^ PERKINS LIBRARY Uuke University Kare Dooks I A y^^ • UNIVERSAL /f;^//^/t7fy 5> V / r^y* ' CONTAINING P^ "^ ^jCt/V THE LIVES OF THE MOST CELEBRATED CHARACTERS OF ' EVERY AGE AND NATION, ^ KMBRAaNO WARRIOR", HEROE?, POFTS, PHIIOOOrHFRS, HISTORIAN'S, POLITICIANS, STATESMtfl, LAWVERS, PHYSICIANS, DIVINE?, DI?COVERrB?, INVENTORS, AND GENEKaLLV, ALL St'CH INDIVIDUALS, A? FROM TIU. EAHLIEST PtRIOD!' OF HISTORY TO THf PRL9FJ(T TIME, HAVE BEEN OISTLNOl'lSHED AMONO MANIIND;. TO WHICH 19 ADDED, PXiZNCXPAI. DIVINITIES ANZf BER0S8 GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY; A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY EMINENT LIVING CHARACTERS. rUHLISIIED BT NORMAND WHITE, RICHMOND, VIR. ^ .\t^ I^BE IT REMEMBERED, Tliat on the serond dnv of June, A. D. 18£5, in tit* (■■nTorty-iiinth yearot" the independence of tlic United Statesnif America, Cha. Ics N'. Baldwin, of ilie said District, hath deposited in this office the title of" a book. , a book, the riglit whereof he claun& as proprietor, in the words following»to wit : "A Universal Biographical Dictionarj', containing the lives of the most cele- braicd characters ol every age and nation, embracing Warriors, Heroes, Poets, Philoso.iheis, Historians, Politicians, Statesmen, Lawyers, Physicians, Divines, Discoverers, Iiivenioi and generally, all such Individuals, as from the earliest periods of history to the pre «eut time lave been distinguished among mankind ; to which is added, a Dictionary of the Principal i. initles and Heroes of Grecian and Roman Mytliology ; and a Biographical Diction- ary of emine it Living Characters." In confoimi'yto the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled, "An Act for the En- couragement oi" Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of su'^" copies, during the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act entitled, *' An Act, Suppleme'itary to an Act, entitled, " An Act ^or the Encouragement of Learning, by •ecuring tlie copies c*" Maps, Charts, and Books, to the S .thors and proprietors of such copies, during the times Uiereii. mentioned.' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, cad etching hi«orical and other prints." JAMES DILL, Clerk of the Southern Oistrift ofMtc-Tork. ASVSRTZSEMENT. This work embraces every article in Lempriere, generally in an abriaged form ; it also contains many of the articles found in the Biographical works of Jones, Watkius, Allen, &c. not included in Lempriere ; besides a few original notices, prepared for this work, and to be found in no other. The number of articles are, therefore, believed to be greater than in any other Biographical Dictionary, and though in most instances they are necessarily very concise, yet it has been the aim of the compilers to give ample details when the characters are particularly conspicuous, and in other cases, to embrace in few words the leading points of interest. It is acknowledged with pleasure, that great assistance has been derived, in the compilation, from Mr. E. Lord's correct and enlarged edition of Lem- priere, lately published in New- York — a work which has laid the public un- der many obligations ; particularly for the new matter which it brings for- ward. The excellent work of Allen has also been of great use in forming the wesen!: a »iL3 in vvliicli )u was em- (Jalerie di; Monde, Jtc. was livin:;iii IVJl'. jiioyed. AAGAUl), Nicholas and Ohriatiau, brothers,! AARPKN.S, or AERSENS, Peter, called by liorn at VVibur^', in Denmark, the eldest, distm-l'the Italians I'iniro l/iii'j:o. ironi his tailncss.a fruished lor tlie aruteness of his philosojiliical writings, died Iii57 ; the other known for his poetical talents, diuc! 16(>4. AALA.M, an astrologer of the ninth century, at the court of Adudu Ilaiila. AALST, Everard, a dutch painter, whose pieces were highly valued, was born at Delft, ii;0'2, and died in 1S58. AARON, elder brother of Moses, of ,; ?• tribe of Levi, born A. M. 2434 ; he was the fi id and the assistant of Moses, was happily gift J with the powers of eloqui'iice. and bcraine tile first hillh-priesi imong the Hebrews. He died in liis 1 midyear. A.VRi )\, Haschid, a caliph of the Abassidea di^.inguished by his conquests and ihecccentri ciiy of his cliafactcr, died A. D. 8U'J, in the 23d year of his rrign. AARON, Schascou, a rabbi ot Thessalonica, celibrated for hiswritinss. AAUt)N, a Hrilish saint, put to death with his brother Julius, during Dioclescian's persecution of the (Christians. .^.VRON, a pri'sbytor and pliysician of Alex- andria, in tlie eighth century ; lie wrote 30 books on medicine in the Syriac language, and is the tirst author who makes mention of the small pox ami measles, diseases wliiol: were introduced iiii'i Kgypt fvnni Arabia, about G40. A.VKf).N, Hariscon, a Caraite rabbi who was known as physician at Constantinople in 12i'4 and wrote a learned commentary on tJie penta U'lich, Hebrew grammar, Sec. .•\.\RON, Hacliaroii or Posterior, another )earni-d Rabbi, born in 13it! ; he wrote on the l:iw of Moses, the ccisioms of his nation, atid a tieatisp entilled the Garden of Kden. .•\.\RON', Isaac, an inferpretor of language; at ConslantiiiMple undi r the Comeni. AARON, Hen Chaim, the chief of the .Jewish Synagogue, at Fez, and Morocco, in the begin- ning; of the ITth century; he wrote commenta ricH on Joshua, the Law, tiie Prophets, &c. AARON, Ben-aser, a learned rabbi in the 5th century, to whom the invention of the Hebrew points and accents is attributed ; he wrote a llebrew grammar, printed 1515. AARON, a Levit.; of Rarcelona, wrote 613 precepts on Moses, printed at Venice, 1523 ; lie died 12'J-> AARPENS, Francis, lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest ministers for iiegotia- tion that the United Provinces of Holland have at any time po.ssessed. He was the first person ever recoenisrd as Dutch ambassador by Iho French court: the first of three extraordinary amba-ssadors sent to Kngland in ](i20 : and the fecond in V'Al, who were to treat about the mar- riage of prince William, son to thf prince ot Orange. Aarlvaiicu(l age; h« celebrated painter, born at .\mslerdain in l.'il(» He excelled very f)articul;trly in paiiiliiie a kitchen; but an altarpiece ol his, viz. acrucilix. representing an e.xecutiomr breaking with au iron bar the legs of the thieves, &.c. was prodi- ciously admin d. This noble piece wasdesiro>ed by the' rabble in the time of the iiisiirrcciiiHi, 1 j(j(j. He al'terwards complained of this to the I>opulace in terms of such severity, that more than once they were going to murder him. He died in I5B5. AARTG1:N, or AERIV.EN, a painter of merit, born at Leyden in 1408. It was acustoin with this painter never to work on Mondays, but to devote that day with his disciple.-^ to the bottle. He used to stroll about the streets in tbo night, playing on the German flute ; and ill one of these iVoiics was drowned in ISfil. ABA, brother-in-law to Stephen, the first • 'hristian kinc of Hungary; disgraci d himself by his cruellies : was connuered in battle by the Kmperor Henry HI. : and was Micrlficed to the resentment of his offend" d subjects. J044. AHAFFI, Michael,sonof amasieitrateof Her- manstad, rose by liis abilitiej' and irtrigiies, to the sovereisniy of Transylvania, in UiOJ. ABAt'A, or .MSAKA,a king of Tartary, con- quered Persia, .and proved a |«.werl'ul and formi- dable neighbour to the Christians at Jerusalem, died 12f^i. AB.\NO,vid. Apono. ARARIS, a !*cythian philosopher, the history of whose adventures, mentioned by Herodotus and others, appears more fabulous than au- thentic. ABAS, Schah, seventh king of Persia, was brave and active ; he took conjointly with the Knglish forces, Wii, the Island of Onnus, which h.ul been in the poasession of the Portiipu(!:2 1-J2 years ; he died 1629 in the 44tli year of liis ri ign. ABAS, Schah, the groat graiid.eon of the pre- ceding, Biicrertied his'f;ithef in 11)42, in Iuk liJih year; he patronised the christians, and wasdis- iiiisuishcd tor his benevolence and liberality ; he dicdSept.'Z"., ]ti66. AB.ASSA, an officer « ho revollt"d against Mustapha I. emperor of the Turks, and after- wards warJ employed against the Poles, lfi34. at the head of «J0,t(0O men. The cowardice of jii» troops robbed bun of a victory, and he wai straneli'd by order of the Sultan. AB.AS.S.\, a sister of Aaron Ratrhid, whose hand was bestowed by her brother on Giafer; her husband was sacriliied by the tyrant, and he wa,-! reduced to poveviy. .■Vl'i.VS.sijN, nil impontor, who, under the char,icter of the praiidson of Abat; the areai, ob- tained the patroiKige of Ihi; court of France a:id of tlie grand seijnior, by whoKi; order he was ac act bclicadkd, 3 AB Ali.M'S, Andrew, a painter of fruit and htill '.ife, born at Mapl(», was employed by the king of Snaiii, and difd in 1732. ABAUZIT, Fimiin, liorn at Uzes, 11th Nov. 1079, fled from the persecution wliirh utiendtd hii? parents on account of tlieir profession of prolesianlism, and retired to Geneva, became distinuuished for his superior progress in every branch of polite iearninp, but particularly mathematics and natural history ; was flattered bv Voltaire, and complimented by Rousseau; he died .March 20, 17f.7. ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant di- vine, and dean of Riialoe, born at Nay, in Berne, in the year 1654 (or, according to sonic accounts, in 1658,) died in the parish of Mary-la-boiine, in London, 1727. The chief of this author't works was, " Traito de la Verile de la Religion C'hrctienne ; Rotterdam, 1084." This has gone tlirou^h several editions, and is perhaps the best book ever published on that subject. AB.AS, Halli, a physician, and one of the Persian magi, who followed the doctrines of Zoroaster; he wrote A. D. 980, a book called a ro) al work, which was translated into Latin by ritephen of Antioch, 11-27, and is now extaiit. ABBAS, the uncle of IMahoinet, opposed the ambitious views of the impostor ; but when de- feated in the battle of Bedr, was recoiiciled lo bis nephew, embraced his religion, and thanked heaven for the prosperity and the gtoce he en- joyed as a inussulman. He died in the -d year of the heirira. ABBAS&;A,v)d. Abassa. ABBATEGIO, Marian d',3n ecclesiastic of the 14lh century, who rose by his abilities to be jI0\erMorof Aquila. ABBATISSA, Paul, a famous Sicilian poet, born at Messina, 1570. He translated into Italian verse Homer's Hiad and Odyssey, and Ovid's MetamorphoseF. ABBI.VTI, Philip, a historical painter, born at Milan 1G40, died 1715. ABBON, a monk of St. Germain des Pres, who was present at the siege of Paris by the Normans, at the close of the 9th century ; he wrote an account of this event in 1200 verses, in execrable Latin, which was edited by Du- plessis, 17.53. ABBON, de Fleury, an ecclesiastic of Or- leans, who became abbot of Fleury, supported the rights of the monastic order against the in- trusions of the bishops. He was killed in a quarrel between the French and (iascons, 1004. ABBOT, Hull, a respectable minister of Cliarlestowii, Massachusetts, published several Sermons, died 1782, aged SO. ^ ABBOT, George, aiclibishop of Canterbury, born 1562, at Guildford, in Surry, in 1604 that translation of the Bible now in use was hejun by the direction of king James, and Dr. Abbot was tl'.e second of eight divines of O.xford, to whon the care of translating the whole New Testa ment (excepting the Epistles) was committed Hn April 5, 1619, Sir Nicholas Kempe laid the first stone of the hospital at Guildford. The archbishop, who was gresent, afterwards en- dowed it with lands to tlie value of 300/. per ann. The archtishop, being in adeclinin? state of health, used in the summer to go to Hamp- shire for the sake of recreation ; and being in- vited by lord Zouch to hunt in his park at Bran- ziU, he met there with the greatest misfortune that ever befell him ; for he accidentally killed his lordsliip's keeper, by an arrow from a cross- bow, which he siiot at a deer. Thui accident |threw him into a deep melancholy ; lie over af- lenvards kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the day on which this fatal mischance happened, and settled an annuity of 20/. on the widow. Worn out, however, with cares and intirmitica, Ue died at Croydon, Aug. 5, ifi33. ABBOT, Maurice, yoT*gest brother of the archbishop, acquired consequence in conmiei- cial allairs, was employed in 1624 in establi.~l>- ing the settleiiitnt of Virginia, and was tlie rirst person on whom Charles I. conferred the ho- nour of knighthood. He was elected represen- tative for London, and in lC3o was raisi d to the mayoralty of the city, and died Jan. 10th, lf»40. ABBOT, Robert, D. D. eldest brother of the two preceding ; he was^rn at Guildford, wa-S educated at Baliol college, and elected mastii thereof, 1009. His eloquence as a jireachir re- commended him to further patronage ; he was appointed chaplain to the king, and regius pro- fe.'isor of divinity at Oxford. He was c<«ise- crated bishop of Salisbury, 1615, and died War. 2, 1617, in his 58th year. His vvrithigs were principally conlrovrsial. ABBT, Thomas, the German translator of Sallust, and the admired author of a treatise " On merit," and of another, " Of dying for one's country," was born atUhii,and diedat Bucke- lieru, 1706, aged 28. ABDALCADER, a Persian who was sreatly revered by the mussulmans for his learning, hif piety, and the sanctity of his manners. ABDALLAH, father of Mahomet, was a slave, and a driver of camels. ABDALLAH, son of Zobair, was proclaimed caliph of Mecca and Medina, after the expulsion of Vcsid. After enjoying the sovereignty for four years, he was besiegedin Mtcca, by the successor of Yesid in Syria, and sacrificed to the ambition of his rival, 733. ABDALLAH, son of Yrsid, cclebr^Qd as a. mussnlman lawyer in the 7th century. ' ABDALLAH, son of Abbas, endeavoured to raise his family on the ruins nf the Onmiiades, he was defeated by his rivals, who, afterwards, nrctcndiiig to be reconciled, perfidiously mur- dered him, 754. . ABDALMALEK, son of Marvan, was 5th caliph of tile Onimiades, and began to reign, fiM. He was called Abulzebab, because bis breath was so offensive that it killed the very flies that settled on his lips ; he reigned 21 years, and was succf eded by Valid, the eldest of his 10 sons. ABDALMALEK, the last of tlic calii>hs of the race of the SamanidcR, w as dethroned and murdered by Mahrnoud, 900. ABDALRAHMAN, or ABDERAMES, vid. \bdpramc8. ABDAS, a bishop in Pei.«ia, who, by incon- siderately abolishing a Pagan tcniple ol (he sun, excited the public indignation against him- self and his religion. ABDEMKLEK, king of Fez and Morocco, wa« dethroned by his nephew, Mahomet ; hut by the as.sislance of troops, sent him by the sultan Selim, defeated Sebastian, king of Portugal, who had landed in Africa to support the usurper. The two African monaichs and Sebastian fell on the field, 1578. ABDERAMES, a caliph of the race of Or»i- miades, was invited into Spain by the Saracens, lie assumed the title of king of Corduba, and the surname of just ; he died, 790, after reigning 32 years. ABDERAMES, a Saracen general of the ca- liph Hfeschajn, who, after conquering Spain penetrated into Aquiiuin and Poilou,an(l\vas atj|infamoi!s treatment fori cil Abi lard to a cloister, last dcleated by Ctiarles Martel, near Poiiitrg,' to conceal hia confusion, and he put on the habit 730 ' in the aliljfy of St. Ucnis. He afterwards re- ABDERAMES.apetty prince, in the kingdom I jtired to a solitude in the diocese of Troyes, and of Morocco, lie murdered Aniailin, his prede-|'there built an oraior>', which he named the cessor and nophew, and was liimself assiassi-j Taracletc, where ctcat numbers of pupils re- natcd by achiuflain, 15(1") sorted to him. Ilefu aipain his success eitcitcd ABOiAS, a native of Babylon, who pretend- 1 that envy by wliich he had tlirough life been cd 10 be one of the 7"2 disciples of our t?a\ iour, wrote a legendary treatise, called llistoria ceria- int:ni8 Apostolici, which wai edited and trans la'ed into Latin, by Wollgang Lazius, Basil, 1571. ,\BnfSSI, a patriarch of .\issyria, who paid llouiaje tq Pope Pius IV. 156'2, and extended the p47. ABEIiARn, Peier, one of thciwust celebrated doctors of the 12th century, was lirn in the vil- lage of Palai:-, in Brittany. That Be might enjoy all the sweets of life, he thought it necessary to have a mistress, and accordingly fixed his atiec- tions on Heloise, a niece of a canon at Paris. He boarded in this canon's house, whose name was Fulbert ; where, pretending to teach the young lady the sciences, he soon made love to his scholar. Abelard now performed liis public functions very coldly, and wrote nothing but amorous verso-i. Heloise, at length, being likely to become a mother, Abelard sent her to a sister of his in Brittany, where she was delivered of a gnn. 'lo soften the canon's anger, he ort'erc d to marry Heloise privately ; Fulbert, however, was bener pleased with this proposal than his niece, who, from a strange singularity in her passion, those rather to be the mistress than the wile of Abelard. .\t length, however, slie consented to a private marriage; but, even after this, would on some occasions atfirm with an oath, that she was still unmarried. Her hu.shaiid thereupon sent her to the monastery of .Argenteuil ; where. a second piece of treachery in Abelard, were transported to such a degree of resentment, that tlicy hired ruffians, who loriing into his cham- b'r by night, deprived liiiu of tusmanhtod. Tbii 1* persecuted ; and having been several liiiics in danger of his life, by pofion and other artitices, he was at length received by Peter the Venerable his abbey of Clueiii, in which sanctuary Abelard wa^ treated with the utmost humanity and tenderness. .Vt length, having become inlirin from the prevalence of the scurvy and other disorders, he was removed to the priory of t>l. .Marcellus, on the Saon, near Chalons, where he died, April -21, 114:2, in the 63ih year. .\BF;.\DANA', Jacob, a Spanish Jew, who died 11)8.1, jncfcct of the Synagogue in London, ABE.N'EZR A, Abraham, a Spanish rabbi, sur- iianied the wise, great, and admirable, died 1174, aged about 75. His coinnientaries arc highly valued. ABE.VGXEFIL, an .Arabian physician, of the 12ih century. .ABENMELEK, a learned rabbi, who wrote, in Hebrew, a commentary on the Bible ; it was published at Anistirdam,'l661, in folio. .ABERCROMBIE. James, a major general in the British army in Canada, in 17oC : he display- ed a want of talents, and was superseded by eneral Amherst. ARERCROMBIE, John, a horticultural writer of much note. His first work was published un- der the title of " Mawe's (hardener's Calcnd.ir ;" the flattering reception of which led him to pursue his literary labours on profe.-^ional sub- jects, to which he prcfixid his own name. He lied at Somcrs' Town, in IcXW, in tJie 80tli year of his age. ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, a brave British eencral, bom in Scotland 1743, received his death-wound (like Wolfe) in tlie moment of a great victory over the French, within four miles at his desire, she pi:t on a religious habit, but not of Alexandria, in Egypt, Alarcli 21, 1801, and the veil. Heloise's relatiims, looking upon this as died on the iWth of the s.^ine month. ABERCROMBY, Thomas, M. D. a native of Forfar, became physician to James IL by re- nouncing ih« prolestant religion; he died 1726^ aged 70. A AB_ AC ABERiS'ETHY, John, an eminent dissenting I'bellion against his lather, and was slain by Joab minister, born at Coleraine, in Ireland, 16S0; 'about 10:i0, B. C. died at Dublin IT-W). His best esteemed worksjl AUSAI.OM, archbishop of Lunden, in Den- are a set of sermons on the " Divine and Moral Attributes." ABGARUS, a king of Edessa, famous for the letter which he is said to have sent to our Sa\iour, and for the answer he received. ABGII.LUS, son of the king of the Frisii, surnamed Prestcr John, was in tJie Holy land with Charlemagne. AlUATHAR,son of Abimelcch, was the high pricpt of the Jews, and the friend and fellow saffurer of David. .M'.IG.'VIL, wife of Nabal, married to David after Nabal's dtath, 1057, B. C. ABI.IAH, son of Rehoboain, was king of Ju- dah alier his father, 958, B. C. ABIOSI, John, an Italian physician and as- tronnrner, in the beginning of tlie 16lh centurv. AKLANCOURT, vid. Perrot. /^HliE, or ABEL, Thomas, a chaplain at the court of Henry VIII., wasexeiutedJuly30, 1540. AiJNER, son of Ner, was Saul's uiicln, and his faithful general, and was perfidiously slain by Joab, 1048. B. C. AliOUBEKER, vid. Abubeker. AROUGEHEL, one of the enemies of M^ hornet and bis religion. , ABOUHANIFATI, surnamed Alnooman, a Celebrated doctor an.ong the mussulmans, horn ill the ?Oth year of the hegira. ABOU-JOSEPH,a ItariK'U mussulman, ap- pointed supreme judge ol Bagdat by the caliphs Had! and Aaron Raschid. AP.OULAINA, a mussulman doctor, cele- brated for his wit. ABOU-IjOLA, an Arabian poet, born at Ma ora in 073, became a brahmin, and died 10r)7. ABOU-NAVAS, an Arabian poet, whose merit was protected and encouraged at the court of Aaron Raschid ABOU-RIHAN, a geographer and astronomer, who employed 40 years of his life in travelling throush India. ABRABANEIj, Isaac, a Jew of Lisbon, em- ployed ui offices of importance, by Aphotiso V. of Portugal, fled into Spain, and from thence to Naples, then to Corfu, and at last to Venice, where he died, 1506, in his 71at year. ABRAHAM, the patriarch, was bom at tJr, in Chaldea, A. M. 2004 ; he died in his 175tli year. ABRAIL-VM, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit in Lorraine, was 17 years divinity professor at Pont a Mousson, where he died, Sept. 7, 1G55, in his t56th year. ABRAHAM, Ben-choila, a Spanish rabbi, skilled in astrology, prophesied that the coming of the M. ssiah would be in i:«8. Died, 1303. ABKAH,'\M, T'sque, a Jew of Portugal. He iindertook. with Tobias Athias, to translate the bible into Spanish, in the 16th century. ABRAHAM, an emperor of the Moors of Afri- ca, in the 12th centnry, was dethroned by his sulijecfs,and his crown usurped by Abdulmumen. ABROSI, John, an Italian [diysician. He wrote a dialogue on astrology, 4to. Venice, 1494. ABRUZZO, Balthasar, a Sicilian, known for his abilities as a philosopher and a civilian, died. lG(i5, aged 04. ABRUZZO, Peter, a Neapolitan architect in the 17th century. ABSALOM, "son of king David, distinguished for hi.o personal acquirements, his popularity, snd his vices, murdered his brother, headed a re- [mark, minister and friend of W'aldiniir, dis- iplayed his abilitits in lilt cabinet, in the fio d, and in the tleel, was humane and bcuuvolcnt ; he died nnivcisally retjretted, liJOi. ABSTEMIOUS, Lauicntius, an Italian wri- ter, born at Maceraia, in La Marca de Anrona, who devoted liiiiiself early to the study of jiu- liie literiuiiie. He published, under the poniili- rate of Ale.xandcr VI. a treause, entiihd " Hc- alomythium," fnini fts nintajning llK) fables, which have been often primed with those of Ksnp, J'hiidrus, (>ab.ius, Avienus, tts. ABUBEKER, father-in-law of Mahomet, was lUcied his suciesror. After a reign of 2 years and 6 months, he expired in the bad year of his age. .'\Blir.'\R,\, Theodore, the nietrojiolitan of ('aria, obtained a scat in the sj i:od h» Id at Con- .'fiaiitinopie, fC)'.); he wrote treatises against ilic Jews and Slahoinetans, whicli have been pub- lished. ABUDIIAHER, the f;;thei- of the Carmalians, in Arabia, opposed the religion of Mahomet, plundered the lemr.k of Mecca, and died in pos- f.sion of his e.\!i :isive don.iiiions, 953. ABULFARAGILS, Gregory, son of Aaron, a phys'.cian, bom in 1206. iii the city of Maiatia, near the source of the I.uphra'ijs in .'\rnienia. le wrote in Arabic, a intioiy which does ho- nour to his memory ; it is divided into dynasties, consists of teu parts, and i^ an epitome of uni vt:sal history, from t!ie creation of the world tj^ 'ua own tiniL-. ^* ABULFED.^, Ismael, prince of Hamah, in yria, but bett(r k.iown as author ol Tiiblcg of Geography of the regioiss beyond the ri\ei < J.vus. He began his n i(;n in the 74:Ui year of the hegira, and ended it three years aUctwaids, ngt'd 72. ABULGASI-BAYATIT^, khan of the Tar- inr.-;, reigned 20 years, respected at home and ibroad, resigned tlu- sovereignty to his sou, u tote the only Tartar liistory ka ^ n in Europe ; he died lti63. ABULOLA, vid. Aboulf.la. ABU-WES I.EM, a mussulman governor of Khorasan, who, in 740, transferred the dignity of caliph from the family of the Ommiaihs to tliat of the Abhassides, by which he occa>ioii«'d the death of 600,000 men. He was throw n into the Tiuris, 754. ABUNDIUS, a bishop of Come, in Italy, who a,ssisted at the council of Constantinople, as the representative of Leo, and died, 469. ABUNOWAS, ati Arabian poet, deservedly paronized by Aaron Raschid, died 810. ABU-OBEIDAH, a friend and associate of JSIahomet, extended hi^ conquests over Palestine and Syria, and died 639. ABU-SAID-l'.BN-ALJAPTU, a sultan, the ast of the family of Zingis-klian, died 1335. ABUSAID-MIRZA, a manof enterprise,who placed himself at the liead of an army, and de- clared himself indejicndent ; he was killed in an ambush, 1468, aged 42 ABUTEMAN, a ]ioet in high repute among the .Arabians, born a Vasem, between Damas- cus and Tiberia.", about 846. ABYDENE, wrote a history of Chaldea and Assyria, of which valuable composition only a few fragments have been preserved byEusebiut. ACACIUS, surnamed Luscus, founder of the Ucct of the Acaciani, died, 305. ACj ACACIITS, patriarch of Const aiuinople, es- tablished the iJiijiuriority of his see over the cast era bishops, vvulj oppostal'by Felix, ami died 498 ACACIL'S, a bishop of Berea, in Syria, per sficuied Clirvsoatom and Cyril,of Alexandria; hi died 432. ACAClUa, a bishop of Amida, on the Tigris sold ttie sacred vessels of liis churches to ran som 7000 I'ersiau slaves ; he lived in the reign of Thoodosius the younger. ACfJA-LAirRENTl.V, wife of Faustulu and nurse of Romulus iii.d Remus. ACUA, bishop of Hexham, author of treatises on the sulferings of the saints, died 1710. ACCARISI, James, a professor of rlietoric ai Mantua, died 1654. ACCKTTO, Reginald, author of a thesaru of the Italian tongue, died 15(30. ACt'IAIOLl, Donatus, of Florence, distin euish^'d hy his learning and political services to hisciiuury, died 1473. ACCl.AIOLI, Renatus, a Florentine, conquer- ed Athens, Corinth, and Bceotia, in the begin- ning of the llth century. ACCIAIOLl,Zenobio, a learned ecclesiastic of Florence, and librarian to Leo X., died 153~ ACCIAIOLI, or ACCIAUOLI, Angelo, s learned cardinal, archl.ishop of Florence, who wrote in favour of Urban VI., died 1407. ACOIAIOl.I, Magdalen, a Florentine, cele bratcd for her beaut>-, hui more for the powers «f her mind, died ItilO. ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin tragic poet, the son a frcedman, was born in the year of Rome m3 ; he did not, however, confine himself to dramatic writing ; for he left other productions particularly his " Annals," :.lientioned by Ma crohius, Priscian, Festus, and Nonius Marcellu Accius wa.s so much esteemed by the publie liiat a comedian was punished for only men- tioning his name on the stage. ACCUIS, /nchus, an Italian poet of the 16th century, paraphrased some of the fables of jEsop. ACCOLTI^Jnedict, a lawyer of Florence, «ccretary to^wirepublic, died 1466. ACIXiL^^jprrancis, brother lo Benedict, re pu'ed for his judgment, eloquence and know ledge of jurisorudence, sometimes called Aretin, iied, 1470; vid. Aretin. ACCOLTl, Peter, son of Benedict, raised to .he dignity of cardinal ; died at Florence 1549, riis brother Benedict, duke of A'epi, distinguished .limself as a poet. ACt'QLTI, Benedict, conspired with five Others to murder Pius IV., and suffered capital punishment, 15t>J. ACCORDS, Stephen Tabourot, Seigneurdes tdvocatc in the parliament of Dijon, died l.VJl. ACt'URSE, Francis, a native of Florence, and professor of law at Bologna, died 12i!9. His son also distinguished himself as a lawyer at Toulouse. ACCURSE, Marius Angelo, a native of A- guila, in the Ifith century, eminent for his critical and literary abilitica ACERBO, Francis, a native of Nocera, pub- lished some poems at Naples, 1666. ACESIUS, Bishop of Constantinople, in the age of Constantine, maintained, that those who committed any sin after being baptised, ought not to be again admitted into the church, though Ihey might repent. ACIIALKN, a British sovereign in the 6t!i eentury, was driven from bis dominions, and took refuge in Waive. AC ACHARD, Claude Francis, a physician w i- secretary to the acaderav, and librarian of Uii: cily of Marseilles; he died 1809. ACHARDS, Eleazer Francis des, distin 'uish- ed by his learning, piety, and humanity, wae nominated bishop of Hahcarnassus, and after- wards sent apostolic vicar to China ; h died at Cochin, 1741. ACHERY, Dom I.ticd', a native of St. Quin- tin in Picardy, displayed his learning as an cc- clesia-slic and antiquary b\ several publications ; he died ar Paris, lf)85. ACHILLIM, Alexander, a Bologncsc physi- cian, known by his publications, and distin- guished himself as tlic follower of Averroes, died 1512. ACHILLIXI, Philotheus, wrote a poem to honour the memory of Italian genius and re- commend morality ; he died 15:W. ACHILLINI, Claude, disringhished for his knowledge of medicine, theology and jurispra- dence, died, at Bologna, KAO. