COOPERS 
 
 
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 CAVALRY TACTICS, 
 
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 FOR THE V*V OF VOLUNTEERS: 
 
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 A MANUAL FOR COLTS REVOLVER. 
 
 NEW -ORLEANS: 
 
 tl. P. LATHROP, 74 MAGAZINE STRESS 
 
 JACKSON, Miss. 
 
 P ( I W E R & CAD W A L LAP E K . 
 
 1861. 
 
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COOPER'S 
 
 CAVALRY TACTICS, 
 
 FOTC THE USE OF VOLUNTEERS : 
 
 fllCH fS \l-I»Ki', 
 
 A MANUAL FOE COLT'S REVOLVER. 
 
 N E W -ORLEA N S : 
 
 IT. P. LATHROP, 74 MAG fZIKE STREET. 
 
 JACKSON, Miss. 
 
 P W K It & C A D W A L L A J) E R . 
 
 1861. 
 
• 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 
 It is not to be expected that the militia or volunteer 
 Cavalry are to be instructed in all the minutiae praticed 
 
 by the regular Cavalry. It will be sufficient that every 
 man learns the rudiments of Infantry formations, to act 
 occasionally on foot, and to mount and dismount with ease, 
 sit his horse naturally, and to have his stirrups sufficiently 
 short to enable him to command his horse, and to rise in 
 them to strike, when it may be necessary to use the sword 
 or the lance. 
 
 The manoeuvres are simple and easy to be learned. 
 The sword exercise is reduced to very few motions. It 
 has not been thought necessary to enter into all the cuts 
 usually practiced by Cavalry in the attack and defense; it 
 is deemed sufficient that the militia or volunteer trooper 
 should be able to draw and return his sword with agility, 
 to pay the compliments with grace, and for the attack, to 
 come to the prepar tor y, of "raise sword, "and dash at his 
 adversary with cut, or point, as may be most effectual in 
 the charge against horse or foot. 
 
OONT E NTS. 
 
 Definitions of Terms of Formation and Manoeuvre page 5 
 
 Mounting . . .8 
 
 Position on Horseback 9 
 
 Dismounting' !) 
 
 Riding Lesson. !) 
 
 Manual of the Sword 11 
 
 Of the Squad [ 13 
 
 Formation of the Squad 13 
 
 Alignments. 14 
 
 Marches to the Right It 
 
 Formations to the Left 15 
 
 Formations to the Right or Reverse Flank 15 
 
 Formations to the Front , 1 i! 
 
 To Advance and Retire in Line ".-..• 10 
 
 Diminution and Increase of Front 17 
 
 Formation of the Company ] '.) 
 
 Formation of the Squadron. . . 20 
 
 Formation of the Regiment 20 
 
 To Open and Close Ranks 21 
 
 Posts of Officers and others in Column 21 
 
 Of the Charge or Attack 22 
 
 Rides for G aides and Markers ■ 24 
 
 Movements from Line ' 25 
 
 No. 1. To change Front on First Squadron * 25 
 
 2. To change Front to the Rear on Left Squadron 2G 
 
 3. To change Front on Central Squadron 27 
 
 4. To break to the Right into Column 27 
 
 5. To break to the Right to March to the Left 28 
 
 (i, To break to the Right to the Rear, to March to the Loft. .2* 
 
 7. To Ploy into close Column on Second Squadron 2:> 
 
 8. To Advance in Echellon of Squadrons 30 
 
 '.'. Passage of Lines to the Front. 30 
 
 10. Passage of Lines to the Rear '. 'M 
 
 11. To March in Line > '52 
 
 Movements from Close Column 33 
 
 No. 1. To Deploy on Second Squadron 33 
 
 2. To Wheel into Line on Rear Squadron ."it 
 
 3. To change direction from a Halt 35 
 
 4. Countermarch 35 
 
 Movements from Open Column 3*8 
 
 No. 1. To Form Line to the Left 36 
 
 2. To Form Line to the Right by Inversion. . . , 36 
 
 3. To Form Line to' the Front 37 
 
 4. To Form Line to the Front oh Rear Company 37 
 
 5. To Form Line Faced to the Rear 38 
 
 <i. To Form Line Faced to the Rear on Rear Company 38 
 
 7. 8, To Form Line by two Movements 39 
 
 0. To Form on Right into Line 40 
 
 1 0. To Form Close Column. 5 .... 40 
 
 Skirmishing p. 41 
 
 Revolver Manual « ' 43 
 
 Acts of Congress. &c # 47 
 
CAVALRY TACTICS. 
 
 The words Of Command given by the Instructor {who represents the 
 Commander) are printed in Capital Letters. 
 
 Definitions of certain terms of Formation and Manoeuvre. 
 
 A Rank — Is any number of men side by side in line. 
 
 Cavalry are said to be marching by — 
 
 Files — When each front rank man has his rear-rank 
 man following- him, the whole in one single string. 
 
 Twos — When each front rank " two" has its rear rank 
 " two" following it, being a column two abreast. 
 
 Fours — When each front-rank " four" has its rear-rank 
 " four" by its side, being- a column eight abreast. 
 
 Sections of Fours — When each front-rank " four" has its 
 rear-rank "four" following it, being a column of four abreast 
 
 A Platoon — Is the fourth part of a squadron. Platoons 
 in squadron are numbered 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, from the right. 
 
 A Company — Is the half of a squadron. Companies are 
 right and left in each squadron. 
 
 A Squadron — Two or more squadrons compose a corps 
 or regiment. Squadrons are numbered 1st, 2d, 3d, &c, 
 from the right. 
 
 Close Order — The ordinary distance at which the rear 
 rank is formed behind the front rank — one yardor pace. 
 
 Open Order — The increased distance taken by the rear- 
 rank on some occasions of parade — Six yards or paces. 
 
 Front — The direction towards which the line faces when 
 formed — the extent from flank to flank, that is the breadth. 
 
 The extent of front of a squadron is to be calculated at 
 about as many yards as it contains files. 
 
 Depth — Distance from front to rear. 
 
 Distance — Space between one division and another in 
 column. 
 
 From one horse to another when marching in file, twos, 
 fours, or sections of fours — one vard. 
 
6 CAVALRY. 
 
 From one squadron to another in close order — 10 yards. 
 
 From one squadron, company, or platoon to another in 
 open column. The extent of front of such squadron, com- 
 pany or platoon, taken from front-rank to front-rank, adding 
 ten paces for the interval between squadrons when in line. 
 
 The depths of two ranks, taking the length of the fullest 
 sizedcavalry horses, at eight feet, and the distance between 
 the ranks at 3 feet, is to be reckoned at about 19 feet. 
 
 Intervals — Spaces between squadrons and regiments in 
 line — those between squadrons ten paces ; those between 
 regiments fifteen. 
 
 Points of Direction — Objects towards which it is in- 
 tended to march in line or column. The directing guide 
 must march perfectly straight, by always keeping in line 
 two 'objects at some distance before him. 
 
 Flank — The extremity of the right or left of a military 
 body in line or column. 
 
 Directing Flank — That flank of a column towards which 
 the guides cover in marching. When the column is march- 
 ing with the right in front, the left is the directing flank ; 
 with the left in front, the right (except under peculiar 
 circumstances or manoeuvres.) The directing flank is indi- 
 cated by the commands "guide left," or "guide right" as 
 the case may be, and the dressing is towards that flank. 
 Pressure must be yielded when coming from that flank, 
 and resisted when coming from the opposite flank. 
 
 Pivot — The man on that flank which forms the central 
 point in wheeling. 
 
 Alignment — A straight line upon which a body of troops 
 is to form. 
 
 Every division which is to be aligned upon another, will 
 halt abreast of the rear rank, parallel to the line of forma- 
 tion, to move forward into the alignment of the division 
 already formed. 
 
 Inversion — When the squadrons arc not in their proper 
 order; or when the right arc to the left, and the -left to 
 the right. 
 
 Column — A line broken into several parts, each part 
 following exactly behind the other. 
 
 Column of Route — A column (of twos or sections of 
 fours) for convenience and ease. 
 
CAVALRY 
 
 Direct Echellon — A line broken intosevcfal parts, i 
 ing direct to the front or rear, in this mammer— 
 
 Oblique Eiiikt.i.on — A line broken into several parte by 
 wheels from line, or column, loss than the quarter circle, 
 so as to be oblique to the former front, and parallel with 
 each other — thus : 
 
 Paces — There are three paces— the walk, the trot, and 
 the gallop. The walk at the rate of throe and a h ilf to 
 four miles an hour. The trot at eight miles and a half an, 
 hour. The gallop at eleven miles an hour. The galrop is 
 not considered applicable to general purposes of manoeuvre, 
 though it may be used occasionally for very simple forma- 
 tions. 
 
 The rate of charge should not exceed the speed of the 
 slowest horses. 
 
 To preserve uniformity of movement, the trot and gallop 
 should commence gradually, and by the whole body* at the 
 same time. 
 
 The term pace, by which distance and Intervals 
 measured, is reckoned at one yard* 
 
 Commands — Are of two kinds, those of caution and 
 those of execution. They should be given in a firm, clear 
 tone, and repeated by the chiefe of subdivisions, There 
 should be a short pause betweea the command of caution 
 and of execution. At the command of caution, chiefs of 
 subdivisions will caution their subdivisions as to the par- 
 ticular movement which each has to perform. 
 
 The commands march and halt should be instant ly re- 
 peated by chiefs of subdivisions. When a line breaks 
 from a halt by a wheel, the chief of each subdivision will 
 
8 CAVALRY. 
 
 judge of the instant when the movement ought to finish 
 to order halt, and left, or right-dress. 
 
 At the "word march, a line or column will move at a 
 walk, unless the command indicates a different pace. 
 When a command is not distinctly heard by some part of 
 the line, each officer (when the intention is obvious) will 
 conform as quickly as possible to the movement which he 
 sees executed on his right or left, according to the point 
 from whence he perceives it to be given. 
 
 Mounting. 
 
 STAND TO HORSE. The position of the man is on 
 the left side of the horse, square to the front ; toes on a 
 line with the horse's fore feet ; right hand, back upwards, 
 holding the rein of the snaffle over the curb, six inches 
 from the ring of the bitt; left hand hanging down by the 
 thigh. 
 
 PREPARE TO MOUNT. FaCe to the right, place the 
 left hand where the right was, and run the right up to 
 the middle of the, rein or knob, which is held between the 
 finger and thumb; step to the right opposite the horse's 
 shoulder, and taking both sides of the curb-rein with the 
 left hand, just under the right, put the little finger between 
 them, the back of the hand towards the horse's head; run 
 down the left hand to the neck of the horse, and still hold- 
 ing the bridle, seize with the fore-fingers of the left hand, 
 a lock of the mane, about a foot from the saddle; seize the 
 stirrup-leather with the right hand near the stirrup; step 
 back with the right foot, and place the ball of the left in 
 the stirrup, the left knee close to the horse's shoulder, and 
 the right hand on the cantle of the saddle. 
 
 MOUNT. . By a spring from the right foot, rise in the 
 stirrup, bring both heels together, knees against the sad- 
 dle and body upright; place the right hand on the pommel 
 and support the body, while the right leg passes clear 
 over the horse, the right knee closes on the saddle, and the 
 body comes gently into it; the left hand quits the mane 
 and the right the pommel; the snaffle-rein is laid with the 
 right hand, back upwards, into the left, the middle finger 
 dividing them, the superfluous part of the reins hanging 
 down on the off side; both reins are pressed between the 
 
CAVALRY. 9 
 
 thumb and first joint of the fore-finger, the bridle hand 
 raised so as just to feel the horse^s mouth; the right foot 
 takes the stirrup without the aid of handor eye. 
 
 Position on Horseback. 
 
