady Harvey Abernethy Granite Falls Clear Creek R. M. Pryor Hendersonville G. W. Sherrill Granite Falls G. N. Sentell Hendersonville, Lower Creek Crab Creek Mulberry J. C. Coffey Lenoir, R. 4 Edneyville A. S. Edney Hendersonville North Catawba Lonnie R. Rhodes Hendersonville Patterson C. J. Dobbins Finley C. Oates Bear Wallow John R. Hagaman Patterson Green River W. F. Pace Zirconia T. S. Setser Patterson J. W. Ward Zirconia Wilson Creek Hendersonville George Gillespie Horse Shoe Yadkin Valley R. L. Miller Buffalo Cove A. Cannon Horse Shoe Hugh A. Dobben Legerwood G. H. Blankenship Hillgirt C. S. Whitaker Hendersonville, CHEROKEE John Eubanks Hendersonville Beaver dam Hooper Creek J. V. Russell Fletcher Hothouse T. T. Johnson Culberson, R. 2 J. P. Fletcher Fletcher Murphy J. T. Hayes Tomotla Mills River George Gillespie Horse Shoe Notla A. H. Davidson Letitia J. W. Morgan Hendersonville Shoal Creek G. M. Jones Posted J. P. Whitaker Horse Shoe V alleytown S. H. Parker Marble J. H. Murray Horse Shoe R. A. Dewar Andrews G. M. Brittain Horse Shoe CLAY JACKSON Brasstown T. B. Hampton Brasstown Barkers Creek Hayesville Ernest D. Penland Hayesville Canada A. E. Galloway Wolf Mountain T. C. Moore Hayesville W. T. Rigdon Argura W. T. Bumgarner Hayesville Caney Fork G. T. Nicholson Cowarts S. J. Bristol Hayesville W. H. Hooper Cowarts Hiwassee Cashiers Valley C. G. Rogers Cashiers Shooting Creek N. N. Rogers Shooting Creek Cullowhee Tusquittee Ed. T. Shearer Hayesville Dillsboro J. Y. A. Moore Hayesville Greens Creek J. C. Reed Greens Creek Hamburg D. P. Moss Glenville GRAHAM L. A. Wilson Big Ridge Cheoah Mountain Stecoah M. A. Crisp Stecoah Qualla J. B. Andrews Japan River S. M. Parker Tuckaseigee Yellow Creek J. L. Green Fontana Savannah Scott Creek W. T. Derrick Balsam HAYWOOD Sylva R. W. Fisher Sylva, R. 1 Beaverdam B. W. Hall Canton Webster Cataloochee W. M. Sutton Cataloochee Cecil MACON Clyde Burningtown Robert Ramsey Tellico Crabtree Albert McCracken Clyde, R. 1 Cartoogechaye J. L. Walker Clyde Cowee W. J. Jenkins Wests Mill C. E. Williams Crabtree J. A. Lakey Etna East Fork B. F. Sellers Cruso Ellijay Noah L. Jollay Cullasaja Forest Fires in North Carolina 63 MACON— Continued Township Name Address Flatts J. E. Vinson Dillard, Ga. Franklin N. L. Barnard Franklin Highlands J. B. Phillips Shortoff Millshoal T. G. Harbison Highlands Nantahala Smith Bridge Jos. W. Gregory Aquone Sugar Fork MADISON No. 1 No. 2 J. M. Kenner Scroll No. 3 Thos. J. Murray Marshall No. 4 W. B. Holcomb Waverly No. 5 No. 6 Dick Murray Mars Hill, R. 2 No. 7 J. J. Ledford Marshall, R. 5 R. F. Payne Marshall No. 8 H. S. Davis Spring Creek G. W. Sawyer Bluff No. 9 No. 10 D. H. Gardner Paint Rock No. 11 E. E. Bryan Faust W. M. English Faust No. 12 Jacob A. Marley Marley W. B. Randall Barnard No. 13 W. A. Norris Joe J. E. Gregory Joe No. H T. F. Stormy Joe No. 16 J. A. Ball Mars Hill No. 16 J. A. Ramsey Mars Hill McDowell Brackett Broad River W. L. Nanney Black Mountain Crooked Creek A. B. Burger Old Fort Dysartsville R. F. Sisk Nebo Glenwood J. B. Kirksey Dysartsville Higgins L. A. Haney Nealsville Marion W. L. Ferguson Marion Montford Cove D. A. Snipes Garden City Nebo North Cove J. B. Lonon Ashford Old Fort MITCHELL J. H. Young Old Fort Bakersville W. L. Lambert Bakersville W. J. Slagle Bakersville Bradshaw E. D. Bowditch Toecane Cane Creek T. A. Buchanan Hawk Fork Mountain Grassy Creek Harrell Little Rock D. M. Cook Bakersville Poplar Billie Peterson Poplar M ITCH ELL — Continued Township Name Address Poplar M. D. Peterson Huntdale Ed. Barnett Relief Red Hill Snow Creek POLK Columbus Cooper Gap W. W. Gibbs Mill Spring Greens Creek J. W. McFarland Rutherfordton, R. 1 R. L. Camp Rutherfordton, R. 2 W. M. Barnett Landrum, S. C.,R.l Saluda Thomas E. Pace Fish Top Henry P. Corwith Saluda Try on James M. Butler Tryon D. E. Conner Tryon White Oak J. M. Lewis Mill Spring RUTHERFORD Camp Creek H. Forney Union Mills Chimney Rock M. A. Searcy Mill Spring, R. 2 F. L. Logan Chimney Rock Paul F. Searcy Uree, R. 1 Colfax Cool Spring J. B. Dill Forest City Ambrose Crotts Forest City Duncan Creek Gilkey J. D. Fincannon Union Mills, R. 3 Golden Valley L. S. Rollins Bostic, R. 4 Green Hill R. Ledbetter Uree High Shoal T. H. Ferree Caroleen Logan Store Morgan E. C. Hains Union Mills W. J. Hardin Rutherfordton, R. 3 Rutherford Sulphur Springs Union James M. Owens Rutherfordton, [R.F.D. SURRY Bryan B. J. Snow State Road W. J. Nixon Kapps Mill Dobson J. F. Nance Dobson Eldorado Elkin C. W. Young Elkin Franklin J. M. Todd Low Gap Long Hill T. W. Bryant Ararat F. A. Ashburn Mount Airy, R. 1 Marsh H. E. Beamer Rusk Mount Airy Pilot D. J. Denny Pinnacle, R. 3 Rockford J. W. Harbour Rockford J. G. Burrus Rockford Shoals M. F. Butner Pinnacle C. W. Key Pinnacle Siloam Stewarts Creek I. W. Reece Mount Airy, R. 3 Westfield H. E. Taylor Pilot Mountain D. H. Jessup Brim T. L. Brim Brim W. W. W. Amburn Mount Airy, R. 1 64 Forest Fires in North Carolina swain WILKES — Continued Township Name Address Township Name Charleston D. DeHart Bryson City Edwards M. F. Barker Forneys Creek G. I. Calhoun Proctor E. W. Settle Allen Welch Proctor Elk S. S. Barlow Nantahala E. H. Potter Nantahala G. W. Welch W. H. Baker Judson Jobs Cabin J. W. Church Ocona Lufty TRANSYLVANIA Boyd James M. Case Brevard, R. 2 Lewis Fork Lovelace E. C. Foster F. F. Wolf U. G. Foster R. V. Wright Parks M. Reid Brevard Catheys Creek J. M. Hamlin Brevard Moravian Falls C. C. Wright W. G. Meadows F. Poxton Cherryfield Mulberry H. H. Jennings H. C. Fenwick Selica New Castle G. W. Sale Dunns Rock Eastatoe E. M. Whitmire Rosman North Wilkesboro C. M. Welborn Gloucester Jesse M. McCall Balsam Grove Reddies River Hogback T. C. McCall Quebec Rock Creek T. J. McNeill Little River J. C. Capps Pisgah Forest W. N. Alexander A. J. Beddingfield Penrose Somers S. A. Mitchell WATAUGA Stanton Trap Hill G. W. Brow’n Bald Mountain Beaverdam Smith Hagaman Vilas Union Walnut Grove David Roten J. L. Whittington W. L. Brewer Blowing Rock S. C. Eggers R. K. Hartley Vilas Blowing Rock Wilkesboro George E. Blevins W. D. Wood Blue Ridge W. D. Cook Blowing Rock, R. 1 J. E. Winkler Boone William L. Trivett Boone Cove Creek N. L. Mast Mast A. G. Hendren Elk T. L. Critcher Bamboo H. H. Morehouse Laurel Creek Meat Camp North Fork Shawneehaw Stony Fork Watauga J. W. Hayes D. Charles Mast W. W. Norris C. G. Hodges F. C. Hodges J. M. May J. O. J. Potter F. M. Thomas G. W. Robbins J. F. Gregg WILKES Antioch L. M. Jarvis Beaver Creek Vance McGhinnis Boomer T. C. McGhinnis J. E. Phillips Brushy Mountain J. J. Hendren A. C. Parker A. N. Vannoy ALAMANCE Albright Boone Station Coble Bamboo Sugar Grove Sands Sands Sands Trade, Tenn., R. 2 Tamarack Trade, Tenn. Shulls Mills Shulls Mills Roaring River Boomer Boomer Boomer Pores Knob Gilreath Pores Knob YANCEY Brush Creek Burnsville Cane River Crabtree Egypt Green Mountain Jacks Creek Pensacola Price Creek Ramseytown South Toe G. Penley Deyton A. O. Greene W. S. Edwards Gus F. Hensley R. A. Radford D. M. Buck D. C. Renfro J. M. Howell S. H. Bryant W. D. Peterson Carl T. Young A. V. Honeycutt R. R. Ray Joe Robison J. A. Hannum Aaron Shuford E. N. Harrison Arthur Patton W. L. Cates G. A. Nicholson J. F. Homewood PIEDMONT REGION ALAMANCE— Continued Faucett J. H. Tapscott Graham Lewis H. Holt Burlington R. N. Cook Burlington, R. 1 H. J. Stockard Burlington Haw River J. H. Blackman Address Benham Benham Ferguson Mount Zion Summit Purlear Purlear Champion Hunting Creek Spurgeon Hunting Creek Pores Knob North Wilkesboro Ronda New Castle Roaring River N. Wilkesboro, R. 2 New Castle Trap Hill Sherman Reddies River Brewers Springfield Wilkesboro Wilkesboro, R. 2 Straw' Oakwoods Green Mountain Green Mountain Cane River Bald