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and successor of Mahomet III., made war against the Hungaries, died 1617. VCHMET II. succeeded his brother Solyman UT. on tJ»c throne of Constantinople ; he was un- lurtiinatc in his wars against the Venetians and AuHtrians, and died 1605. ACHMET III,, son of Mahomet IV., was crowned by a faction who deposed his brother Miistapha II. ; he granted an asylum to Charles XII., made war against the Russians and Per- sians, and was hurled from his throne by an in- surrection : he died 1736. ACHMET GEUUC,orACOMET, a celebrated general, he assisted Bajazet II. in obtaining tho throne, 1432, and was afterwards inhumanly as- sassinated. ACHMET Bacha, a general f Solyinan, revolted from his sovereign, 1524, and was soon alter dcieated and beheaded. ACHMET, an Arabian who wrote on the in- terpretation of dreams ; the work was published in Greek and Latin, by Rigault, 1C03. ACH-VAN, or ACHExN, John, a historical painter, born at Cologne, died 1621. ACIDALIUS, Valens, a native of Wistock in Brandebourc, distinguished by his extensive eruditi(m, died 1.595. ACKERMAN, John Christian, Gottlieb, pro- feasor of medicine at Altdorf, in Frauconia, died 1801. ACOLUTHUS, Andrew, a learned professor of languages at Breslaw, published a Latin translation of the Armenian version of Obadiah, at Leipsic, died 1704. .\CONTIUS, James, a famous philosopher, civilian, and divine, born at Trent, in the ICth century. He embraced the protestant religion ; and, going over to England in the reign of E5- zabeth, met with a very friendly reception from that princess, as he himself has testified in a work dedicated to her. This work is his cele- brated "Collection of the Stratagems of Satan," which has been often transl.ved, and gone through many different impressions. ACOSTA, Gabriel, professor of divinity at Co- imbra, wrote a Latin commentary on tJie Old Testament, he died 1616. ACOSTA, Joseph, a provincial of the Jesuits, in Peru, was born at Medina del Campo, and died at Salamanca, 1600. ACOSTA, Uriel, a native of Oporto, educated in the Romish religion; he fled to Judaism, and shot himself 1640. AD ACtiUAVIVA, vid. AUt AVIVA. AC"KO.\',a physician ol" fiiily, who relieved Athens during a plague, liy burning perfumes : lived about 440 B. C. ACnONlUS, John, a Mathematician of Fries- land, who wrote on the motion of the earth, died at Hasic, loiXi. AfROMIS, Juhn, a Dutch writer of the 17th Century, wiio wrof i; against the Konii^h religion. ACkoi'tJlJTA, George, one of the writer!- of the Hyzaiiliiie history, born at CouFtaiiiina- ple, 12"^0. In liii) 21st year, he maintained a learned di.^putc with Nicholas, the physician, concerning the eclipse of the sun, belbre tlie em- peror John. Gregory Cyprian, a patriarch of •^'onstantinople, in his encomium upon him, pre- fixed to Acropoliia's history, is perhaps some- what extravagant in his praise, when he says, that he was equal to Aristotle in philosophy, and to Plato in the knowledge of divhie things and Attic eloquence. ACTirs, or AZZO, Visconti, sovereign of Milan, distinguished by his valour, and the in- tegrity of his government, died 1355 A(!TU.\R1US, a Jew physician, practised at Constantinople in the 13th century. ACUA'.A, Christopher, Jesuit of Burgos, em- ployed as missionary in America, published an account of the Amazon river, at Madrid, 1611. ADALR, James, an J^nglish lawyer of emi- nence, member of parliament, died 1708. AD.MR, JaniM, author of some law tracts, and .some time recorder of Lomlon, died July 21, 1708. AD.\1R, James Mackitbriek, a physician and presiding judge of the courts of the island of Antigua, W. I., died 1082. ADALARD,or ADELAKD,son of count Ber- nard, and grandson of Charles Martel, was made prune minister of Pepin, king of Italy, and died Jan. 2, 826. ADALBEROiV, archbisliop of Rhcinis, and chancellor of France, an ecclesiastic and min- ister of Lothaire, died 088. ADALBERON, AsceUn, bishop of Leon ; published a satirical poem, in 430 verses, and died 1030. ADALBERT.archbishopof Prague, preached tlie gospel among the Bohemians, and after- wards to the Poles, by whom he was murdered, April 29, 997. ADALGISE, son of Didier, king of Lorahar- dy, opposed the power of Charlemagne, was put to death 788. ADALOALD, a king of Lombardy, was de- posed by his subjects, and succeeded by Ario- vald ; he died G29, in a private station. ADAM, the father of the human race, lived 930 years after his expulsion from paradise. ADAM, Lambert Sigisbert, an ingenious gculptor, born at Nanci, died 1759, aged 59. ADAM, Nicholas, brother of Lambert, imita ted and equalled him ; he executed the Man soleiim of the queen of Poland, and died 778. AD.VM, Francis Gaspard, younger brother of the two preccding,excelled also as an artist ; he died at Paris, 17.'>7, aged 49. ADAM, Thomas, an English divine, bom at Leeds.obtained the living of Wintiingham, Lin colnshire ; he died 1784, aged 83. ADAM, Bfllaut, a joiner of Nevers, better known by the name of Master Adam, wrote po etry while employed at his tools ; he died lOf.2. ADAM.Alexander.L.L.D., an eminent school- master, and a useful writer, in Scotland, born at Coats of Burgie, cbuntv of Moray, June 8 AD 11. His principal works are, " Roman Anti- quities," " Clas-'-ical Biography," ami " Lexi- con Liiigur" l.aiina'." He died o{ aponlcxv Dec. 1ft, K-IK". .•\D.\JI. -Melchior, rector of a college at Hcid- ibi-rg, where he jmh.ished " Livo of Tlliistii- us Men." in four vols., and died about 1035. AD.\M, Koberl. arrliitcrt, wa.s born in 172?, at Kirkcaldy, in Fitrshirf.and received his idu- calion at the university of Fdinburgh. After (lis return from a visit to Italy, Mr. Adam was appointed architect to his majestv in the year 17(12, and produced a total change in tlie airhi- cture of that country. His fertile genius in elegant ornament was not conlined to the deco- ration of buildings, hut has been ciiflused im iilniost every branch of manutacture. At llic time of hie death, March 3, 1792, the new uni- versity of Edinburgh, and other great public works, both in that city and in (.'lasgow, were erecting from his designs, and under his direc- ion His death was occasioned by the breaking of a blood-vessel in the stomach, and his remains were interred in the south side of Westminster A bbey. ADAM, James, arcliitect, brother to the fore going, died Oct. 20, 1794. The Adclphi build- ings and Portland-place are moniimeiits of his taste and abilities in his jrofession. ADAM, a canon of Bremen, in the 17th cen tury, published an ecclesiastical histoiy of Bre- men and Hamburgh, edited, 1670. AD.AM, St. Victor, an ecclesiastic at Paris, died 1177. ADAM, Scotus, a monkish writer, bom in .Scotland, and taught divinity at Paris,died 1180. ADAM, John, a Jesuit of Bordeaux, wrote several treatises against the disciples of Austin died 1C84. ADAM, d'Orleton, of Hereford, became bi- hop of VVincliester; he was intriguing and tur- bulent. ADAM, John, a Jesuit of Limosin, professor of philosophy, died at Bordeaux, 1C84. ADAMS, Sir Thomas, a native of Wem, in Shropshire, became a draper in London, ajid rose to the high honour of Lord Mayor of Lon- don, 1645; lie died 1667. ADAMS, Thomas, distmguished for his learn- ing, and tutor to persons of rank, in tlie time of Cromwell ; he died Dec. 11, 1670. ADAMS, Richard, minister of St. Mildred, is ejected, 166 ; he assisted in the completion of Poole's Atmotations, and died 1698. •VDAMS,William, D. D., master of Pembroke College, Oxford, the friend of Dr. Johnson, dis- tinguished for his urbanity, &c., died 1789. ADAMS, Joseph, a physician of London, au thor of several medical works, died 1818. ADAMS, Andrew, L. L. D., chief justice o. Connecticut, was born at Stratford, "Ct., cdu cated at Yale College, afterwards elected member of the council, and a representative in congress ; he died 1799. ADAMS, John, a clergyman and poet, born in Nova Scotia, and settled at Newport, 11. I.; he died 1740, much lamented, aged 36. ADAMS, Eliphalct, an eminent minister of New London, Ct., died 1753, aged 77. lie pub- lished several occasional discourses. ADAM.S, Amos, minister of Roxbury, Mass., distinguished for his learning and piety; died at Dorchester, 1775, aged 48. ADAMS, Joseph, a minister, settled at New- ington, N. H. ; he died 1783, aged 93. ADAMS. Zabdiel, minjsiei of Lunenburehi AD ADAMS, Hamuel, eovcn.ororRIassachusott.Jl ho dKco of ..m.m/!^'''' "'"^ ^' •''* «'« ardcd teintluoncf in forwarding tla- Amtricau rcvo-IlallL; and tire vc^uraftri^n*'^^ "** lutum; oi ...-r.. n.lcf-rity, dipi.ifi,.d n.annersjL.xrotar; of state AA )V^ it M.^^ and cr-at suavity of Iciiiptr; diud 1H)H, aictd 82 'l\Vhar7mi «'is^ inn;,i.... . . . Alarquis of AI>AMyo\, Patrick, ArchWsJioi, of t^t An^ijand Xlirnn a f' d^^i '"' 'f^" drcw's, l)..rn at Porlli, ],>»;(. In the vear IsJl '; « w ,...i^,.oT •"''"""' ' "" ■'*■ '"^ ^'■-cn.iary. and ho set out f„r Paris, as n.or to a y. un' -^'n:! Im u-rTowof ^^^^^^^ "'^"""P- tleman, wh«.e he stayed son.e »io,nllVand uCn )l vas^ Ic". 1^^^^^^ f *?'• ■■• V'" then retired to HonrL'.s. Ho was in iliis citvlUVir - Vi.Xf , " """^*' '"; '"=")'■ a law to liii, - during the massacre al Pa is am livid con-' "rrlmHr ^ '""' '" "'"'" '"' ceal4 , or seven n.oml.s,mT,;,d^;:^u^X'Mdt)h-^"!tl^^ master of which, upwards of 70 years of a^-c, ibe ,„" ' „ m^^ • l"^^^^^^^^^ "'"' '^"'> '-•^- ADDISON JoseplK m ViVv ? liV ;, ' "'V ^'-'S*^' "•'>^ ""^ «'"•"! climacl.iir of ::^sr'^i!rj^^-S '^ ?; r l...ry,und,r the care of M ^ Ta Xr a r< m m^l^.^^ "'?' ""' '^""^^ «" after to Ui.. Oharter-hoiise, where he t,die.run"n^^ der Dr. Kllis, and contracted that in'h a v vi J| v ^t^! ! r 'o I vmcl \,hM^ ""' '""'"•^^''" «r Richard .Ste.Ie. wlmh their joint laho, rs^^o I'-j" "'";'' :;''i':,'^ trnve great ass.st- havesn efllrluallv recorded hi Iti-^T 1... ,.n .i c f'"- I'^P*"^ •>' AddiMm are marked in entered of (iween's O '"e Oubrd vh re f.Xf 'f Mf'''"'?' ''•'; 'T ""^'.'"^ '''"'^"^ *" "«' '"""« 1M9, ,he accidental peruX^lof smne Lati^vVr l°i.Si'"'..""l'".".'S!.= "»^'«"V l-V » "a-'d- It was scs, gamed limi the patronasre of Dr. Lancas- ter, by whose reconnneiidation he was elected inlo iMagdalen Collciic as Demy. Here he tonk tlie degree of U. A. Feb. 14, l(i93, continued t,. cultivate poetry and criticism, and grew lir-l emment by his Latin compositions, which are' entitled to particular praise. In 1095 be wrote! npoem to king William, with a kind of rhvinin" introduction addressed to lord Somcrs. In l(i .*'^' " ''"'"' ^''"'K 1-^aniiner ;" and ihc ^neid. Having yet no public employment ne obtained, in KifliI, a pension of 300/. a vear that he micht be enabled to travel. While he was travclliuL' at loisuie in Italy, he wa-^ far reasonable to e.\pect that the zeal of Addison would be suitably rewarded. Uefore the arrival ol king George, he was made secretary to the regency, and was required by his office to send tii\ttfn lit Ilmi^.i-n.. .1..-. .1. - . _ ^^ from being idle; for he no o Iv'coTlected his ',Z^n ' V,''''' "■''"".'^'^ by his office to send observations on he Cfliin rv &.und t iti e 0^ ''" the .pieen was dead, and write his Dialogues on Med.;is Her al' , 1 e ' \X%n\T^ « '■"""'• ^ " ''" "">' ^^ ""''' ""» wrote the letter to Lord iVS which k in'si '! .« '""^f " ' '°?"^" ""*" ''"" -^'I'lison.who considered as the nTost e e 'a il if i.ortl e^mo^^ overwhelmed will, the preatnefs of the sublime, of his poetical productio'nr'Arhi""^' t^;^t^'}5['"^ »'>• .«■."-" of. expre sublime, ol his poetical productions. At his re- turn he published his Travels, with a dedica- tioii to Lord .Soiners. Thig book, though a Willie neglected, is said in time to have become so much the favourite of the public, that be- fore It was reprinted it rose to five times in price The victory at lilenheim in ]704,spread iriumpii and confidence over the nation: and lord Go- dolphin, lamenting to lord Halifai that it had not been cilehrated in a manner equal to the subject, desired him to propose it to some better poet. Halifax named Addison; who, having sions, that the lords, who could not wait for the niceties of criticism, called Mr. Southwell a clerk in the house, and ordered him lo despatch the message. Southwell readily told what was necessary, m the common style of biisincs>: and valued himself upon having done what was too hard lor Addison. He was better qualified for the Freeholder, a paper which he published twice a week, from D< c. ■23. MU. to the middle 01 the next year. Tliis was undertaken in de- lenee of theestablis^hed government, sometimes with argument, sometimes with mil th. In ar- AD AD was singular and inaltlilf.ss. On the 2d oflj ADELMAN, a bishoji of Biesci in tiie lllh August, l"lii, lie married the countess Dowa-' century, wrote a letter on the Uucharisi lo He- ger of Warwick, whom he is s;iid to have lirstji rengerj printed at Louvaine, 1501. He di"d l(i02. Known by betoining tuior lo her son. This mar riage, hnwevtr, made no addition to his happl-i ncss ; it neitner tbund them nor made theni| equal. She always rcinnuibered her own rank, j and thouglit hersill' eiititled to treat with very] little ceroiiiouy ilie tutor oC her .smi. The >i.'ar| alter, 1717, lie rn.^e to his higliest elevation, be-! ing made secretary of stale; but it is uiiiver- rally confessed ihat lie was unequal to the du-| tus of his pla';e. In the house of commons he could not speak, and therefore was iisele.'*s to the defence of tlie government. In the ofticej he could not issue an order without losing lii:» time in quest of fine e.\presf!ioiis. What he] gaineil in rank he lost in credit ; and, hiiding l)y| experience his own inability, was forced I licit his dismission, with a pension of 15001. a year. Hit: friends palliated this relinquishineiit, of which both friends and enemies knev/ the true reason, with an accountof declining health, and the necessity of recess and (luict. He now engaged in a laudable and excellent work, viz. a defence of the Christian Religion; of whicli, part was publislicd after his death. Addison had for some time been oppressed by shortness of breath, which was now airgravated by a drop- sy ; and, finding liis danger pressing, he prepared to die conformably to his own p:ecepts and professions. Lord' Warwick was a yon "Miian of very irrrpnlar life, and perhaps of looc opiii ions. Addison, for whom he did not want re epect, had very diligently endeavoured to re claim him ; but his arguments aud expoBtula- tioiis had no effect : one experiiacul, however, remained lo be tried. When lie found his life near its end, he directed the young lord to be called, and, when he desired with great tender ne.?s to hear his last injunctions, told him, " I have sent for you to see how a Christian can die." What effect this awful scene had on the carl's behaviour is not known ; he died liimself in a short time. Having given directions to Mr. Tickell for the publicalion of his works, and dedicated them, on his death bed, to liis friend Mr. Craggs, Addison died June 17, 17 lit, at Ilol land House, leaving no child but a clauijhter, who died at IJitton, in Warwickshire, Feb. 1797. ADELAIDE, daughter of Rodolphus, king of Burgundy, married Lotharius II., king of Italy, and after his deatli the emperor Olho I. ; she died 099, aged 09. ADELAIDE, wife of Frederic, prince of Saxo ny, conspired with Lewis against her husband's life, and inarrird the murderer, 10.55. ADEL.\1DF, daughter of Humbert, count of Maurienne, was queen of Lewis VI. of France ; she died 1154. ADELAIDE, wife of Lewis II. of France, was mother of Charles III., suniamed the sim- ple, who was king 898. ADELARD, an English monk, who, in the 12th century, visited Egypt and Arabia, and translated in Latin Euclid's Elements. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, and author of the life of the emperor Henry II., died 1207. ADELER, Curtius, a native of Norway, served in the Dutch navy, was raised to the rank of admiral, spent the latter part of his life at Copenhaeen, where he died 1675, aged r>3. ADELGREIFF, John Albretcht, natural son of a priest near Elbing, pretended to be the vice- gerent of God on earth, was condemned to death at Kunigsbergh for blaspliemy, 1636. I 10 ADELI'Hl'.S, a philosopher of the third cen- tury, who iningieci the doctrines of Plato with the tenets of the Cnostics. ADELUNti, John Christopher, a German professor at Erfurt, and author ol a giHiiiuiati- cal and critical dii-tionary of the German tan- guagp, and other works ; he dieil l.-'(H>. AUEOlJ.\TU!*, or Godsgift, a Koinan priest elcvaied to the papal throne 67-2, died four years atterwards. AIJKR, William, a learned physician of Tou- louse in the 17th centur\'. ADHAB-EDDOULAT, an emperor of Tcrsia, after liis uncle Aniad-Eddoulat, was warlike, humane, and a patron of letters; he died 96'.^ aged 47. ADHRLME, William, nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons, first bishop of Sherborne, and said to be the iirst Englishman who wrolo LaUn, died 709. ADIIEM.\K, William, a native of Provence, wrote a book on illustrious ladies, died about 1190. ADIMANTUS, a Maniclia-an sectary at the close of the Kith century, denied the autiienti- city of the Old Testament. ADIJfAUl, Raphael, an Italian historian, born at Rimini in the 16th ce -tury. ADIMARl, Alexander, a t'lorennnc, admired for his poeiical genius ; die41049. ADLKRFELDr,Guslavus, a learned Swcile. historian of the battles of Charles XII., killed, 1709. ADLZREITTER, John, chancellor of Ba- varia, in the 17th century, wrote annals of hi« country. ADO, vid. ADON. ADOLPIIUS, count of Nassau, crowiipd king and enipevor of the Romans, died ]2;}8. ADOLPIIUS, count of Cleves, instituted an order of chivaliy, 13«0, since abolished. ADOLl'HUS, bishop of Mcrsburg, opposed, and afterwards favoured the doctrines of Lu- tlujr, died 152(;. ADOLPflUS, Frederic II., king of Sweden, founded the academy of inscriptions and belles letters at Torneo. eind died 1771. ADOLPW S, duke of Sleswick, refnscd the crown of Deni'iaTk, afler the death of Christo- pher III., and crowned Christieml. he died 1459. ADON, archbishop of Vienne, in Daiiphine, who wrote a useful chronicle, died 875. ^ ADORNE, Francis, a Jesuit of a Genoese family, who wrote on ecclesiastical discipline, died 1,570. ADORNE, Antony, a Genoese, raised to the dignity of Doge, 138:1. ADORNE, Gabriel, a Genoese, became Doge, 1330; he was afterwards driven from power by a more successful rival. ADORNE, Prosper, a Genoese, made Doge, 1400, and died 1486. ADORNIO, Jerome, a Genoese, opposed the party of the Fregoses, in the age of Charles V. ADORNI, Catharine Fieschi, a Genoese lady, after the death of her husband, devoted herself to acts of piety, and benevolence ; she died 1510. ADRETS, Francis Beaumont des, descen- dant of an ancient family in Dauphin'>, em- braced the cause of the Huguenots; he died 1587. ADRIA, John James, a physician in the ser- vice of Charles V., died 15(>0. ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Publius iElius, th« M Roman eniporor, born at Rome, Jan 24, in the year of Clirif^t 7li. He was a renownod ^l died at liaise, in the G33t>, (a work e.ve- cutcd with gir:it judgment, candour, and accu- racy,) and died at Florence 15>t. ADRIAN'I, Marrellus, a native of Florence, left a written translation of Plutarch, &c. ; he died l(i04. ADRICIFIOMIA, Cornelia, a nun in Holland of the Aucustine order, publi^ahed a poetical ver- sion of thel'.^alms in the Itith century. ADRICHO.Miat!, Christian, a nR;'veof Delft, director of the nuns of Barbara, .died at Cologne 1,58.5. AD90N, an abbot of Luxcuil in 960, author of the miracles of St. Vandalbert. jEDESIUS succeeded Jamblichus, as teacher of Platonic pkilosophy in Cappadocia, in tlie 4iii century. ^(iE.\TES, John, a priest of the Nestorian sect, who flourished 483, and wrote a treatise against the council of Clialcedon. /EGIDIUS, Peter .\lbiensis, a writer sent by Francis I. to give an account of the celebrated places of .-Vsia, Greece, and .Africa, died 1.5;>.5. ^•EGIDIUS, .\tlieniensis, a Grecian physician in the 8th century, became a Benedictine monk, and ptiblishcd several treatises. jEGIDUIS de Colonna, professor of divinity at Paris, general of the .Vugustines, died 1316. iEGINET.V, Paulus, a native of the island yEgina, whence he has liis name. Accordinc to Abulfaragius, he flourished in the 7tli cen- tury. His surgical works are deservedly fa- mous, and his knowledge of surgery was very great. In short, the surgery of Paulus h.is been the subject matter of most gf the trtatise* of JE that art down to this time. His book treats pro- lessedly of disorders incident to women. .i;GINHARn, a German, secretary toCharle- inaL'ne, died 840. /lU.rRED, or ALFRED, the Great, youngest ion of .(I^theJ wolf, king of the West Saxons, was l)orn in the year 84".i, at Wannating, or \\ana- ling, which i.i supposed to be \\'antagc, in U.rkshire. j^'.lfred succeeded to the crown on the death of his brother il^thelred, in the year S71 ; but had scarcely time to attend the funeral I his brother, before he was obliged to light hir (lie crown he had so lately received. A con- siderable army of Danes, having landed in Dor- setshire, marched as far as Wareham ; here .■Eifred met them with all tlie forces he coulncd it witii revenues, and placed there the most I'amous professors. When ^Eifred came to the crown, l.arnins was .at a very low ebb in this kingdom : but, by bis example and encouragement, ha nssii 11 JG !ns iiiiiiosi cncUavours to e.xoitc ;i lo^ e for Iftltrs amon;; his subjects, lie hinisclf was a scliolar aiuJ had he not been illiistrioiii^ ns a kin^', would li;ive been famous as an author Wlien we roiirider the qiiaUficatioiis of this prince, ;ii«l the many virtues lie possessed, we need not w (imlcr that he died universally lamented, after a reifin of .ibove 08 years, on the 'Jt'th <>f Octo ber, A. D. UOO. He was buried ia the cathedral of Winchester. AJilAN, t'laudius, born at rrtencste, in Italy He 'aufrht rhetoric at Rome, under the emperor Alexander tfeverus, and was surnamed Honey- niouih on account of the sweetness of his style ills most celebrated works are, his " Various" History," and that " Of Animals." AIMANL'S, Meccius, a phy.sician before Ga- Ui), lirst used treacle apainst the plague. j'KL^T, a Dutch painter, vid. AALST. /i;MlI.iANI, Jerome, a Venetian, one of the ref-'iilnr clirks of St. Maicul, in the Itlih century. .K.MlM.NNUfJ, C. Julius, a Moor, from the lowest station, rose to the imperial dignity, and was succeeded by Valerian. yK.MII/irt-, Paulus, a Roman general, ccle- bralcil for his victory over Perseus, k' ig pf Ma- c.d.iniii. died li. C. 164. y];:\IlLIL'S, Paulus, a native of V i, wlio w rote (or rather began to write) a Lai. . history of the kings of France ; but though he spent many years at it, he was not able to finish the tenth book, which was to include the beginning of the reign of Charles VUI. He died 15i9, and vra>f buried in the cathedral at Paris. .(lilXKAS, a Trojan prince, memoralile for liis cratiful care of his aged father Aiichiscs, whom fie bore through the flames of Tmy upon his shoulders at the hazard of his own life, and thai of his son, a child, who was obliged to cling to his garments to escape with them. He died 1197 B. C. Virgil has immortalized his name. ylCNEAS, Gazeus, or yt;NK.\S of Gaza, a sophist by profession, was originally a Platonic philosopher, b>it afterwards became a Christian, and flourished about llic year 487. He wrote a dialocue, cnlitled " Theophrasdis," concerning the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection of the lindv. yENKAS, Sylvius, or Pius II., born 140,''), at Corsigny, in Sicana, where his father lived in exile. This pope w^as famous for his wise and "t\itty sayings, some of which are. as follow That common men should esteem learning as eilver, noblemen prize it as gold, and princes as jewels : A citizen should look tipon hi.« laniily SIS subject to thocitv, the city to his country, the lountry to the w-o"rId, and the world to tlod Tbattiic chief place with kings was slippery; Tliiil the tongue of a sycophant was a king's gr'^atest plaauc -. That a pnncc who would trusi nobody w"is good for nothing; and he who be- lieved every body, no better: That those wlin went to law were the birds, the court the fuUI, lite judge the net. and the lawyers the fowlers : That men ought to be presented to dignities, nni dignities to men: That a covetous man ncvii pleases any body hut by liis death : Tliat it w :is a slavish vice to tell lies. That hist sullies ;ii..i| stains every age of man, but quite e.xtinguisiies old aee. i1:",N r..\i>. TacticuP, author of a Greek treatise on the art of war. flourished 3110 I!. (". ,1:PINU!?, Francis Marie lllric Theodore, a German physician, distinguished by his Clectri cal experiments and obscrvatlong on natural jhilosophv, died lcQ». 12 AAVV/A.>i, vid. AUSIC.NS. yliRIL't?, a presbyter of .Sebastia, who is sup- posed by some to be the founder of the presby- •eriaiis, flourished about 385. /Kf'L'UlNES, a Socratic ))hilosopher, the son of t'liarinus, a sausage-maker. I'hrynicus, in Pholius, ranks him anioni; the best orators, and mentions bis orations as the standard of tlic |)ure Attic style. yESCIHNKS, a celebralef tliitt Itind of writing. Having had srveral mas- ters, lor he w as born a slave, .iKsop at lenclh janie under a piiilosopiier jianied Xantluis; and it was in his service that iie lirst displaytnl his genius for t'ablinc and moralizing. lie was tiflerwards sold to idiiion, or ladmon, the phi- losopher, who enfranchised him. After he had received his liberty, he soon ace,uired a great reputation anuuig the Greeks; sothat, according to Meziriack, the report of his wi.-dom having reached Cra'sus, this king sent to iiuiuire after him, and engaged him in his .service. He tra- iV'.lIed thioucU Greece, according to the sajiie AG author; hut wIioiIht for his own pleasure, or U(H)ii the ait'airs ol'Cra-sus, is uncertain. Pass- iii!.' hy Athens soon after I'isistralus had iisiir|Hd the s.\, a Grecian painter of celebrity. /IVriL'."', an able general under Valentinian III., killed -t-'il. /KTlL's^, a Syrian servant, made bishop by Kudoxus, the patriarch of Constantinople, and founder of the sect of yEtians, nourished :t36, ^/rilJS, an ancient physician, and the first Cliristian medical writer, horn at .Amida, a town of Mesopotamia, about 45.). His '• Tetra- biblos," as it is called, is a collection from ti.e writings of those physicians who went before him, chiefly from Galen ; but contains, nevcr- ijieless, some new things, for which we are en- tirely indebted to thisaiithor. ATKU. Pomitius, an orator, born at Nismes, afterwards raised to the consulship: died .W. AI'FMTTO, M:itthew, an able civilian, born at Xaples, riieil 1553. AFKANIUS, a Roman comic poet, flourisli(-d 100 B.<;. AFRIC.XNIJS, .Tuliiis, wrote a chronicle, be- sides a letter to Origcn, &c. AGAPETirS I. w.-is m.ide pope 335, and died at Constaiititioplc 5:«>. The second of that name was elected pope'.MCi. and died %5. AfJAPETI'S, a deacon of Constantinopla, who wrote av.iliiable letter to the emperor Jus- tinian, on the ditties of a Christian prince. Ati.APIIJS, a Greek monk of Mount yVthos, in the 17th century, wrote a treatise in favour pf transubstantiation, called the salvation of sinners. A(j AHD, Artlnir, a learned English antinisi wrote ,-, Greek con. pi/ndium of (;i;>parta, rrdehraled .'""