 The body balanced in the middle of the saddle*; head. 
 upright and square to the front; shoulders well thrown 
 back; client advanced; upper part of the arms hanging 
 down straight from the shoulder; left elbow bent, and 
 slightly closed to the hips; little finger on a level with 
 elbow; wrist rounded, throwing the knuckles to the front; 
 thigh stretched down from the hip; the ila-t of the thigh 
 well turned inward to the saddle; knees a little bent: 
 hanging straight down from the knee and near the hdr 
 sicks; heels stretched down,, the toes raised from the in- 
 steps, and as near the horse's .--ides as the heels. 
 
 Dismounting. 
 
 PRBPABE TO DISMOUNT.— The right hand takes the 
 rein above the left; the right foot quits the stirrup; the 
 
 left hand slides forward on the rein and seizes a lock of 
 the mane about twelve inches from the saddle, feeling tin; 
 horse's mouth very gently; the right hand drops the reins 
 to the off-side, and is placed on the holster. 
 
 DISMOUNT. — Supporting the body with the right hand 
 and left foot, the right leg is brought'clear over to the near 
 side; heels close; the right hand on the cantel preserves 
 the balance of the body; the rights' foot is brought to the 
 ground, and then the left; seize the reins with the right 
 hand under the left, and advance, left foot first, to the po- 
 sition Of STAND TO HORSE . 
 
 Riding Lesson. 
 
 Aids are giving by the hand and legs: corrections and 
 animations by the spur. 
 
 To MarcJi. — At the word forward, raise the hand so as 
 to feel gently the horse's mouth, and approach, the legs 
 without closing them: -this is called "to gather the he: 
 and is preparatory to all movements, A.1 the word maHcb, 
 turn the nails downwards, so as to give a little more rein, 
 and close the calves of both 1 ordinu; to the sen- 
 
10 CAVALRY. 
 
 sibilit}^ of the horse:" when the horse obeys, ease the legs 
 by degrees, and replace the hand quietly in its former 
 position. 
 
 To Halt. — At the word halt, feel the reins equally and 
 firmly, drawing the hand towards the body, and closing 
 for an instant both legs, in order to press the horse well 
 up to the bridle: when the horse has obeyed, resume the 
 former position. 
 
 To Rein Bach. — Raise the hand a little and draw it 
 gently to the centre of the body, bending a little forward, 
 till the horse obeys — use the calves of the legs only to 
 keep him straight; ease the reins after every step and feel 
 them again. 
 
 To Turn to the Right. — Open the right rein and close 
 gradually the right leg, making the horse pass over a 
 quarter of a circle of two or three paces, on the line of 
 the shoulders; diminish the effect of the rein and right leg, 
 and sustain the horse with the left rein and leg, to termi- 
 nate the movement. Turning to the left is performed on 
 the same principles, by contrary movements. 
 
 To Turn to the Right (or Left) About, is performed by 
 similar movements continued, making the horse pass over 
 a half circle of about five paces, on the line of the shoulders. 
 
 To Trot. — Ease the reins and press the calves of both 
 legs, according to the horse's temper; then feel both reins 
 to raise the fore-hand. 
 
 To Canter. — A light and firm feeling of the reins, to raise 
 the horse's fore-hand; a pressure of both legs, to bring the 
 haunches under him. 
 
 Passaging. — When ground is to be taken to a flank by 
 passaging the whole move at the words right (or left) 
 pass, march — until the word halt. In passaging to the 
 right, at the words right pass, propel the horse's shoulders 
 to the right, by opening the right rein and slightly closing 
 the right leg: at the word march open the right rein and 
 clos-e the left leg, in order to make the haunches follow; 
 hold the right leg ready to sustain the horse. Passaging 
 to the left is executed by contrary movements. 
 
 Obliquing. — At the words right oblique, march, each 
 man makes a quarter turn of his horse to the right, so that 
 his right knee comes behind the left knee of the man on 
 
CAVALRY. 11 
 
 his right; the man on the right of the rank marches steadily 
 in the direction indicated to him, the others dress on him. 
 The rear-rank moves in the same manner, and is regula- 
 ted by the front-rank, which it takes care to conform to; 
 and thus the horses' heads of the rear-rank are directed in 
 rear of the second man from their leader towards the 
 right. In obliquing to 4he left the same principles and 
 contrary movements are employed. 
 
 Wheeling. — Wheelings are of two kinds, from the halt 
 and upon the move : in either case the dressing is the 
 outer or marching flank. 
 
 From the Halt — the pivot man turns his horse on Ms 
 fore feet, keeps his ground, and, conies gradually round 
 with the rank. The outward flank man looks to his rank, 
 regulates the pace at which the 'wheel is made, and con- 
 ducts the flank so as to avoid crowding on the rank, the 
 men resisting pressure from the outward and yielding to 
 pressure from the inward flank. The rear-rank must rein 
 back at the pivot and partly passage and incline towards 
 the wheeling flank in order to cover. 
 
 On the Move — Both 'flanks are kept in motion: the inner 
 flank describing an arc of a lesser circle: the outer flank 
 describing an arc of a large circle and moving about one- 
 half faster than the rate at which the body is marching: 
 the intermediate men conforming to the mevements of the 
 flanks. Pressure must be yielded when coming from the 
 side towards the guide, and resisted from the opposite side, 
 whether the guide be on the pivot or on the marching flank. 
 
 In the evolutions, the wheelings are on a fixed pivot. 
 In changes of direction in column the wheels are made 
 on the move so as not to retard the march* the arcs des- 
 cribed by the pivots are five paces, and when marching in 
 column of fours or twos, the pivots wheel without slacking 
 the pace. 
 
 The wheelings should be first practiced in single rank. 
 
 In wheeling from line into colum, the dressing after the 
 wheel is to the marching flank. 
 
 Manual of the Sword. 
 DKAtV SWORD.— Carry the right hand over the reins; 
 
YALKY. 
 
 run the hand to the wrist, through the sword-knot; grasp 
 the sword and draw it six inches out of the scabbard. 
 
 Draw the sword briskly, carry it to the rig-lit shoulder, 
 point upwards; drop the hand on the upper part of the 
 right thigh; the little finger on the outside of the gripe and 
 the back of the blade in the hollow of the shoulder. This 
 is the position of carry-sword, i 
 
 SLOPE-SWORD— Loosen the grasp of the handle, ad- 
 vancing at the same time the sword-hand, with the wrist 
 turned up, so as to allow the back of the sword to rest on 
 the shoulder in a sloping position. 
 
 CARRY-SWORD,— Draw the hand to its position, so as 
 to allow the sword to resume its 'perpendicularity. 
 
 RAISE-SWORDS.— Ss Front-Bank. Raise the sword- 
 hand perpendicularly and bring it as high as the chin, 
 blade to the left and fingers opposite the face, which is the 
 position preparatory to give point. Raise the wrist to the 
 height of the eyes, the arm hall extended, the edge turned 
 towards the right, and the point a little lower than the wrist. 
 
 As Rear-Rank. — Raise the sword, the arm half extended; 
 the wrist a little above the head;, the edge upwards, the 
 point backwards and about one foot above the wrist. 
 These are the positions of the sword by the two ranks just 
 beforg the charge and at the shock when the men arc to 
 give point, or cut and use their swords as they see fit, 
 after breaking the line. 
 
 CARRY-SWORDS.— Bring the sword to its original 
 position on the thigh. 
 
 RETURN-SWORDS.— Raise the blade perpendicularly, 
 the flat to the front, edge to the left, the thumb to the 
 height of the chin and about six inches from it. Carry the 
 wrist near, and opposite to the left shoulder, drop the 
 point, turn the' head to the left, return the sword, bringing 
 the head again to the front and the hand to its position 
 behind the thigh. 
 
 Officer's Salute Mounted. 
 
 Being at the position of " carry-swords ," raise the hand 
 by a circular motion as high as, and opposite to the chin, 
 With the edge of the blade to the left, then stretching the 
 arm out, an chit the same time bringing the point of the 
 
CAVALRY. 13 
 
 blade in a lino with the knee and foot, the edge still kept 
 to the left. The salute being made, the sword is recovered 
 by bringing it back smartly to carry swords. 
 
 Dismounted. 
 
 The salute is the same as that prescribed for the infantry. 
 Of the Squad. 
 
 The first drills should be in single rank of squads not 
 exceeding twelve men. The following examples apply to a 
 squad of sixteen men in two ranks, but they are equally 
 applicable to a squad in single rank, by leaving out what 
 regards the rear-rank in the instructions. 
 
 The marches and formations should be executed as often 
 by the left as by the right; but in order to avoid repeti- 
 tions of right and left, they arc laid down with reference 
 to the former hand only. 
 
 After the men go through the whole correctly at a walk, 
 the marches and formations should be performed generally 
 at a trot. 
 
 Short halts should tal^e place at intervals: the men should 
 also be dismounted at least once during the drill. 
 Formation of the Squad. 
 
 The Squad is formed in two ranks at open order, six 
 yards distance: the men in position of stand to horse. 
 
 ATTENTION, SQUAD— TELL OFF BY FOURS.— The 
 men of each rank number themselves one, two, three, four, 
 from fight to left. 
 
 PREPARE TO MOUNT.— Numbers two and four step 
 forward with the right foot, face their horses, take the 
 snaffle rein with both hands near the ring, rein back their 
 horses gently to the distance of four yards, and all prepare 
 to mount. 
 
 MOUNT. — As already explained. Being mounted, num- 
 bers two and four move into their intervals gently, and the 
 rear-rank closes to the distance of one yard from the front 
 rank. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 In dismounting in two ranks, at the words prepare to 
 dismount, numbers one and three of the front-rank move 
 forward four paces, and two and four of the rear-rank rein 
 back the same distance. 
 
 (2) 
 
14 CAVALRY, 
 
 i 
 
 The whole are then dismounted as already explained. 
 Alignments. 
 
 The three right files of each rank are placed four paces 
 forward and aligned. 
 
 BY FILE, RIGHT -DRESS.— The men of each rank ad- 
 vance singly and dress on the men of their respective, ranks 
 already established, taking- care not to pass beyond them, 
 and feeling the touch of the boot gently to the right. 
 
 FRONT.— The men turn theirheads to the front. Dress- 
 ing back is. practiced in the same manner. After the men 
 are sufficiently practiced to align by tiles, they are taught 
 to align by the whole rank at once, by the command right 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 Marches to the Right. 
 
 BY FOURS. 
 
 FOURS, RIGHT.— Each rank wheels by fours to the 
 right. (Fig. 2.) ' • 
 
 GUIDE, LEFT-MARCH.— The whole move forward, 
 dressing' to the left. 
 
 By Section* of' Fours. 
 
 SECTIONS OF FOURS, RIGHT.— The whole vv'hee 1 
 fours rigl it as before.. v 
 
 GUIDE LEFT, MARCH.— The leading four of the front- 
 rank marches straight forward, its rear-rank inclining 
 covering it; the remainder move off their ground in suc- 
 cession in the same manner: first a front-rank four, and 
 then a rear-rink four, alternately. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 By Twos. 
 
 TWOS- RIG LIT .—The right hand two of the front-rank 
 wheels to the right; the remainder turn their {worses' heads 
 towards the right. 
 
 .MARCH. — The leading two marches straight forward, 
 followed by its rear rank two: the remainder move off their 
 ground in succession in the same manner; first a front-rank 
 two and then a rear-rank two, alternately, the whole cov- 
 ering the left. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 Marches to the right By Files, are made according to 
 the same principles as by Twos, substituting in the com- 
 
CAVALRY. 15 
 
 mand files for twos. The files should be instructed to 
 cover accurately. 
 
 >ns to the Left. 
 
 Il the column is marching by subdivisions of eight, or 
 if the front of subdivisions exceed that number, the column 
 must be halted before it is wheeled into line; in other cases 
 the formations may be made from the move. 
 
 m Fours. 
 
 COLUMN, HALT — LEFT INTO LINE WHEEL, 
 MARCH.— The whole of the fours wheel, to the left, and 
 
 drcs^ to the right. (Fig. o.) 
 