Creek Cane River Bald Mountain Green Mountain Green Mountain Dale Day Book Day Book Burnsville Pensacola Paint Gap Ramseydown Celo Celo Harvard Union Ridge Graham Graham Graham Haw River Forest Fires in FTorth Carolina ALAMANCE— Continued CATAWBA Townski-p Name Address Township Name Melville J. T. Shaw Mebane Bandy Morton J. T. Bowles Altamahaw, R. 2 Caldwell T. L. Bandy Newlin R. T. Moore Saxapahaw Catawba P. L. Smyre North Burlington Clines W. A. Hoke Patterson R. Z. Hornaday Rock Creek J. H. C. Huitt R. G. Thompson Rock Creek, R. 2 G. W. Winebarger Pleasant Grove W. B. Sellers Mebane, R. 3 Hickory W. P. Bowman South Burlington Jacobs Fork Thompson W. M. Overman Graham, R. 2 Mountain Creek ALEXANDER Ellendale H. G. Paris Graham, R. 2 Newton CHATHAM J. Y. Killian Gwaltneys Albright _W. J. Thompson Little River W. J. Bumgarner Taylorsville Baldwin C. A. Snipes Miller J. T. Hedrick Stony Point, R. 3 Bear Creek Alex. B. Phillips Sharpes Thos. F. Murdock Hiddenite Cape Fear A. A. Somers Stony Point Center James L. Griffin Sugar Loaf J. Partee Russell T aylorsville Gulf Grover C. Phillips Taylorsville Hadley Wittenburg Haw River Hickory Mountain ANSON Matthews Ansonville Burnsville Gulledge Lanesboro Lilesville B. D. Nelme Wadesboro New Hope Oakland Williams CLEVELAND J. E. Williams Morven No. 1 E. B. Hamrick Wadesboro White Store J. T. Leonard Peachland, R. 3 No. 2 No. 3 R. B. McBee CABARRUS No. 4 H. W. Gallinure No. 1 No. 5 C. C. Bram No. 2 S. L. Dellinger No. 3 C. H. Hamilton Davidson T. L. Hord No. 4 E. E. Lady Kannapolis No. 6 J. F. Roberts No. 5 L. J. Sapp Concord No. 6 John A. Suther Concord, R. 4 No. 7 M. M. Greene No. 7 C. L. Earnhardt Gold Hill, R. 3 J. B. Lattimore J. W. Honeycutt Gold Hill, R. 3 No. 8 W. W. Washburn No. 8 L. A. Lipe Mount Pleasant H. E. Foil Mount Pleasant No. 9 No. 9 D. M. Coley Georgeville No. 10 J. M. Carpenter George C. Shinn Georgeville J. R. Hoyle No. 10 H. T. Baker Norwood No. 11 Dr. Joseph Willis John S. Turner Stanfield No. 11 No. 12 DAVIDSON Abbotts Creek CASWELL Alleghany F. M. Cook Anderson A. H. Michael Dan River D. G. Watkins Blanch C.W. Stokes Hightowers W. R. Morgan Prospect Hill Arcadia Isaac P. Fischel Leasburg Geo. B. Connally Leasburg Boone Locust Hill J. B. Worsham Mclver, R. F. D. Conrad Hill Milton J. B. Yarbrough Semora Cotton Grove Pelham Emmons Stony Creek Hampton W. L. Davis Yanceyville J. W. Wiggins Yanceyville Healing Springs J. A. Kinney W. N. Harrelson Yanceyville Jackson Hill 65 Address Catawba Claremont Claremont Catawba, R. 1 Conover Hickory Newton Siler City, R. 1, Box Bynum [54 Bennett Pittsboro Bear Creek Chapel Hill, R. 1 Boiling Springs Gaffney, S. C., R. 9 Kings Mountain Waco Shelby, R. 1 Waco Shelby Mooresboro Lattimore Shelby, R. 4 Belwood Belwood, R. 1 Belwood, R. 1, Box (19 Handy Chandler Newsom Clemmons, R. 2 Clemmons High Rock 5 66 Forest Fires in North Carolina DAVIDSON— Continued GASTON Township Nam.e Address Township Name Address Lemelys Cherryville L. H. J. Houser Cherryville Lexington Jacob Kiser Bessemer City Midway James Nifong Winston-Salem, R.4 Crowders Mtn. John J. Ormand Bessemer City Reedy Creek John S. Hege Clemmons, R. 2 Dallas 0. F. Carpenter Worth Silver Hill C. A. Hedrick Lexington, R. 6 J. A. Friday Dallas, R. 1 Thomasville J. W. Bowers Thomasville D. A. Medlin High Shoals Tyro Joe Sink Lexington, R. 5, Gastonia F. F. Snyder Linwood [Box 25 River Bend W. B. Rutledge Mount Holly Yadkin College Edw. L. Greene Yadkin College South Point J. R. Henderson Lowell M. F. Phillips Yadkin College GRANVILLE DAVIE Calahaln A. D. Ratledge ~ . . . Brassfield Calahaln 7 . , , ~ Dutchville J. H. Perry Creedmoor Clarksville D. R. Eaton Cana ^ Farmington Fulton M. J. Hendricks G. T. Tucker ~ Fishing Creek ^ na Oak Hill Advance „ „ E. C. Harris D. T. Winston Oxford Virgilina, Va„ R. 2 Jerusalem J. D. Goins ^ , Oxford Cooleemee e B. S. Royster Oxford Mocksville James H. Cain Mocksville J 2 em Shady Grove Sassafras Fork Tally Ho C. C. Heggie W. S. Gooch Stovall Stem Walnut Grove L. B. McFarland Berea, R. 1 DURHAM B. T. Dean Oxford, R. 4 Carr GUILFORD Cedar Fork Bruce Durham J. W. Ferrell Durham, R. 2, Box Center Grow L. A. Walker Summerfield Lebanon J. E. Cole Durham, R. 2 [129 Clay G. A. Garrett J. N. W. Latta Durham, R. 2 Deep River Mangum VV. J. Young Rougemont Fentress J. B. Watlington Pleasant Garden Oak Grove Friendship S. A. Kirkman Guilford College, Patterson P. H. Massey Durham, R. 3 Gilmer [R.l Greene L. W. Causey Liberty FORSYTH High Point Abbotts Creek E. L. Carter Kernersville Jamestown Belews Creek J efferson E. S. Holt McLeans ville Bethania Madison Broad Bay W. R. Rominger 107 Flat Rock St., Monroe Winston-Salem Morehead C. N. Reed Winston-Salem, R.5 Oak Ridge Clemmonsville Rock Creek W. R. Wood Gibsonville Kernersville D. VV. Harmon Kernersville Sumner R. C. Short Greensboro, R. 1 Lewisville A. 0. Newman Greensboro, R. 1 Old Richmond J. D. Anderson Tobaccoville IREDELL O. V. Pfaff Tobaccoville Barringer J. R. Wall Tobaccoville, R. 3, Bethany Old Town (Box 14 Chambersburg Salem Chapel J. A. Marshall Walnut Cove Coddle Creek South Fork J. M. Jarvis Winston-Salem, R.l Concord Vienna C. F. Micker Pfaff town Cool Spring V. C. Montgomery Statesville. R. 7 West Salem Davidson Winston J. C. Bessart Winston-Salem Eagle Mills G. W. Baity Harmony R. W. Pou Winston-Salem T. L. Barnard Houstonville FRANKLIN A. F. Cook Harmony, R. 3 Cedar Rock T. W. Stokes Louisburg P. B. Kennedy Houstonville Cypress Creek Marvin W. Smith Harmony Dunn Fallistown Franklinton New Hope J. L. Reid New Hope Gold Mine Olin Harris N. B. Young Louisburg, R. 1 Sharpsburg W. B. McLelland Stony Point Hayesville K. C. Hawkins Kittrell, R. F. D. Shiloh Louisburg Statesville E. S. Millsaps Statesville .Sandy Creek G. C. Parrish G upton Turner sburg J. N. Barron Harmony Young sville Robert F. Gaither Hhrmony Fokest Fikes in ISToeth Caeolina 07 LEE MOORE Township Name Address Township Name Address Cape Fear J. F. Jonas Broadway Ben Salem John A. Copeland Eagle Springs L. L. Thomas Jonesboro M. A. Monroe Eagle Springs Deep River Carthage East Sanford Deep River Greenwood J. J. Edwards Lemon Springs Greenwood M. D. McLean Cameron Jonesboro Pocket J. W. Knott Sanford, R. 1 McNeills H. P. McPherson Cameron West Sanford Mineral Springs Pinehurst General Office Pinehurst LINCOLN Ritters J. T. Seawell Putnam Catawba Springs J. G. Morrison Stanley Sandhills Sheffields Howards Creek W. C. Kiser Reepsville H. K. Sullivan Lincolnton fronton G. B. Goodson Lincolnton, R. 3 ORANGE George M. Michael Iron Station Bingham Thos. J. Oldham Mebane, R. 2 J. E. Reinhardt Iron Station Cedar Grove Lincolnton Chapel Hill M. Lindsay Chapel Hill North Brook C. L. Eaker Cherry ville, R. 1 J. M. Lloyd Hillsboro, R. 3 T, Pate Jenks Henry, R. 3 Cheeks James 0. Webb Efland Eno Robert M. Hill Hillsboro MECKLENBURG Hillsboro Little River Berryhill Charlotte J. A. Baldwin Charlotte J. Y. Orders Charlotte, R. 2 PERSON Clear Creek Allenville Crab Orchard Bushy Fork R. S. Bayner Hurdle Mills, R. 2 Deweese Walter P. Sloan Davidson Cunningham Huntersville M. W. Van Pelt Huntersville Flat River James C. Cates Timberlake Lemleys James F. Blythe Huntersville, R. 22 Holloway J. B. Barnett Woodsdale J. A. Boyles Davidson, R. 25 G. E. Woody Woodsdale Long Creek Mount Tirzah Mallard Creek H. Y. Galloway Derita, R. 14 Olive Hill T. C. Wagstaff Roxboro A. F. Long Charlotte, R. 8 W. A. Winstead Roxboro Morning Star Paw Creek Pineville Providence Sharon A. B. Hood Matthews, R. 27 Roxboro Woodsdale RANDOLPH Asheboro J. S. Ridge Asheboro Steele Creek C. R. Choate Charlotte, R. 3 J. L. Mi 11 wee Pineville, R. 15 Back Creek N. H. Ferguson Randleman J. T. Redding Randleman, R. 3 Brower W. M. Moffitt Moffitt MONTGOMERY M. F. Wrenn