•r his victaries a::ainst tlie Persians, died 'M'fi 0. C. [ AGGJg, Robert, called .Angus, a landscape painter Ikd in I^ondon, 167ft. At^C^^kinc of the Visig*(I. AGRESTIS. Julius, a Roman general under Vespasian, destroj cd himself. AGRICOL.A, a celebrated Roman general, born 37, died 93. AGRICtJLA, Hfcdolphus, a native of Gronin- gen, travelled into France and It.ily; he first introduced the study of the Greek inGcrmany, and died 14r'5. AGRICOL.A, George, a physician of Glaucen, in Misnia, known for his learning, and works on minerals, died 1555. AGRICOL.A, Michael, a minister of Abo, in Finl.md, first tran-litcd the Xcw Testament into Iho language uf liic country. ^^ AI AGKIl'OLA, a learned bUhop of Chalonseur- Saout', dJHiI aitO. A(;Ul(_OLA, John, a German divine, I>om ai Imi'U, was the I'riend and disciple of LuUicr, and afitrwards opposed hiin ; lie died ISfiO. AGHil'J'A, Sleiicnius, a Konian patrician, known lor appiU'^iug a sedition by llie fable of tiio belly and llic Innbs, died ¥m U. C. /VGltirpA, .Marcus Vipsatiins, aRoman pene- rni. c!?l(?brate(l for his exploits and his intimacy Willi An-jiislus, died 12 B. C. AURIPPA, Hcroil, grandson of Herod the Cr-ja;, iii!i» of a>l Judea, mentioned iii Scrip- tun-, died 44. AGUIPPA II., son of the above, and his siic- cess-or, was the monarch before whom Paul w as arraigned, died 'J4. A'iKll'P.'V, [ienry Cornelius, a man of con siderable learnini.', and a great nia;;ician, ac- Cordir;gto report, in the IHih century, was born at Cologne, M8i>, of a noble famff\''. Me was a man of an exten.«ive genius, well skilled in many parts of knowledge and a variety ot lan^iuages .•\GUiPPI.N".'\, the virtuous wife of Gennani- cus Carsar, banished by Tiberius, died 33. AGRIPPI.V A, dauiihter of the preceding, mar ricd the emperor ('laudius, and poisoned him ti raise her son Nero to the throne, who afterwards caused her to be killed. AGUESSE.\U, Henry Francis d', born at Limoges, was first advoca'.e-f.'eneral of Paris, then procurer-general, and afterwards chancel- lor ; died 17.51. AGUI, kin? of Bantane in Java, at the end of the 17lh century, extended his power by means of the Dutch. AGUILLO.V, Francis, a mathematician of Brussels, published a treatise on optics, and died KilT. AGUIRRE, Joseph, a benedictine of Spain, was made cardinal by Innocent XL, wrote on theoloffiral .subjects, and died 1099. ARG VLAUS, Henry, a native of Boislc-Duc, made an inelegant translation of Monocanon, and died 1595. AHAB, son and successor of Onire, kinp of I;:rnel, remarkable for his impieticf, died S'JS. AHAZ, son and succersor of Jothani, king of Judah, became tributary to Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria. AlIAZIAH succeeds his father, Ahab, king of Israel. Another Ahaziah, son of Jehoram, was king of Judah, and killed by Jehu, dS\). AHLWARDT, Peter, a German, the s-on of a shoemaker, became an eminent professor of loeic and metaphvsics ; he died 1791. AHMED KHAxV, the fir»* emperor of tlie Moguls v/ho embraced maaometlaiiism, died li2?4. AJ.ATy A, Martin Perez d', a Carthaeinian, of Dbscure birth, but distinguished by his abilities, len'cd Charles V. at the council of Trent AIDAN, a mild and benevolent prelate in Northumberland, who converted many of the northern heathens of Britain to Christiauitv died fiSl. AIKMAN, William, air eminent Scottish painter, bom at Cairney, 1C82, died 1731. The celebrated poets, Thom|)son Mallet, and Allan Ramsay, were his iiiiimate friends, and wrote verses to his memory- AII.1H AUD, John, a French surgeon, acquired eelehrity and fortune by selling a powder which he declared would ctire ail diseases; lie died 1756. AILLY, Peter d', of au obBCure family, rose 14 by his merit to the hiphe>t honours ill Uie >er- vice 01 Charli* VI. of Fiance. AILKEI),orFTHLLRia)^«iihorof a pcne- alogv ol English kiiigs, .Lcillouribhed ab.iui iti« miih^le of the I'Jth ct iiTui'/V' AIMOIN, a beiKiiiciine of Aquitaine, author of an uimieriiorious history of France, died about the brgiiining of t)ie Ilth ceniiiry. AINSWORTH, Henry, known lor luslcarij ing and the commentaries which he wrote on the Scriptures, was poisoned in Uie beginniiij; of the I7ili century. ■ •* AINSVVORTII,' Robert, born at Woodyale, four miles from Manchester, MiliO, was theroni- jiili-r 01 a com|>endious English and l^atiii Dic- tionary, upon iheplaii of Faber's Iheisaurus, which he tinishcd and published in i~M, in 4tu., and died 1743. AIR.XUl/r, Peter, an advocate of Paris, a man of lirmness and integrity, died If 01. AIR.W, Henry, a native of Westniorelaiiri, a strict Caivinist, autliur of some theological piec's, ditid^ynO. AlRAy?Cfiristoplipr, vicar of Milford, author of aloeical tn-atise, &c.,di<'d 1070. AISTULFE, a king of the Lombards, laid siege to Rome, but was defeated ; he di. ^ 75(). AITON, William, author of "Hortus Kew- ensis," being a (.'atalogue of the Plants in the Royal Gardens at Kew, \uis born near Hamilton, in Lanarkshire, 1731, ana died at Kew, Feb. J, 1793. ~ - AITZE.MA, Leovan, representative of the Hansiatic towns at the Hague, author of a his- tory of the United Provinces, &c., died 11)09. AKAKIA, Slartin, profes.-3or of medicine at Paris, published translations of Galen's works; hi- died 1551. His son of tlie same name was physician to Henry HI. .'VKB.^U, sultan of the Mosuls, increased hia dominions by the conquest of Bengal, &.c. ; he died ir.05. A KENSIDE, 5Iaftk, a physician, but far better known as a poet, was born at .N'ewcastle-upon- Tyne, 17-21, and died in the office of physician to the tiueen, June 23, 1770. " The Pleasures of Imagination," his p''l:cipal work, was first published in 1774 ; and a^*'r\' extraordinary pio- duciion it was, from a man who had not reached his 2nd year. He had very uncommon pans and learning; a strong and enlarged way of thinking : and was one of innumerable instan- ces to prove, that very sublime qualities may spring from very low situations in life ; for he had this in common with the most high and mighty cardinal Wolsey, that he was indeed the son of a butcher. AKIBA, a learned rabbi, wlfo, at the age of forty, quitted the life of a shepherd and devoted himself to literature, died 135. ALABAPTEK, William, an English divine, born at Ha37. As a poet, he has been hiffhly applauded. He wrote the Latin tragedy of" Roxana," 12mo. 1632, which was acted in Trinity CoUeee Hall, Cambridge Dr. Alabaster died, prebendary of St. F.-iul's, and rector of Tharfield, Hertfordshire, April 1C40. ALAGON, Claude, a native of Provence, at tempted to introduce Spaniards into MarseiHcs, Ifor which he was jmtto death. 1705. AL ALAIN, De Lisle, a divitit; of Paris, sur- r.niiied tlu- uiiivei-pal doctor, died 1294. ALAIN, Jolin, a Daiin, author of a Irralise on tlie origin of ll C'iinbre, &c., diod 1G30. ALAIN, Cliartitr, sftretary to riiarlts VII. kiiif! of Franco, born in ilic year IS^ii. He was ainjiorof several works in prose and vrrst ; bnt liisinost famous perl'oiniaBce was liis Chronicle ol king Charles Vli. ALAIN, Nicholas, son of a cobbler at the be- ginning of the 18ih century, writer of sonic co- nn dies. ALALEONA, Joseph, a native of Macf rr.ia, professor of civil law in llie university of Padua, died April, 174i), aged 79. ALAM ANNI, Lewis, born at Florence, 1495, died at .Xinboise, in France, 1556, leaving many beautiful poems and other valuable perfornian cesin the Italian language. ALAMOS, Balthazar, a Spanish writer in the ser\ice of Anthony Perez, was inipriisoned 11 years, and published a translatiorL of Tacitus, 1614; he died in his 88th vear. * ALAMUNDUJ, a king of the Saracens, .509 the bishops of his age vainly endeavoured to conv^j him to chrisiianilv. A1.AN, ALLEN, ALLYN, William, a native of Ilossal, in Lanca.^hire, was a defender of the Tope, and died at Rome, 1594. ALAN, of Lyim, in Norfolk, a divine, known as the author of useful indexes to the books he read, flourished in the l,')thcenturj\ ALAND, Sir John Fortesnie, an eminent English judge, born 1670, died 1746. ALANKAV.\,daughterofGeoubire, married her cousin Doujoun, king of the Monguels, in the north of Asia. ALARO, a priest of Amsterdam, author of fame learned works published at Paris, 1543 ; he died at Louvaine, I.ISI. ALARIC I., a famous king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Italy, 409, died at Cosenza, 411. ALARIC IT. made king of the Visigoths 484, was slain in battle by the hand of Clovis, king of Prance, 509. a ALASCO, John, a'^Koman Catholic bishop, uncle to the king of Poland, became a convert to the protestant principles, and died loRO. ALAVA, Diego Esquivel, a learned bishop, born at Vitloria in Biscay; he was at the council of Trent, and published a work on councils ; he died March 17, 1562. ALAVIN, a chief of the Goths, who settled on the banks of the Danube, afterwards rose against t>"> imperial troops and defeated them near Adrianople, 378. ALBAN, St., said to have been the first per- , from 10!t5 to 1120; publirhed 15S4. ALIIEKIC, aFrenchinonk, legate in England, Scotland, France, &.C., dud 1147. ALBERIC, a learned lawyer of Bergamo, in the 14th century. ALBEHIC, a monk in the abbey of Troisfon- taines, wrote a chronicle edited by Leibnitz, nd died about 1241. ALBERIM, Ivodiana, a lady of P.idua, dis- tinguished for her poetical works in Latin and Italian, about 1530. ALBERONI, Jtilius, cardinal, was born May 31, 1()64, 'he son of a srardener, in the suburbs of Placentia. From this low original, by good fortune, address, and abilities, he rose to be first minister of state to the king of Spain. He died at Placentia, June 26, 1752. ALBERT L, son of the emperor Rodolphus, chosen emperor of Germans al'ler the defeat oi" \dolpliiis of Nassau, died J308. ALBERT II., emperor of Germany, a mild and popular prince, died 1439. ALBERT, archduke of Austria, son of tbf emperor Maximilian ; cardinal and archbishop of Toledo, made g«y«'crnorof Portugal, 158.3. ALBERT I., son of Otho, prince of Anhalt, made elector of Brandcnbury, 1.550; he converted vast forests into cultivated lands. A LBERT v., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the magnanimous, a pattern of eveiy amiable vir- tue, died ].'>79. ALBERT VI., duke of Bavaria, known for his learnin?, died lti66. ALBERT, Charles d', duke of Luynes, of a noble family in Florence, settled in France, where he became the favourite and counsellor of Lewis .VIII. ALBERT, Joseph d',of T,uyne9, ambassador from the emperor Charles VII. in France, a man of letters. ALBERT, Honore d', duke of Chaulncs, in- debted for his greatness to liis elder brother and the partiality of Richelieu, died 1649. ALBERT,kingof SwedensucceedsdMapntts 15 AL II., who was ilcpuscd by his nobirs, and rakni prisoner liyMar^arcIqUL'i 11 of Norway, iliril 141'2. ALliERT, iiiarsravo ol" IJraruluiibiir^, siir named llie Alcibiadcs oCfJennaiiy, wxi deprived of his possteisioiis by Ihc di(;l of thu empire ; Ue died I'lof*. ALBEIIT, inargravo of BrandPiibiire, firsi duke of Prussia, which he lield as a fioi' of I'o- laiid, died lotic. ALltKIlT, Kra^'inus, a native of Frankfort, a.s.sLslod I5i, died 1015. ALB ERTI.Giovauiii, brother of the above, ex- celled in the p<;rspective and bi«lorical paintin;;. He was born nearl'loreiice, 1.55H, and died ItiOl . ALBHIiTl, IJominico, a native of Veuiee, f olebraled as a musical performer, particularly on the h-irpsichord, about 17H7. ALBEIITI, Andrew, author of an admired treatise on perspective, pubhshed at Nuremberg, 1670. ALBERTI, .Tolin, a German lawyer, sur- namcd Widnian Stadius, abridged the alcoran, &.C. ALBERTl,Tjcander,a Dominican of Bologna, wrote some interesting works, died 1.5.")2. ALBESTI, Leon Baptiste, a Florentine, au- thor of a valualjle work on architecture, died 1185. ALBERTI ARISTOTILE, called also Ui- riolfe I'oiravente, a celebrated mechanic of Bo- k)gna, in the Kith century. ALBERTINI, Francis, a Galabrian .Jesuit, author of some theological works, died llilO. ALBERTINO, Edmund, wrote a treatise on the eucliarist, and died lti.'>2. ALBERTINO, Francis, a Florentine, author of a book on tin; wonders of ancient and modern Uome, &.c.,atthe beginning of the Kith century. ALIJERTfNI'iS, Nussatu.s, an Italian, autlior of a history of tlie emperor Henry VH., &c. ALBERTUS, archbishop of Mentz, formeil a conspiracy against the emperor Henry V.; the populace restored him to liberty after he was imprisoned. ALBERTUS, Magnus, a learned Dominican friar, born in Swabia, 1205. He was a man of a most curious and inquisitive turn of mind, which gave rise to an accusation brought asraiiist him, that he laboured to find out the philoso- plier's stone, that he was a magician, and that he inadea machine in the .shapeof a man, which was an oracle to Jtim. and c.vplnined ail theilii- 16 AL llc\illies he proposed. He liad, iudeed, great knowledge in ilic niaihcmalics, and by his skill in that science might prupably have formed a liead wi III springs caimblc of articul.itinii.sounits. Albert died at Colouiie, Nov. 15, ii'-M, having written such a number of book^, tliat they make 21 \(>ls. in t'ulio. ALBI, Henry, author of annninterestina his- tory of illiisirious cardinals, &.C., died IlioSl. .\LBIcr.S, aii'libishop of Prague ; he wrote ihrei treatises on medicine, which « ere printed at Leipsic, 1481. A LBINOVANrs. a Latin poet of the age of Ovid ; only two of his elegies are e.vtant. .VLBINL'.S, Dec. t'lodius, a Koiiian who as- sumed the imperial purple in op|H)sitlon to rieverus. He was .slain iii battle, 1!I7. ALBI.NL';?, A. Postliuin., a Roman, author of a hislorv of liisown country, inGrtek,tlourishcd about ir>(( B. C. .ALBINUS, Bernard, a celebrated phrsieian, born at Dessau, in Anhalt, was professor at Frankfort, and sulLscqueiuly at Leydeii; hcdiiid 1721, ill his li'Jtli year. ALBINl'S, Bernard Sigfied,one of the great- est anatomists that ever existed, was born at Leyden, in ltW3, and died 1771. His anatomi- cal plates fomi 'i vols, folio. ALBIXI':?, l",lea/.er, author of a natural his- tory of birds, of wliich a French tiaiislalioii ap- peared in 17.50. Al-BINl'S, Peter, a historian and poet of the IClli century, and professor at Wittenberg. .ALIUS, Thomas, or White, a catholic priest, and eminent philo.sopher of Esse.x, died 1G7C. ALBIZI, Bartlioloniew, a native of Rivano, in Tuscany, distingiiislu il by Ins jireaching and the prndiictions of his pen, died at Pisa, l-lOl. ALBOIN, or ALBU\ I.MS, king of Lom. bardy, caused himself to be proclaimed king in .)70 ; he was assassinated by order of liis wife. ALBON, James d', a famous French gencral| known as marshal St. Andre ; lie was shot at the battle ol Dreiix, l.">!)2. ALUON, Caniille, a descendant of tlie pre- ceding, was born at Lyons, and died at Paris, 1776 ; he wrote various works. ALBORNOS, Giles Alvarez Carillo, arch- bishop of Toledo, and afterwards Cardinal. He resigned his cardinal's hat, and took up arms to reduce Italy to the obedience of the church. This truly great man founded the col- lege of Barcelona. He died 13(17. lALBORNOS, Diego Philip, an ecclesiastic i>r Carthagena, patronised by the court in con- sequence of his writings. ALBRET, a noble family in France, wliich has given to the kingdom, generals and states- men. ALBRICUS, a learned philosopher and phy- sician, born in London, studied at O.xford, and died 1217. ALBUCA9A, or ALBUCASSIS, an Arabian physician of the 11th century. He wrote soma valuable tracts. ALBUMAZAR, an Arabian physician of the 9th century, known as an astrologer. His works were pnblislied at Venice in 152(j. ALBUaUERQU'E, Alphonso, a famous Por- tuguese warrior, and the founder of the power of that nation in India, died atGoa, l.'ilS. ALBUaUERaUE, Blaise, son of the above, born in 1500. He was raised to the first honours of the state, and publiahed an account of his fatlier's victories, at Lisbon, in 157G. ALBl'TIUP. (-'aiusSUUB, a Roman orator in AL AL the age of Augustus, who starved himself to ian physician, who made himself I'amous by liis writings, as a peripatetic pliilosoplier, ahuut U45. ALCHABlTlUti, an .\rahiaa astrologer, au- thor of many works on astronomy and optics, printed at Venice, 1491. ALCIIINDUS, an Arabian physician and as- trologer of genius and learning before the 12th century. His works are often quoted. AliClAT, Andrew, a nalive of Milan, celo l>rated for his knowudgc of the law, and ad vanccd to the professor's chair at Avi;;non Francis I. knew his merit and prevailed on liim to remove to IJourpi.-s, where his law lecture were mucli admired. The duke of Milan in- vited him back to his native town, and bestowed many honours on him. Philip, king of Spain gave him a gold chaiu as a mark of ins favour. He died 1550. ALCIUI.'VDES, a celebrated Athenian gene- ral, slain 404 B. C. ALCIDAMAS, a Greek rhetorician about 420 B.C. AliCIMUS, called also Jachim, was made Jiigh-priest of Judca, and died about 16.» B. C. ALOIMDS, Alcthius, a historian and poet of .■\gin, in the 4th century. Most of his works are lost. ALCINOITS, a Platonic philosopher, wlio flourished about the '-d century. ALCIPHRON, a Greek philosopher in the age of .^oxander the Great. ALCJIa^ON, a disciple of Pytliagorae, who dwelt at CrotoHa. ALCMAN, a lyric poet, who flourished in the iTth Olympiad, at Sardls, in Lydia He is accounted the father of love verses, is said to have first introduced the custom of singing them in public, and to have died a very singular death ; viz. to have been eaten up with lice. AliCOCK, John, bishop of Ely, and lord chan- cellor of England, under Henry VH., founded Jesus College, in Cambridge, for a master, six fellows, and as many scholars, and died Octo- ber 1, 1500. ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, Flaccus, abbot of Canterbury, a famous English orator, philoso- pher, and divine, of the 8th century. ALCYONIUS, Peter, an Italian, author of some learned publications. During the insur- rection at Rome, in 1527, he joined the pope, and abandoned him again when ihe siege was raised. He had many accomplishments, but was flcklc, self-conceited, and inconstant. ALDANA, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor of Lippa, which place, in a fit of panic, he set on fire in 1552. ALDEBERT, an impostor in Fiance, who, by bribes and pretended visions, raised himself to a bishopric. His opinions being condemned by the councils in 'iH and 740, he died in prison. ALDEGRAFF, Albert, a painter and en- graver, was bom in Westphalia, in ICMi. ALDEN, John, niasistrate of Plymouth colo- ny ; one of the first settlers in New-Dngland ; ne died ir>87, aged about 81) years. I ALDERE'I'TE, Bernard and Joseph, Jesuits If Malaga, at the beginning of the 17th century. They were authors of" Antiquities of Spain," laud a book on the Castilian language. . ALDEROTI, Thaddeus, a Florentine phy- sician of great skill. Princes and prelates oiJy were admitted as his patients ; he di'^d 1295. ALDJIELM, or ADELM, (St.) an English di- vine and historian, and bishop of Shireburn, in the time of the Saxon heptarchy. He is said to have been the first Englishman who evat estuem til] his death, which happened May 25, 709. ALDHUN, a famous bishop, who built the cathedral at Durham ; died 1018. ALUIXI, Tobias, author of a botanical work printed at Rotne, l.VJS. ALDOBR.'VNDIN, Sylvester, professor ©flaw at Pisa ; died at Rome, 1558. ALDRED, bishop of Worcester, crowned Harold ki!ig, and was raised to the see of Yorlt ; he died I06f<. ALDRlCH,St.,bishopof Mans, distinguished for his learning, enjoyed the favour of the no- bles ; he died 856. ALDRICH, Robert, Master of Eton, and bi- shop olt^arlisle. He wrote epigrams, &,c. ; and died at Horneca|)le, died 1-240. AIjEMAN. Lewis Au[.'ustinc, a lawyer of On.Noble, autlior of several works, was born in lti53. AIjEMAN, Lewis, arclibishop of Ailes, and rarduial, was l)orn i:<90. He died in 1450, and wascRnoiiiznd. ALEJl.XN, Macto, a Spaniard. He wrote tlie History of Gu/.iiiaii, a romance, wliicli went tUroufili :!fl I'diiiDUs in Spain. ALEMHr.IiT, .loliii Li- Uoiid d', secretary to t'lp French academy, &o., and one of the ablest inulMeniaiiciaiis of the ajir, died Oclober 27, !"''{. He wasoneof tlif |inii'i[ialeditorsof tile "Encyclopedia;" and besides his numerous niatiirmatical works, produced seven vulunle^ of "JIel;iiipes Lili'raires," containing various tracts on dilfr rent topics. ALEN, .!ohn Van, a Dutch painter of land- scapes, birds, and still life, born at Amsterdam 1651, and died 1(;'J8. ALE.MO, Julius, a Jesuit, wlio went as a nusslonary to Cliina, where he preached .Tti years, and huilf several churclies ; he died lfi98. .■\LEOTTI, John Baptist, an Italian, wiio, from the occupation of carrying bricks and mor- tar, became a celebrated mathematician; he died 1<>S0. ALES,or HALEP, Alexander d', a native of Enirland who became a celebrated teacher of divinity and philosophy at Paris, died l'iM5. ALES, Ale.\ander, of Edinburgh, first op- posed, and then embraced the tenets of Luther. He sntTered much iiersecution, and havini; re- tired to Germany, was api)ointcd professor at Frankfort. He died latiS. ALESIO, Matthew Perez d', a native of Rome, and a skilful painter and engraver. Hi:, preatest pieci; is the Colossial St. Cliristopher ai Seville. He died 1000. ALESgl, Galea?, an architect who decorated manv towns in Spain, France and Germany, died 1572. ALETINO, Benedetto, profiissor at Naples. He undertook to refute the ( ;art<'3ian philosophy, and to establish that of Aristotle. He died in 1719. ALEXANPEK THE GUEAT, son of Philip. King of Macedon, was born at Pella, the first year of the 106tli Olympiad, and the 3G5tii bcl'ore the birth of Christ, and at 15 year.s of age was delivered to tlie tuition of Aristotle. He dis-. covered very early a mighty spirit, and sym))- toins of that vast and immoderate amlJilion which was afterwards to make him the scourge of mankind and the pest of the world. At 20 years of ajie he succeeded his father as king of RIacedPii : lie was also chosen, in the room of his father, ueneralissimo in the projected expe- dition ncainst the Persians; but tlie Greeks, agreeably to their usual fickleness, deserted from AL [roy in Macedonia, lie passed llie Helles^>oia, in jthe third year of Ids reign, with an army of itu more than :U),(M)0 fool, and 4,.tOO hors:- : and with lliesc forces, brave and veteran it :s true, he overturned the Persian empire. His first battle was at ilie Granicus, a rivir of Plirvgia, in which llie Persians were rouied. Hi.-se'ti:mi was at Usu8, a city of Cilicia, wlif re lie was ilso victorious in an emini:nt degree ; for the -amp of Darius, with his nioilii-r. v. iii-, and chil- dren, fell into lii.s hands; and the linmane and generous Irc-aimenl which lu- showed tin in 18 justly reckoned the nobleat and most amiable passage of liis life. While he was in this coun- try, he caught a violent fever by bathing, when hot, in tile cold waters of the river Cydniis ; and lliis fever «as made more violent from his im- patience at being detained by it. The arn-y « as under tliu iitiiiost consternaiion, and no physi- cian durst undertake the cure. At length, one I'iiilip ol Acarnania desired time to prepare a |>o- lioji which he was sure would cure him; and while this poiion w-as preparing, Alexander re- ceived a letter from his m^st Iniiinate confidant, i'armeiiio, informing him tliai this Acarnariiu) was a traitor, and employed by Darius to poison liiin, at the price of one thousand talents and his sister in marriage. What a situation for a .sick prince; The same greatness of soul, however, which accompanied him upon all occasions, did not forsake him here. He did not seem to his physician under any apprehensiuns ; but after receiving the cup into his hands, deiivcrtd the letter to Philip, and, with his e>;i-s fi.xed upon him drank it off. The medicine at first acted so powerfully as to deprive him of his senses, and then,\v)tlioui donbi, all concluded him poisoned: however, he soon came round, and, by a cure so speedy lliat it might almost be deemed mi- raculous, was rcsiored to his army safe and sound. From Cilicia lie marched forwards to I'lianicia, which all surrendered to him except Tyre ; and it cost him a siege of seven months to reduce that city. Tlie vexation of Alexander, at being tinseasonablydetiuneri by this obstinacy of the Tyiians, occasioned a mighty destruction and cariia',.'e ; and thecruclly he exercised here is (piiie inexcusable After besieging and takin;; Ca/.zi, he went to Jerusalem, where he was re- ceived by the higli-pricst, and, making many inescnts to the Jews, sacrificed in thiir temple. He told Jaddus (for thai was the priest's name,) tliat hehai'seen in Macedonia a god, in appear- ance exc. ily resembling him, who had exhorted hini to this expedition against the Persians, and given liim the firmest assurance of success. Af- terwards entering Egypt, he went to the oraclft of Jupiter Amnion ; and ujion his return, built the city of Alexandria. It was now that he took it into his head to assume divinity, and to pre- tend himself the son of the said Jupiter Amnion. Policy, however, was at the bottom of this : it was impossible that any such belief should bo really rooted in his breast ; but he found by ex- hirn, taking advantase of his absence in Thrace jperience, that this opinion inclined the barba- and Illyricnm, where he began his military en- Irons nations to submit to him ; and therefore he terprises. He hastened immediately to Greece, ![was content to pass for a god, and to admit, as when the Athenians and other states retninedjlhc did, of divine adoration. His object now was fo hini at once; but, the Thebans standing out,l|to overtake and attack Darius in anotlier battle ; he directed his arms against them, slew a pro-!, and tliis battle was fought at Arbela; when vic- Uiirioiis number of them, and destroyed their Itory, granting every thing to Alexander, put an ciiy, sparing nothing but the house and the de-ijend to the Persian empire. Darius had olfercd Bccndants of Pindar, out of respect tothcmemo-|]hiK daughter in marriage, and jiart of his domi- ry of that poet. This happened in the second inions to Alexander; and Parmeiiio advised hini vear of the 3d Olympiad. Having settled the i to accept the terms, saying, "I would if I were aflairs of Greece, and left Antipator as bis vjce-||Aleiander." " And so would I, (replied the in AL_ the coiiqueror,1 if I were Parnicnio." The .same Parmenio counselling the ]iritue to take advan- tage of the night in atiackinji Darius, " No, ("aid Alexander,) I would not steal a victory." Da rius owed his escape from Arbela to the swift- ne.ss of his horse ; and, while he was collecting forces to renew the war, was insidiously slain by Bessus, {governor of the Bacliians. Alexan der wept at the t'ate of Darius, and, afterward: procuring Be.<.i\don, 1688. -ALEXANDER, of jTlgM, preceptor to Nero ALEX.\.\DER, the Papliiaitonian, an iinpo.s- tor, who was invited to Rome by Marcus Au relius, on account of his celebrity, in 174. ALEXA.VDER, an abbot of Sicily in the 12th century, author of a history of Roger, king of Sicily, which w.is edited in 1.57rt, at Sara-joissa. ALEXANDER, an English abbot, who sup- ported the rights of Henry II., for which he was excommunicated in 1217. ALEX.ANDER, king of Poland, succeeded his brother, John .Mbert, in 1501. He was a prince of pieiv and virtue. ALEXANDER L, king of Scotland, came to tlip tiirone in 1 107. He was a severe and tyran- nical king. AI,EXANDERn., king of Scotland. 1914, son of William the Lion. He invaded England. ALEXANDERIIT., kingofScotland, defeated the Norwegians, and assisted his lallier-in law,j Henry HI. against the encroachments of liisba-| rons. He was killed while hunting, 12i^5. ALEXANDER I., bishop of Rome, 1(10. He was called a saint, and martyr, and, according to Platina, was the first who introduced the use of holy water into the church. .ALEX.VNDER IL, pope, succeeded in 1061. He protected the Jews from murder and rapine, and died I(i73. " Recreation of the Muses" was printed in folio, 1637, to which is prefixed his portrait by Mar- shall, esteemed the best of that artist's works. He died 1640. ALEXANDER, deMedicis, first duke of Flo- rence in 1.5.30, was a man of di.s.solute and cruel manners, who owed his elevation to intrigue. He was mnrderr d bv a relation. ALEXANDER, Farnese, duke of Parma, distinguished himself in the 16th centurj' by his militarv valour. ALEXANDER, Farnese, uncle to the pre- ceding, favourite of Pope Clement VU., died 15fi9. .\LEX.\NDER,a Norman, in the reign of Henry I. He raised the castles of Fanburj', Sleaford and Newark for his defence. By tlie interest of his uncle he became bishop of Lin- coln, and died in 1147. ALEX.VNDER, a native of Asia Minor, was the founder of a sect called non sleepers, be- cause some of them alwavs kept awake to sing ; he died 430. ALEXANDER, St. Elpide, archbishop of A- malli, author of a treatise on papal power, in tlie beginning of the 14th century. ALE.V.ANDER, Dom. James a benedictinje of St. Maur, notJIpr of a treatise onclemcntary clocks, died 1734; ALEX.\.