 From Sections of Fours: 
 
 LEFT INTO LINE, MARCH.— The leading four wheels 
 to the left, and moves up three horses' lengths, followed 
 
 by its rear-rank, the remainder continue moving on, and 
 as each four arrives opposite its place, it wheels to the left, 
 and forms up to the rank to which il belongs, dressing t<? 
 the right. (Fig ().) 
 
 Formations to the left, From Twos and Files, are made 
 according to the same principles and by the same com- 
 mand as From Sections of Fours. (Fig. 7.) 
 
 brmatibn to the Rigid or Reverse Flank. 
 These formations are made from the move. 
 From Fours. 
 
 ON RIGHT INTO LINE, MARCH.— The rear-rank four-, 
 check their pace till the front-rank fours of the rank next 
 behind come up abreast of them; in the meantime the 
 leading four of the front-rank wheels to the right, and ad- 
 vances three horses' lengths beyond the right flank of the 
 column and halts: its rear-rank wheeling to tire right, cov- 
 ering it and moving up to the proper distance; the remain- 
 der continue to move on, each four wheeling to the right 
 when opposite its place, and forming up to the rank to 
 which it belongs, dressing to the right. (Fig. S.) 
 
 From Sections of Fours. 
 
 ON RIGHT INTO LINE, MARCH.— The hauling four of 
 the front-rank wheels to the right, advances three horses' 
 
lb CAVALRY. 
 
 lengths, and baits; its rear-rank four arriving behind it, 
 wheels, covers, and moves up to its proper distance; the 
 remainder continue moving on, and as each four arrives 
 opposite its place, it wheels to the right, and forms up to 
 the rank to which it belongs, dressing to the right:- (Fig. 9.) 
 Formations to the right from Twos and Files, are made 
 according to the same principles and by the same com- 
 mand as from Sections of Fours. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 Formations to the Front. 
 These formations are made from a halt, or move. 
 
 From Fours. 
 
 FRONT INTO LINE, MARCH.— The leading four of 
 the front-rank advances three horses' lengths and halts, its 
 rear-rank fours moving up by an incline, to its proper dis- 
 tance and covering it; the rest of the rear-rank fours check 
 their pace till the front-rank fours of the rank next behind 
 come up abreast of them, the whole moving up into line 
 <by inclining to the left, and dressing, as they come up, by 
 the right. (Fig. 11.) 
 
 From Sections of Fours. 
 
 FRONT INTO LINE, MARCH.— The leading four of 
 the front-rank advances three horses' lengths and halts, its 
 rear-rank four moving up to its proper distance, and cover- 
 ing it: the remainder move up into line, by inclining to 
 the left, and dressing as they come up, to the right. 
 (Fig. 12.) 
 
 Formations to the front, From Twos and Files, are made 
 according to the same principles and by the same com- 
 mands as From Sections of Fours. (Fig. 13.) 
 
 To Advance in Line. 
 SQUAD, FORWARD, GUIDE LEFT (or RIGHT), 
 MARCH. — The whole move forward together, dressing to- 
 wards the guide, who marches straight to the front on the 
 points of direction. 
 
 To Retire in Line. 
 
 This may be done either from a halt, or on the move: 
 in both cases the wheels about must be on a fixed pivot. 
 
 FOURS RIGHT, (or LEFT) ABOUT. — Each rank 
 wheels about by fours. 
 
CAVALRY. IT 
 
 GUIDE RIGHT (or LEFT), MARCH.— The word march, 
 to be given the instant (he fours have gone about, and the 
 Whole move forward together, dressing towards the guide. 
 
 To resume the natural ordewtho same commands and 
 means^are observed. 
 
 Diminution and TncMnse qf Front. 
 
 These movements are intended for the passage of defiles, 
 and will be executed by the sub-divisions in succession, 
 at the same given point. 
 
 In diminishing from platoons to sections of fours and so 
 down to files, it will be necessary first to halt the column, 
 in order to avoid crowding and confusion, which would, 
 otherwise obviously arise from the want of space neces- 
 sary to execute the movements. 
 
 Diminish, — From Squadron to Companies. 
 
 BY COMPANIES, MARCH.— The right company con- 
 tinues to move forward; the left company halts until its 
 right is cleared, when its chief gives the words right oblique 
 march, and as soon as it covers in column, forward quide- 
 
 kft- 
 
 From Companies to Platoons. 
 
 BY PLATOONS, MARCH.— The first platoon continues 
 to move forward; the second platoon halts until its right- is 
 disengaged, when its chief gives the words, right oblique, 
 march, and as soon as it covers in column, forward, guide- 
 left. The fourth platoon executes the same movement when 
 it arrives at the place where the second platoon broke. 
 
 From Platoons to Sections of Fours . 
 
 BY SECTIONS OF FOURS, MARCH.— The leading 
 right hand four continues to move forward followed by its 
 rear-rank; the leading left-hand four halts until its right is 
 disengaged, when it obliques to the right, followed by its 
 rear-rank, and covers in column by the left. All the other 
 fours execute the same movement, as they arrive in suc- 
 cession oh the same ground. 
 
 From Sections of Fours to Twos. 
 
 BY TWOS, MARCH.— The leading right-hand two fol- 
 lowed bv its rear-rank, continues to move forward; the 
 
18 CAVALRY. 
 
 leading left hand two, halts until its right is disengaged, 
 when it obliques to the right, followed by its rear-rank, and 
 covers in column by the left. All the other twos execute 
 the same movement as they successively arrive on the 
 same ground. 
 
 From Twos to Files. 
 BY FILES, MARCH.— The leading right hand file con- 
 tinues to move forward, followed by its left hand file, which 
 obliques to the right for the purpose. All the other files 
 make the same movements as each arrives at the same point. 
 
 Increase. From Files to Twos. 
 FORM TWOS, MARCH.— The leading file continues to 
 move forward; the remainder move on at a trot, num- 
 bers two and four forming on the left of one and three, as 
 they successively arrive at those last formed, and then 
 dropping into a walk. 
 
 From Twos to Sections of Fours. 
 FORM SECTIONS OF FOURS, MARCH.— The lead- 
 ing twos move steadily forward; the remainder move on 
 at a trot, numbers three and four forming on the left of one 
 and two, as they successively arrive at those last formed) 
 and then dropping into a walk. 
 
 From Sections of Fours to Platoons. 
 FORM PLATOONS, MARCH.— The leading section 
 moves steadily forward, the others move on at a trot, the 
 left sections forming on the left of the right sections cf 
 platoons, as they successively arrive at those last formed, 
 and then dropping into a walk. 
 
 From Platoons to Companies. 
 
 FORM COMPANIES, MARCH. — The first platoon 
 moves steadily forward; the others move on at a trot, the 
 second platoon forming on the left of the first, and the 
 fourth on the left of the third, as they successively arrive 
 at the same point, and then dropping into a walk. 
 From Companies to Squadron. 
 
 FORM SQUADRON, MARCH.— The right company 
 moves steadily forward; the left company moves at a trot, 
 obliques to the left, forms on the left of the right company 
 and then drops into a walk. 
 
CAVALRY. 19 
 
 In the foregoing movements, the column. is supposed to 
 be marching right in front. If the column should be 
 marching with the left in front, the movements would be 
 executed by inverse means. 
 
 Formation of the Company. 
 
 Each company forms on its own parade, in single rank, 
 according" to size from right to left, the tallest men and 
 horses on the right. 
 
 The company is next divided into two equal parts, 
 those on the right to compose the front-rank, those on the 
 left, the rear-rank. 
 
 IN TWO RANKS FORM COMPANY— The men com- 
 posing the front-rank advance four paces, dressing by the 
 right. The men of the rear-rank turn their horses' heads 
 to the right. 
 
 MARCH— TV men of the rear-rank fde off to the right, 
 in rear of the front-rank ; and as each arrives opposite his 
 tile-leader, he turns to the left and covers at the distance 
 of one yard. 
 
 The company is then divided into two platoons, the first 
 platoon on the right, the second on the left ; cash consist- 
 ing of eight files. # 
 
 The non-commissioned officers are next posted as follows: 
 the first sergeant on the right of tho company, in the rank 
 of file-closers, (one yard from the rear-rank,) the second, 
 third, fourth and fifth sergeants, in the front-rank on the 
 right and left of each platoon, each covered by a corporal. 
 The company thus formed will present thirty-two men, in- 
 cluding sergeants and corporals in the ranks, or sixteen files. 
 
 The captain is in front of the centre of the company, 
 one yard from .the front rank : the first lieutenant com- 
 mands the first platoon, and the second lieutenant com- 
 mands the second platoon, each taking post in front of the 
 centre of his platoon in a line with the captain. 
 
 The saddler and farrier are in the rear of the left of the 
 company, eight yards in the rear of the rank of file-clo.?ers ; 
 and the trumpets twenty yards in rear of the centre. 
 
 The company being formed, the men, including the 
 non-commissioned officers in tho ranks, are told oil* by 
 fours, beginning on tho right of each rank. 
 
2« \\Li:y. 
 
 It is recommended to the militia, to form and exercise in 
 single rank, both as a simpler formation and as more use- 
 ful and effective on many occasions in which they may be 
 required to act. 
 
 Formation of the Squadron. 
 
 Two companies constitute a squadron, and when united 
 for that purpose, the platoons are numbred from right to 
 left, fird, second, third, fourth. 
 
 The officers are posted as follows : 
 
 The senior captain commands the squadron and is in 
 front of the centre, one yard from the front rank : the 
 junior captain three yards in the rear of the centre : the 
 first lieutenants in front of the centre of their respective 
 companies on a line with the senior captain, each com- 
 manding his own company ; the second lieutanants in rear 
 of the centre of their respective companies in the rank of 
 file closers. 
 
 The first sergeants of companies are on the right and 
 one on the left of the squadron, ill the rank of file closers, 
 to be employed as markers. The other non-commissioned 
 officers retain their places in line. 
 
 The saddlers and farriers retain their places in their re- 
 spective companies ; the trumpets are twenty yards in 
 rear of the centre of the squadron. 
 
 When a single company of militia acts in one rank, it 
 should, unless very weak in number, be told off and formed 
 as a squadron. 
 
 Formation of the Regiment. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 Three squadrons ordinarily constitute a regiment ; the 
 squadrons are numbered from right to left, first, second, 
 third. 
 
 The intervals between the squadrons are ten yards. The 
 colonel is eight yards in advance of the centre of the 
 regiment, and attended by an officer and a trumpeter. 
 
 The lieutenant-colonel in front of the centre of the first, 
 and the major in front of the centre of the third squadron; 
 both on a line with the colonel. The adjutant on a line 
 with the front-rank, two yards from the right : the ser- 
 geant-major on the same line, two yards from the left of 
 the regiment. 
 
CAVALRY. 21 
 
 The duties of the field officers, adjutant and sergeant- 
 
 major, are the same as prescribed in the infantry tactics. 
 
 The quartermaster, surgeon, and assistant surgeon, post- 
 ed from right to left in the order they are mentioned, are 
 in the rear of the center of the regiment, four yards from 
 the rank of file-closers: the veterinary surgeon six yards on 
 their left. The quartermaster-sergeant, in rear of the right 
 of the second squadron, six yards behind the rank of file- 
 closers. The trumpets twenty yards in rear of the centre 
 of the regiment. 
 
 The sergeant on the left of the right company of the 
 centre squadron, carries the standard; and the sergeants 
 on the left of the right platoons of companies, carry each 
 a guidon. 
 
 To Open and Close Ranis. 
 
 The ranks being closed, the commanding officer gives 
 the words," prepare to open ranks, when the markers of 
 squadrons place themselves* on the flanks of their squad- 
 rons in the rear-rank. The commanding officer then adds, 
 to the rear open order; at which the markers rein back 
 live yards and arc aligned by the right, by the lieutenant- 
 colonel. The commanding officer then gives the word 
 march, when the rear-rank reins back and is aligned by 
 the lieutenant-colonel on the markers, the whole dressing 
 by the right. The file-closers rein back at the word maim ir, 
 and place themselves one yard in rear of the rear-rank. The 
 rear-rank being aligned, the commanding officer gives the 
 word eroxt. 
 