Steeds, R. 1 Biscoe N. C. McLeod Biscoe Cedar Grove J. M. Wright Biscoe Coleridge H. T. Bray Ramseur Cheeks Creek C. E. Brookshire Mount Gilead, R. 3 Enterprise Mfg.Co. Coleridge D. J. Poole Pekin H. P. Moffitt Ramseur Eldorado J. A. Kirk Eldorado W. C. Stout Ramseur N. M. Thayer Eldorado Columbia John T. Turner Ramseur Hill Carl McGill Steeds J. A. Ward Ramseur Hollingsworth E. R. Sheffield Candor E. C. Watkins Ramseur Little River W. A. Leach Martins Mill Concord M. N. Morgan Farmer Mount Gilead R. M. Bruton Wadeville J. M. Yates Mechanic J. B. Hurley, Sr. Mount Gilead Franklinville J. T. Winslow Asheboro H. T. Scarborough Mount Gilead Grant S. S. Cox Asheboro, Star Rt. J. A. Lisk Mount Gilead C. O. Ingold Asheboro, R. 1 Ophir N. S. Hamilton I miner Level Cross Pee Dee Liberty W. B. Owen, Sr. Liberty Rocky Springs M. A. Bennett Jackson Springs New Hope G. E. Carter Eleazer Troy J. T. Thornbury Rachel 68 Forest Fires in North Carolina RANDOLPH — Continued STANLY — Continued Township Name Address Township Name Address New Market J. A. Wall Sophia Endy D. P. McSwain Albemarle Pleasant Grove J. T. Powers Bear Creek, R. 3 Furr Providence Harris Randleman A. N. Bulla Randleman North Albemarle N. T. Groce Worthville Ridenhour R. L. Lipe Richfield, R. 1 Richland C. E. Stuart Seagrove South Albemarle J. C. Parker Albemarle Tabernacle Tyson J. M. Reap Albemarle, R. 5 Trinity Union S. A. Cox Pisgah» STOKES Beaver Island ROCKINGHAM Big Creek Joe Francis Francisco Huntsville Danbury Leaksville J. M. Price Leaksville Meadow I. G. Ross Walnut Cove L. J. Shelton Spray Peters Creek Madison V. H. Idol Madison Quaker Gap Mayo T. B. Lindsay Stoneville Sauratown T. L. Smith Stoneville Snow Creek R. T. Stone Stoneville Yadkin D. V. Carroll Mizpah New Bethel W. G. Sharpe Wentworth J. H. Covington Mizpah P. H. Simpson Summerfield, R. 1 Price UNION Reidsville John Bennett Reidsville. R. 1 Robert, P. Mitchell Reidsville Buford J. C. Long Monroe Ruffin W. G. Dix Ruffin Goose Creek W. G. Long Unionville A. W. McManus Union ville, R. 1 M. Stokes Ruffin T 1 Simpsonville W. K. Gibbs Reidsville l. Li. -flOW M. C. Austin Monroe Marshville, R.F.D. W. S. McKinney Mclver Sandy Ridge Vance P. C. Stinson Monroe ROWAN Atwell J. L. Fleming China Grove VANCE F. D. Patterson China Grove Dabney China Grove L. A. Carriber Landis Henderson C. J. Deal Landis Kittrell J. P. Allen Henderson G. H. Lipe China Grove Middleburg Alfred Plummer Middleburg Cleveland E. B. Davis Cleveland B. S. Porham Henderson, R. 3 A. L. Powlas Barber Nutbush C. M. White Manson D. B. Rosebrough Cleveland Sandy Creek E. T. Alston Henderson Franklin Townsville J. E. Kimball Clarksville, Ya., Gold Hill W atkins [R.F.D. Litaker Willi amsboro R. A. Bullock Henderson, R. 3 Lock J. H. Rice Henderson, R. 7 Morgan C. A. Campbell Gold Hill Mount Vila Providence WAKE Salisbury A. L. Smoot Salisbury Bartons Creek Scotch-Irish Jonathan Lyerly Woodleaf, R. 1 Buckhorn Steel Cary Unity Cedar Fork E. M. Ellis Morrisville J. T. Horton Morrisville Holly Springs STANLY House Creek Sion H. Smith Cary, R. 1, Box 59 Almond R. H. Burleyson Albemarle Leesville M. J. Carlton Raleigh, R. 6 U. S. Burleyson Albemarle, R. 6 A. G. Ray Raleigh, R. 7 Big Lick D. E. Efird Albemarle Little River Center Marks Creek Endy L. H. Bost Albemarle, R. 6 Middle Creek Fokest Fires in North Carolina 69 WAKE — Continued WARREN — Continued Township Name Address Township Name Address Neuse River J. D. Willson Neuse Smith Creek J. F. P. Horton Norlina J. B. W T iggins Neuse, R. 1 Swan Quarter George Robinson Ridgeway New Light W. D. Sandling W r ake Forest, R. 4 G. E. White Norlina Panther Branch Miss S. M. Adams WTllow Springs Raleigh YADKIN St. Marys Troy Pool Auburn Boonville M. M. Crumel Boonville St. Matthews A. S. Speer Boonville Swift Creek Buck Shoal E. G. Myers Hamptonville Wake Forest F. J. Duke Wake Forest G. T. White Hamptonville White Oak W. T. Hunt Apex Deep Creek S. T. Hinshaw Yadkinville J. W. McCoy Yadkinville WARREN East Bend J. G. Hoff East Bend Fishing Creek J. F. Hunter Areola J. T. Watt East Bend Fork W. H. Pridgen Creek W. P. Williams East Bend Hawtree Fall Creek C. A. Hall Siloam, R. 2 J udkins J. R. Hall Siloam Nutbush A. E. Paschall Manson E. B. Vestal Siloam R. D. Paschall Ridgeway E. J. Vestal Yadkinville River Forbush John H. Eaton Yadkinville Roanoke H. L. W'all Littleton, R. 3 J. K. Gough East Bend Sandy Creek S. J. Pritchard Henderson, R. 6 Knobs J. G. Groce Jones ville Shocco Liberty J. C. Money Yadkinville Six-pound C. F. Burrow Macon, R. 3 Little Yadkin COASTAL PLAIN REGION BEAUFORT BLADEN — Continued Bath W. M. Kear Washington White Oak G. H. Elliott Washington Whites Creek I. A. Register Council Chocowinity D. J. Priest Council, R. 2 Long Acre G. D. Perry Council Pantego Richland J. A. Hardy Aurora BRUNSWICK Washington Lockwoods J. J. Hewett Supply Northwest BERTIE Shallotte Colerain D. R. Britten Colerain Smithville Indian Woods E. D. Spruill Quitsna Town Creek Merry Hill T. A. Smithwich Merry Hill Waccamaw Mitchell A. E. Gawlt Aulander Roxobel George T. Parker Kelford CAMDEN Snake Bite J. Rufus Cherry Windsor Courthouse T. B. Godfrey Camden Whites Mrs. B. B. Sawyer Belcross Windsor Shiloh Woodville South Mills BLADEN CARTERET Abbotts Beaufort Bethel H. J. Lyon Elizabethtown Carteret Bladenboro S. N. Ferguson Bladenboro Cedar Island Brown Marsh Harkers Island W. H. Guthrie Harkers Island Carvers Creek J. K. Nicholson Council Harlowe Central R. P. Tatum Ruskin Hunting Quarters Colly Merrimon Cypress Creek Morehead Elizabethtown Newport A. L. Wilson Newport Frenchs Creek Portsmouth Hollow C. H. Brisson St. Pauls, R. 4 Straits Lake Creek D. J. Sessoms Ivanhoe Smyrna Henry 0. Piner W'illiston Turnbull White Oak 70 Forest Fires in North Carolina CHOWAN Township Name Address No. 1 No. 2 M. B. Chappel Edenton I. J. Moran Edenton No. 8 W. C. Ward Ryland E. C. Welch Tyner No. Ji- COLUMBUS Bogue J. E. Thompson Hallsboro J. B. Wyche Hallsboro Bolton M. D. Creech Bolton Bug Hill J. H. Lay Pireway W. A. Marlow Dothan Major Smith Bug Hill Chadbourn G. H. Thompson Chadbourn, R. 1 Fair Bluff Lees Hosea Simmons Vineland N. M. Ward Nakina Ransom S. M. Newell Bolton W. L. Hobbs Delco South Williams W. C. Gore Clarendon Tatoms Waccamaw Welch Creek Whiteville B. White Vineland CRAVEN No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 J. R. Jolley Fort Barnwell J. S. Robinson Cove City No. 4 No. 5 James L. Taylor Bachelor John S. Morton North Harlowe No. 6 No. 7 W. E. Moore New Bern, R. 5 No. 8 Pine Lumber Co. New Bern No. 9 CUMBERLAND Beaver Dam Fred. E. Bullard Roseboro Black River Nathan Williams Godw r in D. B. Bain Wade Carvers Creek Cedar Creek Cross Creek E. A. Poe Fayetteville Flea Hill H. H. Bolton Fayetteville D. D. Bain Wade, R. 1 Grays Manchester Pearces Mill Rockfish L. M. Culbreth Cumberland Seventy-first S. M. Hobbs Linden CURRITUCK Crawford W. J. Tate Coinj ock A. B. Midgett Coin jock Fruitville David Jones Knotts Island Moyock W. M. Stuart Vine, Va. Poplar Branch dare Township Name Address Atlantia East Lake Claude C. Duvall Buffalo City Hatteras N. F. Jennett Buxton Kennekeet B. B. Ballance Hatteras Nags Head Theo. S. Meekins Manteo UPLIN M. G. Hollowed Nags Head Albertson Cypress Creek S. W. Peal Seven Springs Faison Glisson Island Creek Z. V. Blount Faison Kenansville Henry Dail Kenansville Limestone Magnolia Rockfish Rose Hill Smith Warsaw Wolfscrape EDGECOMBE No. 1 Mrs. J. C. Powell Tarboro F. H. Pender Tarboro No. 2 No. 3 No. i No. 0 C. H. Spivey Tarboro, R. 4 No. 6 No. 7 S. N. Weeks Battleboro No. 8 W. W. Eagles Macclesfield No. 9 C. W. Owens Fountain D. R. Mercer Fountain H. C. Turnage Fountain No. 10 E. L. Pitt Pinetops Robert E. Pitt Pinetops No. 11 George D. Britt Tarboro No. 12 No. 13 