\DER, a poet of Paris, in tlie 12tl) century, who wrote a poem on Alexander the Great, in verses of 12 syllables, which have since been called " -Mexandriiu^s." ALEX.ANDER, Nicholas, a benedictine of St. Maur, wrote " Physic, and Surgery for the Poor," and " A Botanical and Pharmaceutical Dictionary," both esteemed works. He wa."5 born at Paris, and died 172a. 1-9 AL AL ALEXANDER, iN'euskoi, grand duke of Kiis:«ia, born 1218, signalized by a victory lir obiained over the nortln;rn powers, on the banks 01" the Neva. He was Raintcd, and an order of knighthood instituted in liis lionour. ALKXANDER, James, a Scotchman, secre- tary eyden library ; ho. was murdered in Syria, in 9.54. ALFARGAN, Ahmed Ebn Cothair, an Ara- bian astronomer, of the 9th century. ALFENUS VARUS PUBLIUS, a native of Hremona, who rose from the occupation of cob- bler, to be counsel. ALPES, an eminent rabbi, who epitomised the Talmud, died 1 103. AEFIERI, Vittorio, an Italian dramatic poet, liorn at Asti, in Piedmont, 1749. Within less than seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other works in prose and verse, Including a translation of SaUust, and a treatise on tyranny. His lady was the princess of Schom- berg, widow of Charles-Edward, the last prince 20 of the house of Stuart. He died at Florence, ni ld03; and his remains were interred in ibc church of St. Croix, where his widow erect<.-, which was exe- cutid by Canova. He wrote his own life, wliicli has been printed in two volunir-s. ALFONSO, vid. ALPHONSUS. ALFORD, Rlicliacl, author of Brittania illu.-; traia," and othei- works, was born in London, but educated in Spain and Rome, and became a Jesuit ; he died Hi5-2. ALFREl),or A LURED, son of Etiiclred, tried 10 expel Harold from the throne, but was mur- dered, 1037. ALFRED, bishop of Exeter, wrote several learned works, as " Adelmus," '-History uf Malniesbury Abbey," to. ; 10th century. ALFRED, vid. AILFRED. ALP'RED, an Engli.shmaii, snrnamed philo sopher, left four books on the meteors of Aristo- tle, one on vegetables, and five on other subjects. He died 1-270. ALFRIDE, or Elfrid, natural son of Osery. king of Northumberland, came to the throne in 686. ALGARDI, Alexander, an architect and sculptor of Bologna, died 1654. ALGAROTTi, Francis, count, an Italian, eminent as a connoisseur and critic in every branch of the belles-lettres, and an author of repute, born at Venice 1712, died 1764. ALGAZALI, an Arabian author, who died in the 504th vear of the liej/ira. ALGER, a monk of Liege, auilior of a book on the sacraments, died 1131. ALGKISl, Thomas, an eminent surceon and lithotomist of Florence, author of Lithotomita, 4to. 1708. ALGIERI, Peter, a Venetian, who decorated the opera at Paris, died 17ii0. AlilLVZEN, an Arabian, v. ho wrote on optica about 1100. ALL cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet, and caliph of Egypt and Arabia. He was as sassinated in fiS^i." His memory is still held in veneration by the Persians. ALl-BASSA, a di-^tincuishcd general of the Ottfuian empire, died 1663. ALI BEG, a Pole, w'lo was educated in the Mahometan faith, but ens ployed himself in trans- lating the bible into Turkish. He also wrote on the relision of Mahomet, and died in 167.5. ALI BEG, son of a Creek priest, but sold while young by some robbers to the Janissaries. His military talents gained him the supreme power of Egypt. He was humane, possessed an elevated mind, and died about 1775. ALI BERG, a learned Turk in the 17th cen- tury, acquainted with sev(-.ittM'ii languages. He translated the bible into the Turkish. ALICE, daughter of Theobald IV., married Lewis VII., khig of France. For a time, she was appointed queen regent, and reigned with great prudence and justice. She died 1206. ALIGRE, I'lienne, who rose by his merit to be chancellor of France, died 1635. ALIMENTUS, Cneuis, a Roman historian, 150. B.C. .,. „„, ALIPIUS, a bishop of Tagaste m Africa, 394 He was baptised bv St. Ambrose at Milan. ALIPUS, a geographer of Antioch, commis sioned by Julian to rebuild the temple of Jeru salem. ALKMAAR, Henry d', a German, author of the fable of Reynard, a poem, which lashes the vices and foibles of mankind. He died 150X AL ALLAI^^VAL, I^ponor JoaiiCliristincSouhis d', a iiativu of Cliartrcs, and auilior of several comedies of merit.. He died I7.'>3. ALiIiAIS, UenysVairasse inlanious lor his cruellies. ALJI.-MN, James, a famous logician and di- vine, whodet'ended Lewis XII. against pojie Ju- lius II. Hf- died at Paris, 1515. .AL.MAMON, or ABDALL.AH III., a caliph, who had the Greek writers translated into Ara- bic, and ivas lamous for his protection of learn- ing, died ^Xi. AL.M.VNSOR, or ALMANZOR, king of Cor- dova, in Spain, 97fi. He rendered himself very formidable to tl.c Christians. ALMANZOR, tlie victorious; he rose to the soverei'jiily in 7ii, and then murdered the pcne- *al to whom he was indebted for his power. ALM.-VNZOR, Joseph, king of Jlorocco, de- feated by t jp Spaniards, 115H. ALMANZOR, Jacob, son of Joseph, obtained a celebrated victorv over tlie Spaniards in Ca; tile, about 1200. ALMARUS, Elmerus, abbot of St. Augus- (in's monastery, in Canterbury, 1011. His me mory was held in the highest veneration. AL.MEIDA, Francis, a Portuguese, who was distinguished in the wars of Grenada, and was sent out by Eiuanucl, in 1505, as viceroy of India. ALMEIDA, Lawrence, son of the above, a desperate warrior, who visited Ceylon, and made it tributary to Portugal ; he was killed in battle. ALMEIDA, ApoUinarius d', a Portuguese bishop, of the Jesuit cder,' who went as mis- sionaiy to Ethiopia, and was murdered by the natives, l.OfiS. ALMEIDA, Manuel d', a Portuguese Jesuit, who, after a residence of forty years as a mis- sionary in India, died at Goa, 104f). He published Historical observations on Elliiopia. ALMEIDA, or ALMEYDA, Theodore d', a celebrated Portuguese priest and philosophical writer, born 1722. His original works amount to 40 volumes; and he published, besides, five volumes of translations. He died at Lisbon, Mav, 1805. ALMELOVEEN, Thomas .Tansen d' , a Dutch fihvsician, wlio wrote a description of the Ma- labar plants, published lfi78, in 13 vols, folio. ALMELOVEExN, Theodore Janseii d', pro- fessor at Hardwick, in Holland, died 1742. ALMICI, Peter Caniillus, an ecclesiastic in Italy, who published critical reflections on Feh- ronius. died 1779. ALMON, John, a bookseller, author, and edi- tor, born at Liverpool, about 17.18. In 1763 he commenced bookseller iii Piccadilly, and pub- lished a great number of political pamphlets. His best known works, however, are " anecdotes of the life of the earl of Chatham," 2 vols. 4to 3 vols. 8vo., and " biographical, literal-}', and ooliticstl anecdotee of several of the most enu- 22 AL neiil iH-Tsons of the present age ; never before printed," 3 vols. fvo. 171*7. He died in Heriford- shire, Dec. 12, lOlio. ALtJMUYADAD, Isniael, an Arabian histo rian, who gave a chronological account of th^ Saracen atlairs in t-irily from 642 to 'JO-l. ALOADIN, a Muhoiiietan; prince of the as- sassins. He lived in a castle between Dainas- ciisand Aiitioch, where he pronii.-^ed future hap- piness to yiinng men who would si:ib his ena- niies. 1'he word ussa^sin is derived from this circiinisiancc. ALONZO, John, an eminent architect of f-pain. -^ LP AGO, .\iidrew,an Italian jihysician who resided some time al Damascus. He Iranslatcd Aviceiina. Averroes, &c., and was made pro lessor at Venice in 1555. ALP.MDE, the beautiful wife of Pepin, and mother ol' Charles RI artel ; she died in a con- vent. ALP-AR?LAN, second sultan of the race of Seljuk in 10tJ3. tiLPHANUS, Benedict, archbishop of Paler- mo, known as a physician and iKjet, and author I of the lives of sowe saints, died 1086. ALPHERY, Mekfpjier, Nicephorus, a native of Ru.ssia, descended from the imperial family, lie became a parish priest in England, 1CI8, and lireferred hi.= jiiace to the throne of Russia. ALFIIESII'S. a rabbi who abridged the Tal- mr.d, died 1103. ALPHIUS, Avitus, a Roman poet of the 3d centurv. ALP"MONSO,orALPI!ONSrg,kingofAslu- lias, took 3U towns from the Moors, and died 757. ALPHON?0 IL, surnamed the Chaste, king of .\stiirias, signalized himself against the Moois in Spain ; he died, 842. ALPHONSO III., or THE GREAT, king of Asliiiias in8l>6. ALPHONSO VI., king of Leon and Castile, made war against the .Moors; he died, IKfJ. ALPHONSO VIII., kins of Leon and Castile, surnamed the Noble, came to the throne 11.58. ALPHONSO X., king of Leon and Castile, surn.-iined the Wise, succeeded his father, Fer- dinand 111. in 1232, and died of a broken he;irt in 1284. ALPHONSO XL, king of Leon and Castile in 1312. He killed in battle 200,000 Moors. ALPHONSO v., king of .'^rragon. surnamed the Mniinaninious. He made himself master of Najiles and Sicilv, and died 1458. ALPHONSO i., king of Portugal. He de- feated five Moorish kings at the battle of Ouri- que, 1139. ALPHONSO IT., king of Portugal; he also engaged in war with the Moors, died 1223. ALPHONSO HI., king of Portugal ; his reign was disturbed by dissensions with the pope aiid clergy : he died 1279. AI>PHO.\SO IV., king of Portugal, succeeded to the throne 1325. He was an able prince, and much beloved. ALPHONSO v., king of Portugal, surnamed the African, came to the throne 14:i8. He look many places from the Moors. He was a patron of learning. ALPHONSO VI., king of Portucal. His con- duct displayed the tyrant and the madman ; he abdicated the throne, and died 10)83. ALPHONSO, duke of Ferrara, and Modena, died 1534. ALPH0NSU6, Peter, a Jewish writer of AL Spiiiii, who was converted to Christianity ii i:r< ALPflO.NSUS. See CAf?TILE. ALl'lXI, Prospero, a faiuuus Vtnetian phy siciau ami bniaiiist, horn ].>5:f, died ltiI7. ALREfliTS, ALFREDUS, or ALrUEDUS an ancii lit English historian, born at Beverly Yorkshiri;. lie wrote, in Latin, Annals of tlif Biiiish history, from Brutus to Henry I. ; he died 11-29. ALSAHARAVIUS, an Arabian physician, author of a treatise on medical practice, in 3-J books ; lived in 1404. ALSOP, Anthony, an English clergyman of Iearnin2, who in 1717 was sued by Mrs. A.strey for breach of promise, and coademned to pay UOOOl. He wrote poetry. ALSOP, Vincent, a prcsbyterian clergj'man, wlio attacked Ur. Sherlock, with great wit, and some seriousness ; he died 1703. ALSOP, Richaid, a native of Middlelowii, Conn. ; he possessed fine talents, and is gcn< rally known as a poet and as a translator ; ho died 1815. ALSTEDIUS, John Henry, a protestant pro fessor of divinity, at Nassau ; known as the au thor of an Encyclopedia ; he died 16rtt<. ALSTt!)^, Charles, an eminent physician, and medical and liotaidcal writer, born in Scot- land, HVS3,died 1760. ALSTON, Joseph, governor of the state of South Carolina, died 1810. Hi.s wife, the daugh- ter of Aaron Burr, late vice president of the V. S., was lost on her passage from Charleston to New- York, 18ie. ALTER, Francis Charles, a German critic, of thesocietyof Jesuil.s,wa8ateacherof Greek at Vienna ; "he is s.aid to have written and pnl> lished i'iO volumes or dissertations . hediid 18ftl ALTIIAM.N'ER, Andrew, a Lutheran miu ister al Nuremburs, author of notes on Taci- tus, first published 1529. ALTHLTSmS, John, a German lawyer of the 17tli century, who inveigiied against kingly power. ATTILIUS, Gabriel, a Neapolitan poet, a fa vourite with the court, and bishop of Policas iro in 1471. ALTING, Menson, author of the best descrip- tion of the Low Countries now e.vtant, died 1713. ALTING, Heno'- born at Embden.in 1.583 He filled the theological chair at Groningen for many years. His works on religious subjeclr^ are numerous. ALTING, James, son of the preceding, went to England and became bishop of Worcester, and afterwards professor of Hebrew at Gronin- pen. His works were printed in five volumes folio, at Amsterdam 16S7. ALTOX, Richard Count d', an Austrian ge- neral who had command of the Low Countries in 1787. ALTOVITI, Marseille d', a Florentine lady who wrote Italian poetry, died ir>(H). ALV.\, Peter d', a Spaniard, author of a cu rious life of St. Francis, died 1667. AIjVA, Ferdinand .\Ivrez, dnke of, a famous general of Spain, but detested for his cruelties as a civil magistrate : he died 1582. ALV \RES. Francis, a Portuguese priest, sent to David, Kinr of .\byssinia, as ambassador ; he published an account of that country, and died 1.5-10. ALVARES DE LUNA, or ALVARO, a fa- vourite of John II., king of Castile, famous AM for the prodigious ascendancy which he gaiuvd over that prince, and for the punishment which at length overtook liim. Of the 45 years he s[H;nt at court, he enjoyed for 30 of them so ab- -solute a power over the king, that nothing could be dune without his expre.ss orders ; liay, it is related by Mariana, Uiut the king could not change an ofiicer or servant, or even his clothes or diet, without the approbation of Alvares. At length he was seized, tried, and condemned to lose his head, on a charge of having madly in- vaded the rights of kindly majesty, reduced the whole court into his power, and made hinist !f master of llie state in gt-m-ral, &c. &c. He was executed the 4th of June, 1453. .ALV.\REZ, Emanuel, a Portuguese Jesuit, whn was distinguished as a grammarian be died 1582. ALVAREZ DE PAZ. James, a J.suit, bqjn at Toledo, autiior of some divinity tracts, died 1620. .ALV.\REZ, Diego, a Spanish Dominican, and a bishop in Italy. He wrote much polemi- cal divinitv, and died lf>.35. ALIRED. SeeALREDUS. .\LV.VROTTO, James, a learned law pro- fessor at Padua, whose authority is frequently quoted, died 1452. .ALVIANO, Bartholomew, an illustrious ge- neral in the Venetian service, who died '.515. ALY.\TTE>6. aking of Lydia, who died 562 B. C. ALYPIUS, a Platonic philosopher in the .".th centni V. ALYPIUS, a geographer, who was employed at Jerusalem and in Britian, by the emperor Ju- lian. AMADEDDULAT, son of a fisherman, be- came king of Persia, and died 9l!l. A.MADEUS v., count of S.'ivoy, sumamed the Great, bravely defended Rhodes against the Turks. It is .said, he besieged and took thiny- fwn towns : he died 1323. AMADEUS VI., count of Savoy, In 1343; by hi? merits he b( came the arbiter of aflairsiii Italy. AMADEUS VIII., count of Savoy, instituted in 1434, the order of the secular knights of the Annunrlaiion. He was elected pope, by the council of P.asil. .\.M.\nKl'S IX., duke of Savoy, a brave atid charitable prince, whose subjects sumamed him the Blessed ; he died 1472. .\MAnEUS, a Franciscofl monk in Portugal, who pretended to some mystical revelations at Rome, died 1482. AMADEUS, bishop of Lausanne, died 11.58. AMAJA, Francis, a Spaiush professor of civil law, whose commentaries are highlv valued, died 1640. AMAK, a much admired Persian poet of tlis 5th century. AMAL.4RIC, or AM \I"RY, king of the Vt- sigoths, killed by one of his soldiers, .531. AM.^L.'VRIUS, Fortunatus, ambassador of Charlemacne to Constantinople. He died 814, and left a ire.atise on baptism. AM-\ L A R lUS, Symphosius, a priest of Mentr, and author of a book on the antiquities of the church, died 837. AMALASONTHA, daushier of Theodoric. king of the Ostrogoths, a wi>man of vimie fo< the limes. She was cruelly murdered by her husband, 534. .\M.\LEK, son of Eliphaz, was the founder of a nation which settled Iduinca, and made war a^nst Saul and David. 23 AM .\M.'\LRIC, Aiigeri, aullior of a history ul the popti^, fiourisheil in the l!lh ccniury. AMALRIC, Arnold, arclibi.-^liopof Narbonne, who aniinatt-d the princes ol Spain against the Moors, and wrote an account of a battle wlricli he witnessed, died 1225. AMALTILEA, the name of the Sybil of Cu- tna;, who sold her boobs to Torquin. AMALTHKUS, Jerome, John Baptiste, and Cornelius, tliree brothers, born at Oderzo, in Italy, wiually celebrated for their poetry. Tliey all three died in 1574. AMAMA, Sbiliims, a Hebrew professor of great learning and piety in Germany, who b< trail a work called " AniibnrbamsBiblicus,'' but died before it was finished, iti 1621). AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard Sieurde St., born in Normandy, a comic poet of some fame : he died 1G61. AMAXD, St., a bishop of Bordeati.x, 404. AM.ARAL, Andrew d', a Portuguese of the order of Malla, who betrayed Rhodes to Soly- man. He was put to death ].")22. AMASEUS, Koinulus, professor at Bolopna, and author of a translation of Pausanias, died 1855. AMASIS, a king of Egypt, who died about 525 B. C. AMATUS, de Portugal, a physician, who wrote Commentaries on Disoscorides, Aviccn- i>a, fee, about 1550. AMAUKI, de Cliartres. professor of philoso- phy, born at Borme, in the 13th ccntiin,'. He formed a new system of religion oil the meta physics of Aristotle. AMAURI, king of Jerusalem in 1162 ; he died 1173. AMAURI n., kiugof Cyprus and Jerusalem in 1164. AMAZIAH, son of Joash, kingof Judah, was put to death by his subjects, 810 B. C. ABIBOISE,' Francois d', son of the surceon to Charles IX., of France, rose to the rank of counsellor of state by his learning and industry. He died IfiOO. AMBOISE, George d', bom in 1460, and be- came archbishop of Nai;M)nne, and afterwards prime minister to Lewis XII., of France. He was famed for his firmness and energy. AMBOISE, Michael d', author of several epis- tles, ballads, &c., flourished in the 16lh century. AMBOISE, Aimery d', was famous for the luival victory he obtained over the Sultan of Egypt, 1510. AMBOISE, Frances d', wife of Peter 11., duke of Britanny. She was famed for the im- provement she introduced in the manners of the Bretons. She died 1485. AMBROGI, Antony Marie, professor of elo- quence at Rome, published various works, and died 1788. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, an eminent father of the church, bom in Gaul, 333. The birth of Ambrose is said to have been followed hy a remarkable presage of his future eloquence, for we are told, that a swarm of bees came and settled upon his mouth as he lay in his cradle. He died at Milan 397, and was buried in the great church there. The most considerable of his nu- merous works is that " De Officiis." Ambrose carried the esteem of the virginity and celibacy so far, that he seemed to regard matrimony as an intlecent thing. AMBROSE, deacon of Alexandria, was the patron of Origeii, by whose cloqticnce he was converted to Christianitv. He died 250. 24 AM AMBROSE, born at Portico in Romania, waa disiinguithed by his flu(rncy in the Greek tongue at the toiinrils Basil, Ferrara, &c. He died 1439. AMBROSE, de Lombez Pere, a capuchin, author of a tract on inward peace, died 177S. A MBROSE, Isaac, a de^cclldant from the Am brose family in Lincolnshire, who, during tli civil wars, became a prcsbytcrian. He pub lished several tracts, wliich were much C3 teemed. A M BROSINI, B artholomew, professor of me dicine at Bologna. He published several learn ed books on medicine, and died ]()57. •VMBROSINI, Hyacinth, brother and succe9 sor of the preceding, wrote a treatise on the plants discovered in the 17th century. AMBROSIL'S, Aurclianus, a prince of Ar- morica, went to Britain 457, to assist the Britons in the expulsion of the Sa.vons. AMBROSll'S,CathariiiusPolitus, archbishop of Compsa, Naples. He wrote some religious works, and died 1552. AMEDEtS, seeAMADEUS. AMELH'S, Gentilianus, a Platonic philoso- pher of the third centurv. disciple to Plotinus. AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, Abraham Nicholas, a native of Orleans ]6;i4, sent as se- cretary to the French ambassador at Venice. He wrote much, but was sent to the Basiile for his senlimciits. AMELOT, IHnis, a French writer, author of a translation of the New Testatnent, and other works. He died 1G78. AMERB.-VCH, John, a native of Swabia, eminent for his learning, died 1515. His son, .lolin, was professor of law at Basil, and thfc friend oi Erasmus. He died 1562. AMERRACn, Vitus, a Bavarian, professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, and a writer of eminence, died I.ISO. AMERIcrs, Vesputius, a Florentine, a dis- coverer in the continent called, after him, Ame- rica, died l.TiO. See COLUMBUS. AMES, Fisher, a distinguished statesman and eloquent orator, born in Hedham, Mass., author of a celebrated speech in Congress on the British treaty in 1776. He possessed a mind of a great and extraordinary character, and died in 1806. AMES, William, of Norfolk, Eng., a learned divine, professor of the university of Franeker, Holland, died at Rotterdam, on his way to New- England, 1633. AMES, Joseph, a celebrated typographical historian, and secretary to the societj' of Anti- quaries, was originally a ?hi|)-chandler at Wap- ping. Late in life he took to the study of anti- quities ; and, besides his great work on " T}T)o- graphical Antiquities," containing accounts of ourearlicst jirinters and their works, lie publish- ed a list, in 8vo., of English heads, engraved and mezzotinto, and drew up the " Parentalia," from Mr. Wren's papers. He was born at Great Yarmouth, ]t;8{>, and died Oct. 7, 1759. AMHERST, Jeffrey, lord, commander-in-chief of the British army at the conquest of Canada, 1760; born in England 1717 ; captured Louisburg 1758 ; succeeded Abercrombie in the command of the army of North America : returned to England, where he was created field marshal, and died 1798, aged 80. AMHURST, Nicholas, born at Marden, in Kent, but in what year is uncertain He receiv- ed his grammatical education at Merchant Tay- lors' School, in London, and thence was remov- ed to St. John's College, Oxford, but expelled for irregularity of conduct. Soon after Mr AM Amliiirst quitted O.vt'ord, lie soeins to have set tied in London as a writer by profession. He published a vuUiiiie of miscellanies ; but the principal literary undertakinj; of Mr. Amliur-or- mandy, the la.st day of August, lf>(">3. He was in llie 3d form of the Latin school at Paris, when, after a dangerous illness, he contracted such a deafness as obliged him to reuonnre almost all conversation with mankind. In this situation, lie began to think of employing himself In tlie invention of machines. He applied, therefore, to the study of geometry ; and it is said that he would ii.it try any remedy to cure his deafn> ss, fitlier because he thought it incurable, or be- cause it increased his attention. He studi.. 'inisin. and became a favourite of Malu.s.iei AMYOT,James,bisbopof AiiM-rre, ui; nd almoner of France under Henry III., and Charles IX., and a writer on several subiects; but chief- ly known as the translator of '• Plutarch's Lives ;ind Morals." He was born at Muliin, 1514, and died 1.593. AMYRAUT-T. Mo=;es, an eminent Fronch divine, bor.'i 159G. at Eoreutil, a SHial! town of Touraine. He was a man of such charity and compassion, that, during the last ten yeclts of bis life, he bestowed his whole salary oii the poor, without dis'inclion of Catholic or Protes- tant, and died 1664. ANACHARPIS, an illustrious Scythian phi- losopher. He travelled to Athens in the time of Solon, with whom he contracted an intimate friendship ; and Solon not oidy instruct(Ml him, but souclit all opportunities of doing him ho nonr. He had a quick andlively genius, a strong and masterly eloquence ; and tliere was some- thing BO determined Dud resolute in his manner, ih.it those who imitated him were said to speak In the Scvlhian style. He was extremely lond ofpoetryjand wrote upon certain laws of the Scythians and Oreeks. Cro-sus invited him to Sardis, and offered him money; but the phi- losopher answered, " that he was come to Greece to leant the laws and manners of that country ; that he had no occasion for gold or silver; and that it would suffice tor him to re- Turn lo Scythia a wiser and more intelliircnt man .than he came from thence." After staying Ions in Greece, he prepared to return home ; and passing through Cyzicum, he found that city celebrating very solemnly the feasts of Cybele, and vnwcd to do the same if he should gethonii- in safety. Upon his arriv;il in Scythia, ho at teaipted to chance the ancienl customs of his country, and to ostablish thftseof Greece ; which proved ertreniely disagreeable to the Scythians, 26 AN land at length destructive to himself. For tn- iering one day a thick wood, to perform his vow jto Cybele as secretly as might be, he was dis- Wjvercd ill the mid.-:l of the solemnity, and shot jrlead with an arrow by the king hiiiistlf. There are many beautiful apothegnisul this philosopher preserved I) V Larlius, Plutarch,and ol her wi itirs A\.\CLETUS,bishopofRoine,sullercdmar tyrdom 'J2. ' .^NACLETUS claimed tlie papacy in oppo- ilion lo Innocent il., but not sncceediiig, died in obscurity, 113i^. AJVACO.VNA, queen of Xiragua, iu the island of St. Domingo, was cruelly put lo dtaili by Ovando. ANACREON, a Greek poet, bom at Teos, a seaport of Ionia, flourished about the (i-Jd Olxin- piad. This poet had a most delicate wit, but was certainly too lond of pleasure; for love and wine had the disposal ol all his hours, 'i'lie mannerof his deatii, which happened at Abderu, is said to have been very extraordinary , for they tell us, he was choked with a grape-stone, which he swallowed as he was regaling on some new wine. A small part only of Anacreon's works remain ; and these consist chiefly of liac- chahalian songs, and love sonnetij. The oties of Aiiacreon," says Kapin, " are flowers, beau- ties, and perpetual gr.ices." ANAGNOSTA, John, a Byzantine histo- rian. ANASTASH'S I., the sUentiary, who, from obscure birth, became emperor of the east, by niiu-ryiiig the widow of the emperor Zenc, died ANASTASIUS II. was raised from a private station to the throne of Consiantiiiople by the oice of the people. He abdicated the throne for a religious habit, and afterwards, in attempt- ing to regain it, was put to death, 719. ANASTASiUS I., pope of Rome, succeeded Siricius ; he reconciled the eastern and western churches, and dii il much respected for his saiic- tilv and virtne, 402. ANASTASIUS U., pope after Gelaslus, died 496. AXASTASirS III., pope after SergiuslTI., eminent for his wisdom, died two years after his election, 913. AN.AnTASIUS IV., pope, a charitable and humane man ; he died 1154. ANASTASIl'S, contested the p .- cy witJi Benedict IH., and not succei g, he died in ob curity. ANASTASIUS, Bibliothecarius, a IcarneU Greek of tlie9tli century, librarian of the church of Rome, and abbot of St. Mary beyond the Tv^er. ANASTASIUS, Pinaite, a monk of Mount Sinai, in the 7lh century. ANASTASUIS, Theopolitamis, bishop of Anlioch ; he was hani.shed from his sec, and restored 593 ; lie died 6 years after. ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, died 458. ANATOLIUS, bishop of Laodicea, about 2fi9; eminent for his knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. ANAXAGORAS, one of the most celebrated philosophers of antiquity, born at Clazoinena;, in Ionia, about 4.')0 B. C. He placed the supreme aood of human life in contemplation. ANAXANDRIDKS, king of Sparta, about .■),50 B. C, father to Cleomcncs and Leonidas. ANAXANDRIDES. a comic poet of Rhodes, about 300 B. C % AiVAXAKChl t<, :i pliiicisopher of Abdtra, pui to deati) by tin; kinp of Cyprus. ANAXlljAlia, a pylliaijoiKan pliilosoplicr of the ate of Aus\iit\is. ANAXlMAiNDER, a pliilosopher of MUetua, died 547 1^. €. ANAXIMENES, tlic pupil and successor of Annxiiiiaticli-r, lived r>5(t H. f. ANAXIMKNES, a hisioriai), vvlio arcoinpa- nitd Al(\aii(l(:r fli« IJroat in his expciliiioii ; lie wrote a history of Orctce. AX(. HAUANO, Peter, a native of Rolocna, authpr of books on tlie civil and canon iaw, died 1417. ANCll AR.AN'O, Jaines, a writer of theolo^-. ANC'IIjLOX, IJaviJ, a protcslant divine, born at Mciz, emnient for his learninfe', piety, and eloquence, died at Berlin, IC'.fJ. A.\riLL*J>i, Charles, son of David, inspcc tor i.T till' Trench courts of jnstice in Bcrhn, and hif .orioprriplier to the kinj;, died IT.'il. A.N'CKWIT/., a nati^-e of Poland, anibassa dor to Dennmrk, accused of betraying his conn try to Itussia, and executed 17'.I4. AM Dl'KT, I'loren-Carlon d", an eminent Frenrli actor and dramatic writer, boni at Fon- taiiib'eau, Ifitil ; he died 1720, having written fift\-two plavs. .AiXnS MARTIUS, fourth king of Rome, extended the boundaries of liis kijigdom, and Hull! Ostia. died C46 li. C. AiXDKRSON'j Alexander, professor of niatlic- ■lalirs at Paris in the Killi century. AMlKRtSdN, Andrew, a printer, who ob- tained from ("liarlcs II. the exclusive privilege of printiiic in t^coiland for 41 years. AND]".Kt^t)N, Adam, author of a valuable treatise on trade and commerce, died Iw;!. AM)KKS50N, James, 1>. 1). minisicr of a Seiilcli rresbyteriaii church in London. ANnKli.'^t ).\, .lames, V.m]. advocate and clerk of the Scolihiiarlliimenl, an<' author of an abl< vindiraiioM of iis indi pendi'i'co, died 171v'. ANDFRSC^N, John, A. M. ;in able and iiopu- tar preacher, and minister of Dumbarton, died 17-2n. ANDERSON, Pir Edmund, made lord chief justice of the common pleas in ld.*2. lie was a very rtrici lawyer, and covernt d himself en- tirely by statutes ; for we have hi« express de- claration, that he neither expected precedents in all . ANDERSON, John, a native of Ilamhurgh, and a' thnrof a natural history of Iceland, &e. died V,43. ANDERSON, James, a celebrated British writer on commerce, died ^7C'.