 When the ranks are to close, the commanding officer 
 gives the words close order, march. At the word march, 
 the rear-rank closes to the front, each man covering his 
 file-leader at the prescribed distance, and the markers take 
 their places as file-closers. 
 
 Posts of Officers and others in Column. 
 Column of Twos or Fours, {Eight in F%ont.) 
 The colonel, abreast with the centre of the regiment, 
 eight yards from the left flank of the column. 
 
 The lieutenant-colonel and major on the same flank, the 
 first abreast with the centre of the two first squadrons and 
 the last, abreast with the centre of the last squadron. 
 
::■ 
 
 The adjutant on the same flank, abreast with the lending 
 files; the sergeant-major in rear of the column, except 
 when the left is in front, when lie is on the right flank, 
 abreast with the leading files. 
 
 The chiefs of squadrons on the left flank opposite to the 
 centre of their squadrons, the junior captains in the same 
 relative position, on the right flank. The chiefs of the 1 
 in?; companies of squadrons, in front of their- companies, 
 the chiefs of the other companies on the left of their lead- 
 ing files. 
 
 The file-closers on the right flank of the column, abreast 
 with the files they cover when in line. The trumpets six 
 yards in advance of the officers ot the head of the column. 
 Column of Platoons. 
 
 . The field officers, adjutant and sergeant-major, as in col- 
 umn of fours. 
 
 The chiefs of squadrons on the left flank, abreast with 
 1 heir second platoons. The junior captains on i\\o right 
 flank, abreast .with the third platoons. The chiefs of pla- 
 toons on the left of their platoon. The file closers on the 
 right of their platoons. 
 
 The trumpets as in columns of fours. 
 
 Column of Companies. 
 
 The field officers, adjutant and sergeant-major, as in 
 column of platoons. 
 
 The chiefs of squadrons, junior captains Oi squadrons, 
 and trumpets, as in column of platoons, all the other offi- 
 cers and non -commissioned officers as in line. 
 Close Column. Of Squadrons. 
 
 The field officers, adjutant, sergeant-major, and trumpets, 
 as in column of companies. All the other officers and non- 
 commissioned officers, as in line, except chiefs of squad- 
 rons, who are on their left flanks. 
 
 The distance from one squadron to another, in close 
 column, is ten yards. 
 
 In all movements in column, the officers not herein pro- 
 vided for, march in rear of the regiment. 
 Of the Charge or Attack. 
 
 The- charge is regulated by the principles of the direct 
 

 CAVALRY. 23 
 
 march, but is more animated and impetuous. The enemy 
 is the point of direction, and his overthrow the object. 
 It commences with a 1 n a gallop, constantly 
 
 increasing™ velocity, in proportion to the apj i ih<< 
 
 enemy, and finally assumes Hie. character of an at' 
 There rfre three modes of charging. In a line parallel or 
 oblique to the front of the enemy, by echellon, and in 
 column. 
 
 When at a sui m the enemy to make a 
 
 charge, say about 250 yards, the commanding officer com- 
 mands, REGIMENT, (SQUADRON OR COMPANY) DRAW — SWOR] 
 
 trot — march. Tin 1 regiment continues at a. trot for 150 
 paces, when the coramandin sword gallop,. 
 
 which is repeated by the field officers and chiefs of 
 
 drons. He then commands march, which in like man- 
 lier is repeated; and alter passing about 100 paces at a gal- 
 lop, the commanding officer eauses the charge to be sounded 
 by all the trumpets, at which signal p is Lncre i 
 
 in speed. The men rise in their stirrups, lowering the 
 bridle hand, but keeping command of their horses, as well 
 as pr r, and thus dash upon the ene- 
 
 thc front rank with the sword pointed forward, bu- 
 ddy before the shock, and the rear-rank with the 
 sword to th"" The enemy being routed, the com- 
 
 manding officer orders the trumpeters to sound the redly, 
 when each man pulls up and joins his standard. Ibit as 
 it is important that the enemy should not have time to 
 rally, the flank platoons of each squadron or some others, 
 are sent in pursuit, and to recall them the rally is sounded, 
 when they return to their respective places in their squad- 
 rons. 
 
 Thecharge ought always, if possible, to be anticipal 
 as their is great danger of being overthrown by receiving 
 a charge at a halt. 
 
 w the signal to charge, officers in the front of the line, 
 
 • the file in the rear of them to fall back so as to admit 
 the croup of their horses into the rank. Chiefs of squad- 
 rons charge at the head of their respective squadrons. 
 The colonel at the head of such squadrons as lie may 
 think his presence most accessary. The lieutenant-colonel 
 
 major at the head of other squadrons of their wing. 
 
24 CAVALRY. 
 
 Adjutants, sergeantsciuajor, and general guides, keep their 
 places as in line. The trumpets in rear of the centre, with 
 the trumpet-major at their head, unless the colonel shall 
 see lit to have them near his person. 
 
 Rules for Guides and Markers. 
 
 The guides arc the non-commissioned officers oii the 
 right and left of platoons, told off in the ranks. 
 
 Guides should be instructed to march with precision, to 
 cover correctly, and to judge of distances by tlie eye ; as 
 on them depend, in a great measure, the accuracy with 
 which the movements are performed. 
 
 It may sometimes happen that- the proper guides are 
 not on the directing flank of a column, as in the marches 
 by fours and twos : in such cases, the men on that flank 
 serve as guides for the time being. 
 
 The markers to be employed for regimental movements 
 are the first sergeants of companies. There are two for 
 each squadron, and their duties are to mark the line on 
 which their squadrons are to rest in the different formations. 
 
 The markers of the squadron to which the base company 
 belongs, mark the base of the intended line, and are 
 placed by a Held officer, or the Adjutant, at points where 
 the right and left files of the base company are to rest. 
 Upon the caution being given for a movement, the base is 
 instantly placed. 
 
 The right markers of squadrons, which are to form on 
 the right of the base, mark -the points where the right of 
 their squadrons are to rest ; and the .left markers of squad- 
 rons which are to form on the left of the base, mark the 
 points where the left of their squadrons are to rest. Each 
 moves out from his squadron and faces toward the base 
 markers just time enough to* take his dressing from them, 
 before his squadron arrives on the line. 
 
 In marking lines, the markers raise their swords to the 
 height of the cheek, keeping the blade, the edge to the 
 front, perfectly upright. They remain posted until the 
 commanding officer gives the word front, (which should 
 succeed each formation,) when they retire to their places 
 in' line. 
 
 In aligning their squadrons, the chiefs place themselves 
 
CAVALRY. 25 
 
 on that flank towards which the men arc to dress, and give 
 the word front, when their squadrons are aligned. 
 
 In forming close column, the base for the covering con- 
 sists of the markers of that squadron on which the forma- 
 tion takes place ; who are placed by the lieutenant-colonel, 
 immediately upon the caution, facing to the pivot flank of 
 the intended column. 
 
 In deployments, and all other movements from close 
 column, the base consists of the markers of that squadron 
 upon which the deployment or movement takes place ; 
 who are posted by a field officer, or the adjutant, imme- 
 diately upon the caution, at points where the flanks of that 
 squadron are to rest. 
 
 When a column changes direction in marching, one of 
 the markers of the leading squadron is placed at the point 
 where such change is made. This marker remains posted 
 until the head of the next succeeding squadron is abreast 
 with him, when his place is supplied by the marker of 
 that squadron, who in like manner is relieved by the 
 marker of the next squadron ; and so in succession. 
 
 The markers are reetificd in their position by a field 
 officer, or the adjutant. 
 
 Movements. 
 
 The following movements arc arranged throughout as 
 for three squadrons ; but they are applicable to any num- 
 ber. They are detailed as performed from the right, but 
 they may be performed from the left, by substituting in 
 the cautions and commands, left for right and right for 
 
 LEIT. 
 
 Movements from Line. No. 1. 
 
 To change Front For ward on First Squadron. (Fig. 15.) 
 
 Commanding officer, ) CHANGE FRONT FORWARD 
 repeated by chiefs of [ ON RIGHT COMPANY OF 
 squadrons/ ) FIRST SQUADRON* 
 
 Chief of base company — Company, Tight-wheel. 
 
 Chief of company next the base — Company, forward. 
 
 •The base ta given by the markers of Hio first squadron, placed on the new line in front 
 of the right and left files of the base company, facing to the right. 
 
m CAVALRY. 
 
 Chiefs of 2d and 3d squadrons — By company, right half- 
 wheel. 
 Commanding officer, repeated ( WALK ] A r iP( , R 
 
 by same chiefs. "j or TROT [ MAKUtl - 
 
 On the word march, the whole move as follows ; 
 
 The base company wheels to the right and is aligned on 
 the markers, receiving from its chief the words halt, right- 
 dress. 
 
 The company next the base advances until its right un- 
 covers the left of the right company ; it then receives from 
 its chief the words right-wheel, followed by forward, hall, 
 right-dress. 
 
 The other companies wheel half right, and then receiving 
 the words forward, guide-right, from the chiefs of squad- 
 rons, advance in echellon towards the new line. Each 
 company on approaching its place, receives from its chief 
 right-wheel, followed fay forward, and on arriving on a line 
 with the rear-rank of the preceding company, hall, righl- 
 dres . 
 
 ■ Movement l\ T o. 2, from Line. 
 To change front to the rear on the left Squadron. 
 
 (Fig. 16.) 
 Commanding officer, '( CHANGE FRONT TO THE 
 repeated by chiefs of- REAR ON LEFT COMPANY 
 squadrons. ( OF THIRD SQUADRON*. 
 
 Chienbf base company — Company, right-wheel. 
 
 Chief of company next the base — Company, fours, right- 
 about, followed by — company, right-wheel, as soon as fours 
 have gone about. 
 
 Chiefs of 1st and 2d Squadrons— -Yours right-about, fol- 
 lowed by — By company, right hat/ -wheel, as soon as fours 
 have gone about. 
 
 Commanding officer, re- j WALK ) M , p(l ,, 
 peated by same chiefs, { or TROT j" MAltun - 
 
 On the word march, the base company wheels to the 
 right, and is aligned on the markers, receiving from its 
 chief the words halt, left-dress. The company next the 
 base having wheeled to the right, receives from its chief 
 the word forward, passes the line a horse's length, leaving 
 
 *Thebase is given by the markers of the third squadron, placed on the new line in 
 front of the left and right files of the base company, facing to the left. 
 
CAVALRY. Wl 
 
 sufficient interval between it and the Iefl company, to 
 enable it to wheel about by four?, and receive from its 
 chief, halt, fou/s, right-about, left-dress. The other com- 
 panies wheel half right, and receivivg from the chief of 
 squadrons, the words forward, guide-right, retire in echel- 
 lon towards the new line ; each company, on approaching 
 its place, receives from its chief right-wheel, followed by 
 forward, and when if has passed the line a horse's length, 
 taking care to leave su round an its right to wheel 
 
 about, receives from its chief halt, fours, right- about, left- 
 dress. 
 
 rement No. o, from Line. 
 To change front on central Squadron. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 [CHANGE FRONT ON RIGHT 
 Commanding officer, ; COMPANY OF SECOND 
 
 repeated bv chiefs of | SQUADRON, LEFT-WING 
 
 squadrons. * FORWARD.f 
 
 Chief of base Company — Cpmpany, right-wheel 
 Chief of company next the base -Company, forward, 
 
 i Four*, right-about, followed by 
 Chief 1st squadron, -; By company, right half-wheel, 
 ( as soon as fours have gone about. 
 Chief of 3d squadron — By company, right half-wi 
 Commanding officer, re- ( WALK or) , r , pPTT 
 peated by same chiefs- j TROT— ) MA ^ n - 
 
 On the word mabch, the companies of the second squad- 
 ron execute what has been prescribed in No. 1, for the 
 companies of 'the first squadron. The -companies of the 
 thud squadron conform to what is prescribed in the same 
 No. for the companies of the second and third squadrons; 
 and the companies of the first squadron to what is pre- 
 scribed in No. 2, for the companies of the first and second 
 squadrons. 
 