No. U GATES Gatesville Hall Haslett Holly Grove E. H. Eure Eure Hunters Mill B. H. Ward Bosley J. M. Beaman Sunbury Mintonville T. J. Carter Hobbsville Reynoldson E. S. Ellenor Gates REENE Bull Head Carrs J. L. Eason Stantonsburg Hookerton N. F. Palmer Hookerton J ason W. D. Mewborn LaGrange Olds Ormond Shine Speights Bridge T. E. Marrow Farmville Forest Fires in North Carolina 71 HALIFAX HYDE— Continued Township Name Address Township Name Address Brinkleyville Swan Quarter F. Collin Barber Lake Landing Butterwood Conocanary W. E. Nicholson Airlie JOHNSTON J. W. Jarvis Swan Quarter Enfield S. B. Holloway Enfield Banner John W. Wood Benson, R. 2 Faucett A. L. Stephenson Benson Halifax W. D. Boon Littleton C. D. House Thelma Bentonsville J. M. Beasley Bentonville Palmyra R. H. White Hobgood Beulah W. G. Pittman Kenly Roanoke Rapids Boon Hill Roseneath Clayton Scotland Neck J. E. Shields Scotland Neck Cleveland Weldon Elevation Ingrams J. W. Sanders Four Oaks HARNETT B. B. Adams Four Oaks Anderson Creek J. S. Johnson Spout Springs Meadow J. J. Rose Bentonville Averasboro J. W. Whitehead Dunn Micro V. L. Stephens Dunn O'Neals P. B. Chamblee Zebulon Barbecue W. E. Parker Middlesex, R. 3 Black River Pine Level H. R. Gerald Pine Level Buckhorn J. D. Champion Fuquay Spgs., R. 1 N. G. Wiggs Princeton W. A. A vent Kipling Pleasant Grove Duke H. V. Moulton Duke . Selma Grove L. L. Levinson Coats Smithfield William D. Avera Smithfield Hectors Creek A. L. Baughcom Fuquay Springs Wilders J. I. Whitley Wendell, R. 1 H. S. Holloway Cardenas Wilson Mills J ohnsonville D. P. McDonald Olivia JONES C. C. Cameron Pineview Lillington Beaver Creek H. L. Wooten Kinston, R. 6 Neills Creek Chinquapin Stewarts Creek Cypress Creek C. A. Rhodes Comfort Upper LittleRiver J. B. F. Stewart Mamers Pollocksville F. H. Foy Pollocksville Trenton T. A. Windley Trenton Tuckahoe D. W. Dudley Comfort HERTFORD White Oak Ahoskie Harrellsville LENOIR Maneys Neck S. P. Winborne Como Contentnea Neck W. P. Gilbert Grift on Murfreesboro St. Johns Clarence Chavis Ahoskie Falling Creek J. S. Abbott Kinston J. J. Askew Ahoskie Institute W inton HOKE Allendale Antioch H. H. Jones Winton Kinston Moseley Hall Neuse Pink Hill Sand Hill Southwest Samuel T. Meares LaGrange Blue Springs Little River McLauchlin J. H. Priest Manley Trent Vance Quewhifde Woodington Raeford MARTIN Stonewall HYDE L. S. Mclnnis Dundarrach Beargrass Cross Roads McG. Taylor Williamston Goose Neck J. W. Hines Oak City Currituck Geo. T. Radcliff Leechville Griffins T. A. Griffin Scranton Hamilton Fairfield J amesville Lake Landing George E. Roper Engelhard Poplar Point Jesse A. Leggett Williamston, R. 3 W. W. Watson Lake Landing James R. Everett Williamston J. M. Hall Middletown Robersonville Ocracoke Williams J. L. Coltrain Williamston Swan Quarter I. R. Credle Swan Quarter Williamston 72 Forest Fires in USTorth Carolina NASH PENDER Township Name Address Township Name Address Bailey Burg aw A. H. Paddison Burgaw Castalia Caintuck E. A. Howes Atkinson Coopers D. J. Corbett Currie Dry Wells Caswell Ferrells W. B. Bergeron Middlesex Columbia A. D. Ward Currie Griffins Hollister Lbr. Co. Hollister George F. DeVane Ivanhoe A. W. Cooper Whitakers Grady Jackson Holly J. A. Dainer, Jr. Maple Hill Mannings Long Creek Nashville Rocky Point W. W. Pearsall Rocky Point North Whitakers Topsail J. Horner Scotts Hill Oak Level J. C. Nixon Topsail Red Oak Union Rocky Mount South Whitakers PERQUIMANS Stony Creek J. W. Culpepper Rocky Mount Belvidere Bethel NEW HANOVER Hertford Cape Fear New Hope Arthur Butt Hertford Federal Point Parkville T. C. Stony Winfall Harnett M asonboro PITT Wilmington Ay den J. R. Smith Ay den J. R. Henry Grifton NORTHAMPTON Beaver Dam Gaston Bethel R. D. Whitehurst Bethel J ackson John E. Moore Jackson Belvoir J. S. Grant Jackson Carolina Kirby W. T. Bridgers Conway Chicod J. J. Elk Grimesland Occoneechee Falkland Pleasant Hill J. W. Magee Pleasant Hill Farmville John T. Thorne Farmville G. W. Massey Pleasant Hill J. R. Davis Farmville Rich Square A. J. Conner Rich Square Fountain Roanoke D. T. Hicks Lasker Greenville J. J. Harrington Greenville Seaboard Pactolus Wiccacanee J. G. Bottoms Margarettsville Swift Creek Winterville J. J. May Greenville ONSLOW A. G. Cox Winterville Jacksonville Edw. J. Scott Jacksonville Richlands J. W. Fountain Richlands RICHMOND Stump Sound J. T. Shepard Holly Ridge Beaverdam G. C. Baldwin Hoffman Swansboro D. J. Sanders Hubert Black Jack J. F. Capel Ellerbe, R. 2 White Oak A. A. Eubank Marks Creek W. H. H. Bagwell Hamlet M. B. Nicholson Osborne PAMLICO Mineral Springs J. R. Wall Ellerbe No. 1 Rockingham J. A. Hutchinson Roberdel No. 2 J. W. Martin Florence Steeles A. Baldwin Ellerbe, R. 1 No. 3 A. J. Little Mangum No. 4 Wolf Pit W. H. Roberts Rockingham No. 5 ROBESON PASQUOTANK Alfordsville Elizabeth City T. B. Wilson Elizabeth City Back Swamp Mount Hermon J. W. Perry Okisko Britts Newland W. J. Williams Elizabeth City, R.6 Burnt Swamp Nixonton C. L. Ball Elizabeth City, R. 1 Fairmont J. L. Brock Elizabeth City, R. 2 Gaddy Providence W. S. Stafford Elizabeth City, R. 3 Howellsville M. P. Jennings Elizabeth City Lumber Bridge Salem J. C. James, Jr. Weeksville Lumberton Forest Feres in jSTorth Caeolina 73 ROBESON — Continued SCOTLAND — Continued Township Name Address Township Name Marietta Stewaxtsville S. W. Covington Maxton Rory McNair Maxton Williamson H. D. Gibson Orrum R. W. Nye Orrum F. L. Rachels M. W. Hedgpeth Orrum Parkton TYRRELL Pembroke Alligator Raft Swamp R. F. Gregory Lumberton Columbia E. B. Hopkins W. C. Townsend Lumberton Gum Neck W. K. Culbreth Lumberton Scuppemong E. R. Davenport L. E. Tyner Buies South Fork Red Springs A. D. McLeod Red Springs J. L. McMillan Red Springs WASHINGTON Rennert C. W. Watson Rennert Lees Mill N. C. Vail J. E. Singleton Rowland A. T. McKellor Rowland Saddletree St Pauls Shannon E. B. Paul John H. Powers J. F. Hamilton Lumberton Lumberton, R.F.D. St. Pauls Plymouth Scuppemong Skinnersville C. L. Everett Smiths Sterlings WAYNE Thompson W. L. Price McDonald Brogden W. N. Anderson Foster Williams McDonald W. F. English Wishart Buck Swamp Fork W. C. Hollowell SAMPSON Goldsboro D. C. Pipkin Dismal Grantham Franklin B. C. Triplett Kerr Great Swamp B. R. Edgerton Halls J. A. Fort Clinton Indian Springs Herrings Nahunta S. H. Ay cock Honeycutts New Hope Lisbon J. D. Johnson Garland Pikeville P. B. Scott C. A. Brown & Bro. Garland K. D. Perkins Little Coharie Saulston McDaniels Stony Creek Mingo Newton Grove North Clinton Piney Grove South Clinton Taylors Bridge T urkey Westbrooks SCOTLAND Laurel Hill Spring Hill Westbrook Lee, Sr. Newton Grove J. A. Jackson Laurinburg Neill A. McKay Wagram WILSON Black Creek Cross Roads Gardner Old Fields Saratoga Spring Hill Stantonsburg Taylor Toisnot Wilson L. P. Woodard J. W. Bailey H. E. Thompson H. B. Lane Address Laurinburg Gibson Old Hundred Columbia Columbia Plymouth Roper Mackeys Dudley Mount Olive Goldsboro Goldsboro Kenly, R. 1 Fremont Pikeville Pikeville Wilson Kenly Stantonsburg Wilson, R. 4 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY BULLETINS 1. Iron Ores of North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze, 1893. 8°, 239 pp., 20 pi., and map. Out of print. 2. Building and Ornamental Stones in North Carolina, by T. L. Watson and F. B. Laney in collaboration with George P. Merrill, 1906, 8°, 283 pp., 32 pi., 2 figs. Postage 25 cents. Clotli-bound copy 50 cents extra. 3. Gold Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze and George B. Hanna, 1896. 8°, 196 pp., 14 pi., and map. Out of print. 4. Road material and Road Construction in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes and William Cain, 1893. 8°, 88 pp. Out of print. 