DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Treasure %oom PHn,<)M 6 1 4. Fibrous carbonate of lime ..... J 15. Soft shelly sandstone ....... 02 16. Light brown and blue limestone abounding in the Iso--v podous Crastacean {Archceoniscus, pi. i. fig. 6), in the ( lower part laminated with numerous Cyclades and ( Ostreaj ....... -^ 17. Blue compact grit full of impressions of Cyclas and Ostrese 2 to 3 18. White laminated crystalline limestone very different from 2 Nos. 2 and 4 — probably ..... ^ Total 7 4 It is very difficult to distinguish the beds below this, as the pit was full of water, but they in all probability con- sist of a series of grits, coarse blue limestone, and fine white slaty limestone, containing the remains of Fish, Cypris, and Insects. I have little doubt that this lime- stone, which I propose to denominate Insect Limestone, is inferior to that of No. 18. It is generally of a coarser texture, softer, and less compact than the stratum (No. 1 6) containing the Archtzoniscus, (plate i. fig. 6,) being often white at the edges, but of a blue colour towards the centre. FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE where it becomes fine grained and harder. It passes into a thin white slaty limestone, (resembling the stone of Monte Bolca and Solenhofen,) very fine gi-ained, and having a laminated structure. These slabs also abound in Fish, Insects, impressions of Plants, Cypris, Archaoniscus, and rarely shells, most of which belong to the genus Cyclas, and one species of Paludina. A very few species of Cyclas occur in the coarse blue "Insect Limestone," nor are there any traces of the above-mentioned Crustacean. There are also numerous specimens of Cypris granulosa, which differ from those in the upper strata. Associated with these, there are many fragments of carbonized vege- table matter, and impressions of small plants, a list of which is given at page 31. A thin bed of grit gradually passing into the "Insect Limestone" forms one of its surfaces, and contains bones, scales, and jialates (Bufonites) of fish, probably belonging to a species of Lepidotus, and the tooth of a Saurian. This grit is very like one which marks some of the upper mem- bers of the Sussex AVealden, especially in the abundance of rounded pebbles which it encloses. It differs in this respect from No. 17, but is very similar to No. 7 in the previous section. The white limestone (No. 4) and the brown sandstone (No. 9) as well as the " Insect Limestone," afford frequent remains of at least three species of Cypris, namely, Cypris Valdeusis, C. granulosa, and another smaller variety. The shells although numerous as to individuals, present but few genera — Cyclas media, C. major, C. parva, Palu- dina elongata, and a sjjecies of Unio, being the most characteristic. The true Insect Limestone is easily distinguished from the Isopod Limestone No. 16, not only by its texture and SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. O position, but also by the absence of these peculiar Crus- taceans, although the thin slaty stone into which it passes does contain them. Insects are found in all these beds, but they are very rare in the Isopod Limestone^ though abundant in, and characteristic of, the coarser blue and fine slaty limestone subjacent to it. The "Insect Limestone" is generally about afoot and a half in thickness. A partial excavation since filled up, about two hundred yards to the east, enabled me to determine the true position of this bed. The strata are all inclined at a very considerable angle, dipping rapidly to the south, and gradually thinning out towards that point. Indeed, they have been upraised and fractured to a great extent, which is most likely the result of a fault ; and it is sing-ular that this upheaving has not taken place in the same strata only a little further to the west, as they are there almost horizontal ; (see section page 3;) and since the " Isopod Limestone" approaches the surface, most of the overlying beds must have been previously denuded. In descending order we have 1 . Isopod Limestone ........ 2. Sliity stone, upper part of " Insect Limestone " much re- duced in thickness . . , . . 3. Brown gritty sandstone ....... 4. Very hard grey crj-stalline limestone without fossils . 5. Purbeck stone, full of Cyclas ; a hard grey slaty stone, like that at Teffont and Lady Down .... Total 3 9 The position therefore of the Insect Limestone is evi- dently leloio- the Isopod Limestone. The calcareous beds at Teffont and Lady Down above the tiling stone (sections pages 19 and 20) are most likely the equivalents of the FEBT. INCHES. 3 to 4 2 1 3 2 6 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE Isopod and Insect Limestone combined, as they contain both Archseoniscus and Insects, and are superior to the Tilestone itself. The whole of these may be likewise con- sidered as representatives of the Slate and the Cap on the coast of Dorsetshire. Dr. Mantell conceived that No. 4 resembled a limestone in Sussex, which is characterized by the same species of Unio ; and he also recognized the grit (No. 17) full of Cyclas, as identical in external ap- pearance with some of the Tilgate beds near Cuckfield. The beds from 1 to 8 inclusive in the section page 3, seem to have been very much denuded, since the sand- stone (No. 9) lies almost immediately beneath the surface in part of the adjoining country, the edges of this bed being exposed on the banks of the river Nadder which flows through it. The Limestone (No. 16) is a hard blue stratum, locally called " Lias" by the workmen, and abound- ing in specimens of Archeeoniscus, which often lie together in clusters. (PI. i. fig. 6.) These Crustacea and a few Cyclades are the most predominant and remarkable fossils. A very few fragments of Insects, and one more perfect specimen, have been detected in this bed : these consist of some single and attached Elytra of Coleoptera ; the other is a very fine and perfect specimen belonging to the genus Acheta, one of the Cricket tribe (pi. ii. fig. 4), which I propose to denominate Acheta Sedgwicki, in honour of Professor Sedgwick. It exhibits the attached wings, legs, and one of the antennse. With these exceptions, the Insects are confined to the coarser and the slaty limestones inferior to No. 18 of the section page 8. These fossils are so numerous and interesting that 1 shall endeavour at once to describe them, before I proceed to a further examination and comparison of the strata SECONDARY BOCKS OF ENGLAND. / elsewhere. Detached portions of plants are common, but, being generally imperfect and ill-defined, it is almost impossible to determine their characters. One or two species apparently belong to the genera Sphenopteris and Louchopteris, with fragments of Lycopodites and Mosses, a few small seed-vessels and Fucoids. There is besides much decomposed and charred vegetable matter, very similar to some which prevails in the Sussex Wealden. The remains of Insects are so abundant, and present such