 Ala cement No. 4, from line. 
 To break to the right into column. (Fig. 18.) 
 
 Commanding officer, re- ( BY COMPANY, RIGHT- 
 peated by chiefs of squad- -J WHEEL, WALK (or TROT) 
 reus. (—MARCH. 
 
 t The base is given by the markers of the second squadron, placed on the nnw Hoe In 
 front of the right and lefl files of the base company, facing to the right 
 
28 CAVALRY. 
 
 On the word march, the companies wheel to the right, 
 •and receive from their chiefs the words, halt, left-dress, fol- 
 lowed by front. 
 
 Should it be intended to move the column forward, the 
 commanding officer gives the words, column forward, 
 guide-left, walk (or trot) — march, and the whole move 
 forward at the pace indicated. 
 
 If, while the column is in march., it lie intended to 
 change direction by the head, the commanding officer 
 gives the words, head of column to the right, (or left,) 
 w T hen the chief* of the leading company adds, company, 
 right (or left) wheel-march. The company having wheeled 
 into the new direction, its chief gives the word forward, 
 and the company resumes the direct march. Each com- 
 pany, on arriving on the ground where the first wheeled, 
 executes* the same movement, receiving from its chief the 
 same command. 
 
 Movement No. 5, from line. 
 To break to the right, to march to the I ft. (Fig. 19.) 
 Commanding officer, re- ( BY COMPANY, BREAK TO 
 peated by chiefs of squad- -J THE RIGHT, TO MARCH 
 rons. (TO THE LEFT. 
 
 Chief of right company, 1st squadron — Company for- 
 icard, g aide-left. 
 
 peated by same chief, \ trot — [ 
 
 On the word march, the right company of the first 
 squadron advances ten paces, wheels to the left by com- 
 mand of its chief, and marches forward. The other com- 
 panies do the same, in succession ; their chiefs giving the 
 command in time to enable them to take their proper dis- 
 tances in column. 
 
 Movement No. 6, from line. 
 
 To break by the rigid, to the rear, to march to the left. 
 
 (Fig. 20.) 
 
 f ' BY COMPANY, BY 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- J THE RIGHT, BREAK TO 
 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons, j THE' REAR, TO MARCH 
 
 [TO THE LEFT. 
 
 Commanding officer, re- f WALK or \ mapptt 
 
CAVALRY. 29 
 
 Chief of right company, 1st squadron-^-Ccwwpany; right 
 
 aboul-icheel. 
 
 Comrnmanding officer, re- ( WALK or ) Ar . p «rj > 
 peated by same chief, ( trot— j MAKOil • 
 
 On the word march, the right company of the first 
 squadron wheels about, receives the words forward, guide 
 -left, from its chief, marches ten paces to the rear ; wheels 
 again to the right by command of its chief, and again re- 
 ceiving the word forward, continues its march. The other 
 companies are, in succession, wheeled to the right-about 
 by their chiefs, and moving to the rear in like manner, fol- 
 low in column. • 
 
 The movements in this and the preceding number, arc in- 
 tended for the passage of defiles in front and rear of the left. 
 
 Movement No. 1, from Line. 
 To ploy into close column, on second squadron. (Fig. 21.) 
 
 . ( CLOSE COLUMN ON 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- - SECOND SQUADRON, 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons, ( RIGHT IN FRONT.* 
 
 Chief of 1st squadron — Squadron, fours left. 
 
 Chief of 3d squadron — Squadron, fours right. 
 
 Commanding officer, repeated j WALK or ) iyr apptt 
 by chiefs of 1st & 3d squadrons, \ trot— j MAKO± *- 
 
 On the word march, the second squadron stands fast, its 
 chief giving the words guide left. The first squadron hav- 
 ing wheeled fours left, is conducted by its chief (on the 
 right flank of the leading fours) along the front of the se- 
 cond squadron • when abreast of the fourth file from the 
 left of the second squadron, the chief of the first squadron 
 gives the words halt, fours right, left-dress and front. The 
 third squadron having wheeled fours right, is conducted 
 by its chief (on the left flank of the leading fours) towards 
 its place in rear of the second squadron ; he himself halts 
 where its left will cover on the second squadron, allows 
 his squadton to pass him, and as soon as the left is up 
 with him, gives the words halt, fours left, followed by left- 
 dress and front. 
 
 The above instructions are applicable to the formation 
 
 * The base for the covering of the pivotffis <;ivnn by the makers of the second squadron 
 placed in front of the left Bank of the leading squadron, facing to the rear. 
 
30 CAVALRY. 
 
 of close column on a flank squadron, by naming it in the 
 caution, with either the right or left in front ; the chiefs of 
 squadrons giving their commands accordingly. 
 
 Movement No. 8, from Line. 
 To advance in echellon of squadrons. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 ' ( ADVANCE IN ECHEL- 
 i Commanding officer, repeat-*-] LON OF SQUADRONS 
 cd by chiefs of squadrons, ( FROM THE RIGHT. 
 Chief of 1st squadron — Squadron forward . 
 
 Commanding officer, re- X WALK or ) ^ r *pp re- 
 peated by same chief, \ trot — j 
 
 On the cauMon to advance, the squadron-markers place 
 themselves on the right and left of the front rank of their 
 squadrons. On the word march, the first squadron ad- 
 vances. The remaining squadrons receive the word march, 
 from their chiefs, in succession, as soon as each has got a 
 distance equal to its front and interval from the one which 
 precedes it ; the right markers of squadrons taking care to 
 preserve that distance and interval. During this march 
 the guide is to the right. 
 
 The retreat in echellon is exactly like the advance, each 
 squadron wheeling to the right-about by fours, just in time 
 not to lose its distance from the one before it. In the cau- 
 tion, the word retire is substituted for advance. 
 
 When squadrons, having advanced in echellon, are re- 
 quired to form line to the front, the squadron, on which 
 the line is to be formed, is named ; those squadrons in 
 front, if any, are wheeled about by fours to the right, and 
 the whole move into line upon the named squadron. 
 
 When a formation into line is required to the left, the 
 squadrons wheel to that hand, and form line upon a named 
 squadron. 
 
 If, while advancing in echellon from the right, it be re- 
 quired to form an oblique line to the left, the squadrons 
 ctose to company distance, on the named squadron, and — 
 then half wheel to the left into line. 
 
 Movement No. 9, from Line. 
 Passage of lines to the front. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 ( ADVANCE BY FOURS 
 Commanding officers, re- - FROM THE RIGHT OF 
 peated by chiefs of squadrons, ( SQUADRONS. 
 
CAVALRY. 31 
 
 Chiefs ol Squadrons-^/owrs right- -leading fours, left-wheel. 
 Commanding officer, ( WALK I fcr A -prm 
 repeated by same chiefs, ( or TROT ) iMAM ' ' 
 " On the word mtRCH, each n wheeling fours right, 
 
 and its leading fours again to the left, advances through 
 the intervals of the line in front, each squadron passing on 
 the right of the squadron in its front. 
 
 When the line is to be formed again, the commanding 
 officer gives the words, front into line-march, (repeated 
 by chiefs of squadrons,) when each squadron forms on its 
 leading fours ; the chiefs dress their squadrons by the 
 right, and then resume their places. 
 
 The intervals of heads of squadrons from each other, 
 are preserved from the first squadron. 
 
 Movement JSfo. 10, from Line. 
 Passage of lines to (he rear. . (Fig. 24.) 
 
 ,. ffi , ( RETIRE BY FOURS 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- \ FRQM TRE pJGRT ()F 
 
 ed by chiefs ot squadrons, / SOFADRONS 
 
 Chiefs of squadrons — Fours right. — lending fours, right- 
 wheel. 
 
 Commanding officer, ( WALK { \\\pnu 
 repeated by same chiefs, (or TROT) 
 
 On the word march, each squadron, wheeling fi 
 right' and its leading fours again to the right, retires. The 
 intervals of the heads of squadrons from each other are 
 preserved from the first squadron. Each squadron passes 
 through the interval, on the left of the squadron in its rear. 
 
 When the columns approach within fifty yards of the 
 place where the commanding officer intends to reform his 
 line, the lieutenant-colonel moves forward and establishes 
 a marker at the point where the right of the first squadron 
 is to rest. The left squadron markers then move out and 
 mark the points where the left of their squadrons are to 
 rest on the line, and each chief conducts his squadron 
 round his loft marker, towards the point where the right 
 of his squadron is to rest, and when there gives the 
 words halt, fours, left, right-dress, followed by front, and 
 resumes his place in line. 
 
32 ^CAVALRY. 
 
 Movement No. 11, from Line. 
 
 To March in Line. 
 
 To cause the regiment to advance in line, the command- 
 ing-officer gives the caution, regulate ox-squadrox. Squad- 
 rons forward, (repeated by chiefs of squadrons, ) on which 
 all the squadron markers move, to the right and left of the 
 front rank of their respective squadrons. If the first, cen- 
 tral, or any intermediate squadron is to be the regulating 
 one, the lieutenant-colonel causes the right marker of that 
 particular squadron to place himself exactly in front of the 
 right guide of his squadron, on a line with the officers, and 
 designates to him the point on which he is to march. If 
 the regulating squadron is on the left of the centre, the 
 left marker .of that particular squadron is placed in like 
 manner, in front of the left guide of his squadron. 
 
 These dispositions being made, the commanding officer 
 gives the word march (repeated by chiefs of squadrons,) 
 and the whole move forward. The officers in front of 
 squadrons maintain themselves on the alignment of the 
 marker of the regulating squadron, without regarding the 
 dressing of their men. Each squadron dresses towards 
 the regulating one, and the intervals arc preserved in that 
 direction. The squadrons should, if any thing, be rather 
 behind, than in advance of the' regulating squadron. 
 
 If an obstacle present itself in front of a platoon, com- 
 pany, or squadron, its chief places is behind the platoon, 
 company, or squadron, to the right or left, according to. 
 circumstances, by wheeling by platoons to the right or 
 left ; and when the obstacle is passed, bringing it into 
 line by a contrary movement. 
 
 If, while marching in line, it be intended to gain ground 
 to the front and to the flank, the commanding officer gives 
 the words, by company, right (or left) half wheel — 
 march, and when sufficiently wheeled, he adds, forward, 
 guide right [or left ;] the whole move in the direction 
 indicated, in echellon of companies. To bring them again 
 into line, and to continue the direct march, the command- 
 ing officer gives the words, by company, left [or right] 
 half-wheel march, and when wheeled into line, he adds, 
 forward — when the line moves forward, conforming to 
 
CAVALRY. C3 
 
 what has already been prescribed. The commands here 
 given, ajp repeated by chiefs of squadrons. 
 
 To halt the regiment, marching in lino, the commanding 
 .officer gives the words, regiment, halt. At the word halt, 
 repeated by chiefs of squadrons, each squadron halts. 
 The markers of the regulating squadron place themselves, 
 facing to the right, in frOnt of the right and left files of 
 their squadron, a little in advance of the line of officers, 
 so as not to be masked by them, and are rectified on the 
 alignment by the lieutenant-colonel. The right markers 
 of squadrons on the right of the regulating one. and the' 
 left markers of those on its left, step out, face towards the 
 markers already established, and are rectified on them by 
 the lieutenant-Colonel. The commanding officer then 
 gives the words, ox — squadron — dress, when each squad- 
 ron moves forward on the alignment, dressing towards the 
 regulating squadron. The alignment being completed, 
 the commanding officer gives the word, front, and the 
 markers retire. 
 
 In the retreat in line, the same rules apply as in the 
 advance, the squadrons wheeling about by fours, and the 
 file-closers acting as leaders, except that they give no 
 commands. 
 
 .The march in line being a difficult and important 
 movement, should be frequently practiced, in order to 
 render it as familiar and as eas} r as possible. 
 