\. ANDERSON, George, an English self-taught mathematician, born at Wcsten, in Bucking- AN Uiatnshire, in 17(30. His parents were peasants, jaiid he was obliged to work as a day-labourer. illriviiig at knpili attracted the attention of a jworlhy clergyuian, he was by him sent to a Igianimar-scliool, and afterwards to New Col- ilege, Oxford, whore he took the degree of M. A. jHe also entered into deacon's orders, but never 'qualified as a priest, having obtained a clerk- Iship at ilie lioaid of control under Mr. Dundiis. He translated, from the Greek of Archinicdts, " Arcnarius, a treatise on measuring the sands," {and " A general view of the variations x^ hich Ihave taken place in the affairs of the East In- Idia (ompanv since ihe conclusion of the war jiii India ill 17H4 ," and died April 30, 179G. I -ANDLKiSON, Larz. a minister of Gustavu!< jVasa, a man of great abilities, and chancellor of Sweden ; he introduced Luthcrani^ni into [Sweden. ANDERSON, Dr. James, an indefatigable and able writer on agriculture, political economy, 'and other subjcctsol gineral interest; Ik was Iborn in ] 7.')!), nt Ilermiston, near Edinburgh, land died at \^'est Ham, in Essex, IFOti. His |li;erary productions are very numerous, and a icorrect hst of them will be found in the Gentle- man's Hla'J^I'.ine, Ixxviii. 10.'>3 ; among which the principal are, " Essays relating to Agricul- ture, and Rural Affairs," 3 vols. 8vo. " 'I'lie Hee," Ic! vols. 8vo. "Recreations in Agricul- ture, 6 vols. 8vo. 1H02. His hl>le is copious, and sometimes prolix, but always perspicuous ;ind guarde'' 'jllis manners wer<' gentlemanly and uiicoi;.' ' uned, and his convirsation waa plear;;!^. ./.lAvell stored with anecdotes. I .I'.nti DES ROCHKRS, John, a French -XTPr of great merit and industry, born at Lyons, died 1741. ANDOCIDES, an Athenian orator, lived 40O B. C. ANDRAD.A, Diego de Pay vad', a Portuguese, aneloc|ueiil preacher, and acute reasoner, ninth admiii.'d tor his learning and judgment, lived about iriP^. A NDR ADA, Francis d', brother to the above, h' oriniirapher lo Philip III o( Spain. ANDRADA, Thomas- ANDREWS, John, D. D', professor of moral philosophy in, and afterwards pro%ost of, tlie university of Pennsylvania, died 1813. ANDREWS, Henry, a self-taught mathema- tician, was born of poor parents at I'rieston, near Grantham, 1774. He commenced life as a servant, afterwards kept a school at Roysion, and united to that the business of a bookseller. For more than 40 years he was the computer of the Nautical epheineris, and calculator of Moore's almanac. He died Jan. 26, 1820. ANDREWS, James Petit, a miscellaneous writer of considerable learning and talents, was born near Newbury, Berks, in 1737; and died in London, Aug. 6, 17'J7. His lirst w'ork was one of uncommon pleasantry and humour, enti- tled "Anecdotes, ancient and modern,with obser vations," 8vo., 1789, 1790. His best work, how- ever, was " The history of Great Britain, con- nected with liie chronology of Europe, with notes, &c., containing anecdotes of the time*", Uvcs of tlie learned, and stiecimens of their works, from Ca-sar's invasion to the accession of Edward VI." 2 vols. 4to., ]7s V'lll. ; she died at t'hantelle. l.V^i. ANNE, ol'ISriitaiiy, lirsi married Mavimilian of Austria, ne.tt Charles VIll. of France, and al'terwards Lewis XII. ; she died 1514. ANNE, of Cleves, daughter of John III duke of Clevcs, was married to Henry VI II but w-as soon divorced, and returned to Cleves; Blie died 1.557. ANXE, dauphlcr of James II., succeeded William III. as queen of Encland. In 1(383, she married prince George of Denmark, asid died 1714. ANNE, dutchess of the Viennois, after the death of her brother John I., defended her rights against tlir claims of Robert, duke of Uurgundy ; she died 12%. ANNE, of Ferrava, daughter of Hercules II., duke of Ferrara, married Francis, duke of (iuisc. She was for some time imprisoned at Blois. 'AXXE, of Russia, married Henry I., king of France, and afterwards Raoul, a relation of her Jir^t husband. ANNE, of Cyprus, married Lewis, duke of ?avoy ; she showed herself able, active, and discriminating, at the head of public all'air.s, and died 14G2. ANNE, of Hungary, married Ferdinand of Austria, and placed him on the throne of JJohe- niia ; she died 1547. ANNE, De Gonzague, wife of Edward, Count Palatine, died 1664, and was honoured with a eulogium by Bossuet. ANXEBAUT, Claude d', of an ancient fami- ly in Xormandy, distinguished himself for his bravcrv and wisdom, and died 155s!. ANXEIX DE SOUVENEL, Alexis Francis, a learned advocate of the parliament of Britta- ny, died 1758. AXNESLEY, Samuel, L. L. D., a native of Cumberland, died 1G9G. It is said John Wesley was his praudson by the mother's sjde. ANNFiSLEY, Arthur, earl of Anglesey, and lord privy seal in the reign of king Charles 11.. born ].';14, died 1680. At the sale of liis book.' after his decease, a discovery was made of thi earl's famous meirioranduni, in the blank leaf of an Eikon Basilike ; according to which, it was not king Charles I., but bishop Gauden, who was the author of that performance, which produced a long controversy. ANXIUS, de Viteibo, a Dominican, whose real name was John Nanni, master of the sa- cred palace of Ale.xander VI. ; he died l.JU'2. A.NQUETIL, Lewis Peter, a French historian of eminence, prior of an abbey in Anjou, and director of the college of Scnlis. His writings are numerous ; he dii-d in 1808. ANaUETIL DU PERRON, Abraham ",ya rinth, a native of Paris, eidisted as a con , ion soldier in an expedition htting out for Indi ha! he might there pursue his favourite st y of Oriental literature ; he published several works cotmected with that pursuit, and died 1805. ANSCHARIUS, a Frenchman, bishop of Hamburgh and Bremen, celebrated for thesuc- ce.-3 of liis preaching, died SC5. 30 AN AN.-JEGISCS, abbot of Lobbts, in the dm ce~> of (/'ambray, a man of great learnnig and application, died 8.13. ANSlKilSlS, a learned priest of Klieims, made ai clibihhop of Sens, died btCi. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of William Rufus and Henry I., born 1033, at Aoj 1 , in ff avoy, died at (Canterbury 1 lO'.i. He was the lirst arclibishup who restrained tlie Engli.-h clergy from marrying, and was cano- nized in the reign of Hc-nry Vll. ANSELM, an Augustine monk, author of a chronological history of France, died Iti94. A NSEl-iM, Anthony, distinguished asaprcacli- er and a poet, died 1737. AN.-^ER, a Latin pfjct, the friend of .\ntony, in the age of Horace and Virgil. ANSON, Peter JIubert, a French writer, tneni her of the nniional assembly, and farn;er ol the posl,dird 1810. . ANSON, George, lord, was the son of Wil- liam An.xon, Esij., of Sinitborough, a very an- cient and worthy family in Staffordshire, and was born in 170O. On the breaking out of the Spanish war he was ajjpointed to command a fleet of live .shiiis, destined to annoy the enemy in that dangerous and unfrequented sea which lies beyond America, and in that unexpected quarter to attack them with vigour. His depar- ture being unaccountably dehyed some months beyond the proper season.^e sailed about the V middle of September, 1~4(J; and about the ver- nal equinox, in the niaet tenipe.=;tuous weatlicr, arrived in the latitude ofCajie Horn. He doubled that dangerous 'tape in tlie month of March, 1741, a|j|'r a bad passage of 40 days, in wliicii he lost nvo s'.iips, and by the scurvy, four or live men in a day. He arrived off Juan Fernaiides in June, with only two ships, besides two at- . tendants on the Sipiadron, and 335 men. He left it in September, took some prizes, burnt Paita, and staid about the coast of America till May, ]74j. He then crossed the southern ocean, pro- ceeding with the Centurion only, tlic other ships having been destroyed in August. HaviWg re- iVeshed his crew at Tinian, he sailed in October lor China; staid tliere till the beginning of 17-13; waited for the galleon at the Philippine Islands, met her on the 20th of June, and took her. llayini;- sold the prize in China, he set sail for England, December 1743, and on iJie 15tli of June, 1744, arrived at Spithcad, having sailed in a log through the midst of a French rii-et then cruising in the channel. In 1747, being then on board the Prince George of 00 guas, in company with y\dmiral Warren and twelve ships more, he int.-rcepted off Cape Finisterre a powerful fleet, bound from France to the East and West Indies ; and by his valour and conduct again enriched himself and his officers, and strength- ened the British navy, by taking six men of war and four East Indiamen, not one of them escap- ing. The French admiral, M. Jonquiere, on presenting his sword to the conqueror, said, " Monsieur, vous avez vaincu Plnvincible, ct la Gloire vous suit," pointing to the two ships so named. King George II., lor his signal services, rewarded him with a peerage, by the title of Lord Anson, baron of Sobarton, in Hants. He died suddenly at his seat at Moor Park, in Hert- fordshire, June 6, 17G2. His natural disposition was calm, cool, and steady: but it is reported, that tliis honest, undesigning seaman was fre- ([uently a dupe at play ; and it was wittily ol»- served of him, that he had been round the world, but never in it. See ROBINS. AN AN.STEY, Christopher, a lively, but not vo luminous poet, born at Trumpinaion, in Cam- bridgeshire, 17-24, died at Hardcnhuish, near Chipi>enham, Wilts, August 3, 1805, in his 81st year. Mr. Anstey was author ol' several short poems ; but is principally known as the inventor of a now and diverting species of poetry, of which, however, he has let"t but one speciinrn of any length, which is, " The New Bat li Guide," or, " Memoirs of ilie B[lund'.-rhea]d I'amily. He was educated at Kind's College, Cambridge, and intended for the churcli ; but inheriting, some- what unexpectedly, a moderate fortune, ho re- signed all thoughts of a clerical life, and passed the greater part of his time at Bath. A monu- ment is erected to his rni-inory in the Poet's cor- ner of Westminster Abbey, by the (ilial atlec- tion of his son. AiVSTlS, John, an able herald and antiquary, and a very eminent writer, on heraldic subjectri, born at St. Neot's, in Cornwall, llj60, died 1744. ANTAGOBAS, a Rhodian poet, in the ser- vice of Antigonus of Macedon. I ANTEL>il, Joseph, a canon of Frcjus, iui Provence, author of some theological tracts, I dieil 1G<17. I ANTKS, John, a native of America, educated AN above, remarkable for his atiectiOQ to bis fa- ther ; he died 243 B. C. ANTIGONCS, Doson, king of Macedonia, took Sparta, aud defeated tJie lllyrians; he died ■»-il B. C. ANTIGONl^S, Carystius, a Greek philoso- pher, about :iOO years B. C. ANTIGO.NI'S, SocluTus. founder of the sect of tlie Sadducees, about 300 B. C. ANTIGO.VUS, son of Aristobulus II., king of Juflea, was led in triumph by Pompey, and put to (l( ath •»7 B. C. A.NTLM.'VCHO, Mark Anthony, a native of Mantua.author of some Latin pot-ins, died loJ"i ANTIM.\CUUS, a Greek poet, author of the Tliebaid, or war of Thebes, 40S B. C. A.NTINK, Maur Francois d", born at Gou- vieu.v, in Liege ; he was celebrated for his piety, and died 174(5. ANTIOCijrs I., succeeded his father Selen- cus, on the throne of .Vntioch ; he died 2C1 B. ('. ANTIOCHUH I!., surnamed Theos, lost his dominions by the revolt of the Parthiaiis ; he died e)"4 n. C. AN'ilorniS III., or Great, he was at first successl'iil, 1)111 was finally con-pus, son of Siiletts, fell ] by the hand of one of his subjects, <17 B. C. I ANTIOCHUS, a stoic philosopher of Aska- lon, 100 B. C. ANTIOCHUS, a monk of the 7th centur>-, 'and author of homilies on the Scriptiues. ANTIP.\TER, one of Alexander's generals, died 318 B.C. A.XTIPATER, a stoic philosopher of Sidon. ANTIPATER,LiEliusCa;l., aLatin historian. ANTIP.VTER, a Jew, minister to llyrcanus, the brother of Aristobulus. ANTIPATER, a bishop of Bostra, in Arabia, in the ."ith century. ANTIPIIILUS, a painter of eminence, and the rival of Apelles. ANTIPHON, an .\lhenian orator, and the first who laid down rules for that art; he was put to death 411 B. C. ANTISTHENES, a philosopher of Athens, founder of the sect of the Cynics. ANTOINETTE, queen of France, vii. MARIf'. ANTONI, de Sceaur, a famous rope dancer on the French stage, died 1732. ANTONIA,dauL'hterof Mark Antony, mar- ried Drunspirntors should bo invited to take part in their delibera- tions, and sent his son as a hostage for their safety, irpon this they all came down from the K;apitol ; and, to crown the joy of the day, Bru- tus supped with Lepidue, as Cagsiu? did with -A ntony. Antony is said to have asked Cnssius, iduring supper, " whether ho still wore a dagger 'under his gown." " Yes," replied Cassius, " and a very largo one, in case you invade the sovereign power." Tliis was what Antony all jthe while aimed at ; and, as the event showed, he pursued bis measures with the greatest ad- dress He artfully proposed a decree for the ;conlirination of Cffsar's acts ; and, getting Cte- sar's register into his power, he proposed as Cicsar's acts wh.itever suited his purpose. He procured a public funeral for Ca-sar, and took that opportunity of haranguing the soldiers and populace in his favour; ar.d he inflamed them so against the conspirators, that Brutus and Cas- sius were forced to leave the city. He made a lour through Italy, to solicit the veteran sol- 'jiers, having first secured Lepidus, who had the army, to his interests ; he seized the public trea- sure, and treated Octavius with superciliousness and contempt, though the adopted son and heir of Juhus Cnsar. The patriots, however, with Cicero at their head, espousing Octavius, in or- der to destroy Antony, the latter was forced to jchange liis measures, and look a little abroad . he endeavoured to extort the provinces of Ma- cedonia and Syria from Brutus and Cassius ; but, not succeeding, resolved to possess himself of Cisalpine Gaul, and besiege Decimus Brutus tin Mutina. This siege is one of the most me- morable things of the kind in history ; and, in 'conducting it, Antony, though dofratcd, gained jverj' great reputation: the consuls Hirtius and jPansa were both slain ; and nothing but superior [forces could have left Octavius master of the field. .Antony fled in great confusion, wanting even the necessaries of life ; and this very man, who had hitherto wallowed in luxury and in- temprraiice, was obliged to live some days upon roots and water. He fled to the Alps, and was received by Lepidus: with whom and Octavius lie formed the 2d triumvirate, as it has usually been called. When these three conferred, they would easily be persuaded that the patriots wanted only to destroy them all, whifh could not be done so effectually as by clashing them against one another , they therefore combined, tory : this raised his reputation so, that he wasl|pioscribed their respective enemies, and divided reckoned the next best general to Casar. Afterilihe empire among themselves. Cicero fell a the defeat of Pompey, at Pharsalia, Cicsar, a: an acknowledgment of Antony's great servi- ces, made him master of the horse ; in which office he behoved with violence ; and this be- haviour, together with his dissolute life, (for he TTti drunken and debauched to the last degree) 32 [sacrifice to the resentment of Antony, who, in- idoed, was charged with most of the murders [then committed: but they were rather to he 'charged to the account of his wife Fulvia, who, ibeing a woman of avarice, cruelty, and revenge, committed athousajid enormities, of which h«) AP AI huHbiind was ignorant. Upon the defeat of Brums and Cassius by Oclavius and Antony, at I'liilippi, which was owing chiefly to the mi- litary skill and bravery of the latter, Antony obtained the sovercipn dominion, and went into Asia, where he had tiie most splendid coiirt tliit ever was seen. The kiufia and princes of Asia .f fhci-e works remain, and that his name and person would long ago have cen buried in oblivion, if other writers had not made mention of them ! Gnu of Ida chief works was " The .Antiquiiiesof F^'vpt." APOt'AUCHCS, a Greek of mean origin, be- came tlie favourite of the emperor Andronicus ; he died iM5 APOLMN.\RI?, C. Snlpit, professor of gram mar, at Rome, in ihe id century. APOLLINAIMUS, a presbyter of Alexandria, in the 4th ceninrv. \PPOr.LOT)( )"RT;S, the Athenian, a famous graniniarian, son of Asclepiades, and disciple of ArisLiichus. He wrote several worka which are not e:.tant: his most famous pro- ductions are mentioned in Fabricius' " Uiblio- thera Ojica." U'fp.ODORVS, a famous arcliitcct under .'•.'.'n'lljnnd .Adrian, washnr;i at Damascus, and had I i.'llirectiofiof that most magnificent bridge wilier ill.' former onlered to be built over the Danube, in llie year 104. He, however, fell a victim to the envy of the emperor .Adrian, who always valued himself highly upon his know- ledue of arts and sciences, and hated e\ery one of whose eminence in his profession he had rea- son to he jealous. APOLLODORl'S, & painter of Athens, the riv.tl of Zeuxis, 408 B. C. .\POLLONIA, St., a martyr of Alexandria, 248. APOLLONirS, a';reek yiTt and rhetorician, born at .'Mexandria, nnder the reign of Ptolemy Evergetes, king of Esypt, was a scholar of Cal- liniaclnis; tml wrote a poem upon the expedi- tion of the golden fleece: the work is styled " Argonautica," and consists of four books. APOLLONirs of Perga, a city of Pamphy lia, a famous geometrician, who "also lived un- der the reign of Ptolemy Evergetes, and com- posed several valuable works ; of which only, liis" Conies" remain. APOLLOMl'S, a Pythagorean philosopher, born at Tyana, in Cappadocia, about the begin- ning of the 1st century. At 1(1 years of aire, he becnnie a strict observer of the rules of Pytha- gor.ts, renouncing wine, women, and all sorts of flesh ; not wearing shoes, letting his hair grow, and wearing nothing hut linen. He soon after set up for a reforme of mankind, and chose his habitation in the temple of jEscula- pius, where he is said to have performed many miraculous cures. .\PPOLI,ONIUS, a grammarian of Alexan- dria, in the 3d century 33 E AU APOLLONILS, a Koman sciialor, who suf- treii mariyrdtim in tlie'Jd century. ArOLT-b.ML'S, a etoic pliilosoplier, precep- tor to tiKj eiii|ii rur Marcus Aurelius. APC>T,LOMrP, a prajninarian, autlior of a Ipxicou on Himicr, in the iifzc ol' Augus-tus. AtV 11-l.OMl f COLLA'lUS, Pttcr, apricst of <\a\ .inc. ii.y.) an iniJifltrent p«jet. APOLLOS, a iew ol AlexanUiia ; he became a convert to Christianity, and tiis powers of preaching were mure auniired tlian thotie of Paul. APOiNO, Peter d', bom near Padua, studitd at Paris, tnolc his degrees in medicine and y.Ui loso|iljy, wa£ accuci^d of magic, but died before the prosecution was. completed, 1310. APOSTOLIUg, Michael, a learned Greek author, ill the 15tli century. API'lAA an eminent historian, who wrott the R(jiiian hitlory in tlie Greek language, and fluu.-islied under the reigns of tlie eniperorbj Trajan and Adrian. APPIAN, Peter, a mathematician. Vid. A pirx. APPLETOX, Nathaniel, D. D., a distinguish- ed divine and minister of Cambridge, Mass. ; born at Ipswich, 1692; was lellow of the uni versity for 60 years ; received the second degree of do'-torof divinity which the Cambridge uni versity ever conferred ; the first liaving been confer! ed on Increase Mather, 80 years before His occasional sermons published were very ^umrrous. APPLETOX, Jesse, D. D., a stuilent of theo lOgy, under Dr. Lathrop, of i-piinglield, and president of Bowdoiu college, Al.iine, died 1819. APRIES, king of Egjpt, 594 Ji. C. ; supposed by some to be the Pharaoh Hophra of the Scrip tures. APROPIO. Angelico, an Augustine, bom at Vcntimigila, in the Genoese, which he adorned by a valuable collection of books ; he died 1682 APULETUS, Lucius, a Platonic philosopher, lived in the iid century, under the Antonini^s and was born at Madauia, a Koman colony in Africa. He was a man of a curious and incpii sitiv e disposition, especially in religious matiers which prompted him to take several journeys, and to enter into several societies of religion He spent almost his whole fortune in travelling He was inuefaiigable, however, in his studies, and composed several books in prose and verse ; but most of them are lost. His ' Golden Ass" u the best of his works now extant. AQ.UAVIVA, Octavio, cardinal, legate, and archbishop of Naples ; he died 1612. AanAVIVA, Andrew Matth. d', duke of Atri, and prince of Tcramo, a Neapolitan noble- man, who patronized literature ; he died 1615. ACir.WIVA, Claude, sion of Andrew, go- vernor of the Jesuits, died 1615. AQUTLA, a mathematician of Pontus ; he translated the Bible from Hebrew into Greek. AtiUILANO, Serasino, a native of Aquila, known by his sonnets and other poetical trifles ; he died 1500. AQIJILANUS, Sebastian, an Italian physi- cian, whose real name is unknown ; he wag pro- fessor at Padua, and died 1543. AQXTINAS, St. Thomas, a celebrated teacher of thescliool di\anity in the universities of Italy, and commonly called the angelical doctor, was born in the castle of Aquino, in the Terra di Ldvora, in Italy, about the year 1224. In 1274 h^' wa,^ s:. (".. ARCHELAIJS, king of Macedonia after Per diccas II., died about 308 B. O. .ARCIIEL.VU.S, a philosopher, successor to Ana.xa(.'oras. at I.ainpsacus. A RCH EL Al " j= . a bishop of Mesopotamia, 278, opposed the Manic lia'ans. ARCHEL.\1JS, a geoijrapher in the age of Alexandir. ARCIH Ai^, a native of Antioch. Cicerospoke h\-i detVnce. VRCHIIiAMrS, king of Sparta after Agesi- as, his father, 501 B. C. ARCHIUENES, a Greek physician in the age of Trajan. AR(HILOrnr.«!, a Greek poet, born in the isle of Paro^, was the son ot" Teli^sicles ; and, according to Mr. Bayle, flourished lu the 2lUh Olympiad, or 000 years before Christ. His poetry abounded with the most poignant satiie. This pott rxci.lled chiefly in iambic verses, and was the inventor of them, as appears from a passase in Horace, Ep. xiv. lib. i. verse 23, &c. ARt.THMEDES, a celebrated u'comctrician, born at Syracuse, in Sicily, and related to Hiero, king of Syracuse. He was remarkable for his extraordinary application to malhemalica! stu- dies, in which he used to be so much engaged, tliat his servants were often obliged to take liim from them by force. He had such a surprising nvention in mechanics, that he .•illirnud to Hiero, that if he had another earth whereon to plant his machines, he could move this wliirh we inhabit. Arcbimnlcs became most famous hy his curious contrivances, whereby the city of Syracuse was so lone defended when besieged by Marcellus. Against the vessels which came up close to the walls he contrived a kind of crow, projected above the wall, with an iron papple fastened to a strong chain. This was letdownnpon tlicprowof aship, and, by means of the weight of a heavy counterpoise of lead, raised !l H. C. .ARENA, Anthony de, judge of St. Reini, near Aries, died 1.">J4. ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, author of some theolocical works, died lf>45. ARET-CfS, a physician of Cappadocia: bnt in what time he flourished authors are not agreed ; some placing him under Augustus C.-c- sar, others under Tr.ijan or Adrian. His works, liowpver, are very valuable. The best edition was published by Dr. Wigan, in folio, at Ox- ford, 1723. ARE TAPHILA, a woman of Cyrene, who aveiiL'od the death of her hu.-band, &c. .ARETE, daughter of Aristippus, of Cyrene j she taiielit philosophy. ARETH.AS, a bishop of Cappadocia, in the 10th century, autliorof a commentary on Reve- lations. ARETIN, Guy, a Benedictine monk, who lived in the 11th century. He rendered him.self I'amoiLs by discovering a new method of learning music ; and was said to iiave been the inventor of the six notes in music, "Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La. ARETIN, Leonard, was one of the ablest men in eli>quence and science of the l.'ith century ; and left several works, the catalocue of wliirh may be seen in Gesner's " Bibliothera " He died about 1443 being then 74 years (>r aL'e, at Florence; where th^re is a marble monument erected to him in the Church of the Holy Crofs, with an inscription to the following purport: — " Since the deatli of Leonard, history is iji 35 AR mouriiiiig , ( Iciquence is herome mute ; the Greek and Laiiii muses cannot forbear slieddiiig tears."' ARETIN, Francis, a man of prcat reading, and well iirquriintcd with the Greek laiigunee. He studied at tficiuia. abuut the year 1443 : and afterw ards taught law ih.;re with such a viva- city of genius, that they caUed liiin the prince of irulnleties, and Ills wit became a proverb. He taught also in the university of Pitsa, and in that of Ftrrara. A K ET IN , Peter, a native of Arezzo, who lived in tl)e IGth century. He was famous for his sa- tirical writings, and was so bold as to carry liis invectives even ajtamst sovereigns ; whence he got tiie tide of the ncouige of princes. He used to boast that his lampoons did more service to the world than sermons; and it was said of him, thai he had subjected more princes by his pen, tlian the greatest warrioiS had ever done by their arms. Aielin wrote also many irreliuious and obscene pieces. Some say, that he afterwards cliangcd his loose, libertine principles ; but, how- ever this may be, it is certain that he composed several pieces of devotion. He was author, like- wise, of some comedies, which were esteemed preity good of their kind, and died in the year 1550, being about 65 years old. ARETIiN', John, an able writer of Berne, in the 151 h century. ARETIN, Angelo, a learned professor of law at Bologna and Ferrara, died 14*50. AKGALL, Samuel, an adventurer to this country in 1000, who destroyed a French settle- ment on Mt. Desert, subdued the Dutch on Hud- son's river: he was api)ointed deputy governor of Virginia in 1G17 ; but his administration prov- ing odious, he was obliged to fly the country. ARGALL, John, an eminent scholar, rector of Halesworth, Suffolk, tiled lOOG. ARGELLATA, Peter, a physician of Bolog- na, died 1423. AEGKLLATI, PLilip,an indefatigable writer, born at Hologna, died 1755. ARGKXS, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis A\ a French writer, famous rather lor the num- ber than weight of his productions, was horn at Aix, in Provence, 1704, and died there 1770. He was master of many langua}:es; he painted very well, and was a considerable proficient in ana- tomy and chymisiry. Of his works, the princi- pal are, " Leitres Juives," " Lettres Chiiioises," "Lettres Cabalistiques," " Philosopliie du Bon Sens," &c. &c. There is learning, knowledge, and good sense, scattered through all these ; but they aie strongly tinctured with libertinism, and the worst soit of frec-thitiking. ARGEN^OEA, Leonard, and Bartholomew, two Spanish poets of merit. ARGKN'SON, Mark Bene le Voyer, Marquis d', introduced lettres de cachet during his ad- ministration of the police at Paris, died 1721. AKGENTAL, Charles Augustus count d', a foreign minister at the French court, tlie friend of Le Kaiu, Voltaire, &:c. died 1788. ARGENTIF.R, John, studied medicine, was called Censor Medicorum, because he censured Galen, died 1572. ARGENTINA, Thomas d', a learned head of the Augustines, 1345. ARGENTRE, Bertrand d', a native of Vitre, eminent for his knowledge of history and juris- prudence, died 1.590. ARGENTBE, Charles Duplessis d', doctor of the Sorbonne. almoner to the king, and biebep ofTulles, died 1740, 36 AR I AKOEWiLLE.Anthon. Joseph Dezellier i', a French writer, died 17G5. AUtiOLI, Andrew, prolessor of mathemat- ics at Pudua, died 1057.. ARGOLI, John, son of the preceding, at 17 years of age, produced his Eudyniiou, in lii can- tos ; he died lOCO. ARGONNE, Dom. Bonavenlure, a Car'lm- sian friar, historian, and theological wiiicr, born at Paris, 1040, died 1'04. ARGOU, Gabriel, an advocate of the parlia- ment of Paris, died at tlic beginning of tlie lt:;ih century. ARGUES, Gerard des, a geometrician inti- mate with Descartes, died 10*11. ARGYRE, Isaac, an eminent mathematician of the 14th century. ARGYKOPYLUS, Joannes, a learned man wl)o contributed to the revival of Greek litera- ture in Europe, died about 1478. AKIADN E, daughter of Leo L, married Zeno, who succeeded as eniperor, and died 515. ARIANS. See ARIES. ARIAKATIIES I.,a kin!.'of Cappadocia,en- gaued in an expedition against Egypt with ba- ils Ochus. AEIARATHESII., nephew of the preceding, defraud by the Macedonians, 321 B. C. AinARATIlES HI., sou of the 2d, recoverd his kingdom by tlie conquest of the Macedon- ians. ARIAEATHES IV., married the daughter of Antioclius ; ho died iSO B. C AREARATHES V., king of Cappadocia, died 166 B. C. AKIARATHES VL, son of the preceding, perishni in battle, 130 B. C. . ARIA U A Tli ES V II . , son of the 6th, was mur- dered bv his biotlicr-in law, Mithridates. AKIARATHES, son of the 7t)i, was also murdered bv Mithridatee. ARIAS MONTANUS, Benedict, a native of Seville, eminent for his literary acquirements, died miB. AKIAS, Francis, a learned Jesuit, died IfiOS. ARIBERT, son ofClotaire II., king of France, caused iiimself to be crowned king at Toulouse, and died 1030. ARIEH, Jacob Juda, a learned rabbi of Am- sterdam, flourished in the 17th century. A R lOBARZANES I., king of Cappadocia, 91 B. C. ABIOBARZANES II., king of Cappadocia, put to death bv Cassius. ARIOBARZAKES HE, brother of the pre- ceding, put to dentil by Antony. ARIOSTI, Attilio, a musician, born at Bo- logna, published a book of canttitas, 1725. ARIOSTO, Lodovico, or Lewis, a celebrated Italian poet, du.