a variety of genera, that we are in this instance forcibly reminded of the rich collection of these beautiful fossils in the more modern deposits at Aix and GBningen. Thus an additional interest is given to the important facts brought to light in Kent and Sussex ; for although there are in Wiltshire none of those gigantic reptiles which characterize the upper members of the series in the south- east of England, yet there are many smaller forms of animal life equally curious and instructive. The existence of Insects too, while it increases our knowledge of the fauna which flourished at the commencement of the Wealden group, may help us to give a more accurate opinion respecting the physical conditions and climate of that particular epoch. INSECTS. Mr. Westwood states (see Introductory Observations), that the collection which he had examined from this for- mation contains types of many well-known forms of dif- ferent orders. The ,Coleoptera seem to have been very abundant ; yet it is surprising hoAv extremely scarce perfect Beetles are, single elytra being of most fre- quent occurrence. In a few instances both elytra are present, but they are generally crushed out of form and 8 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE otherwise injured, apparently the result of great pressure. Judging from the detached elytra, the Beetles varied from one and a half line to an inch in length ; and they appear, from the form and texture of the specimens, to have be- longed to many and very different families. Among these are Buprestidse, Carabidse, Curculionidee, Chrysomelidse, Elateridse, Cantharidse, Tenebrionidee, and Helophoridse, so that the species were terrestrial and aquatic, herbi- vorous and carnivorous in their habits. Among the more perfect specimens, which, however, as might be anticipated, are often deficient in those distinctive characters by which alone their precise affinities can be determined, Mr. West- wood detected Cercopidse, Cimicidse, Tipulidee (which are very numerous), Simulium, Blatta, Aphis, and a perfect Acheta. The wings are perhaps the most interesting, because the veins are often perfectly preserved and beauti- fully defined. Among these there are several which cannot be precisely referred to any known Neuropterous genus, and a portion of a gigantic Libellulideous wing, twice the size of any recent species. One specimen agrees exactly with the wings of Panorpa : there are also many Blatti- deous and Achetideous wings. These Insects belong to many different orders, among the chief of which are Ooleoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera, and Dip- tera. Now it will be seen that a large proportion of these are herbivorous ; and this we might naturally expect to be the case, as the Wealden beds abound in the remains of plants, and there is therefore every reason to conclude that the neighbouring land was clothed with a rank and luxuriant vegetation on which these Insects fed, and amongst which they lived. The Achetidae, Blattida?, and Libellulidffi are certainly not herbivorous ; but as a fertile SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. if flora implies swarms of Insects which feed on vegetables, so the abundance of such genera also implies an equal number of predaceous ones. Others again belong to those tribes Avhich are generally met with in damp marshy places, and which, like our common May-fly, hover over the surface of streams and rivers. This is especially ob- servable in the remains of the minute Tipulidte which mostly prevail near running water and stagnant pools. From the fragmented and imperfect state in which many of them occur, it seems probable that they were carried for some distance down the streams which fell into the Wealden estuary. Even the more perfect ones have this appearance, the wings where attached, lying close to the body, and very rarely in an expanded state. The con- clusion at which Mr. Westwood arrives, after a careful examination of a large series of fossil Insects from the Wealden, amounting to nearly two hundred and forty specimens, is particularly interesting, because it shows that this class of animals are (with a very few exceptions) closely allied to forms now in existence, a result upon the whole quite the reverse of that which we are led to infer from the rest of the fossils in the Secondary rocks. Thus, while we have in the Wealden many strange and extinct races among other divisions of the animal kingdom, the Insecta which accompany them are more nearly related to existing genera, and present upon the whole a decidedly European character; indeed, the greater part must have been the inhabitants of a temperate climate, although some few were adapted to a much higher temperature. This is the more remarkable, because the colossal Saurians, Palms, and Tree-ferns in these strata evidently belonged to a hot country. It is true that these are chiefly confined to the upper division of this deposit ; but many of the fossils in 10 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE the lower or Purbeck beds are equally conclusive in the matter, as the remains of the Megalosaurus, Crocodiles, Turtles, and Cycas clearly prove. In the present instance those kinds of Insects which are confined to warm latitudes are rare, while those which are indigenous in Europe are very abundant. How these facts can be reconciled with the tropical analogies jJi'^sented by contemporary organ- isms, may afford an interesting matter for speculation on the general distribution of land and sea, and the climatal influences at that era. One thing, however, must be borne in mind, that the climate in the ancient world was pro- bably much more equally distributed, and subject to less variations over large areas, than it is now. ISOPODS. The term Isopoda is the name given by Latreille for the fifth order of Crustaceans, and they are so called from the feet being equal, which always amount to fourteen in number. The body is composed of a head, tail, and crus- taceous carapace, divided into lobes or segments. The under part of the tail is furnished with appendages, which are very apparent, and in the form of leaflets, which will be seen in the fossil Isopod, plate i. fig. 8. The Limestone (No. 16, page 3) contains remains of a new genus of this order, named Archaeoniscus Brodiei (pi. i. fig. 6), in great abundance. These Crustaceans are generally found lying together in clusters, and so beautifully preserved that there can be little doubt that they lived and died upon the spot where they now appear. On one slab, measuring about seven inches broad and nine inches long, there are from fifty to sixty individuals. This mode of grouping agrees with the habits of existing animals of the same tribe, which are often found associated tooether in a simihir manner. SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 11 Darwin mentions an instance on the coast of South America, where he observed certain Isopodous Crustaceans in such numbers, that