5. The Forests, Forest Lands, and Forest Products of Eastern North Caro- lina, by W. W. Ashe, 1894. 8°, 12S pp., 5 pi. Out of print. 6. The Timber Trees of North Carolina, by Gifford Pinchot and W. W. Ashe, 1897. 8°, 227 pp., 22 pi. Out of print. 7. Forest Fires: Their Destructive Work, Causes and Prevention, by W. W. Ashe, 1895. 8°, 66 pp., 1 pi. Out of print. 8. Water powers in North Carolina, by George F. Swain, Joseph A. Holmes, and E. W. Myers, 1899. 8°, 362 pp., 16 pi. Out of print. 9. Monazite and Monazite Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze, 1895. 8°, 47 pp., 5 pi. Out of print. 10. Gold Mining in North Carolina and other Appalachian States, by Henry B. C. Nitze and A. J. Wilkins, 1897. 8°, 164 pp., 10 pi. Out of print. 11. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks of Western North Carolina, by J. Volney Lewis, 1895. 8°, 107 pp., 6 pi. Out of print. 12. History of the Gems Found in North Carolina, by George Frederick Kunz, 1907. 8°, 60 pp., 15 pi. Out of print. 13. Clay Deposits and Clay Industries in North Carolina, by Heinrich Ries, 1897. 8°, 157 pp., 12 pi. Out of print. 14. The Cultivation of the Diamond-back Terrapin, by R. E. Coker, 1906. 8°, 67 pp., 23 pi., 2 figs. Out of print. 15 Experiments in Oyster Culture in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1907. 8°, 74 pp., 17 pi., 11 figs. Postage 10 cents. 16. Shade Trees for North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 74 pp., 10 pi., 16 figs. Out of print. 17. Terracing of Farm Lands, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 38 pp., 6 pi., 2 figs. Postage If cents. 18. Bibliography of North Carolina Geology, Mineralogy, and Geography, with a list of Maps, by Francis Baker Laney and Katherine Hill Wood, 1909. 8°, 428 pp. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-hound copy, $1.00. 19. The Tin Deposits of the Carolinas, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Douglas B. Sterrett, 1905. 8°, 64 pp., 8 figs. Postage l f cents. 20. Waterpowers of North Carolina: An Appendix to Bulletin 8, 1910. 8°, 383 pp. Postage 25 cents. 21. The Gold Hill Mining District of North Carolina, by Francis Baker Laney, 1910. 8°, 137 pp., 23 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. Cloth copies 75 cents. 76 Forest Fires iist North Carolina 22. A Report on the Cid Mining District, Davidson County, N. C., by J. E. Pogue, Jr., 1911. 8°, 144 pp., 22 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. Cloth copies 75 cents. 23. Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes, 1911. 8°, 116 pp., 8 pi. Postage 15 cents. 24. Loblolly or North Carolina Pine, by W. W. Ashe, Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service (and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey). Prepared in Cooperation with the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1914. 8°, 176 pp., 27 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. Cloth copies 75 cents. 25. Zircon, Monazite, and Other Minerals used in the Production of Chemi- cal Compounds Employed in the Manufacture of Lighting Apparatus, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, Ph.D., 1916. 8°, 120 pp., 3 pi. Postage 15 cents. Cloth copies 75 cents. 26. A Report on the Virgilina Copper District of North Carolina and Vir- ginia, by F. B. Laney, Ph.D., 1917. 8°, 176 pp., 20 pi., 16 figs. 27. The Altitudes of North Carolina, 1917. 8°, 124 pp. Postage 20 cents. 28. Limestones and Marls of North Carolina, by G. F. Loughlin, E. W. Berry, and J. A. Cushman. Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in co- operation with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1921. 8°, 211 pp., 7 pi., 3 figs. Postage 15 cents. Gives a complete description of the various deposits of limestones and marls in North Carolina ; the history of their production and use ; describes plants now operating in the State, and discusses the possible future of limestones and marls as a fertilizer for North Carolina. ECONOMIC PAPERS 1. The Maple Sugar Industry in Western North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1897. 8°, 34 pp. Postage 2 cents. 2. Recent Road Legislation in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print. 3. Talc and Pyrophyllite Deposits in North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1900. 8°, 29 pp., 2 maps. Postage 2 cents. 4. The Mining Industry in North Carolina, during 1900, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1901. 8°, 36 pp., and map. Out of print. Takes up in some detail Occurrences of Gold, Silver, Lead and Zinc, Copper, Iron, Mangan- ese, Corundum, Granite, Mica, Talc, Pyrophyllite, Graphite, Kaolin, Gem Minerals, Monazite, Tungsten, Building Stones, and Coal in North Carolina. 5. Road Laws of North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print . 6. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1901, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1902. 8°, 102 pp. Out of print. Gives a list of Minerals found in North Carolina ; describes the Treatment of Sulphuret Gold Ores, giving localities ; takes up the Occurrence of Copper in the Virgilina, Gold Hill, and Ore Knob districts ; gives Occurrence and Uses of Corundum ; a List of Garnets describing Local- ities ; the Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Uses and Localities of Mica ; the Occurrence of North Carolina Feldspar, with Analyses ; an extended description of North Carolina Gems and Gem Minerals ; Occurrences of Monazite, Barytes, Ocher ; describes and gives Occurrences of Graphite and Coal ; describes and gives Occurrences of Building Stones, including Limestone ; describes and gives Uses for the various forms of clay, and under the head of “Other Eco- nomic Minerals,” describes and gives Occurrences of Chromite, Asbestos, and Zircon. 7. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1902, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1903. 8°, 27 pp. Out of print. 8. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1903, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1904. 8°, 74 pp. Out of print. Gives description of Mines worked for Gold in 1903 ; description of Properties worked for Copper during 1903, together with assay of ore from Twin-Edwards Mine; analyses of Limon- ite ore from Wilson Mine, the Occurrence of Tin ; in some detail the Occurrences of Abrasives. Occurrences of Monazite and Zircon ; Occurrences and Varieties of Graphite, giving Methods of Cleaning ; Occurrences of Marble and other forms of Limestone ; Analyses of Kaolin from Barber Creek, Jackson County, North Carolina. Forest Fires in FTorth Carolina 77 9. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1904, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1905. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents. Gives Mines Producing Gold and Silver during 1903 and 1904, and Sources of the Gold Produced during 1904 ; describes the mineral Chromite, giving Analyses of Selected Samples of Chromite from Mines in Yancey County; describes Commercial Varieties of Mica, giving the manner in which it occurs in North Carolina, Percentage of Mica in the Dikes, Methods of Mining, Associated Minerals, Localities ; Uses ; describes the mineral Barytes, giving Method of Cleaning and Preparing Barytes for Market, describes the use of Monazite as used in connec- tion with the Preparation of the Bunsen Burner, and goes into the use of Zircon in connection with the Nernst Lamp, giving a List of the Principal Yttrium Minerals ; describes the minerals containing Corundum Gems, Hiddenite and Other Gem Minerals, and gives New Occurrences of these Gems ; describes the mineral Graphite and gives new Uses for same. 10. Oyster Culture in North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1905. 