 Movements from Close Column, No. 1. 
 
 To Deploy on Second Squadron. (Fig, 25.) 
 
 n „'«:■( DEPLOY OX SECOND SQUAD- 
 
 Commandmg officer, - p^v^. ^ 
 
 Chief of 1st squadron — Fours rigid. 
 
 Chief of 3d squadron — Fours left. 
 
 Commanding officer, (WALK or ) ifA<RrW 
 repeated by same chiefs, ( TROT- ) ' 
 
 On the word march, the first squadron leads out to the 
 right, and the third squadron leads out to the left, each 
 conducted by its chief. The chief of the first squadron, 
 when opposite the ground, on which the left of his squad- 
 ron the caution, the base \-- given bj 5 of the second squadron, p] 
 p oinl -. tadron are Lo r< st in lin- ; they face to the 1 
 
34 CAVALRY. 
 
 von is to rest, halls, and lets his squadron march Dastliim; 
 when the last rank of the fours is abreast with him, he gives 
 the words, first squadron, kali— fours left — left dress, followed 
 by front. In like manner, the chief of the third squadron, 
 when opposite the point where the right of his gqufctiron 
 is to rest, halts, lets his squadron march past him, and 
 when the last rank is abreast with him, gives the words, 
 third squadron, fours rigid, forward, guide right, and when 
 abreast with the rear-rank of the second squadron, 
 halt, rigid-dress, followed by front. The chief of the base 
 squadron, (the 2d,) the. moment his front is unmasked, 
 gives the words, second squadron forward, guide left, and 
 when within two paces of the line, he halts his squadron 
 and aligns it by the right on the markers. 
 
 The above example is applicable to the deployment of 
 a close column on any named squadron. 
 
 Movement No. 2, from Close Column. 
 
 To wheel into line on the rear squadron. (Fig! 20.) 
 
 Commanding officer— ON THIRD SQUADRON, LEFT 
 INTO LINE.j 
 
 Ohief of third squadron — Third squadron, left-wheel. 
 
 Chiefs of 1st and 2d squadrons — Squadron, forward.* 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- ( WALK or ] vrAprtrr' 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons, ( trot- j 
 
 On the word march, the first and second squadrons ad- 
 vance; each, as soon as it has got its proper distance from 
 the one in its rear, receives from its chief the words, left- 
 wheel, followed by forward, and as it arrives on a line 
 with the third squadron, halt, left-dress, front. The third 
 squadron wheels to the left, receives from its chief the word 
 forward, and when it has moved up three horses' lengths, 
 halt, left-dress, front. 
 
 If the column be required to form line to the right (re- 
 verse) flank, the caution is given, by inversion, on third 
 squadron, right into line; the movements and commands 
 are the same, onty substituting right for left. 
 
 The column may also, in both eases, be opened from the 
 front or centre, as well as from the rear; the squadrons in 
 
 t On the caution, the base is Riven bv the markers of the third squadron, placed a t 
 points where the flanks of that ^uadron are to rest, facing to the left. 
 
CAVALRY. 35 
 
 the rear going about by lours, and fronting when they 
 have got their proper distances, and those in front of'tbe 
 named offe advancing. The formation is the same as al- 
 ready laid down. 
 
 Movement No. 3, from Close Column. 
 
 To change direction from a halt (Fig. 27.) 
 
 Commanding omoer— CHANGE DIRECTION BY THE 
 RIGHT FLAN] 
 
 Chiefs of squadron \ Fours right. 
 
 Commanding officer, ( WALK or | w Al jr 1u 
 repeated by same chiefs, \ trot- j 
 . On the word march, the front squadron, receiving from 
 its chief left wheels and then forward, moves straight in the 
 now direction; its chief halting himself at the point where 
 its left is to re«t, and permitting hissqo'adron to move past 
 him; whgn the last rank comes abreast with him, he gives 
 the words, halt, fours-left, left-dress, aligns his squadron on 
 the markers, and adds front. The second and third 
 squadrons are conducted by their chief;, who halt when 
 arrived at the points where the left of their squadrons are 
 to rest, let their squadrons march past them in the new 
 direction, and when the last rank is abreast with them, 
 they give the words, halt, f- left-dress, followed by 
 
 front. 
 
 In changing direction by the left flank, each chief con- 
 duets his squadron until its left flank arrives at the point 
 where it is to rest. 
 
 Movement No. A, from Close Column.. 
 
 Countermarch. (Fig. 28.) 
 
 Commanding officer— Column, COUNTERMARCH. 
 
 Chiefs of squadrons — File to the right. 
 
 Commanding officer, re- f WALK or / ,, . ,,,<.. 
 peated by same chiefs, "( tiu,t- j lUAKL11 - 
 
 On the word countermarch, the left markers place them- 
 selves one yard beyond the left ol" their squadrons, facing 
 to the rear, the croups of their horses six yards in rear of 
 the rear-rank. The file-closers place themselves on the 
 
 h ■ caution, the base Is given by the markers of the headmost squadron, placed at 
 point:; wh«re the flanks of thai squadron are 
 
36 CAVALRY. 
 
 left of their squadrons; those of the right companies, 
 ahreast with the front-rank; the junior captain's on their 
 left; those of the left companies abreast with the rear- 
 rank. 
 
 On the words, File to the Right, the right hand men of 
 both ranks turn to the right-about, and the front-rank man- 
 moves up on the left of his rear-rank man; the remainder 
 turn their horse's heads towards the right. 
 
 On the word march, the leading file of each squadron 
 wheels to the right, passes near the rear-rank, and when 
 nearly opposite the left marker, each man, on a caution 
 from his chief of squadron, turns to the left, halts, and 
 dresses to the right, the front-rank man placing himself on 
 the left of the marker. The other files move off their 
 ground in succession, front and rear-rank m^n together, as 
 it comes to their turn, wheel at the same point where the 
 leading file wheeled, and when arrived opposite to their 
 places in line, each man turns to the left, and forms up to 
 the rank to which he belongs, dressing to the right. The 
 officers and file-closers follow the movement of the men, 
 and take their places successively as they reach them. 
 
 Movement* from Open Column. No. 1. 
 
 To form line to the left. (Fig. 29.) 
 
 Commanding officer, re- ) LEFT INTO LINE- 
 
 peated by chiefs of squad- - WHEEL.* WALK. (or 
 rons. ) trot)— MARCH. 
 
 On the word march, the companies wheel left into line, 
 receiving from their chiefs the words, halt, right-dress, as 
 soon as the wheel is completed. The chiefs of squadrons 
 align their squadrons by the right, and then give the word 
 front. 
 
 Movement Nh. 2, from Open Column. 
 
 To form line to the rigid by inversion. 
 Commanding officer, (BY INVERSION, RIGHT, INTO 
 repeated: by chiefs of -] LINE— WIIEEL.f WALK (or 
 
 squadrons, (trot )-M ARC IT. 
 
 * The base is given by the markers of the Qrst squadron, placed al points where the 
 flanks of i in- ri';lit company, are to rest, facing each other, and covered bythe left mark- 
 er- of the other .squadron?., at points where the left ol their squadrons are to rest. 
 
 t The base is civ en by the markers of the third squadron, placed at points wbere the 
 flanks of the right company of that squadron are to rest, facing each other and covered 
 by the left markers of the other squadrons, at points where the left of their squadrons 
 are to rest. 
 
CAVALRY. 37 
 
 On the word march, the companies wheel right into line, 
 receiving from their chiefs the words, halt, left-dress, as' 
 soon as the wheel is complete. The chiefs of squadrons 
 align their squadrons by the left, and then give the word 
 front. 
 
 Movement No. 3, from Open Column. 
 To form line to the front. (Fig. 30.) 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- | pROKT 1XT0 T ]NK 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons, > * hUy ! 1MU WJM * 
 
 Chief of base company — Company, forward. 
 
 Chief of company next the base — Company, left, half-wheel. 
 
 Chiefs of the 2d and 3d squadrons — By company, left, 
 half-wheel. 
 
 Commanding officer, re- ( WALK or j ArA pnu 
 peatcd by same chiefs, j TROT- J MAK ^- • 
 
 On the word march, the base company advances three 
 horses' lengths, and then receives from its chief the words, 
 halt, right-dress. The other companies make a half wheel 
 to the left, and then, receiving from the chiefs of squadrons 
 the words, forward, guide-right, advance in echellon to- 
 wards their places in line. Each, as it approaches, re- 
 ceives from its chief, right-wheel, followed by forward, and 
 on arriving on a line with the rear-rank of the preceding 
 company, hall, right-dress. Each chief of squadron aligns 
 his squadron by the right, and then gives the word front. 
 
 If the column be required to form line to the front by 
 inversion, the caution is given, by inversion, front into 
 line. The movement is performed according to the same 
 principles, but by inverse means and commands; the lead- 
 ing company is established on the markers; the other 
 companies half-wheel to the right, and advance in echellon 
 towards the line, each forming on the right of the one 
 which precedes it. 
 
 Movement No. 4, from Open Column, 
 lb form line to the front on rear company. (Fig. 31.) 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- \ ON REAR COMPANY, 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons" j FRONT INTO LINE.f 
 
 * The base is given by the markers of the first "squadron, placed at points where the 
 flanks of the base company are to rest, facing to the right. 
 
 (•The base is given by the markers of the third squadon, placed in front of the right and 
 left files of ihe left companv, facing to the lei* . 
 
 1 
 
3b CAVALRY. 
 
 Chief of company next the base — Company, left half- 
 wheel. 
 
 Chiefs of 1st and 2d squadrons — By company, left half 
 wheel. 
 
 Commanding officer, j WALK or ) ^t a T?nTT 
 repeated by same chiefs, ( trot- j 
 
 On the word march, the whole, except the base com- 
 pany, (which stands fast,) moves as follows: 
 
 The companies make a half wheel to the left, and receiv- 
 ing from the chiefs of squadrons, the words, halt, fours 
 right-about, followed by forward, guide-right, retire in echel- 
 lon towards their places in line. Each, on approaching 
 the line (taking care to leave sufficient space on its right 
 to wheel fours about) receives from its chief the words, 
 right-wheel, followed by fortvard, and when it has passed the 
 line a horse's length, halt, fours right-about, left-dress. 
 
 Movement No. 5, from Open Column. 
 To form line faced to the rear. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- j INTO LINE, FACED 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons, j TO THE REAR.* 
 
 Chief or base company — Company, left-about, ivheel. 
 
 Chiefs of 2d and 3d squadrons, 1 Fom H 
 and company next the base, ) ° 
 
 Commanding officer, ( WALK or ) ^r a pntr 
 repeated by same chiefs, ( trot — j 
 
 On the word march, the base company wheels left about 
 and receives from its chief the words, halt, right-dress. — 
 The other companies move off together,- and are conducted 
 by their chiefs to the points where their left will stand on 
 the new.line, being marked by squadron markers; each 
 chief conducts his company round the marker, and when 
 the head of the compan}^ arrives near its point of forma- 
 tion, leaving space sufficient to wheel by fours, he gives 
 the words, halt, fours-left, riyht-dress. 
 
 Movement No. 0, from Open Column. 
 
 To form line faced to the rear on rear company. (Fig. 33.) 
 
 * The base is giveu by the markers of the first squadron placed on the new line, at points 
 where the flanks of the right company are to rest, and facing towards the right Hank. 
 
CAVALRY. 39 
 
 ,, ' -„, ' ) ON REAR COMPANY, 
 
 Commanding officer, repeat- f INT0 LINE FACED T0 
 ed by chiefs of squadrons, i THE REAR 
 
 Chief of base company — Company, left-about wheel. 
 
 Chiefs of 1st and 2d squadrons — By company, left-wheel. 
 