the shore was Hterally ahve with these Httle animals. His account is so interesting, that I may be excused if I insert it here : " Near Terra del Fuego on the sea-coast, under every stone, numerous crawling creatures swarmed, and especially Crustacea of tlie family of Cymothoides. The number of Sphajroma was truly wonderful ; as these animals when curled up have some resemblance to Trilobites, they were an inte- resting sight to a geologist." (Darwin, Journal, p. 303.) PI. i. figs. 6, 7, 8, will give some idea of the nature of the fossil Isopod, which resembles the common Wood- louse in form, but is distinct from any living genus. I have in a few instances detected traces of Crustaceous legs which are small and delicate, but very rarely found at- tached. (PI. i. fig. 8.) It is rather singular that amongst the numerous speci- mens in my collection, I should never yet have disco- vered one in a reversed position, lying on its back, which would at once have enabled me to define the legs with greater distinctness. This fact also proves that they lived tranquilly at the bottom of the water which they inha- bited, and that the limestone in which they were im- bedded was a slow and gradual deposit, though sufficiently rapid to envelope them as they were crawling along the mud of the estuary. But perhaps the most curious part of this fresh- water Crustacean is the eye, which, like that of the Trilobite, is composed of a series of separate lenses, and forms a beautiful object when magnified. (PI. i. fig. 10.) Two of these eyes were attached to the head, in which state they are occasionally found, and sometimes they occur loose in the limestone. The eye of the Wood- 12 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE louse, and indeed that of most Crustaceans and Insects is very similar. Fossils of this kind are so rare, that this is the first instance of their discovery in England, and only a few specimens have been detected on the Continent. The approximation of the Isopods of the Wealden in their external form to Trilohites of the older formations, and the possibility of their forming a sort of connecting link between these latter Crustaceans and their nearest living representative Bopyrus or Scrolls, is worthy of notice, and renders their occurrence in a secondary dej^osit of gi-eater interest.* The body of Trilobites is divided into three lobes or segments, while the Isopods are single lobed. (PI. i. fig. 8.) The latter possess legs, and probably antennse ; while in the former no traces of either have hitherto been discovered, although perhaps they may have possessed them in a living state. This comparison between these two extinct animals of a former creation is the more interesting, because a great lapse of time must have taken place between the depo- sition of the Wenlock and Purbeck series, during which numerous other strata were in process of formation, and yet in none of these (the Solenhofen Slate excepted) has the least trace of any animals at all similar been hitherto detected. The Isopods are by no means confined to the particular spot above described, although most abundant there, but occur as will be seen, in other and more distant portions * This idea must be expressed with some caution, for although the apparent affinity of Trilobites with Serolis and other Isopoda has been commonly maintained, still it seems doubtful how far this view may be correct. Indeed, Dr. Burmeister in his late work on " the organisation of Trilobites," places them between the Phyllopoda and the Pacilopoda ; and also infers that they bear no relation what- ever to the Isopoda. SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 13 of the same formation. They all appear to belong to one and the same species, but several are much more elongated than others. They also vary considerably in size, seldom exceeding half an inch long, and a quarter of an inch broad. In some rare cases the Crustaceous covering is preserved. The largest fossil of this kind is represented in plate i. fig. 7. M. Milne Edwards has been kind enough to determine the character of these interesting fossils, and I shall conclude this imperfect sketch, by his account of them, translated from the " Annales des Sciences Naturelles,*" (series 2. vol. XX. page 326,) a notice of which has also been given in Taylor's Annals of Natural History, for February 1844, page 110. "Fossil Crustacea of the great division of KdriopMhahma have been but recently discovered by geologists, a very small number only being yet known, and that in a very imperfect manner. It appeared to me, therefore, to be desirable to indicate here the existence of a new species, by which the museum of the Jardin des Plantes has been recently enriched. The specimens sent me by Mr. Brodie are about twelve centi-metres long, and nine broad, but that gentleman has found some which are con- siderably larger, and which have, he says, nearly the dimensions of a small Trilobite. The body of these Crus- taceans is very flat, and is composed of a series of segments terminated posteriorly by a sort of rounded buckler. Un- fortunately the head is much injured in all the individuals which I have seen. I have not been able to perceive any traces of feet, but Mr. Brodie has detected them on other specimens, and I believe I can distinguish vestiges of the impressions left by the antennae. I have no doubt then as to the order to which this fossil belongs ; it is evidently 14 FOSSFL INSECTS IN THE an Isopod, and judging from its general conformation, it ought to be ranged in the family of the CymotlmdeK. I cannot, however, refer it to any of the genera hitherto established, and it appears to me that it cannot even be classed in any of the tribes of which this great division of the Edr'wphihalmia is composed. It seems to be inter- mediate between the genus SeroUs and the erratic Cymo- thoidft. It approaches the former in the enlargement of its body, and the great development of the lateral or epimeral pieces compared to the medial or tergal lobe of the thoracic and abdominal rings, as well as in the lamellar form of the epimera^ and the structure of the terminal buckler of the body : but it is essentially dis- tinguished from fSeroUs by the considerable development and evident mobility of the first rings of the abdomen, a character which connects it with the u^gne and other erratic Cymothoidfe. The several segments comprised between the head and the caudal buckler scarcely differ among them- selves, so that there is no visible limit between the thorax and the abdomen ; but they are twelve in number, and as the thoracic segments never exceed seven throughout the division of EdriopMhahma, we must conclude that the five hindmost ones belong to the abdominal portion of the body, which would consequently consist of six moA'eable segments, as in the genera ^ga, Nelocira, he. The sixth segTnent of the abdomen, which composes the termi- nal buckler already mentioned, is almost semi-circular, and exhibits in its medial and anterior jDortion a tubercular swelling, somewhat analogous to that observed in the same part in various Splicer omatidce. It appears to me also, that the margin of this piece is notched laterally, to give insertion to an appendical portion placed in the same manner as in Serolis. We may also infer, from the ar- SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 1 5 rangement of tlie lateral pieces of the other abdominal and thoracic segments, that the animal possessed the power of rolling itself into a ball like the S2^hceromatid■ 2 beds of this limestone are much disturbed . . J 4. Black earthy clay ....... 