^cended of a good family, and born at the castle of Receio, in Loinbardy, in 1474. He began his '• ' Furioso" \vhon he was about 30 years ol d(:e, and it is the most celebrated of all iiis works. But his attachment to poetry did not hinder him from engaging in public affairs, for he was employed in embassies and negotiations in ditlcrent parts of Italy. Ariosto was crowned with the laurel by the •niperor Charles V., in 1533, and died at Ferrara the 8th of July, in the same year. ARIOSTI, "Gabriel, brother to the poet, was himself eminent as a Latin poet ; he died 1552 A RIOVISTES, king of Germany, assisted the Gauls against the Romans, and was defeated by Ju!i:is Casar. 1 ARIPERT, king of Lombaidy, succeeded lus AR father, Ragimbert, in 702 ; he was drowuecJ 637. ARISI, Francis, an able writer of Cremona, died 1743. ARIST^iENiETES, an ancient writer, to whom are ascribed coi lain Greek epistles on iJie subject of love and gallantry, died in ;}.")ti. ARlrfTANDER, a soothsayer in the army of Alexander the Great. ARISTARCHUS, aOrccian philosoplicr, born in Samos, is delivered down to us as the principal person, if not the lirst, who maiutaiiu'd the earth to turn upon its centre, and to describe a circle yearly round the sun , an opinion revived and establislied by Copernicus and (lalileo, and now universally received. It is not certain when lie lived ; but, from the nientinn made of liini hy Archimedes, he must have tlouiishcd before liis death. None of his works remain, except a treatise " Upon the Greatness and Distance of the Sun and Moon," inserted in the third volume of "Mathematical Works," printed at Oxford, l()9!t. ill folio ARIHV^RCHl^S, a celebrated grammarian, was born in Sainolhracia, but iliose Alexandria AK ARISTO, a peiipaletic pliilosoplier, ilO I!. C. ARISTO, Titus, a Roman lawyer of eminence in the ape of Trajan. I ARISTOBl'LUS I., high-priest and kine of Uie Jews, died 1U4H. C. ARISTOCULI.S II., son of Alexander Jan- na'us, deposed by Ponipev, died ij \i. V. ARISTOBULL'S, an Alexandrian Jew. who united the peripatetic philosophy with the laws of Moses. ARI.STOBULUS, grandson of the preceding, made high-priest, was put to death by lierod. 36 B. C. AUISTOGITON, an Athenian, who, in con- junction with IlarniixJiiis, subverted the tyranny of the Pisistratid;e, JilG 15. C. ARISTOMENES, a .Messcnian, whose cour- age caused his countrymen to avenge the op- pression of the Spartan?, IKIS B. C. ARISTOPHAM'.S, a comic poet of Athens, cotemporary willi Plato, Socrates, and Euripi- des. Most of Jiis plays were written during the Pcloponnesian war. His iinaeiiiaiion was warm and lively, and his genius particularly liirneil to raillery ; he had also verv great spirit to reside at. He applied liiinsell particularly to , ami resolution, and was a declared enemy to criticism, aud made a revisal of Homer's poems j' si a very, and to all those who wanted to opprei Witli great exactness, but in a manner loo ma gistcrial, for those verses which he did not lik he treated as spurious. Cicero and Horace hav' used his name to express a very rigid critic, and it is used to this day lor the same purpose, but not without opproiirimn, derived partly from him.self, yet more from the manners of modern verbal critics. Growmg dropsical, he found no other rcinedj th;»ii to starve himself to death. Suidas relai'?« ^.lat he died in Cyprus, aged 72. AKISTA ;i -HUS •» Jewof Thessalonica, the companioi. of St. t „al. ARISTEAS, a Greek historian, .WO B. C. ARISTE.VS, one of the 70 translators of the Septuagint. .^RISTEUS, a Greek mathematician, 3otl B.C. ARISTIDE?, a philosopher of Athens, 125. ARIt^TIDES, ^lius, a very famous sophist of antiquity, w.as born at Adriani, a town of Mysia, and flourished under Adrian and the two following emperors. He spent his life in tra- velling and declaiming ; went all over Egypt four times, and penetrated even to Ethiopia. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthipiake in the year 178, he wrote so atfeclinir a letter to Marcus ."Vurelius, that the emperor ordoieil it to be rebuilt immediately ; upon which the inhabit- ants* erected a statue to Aristidcs, as to the res- torer of their city. He died about the age of 60. His works were published, with a Latin version and notes, by Dr. Samuel Jebb, at Oxford, 17J3, in two volumes 4to. .\RI9TIDES, surnamcd the Just, a celebrated Athenian general, flpurislied about 480 years ARISTIPEiJ, a i,^.'..v{ of Thebe.?, .140 B. C. ARISTIDES. a historian of MUetus, who wrote an arcniiul of Italy, &c. ARISTH'I'US, the founder of the Cyrcnaic icct of philosophy, nourished 39-2 B. C. He as- serted ple.isure to be the ulthnate end in which all happiness consists ; and his manner of life was agreeable to his philosophy, for he indulged himself in all the luxuries of dre»B, wine, and women. ARISTO, a stoic philosopher, of Cos, 2C0 B., C. He maintained iliat viittie is the supreme j their country. He describ.-d the alTairs of the I Athenians in so ex.ict a manner, that his come- dies are a faithful history of that people. He wrote above .'50 comedies, but there art only 11 extant, which are perfect; these are, "Plutus, The (";iouds. The Frogs, Etpiites, The .Ach.ir nenscs, The W.n^ps, Peace, The Birds, The Ecclesiazusa; or Eemale t)ralor3, The Thesmo- phoriaznsie or Priestess of Ceres, and l.vsis- trata." "The Clouds," which he wrote in ri- dicule of Socrates, is the most celebrated of all his comedies. Madam Dncier tells us, she was so much charmed with this performance, that, after she had translated it, and read it over iOO times, it did not become ihe least tedious to her. Aristophanes having conceived some aversion to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several of his plays, particularly in his "Frogs," and his " Thermophoriazusoe." He wrote the " l.i- sistrata," when all Greece was involved in war, in which comedy the women are intro- duced debating upon the affairs of the common- wealth, when they roine to a resolution not to go to bed with their husbands till pence should be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of verse, which was called by his name, and is mentioned hy Cicero in liis " Brutus ;" and Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of the trelraineter and octameier verse. Aristo- phanes was greatly admired anionc the ancients especially for the true .\ttic elegance of his style; and there have been several editions and iraus- laiions of this poet. The time of his death is unknown. .ARISTOTLE, the chief of the peripatetic philosophers, born at Slagyra. a small citv in Maeedon, in the 99tli Olympiad, about 364 vcara before Clirisl, was the son of .Michomachus, physician to Amyntas, the grandfallier of Alex- ander the Great. By the advice of the Delphic oracle, he went to Athens when about Ifi, and studied under Plato till he was 37. He followed his studies with most extraordinary diligence, so that he soon surpassed all in Plato's school. He ale little, and slept less; and that he might not oversleep himself, Diogenes Laertius tells us, that he lay always with one hand out of the bed, having a ball of brass in it, wliicli, bv ita ♦tUling into a basin of the same wml awaked I .37 AK hira. When he had studied .-iboul 15 vpars un- der Plato, he bi'?an to fonn dirt'reiit tenets from those of hU muster, who became highly piqued at his behaviour, t'pon the death ol I'lato, he quilted Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a little city of Mysia, where his old friend, HerniiaH, reigned. Here he married Pylliias. the sister of that prince, whom ho is said to have loved so pas'sionaiely, that he offered sacrilice to her. Some time after, Hermias baviiii; been taken pri.-oiser by Meranon, the king of Persia's ge- neral, Aristotle went to Mytelene, the capital of I^esbos, where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon, having heard of his great reputation, sem for him to be tutor to liis son Alexander, then about 14 years of age. Aristotle acrepied the offer, and in eight years taught him rlietoric, natural philosophy, ethics, politics, and a certain sort of philosophy, aocordine to Plutarch, which he taught nobody else. Philip erected statues in honour oi Arisiotle, and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which had been almost ruined by the wars. Aristotle having lost the favour of Alex- ander by adhering to Calisthenos, his kinsman, wiio was accused of a conspiracy against .Alex ander's life, removed to Athens, whore he set up his new school. The magistrates received him very kindly, and gave him the L\C3ium, so fa- mous afterwards for the concourse of his disci- ples, and here it was, according to some authors, that he composed his principal works. When Aristotle was accused of impiety by one Enry- medon, a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apo- logy for himself, addressed to the magistrates ; but, knowing the Athenians to be extremely jealous about their religion, and remembering the fate of Socrates, he was so much alarmed that ' etired to Chalcis, a city of Euba;a, where he ended his days. Some say he poi- soned himself, to avoid falling into the hands of his enemies; others affirm, that he threw himself into the Euripus, because he could not comprehend the reason of its ebbing and flow- ing ; and there are others who tell us that he died of a cholic, inthe 63d year of his age, being the third of the 114th Olympiad, two years after Alexander. The Stagyrites carried away his body, and erected altars to his memory. AUISTOXENUS, a Grecian pliUosopher of Tarcntum, about 324 B. C. ARItlS, a divine of tlie 4th century, and the head and founder of the Arians, a sect which denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiali- ty of the Word. He was born in Libya, near Kgypt. The Arian principles, according to Spaiiheim, were, that Christ was only called God by way of title ; that he was less than the I'nTher, who only was eternal and without be- giiming ; that he was a creature, having a be- ginning of existence, created out of things, hav- inc no being before the beginning of all things: hence he was made God, and the son of God by adoption, not by nature ; and that the v«ord w a^ also subject to change ; that the Father created all things by him ap an instrument ; and that tte was the most excellent of all creatures ; that the fssence of the Father was different from the es- sence of the Son ; neither was he co-eternal, co- ♦'qual, nor con-*lbstantial with the Father ; that the Floly Ghost was not God, but the creature of the f?on, begot and created by him, inferior in dignity to the Father and Son, and co-worker in the creation. As to his death, it is said that Arius, being pressed by a natural necessity, re- tired to a house of convenience where lie died instantly on tfce .spot, all Jiie entrails bursting 38 AR out, with his liver and spleen. Tliis iia|>peued in the y>ar 38ti. ARKICL., Cornel. V'au, a Dutch divine of Amsterdam, died I7\!4. AKKI'.MIUI.Z, John, a native of Ilelsing- for», in Swcdi'ii, author of some treatises on po- lilit;il subjects, &.<:., died 1777. AltKVVIMGIlT, t^jr Richard, a man who, in one of liie lowest stations ol life, being literally a pi'iiny barber at Manchester, by uncommon genius and jiersevering iiidu.>lry, invented and perfected u system of machinery for spinniiig cotton, that had in vain been attenii)lcd b\ many of the hist mechanics of the 17lh and IStJi cen- turies; and which, by giving perpetual employ- ment 10 many thousand families, increa.'i.d llie population, and was productive of great com- mercial advaiilagc to Ins country. The maihiiie iscallc-d a " Spinning Jeiuiy." !2 to 1727, died 1728. ARMIXIUS, a brave chief of the Catti, called the deliverer of Germany ; he •• s as.sa:ssinaied \. D. 21. ARMIMt'S, James, th founoer of the sect of the Arminians, or Rdi nnstrants, was born at Oude- water, in Holli)} I, in 15W). " 'I'he Ar- minians hold (says M Broughlon) that God creates men free, and .ill deal with them ac- cording to the use they make of their liberty ; that, foreseeing how every one will se it, he does therefore decree all tlriniis th; ronrcrn them in this life, together with their 'f«, wiitiout a trial, 1C84. ' ' r,.. ARMSTHONG, Or. Joi. , ) in Castlet^,,- parish, Kdinburshsliire, vvhei, is father aiiu - brother were ministers. He completed his edu- cation in the university «( Edinburgh, where he took his degree in physic, February 4, 1T32. liike Akenside, anotlier poet and physician, be never arrived at much practice. In 173.'i he published a little humorous fugitive pamphlet in 8vo. printed for J. Wilford, entitled " An Essay for abridging the Study of Physic ; to which is added aDialosnie between Hj'geia, Mercury, and Pluto, relating to the practice of physic, as it is managed by a certain illustrious society : as also an epistle from I'sbeck the Persian to Joshua Ward, Esq." This piece contains much droll- AR ery ; and in the dialogue, the author has caught tlic very spirit of Lucian. It was soon followed by the " CKcononiy ol' Love," a poem which has mucli merit, but ii> too strongly tinctured with the licentiousness of Ovid. "The An of pre- serving Health," his lK!st performance, was pub- lished in 1744, and will transmit his name to posterity as one of the lirst lingliah writers. In Mr. Nichols' " Atiecdoteo ol' Mr. Bow 'er," the reader will lind soia- pleasing traits ol the clia- racler 0, commenced writer for the news- papers, and for some time b''fore his death w;is editor of that old and moe respectable paper " The General FA'eiiing Post." He promised also to arrive at distinction as a preacher to dis Renting congregations ; but was cut olf by a de- cline, ,Tuly -1. 1707, at the early age of -itj. ARM.S'rHiJ.N'C, John, a brigadier general iu the army of the American revolutiou, a>:si8ted tn the defencp of fort Moultrie, and in the battle of Germaniown, with the reputation of an able oliicer, afterwards a del. gate to congress from Pennsvlvania, died 17115. • ARMVjNE, Lady M;iry, cranddatighter of George, Earl of Shrewsbui' '"larried Sir Wil- liam Armyne, and was '■ 'Jguished by her pietv and benevoli'nce ; ; ..>'(! 1 1175. ARNALI), Richard, b 1)^ rector of Thur- caston, in Leicestershire, pubnshed several ser- mons, &c. ; he died \~rt6. ■ ' AR.V.^LL, William, bera. ARNAl'D, Francis, Thomas Marie de Bacu- lard d', a French writer of celebrity, was born at Paris in l'U\, and died in 1j^5. ARNDT, John, a famous proi-stant divine of Germ.my, Itorn at Bellenstad, in the dutchy of \iihalt, 1.5.5. At lirst heapplieil himself to phy- Isic ; but, falling into a danueroiis sickness, he made a vow to change th.il for divinity, if he hould be restored to health. He wrote many relgious works; the most famous of which is, Ills, "Treatise of Free Christianity," in High Dutch. This writer died at Zell, in Iti-il. .\RNDT, Joshua, professor of logic' at Ros- [tock, died ifiSl AKNE, Dr. Thomas Augustine, was son of Mr. Arne, an upholsterer in Covent Garden, (whom Addison is supposed to have character- ized in No. 155, and No. ItUI of " The Tattler,") and brother of Sirs. Cibberthe player. He was arly devoted to inuMic, and soon became emi- nent in his profession. July 6, 1759, he hart the degree of doctor of music conferred on him at Oxford. His compositions are universally ap- plauded, and he was particularly skilful in in- structing vocal pert'ormers. He died ^larch 5, 1778, having written the following pieces* . ' Ar- taxerxes," 17ti-2; "The Guardian outwittjed," 1704 ; " The Rose," 1778 : all of them operas. ARNGRI.M, Jonas, a learned ecclesiastic of Ireland ; he wrote a piece on the Rmdc letters, &c., and died 1649. ARN[S.(1^US, Kcnningus, a German profes- sor of physic at Helm.stadt, knowu for his poli- tical treatises ; he died 1635. ARNOBII.fS, was professor of rhetoric at Sicca, in Nuinidia, toward the end of the M century. ARNOBIUS, a native of Gaul, author of a commentary on the psalms, &c., in the 5th cen- tury. ARNOLD, a famous heretic of the 10th cen- tury, born at Brescia, in Italy, whence he went to France, where he studied under the cele- brated Peter .-Vbelard. Upon his return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and beean lo preach several new and iinioinmou doctrines, particularly, that the iiope ought not to enjoy any temporal estate; that those ecclesiaslies who had any estates of their own, or held any lands, were entirely cut off from the least hope of salvation ; that the cler!r>' ought to subsist upon the alms and voluntary contributioivs of Christians; and that all other revenues belong- ed to princes and states, in order to be disposed of amonc the laity as they thought proper. He was hanged at Rome in the year Ji.55. ARNOLD, John, eminent for nis improve- ments in the mechanism of time-keepers. He was the inventor of the Expansion Balance and the Detached Escapement : and was the lirst artist that ever applied the gold cylindricaf spring to the balvice of a time-piece. Died at Woll-liall, ncM Eltham, in Kent, Aug. 25, 17!t'J. 39 AR ARNOLD, Dr. Samuel, an excellent composer of music, whose works are too numerous to be here detailed, and so well known as not to require it. Of his various dramatic composi- tions, we may meution particularly " The Maid of the Mill ; The Castle of AndaluKia ; Tli«; Ajreeable Surprise; The Sonin-Luw; The Spanisli Barher: Inkle and Yarico; The Sur- render of Calais; The Battle ol Hexham; The Mountaineers; The Shipwreck; and Peepinp Tom." IntheliiRherstyleof composition, also, his success was grcal. The Oratorio (by Dr. Brown; of the Cure of Saul, coinpo-sed in 1707, was considered to be the bcbl pruduution since the time of Handel ; and his Shunainite Wo- man, one of his latter pieces, possti^ses all the genius of his earlier con'posilions, with that additional science which study and experience had given him. He died Oct. 13, 18(12, in hi.-, 63d year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, between the monumenls of Croft and Turcell. AKNOLD, Nicholas, a prolestant of Lesna, acipiircd reputation by his sermons and polemi- cal works ; he died 1080. ARNOLD, Jetfery, author of a history of mys- tical theology, tc, died 1714. ARNOLD, of Hildesheim, a historian of the 13lh century. ARNOLD, Christopher, a native of Nurem- berg ; he died professor at Altorf, XCS5, aged oH. ARNOLD, Benedict, a major general ol the American army, and infamous for turning trai- tor to his country ; for attempting to surrender tiie fortress of West Point to the British ; for committing ravages in Virginia after his. deser- tion, and a wanton butchery of the garrison at Fori firiPwolil. Conn. He was made a brigadier general in the British army ; retired to England ; received 10,0001. sterling as the reward of his villany, and died in London, It'Ol. ARNOLD, Benedict, succeeded Roger Wil- liams as president of the colony of Rhode-Island, and was afterwards repeatedly appointed go- vernor under its charter ; he died 1678. ARNOLD, Thomas, a physician of Leicester, educated at Edinburgh, was al'terwards presi- dent of a lunatic asylum, which he established ; he died 1816. ARNOUL, a bishop of Lisieu-x, author of some curious letters, containing an account of the manners of his time. AUNTZENIUS,JohnHei y earned Dutch- man, law professor at Utrec ir • '■•■ died 17il9. ARNIJ, Nicholas, a Domi.i ,ti, professor of metaphysics at Padua, died 1' -' ARNULPH, or EKNl'LP.. ■ shop of Ro- chester, born 1040, died 1124. - -roie a work in Latin, concerning the fou..,; ■ m, endow- ment, charters, laws, and other thmgs relating to the church of Rochester; which is generallx known by the title of " Textua Rolfeusis," and is preserved in the archives of the cathedral church of that place. ARNULPII, natural son of Parloman, king of Bavaria, elected emperor of fiermany, and crowned at Rome, 896. He died (supposed to be poisoned) 8(t9. ARNULPHUS, an Egyptian, in the reign of M. Antoninus, famous for his skill in magic. ARNW.'Vy, John, much attached to the royal cause in England in the time of Cromwell, died 1653. AROX, Peter, a musical writer, bom at Flo- rence, and patronized by Leo X. ARPINITS, or ARPINO, .Toseph Caesar, a fa- mous Italian painter, born 15(iO, died 1640. 40 AR AllRAGON, Jeanne d', a celebrated Italian ladv, mother of Mark Anthony Colonna, died 1J77. AliRAN, James Hamilton, earl of, a Scotch nobleman, who at one time aspired to the hand of queen Elizabeth, of England. He died 160? ARRI A, the wife of i'a-tus, celebrated for her heroism and conjugal hdelity. ARRIAtJA, Roderic d', a Spanish Jesuit, pro- fessor of theology at Salamanca and Prague, died 1C67. ARRIAN, a famous historian and philoso- pher, who lived under the cniperor Adrian and the two Antonines, was born at Nii:omedia, in Bilhynia. He was styled the second Xenophon, and raised to the most considciabie dignities of Rome. He is, indeed, said to have been pre- ceptor to the famous philosopher and eiiip' ror Marcus Antoninus. The most celebrated of his works is his " History (in Greek) of Alexander the Great," in 7 books; a performance much esteemed by the best judges. Arrian is said to have written several other works. ARROWSMITH, John, theological professor at Cambridge, lOiiO, author of several celebrated Calvihistic works. ARSACES I., a Parthian, emancipated his country from the Macedonian yoke, S.'iO B. C. ARSACES ir., son of the preceding, made war against Antiochus the Great. ARSACES TIR A NUS, king of A mienia, tak- en ptisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, ;j feated his brother Cyrus at Cunaxa, 401 B. C. ARTAXERXES III., succeeded Artaxerxes II. ; he slew all bis brothers and the rest of hia family, 3:i8 B. C. ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, son of a shep- herd, first king of Persia of the race of the Saa« sanides, died about 240. ARTAXIAS I., governor of Upper Armenia under Antiochus, made himself king of the country. ARTAXIAS n., king of Armenia after Ar tavasdes I., was expelled by Antony, and res- tored by the Parthians. ARTAXIAS III., son of Polemo, made king by Germanicus, and reigned 17 years. ARTEAOA, DonStephano, a Spanish Jesuit, AS author of a truutise on ideal beauty, &.c., died law. ARTEDI, Peter, a physician of Sweden, and intimate friend of t>iniia.-us, was drowned at LeydcM, 1735. ART1':MAS, or ARTEMON, founded a seel in the M century, which niaiutahied that Clirisl was hut a man. ARTEMIUOKUS, famous for his "Treatise upon Dreams," wa^ born at Ephesus, but took llie !$urnauie of Uaidianus in this book, out of respect to the country of his mother ; tor he styled himself the Ephesian in his other per- formances, lie lived under the emperor Anlo- nun\s J'lns. AKTEMIDORUS, an Ephesian, author of a ilescripllon of the earth, lOU B. C. .VRTEMISl.'V I., queen of Caria, assi!^ted Xerxes apain.^t the Greeks. .'VRTI^.MISIA 11., queen of Caria, erected a mausoleum to the memory of her husband, Bfausulus. ARTHINGTON, Henry, a native of York Fhire, pretended lliat he was inspired a^ the means of effectiiii; a revolution. ' ARTHUR, a British I'rince, whose existence by some is re^tarded as fabulous, said to havi- died about 54i2 ; he established the order of kniglit:^ of the round table. ARTHUR, duke of Brittany, grandson of Henry II., wascoiitined in tlie castle of Rouen, where, it is supposed, he was murdered. ARTUJNI, Aiuliouy Gachet d', an ecclesias tic, known by his wriiiiigs; he died 17(18. ARTUSI, Guiamara, a celebrated musical writer. ARVIEUX, Laurent d', a native of Mar- seilles, resided li years in I'alestine, and was a useful neicotiator for the Frcncii court. He 19 justly esti-eined for his benevolence to Tu- nisian and AlL'erine captives. ARVIR.VGUS, aking of Britain in the age of Doniitian. ARUiNDEL, Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Arundel, knuwn by her translations of the wisr tayin(;s,&;c. of Alexatider Severus, &c.;she lived in the middle ol the Ifilh ceuturv. ARUNDKL, Thomas, made" bishop of Ely when il years of aee ; afterwards translated to Canterbury : he died 1414. ARUNDEL, Thomas Howard, earl of, di? coverer of tlie Parian marbles which bear his name. ARU6»DEIi. Blanche, dauf liter of Lord Wor- ccstor, celebrated for her brave defence of War- dour castle . she died l')4<>. ,\RZ.\CHEL, a Spanish astronomer, in the 11th century. AS.\,son of Abijah, made king of Judah, 955 B.C. AS.VPH, St., a native of North Wales, eminent for his sanctity. ASAPH, a musician of the tribe of Levi, in the age of David. ASAR-H.-VDOON, king of Assyria, obtained the kiiiadoin of Babylon ; he diedOHT B C. ASCELIN, an ecclesiastic of the 1 1th century, defended transubstantiation asain: Rcreiiier. ASCHAM, Roger, an eminent En;;lisii vviiter, born at Kirkh/ VViske, near Northallerton, in Yorkshire, about the year 1515. He appliejl hims<)lf particularly to the Greek la>iE.'u^e ; in which he attained to an excellence peculiar to himself, and re.id it publicly in the university of | Ciu.ibridge with universal applause. In or-i der to relax hi« mind, after severer studies, hc| 4 thought some diversion necessary ; and shouting |Wiih the bow, was his favouriie amusement, as lappears by his " Treatise on Archery," which Ihe dedicated to King Henry VIII., who settltti a pension upon him, at the recommendation of Sir William Paget. Mr. .\schani, being lemai k- able for wriiiiig a fine hand, was employed tii teach this art to Prince Edward, the Lady Eliza- beth, and tlie two brothers, Henry and Charles, jduKes of Sutfolk. In Feb. 1548, he w as sent foi 10 court, to instruct the Lady Elizabeth in the learned languages, and had the honour of assist- ing this lady in her studies lor two years ; wiiep. he desired h'ave to return to Cambridge, wiiere he resumed his ollice of public oialor. He was afterwards Latin secretary to king Edwaro, queen Mary, and queen Elizabetli. Being on.-: Jay ill company with persons of the first distinc- tion, there hajipened to be high dispuits abont the ditfereiit methods of education; this gave rise 10 his trealite on that subject, entitled '"The .Scluiolmaster," winch he undertook at the pa.- licular re^ue^t of Sir Richanl Sackville. This work was in high esteem among the best judge?, and is frequeiilly quoted by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary. He died at London, Jan. 4, l^Cc', and was buried in St. Sepulchre's church. ASl^HAM, Anthony, physician andccclesias' lie, author of tracts on astrology, &c. .•KSCH.\.M, Anthony, a friend of Cromwell, and member of the long parliament. ASCH.\RI, a inus.'^ulman doctor, founder of a sect which bears his name ; he died i»40. ASCLEPIADES, a Greek pliilosophcr, 350 D. C. ASCJ,Eri.ADES, a famous physician, born at Pnisa, in Biihynia, fioiirished at Rome in the time of Pompey, and founded a new sect in physic. ASCOLI, Cecco di, or Francisco de Stabili, profi-ssi^or of mathematics, at Bologna ; he wrote an Italian pop,m. 4cc.. and died 12;i€. ASCONiUS, PEDIANUS, a gr:immarian of Padna, in the age of Augustus. .'VSCOCGH, William, bishop of Sarum, mur- dered by Jack Cade and his followers, 14.V). ASDRUHAL, brother-in law of Aunibal, the t'ounilerof New Cailliage, in Sppjn. ASDKIBAL BARCA, brother of Annibat, killed ai the battle of the Metaiirus. ASELLI, Gasper, a physician ol Cremona, professor of anatomy at Paris, died lfi26. ASFELD, Clainle Francois liidal marquis d', an illustrious warrior at the baiilc of Ahnanza; he took Philiitsburg, and died 174:t. ASFET I, Jacques Vincent Bidal d", an ec- clesiastic, died 1745. ASGILE, John, a lawyer of eminence, knonn for his w it and misfortunes, died iT.iS. ASGILL, Sir Charles, Bart. This gentlen-.nn was a strone instance of what may be etfectra even by moderate abilities, when united wiiii strict integrity, industry, and irreproachable cha- racter. Hislirsi setting out in life was at a bank- ing-house in Lombard street, as out-diiorcolleo.l- ing clerk. From this inferior situation he pro- sressively rose by his meiit, to the first depart- ment in the house ; and soon after, niariyingati amiable woman, wi:h a fortune of a>,0(M1/. im- mediately joined his name lothe firm. In 1749 he was ch'isen alderman of Candlewick ward, and served ill theoftice of lord mayor in 1758. (io died Sept. 15. 