8°, 39 pp. Out of print. 11. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1905, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 95 pp. Out of print. Describes the mineral Cobalt and the principal minerals that contain Cobalt ; Corundum Localities ; Monazite and Zircon in considerable detail, giving Analyses of Thorianite ; describes Tantalum Minerals and gives description of the Tantalum Lamp ; gives brief description of Peat Deposits ; the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick ; Operations of Concentrat- ing Plant in Black Sand Investigations ; gives Laws Relating to Mines, Coal Mines, Mining, Mineral Interests in Land, Phosphate Rock, Marl Beds. 12. Investigations Relative to the Shad Fisheries of North Carolina, by John N. Cobb, 1906. 8°, 74 pp., 8 maps. Postage 6 cents. 13. Report of Committee on Fisheries in North Carolina. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 78 pp. Out of print. 14. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1906, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1907. 8°, 144 pp., 20 pi., and 5 figs. Postage 10 cents. Under the head of “Recent Changes in Gold Mining in North Carolina,” gives methods of mining, describing Log Washers, Square Sets, Cyanide Plants, etc., and detailed descriptions of Gold Deposits and Mines are given ; Copper Deposits of Swain County are described ; Mica Deposits of Western North Carolina are described, giving Distribution and General Character, General Geology, Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Mining and treatment of mica, origin, together with a description of many of the mines ; Monazite is taken up in considerable detail as to Location and Occurrence, Geology, including classes of Rocks, Age, Associations, Weath- ering, method of Mining and Cleaning, description of Monazite in Original Matrix. 15. Tlie Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1907, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 176 pp., 13 pi., and 4 figs. Postage 15 cents. Takes up in detail Copper and the Gold Hill Copper District, a description of the Uses of Monazite and its Associated Minerals ; descriptions of Ruby, Emerald, Beryl, Hiddenite, and Amethyst Localities ; a detailed description with Analyses of the Principal Mineral Springs of North Carolina; a description of the Peat Formations in North Carolina, together with a detailed account of the uses of Peat and the Results of an Experiment Conducted by the United States Geological Survey on Peat from Elizabeth City, North Carolina. 16. Report of Convention called by Governor R. B. Glenn to Investigate the Fishing Industries in North Carolina, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1908. 8°, 45 pp. Out of print. 17. Proceedings of Drainage Convention held at New Bern, North Carolina, September 9, 1908. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 94 pp. Out of print. 18. Proceedings of Second Annual Drainage Convention held at New Bern, North Carolina, November 11 and 12, 1909, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, and containing North Carolina Drainage Law, 1909. 8°, 50 pp. Out of print. 19. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1909, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1910. 8°, 52 pp., 9 pi. Out of print. 20. Wood-using Industries of North Carolina, by Roger E. Simmons, under the direction of J. S. Holmes and H. S. Sackett, 1910. 8°, 74 pp., 6 pi. Out of print. 21. Proceedings of the Third Annual Drainage Convention, held under Auspices of the North Carolina Drainage Association; and the North Carolina Drainage Law (codified). Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 67 pp., 3 pi. Out of print. 78 Forest Fires in ISTorth Carolina 22. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1910, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1911. 8°, 48 pp. Out of print. 23. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1908, ’09, and ’10, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Miss H. M. Berry, 1911. 8°, 134 pp., 1 pi., 27 figs. Postage 10 cents. Cloth copies 50 cents extra. Gives report on Virgilina Copper District of North Carolina and Virginia, by F. B. Laney ; Detailed report on Mica deposits of North Carolina, by Donglas B. Sterrett ; Detailed report on Monazite, by Douglass B. Sterrett; Reports on various Gem Minerals, by Douglas B. Ster- rett ; Information and Analyses concerning certain Mineral Springs ; Extract from Chance Report of the Dan River and Deep River Coal Fields ; some notes on the Peat Industry, by Professor Charles A. Davis ; Extract from report of Arthur Keith on the Nantahala Marble ; Description of the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick. 24. Fishing Industry of North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 44 pp. Out of print. 25. Proceedings of Second Annual Convention of the North Carolina Forestry Association, held at Raleigh, North Carolina, February 21, 1912. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1911. Suggested Forestry Legislation. Compiled by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1912. 8°, 71 pp. Postage 5 cents. 26. Proceedings of Fourth Annual Drainage Convention, held at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, November 15 and 16, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1912. 8°, 45 pp. Out of print. 27. Highway Work in North Carolina, containing a Statistical Report of Road Work during 1911, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. 8°, 145 pp., 11 figs. Out of print. 28. Culverts and Small Bridges for Country Roads in North Carolina, by C. R. Thomas and T. F. Hickerson, 1912. 8°, 56 pp., 14 figs., 20 pi. Postage 10 cents. 29. Report of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N. C., December 13, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, together with a Compendium of the Stenographic Notes of the Meetings Held on the two trips taken by the Legislative Fish Committee Appointed by the General Assembly of 1909, and the Legislation Recommended by this Committee, 1912. 8°, 302 pp. Postage 15 cents. 30. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the North Carolina Good Roads Association held at Charlotte, N. C., August 1 and 2, 1912, in Cooperation with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. S°, 109 pp. Postage 10 cents. 31. Proceedings of fifth Annual Drainage Convention held at Raleigh, N. C., November 26 and 27, 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist. 8°, 56 pp., 6 pi. Postage 5 cents. 32. Public Roads are Public Necessities, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geolo- gist, 1913. 8°, 62 pp. Postage 5 cents. 33. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1912 and National and Association Cooperative Fire Control, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1913. 8°, 63 pp. Postage 5 cents. 34. Mining industry in North Carolina during 1911-12, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1914. 