2 5. Purbeck stone, hard, light brown, very crj'stalline, slaty ^ stone, containing Cyclades ..... i Carried forward SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 19 FEET. INCHES. Brought forward 6 8 6. Fissile, soft sandy stone (locally called scales), full of Mo- diola, palates, vertebras, dorsal spines, and other bones Fishes, also some flat bones of a species of Tortoise 7. Hard white limestone (Lias), rather softer at the top, con--v tains "Archaeoniscus," wings of Libellulidae, and elytra of ( Coleoptera,one or two species of Cyclas (C. Membranacea, J and others), and Cypris granulosa in great abundance J 8. Tiling stone, like that on Lady Down .... Total 11 11 The beds here have a slight dip to the south. The hmestone No. 7, is whiter and coarser grained than that with Isopods near Dinton, nor is there any distinct hmestone marked and characterised by the remains of Insects only, although it is probably the equivalent of the " Isopod and Insect Limestones." (See p. 5.) It is generally laminated, but often possesses a transverse and very irregular fracture, and runs in beds divided by thin partings of clay : at one end of the quarry this limestone is upwards of twelve feet in thickness. In an escarpment on the banks of the adjoining river there are two bands of hmestone, the upper yielding a few Cyclas and plants, with small elytra of Coleoptera : it is of a greyish white colour and about two feet thick. The lower limestone is of a bluer cast, and full of Cypris, Cyclas, and carbonized wood. These rest upon a very oolitic limestone continued downward to the depth of two feet, where the section ends. This contained the cast of a small Melanopis, and the seed-vessel of some plant. I could discover no indications of "Archaeoniscus" at this spot, nor do the limestones at all resemble those in either of the other localities above-mentioned. About a mile beyond this quarry, a partial excavation afforded the section subjoined, in descending order : 20 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE FEET. INCHES. 1 . Clay intermingled with fragments of Green sand and the j Purbeck beds ....... J 2. Fibrous carbonate of lime ...... 4 3. Clay 3 4. Thin bedded limestone ........ 5 5. Clay 2 6. Purbeck stone continued downwards .... 2 Total 4 2 The beds below this were not exposed. No. 4 closely resembles the thin slaty slabs of limestone near Dinton, more especially as there were a few specimens of Archaoniscus, Cyclas, and small fish {Leptolepis Brodiei) belonging to the same species as those at the above quarry, but no Insects were observed. Several bones of a species of Tortoise were found in one of the strata of clay. In the quarries on Lady Down there are beds of a crystalline limestone which much resembles the white limestone of the other quarries already described. Cypris and Cyclas are rare, and as I could not perceive any traces of Insects or Isopoda ; it is probably a distinct bed of limestone. The same stratum is also exposed on the side of the lane leading from Chilmark to Lady Down. This spot com- mands a very extensive view of the vale, and a good idea may be formed from this hill of the general extension of the whole series of strata in the neighbourhood, from the Portland and Purbeck formations, to the upper Green sand and Chalk inclusive. The Portland Oolite is more largely developed at this point, and passing thence eastwards, the whole of the Purbeck group is seen to emerge gradually from beneath the Green sand, where it may be well studied up to its extreme limit in the vicinity of Dinton. (See sections I. and II. pi. xi. In many of the quarries in the valley near Tisbury there SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 21 is a soft, gritty stone, slightly oolitic, and of a yellowish white colour, from which I procured the remains of " Archoeoniscus''*' of considerable size, and much larger than any others hitherto met with, (pi. i. fig. 7,) and also one elytron of a Coleopterous Insect. Several large speci- mens of silicified wood have lately been found in a field close to Chicksgrove quarry, nearly on a level with the upper part of it, and with the beds of clay (No. 8, in Dr. Fitton's section,) which he considers to be the repre- sentative of one of the Dirt Beds at Portland and Lul worth (page 252). The size and perfect state of some of these fossils, which present no indications of having been rolled or bouldered, shews that they once occurred in situ near the same place, although it is probable that the bed {Dirt Bed ?) which contained them has undergone great denuda- tion, for the surface is very irregular, and unfortunately so overgrown with bushes that I was unable to search more minutely. The fish found here diifer from those at Lady Down and Dinton, the former being famous for the large and perfect specimens of Lepidotus minor, which are now and then discovered there. In this part of the vale, there are few of those beds of limestone so predominant in other portions of it ; but, upon the whole, the fossils are nearly identical with those above noticed ; from which it appears that both Insects and Isopoda are the most characteristic organic remains throughout the greater part of the Wealden in this dis- trict, though they are comparatively speaking of rare oc- currence, except at one particular spot, while Gypris, Cy- clas, and Ostrea, the usual and characteristic fossils of estuarine formations, are generally abundant. The litho- logical agreement, however, of these strata, is in many 22 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE cases very indistinct and ill defined ; for, even the lime- stones vary much in character, colour, and general appear- ance, while the whole series of strata, in one quarry, differ greatly from those in another not far distant. The two points in which the beds more nearly resemble each other, both in the sections and lithological characters, are near Dinton and Ham Cross, Lady Down, and around Chil- mark. The strata above described consist chiefly of limestones (often fissile, slaty, and slightly oolitic), sandstones, shales, and grits, diff'ering much in thickness and mineralogical texture, yet often sufficiently similar even in this respect to identify them as a whole with each other. Any diffi- culties, however, which arise in such identification owing to variations in