176^, and is said to have left nearly eon.nofi/. ASH, Or. John, an English dissenting minis- ter, grammarian, and lexicosrrajiher bom ll'M. 41 AS AS ti2. i\rllK, C>an)u>;l, a }w]^<- ot tlic Supreme court of Nortli CaroliHa. a)id afterwards (;o\ ernor of that slate, died 1813. ASHE, John lliipiistc, a repretcntativc in Congress, from, and (■overnorof, tJie state of K. Carolina, died 1W3. ASHLEY, Jonathan, a distinpulshcd minister of Duerfield, Mas^s., died 17cO, agcdtiS. He pub- lished several strmoiis. ASHLEY, Robert, a lawyer, distinguished ae an eiiiinciii writer, &c., died 1041. ASflMOLE, or.ASMOLE, Elias, a celebrated Etipli.-h |>liilosopber and antiquary, and founder of ilie Asliniolean museum at Oxford, was born at Litchfield, in Staflurdshire, tlie 2^d of May, 16i7. Besides filling several offices, civil and ASHTON, Charles, one of the n)Oft Uarnctl critics of his ape, was elected master of Jesut College, Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and installed in a prebend of Ely, on liie 14Ui of the saiu« niontlr. His great knowledge in ecclehia^tieal antiquities was excelled by none, and equalled by few: as his MS. remarks upon the I'iiiliers, and corrections of the mistakes of traiislalurs, sutTicently show. At^llTO.N,I)r. Thomas, rector of St. Botolph Bi.-;hop>g:iie, a popular prcaclier and es^ccllent divine, bom 17](i, died l'i7o. As-HWELL, George, his writings were on di- viitiiy, but not in high tsteeni ; lie died Wj2. ASH WOOD, Uarlholomew, a minister of Ax- minster, in Devon, author of several iracis, &c. ASHWORTH, Caleb, patronized by Di. Doddridge, and successor to him in his whooi, jwas created D. D. by a Scotch university ; lie Idled ]7:j. ASKEW, Anthony, a native of Westn:ore- military, Mr. Ashniolc was adiligeiil and curiou.^jiland, eminent as a physicii;n, died l';e4. collector of manuicripts. In ICWhc published a treatise written by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating to the philosopher's stone ; together with another tract on the same subject, by an unknown au- thor. About the same time ht^was busied in preparing lor the press a complete collection of the works of such English cliymists as had till then rPDiained in manuscript : this undertaking cost him great labour and expense : and at length the work ajipeared toward the close of rlie year 1C52. The title of this work was, " Tlieat'rum Chernicum Briiaunirnni," &c. &c. He then ap- plied himself to the study of antiquity and re- cords. In 1658 he began lo colic rt materials for his "History of the Ordir of iheGarter,' which he lived to finish, and thereby did no less hon- our to the order than to himself. In September following, he made a journey lo O.tford ; where he set about a full and particular descri]ition of the coins given to the pubiie library by arch- bishop Laud. T'pon the restoration of Charles ASKEW, Anne, an accomplished lady,dauBl;- ter of Sir William Askew, of Ktlsay', in Lin- colnshire, was born in 15'J9. She received a learned education, and in early life showed a predilection for theological studies. By ihcst she was led to favour tJie refonnntion ; she was, in conseqence, arrested, and ing confessed her religious principles, was e .uitted H4.A'( w - gate. She was first racked w iih brutal cruelly in the Tower, and afterwards burned ali\H.' in Smiihfield, July 16, 1546; a punisbment wbicii she endured with amazing courage and firmneps, adhering to the last to the principles of her faith. ASP.ASIA, a native of Slilelus, celebrated for her wit and learning, though her character wai licentious. ASP.\SIA, a Grecian lady, celebrated for hei excellence in philosophy and rhetoric, was born at Miletus, but >eilled at Athens; where, thoug). she e.\ercised the calling of a courtezan, hei scholastic talents induced the virtuous Socrates 11., Mr. .'Vshniole was introduced tohisniajesiy,||and other of the greatest men of the age to visit who received liim very graciously, and, on tho iher house. Shew as alteiwards married to Peri- ISth of June, 1660, bestowed on him the place of Windsor herald ; a few days after, lie a])- pointed him to give a description of his medals, wliich were delivered into his possession ; and King Henry VIII.'s closet was assigned for his use. On the 8th of May, 1C72, he presented his "Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the most noble Order of the Oaner" to the king, who re- ceived it ver>' graciously, and, as a mark of hi approbation, granted him a priv}' seal for 400/. out of the customs of paper. On tlie 26th of January, a fire broke out in the Middle Temple, in the next chamber to Mr. Ashmole's, by which he lost a noble librarj', with a collection of 9000 cohis, ancient and modem, and a vast repo.sitory of seals, charters, and other antiquities and cu- riosities : but his manuscripts, and his most val- uable gold medals, were luckily at his house, at South Lambeth. In ]ilf?3, the I'niversitv of 0\-\ ford having finisliod a magniticent repository ! near th*" theatre, ■Mr Ashmolc sent thither his curious collection of rarities ; and this benefac-l fion was consideraiily augmented by the addi-i »ion of his manuscripts and library, at his death,' which happened at South Lambeth, May 18, 1692. — He was interred in the church of Great Lamberh, in .^nrrev, on the 26th of May, 1602. AHHMC.V ELI PEASE, a distinguished law ; ver of Northampton, Mass. ; he was a inemberl of the senate of that state, and afterwards a sc-[ nStor in Vnnzjvss, dietl 1819 , 42' cles, one of the greatest men that ever flourished in Cieece. I ASPELT, Peter d', studied medicine at Paris . jhe died 1320. ASSELIN, Giles Thomas, resTiertable for his piety and j>oetical talents, died 1567. j ASSELYN, John, a historical and landscape painter, died 1650. ! ASSER, a Je« ish rabbi of the 5th centurj-, (author of the Talmud of Babylon, &.c. I ASSER, jf St. David's, a'learned author in I the reign of Alfred. ASSHETOX, Dr. William , bom at Middlcton , in Lancashire, 1641, was the projector of llie scheme for providing a maintenance for clergy- men's widows and others, by a jointure payable by the Mercers' Company. Dr. Assheton wrote several pieces against the papists and dissenlers, and some practical and devotional tracts, ami died at his rector>-ofBeckenhani, in Kent, 1711. A SSOl'CI, Charles Coypcau, Sieur d', a poe(, whose works contained more immorality than wit: he died 1679. ASTEI.L, Mary, born at Newcastle-upon- Tvne, about the year 1688. Her uncle, a clergy- man, observing marks of a promising geniiMi, look her under his tuition, and taught her ma- thematics, logic and philosophy. She left the place of her nativity when she was about 2R years of age, and spent the remaining part ot" her life at London and Chelsea, in writing for AT Uie advancemeiil of leuriiing, roligioii, and vir- tue, and ill the practice of those rehj;ious duties which she so zealously and pathetically reconi- mi;iidcd to others. She was remarkably absii niiou.--, ami seemed to enjoy an uninterrnpled stale of health till a few days before her death when, having one of her brciBls cut olT, it so much impaired her constitution, that she died in 17:n, in the f)3d year of her age, and was buried at Chelsea. A.STKKIUd, an Arian of Cappadocia in the 4th century. ASTERIUS, bishop of Amasia, in Tontus, in the 4th century. ASTEKIL'-S Urhanus, a bishop of the 3d cen- tury, engaged in a controversy with the iMonla- nisTsof .•Vncyra, in Galatia. ASTLE, Thomas, an eminent English anti- quary, born at Voxall, StalTordsliire, December 2-2, 17:)5, and originally bred to the law; the early pursuit of which profession led hini to give particular application to the decyphering of an- cient records; in which he soon excelled all his rotemporaries, and iiualiticd himself to be of intiiiite advantaee to historical literature. In 1783, he was appointed keeper of the rolls and records in the tower of London : and in 1787 elected a tnis. aT the British museum. The princ al oneMi.iong his numerous works is, " On the Origin- and Progre.=s of Writing, as well Ilii-roglypliic as Elementary," 4to., 1784 of which work a now edition was pulilishcd just before his death, which happened at Baltersca, December 1, 1803. .VSTLE, John, a portrait painter, born at Whom, in Shropshire. AS TOLPII. king of TiOmbardy, attacked the Dope's don inions, and died 750. ASTO\, Sir Arthur, a brave man in the ser- vice of Charles I. A3T0N, Sir Thom.ls ; in the civil wars he raised a troop of liorsc! for the king, but was de- feated, and afterwards taken prisoner ; he died lfi4'i, in consequence of a blow received in at- lemptins to make his escape. ASTDUG.VS, marchioness of, a lady in the reign of Cliarles II. of Spain ; she killed her hus- band's mistress. .\S TRO.NOME L', a historian of the 9th cen- tury ASTRTTC, .lohn, a physician of France, born 3t Sauvcs, a town of Lower Lancnedoc, the ISlIh of March, lti84 : dieil at Paris, the Ml of May, KfiG. He was the author of .several use- ful yid curious works. ASTVAOES, a king of Media, 594 B. C, called by some, the .\hasneru9of the Scriptures. ATA', ,\bdal, a mussuliuan dervise in the aie of Tamerlane. ATAIJALIPA, or ATATIUALPA, the last king of Peru of the race of the Inca=. barbarous- ly put to death by the Spaniards, 1533. ATH.VLIAH, wife of Jehoram, she obtained the sovereignty of Judah, which she held seven years. ATH.\NASIUS,St., was bom at Alexandria, of heathen parents. He wa.s noticed, wlien very young, by Alex.inder, bishop of that see, who txjok care to have him educated in all gooii learning • and when he was of aee, ordained liim deacon. He took him in his company when he attended the council of Nice, where .\thana- sius greatly distingtiislied himself as an able and zealous opposer of the Arian heresy. Soon after the dissolution of the council, Alexander died, and .\tlianasiu8 was appointed to »tic<:eed AT liim in the government ol llie church of Alui- andria. This was in 3iG, when Atbana.sius is supposed to have been about 28 years of age. It is controverted among learned men, whether .\(liariasins composed the creed commonly re- ceived under hi.s name ; though the best and latest critics, who have examined the thing most exactly, make no qiiesticm but that it is to be ascribed to a Latin author, Vigilius TapsensiSj an African bishop, who lived in the latter end ol tiie 5th century-, in the time of the Vandalic \rian persecution. ATHEf-IXG, Edgar, grandson of Edmund Ironside, king of England, m.ide some unsuccess- ful attempts to obtain the cro^vn. .■\THELSTA\, the natural son of Edmund the Elder, made king of England, 925. .ATIlF.i\.\GORAS, an .\thenian philosopher who became a convert to Christianity. He lived in tJie 2d century. ATITEN.'KT'.S, a Greek grammariitn, born ai Xancratcs, in Egypt, flourished in the 3d century ATHKX.El'S, a miuhematician, 2(H) B. C ATHEXJ'.US, an orator of Rome in the ago of .Vngnstiis. ATllENOnORUS, a stoic philosopher, pre- ceptor to Ausnslus. .ATHI.XS, Isaac, author of .an explication ef the law of Moses, a Jew of Spain. ATIII.AS, Joseph, a Icarued printer of Am- sterdam, died 17()(). ATlvINS, James, D. D., a learned Scotchman of Kirkwall, in Orkney, died lf>87. ATKINS, sir Robert, lord chief baron of the exchequer, born in Gloucestershire, in the year ICvIl, died inlhebeginnincof the year 1709. He- was a man of much probity, a.i well as of great kill in his profcsf^ion, and a warm friend to the constitution. ATKINS, sir Robert, son of the foregoing, was born in 164(5. He became very early a great proficient in the laws and antiquities of his coun- try, which afterwards led him to write "The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire," printed in folio, 1712. This great and valuable work he lived to perfect, but died the year before it was published. .\TKI.\SO>f,Theodore,cliief justice of New- Hampshire, .ind a delegate to the convention at •VIbany which formed the plan of union for the defence of the colonies, died 1779. .ATKYNS, Richard, suffered during the civil wars for his attachment to the royal cause, and. died 1077. ATLAS, king of Mauritania, a celebrated as- tronomer, said to have been cotemporaiy with Moses. From his making astronomical obser- vations on high mountains, it became a fable that he was turned into a mountain. He is likewise represented as an old man bearing the world upon liis shoulders ; and general descrip- tions of the whole globe, in sets of maps, are to this hour called Atlases. ATRATrs, Hugh, or Black, called the Phte- nix of his age, from his great powers of mind. .\TT.\LUS I., king of Pergamus, a great pa- tron of learning, died 193 B. C. ATT.\HTS II., son of the preceding, reigned 21 vears, and died 159 B. C. ATTALUS III., nephew of the second, died 133 B. C. ATTALUS, a native of Pergamus, was burnt alive for professing llie Christian reli- gion, 177. ATTEN'DTTLT, Margaret, a sister of Sforza, jrand constable of Naples. 43 AT ATTi:i{l!l KV, iitwis; he look ihr digree of D. D. at Oxiord, and was drowned 16y3. ATTERBL'KY, Lewis^sonol" tlic preceding, one of the chaplaing of ihe princess Anne, died 1731. ATTERBL'KY, Francis, bishop of Rochester, was born .March t], 1662, at Middl'-ton, or Milton Keynes, in Buckinghamshire. He had hisedu cation in grammar learning at Wesiuiinslr^r bchool ; and thence, in 1680, was elected a siu dent of Christ-church College, 0.\ford, where he soon distinguished himself for the politeness of his wit and learning. In 1G90 he look orders ; in 1691 he was elected lecturer of St. Brides Church in London, preachrd at Bridewell C impel, and was soon afterwards appointedchaplainio king William and queen Mary, He was for some years after this cnc.iged in a religious contro- versy with Dr. Bciiilcy, Dr. Wake, and other learned divines. In 1713, the queen, at the re- oommendation of lord chancellor Harcourt, ad- vanced him to the bi.=liopric of Rochester, with the deanery of Westminster in conimendam. At the beginning of the succeeding reign his tide of prosperity began to turn ; and he re- ceived a sensible mortification presently after the coronation of king George 1., when, upoi, his ofTering to present his majesty (with a view, no doubt, of standing better in his favour) with the chair of state and royal canopy, his own perquisites as dean of Westminster, the offer was rejected, not without some evident marks of di.~like to his person. In 17iS, on a sus|)icion of his being concerned in a plot in favour of the pretender, lie was apprehended August 24, and f oinniitted prisoner to the Tower, A bill soon after passed in parliament, the tenor of wliich was, that he should be deprived of all his ofSccs, dignities, benefices, &;c... and suffer per- petual exile. He died at Paris, February 15, 1731-->, A7TICUS, one of the most singular person- ages in ancient Rome. He understood the art of conducting himself so well, that, without de- parting from his neutrality, he preserved the fsteetn and affection of all parti>>s. He reached the age of 77 years almost without knowing what sickness was, but at last fell sick. His- illness, which was slight for three months, at length becoining painful, he sent for Agrippa, his son-in-law, and two other persons, and de- clared to them a resolution to put an end to tiis life by abstinence from food, Agrippa remon- strated with tears, hut in vain. After two days abstinence the fever left him, and the disease abated ; but Atticus persi.sted, and died three days after, in the year of Rome 7yi, ATTICUS, Herodes, a celebrated orator, born at Marathon, died in 76. ATTICUS, patriarch of Constantinople, died in 427. ATTILA, a famous general of the Huns, usually called " The Scourge of God," died 453. ATWOOD, William, chief justice of the co- lony of New- York, and judge of admiralty for New-England, New-York, and New-Jersey, in 1701. ATWOOD, George, of the parisJi St Clement Danes, a tutor and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and lecturer on experimental phild- sophy to the university. He was eminent as a profound mathematician and financier, and for his skill in the theory and practice of music; and was tlie intimate friend of the ptime minis- ter, Pitt. He died 1807. 44 AU AUKKKT, Peter, a French lawyer, died 1733. Al'BERT, William, an advocate at Paris, lautlioi of some works of merit, died in ICOl. AUBER'J' DU BAYET N., a French olficer, engaged in the American war. I AUBERTIN, Edme, minister of the reformed church at Charenton, died 1"'52. AUBERY, or AUBRY, John, a physician of Bourboniiois, a learned author. AUBERY, Anthony, a lawj-er of Paris, and a remarkable eludeut, died 16!)5. AUBERY, Louis, sieurdu Maurier, author of some valuable works, died 1687. AUBESPINE, Claude de 1', usefully employ- ed in the service of Francis I., Henry U., and las two surces.sors; he died in ]5^.7. AUBESPINE, Charles de, marquis of Cba- teau-ncuf, chancellor of France, an able states- man, died ]fi53. AUBESPINE, Gabriel de P, an ambassador in England, 1G30. AUBESPINE, Magdelene de I', wife of Ni- colas de Neulvilie de Villeroi, celebrated for her ■wit and beauty at the court of Charles IX. AUBIGNE, Theodore Agrippa d', a very il- lustrious Frenchman, and grandlailier of theno less illustrious Madame de Mainteiion, was born about the year 1550. His parts were so uncom- liion. and his progress in letters so very rapid, that he is said to have translated the " Crito ' of Plato from the Greek into French when no more than eight years old. His principal work is •'Histoiie Univeifclle, from K.'iOto IPOI, with a short Account of the Death of Henry IV.," in three volumes, folio. Aubiene died at Geneva in 16.30. AI'EREY, John, an eminent English anti- quary, born at Easton Piers, Wiltshire, 1626, died 1700, leaving many works bciiiud him, par- ticularly a " History of Surrey," 5 vols. 8vo., a volume of "Miscellanies," and several MSS., which are in the Ashniolean Museum, Oxford. He seems, however, to have been a credulous man, and to have been frequently imjiostd upon with marvellous tales and absurd hypotheses. AUBREY, John Baptist, a French Benedict- ine, prior of the house of C'ommercy, died 1809. His writings on theological and philosophical subjects are numerous. AUBRIOT, Hugo, builder of the Bastile, 136D, died in 1382. AUBTSSON, Peter d% grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, a warrior and statesman, died in l-WS. AUBUSSON, Francis d', duke de la Fcuil lade, disiinguislied himself in the wars of Flan- ders, died in 1681, AUCHMUTY, Samuel, D, D., rector of Tri- nity church. New- York, died 1777. AUCHMUTY, sir Saimiel, knt., son of the above, was born in New-York, and, taking side against his countrymen in the Revolution, he entered the British army, and rose to the high rank of lieutenant general, after holding va- rious honourable and lucrative stations under the British government. He died at Dublin, while commander-in-chief of the forces in Ire- land, 1822. AUDEBERT, Germain, a counsellor of Or leans, and a poet, died 1598. AT^DEBERT, John Baptist, a French na turalist, engraver, &c., died 1800. AUDIFRFT, Jean Baptiste d", a native of Marseilles, author of a geography, died 1733. AUDIFRET, Hercules, of Carpentras, pre- ceptor of Flechier, died 1659. AU AUUIGUIKK, Vital d', known tor liis udven turcs in giifslol' iudependeiice, died WM). AUIHU6, founder of a sect in tlie 4tli cen tury. AUDFjEY, James, lord, distinguished for his valour in the wars of France, &c., died in I'.iSH. AUOLKY, Edmund, was successively made liishoi) of Rochester, Hereford, and Salisbury, and died in 15C4. AI;DLEY, or AWDEKEV.TIioma?:, appoint- ed chaucellor in llie room of sir Thomas More, died in 1544. AUDRAN, nirard, esteemed the most correct historical engraver thai ever lived, died in lT();t. AUDRAN, Claude, brother to Girard, a his- torical painter, died in 1084. AUDRAN, John, nephew of Girard, an en- graver of Lyons, died in I'M. AIIOER, Edmund, whose cloqnence conven- ed 40,0IX) protestanis to the catholic faith, died 151»1. A(JGIIREM-I, John Aureliiis, a poet and philosopher of Rimini, died in 15-24. AUOrSTIN, Antony, employed by the pojre as aiidiassador to England, died in 15K7. AUGUSTINE, St., a lather of the church, made bishop of Hippo, died in 4:HI. AUGUSTINE, Leonard, commonly calh'il A|;ostini, an aiitiquarlan ol Sienna in the ITlli centnrv. AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, St., the first arch bishop of Canterbury, wasori^inally a monk in thf! convent of St. Aiulrew, at Rome, and edu- cated under St. Gregory, afterwards pope Gre- gory (.,by wliomhe wasilespatchcd into Krilain, with 4U other monks of the same order, almut llie year 5!IG, to convert the Eniilisli S:i\ons lo Cliristianity. He died at Canterbury, Ii04. AUGUSTULUS, Romulus, the last emperor of Rome, spent the last part of his life in ob- scurity. AUGJTSTU'S, Caius Julius Cssar Octavia- nus, the first Roman Emperor, a prince of great mocioration and prudence, died A. D. 14. AUII.\Dl-MARAG.\n, a mussulnian poet, about 131'.t. AULUS GELLIUS. See GELLIUS. AUMO.XT, John d", count of Chateroux, marshal of France, &c., died l.')95. AUMONT, Anthony d', grandson of the pre- ceding, also marshal of France, &.c., died llifiO. AUKGERVILLE, Richard, tutor to Edward ni. of England, died i;!45. AUNOY, Marie Catherine Jumelle de Tlern- vilJe, countess d", known as the writer of nu- merous romances, died 1705. AUREMAN, son of a peasant, raised to the throne of Rome after Claudius II., died 275. AITRELIUS VICTOR, Sextus, a Roman his- torian of the 4lh century. AURELLI, or ARELLI, John Mutio, a Latin poet, died VrXl. AURENG-ZEB, the great mognl, a famous conqueror, but detestable parricide who poloon- ed his father to possess his throne, died 1707, aged near 100. AUREOLU.?, !\Tanius Acilius, from a shep- herd became a general ; he died 207. AURIA, Vincent, a native of Palermo, dis- tinguished as a man of letters, died 1710. AURIFICUS, or ORIFICUS BONEFILIUS, Nicholas, author of several religious works in the 16th centurv. AURIGNY, Hyacintha Robillard d', regent of the college of Alenoon, wrote some chrono- logical memoiic on hietory, tec. and died 1719 AC AUKIG.NY, Gillcs d", an ingenious French poet ol' the Jllih ceniury. AUlilLLU.V, Jean Bapliste Elie, a French- man, adniireti lor his eloquence, &c , died 172!i. AURIOL, Blaise d', known by some poeticd pieces and treatises on jurisprudence, Uie,d 1541' AIJRISPA, Jolm, patronised by pojic Ni- cholas V. AUROGALLUS, Matthew, assisted L'lther in translaiing the Bible into German, and died 1543. AUROUX, Mattliew, a lawyer, author of a curious commentary on the costume du Bour- boiinois, in the If^'.h century. AUSOMUS, Deciinus Magnus, aXatin poet of the 4th century. AUSSUN, Pierre d', a distinguished ofRcer ir the French service, died 15li3. AUSTIN, William, author of the " E.vcellen- cy of Women." &r. AUTEI,S,(;illaumed£9,anindi(rercMFrcnc1i poet, died l'>7ti. .\I"1'I:R(H'HE, Jean Chappc d', a French nan, disiiii^uislied for his e:irly and rapid pro- ;ress in learning ; he went to Tobolsk to observe llie transit of Venus over the sun's disk, June li, ,1701. AUTHOiV, John d', historiographer to Lewis XII., died 15:«. AL'TOMNE, Bernard, author of a commen- larv on the provincial law of Bordeaux, died lllOO. AUTREAU, Jacques d', a painter of Paris, who began to write for the stage at 60, with suc- cess ; he died 1745. AUVERGNE, Antliony d', director of the opera at Paris, and an eminent composer, died 1707. AUVIGNY, N. Castres d', born in the Hal- naut, intimate with 1' abbe des Fontaines ; he wrote much on historical subjects, and died 1743. AUXF.NTIUS, a native of Cappadocia ; he was made bishop of Milan, but was at'icrwards excommunicated, and died 374. Another of I he same name challenged St. Ambrose to a pub- lic disputation, which he rejected. AIJZONT, Adrian, a native of Rouen, a ma- thematician, said to be the inventor of the mi- crometer ; he suggest! d the idea of ajiplying the telescope to the astronomical quadrant, and died 1001. AVALOS FERDINAND, Francis d', mar- quis of Pescara, distinguished for his valour in llie service of Charles V., died l.')'-5. AVALOS, Alplionso d', marquis del Vasto, a.ssisled Charles V. in Italy, died 1.546. AV.'VNTIO, John Marion, a learned civilian, settled at Padua, died 1622. AVED, Jaques Andre Joseph, a painter of eminence, died at Paris, 1766. AVEIRO, Joseph, duke ot", a Portuguese no- bleman, conspired .ngainst king Joseph I., and wa.s executed 1759. AVENPACA, a Spanish Moor, a peripatetic pliilosopher in the 12th century. AVELAR, a Portuguese painter. AVELLANEDA, Alphoiisus Fernandes A\ a Spanish writer, native of Tordcsillas, won author of a Continuation, or Second Part, of " Don Qui.xote," Pvo., 1614. It has been twice translated into English ; and Pope, in his Essay on Criticism, has vc tsified a tale from it The time of his birth or death has not been necet- tained. AVEXTIN, John, a celebrated scholar, am' 45 AY BA author of the " Annals of Bavaria," bom 1466, at Abenspcrg, in the country just named. He died 15m. AVENZOAR, an Arabian physician of the 12ih century. AVERANIUS, Joseph, a native of Florence, piihsusscd strong powers of mind ; he died in 1738. AVERANIUS, Benedict, brother of the pre c»din?. early diiiiinguished by advanceutent in literaluro, died in 1707. .WERDY, Clement Charles de 1', minister and conipiroiler of the tinanccs under Lewis XV., piiillotined in 1794. AVERROES, one of the most subtle Arabian philosophers, and a native of Corduba, flourish cd in the 1-lh century. AVEi^UURY, Robert, an English historian. AVICEXNA, a celebrated philosopher and physician among the Wahometans, was born in the year 980, and died in 1030. The nutiibtr of his books, including his smaller tracts, is rnmputeii at near 100, the majority of which are either lost or not known in Europe. A VIENUS, Rufus Festus, a Latin poet of the 4th century. AVILA, Louis d", a general of cavalry under Charles V. at the siege of Mentz, 1552. AVILA, Giles Gonzales d', historiographer to the Spanish king, died 1656. AVIL.^, John d", a learned and pious ecclesi astic of Toledo, died 1569. AVILA, Sancho d', bishop of Murcia, &c., distinguished for his piety, died 1626. A VILER, Augustin Charles d', WTOte on ar- chitecture ; he died 1700. AVIRON, Jameslc Bathelier, author of com mcntaries on the provincial laws of Normandy AVISOX, Charles, an eminent English mu- sician and composer, and author of a treatise on " Musical E.xpres3ion," died at Newcastle, Blay 10, 1770. AVITUS, Mark Mscilius, emperor of the West, on the death of Maximus, 455. AVOGARDI, Lucia Albani, a celebrated Ita- lian poetess. AXERETO, or ASSERETO, Blaise, a Ge- noese admiral, defeated and took prisoner Al- phonso V^., king of Arragon, in a naval battle, 1435. AXITHEA, a female philosopher, in tlie age of Plato. AXTEL, Daniel, a colonel in the parlia- mentary army ; from a grocer he became a sol- dier, was one of the officers employed at the trial of the king, and for his concern in his e.xe- o.uunn, he suffered death in 1660. AYESHA, most beloved of the wives of Ma- homet, died 677. .\YLES?BURY, Sir Thomas, a native of Lon- don, and a patron of literature, distinguished a: a niatlii'maiician and man of science, died 1657 AYLESBURY, William, son of the preced- ing, and tutor to the young duke of Bucking- ham and his brother, died in Jamaica, 1657. .'WLETT, Roliert, a ma.ster in chancery of Trinitv-hall, Cambridse, 1614. A YLIN, John, author of the history of Friuli, an Italian author of the 14th century. AYLMER, John, bishop of London, born in Norfolk 1521. He preached frequently in hi cathedral, and had an admirable talent at cap- tivating the attention of his hearers. He died at Fulhanv the 3d of June, 1594, aged 73. AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, bart., V. P. A. S.,! 