8°, 314 pp., 23 pi., 12 figs. Postage 15 cents. Gives detailed report on Gold Mining in various counties with special repoi-t on Metal- lurgical processes used at the Iola Mine, by Claud Hafer ; description of a Cyanide Mill by Percy Barbour ; the new milling process for treating North Carolina Siliceous Gold Ores at the Montgomery Mine, including a description of the Uwarrie Mining Company" s Plant ; notes on the Carter Mine, Montgomery County, by Claud Hafer ; also a description of the Howie Mine and its mill; a detailed report of the Coggins (Appalachian) Gold Mine, by Joseph Hyde Pratt ; a list of gems and gem minerals occurring in the United States ; special descrip- tions of Localities where the Amethyst, Beryl, Emerald, and Quartz Gems Occur, as taken from United States Geological Survey Report by Douglas B. Sterrett ; a report on the Dan River Coal Field, by R. W. Stone, as reprinted from Bulletin 471-B of the United States Geological Survey, a special report on Graphite, by Edson S. Bastin and reprinted from Mineral Resources of United States for 1912 ; a special report on Asbestos describing both the Amphi- Forest Fires iist FTorth Carolina 79 bole and Chrysotile varieties ; a report on the Mount Airy Granite Quarry ; special report on Sand and Gravel, giving Uses, Definitions of Various Sands, etc., the portion of a Bulletin on Feldspar and Kaolin of the United States Bureau of Mines, which relates to North Carolina, and which takes up in detail Occurrences, Methods of Mining, and Descriptions of Localities of Feldspar and Kaolin mines in North Carolina, prepared by Mr. A. S. Watts. In this Economic Paper are also given the names and addresses of producers of the various minerals during the years covered by the report. 35. Good Road Days, November 5th and 6th, 1913, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 102 pp., 11 pi. Postage 10 cents. 36. Proceedings of the North Carolina Good Roads Association, held at More- head City, N. C., July 31st and August 1, 1913. In Cooperation with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. — Statistical Report of Highway Work in North Carolina during 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 127 pp., 7 figs. Postage 10 cents. 37. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1913 and a Summary of State Forest Fire Prevention in the United States, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1914. 8°, 82 pp. Postage 8 cents. 38. Forms covering the Organization of Drainage Districts under the North Carolina Drainage Law, Chapter 442, Public Laws of 1909, and Amendments. And Forms for Minutes of Boards of Drainage Commissioners covering the Organization of the Board up to and Including the Issuing of the Drainage Bonds. Compiled by Geo. R. Boyd, Drainage Engineer, 133 pp. 39. Proceedings of the Good Roads Institute held at the University of North Carolina, March 17-19, 1914. Held under the auspices of the Departments of Civil and Highway Engineering of the University of North Carolina and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. 8°, 117 pp., 15 figs., 4 pi. Postage 10 cents. 40. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1914 and Forestry Laws of North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes, State Forester, 1915. 8°, 55 pp. Postage 5 cents. 41. Proceedings of Seventh Annual Drainage Convention of the North Carolina Drainage Association held at Wilson, North Carolina, November 18 and 19, 1914. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1915. 8°, 76 pp., 3 figs. Postage 5 cents. 42. Organization of Cooperative Forest Fire Protective Areas in North Carolina, being the Proceedings of the Special Conference on Forest Fire Pro- tection, held as part of the Conference on Forestry and Nature Study, Mon- treat, N. C., July 8, 1915. Prepared by J. S. Holmes, State Forester, 1915. 8°, 39 pp. Postage 4 cents. 43. Proceedings of the Second Road Institute, held at the University of North Carolina, February 23-27, 1915. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1916. 8°, 128 pp. Postage 15 cents. 44. Highway Work in North Carolina During the Calendar Year Ending December 31, 1914. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1916. 8°, 55 pp. Postage 10 cents. 45. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Drainage Convention. Held under the Auspices of the North Carolina Drainage Association and the North Caro- lina Geological and Economic Survey, Belhaven, N. C., November 29, 30, and December 1, 1915. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 90 pp. Postage 15 cents. 46. The Vegetation of Shackleford Bank, by I. F. Lewis, 1917. 8°, 40 pp., 11 pi. Postage 10 cents. 47. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Drainage Convention of the North Carolina Drainage Association, held at Greensboro, N. C., November 22 and 80 Forest Fires in North Carolina 23, 1916. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1917. 8°, 110 pp., 8 figs. Postage 15 cents. 48. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1915, 1916 and 1917, and Present Status of Forest Fire Prevention in North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes, State Forester, 1918. 8°, 97 pp. Postage 10 cents. 49. Mining Industry in North Carolina during 1913-1917, Inclusive, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1919. 8°, 170 pp. Postage 20 cents. Gives list of useful minerals of North Carolina ; contains detailed report on the Uwarra Mill at Candor ; data relating to the brown hematite iron ores and a special report on the titanifer- ous iron ores of the State ; report on tin resources of the Kings Mountain District ; special data relating to manganese ; greensand ; marble deposits of Cherokee County ; clay tests. 50. Proceedings of Tenth Annual Drainage Convention, held at Washington, North Carolina, March 31 and April 1, 1920, compiled by North Carolina Geo- logical and Economic Survey, 1920. 8°, 78 pp. Postage 10 cents. 51. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1918, 1919, and 1920, and Forest Protection in North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes, State Forester, 1921 °, ... pp. Postage 10 cents. VOLUMES Vol. I. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks in Western North Caro- lina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and J. Volney Lewis, 1905. 8°, 464 pp., 44 pi., 35 figs. Postage 32 cents. Cloth-hound copy $1.50 extra. Vol. II. Fishes of North Carolina, by H. M. Smith, 1907. 8°, 453 pp., 21 pi., 188 figs. Out of print. Vol. III. The Coastal Plain Deposits of North Carolina, by William Bullock Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, L. W. Stephenson, B. L. Johnson, and Horatio N. Parker, 1912. 8°, 509 pp., 62 pi., 21 figs. Out of print. Pt. I. — The Physiography and Geology of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, by Wm. Bullock Clark, Benjamin L. Miller and L. W. Stephenson. Pt. II. — The Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, by L. W. Stephenson and B. L. Johnson. Vol. IV. The Birds of North Carolina, by T. Gilbert Pearson, C. S. Brimley and H. H. Brimley, 1918. 8°, 380 pp., 24 colored plates, 10 black and white plates, 275 text figures, one map. Paper copies, $2.00, postpaid. Cloth-hound copies, $2.75, postpaid. BIENNIAL REPORTS First Biennial Report, 1891-1892, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1893. S°, 111 pp., 12 pi., 2 figs. Postage 6 cents. Administrative report, giving object and organization of the Survey ; Investigations of Iron Ores, Building Stone, Geological work in Coastal Plain Region, including supplies and drink- ing waters in eastern counties. Report on Forests and Forest Products, Coal and Marble, Investigations of Diamond Drill. Biennial Report, 1893-1894, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1894. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1S95-1896, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1S96. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1897-1S98, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1S9S. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1899-1900, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1900. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. 8°, 15 pp. S°, 17 pp. 8°, 2S pp. 8°, 20 pp. Forest Fires in North Carolina 81 Biennial Report, 1901-1902, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1902. 