structure, may readily be removed by the aid of certain fossils, such as Cypris^ Ostrea, and Cyclas, which prevail indiscriminately throughout the whole group. And this is only one of the many instances which prove the value of organic remains in identifying the same strata in different and often very distant locali- ties. One characteristic test of fresh-water deposits is the abundance of species and the comparative rarity of dis- tinct genera, and this is fiilly illustrated in the tract under consideration. Generally speaking, any set of deposits which have been formed by a lake, river, or estuary, present certain peculiar appearances and characters which the eye of an experienced geologist can readily detect, and which often afford a very fair presumptive evidence of their origin. But of course it would not be safe to rest our conclusions on these grounds alone, without the aid of fossils and other connecting circumstances. In the present instance we have decisive proof, from the SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 23 abundance of fresh-water fossils, as to the source of the Purbeck formation ; whilst the frequent intermixture of Ostrea and Modlola leads to the inference, that the beds were deposited beneath the waters of an estuary, which produced considerable changes in the nature of the sedi- ment accumulated, and of the animals by which it was inhabited. VALE OF AYLESBURY. Having thus far considered the general nature of the Purbeck strata and their fossil contents in Wiltshire, we will now proceed to examine briefly the analogous beds in Buckinghamshire. The Purbeck formation occupies a considerable area in the Vale of Aylesbury and its imme- diate neighbourhood, and presents throughout the same predominant characters, and the same lithological varia- tions which have been observed in the Vale of Wardour. There is a certain degree of similarity in both cases, with local differences as clearly marked in each. The Vale of Aylesbury, which extends from Thame on the south-west to Leighton on the north-east, is bounded on the north and west by the Kimmeridge clay, with occasional patches of the Lower Green sand, and de- tached outliers of the Purbeck and Portland formations ; and on the south and east by the Green sands (upper and lower), Gait, and Ohalk. In crossing the Vale from north to south, the formations traversed and seen in the whole denudation are, 1 . Chalk ; 2. Upper Green sand ; 3. Gait ; 4. Lower Green sand ; 5. Purbeck ; 6. Portland stone and sand ; 7. Kimmeridge clay. A reference to page 1 will shew the difference between the structure of this district and that of the Wiltshire Wealden ; for in this case the 24 FOS.Sir. INSECTS IN THE strata, from No. 1 to 6 inclusive, are not repeated on the opposite side, as in the Vale of Wardour. The heights at Whitchurch on the north are capped by the Purbeck beds, which are seen in several quarries near that village resting upon the Portland stone and sand. The town of Aylesbury stands partly upon the Portland Oolite and Kimmeridge Clay ; but, towards Stone and Dinton on the south-west, the Purbeck strata are again exposed, and are generally found to occupy nume- rous higher ridges in the neighbourhood. At Dinton on the south-west, and Quainton Hill on the north-west, and elsewhere, these beds rest upon the Portland series, as at Chicksgrove and Wockley in the Vale of Wardour. The Pendle at Quainton and Bishopstone is instanced by Dr. Fitton as identical with certain beds at Dinton and Wock- ley in the Vale of Wardour, the whole group belonging to the lower part of the Purbeck formation, and being the equivalent of the Slate, Cap, and Dirt, and the other inferior beds on the coast of Dorsetshire. (Fitton, Geol. Trans., vol. iv. p. 288.) At Hartwell the Purbeck stone lies in the valley, which is not usually the case in this tract of country. The Vale of Aylesbury, like that of the Vale of Ward- our, appears to have been denuded by the action of water, and consequently the Purbeck series is seen in the same detached and irregular manner as it is in Wiltshire. A reference to Greenough's Geological Map, or to Dr. Fit- ton''s Map of part of the south-east of England (Geol. Trans., 2nd series, vol. iv.) will shew, that in Bucking- hamshire the Chalk, Upper Green sand. Gait, and Lower Green sand (both of which are here largely developed on the east, and far more so than round the Vale of Ward- our) occupy only the eastern side of the valley ; while SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 25 on the west, the Kimmeridge clay crops out beneath these formations with only occasional patches of the Lower Green sand. The Vale of Aylesbury thus differs considerably from the geological outline of the district immediately surrounding the Vale of Wardour ; indeed, the aspect of the country in general is less varied and picturesque, though equally interesting to the scientific observer. The distance of the two valleys from each other in a straight line is about seventy miles. The Sandstone of Quainton Hill, ten miles north-west of Aylesbury, and which closely resembles the Hastings sand, is rich in Cypris, Paludina, and Planorbis ; above this is a thin band of hard crystalline limestone, not dis- tinguishable from that on Lady Down, which seemed to be altogether destitute of fossils ; and although I found slabs of a limestone much like one of the slaty beds in the vicinity of Dinton, I could not perceive any traces of Fish, Insects, or Isopodous Crustacea. The summit of the hill is capped with Lower Green sand, which is highly ferruginous, and in this I detected the dermal bones of a species of Crocodile. In the vale of Aylesbury, however, in a quarry between Stone and Hartwell, I dis- covered a few wings and one elytron of a Coleopterous Insect (pi. vi. fig. 7), similar to some in Wiltshire, but I could not meet with any vestiges of the Archseoniscus. The following is a section of the pit in descending order, the beds being horizontal : FEET. INCHES. 1. Rubble, — several feet. 2. Hard, white stone without fossils ..... 3 3. Greenish stone with Cypris, about .... 2 4. Black clay containing bones of Tortoise .... 