 Commanding officer, j WALK or) atapqjt 
 repeated by same chiefs, (, trot- )« 
 
 On the word march, the base company wheels left about, 
 receives from its chief the word forward, and after advanc- 
 ing three horses' lengths, halt, left-dress. The other com- 
 panies wheel three-quarters left, and receiving from their 
 chiefs of squadrons the word?, forward, guide-left, advance 
 in echcllon towards their places in line; each, on approach- 
 ing the line, receives from its chief the words, lefl-wlieel, 
 followed by forward, and on arriving on a line with the 
 rear-rank of the preceding company, halt, left-dress. 
 
 Movement No. *J, from Open Column. 
 To form line by two movements. (Fig. 34.) 
 
 A column having changed direction to the right, or re- 
 verse flank, may form line to its former front, as follows: 
 ( LEFT INTO LINE-WHEEL, 
 Commanding Officer, \ REAR SQUADRON, FRONT 
 
 (INTO LINE.* 
 Chiefs of 1st and 2d squadrons — Left into Line — Wheel. 
 Chief of 3d squadron — Front into Line. 
 Commanding Officer, j WALK or ) apa ppxT 
 repeated by same chiefs, ( trot- } l 
 
 On the word march, the companies of the first and second 
 
 squadrons wheel into line, as prescribed in movement No. 
 
 1, from open column; and the companies of the third 
 
 squadron form to the front into line, as prescribed in 
 
 .movement No. 3, from open column. 
 
 Movement No. 8, from Open Column. 
 
 To form line by two movements . (Fig.. 35.) 
 
 A column having changed direction to the left or pivot 
 flank, may form lino to its former rear, as follows: 
 
 * The base is given by the markers of the third squadron, placed on the new line, at 
 
 points where the flanks of the left company are to rest, and facing towards the left flaufc. 
 
40 CAVALRY. 
 
 (LEFT INTO LINE—WHEEL. 
 
 Commanding Officer, - REAR SQUADRON INTO LINE 
 ( FACED TO THE REAR. * 
 
 Chiefs of 1st and 2d Squadrons — Left into Line — Wheel. 
 
 n\ • e c 0.3 a a ( Iitio line, faced' to the rear, 
 Chief of 3d Squadron, \ P n , . ' / . , , 
 
 1 ' ( followed hy fours — right. 
 
 Commanding Officer, (WALK or \ ,■- v>mi 
 repeated by saipe chiefs, ( TROT — j 
 
 On the word march, the companies of the 1st and 2d 
 squadrons wheel into line, as prescribed in movement No. 
 1, from open column ; and the companies of the 3d squad- 
 ron form line faced to the rear* as in movement No. 5, 
 from . op en column . 
 
 Movement No. 9, from Open Column. 
 To form on right into line (Fig. 36.) 
 
 Commanding Officer, re- j ON RIGHT INTO LINE— 
 peated by chiefs of squaclr'ns' { GUIDE RIGHT, f 
 
 Chief of base company — Company, right-wheel. 
 
 Commanding Officer, repeated j WALK or] ¥AprJR 
 by chief of base company, ( TROT— J MAi * UJ F- 
 
 On the word march, the leading company wheels to the 
 right, receives from its chief the word forward, and when 
 it has advanced a distance equal to its front, halt, riglit- 
 dress. The other companies pass along the rear of the 
 leading company ; each in succession, as soon as it ar- 
 rives opposite its place in line, receives from its chief the 
 the words, right-wheel, followed by forward, and when on 
 a line with the rear-rank of the preceding company, halt, 
 right-dress. 
 
 Movement No. 10, from Open Column. 
 
 To form close column. 
 
 Commanding Officer, repeated | FORM CLOSE COL-. 
 by chiefs of squadrons, j UMN. 
 
 Chiefs of right companies of squadrons — Company for- 
 ward. 
 
 Chiefs of left companies of squadrons — Company, lejl - 
 oblique. 
 
 •'The base (j in these two movements is given by the markers of the first squadron, placed 
 on the new line, at points where the flanks of right company are to rest, facing each other. 
 
 ■iThe base is given by the markers of the first squadron, pl#ced on the new line, at 
 points where the flanks of the right company are to res:, facing to the right. 
 
CAVALRY. 41 
 
 Commanding Officer, j WALK or lH[AT>nfT 
 repeated by same chiefs, \ trot- j 
 
 . On the word march, the leading company advances 3 
 horses' lengths, and receives from its chief the word halt. 
 The other right companies move straight forward. The left 
 companies oblique. to the left, at double the pace, till their 
 right flanks are uncovered; they then receive the word, 
 forward, from their chiefs, followed by walk, when in line 
 with their right companies. Each squadron, as soon as 
 formed, receives the words, guide-left, from its chief, and 
 when moved up to its proper place in column, halt, left- 
 dress, followed -hy front. 
 
 Skirmishing. 
 
 Skirmishers are usually employed to gain time, to watch 
 the movements of the enemy, to keep him in check, and to 
 prevent him from approaching so close to the main body 
 as to annoy the line of march. On service, regularity in 
 skirmishing and correctness of distance cannot always be 
 maintained, on account of the movements of the enemy 
 and the nature of the ground. It is, nevertheless, essential 
 that some general rules should be laid down, which may 
 be easily conformed to and applied, according to circum- 
 stances. 
 
 On ordinary occasions, a few mounted men may be suffi- 
 cient for this duty; yet it is frequently necessary on ser- 
 vice to employ whole squadrons as skirmishers. The 
 following example embraces a company, which is deemed 
 sufficient to cover the front and flanks of a regiment com- 
 posed of three squadrons. One of the flank companies is 
 usually employed for the purpose. 
 
 LEFT COMPANY OF THIRD SQUADRON, ) At the 
 
 SKIRMISH TO THE FRONT— MARCH. j word 
 
 march, the company named moves forward ten paces, and 
 the 'men deploy as skirmishers, extending so far as to cover 
 the whole front of the squadron, as well as its. flanks; for 
 this purpose, the man on the right of the front-rank moves 
 in an oblique direction, towards a point sixt} r paces in ad- 
 vance and beyond the right flank of the regiment; the man 
 on the right of the rear-rank follows his file-leader, and then 
 moves to his left on the same alignment: the other tile« 
 
42 CAVALRY, 
 
 conform themselves to this movement, placing themselves 
 at equal intervals from each other. 
 
 In advancing, the skirmishers draw the left pistol, the 
 sword hanging to the wrist. When the regiment is ad- 
 vancing, the forward march is sounded, when the skir- 
 mishers move forward, and at the sound commence firing, 
 they begin the fire. When the halt is sounded, the skir- 
 mishers halt, and observe the movement of the regiment, 
 to which they conform. If it turn to the right or left, they 
 do the same singly, to cover the front; if the regiment re- 
 tire, the march in retreat is sounded, when the skirmishers 
 retire by a checkquered movement, as follows: All the 
 skirmishers who belong to the front-rank wheel about 
 singly to the left, march fifty paces to the rear, and then 
 resume their front by wheeling about singly to the right. 
 The same move ments are made by the rear-rank men, 
 who place themselves fifty paces in rear of the others, 
 and so on as long as the regiment continues in retreat. 
 
 When the regiment resumes its front, the halt is sound- 
 ed, at which the skirmishers halt and form again on the 
 same line. Cease firing is then sounded, and afterwards 
 the rally, when they - return by the shortest way to their 
 places in the regiment. 
 
 Skirmishers always move out and return at a gallop: 
 they never draw their pistols until they are deployed; they 
 never fire until within reach of the enemy, unless by order, 
 and they should always keep their horses in motion, even 
 when loading, to avoid becoming* a mark to the enemy. 
 They retire by wheeling about to the left, and resume 
 their front by wheeling about to the right. When they 
 reform again in company, they return pistol and carry 
 sword. 
 
A MANUAL 
 
 FOR 
 
 COLT'S REVOLVER 
 
 1. The preliminary instructions in the use of the Re- 
 volver should always be given on foot, but the " Manual" 
 will apply equally well on foot or mounted. In the in- 
 struction on foot, the trooper should be brought to the 
 position of "Guard," in the sabre exercise, so as to assimi- 
 late his motions to those he will execute when mounted. 
 
 2. The term "holster," in this Manual is equally appli- 
 cable to the holster of the saddle, jor to its substitute on 
 the belt. The belt holster is preferable, and is adopted for 
 the State Guard. 
 
 3. The trooper beiug in position, the Instructor will 
 command — 
 
 Draw — Pistol. (One time and two motions.) 
 
 •4. (1st motion.) Unbuckle the "holster," seize the 
 pistol by the handle with the last three fingers and palm of 
 the hand, the fore-linger extended outside the holster so as 
 to be placed on the guard when the pistol is partially with- 
 drawn, the thumb on the back of the handle. 
 
 5. (2d motion.) Draw the pistol from the holster, 
 placing the fore-finger on the guard, raise it, placing the 
 right wrist at the height of and six inches in front of the 
 right shoulder ; the barrel of the pistol pointed vertically 
 upwards, guard to the front. 
 
 G. To load the pistol, the Instructor will command, 
 
 Load in six lime? — 1. Load. 
 (One time and two motions.) 
 7. (1st motion.) Place the pistol in the left hand, the 
 little linger on the point of the key, the muzzle inclined to 
 the left, and front and upwards at an angle of sixty degrees 
 to the horizon, half cock the pistol with the right thumb, 
 the right hand grasping the handle. 
 
ii MANUAL FOR COLT'S REVOLVER. 
 
 S. (2d motion.) Let go the pistol with the left hand, 
 turn with the right, and seize it with the left : the hammer 
 between the thumb and fore-finger, the middle finger on 
 the guard, the two last fingers and palm of the hand 
 grasping the handle, and carry the right hand to the cart- 
 ridge box, and open it. 
 
 2 . Handle — artridge . 
 [One time and one motion.] 
 
 9. Take a cartridge from the box with the thumb and 
 first two fingers and cany it to the mouth . 
 
 3. Tear — Cartridge. 
 [One time and one motion.] 
 
 10. Tear off the end of the cartridge with the teeth 
 and carry it opposite the chamber nearest the lever and 
 on the side next the trooper. 
 
 4. Charge — Cartridge. 
 
 [One time and one motion.] 
 
 11 . Empty the powder into the chamber and press the 
 ball in with the fore-linger, seize the end of the lever with 
 the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand. 
 
 5. Ram — Cartridg e . 
 
 [One time and one motion.] 
 
 12. Bring down the lever with the right haad, at the 
 same time turning the cylinder with the thumb and fore- 
 finger of the left, until the charged chamber comes in pro- 
 longation of the lever, ram home the charge and carry the 
 right hand to the cartridge box, leaving the lever in the 
 charged chamber. 
 
 13. llepeat as above until the chambers are charged, 
 and after charging the last one return the lover, the thumb 
 and first two lingers remaining on the end of it. 
 
 G. Prime . 
 
 [One time and two motion.] 
 
 14. (1st motion.) Seize the handle of the pistol with 
 the right hand below the left, turn it with the guard to the 
 front, muzzle to the left and front, and elevated si£ty degree* 
 
MANUAL FOR COLTS REVOLVER'. 45 
 
 above the horizon, and place it in the left hand, the little 
 finger on the point of the key; turn the cylinder with the 
 right hand until it clicks, and carry the right hand to the 
 cap box and open it. 
 
 15. (2d motion.) Take a cap, press it on the exposed 
 cone, turn the cylinder again until it clicks, and cany the 
 right hand again to the cap box. 
 
 16. Repeat the second motion until the priming is com- 
 pleted ; then seize the pistol at the handle with the right 
 hand, let down the hammer and bring the pistol to the 
 second position of " draw pistol." 
 
 IT. To fire the pistol, the Instructor will command, 
 
 Ready. 
 [One time and two motions.] 
 
 18. (1st motion.) Place the pistol in the left hand, 
 the little finger touching the key, the muzzle to the left 
 and front, and elevated at an angle of sixty degrees to the 
 horizon, the guard under, the right thumb on the cock, the 
 fore-finger on the guard. 
 
 19. (2d motion.) Cock the pisto^with the thumb, and 
 bring it to the second position of " draw pistol.'' 
 
 Aim. 
 
 [One time and two motions.] 
 