8°, 15 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1903-1904, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1905. 8°, 32 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1905-1906, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1907. 8°, 60 pp. Postage 3 cents. Administrative report; report on certain swamp lands belonging to the State, by W. W. Ashe ; it also gives certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations. Biennial Report, 1907-1908, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1908. 8°, 60 pp., 2 pi. Postage 5 cents. Administrative report. Contains Special Report on an examination of the Sand Banks along the North Carolina Coast, by Jay F. Bond, Forest Assistant, United States Forest Service; cer- tain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations ; Results of an Investigation Relating to Clam Cultivation, by Howard E. Enders, of Purdue University. Biennial Report, 1909-1910, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1911, 8°, 152 pp. Postage 10 cents. Administrative report, and contains Agreements for Cooperation in Statistical Work, and Topographical and Traverse Mapping Work with the United States Geological Survey ; Forest Work, with the United States Department of Agriculture (Forest Service) ; List of Topo- graphic maps of North Carolina and counties partly or wholly topographically mapped ; description of Special Highways in North Carolina ; suggested Road Legislation ; list of Drain- age Districts and Results of Third Annual Drainage Convention ; Forestry Reports relating to Connolly Tract, Buncombe County and Transylvania County State Farms ; certain Watersheds ; Reforestation of Cut-over and Abandoned Farm Lands on the Woodlands of the Salem Academy and College ; Recommendations for the Artificial Regeneration of Longleaf Pine at Pinehurst, Act regulating the use of and for the Protection of Meridian Monuments and Stand- ards of Measure at the several county seats of North Carolina ; list of Magnetic Declinations at the county seats, January 1, 1910 ; letter of Fish Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Fisheries relating to the conditions of the North Carolina fish industries ; report of the survey for the North Carolina Fish Commission referring to dutch or pound-net fishing in Albemarle and Croatan sounds and Chowan River, by Gilbert T. Rude, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ; Historical Sketch of the several North Carolina Geological Sur- veys, with list of publications of each. Biennial Report, 1911-1912, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1913. 8°, 165 pp. Postage 7 cents. Administrative report, and contains reports on method of construction and estimate of cost of road improvement in Stantonsburg Township, Wilson County ; report on road conditions in Lee County ; report on preliminary location of section of Spartanburg-Hendersonville Highway between Tryon and Tuxedo ; report of road work done by United States Office of Public Roads during biennial period ; experiments with glutrin on the sand-clay road, report on Central High- way, giving Act establishing and report of trip over the Highway ; suggested road legislation ; report on the Asheville City watershed ; report on the Struan property at Arden, Buncombe County ; report on the Woodlands on the farm of Dr. J. W. Kilgore, Iredell County ; report on examination of the woodlands on the Berry place. Orange County ; report on the forest prop- erty of Miss Julia A. Thorns, Ashboro, Randolph County; report on the examination of the forest lands of the Butters Lumber Company, Columbus County ; proposed forestry legislation ; swamp lands and drainage, giving drainage districts, suggested drainage legislation ; proposed Fisheries Commission Bill. Biennial Report, 1913-1914, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1915. 8°, 118 pp. Postage 10 cents. Administrative report, and contains reports on the work of the State convicts on Hickory Nut Gap Road, Henderson County, and on the link of the Central Highway in Madison County which is being constructed with State convicts ; report on road work accomplished by the State Survey and by the United States Office of Public Roads during biennial period ; sug- gested road legislation ; a forestry policy for North Carolina ; report on investigation ; timber supply of North Carolina ; reports on the examination of certain forest lands in Halifax County ; report on the ash in North Carolina ; report on the spruce forests of Mount Mitchell ; report on the forest fire conditions in the Northeastern States, by J. S. Holmes ; Report on the work of the United States Forest Service in North Carolina in connection with the pur- chase of forest reserves and their protection ; timber tests, including strength of timber, preservation of timber, timber suitable to produce pulp, distillation of certain woods and dry- ing certain woods ; suggested forestry legislation ; report on the swamp lands and their drain- age in North Carolina ; suggested drainage legislation ; report on magnetic observations made 82 Forest Fires in [N’orth Carolina during biennial period ; report on the economic value of the fisheries of North Carolina ; report on the survey made in Albemarle, Croatan, and Pamlico sounds by the Coast and Geodetic Survey ; suggested fisheries legislation. Biennial Report, 1915-1916, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1917. 8°, 202 pp. Postage 25 cents. Administrative report, and contains special reports on the Protection from Fire of the Forested Watersheds of Navigable Streams ; National Forest Reservations ; forestry report on Lake Latham Farms near Mebane, N. C. ; report on Forest Tract owned by the Cranberry Iron and Coal Company near Cranberry, N. C. ; report on work of N. C. Forestry Association ; report on Southern Forestry Congress; special report on “The Fisheries of North Carolina": Magnetic Observations made during 1915 and 1916 ; Memorial Sketch of Dr. Joseph Austin Holmes. Biennial Report, 1917-1918, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1919. 8°, 110 pp. Postage 15 cents. Administrative Report, and contains special reports on the Mitchell State Park ; Proposed Forestry Course at the State University ; North Carolina Forestry Association ; report on magnetic observations made during biennial period. Biennial Report, 1919-1920, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist, 1921. 8°, 74 pp. Postage 10 cents. Administrative Report, and contains special reports on the present forest area of North Carolina and estimated amount and value of standing timber ; on plan for water resource survey of the State ; and on organization of Biological Division of the Survey. Samples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the office of the Geological and Economic Survey for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. It must be understood, however, that no assays ok quantitative detekminations will be made. Samples should be in a lump form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package with name of sender, postoffice address, etc.; a letter should accompany sample and stamp should be enclosed for reply. These publications are mailed to libraries and to individuals who may desire information on any of the special subjects named in most cases free of charge, except that in each case applicants for the reports should forward the amount needed for packing and transportation for mailing the bulletins desired, to the State Geologist, Chapel Hill, N. C. ' : / \ Date Due Form 335— 40M— 6-39— S 555 N8 Tl tio.n IT«C„ Geological and Econo- mic Survey: Forest Firea in ,N.C. 1918-20 DATE DUE ISSUED TO 553 N873 no. 51 60729