1 5. White and blue fissile limestone, locally termed Pendle . Total 6 26 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE This has a laminated structure, and abounds in Modiola, a few Cypris and Cyclas, with bones, coproUtes, and pa- lates of Fish (Lepidotus). The remains of Insects are very scarce and imperfect. This stratum is also full of frag- ments of lignite ; and, more rarely, specimens of Spheno- pteris, resembling S. Mantelli, and another minute species of Fern. The pits in the Vale of Wardour include thin layers of limestone, with a profusion of carbonized plants in a comminuted state, as in the Sussex Wealden (page 7). The Limestone (No. 5) in this section, bears a close analogy to the thin white slaty limestone near Dinton in Wiltshire, (page 5,) and while there is in this instance a great agreement in lithological character, it is highly interesting to find a similar agreement as regards the fossils, especially in the existence of Insects in two dis- tant portions of the same formation. There are many other quarries at Whitchurch, Dinton, and Stone, which I was unable to examine, but as the Pendle occurs at all, it is not improbable that Insects may be found there also. GENERAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS ON THE WEALDEN. The whole of the Wealden .formation is supposed to have been deposited beneath the waters of an estuary, (or more probably as Dr, Fitton suggests, it may have originated in a series of local estuaries,) as it contains some fossils such as Ostrea, Modiola, and others, which never live exclusively in fresh water, but are capable of living in estuaries, or at the mouths of rivers near the sea. In the Purbeck beds, (which as previously stated, form the lower part of this group,) these estuarine shells, are very abundant, associated, however, with many fresh- water genera, Insects, Fish, Crustacea, a few land and SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 27 fresh-water plants, together with other and higher orders of the animal creation. As might he expected, the Wealden generally is a partial deposit and of moderate extent, but presenting the same characters, and many of the same peculiar fossils, throughout its range. The upper series is best developed in Sussex, Kent, and the Isle of Wight, and the lower in Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Buckinghamshire. Traces of the Wealden have also been discovered in France and Germany, as well as in Scotland, although there is reason to doubt whether the supposed Wealden beds of the latter country are strictly equivalent to those in England. Those who are interested in the subject, will find ample details in Dr. Fitton*'s admirable and interesting memoir on the strata below the Chalk, published in the " Trans- actions of the Geological Society of London, vol. iv. 2nd Series.'' Whether the upper members of the Wealden will af- ford Insects and Isopoda so abundant in portions of the lower ones has yet to be proved; but their existence in that part of the series is rendered more probable, because the same causes were in operation during the formation of the whole group, and from which they all derived their origin. If the beds in the neighbourhood of Battle in Sussex represent the Purbeck division, or a portion of it, such fossils might be sought for among the limestones there with some chance of success. Dr. Mantell has lately informed me that he has hitherto searched in vain for them in many parts of Sussex, so that their occurrence there is still uncertain. I have stated that the Vale of Wardour is nearly sur- rounded by the Chalk and Upper Green sand, and a refer- ence to Greenough's Geological Map, will shew that the 28 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE general outline of the country enclosing the Sussex Weal- den is precisely similar. Now in both these cases, there can be little doubt that the strata were at one time continuous, and spread over the whole of the inferior and earlier formations, which is easily proved by sections taken across the district, as section ii. pi. xi. will explain. Subsequently, however, as in the instance of the Vale of Wardour, these upper beds must have suifered great denudation from the action of water, and disruption of the strata, by which the subjacent Purbeck and Portland series have been exposed, and thus the Vale itself, in course of time, has acquired the same general outline which it now presents. It is probable that there was a gradual expansion or upheaving of the Purbeck beds, anterior to the destruction and denudation of the Chalk and Green Sand above ; this would both tend to fracture the latter, and to disturb and incline the Purbeck series ; and this we find to be the case, for an anticlinal line or ridge, caused by this up- heaving, traverses the valley from east to west, and the strata in consequence are inclined in opposite directions, at a greater or less angle, on the north and south of this line. But the disturbing forces appear to have acted with a greater degree of intensity on the north side of the line, for the beds have a greater dip to the north than the south. See section ii. pi. xi., and Fitton, page 244. It is a singular fact noticed by Dr. Fitton, " that this anticlinal line coincides in direction with that of the great Wealden denudation in Hampshire, Surrey, and Sussex, and is parallel to the line of upthrow on the coast of Dorsetshire and the Isle of Wight." This seems to shew that the same elevating causes which produced the one set SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 29 of disturbances, also produced the other, and that in fact they all have a common origin. Thus we have a number of similar phenomena in the same strata throughout their range in different parts of England, while there is also a general uniformity in the organic contents and lithological structure of the whole group. The Vale of Wardour itself presents an excellent example of a valley of denudation. There are other valleys in the Wiltshire Downs of a similar nature. The vales of Pewsey and Warminster, for instance, are of the same character, though on a smaller scale. Dr. Buckland, on the other hand, considers these to be valleys of elevation " formed by the elevation of the strata which enclose them;" (Geol. Trans. 2nd Series, vol. ii. ;) and it is not unlikely that some of them may be attributed to the agency of both these causes. With regard to the deposits coeval with the Wealden, it is fair to suppose that different strata were in process of formation in other parts of the globe during the same period. Some geologists conceive that the Solenhofen Slate (which forms the uj^per part of the Oolitic system in Germany) was deposited contemporaneously with the Wealden. This slate is exclusively of marine origin, and is remarkable for the number and extreme beauty of its fossils. It is rich in Fish, Insects, and Crustacea, and in some cases the stone itself is much alike. The Saurians also found in the Sussex Wealden, are more nearly allied to those in the Oolitic or Jurassic, than to those of the Cretaceous epoch, and Agassiz states that the Wealden Fishes* are entirely distinct from those of the Chalk. Among these we now have the genus Leptolepis (vide p. 15) which is com- mon in the Solenhofen Slate. 