 20. Lower the muzzle and carry the right hand to the 
 front of the neck, half extending the right arm, place the 
 fore-finger lightly on the trigger, close the left eye, and aim 
 horizontally. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 [One time and one motion.] 
 
 21. Press the fore-finger gradually but quickly on the 
 trigger, fire, and return to the second position of " draw 
 pistol." 
 
 22. Should the Instructor desire to have all the charges 
 fired, he will give an intimation to that effecf, and after 
 bringing the trooper to the position of " ready," he will 
 command, 
 
 1. Aim. 2. Fire. 
 
 23. Which will bo executed as prescribed. After 
 
46 MANUAL FOR COLT'S REVOLVER, 
 
 firing the first charge, the troopers will go through the 
 motions of " ready," " aim," and " fire," and so continue 
 until the last charge is fired, when they will return to the 
 second position of " draw pistol." 
 
 24. To load without observing the times and motions, 
 the Instructor will command, 
 
 1 . Load at luill. 2. Load. 
 
 25. Load the pistol as prescribed. " Prime" and re- 
 turn to the second position of " draw pistol." 
 
 26. When the troopers execute the Manual well, they 
 will be instructed to come to the position of " ready," by 
 the following command ■ 
 
 Ready. 
 (One time and one motion.) 
 
 27. Move the right hand six inches to the front, at the 
 same time lowering the muzzle to an angle of sixty degrees 
 with the horizon, cock the pistol with the right thumb, 
 and return to the second position of " draw pistol." 
 
 28. To replace the pistol after the firing, the command 
 will be, 
 
 Return — Pistol. 
 
 (One time and two motions.) 
 
 . 29. (1st motion.) Drop the muzzle, turning the wrist 
 downwards, and replace the pistol in the holster. 
 30. (2d motion.) Drop the right hand. 
 
ACTS OF CONGRESS. 1 1 
 
 AN ACT to provide for the public defense. 
 
 Section 1. The Congress of the Confederate Stales of America do enact, Thai in order to 
 provide speedily forces to repel Invasion, maintain the rightful possession of the < lonfede 
 rate States of America in every portion of territory belonging and to secure 
 
 the. public tranquility and independence a ult, , he Presi I snt ! 
 
 he is hereby authorized to employ the militia, military, and naval forces oJ the Confede - 
 rate States of America, and.to ask for and accept the services of any number of voluo 
 teers, not exceeding one hundred thousand, who may offer their Bervicespeither as 
 airy, mounted riflemen, artillery or infantry, in such proportion of these several arm- a - 
 he "may deem expedient, to serve for twelve months after they shall be mustered li 
 vier unless sooner discharged. 
 
 Sec. 2. And l" it furtner enacted, That the militia, when called Into service by virtue 
 of this act or any other act, if in the opinion of the President the public interest requires, 
 may be compelled to serve for a term of not exceeding six months after they shall be 
 mustered into service, unless sooner discharged. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That said volunteers shall furnish their own olothes, 
 and if mounted men, their own horses and horse equipments: and when mustered in 
 vice, shall be armed by the States from which they come, or by the Confederate States of 
 America. 
 
 Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That said volunteers shall, when called into .actual 
 service, and while remaining therein, be subject to the rules and articles of war. and 
 instead of clothing, every non-commissioned officer and private in any company gfa 
 entitled when called into actual service, to money In a sum equal to the cost of clothing of 
 a non-commissioned officer or privs gular army of the Confederate .States of 
 
 America. 
 
 Sec. 5 And he it further enacted, That the said volunteers so offering thelivservlces may 
 be. accepted by the President in companies, squadrons, battalion: and reglmentB, whose 
 officers shall be appointed in the manner prescribed by law in the several .states to which 
 they shall respectively belong; but when inspected, mustered and received into the ser- 
 vice of the Confederate States, said troops shall be regarded in all respects as a part of 
 the army of said Confederate States, according to the terms of their respective enlistments. 
 
 Sec. (5. Andbe'it further enacted, That the President is hereby authorized to organize 
 companies so tendering their services Into battalions or squadrons, battalllons or s 
 rous Into regiments, regiments into brigades, and brigades into divisions, whenever in bis 
 judgment such organizatiod may be expedient; and whenever brigades or divisions shall 
 be organized, the President shall appoint the commanding oilicers for such brigades and 
 divisions, subject to the confirmation of Congress, who shall hold their 'offices only while 
 such brigades and divisions are in service; and the President, shall, if necessary, appor- 
 tion the staff and general officers anion:,' the respective States from which the volunteers 
 shall tender their services, as he may deem proper. 
 
 Sec. 7- And be itfuther enacted, That whenever the militia or volunteers are called 
 and received into the service of the Confederate States, under the provisions of this act, 
 they shall have the same organization, and shall have the same pay and allowances as 
 may be provided for the regular army; and all mounted non-commissioned officers, pri 
 vates, musicians and artificers shall be allowed fony cents per dav for the use and risk 
 of their horses, and if any volunteer shall not keep himself provided with a serviceable 
 horse, such volunteer shall serve on l'ooi . Cor horses killed in action, volunteers shall 
 be allowed compensation according to their appraised value at the date of muster into 
 Bervice. 
 
 Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, Th at th e field and staff oeffiers of a separate battalion 
 of volunteers shall be one lieutenant-coltWel or major, one adjutant with the rank of lieu 
 tenant, one sergeant-major, one quartermaster sergeant, and a chief bugler or principal 
 musician, according to corps; and that each company shall be entitled to an additional 
 second lieutenant; and that the President may limit the privates in any volunteer com- 
 pany, according to his discretion, at from sixty-four to one hundred. 
 
 Sec. 9. And be ttf.> trsor militia are called into the 
 
 service of the Confederate Smtes in such numbers that the oilicers of the quartermaster, 
 commissary, and medical departments, which may be authorized by law for the regular 
 Bervice, are not suficient to provide for the supplying, quartering, transporting, and fur- 
 nishing them with the requi \, it shall be lawful for the President to appoint, 
 with the advice and consent of the Congress, as many additional oilicers of the said de 
 partments as the servica may require, not fxceeding one commissary and one quarter- 
 master for each brigade, with the rank of major, and one assistant quartermaster with 
 the rank of captain, one surgeonand one assistant surgeon for each regiment; the said 
 quartermasters and commissaries, assistant quartermasters and commissaries, to give 
 bonds with good surities for the faithful performance of their duties, the said officers to be 
 allowed the same pay and emoluments as shall be allowed to oilicers of the same grade in 
 the regular service, and to be subject to the rules and articles of war, and to continue in 
 service only so long as their services may be requited in Connection with the militia'or 
 volunteers. 
 
 Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That the Pre I he is hereby authorized to 
 
 purchase or charter, arm, equip ami man such merchant vessels and steamships or boats 
 as may be found lit. or easily converted Into armed vessels, and in such number as he may 
 deem necessary for the protection of the seaboard and the general defence of the country-. 
 
 ArraovED, March C, 1861. 
 
42 
 
 UNIFORM, Son. 
 
 An Act to raise an additional Military force to serve during the War 
 
 'Hit Con rn-cfss of (lie. Confederate States do enact, That in addition to the volunteer farce 
 authorized to be raised under existing laws, the President be and he is hereby authorized 
 to accept the services of volunteers who may offer their services, without regard to place 
 of enlistment, either as cavalry, mounted riflemen, artillery or infantry, in such propor- 
 tion of these several arms as he may deem expedient, to serve for and during the existing 
 Avar, unless sooner discharged . 
 
 Sec. 2. That the volunteers so offering their services may be accepted by the President 
 in companies, to be organized by him into squadrons, 'battalions or regiments. The 
 President shall appoint all Held and staff officers, but the company officers shall be erected 
 by the men composing the company, and if accepted the officers so elected shall be com- 
 missioned by the President. 
 
 Sec. 3. Be U further enacted, That any vacancies occurring in the ranks of the several 
 companies mustered into service under the provisions of this act, may be filled by volun- 
 teers accepted under. the rules of such companies, and any vacancies occurring in the 
 officers of such companies, shall be filled by elections in accordance with the same rules. 
 
 Sec. 4. Except as herein differently provided, the volunteer forces hereby authorized 
 to be raised, shall in all regards be subject to, and organized in accordance with the pro- 
 visions of "An Act to provide for the Public Defence," and all other acts for the govern- 
 ment of the armies of the Confederate States. 
 
 L Approved, May, 1861.] 
 
 AN ACT, To make further provision for the Public Defense. 
 
 WHEREAS, war exists between the United States and the Confederate States; and 
 whereas, the public welfare may require the reception of volunteer forces into the ser- 
 vice of the Confederate States, without the forinallity and delav of a call upon the respec- 
 tive States: 
 
 Sec. 1. The Congress of [the Confederate Stales of America do enact, That the President 
 be authorized to receive into service such companies, battalions, or regiments, either 
 mounted or on foot, as may tender themselves, and he may require, without the delay of 
 a formal call upon the respective States, to serve for such a time as he may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 2. Such volunteer forces as may^e accepted under this act, except as herein dif- 
 ferently provided, shall be organized in accordance with and subject to all the provisions 
 of the act entitled "An Act to provide for the Pcblic Defence," and be entitled to all the 
 allowances provided therein; and when mustered into service, may be attached to such 
 divisions, brigades, or regiments, as the President may direct; or ordered upon such 
 independent or detached service as the President may "deem expedient: Provided, how- 
 ever, tbat battalions and regiments may be enlisted from States not of this Confederacy; 
 and the President may appoint all or any of the field officers thereof. 
 
 Sec. 3. The President shall be authorized to commission all officers eiititl"d to commis- 
 missions of such volunteer forces as may be received under provisions of this act, and 
 upon the request of the officer commanding such volunteer regiment, battalion or com- 
 pany, the President may attach a supernumerary officer to each company, detailed from 
 the regular army for that purpose, and for such time as the President may direct. 
 
 [Approved May, 1861.] 
 
 CONFEDERATE ARMY UNIFORM. 
 
 Coat.-' Short tunic of cadet grey cloth, dou- 
 ble-breasted, with two rows of buttons over 
 the breast, the rows two inches apart at the 
 waist and widening towards the sholders. 
 Suitable for cavalry as well as infantry. 
 
 Pantaloons. — Of sky blue cloth, made full 
 ill the leg, and trimmed according to corps — 
 with blue for infantry; red for artillery; and 
 yellow for cavalry. No other distinction. 
 
 For the General and the officers of his staff 
 the dress will be of dark, blue cloth, trimmed 
 with gold; for the medical department, black 
 cloth, with gold and velvet trimming. 
 
 All badges of distinction are to be marked 
 upon the sleeves and collars. Badges of dis- 
 tinguished rank, on the collar only . For a 
 Brigadier General, three large stars; for a 
 Colonel, two large stars; for a Lieutenant 
 Colonel, one large star; for a Major, one 
 small star, and horizontal bar, for a Captain, 
 three small star.--; for a first Lieutenant, two 
 small sttfrs; tor a second Lieutenant, one 
 small star. 
 
 Bullous.— For a General And staff officers 
 the buttons will be of bright gilt, convex, 
 rounded at the edge— a raised eagle at the 
 centre, surrounded by thirteen stars. Ex 
 ter'tor diameter of large sized button, 1 inch; 
 of small size, }{. inch. 
 
 For officers of the corps of engineers the 
 same button is to be used, except that in the 
 place of the eagle and stars, there will be a 
 raised "fv'in German text. 
 
 For officers of artillery, infantry, riflemen 
 and cavalry, the buttons will be a plain 
 gilt convex, with a large raised letter in the 
 centre — A for artillery, I for infantry, Ac. 
 The exterior diameter of large size button, 
 seven-eights of an inch; small size, one-half 
 inch. 
 
 For all enlisted men of artillery, a large 
 A, raised in the centre of a three-qurter inch 
 button. 
 
 For all enlisted men, the same as for aril- 
 lery, except the number of Ihe regiment will 
 I be substituted for the letter A.