30 FOSSIL INSFXTS IN THE But of course these coincidences, however interesting, are by no means proofs of contemporaneous origin. Indeed, at present the existence of any marine equivalent of the Wealden is hardly decided, although the Solenhofen Slate undoubtedly belongs to the upper part of the Oolitic forma- tion, and our Wealden is also referrible to the same date, to vi^hich it is much more naturally allied than to the Cretaceous series. Certain strata of the Neocomian period of Continental geologists, have lately been considered to be contemporary with the Wealden, but Dr. Fitton in his paper on the Lower Grreen sand of the Isle of Wight (Geol. Proc. vol. iv. pt. i, for 1843, No. 95, page 203) doubts this supposition, and considers it untenable and inconsistent with the facts there stated. Mr. Murchison is also of the same opinion. (Geol. Proc. vol. iv. pt. i. No. 94, page 175.) For further details respecting marine deposits coeval with the Weal- den, I refer the reader to Dr. Fitton''s Memoir on the strata below the Chalk. (Geol. Trans. 2nd series, vol. iv. page 328.) I may here remark the great similarity in lithological composition and general appearance between the Purbeck beds, and some of the fresh-water Tertiaries of the Isle of Wight. Many of the slabs of fissile limestone, near Cowes, containing embedded Cyclades, were hardly dis- tinguishable from certain limestones in the Vale of War- dour. The thin white slaty limestone, so replete with Insects and Fish at its eastern extremity, also bears a close analogy to the stone of Monte Bolca, and to some of the beds at Aix in Provence. These facts added to the proofs in other instances shew that an agreement in mineralogical character however great, between strata of different ages, affords no criterion of their identity, and SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 31 also the value and importance of fossils in determining the age of distinct formations, widely separated from each other in point of time. With regard to fresh-water deposits in general, (as I have before observed,) whether they owe their origin to lakes or rivers, or partake of a mixed and estuarine character, there is a great uniformity and lithological resemblance betweeen them in most cases. The fossils of course will be seen to vary according to the different circumstances attending their original deposition arising from local causes, but even then, there will be a certain degree of similarity far more remarkable in this instance, than in that of other formations entirely marine. We shall perceive, for example, a great quantity and variety of land and fresh-water plants, and a far larger assemblage of the different terrestrial inhabitants which existed at that period. In most marine deposits, on the contrary, except in a few particular cases, as in the London Clay, and Stonesfield Slate, these terrestrial and fluviatile productions will be generally of rare occurrence, while marine exuviae will of course be more or less abundant. TABLE OF ORGANIC REMAINS FROM THE PURBECK STRATA IN THE VALE OF WARDOUR. species. references. Plants. Licopodites, (portions of,) Louchopteris Mantelli ? . . . Mant. Geol. Trans. 2. ser. 1. t. 46, fig. Sphenopteris Phillipsii, and two") ^ ,, J- 5. Mant. Geol. S. E. England, p. 239. other genera ... .J e >r ^usci ? (traces of,) Thuytes Fucoides A large cone in Miss Benett's collec- tion Seed vessels 32 FOSSIL INSECTS IN THE Table of Organic Remains, etc., continued. Insect A.* COLEOPTERA. Species. Carabidae, (a doubtfuUepecies of this » family,) ( Carabus elongatus, (Brodie,) Staphylinidae ? (remains of,) Cerylon striatum, (Bred.) Helophorus ? Cyphon, (Beetle resembling,) Rhyncophora, (resembles one of the i short-snouted,) . . . . \ Pupa, (of some minute Coleopterous i Insect,) \ Buprestidse? (elytra of,) Tenebrionidce ? (elytron of one of the,) Harpalidse, {id.') .... Colymbetes ? (elytron of,) Elateridse ? (elytra of,) Curculionidse ? (id.) Limnius ? (elytron of,) . Cantharidse ? (elytron of one of the,) Hydrophilidae ? {id.) Helophoridae, (elytra of,) References. PI. ii. 1. PI. ii. iig. 1. PI. ii. figs. 2, 3. PI. iii. fig. 1. PI. iii. fig. 2. PL iii. fig. 3. PI. iii. fig. 4. PI. iii. fig. 6. PI. vi. figs. I, 10. PI. vi. tig. 2. PI. vi. fig. 3.t PI. vi. fig. 5. PI. vi. fig. 6, 7.$ PI. vi. fig. 4, 8, I4.t PI. vi. fig. 9. PI. vi. fig. 11. PI. vi. fig. 12.t PI. vi. fig 13. Orthoptera. Acheta Sedgwicki, (Brodie,) Blatta, (abdomen of,) Blatta Stricklandi, (Brod.) PI. ii. fig. 4, PI. iii. fig. 7. PI. iv. fig. 11. * The number of families and genera determined, as far as the condition of the specimens would allow, amounts to forty -eight. In the few specimens to which I have ventured to attacli specific names, in the absence of true specific identity (which can rarely be established), I have proposed certain general terms, which, for want of better characters, will sufficiently serve to distinguish the fossils ; for I conceived it would be better to adopt, than to omit them altogether, although Mr. Westwood was unable to determine them more definitely. I have named some in honour of individuals whose high scientific attainments and researches are too well known to need any further comment. I have also pursued the same plan with reference to the Lias. t PI. vi. figs. 3, 12, 14, may be ChrysomeUdaj (Westwood). X PI- vi. fig. 7, is from the Vale of Aylesbury. SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 33 Table of Organic Remains, etc., conH?iued. Hemiptkra.* Species. Kleidocerys, or Pachymeria Cixius ? m.iculatus, (Brod.) Ricania? fulgens, (Brod.) Asiraca ? Egertoni, (/ir. /I ^ ^ ( Waiulode, Strensham, M.C. t. 210, fig. 5— 7. \ T^.,r , T, , • . ' ^ \ Bidford, Bedminster,&c. ^, , , „ ,„„ „ „ f Wainlode, Westburv,Bed- Gold. Pet. t. 120, fig. 8. 1 . ' ° \ minster. (Wainlode, Strensham, Brockeridge, Westbury Bedminster, &c. SECONDARY ROCKS OF ENGLAND. 103 List continued. Cephalopoda, references. LOCALITIES. Comeo-calcareous bodies, perhaps connected with Ammonites. Pholidophorus, Stricklandi. SmaU Fish. (/'*^^" ^'^^ P'- ""'-XAust. ^ • 1 fig. 2.3. i ,-», . CL 1 c^ r Part of the ventral surface \ . _, Pi. IX. hg. 12. \ K Aust. I of the abdomen of a beetle- J PI. ix. fig. 1.3. do?? {id.) Hymenoptera. I have found no Insects of this order amongst the Lias Insects. Orthoptera. (Plates vii. viii. ix ) PI. vii. fig. 16. — This appears to be a small species of the family Gryllidse with one of the hind legs dislocated. PI. ix. figs. 2, 3. — These also appear to be portions of the hind feet of other species of the same family. PI. ix. fig. 14. — Part of the leg of a Gryllus. Aust. Cliff. PI. viii. figs. 12, 17. — Probably the tegmina of Blat- tidse. Neuroptera. (Plates viii. ix. x.) PI. ix. fig. 1. — Appears to be the head of a dragon-fly. PI. X. fig. 3. — Appears to me to be a portion of the abdo- men of a gigantic species of the same family, dilated near the extremity, and furnished with two oval anal append- ages. I know no other annulose structure to which it 126 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. can be referred. M. Milne Edwards has, indeed, sug- gested that it may be the subaquatic larva of some Dipte- rous insect. PI. X. fig. 4. — Wing of Mr. Strickland's -^schna lias- sina, drawn from the original. PI. ix. fig. 15. — May possibly be part of the abdomen of a dragon fly, mixed with fragments of beetles from Aust. PI. viii. fig. 1. — A remarkably fine wing of a Libellula. Upper Lias. PI. viii. fig. 2. — An equally fine wing of an Agrion (id.). PI. viii, fig. 4. — Portions of wings of dragon flies, fig. 4 having remarkably large meshes, which must have be- longed to a very gigantic species, the meshes being nearly half a line square. PI. X. figs. 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12. — Wings, or portions of wings, of Neuropterous Insects allied to Chauliodes, but belonging to the same group as the Wealden wings (pi. V. fig. 12, 16, &c.) ; and fig. 5 may be a portion of the wing of another still larger species more analogous to pi. V. fig. 18 in its reticulated structure ; if indeed it be not Myrmeleon : it can hardly, I think, be Libellulideous. PI. viii. figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14. — These are also wings of Insects allied to the preceding species, figs. 7 (and 8) and 9, in their narrow form and general arrangement of the veins being more analogous to Panorpa, but differ- ing from that genus in wanting the transverse veins, the longitudinal veins being consequently more regular. G. Orthophlelia. W. PI. viii. figs. 10, 11. — These are too minute and im- perfect to allow of their being defined ; but, from their maculated appearance, may be presumed to be Neuro- pterous. Upper Lias. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 127 PI. viii. fig. 16, — Appears to be part of the fore-wing of some unknown Neuropterous Insect. PI. ix. figs. 16, 17. — Two specimens of small Neuro- pterous Insects, like Hemerobius in general form, but with the wing-veins more resembling those of Panorpa. (The comparatively smaller size of the hind-wings, and their resemblance to the upper ones, prevents me from consi- dering them as Trichopterous.) Aust. PI. X. fig. 14. — This wing appears, from its form and maculations, to be more analogous to Ephemera than any other Neuroptera. PI. X. fig. 8. — I do not know to what family this frag- ment is referable. PI. vii. fig. 18. — Appear to be relics of a Trichopterous Insect, but the head, antennae, and legs are wanting, and the wings and abdomen are imperfect. HeMIPTERA AND HoMOPTERA. (PlaTES VII. VIII. X.) PI. vii. fig. 20. — Probably part of the body of a species of a Cicada. PI. X. fig. 7. — It is not easy to decide whether this flattened and very imperfect specimen may be the remains of a Cicada. The small portion of the wing marked x x, is part of the under wing, and is seen through the frac- ture of the upper wing. It is drawn from the reverse block. PI. x. fig. 13. Hemelytron of some unknown genus of Hemiptera, probably allied to Belostoma, from Mr. Bro- die's collection. PI. vii. figs, 15, 21. — Has the appearance of a broad- headed Homopterous insect, with dilated hemelytra ; and fig. 21 may possibly be the pupa of the same, or a speci- men destitute of wings. 128 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PI. vii. fig. 22. — Apparently a Cimicideous Insect in an imperfect state, bnt the impression is very faint in the only specimen. PI. viii. fig. 15. — If this belongs to an Annulose animal, it must either be the hemelytron of some new genus of Homoptera, or some curiously striated elytron of a beetle, but I remember nothing analogous to it. PI. viii. figs. 17, 18. — These may possibly be the hem- elytra of some genus like the last. DiPTERA. (Plates vii. viii.) PI. vii. fig. 17, — Seems like the body of a Tipulideous insect with elevated thorax, or it may be a larva. PI. vii. fig. 19. — May possibly be Dipterous, allied to Asilus. EXPLANATION OF THE SECTIONS. Plate XL Nos. I. and 11. are two sections of the Vale of War- dour, one transverse, the other longitudinal. No. I. is reduced from Dr. Fitton's Work, and is in- tended to show the extension of the Purheck beds from the heights at Lady Down near Tisbury, to their termi- nation near Dinton on the east. No. II. illustrates the position of the formations which rest upon .the Purbeck series on each side of the valley, the latter being seen to emerge from beneath, and being well exhibited in one or two parts of the Vale. No. III. This section is taken across the Vale of Bris- tol from north to south, and points out the Insect Lime- stone in situ in that neighbourhood. No. IV. explains the geological structure of part of the Vale of Gloucester, especially as regards the Tnsectiferous beds in the upper and lower Lias. Churchdown Hill on the south-east is capped by a thin layer of upper Lias Shale, with its included " Fish bed," which at Dumbleton contains the remains of Insects. A thick bed of subjacent Marlstone (the first in the lower Lias), is succeeded by still thicker courses of clays, limestones, and shales, here and there yielding Insects. These are followed by nearly similar strata, forming the base of the lower Lias, and including a certain band of limestone abounding in the remains of Insects, and hence called Insect Limestone, ISO EXPLANATION OF THE SECTIONS. This is developed at its outcrop on Wainlode and Corse wood Hills, where it reposes conformably on the Red Marl. The section is continued to Eldersfield in order to display the Keuper Sandstone which is exposed there. No. V. illustrates the general bearing of the Oolitic strata in the Cotteswolds, particularly with reference to the Stonesfield Slate, which forms the summit of the hill on Sevenhampton Common. One of the numerous faults by which the range is affected may be observed between Brockhampton and Fox Hill. THE END. LONDON: Printed by S. & .7. 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Preter, Mrs. Price, A., Esq. Prothero, Mrs. Pritchard, J., Esq. Pritchard, I., Esq. R. Ramsay, A. C, Esq. Reade, Rev. J. B., M.A. Rowe, G., Esq. S. Salisbury, Very Rev. the Dean of, D.D. Sanders, W., Esq., F.G.S. Saunders, W. W., Esq. Scholes, F., Esq. Sedgwick, Rev. A., M.A.,F.R.S. and G.S. Fellow of Trinity College, and Woodwardian Professor in the University of Cambridge. Sotheron, J. H., Esq., M.P. Spence, W., Esq. Squire, Rev. E., M.A. Squire, P., Esq. Stackhouse, Rev. W., M.A. Staunton, Sir G. T., Bart., D.C.L., M.P., F.R.S., G.S., S.A.L.S. and H.S., V.P. R.A.S. Stephens, J. F., Esq., F.L.S. Stephens, T., Esq. Storey, M. H. N., Esq. Strickland, H. E., Esq., M.A., F.G.S. Stutchbury, S. Esq,, Curator of the Philosophical Institution, Bristol. Stuart, Sir J., Bart. Sweet, Miss. Symonds, Rev. W. Tate, Rev. A., B.D., Fellow of Emman. Col., Cambridge. Tatum, T., Esq. Taylor, Mrs. Taylor, Miss. Taylor, Mrs. Colonel. Taylor, R., Esq. Thwaites, J. H. K., Esq. Tompson, F. 0., Esq. Townsend, G., Esq. Traill, T. S., M.D., F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S. Turner, T., Esq. Tweedy, W, M., Esq. W. Walcott, W. H. L., Esq. Warburton, H., Esq., M.P., M.A., F.R.S., G.S. and H.S. Waring, A., Esq. West, J. W., Esq. Wetherell, Venerable Arch- deacon, B.D. Whitby, Rev. R. V., M.A. Williams, Lady Witts, Rev. E. F., M.A. Wood, W. P., Esq. Worcestershire, Natural History Society. Wright, T., Esq. Yarrell, W., Esq., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S. ft BOUND BY **1 . inNDON »i.