9nd F. B. 8., born 1706. died J7S1. JEIie know-; 4S ledpe of the national :iiitii|uiiies and uiunicipa* righis was very extensive. AYLON, Luke Vasques iV, a Spaniard en gaged in the discovery and conquest of Aineri ca, 1520. AYMAR.James, a peasant of Dauphine, pre tended to discover secrets, tec, by nican^ of k sacred wand ; he died 1708. AYMOA", John, a Picdniontese, embraced the tenets of Calvin, in Holland, but returned lo the Romish church ; he purloined and pulilisheO some books from the king's library at Paris. AYRES, John, an English {icnman of con- siderable eminence about 1094. AYRMIN, or AYERMIN, William, made chancellor of England by Edward III. ; lie was also sent ambassador to Rome. AYSA, a Moorish female, taken prisoner by the Spaniards under Cliarles V-, at the siege of Tunis. AYSCOUGH, George Edward, an English- man ; he was an officer in the foot guards, dis- tingiiislied for his literary acquirements, and died 1779. A Yy COUGH, Anne. See ASKEW. AY'SCOl'tiH, Samuel, assistant librarian in the British Museum, but chiefly memorable foi his patient industry in that most useful, but too much despised province of literature, called in- dex makiiitr. He published, among otlier w orks, a " Calaliigue of the MSS. in the I{riti^h AIu seiim ; and also a Catalogue of Ancient Char- ters in that matchless collection, amounting to about 16,000. He was born at Nottingham, in 1745, and dit-d in the British Museum, October 30, 1^0-1. AYSCl'E, Sir George, a trallant English ad- miral, from an ancient family in Lincolnshire ; in 1(566 he commanded the Royal Prince, the Largest ship in the world ; it was captured by the Hutch. AZARIAH, or UZZIAH, king of Judah, lived 810 B. C, became an idolater, and died a leper. A Z.-\RIAS, a rabbi, author of several Hebrew works. AZEVEDO, Ignatius, a Portuguese Jesuit, a missionary to .■\merica, murdered bv pirates, 1570. AZAICUETA, Martin, a lawyer of Paiiip.-- luna, distinguished as a professor in several uni- versities, died at Rome, in 1566. AZORIUS, John, a native of Lucca, eminent among the Jesuits, as a professor at Alcala and at Rome, died 1603. AZZI DE FORTI, Faustina, writer of a vo- lume of Italian poems, died 1724. AZZO, Fortius, professor of law at Bologna, died 1220. AZZOGUIDO, Valerius Flaccus, a learned antiquarian of Bologna, died 1728. AZZOLINI, Lawrence, secretary to Pope Urban VIII., and bishop of Nariii, died 1532. BA BAAHDIN, Maliomet Gebet Amali, a learned Persian, author of a summary of civil and canon law, which was enforced through Persia, by command of Abbas the Great. B A AN, John de, a Dutch painter of some emi- nence, patronised by Charlesll. of England, and the grand duke of Tuscany ; he died 1702. B.^ARSDORP, Cornelius, was physician and chamberlain to the Emperor Charles V. BA.'\RT, Peter, a Latin and Flemish poet and physician, author of the Flemish Georgics and otiier poems. Y^ar of bis death unknoivn BA BABA, a Turkish impostor. He announci'cl liimsc'lf, in 1260, as the ines^cngcr of God ; wa opposed and overpowered by llie Turks, and hi; sect dispersed. BABEK, a Persian, who, in 823, rebelled against, and defeated the caliph Almanion. He was conquered and executed by the next calipli. BAB.VCOL'SCHI, a mum of Caffa, in the Taurida, author of several political treatises, died 78.3 of the hcpira. BABFX'F, Francis Noel, a native of St. Quin- tin, an attorney, aflerwaids publislierof a French revolutionary paper, who, for his vices, was deemed a lit successor to llobespierre. He was condemned to the guillotine, and executed 1797, aged 37. BABIX, Francis, a native of Angus, and pro- fessor of liivinity, died 1734. BABINGTO.V, Dr. Gervase, bi«hop of Wor- cester, born in Nottin[;hani?hiro, L^.W, died ItilO, leaving some esteemed theological works be- hind him, as " Notes on the reniateuch," &.c. BABINGTON, Anthony, a native of Derby- shire. He conspired, with other Catholics, to assassinate (iuecn Elizabeth, and release Mary queen of Scots. He was detected and executed, 158C. BABIIR, grandson of Tamerlane, died 1-171. B.\BYIiAS, a bishop of .Vntioch, put todealh in the reign of the i'inp>Tor Uecius, 251. B ACAl, Ibrahim Benomar, di.d BS.'i of the hecira. BAC.\LANl, Abubccre, author of a book ex- planatory of the Koran. BACCALAR-Y-SANiVA, Vincent, marquis BACKER, James, an eminent Dutch portraic painter, died 1.5»}0. BACKER, Jacob, a portrait painter, bom at Henligcn, died 1651. BACKHOUSE, William, an English alcby mist and astroloeer, died Itiii-J. B ACKHU YSEN, Ludolph, a painter of Emb- den, died 1709. B.ACKUS, Charles, D.D., an eminent minister, he settled in Soniers, Conn., 1774, and died Iti03. BAtKlJS, Isaac, a distinguished baptist mi- nister of Massachu.ietts, whose publications are more numerous than any other baptist writer in America ; he died IfiOG. B.VCKUS, Axiel, D. D., was pastor of a church in Bethlehem, Conn., and afterwards first presi dent of Hamilton College ; he died \eHi, aged 0-J. U ACL.W, John, son of the preceding, a wri- ter of some celebrity, died 1021. B.VCON, HnbiTl, an English friar, professor of divinity at O.xfnrd, and treasurer of Salisbury caliicdral, died 121f\ B.^CUN, Nathaniel, came to America, and can.<'. BACCIO, -Andreas, a native of Ancona, pro- fessor of medicine at Rome, and physician to PopeSixtus v., died about 1600. B.ACCIO, Francis Bartholomew, a historical and portrait painter of Florence, died 1517. BACH, John Sebastian, an eminent German musician, who long stood unrivalled as a per- former on the organ, as well as a composer tor that instrument. He was born at Eisenach in 1085, and died at Leipzic, in 1754. BACHAUMON, Lewis Petit de, a native of Paris, known as the author of several literary works, died 1771. BACHELIER, Nicholas, an architect and sculptor of eminence, he was a pupil of Michael Angelo, and died after 1553. BACHINI, Bernardine, a Benedictine monk, author of several Latin and Italian works, died 1721. BACHOVIUS, Reinier, a native of Cologne, an eminent civilian and professor at Heidelberg, died lfil4. B ACICI, John Baptistc Gauli, a native of Ge- noa, and eminent as a painter, died at Rome, 1709. self, he had reason to repent of his having taken such .pains in the arts and .sciences. At the particular desire of Pope Clement IV., Baron collected together and onlareed his several pieces, and sent them to him, in 12G7. This col- lection, which is the same that himself entitled " Opus Majlis," or his Great Work, is still ex- tant. When Bacon had been ten years in prison. Jerom d'Ascoli, general of his order, who had condemned his doctrine, was chosen pope, and assumed the name of Nicholas IV. Toward the latter end of his reign. Bacon, by the inter- position of some noblemen, obtained his release, and returned to Oxford, where he spent the re inininder of his days in peace, and died in the college of his order, 11th June, ISIH. Dr. Freind ascribes the honour of introducing cliymistry into Europe to Bacon, who, he observes,' speak« in some part or other of his works, of almost ever>- operation now used in chtmistiy. He was a miracle of the age that he lived in ; and the greatest genius, perhaps, for nirchanical know- ledge, that ever appeared in the world since Archimedes. BACON, Sir Nicholas, lord keeper of the great seal in the reign of Uueen Elizabeth, was descended of an ancient familv in Suffolk, bom in the year 1510, and died, lanienled bv her ma- jesty and the nation, on theCOth of Feb., 1578-9. BACON, Anno, wife of Sir Nicholas, a lady eminent for learning, piety, and virtue, died about the beginning of the reicn of Jam<'sL B.-VCON, Francis, viscount of .St. Albans, lord high chancellor of Eiicland, and one of the great- est and most universal geniuses that any ,ige or countr>- has produced, v.as son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the creat seal, and I'jrn at York House, in the .Str.in.l, on the 22d of Janu- ary, 1561. His extraordinary parts, even when 47 I BA a hoy, were so conspicuous, tliat before he wa^ full llj, his father calleJ hi:ii from ihi; \iiiivi'rsiiy to atieiid into France the quei-n'.s ambai-iadoi , Sir Amyas Pawlet, tvhose esteem and conli- dciice he pained to sucli a degree, tlial he vi iib soon after cliarprd liy liini wiih acoiutnisi-ion to the queen, which he executed willi prcut ap- llished the most finished and important, though the least read, of all his philosophical tracts, the " Novum Orga- num Scientiaruni." The next year he was ac- cused of bribery and corruption ; and the house of peers, on the 3d of May, 1621 , gave judgment against him, "that he should be fined 40,000^., and remain prisoner in the tower during the king's pleasure : that he should for ever be in- capable of any office, place, or employment in the state or commonwealth ; and that he should never sit in parUament, or come within the verge of the court." But he was soon restored to his liberty, and hisfineremitted, and was sum- moned to the first parUament of King Charles. After this sentence, he retired from civil affairs, and for five years gave himself wholly up to writina. He died April 9, 1620, and lies buried in St. Michael's church, at St. Alban's, where a monument was erected for him by Sir Thomas Meautys, once his secretary, and afterwards clerk of the council. His works, collected into 5 vols. 4to., were beautifully and accurately printed by Mr. Bovvyer and Mr. Strahan, m 1765. BACON, Anthony, brother to the chancellor, distinguished for his acquaintance with politics, died before his brother. BACON, Sir Nathaniel, knight of the bath, a painter of the Flemish school. BACON, Phanuel, rector of Balden, inOxford- stiire, and vicar of Bramber, in Sussex, was a famous punster, and an ingenious poet. He published, in 1757, five dramatic pieces, called " The Taxes," " The Insignificants," " 1'he Trial of the Time-killers," " The Moral auack," and " The Oculist ;" and died at Balden, Janu- ary 2, 1783. 48 LA BACON, John, a celebrated sculptor, born in London, November 24, 174U ; was apprenticed 10 a painter of porcelain china, at Lambeth ; but, observing the models of different sculptors which were sent to a neighbouring jHitter's to be burnt, he conceived a strong inclination to pursue the art of sculpture, and his progress was as rapid, as the decision was sudden. He .studied at the Iloyal Academy on its first insti- luiion, in 176*), and in a few years after^vards was elected royal academiciiui. Of the numer- ous monuments erected by him, the most dis- tinguished are, those of Lord Chatham, in West- miiisler Abbey, and of Mr. Howard and Dr. Johnson, in S?t. Paul's Cathedral, lit dial Au- gust 7, 1799. BACONTHORPE, John, a monk of Norfolk, died VMG. BACOUE, Leo, a protestant of Gascony, con- verted to popery, and made bishop ol Paniicrs, died 1694. BACUUERRE, Benedict de, a physician and medical author. BACQUET, advocate to the king of France, died 1597. BACTISHUA, George Ebn, a Christian r'ly- sician of celebrity at the court of Alniansor. BADAKSCHI, a Persian poet, under the ca- liph Moctafi. BAD.ASCH, a commentator on the Arabic gianniiar, died 5'2P of the hegita. BADCOCK, Samuel, an eminent critic and controversial writer, was born at South Moulton, in Devonshire, in the year 1747, and destined to the clerical character. We find him in very early life, at about the age of 19, at the head of a very considerable Presbyterian congregation at Barnstaple, in Devonshire. From this situa- tion, however, he removed, and was elected minister of South Moulton, about 12 miles from his first situation ; and in this retirement his ac- tive mind turned its views to the more public departments of literature. During the progress of the London Review, he occasionally corres- ponded with Dr. Kenrick, and contended with that acute and inleUigcnt sceptic on different points of Christianity. He occasionally, also, wrote some articles in his Review, which are yerdislinguishable by their spirit and ii li- gence. He was, before this perio. 't .lal correspondent in the Westminstt. . zine; and we afterwards find him more frequently corresponding with the Gentleman's Magazine, the London Magazine, the General E"vening Post, aii^ the St. James' Chronicle. But the great scene of his public warfare was in tlie Monthly Review About three years before his death, which happened on tbe 19lh of May, 1786, he conformed to the established church. BADDELY, Robert, an excellent low come- dian, many years attached to Drury-lane thea- tre, died November 20, 1794. By his will he left to the theatrical fund his cottage at Hamp ton, in trust, that they should elect to reside in it such four of the fund pensioners as might not [ibject to living sociably under the same roof. In this house arc two parlours for their joint in- dulgence, and four separate bedchambers. This bequest is an instance of his benevolence, and of his respect for his profession ; but tlie manner in which it was done is even more honourable to him than the donation itself That the de cayed actors who are to be chosen by the fund committee as tenants for this house, might not appear like dependants on charity, in the eyes of the neighbourhood, be left abo a certain wm -■h BA to be distributed by those tenants to thu poor of the vicinity. Tlif siricuiaiiiy ol .Mr. H.'s mind is further observable, in Iiis leaving 3 pound annually for a iwelftli-cake, to bu disuibuted ui the green-room. BADEN, James, professor of eloquence, &c., ill the university of CopeiiliaKeii, puhlished a " Ucrmanand I»anish DiciiDiiary," and a trans- lation of "Taciliis" imo tiie Danisii lan^uafi;!', th.1t is said to rival tlie ori^imal for precision, toslc, and purity of diction. He died November. leui. BADEN.'', Francis, a historical and i>nrlrnii painter of Antwerp, died llHllt. BADEW, Richard de, was chancellor of ranibridsc,~and laid the foundation of a college, now called Clare-hall, Ki'Jti. B ADIFjE, Anthony, an admired Italian paint cr.died 15G0. B.-VDUEL, Claude, a protrstant divine and professor in Switzerland. died Ijtil. H.KUSIIIS, or VEKKNSTIL, Henry, a m.-i theiiiaiicianand painter, of Louvaiti, in the il'.th cwnliirv. BATJISTRAT, a Dutch painter, died US' l..\FKAKK.\II,Abu Zolial, a commentator on Euclid. B.\(i!l)F.DIN, Mahonnned, an Arabian ma thcnialician of the lOtli ceiiimy. B.\'.)S. BAf;i,7,adi'h,a comnientator on the Koran, died l(li:l of the he-rira. BA(;lJON'l, Jolin Paul, a native of Perugia. He usurped the sovereignty of his country, and was dispossessed by Casar Boraia, and afler- W'-'s beheaded by Leo X.,at Borne, l.r2n. '^t IVI, <^eoreeiprofeSsor of anatomy at Ro>.: '■ .5. • BA 1 .^tA, Julius Cxsar, an Italian poet, died about 1600. B.\OOAS, an Egyptian eunuch, put to death 335. B .C. BAGOT, Lewis, L. L. D., canon ancTdeanof Christ Church, Oxford, bishop of Bristol, of Norwich, and of St. Asaph ; he died 1802. BAGSHAVV, William, a native of 'I'idswell, an eloquent and popular preacher, died 1703. BAGSHAW, Edward, M. A., a teacher a; Westminster, under Busby ; he was imprisoned for nonconformity, and died in Newtrate, ](>71. B.\(Jrn{|, a Mahometan writer, died 679 of the hegira. B.MIA, a mussuhnan, snrnamed the orna- ment of justice and religion, and regarded as a saint, died r(57 of the hegira. B AH.\Lr, a Mahometan author, died 301 of the hesira. BAMAR-AL-HEFAII, or the sea of memo- ry, an author, died i'l.T of the hegira. BAHIER, .lohn, born at Phatillon, a prie.^t, and author of Latin verses, died 1707. B.MIRAM, a genr'ral under Chonrocs I. whom lie dcpoiiod. He was afterwards put to death. ir i;a HAHR I )T, Charles Frederick, M. A., an un- ;r,ir;ciplrd and lueiiiious deisi,died 1792. B,\l.\i\, or BA10N,a native of Goa, who embraced Christianity, and was ordained priest a; Rome. He translated the yEneid into Greek. B.VII'.R, .lohn William, a divine of Xurem- li'T^. and professor of divinity, .tt Halle, died 1694. B.MER, Jean Jae,ues, born at Lena, an emi iitiit physician. i)rol'i .43. BAITHOSUS, founder of a sect called saddu- ccv», which denied a resurrection and future state. BAIT'S, DE BAY, Michael, a native of Me- lin : a man of talents and learning, and divinity professor of Lonvain. He died 15^9. B.'VJ ARD, Andrew, an Italian poet of Pamia, in the 15th century. BAJAZET I., sultan of the Turks, a re- nowned warrior, but a tyrant. Bcint conquer- ed by Tamerlane, and exposed by fiim in an iron case (the faie that he had destined for his adversary', if he had been the victor), he dash- d his head aiiainst the bars of his prison and killed himsHf, in 1403. BAJAZET II. succeeded his father Mahomet TI., 14''1. He e.viended Ihe houiidaries of his kingdom, but, by the perfidy of his son,Sclim, was dethroned and poisoned in 1512. BAKER, Sir Richard, author of the " Chro nirle of the kincsof Enrlaiid," horn at Sis.^ing- hiirst, in Kent, about IM'it*. He married a daugh- ter of Sir George Manwaring, of Ightiield, jn 49 G liA Shropshire. kniHtii ; and having hptviinp>-urei> I for some of tlint lamily's del)U=, wns fhrrrby re duced to povortv, and thrown into the Mcel pri- son, nhi:re he 'died, Fib. IB, lt>l J-5, and was burird ii\ Pt. Eridc-V chiirrli, Flecl-strcri. HAK]:R, David, an F.nclish Benedictine, who was coii\crtfd from Atheism to Cliristianity diedlf^JI. HAKF.R, Tliomas, a native fifllfon, and vicaij of Hipliop'fNvinuifi, Duvonsliire; he dicdJiiOO. BAKER, Thunias, a very injrenious and Ic.Trned amiqnan-, was bunt at (rook, in the r«untv of Durljani, S-tpt. 14, lli.iri, and (Med in, liie office of commoner masterof St. John'scol-I leje Cambrid^-e, July 'i, n40. The principal worK that lie printed, was" Reflections on learn- ing, showin;; the insufticiency thereof in its se- rer.il particulars, in order lo evince the useful- i nessand necessity of Kivelafiou : London, 170!l UA c^ninials, posses'sing a maxininm of advanta(:e. .•\ se!<;ctionon this princijilc ftuni ditl'erent parti of Knplaird. was the ori<:iDal stock Irom w hicti lie afterwards propapaicd his own. About 1760, Mr. Bakewcllsiild hi? sheep by private contract, at not more than two or three puintas each. Some time afterwards, ho began to let wmie oi his rain.x, and for a iew seasons revived only 15s. or a f^uinca apiece for them ; but as the fame of liis breed extended itfolf, lie ad'' "icod liu? prices, and by the year 1T70 w as en;. .1 to let some of his rains for the season for io gui- neas. After that time, the prices and credit of his slock prosre. Selectae." He died in London, Sept. 29, 1785, in the 44th year of his age ; and an elegant Latin epitaph to his memory is placed on the tomb of Iiis family, in the churchyard of St. Mary,: Reading. ! BAKER, Sir George, Dorn 1722, was physi-| eian to king George III. and his queen, and pre-i sident of the college of physicians. He wrote a number of exrellent tracts and dis.?ertalions on medical subiects, and died June 15, IS09. B.\KE\VELL, Robert, the most succesefu! experimental fanner and cattle-breeder ever known in England, was born 172f), at Pishley, in Leicestershire. Having remarked ihat do- mestic animals in general produce others pos- sessing qualities nearly similar to their own, he conceived that he had only to select from all the most valuable breeds such as promised to return the greatest possible emolument to the breeder ; and tli.it he should then be able, by careful atten- tion to progiessivc improvements, to produce a I ace of sheep, horses, horned cattle, or otherl SO breath. BAKHUTSEN, Ludolph, a painter and en- craver of Enibdcn, who, by the force of genius, raised himself to a higli rank. He died 1709. B.ALAAM, son of IJeo ■, a celebrated prophet of Pelhor, in Mesopotamia, killed with Balak, kinsr of Moab, in battle, 1450 B. C. BALAMIO, Ferdinand, a native of Sicily, physician to pope Leo X., about l.')55 ; eminent for his literary acquirements. '• BALA SSI," Mario, a painter at Florence, died 1607. BALATHI, Abiilfedi Othman Ben Issa, au- thor of a treatise on the characters of alphabets. B.ALBI, John, or Janua, a Genoese dominicaii, and an author of simie celebrity. BALBINTS, Decimus Ca-lius, emperor of Rome, murdered by his soldiers, 237. BALBO, .Jerome, bishop of Goritz, died at Venice, 1.535. • ,^ B.ALBOA, Vasco Nuques dr, an enterprising Castilian. He was among the early American adventurers, and built a town on t.he coast of Darien. He was afterwards falsely accused of felony by a Spanish governor, and e.xec ited 1517. BALBUENA, Bernard de, a Spanish jioct, bom at Toledo. He settled in America, where he died, when bishop of Porto Rico, 1627. BALCANaT^AL, Waher, chapl.iin to .Tames I., matter of the Savoy,and Dean of Rochester and Durham, died 1645. BALCHEN, .lohn, a celebrated English ad- miral, shipwrecked on the coast of Scilly, in the Victory, a first-rate, when upwards of 1100 per- sons perished with him, 1744. •J*'' BA BALUE, Jani€s, a German |iotn, auniauied the Horace of liis country, ilieil ltiti8. BALDEKIC, bishop of Noyoii in tlie l'2tli century. Another of ilie same iiaiue was bishop of IJol. BALDI, Lazarro, a native of Tuscany, dis tinguishcd as a painter, died I'lO:!. KALl)l.\i;CK. Kriiest Cotifried, a German physician and professor of medicine at Marpurg, diei' 1804. l jUlXl, John Anthony, a nobleman of Pla- ceiitia, ambassador at various courts uf Europe, and at the (^iii;ress of UtrerJii, died IT-iH. BAL.DI.\LX'CI, Fliihp, a Florentine, well ac- quainted Willi paiiiliiig and .-iciilpliire, un wiiich subjects lie wrote several valuable treatises, diedi Iti'Jt). ] BALDOCK, Robert de, an ecclesiastic and' favourite of Edward II., died in Newgate. | BALDOCK, ll^lph ile, bishop of London, and chancellor of the realm under Edward L, diedi 1313. BALDUS, o. B.\LrtI, Bernard, n native of (Jrbiiio, and abbot of Giiastullu, >listinguished| for his learning and liis various publications,! died 1617. ' BALUL'S DE UB.\LDiS, a civilian of Pe-] rniiia, and writer on the canon law, died 1433. It \f.D\VL\ I., count of Flanders, a dislin- gn .icd leader of the Crusades, who, for hi. br. .ery and virtue, was made emperor of tlie East, lie was afterwards taken prisoner by ihn Greeks and Bulgarians, coiil^ined for a longi lime, and put to death 1-20"., f,,:.""- | BALDWIN' 11., the l.tfC j^atin emperor ofj "Constantiiioplo. After losing his capital, hc| fled to Negiopont, to avoid falling into the l:ands o( his enemy, and : ence to Itaiv, where he died,l 1273. ■ I B.\LD\VIN I., king of Jerusalem, siicceoilcd his brother, Godfrey de 15oiiillon, on the tlirone.i and after a victorious reign, died 1118, and was buried ou Mount Calvary. I BALDWIN II., king of Jeru.salem, succeed oil Baldwin I., waf taken prisoner, and died 1131. B.'VLDWIN lit., king of Jerusalem, son of] Fulk. of Anjou, died llti3. B.^LDWIN IV., king of Jerusalem, succeed cd his f-'ther, .■\in.iury, 1174 ; he died 1185. BALuWIV, Francis, a native of Anas, an eminent ti.'ilian and professor of law at Paris, Strasburg. fcc, died 1573. BALDWLV. Martin, first bishop of Ipres, lived ahiiiit 1.170. B.\LDWIN, Frederick, a native of Dresden, died li;27. BALDWIN, a native of Exeter, and primati of England, lie attended Richard 1. in iiis crii sade. and died in the holy land, 1101. BALDWIN, Ebenezer, a worthy minister of Danbury, Conu., who, at his dnatli, 1770, be ^ueatued 300i. to his society. He was 31 years] of age. BALDWIN, Abraham, president of the TTni versity of Georgia, member of the convention which adopted the constitution, 1787, and se- nator, in all which olTices lie was distinguished ; he died 1807. BALE, Robert, a native of Norfolk, prior of the Carmelites of Norwich, where he died 1503. BALE, John, bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, born at Cove, a small village in Suffolk, was bred up in the Romish religion, but became af-| lerwards a protestant. Mis conversion, howH evsr, greatly exposed hire to th« persecutien or; ^ __^ the Romish clergy, and he must have felt their reseiitnieiit, had he not been ivotected by lord Cromwell ; but, upon the death of lliis noble- man, he was obliged to lly to Holland, Where he reinaiiK'd six years, and during that time wrote several piece.s in the English language. He wai recalled into England by Edward VI., and pre- s.-nted to the living of Bishop's-stoke, in the cDiiiity of f^oulliyinptoii. The 15th of Augual, l.Va, he w.'is nominated to the see of Osaory and, upon Ins arrival in Ireland, used bis ntniosl endeavouns to reform the manners of his diocese, to correct the vices of the priests, to abolish the mass, and to establish the use of the new book of common prayer set forth in England ; but all his .schemes of this kind hu\ing proved abortive by the death of king Ildward, and the accession of queen Mary, he became greatly exposed to the outrages of the papists in Ireland, and again tied to the continent. Un the accession of queen Elizabeth, he returned from exile, but did not choose to go again to Ireland, being satisfied with a prebend of Canicrbury, in which city he died, Nov., l.Vi3, aged 07, and was buried in II. e itthedral of that place. This prelate has left a riebratcd Latin work, containing the lives of llie most eminent writers of great Britain. He was also one of the earliest of our dramatic writers. Twenty of his plays arc recorded. BALECHON, Nicholas, an ciuinent engraver, tjoni at .Vrles. died 1765. BALEN, Mauhias, a native df Dordt, bom 1611. BALEN, Hendrirk Van, an eminent painter of Antwerp, died 163-2. BALES, Peter, a verj- e.ttraordinary person in his way, and fit to be noticed in a work of this nature. He was a most famous master in the art of penmanship, or fair writing, and one of the first inventors (for there seems to have been more thanone) of short-hand writing. He was born in 1.547, and is recorded for his skill in inicrocrapliy, or miniature-writing, in Holling- shcd's Chronicle, anno 1575. Mr. Evelyn al»o has celebrated his wonderful skill in this delicate operation of the hand, informing us, that in tlie year 1575 he wroti- tlie Lord's prayt r, the creed, decalogue, with two short prayers in Latin, his own name, motto, day of the mouth, year ot the Lord, and reien of the queen, to whom he presented it, at Hampton Court, all within the circle of a siusle penny, inchascd in a ring and borders of gold, and covered with a crj'stal, so accurately written as to be very plainly legible, to the great admiration of her majesty, the whole privy -council, and several ambassadors then at court. Ho was farther very dexterous in imitat- ing hand-writing, and, about ISSfi, was employ- ed by secretary Walsingham in certain political iii.inoenvies. He published in 1.590 a workctll- ed the " Writing School-master, in three parts ; flic 1st, teaching swift writing, the 2d, true writ- ing, the 3d, fair writing." He died about 1610. B.\LESTR.\, Anthony, a historical painter of Verona, died 1720. B.VLEY, Walter, fellow of the New College, Oxford, and professor of physic there, after- wards physician to queen Elizabeth, died 1592. B.\L(;T'Y, .lohn, an eminent Englisli divine, a theological, controversial, and mof.iphysicai writer, born at Sheffield, 1686, died at Haaow- cate, 1748. He was the friend of Clarke and Hoadley, and w^as associated with them in inaint.-iiiiinc the cause of rational religion and Christian liberty. BALGUY, thomas; IJ. D, son of the pre- 51 i BA ceding;, arciidcacoii of ■Winchester and prebend ary of ihat cathedral, a pcHeri'ul cl:;tiii|ii-, died U7T of the hcgira. BALIOL, John de, founder of Baliol follefif, Oxford, wliich was bejiun by liini in 12(>;t, and afterwards perfected by liis widow. Uurin'; the conlcst l>etween nenr>' III. and Ids barons he firmly adhered to the king, and died in litJ'j. BALIOL, Joliii de, liing of Scotland. Being Opposed in his claims to the crown by Bruce, re- ference was made to Edward, king of England, who decided in iiis favour. Afterwards, in a war with Edward, he lost the battle oi iJuubar, and retired to France, where Ue died 1314 BALKIMI YELALEDDI.N, author of a book on Mahometan jurisprudence, &c. BALL, Jolm, an English divine, minister and teacher of WUilmore, in Staflordshire, died W40. BALLE.NDEN, or BtlLLANDEX, sir Jolm an elegant Bcoltish writer of the Ifilh century He' translated into the Scots language Hector Boetius s History, which was extremely well re- reived both in Scotland ant) England, and died at Rome, 1550. BALLAKD, Cnorge, born at Canipden, in Oloucestcrsliire, was one of those singular ge- n-uses that shoot f<'rth witliout culture. He was brought up to the profession of a habit- niaker. Upi'ii a discovery of his abilities, lord Chedwortli and some other gentlemen offered him a pension of IWI. perar.num, but he would only accept CO/. He published " Mciuoirs of British Ladies eminent for Learning or Abili- ties," and died young, in 1755, supposed to be owing to ton intense application. BAXLERINI, I'eter and Jeroaie.two bro- thers, ecclesiastics, who devoted theniselves to literary pursuits and pnblislied several valuable works, were both livine, 1758. BALLEXFERD, a native of Geneva, author of several medical works, died 1/ (4. BALL!, Joseph, of Palermo, canon of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples, died IfilO. BALLL\NI, Jolm Baptist, a native and Se- nator of Genoa, air.lio/ of a work on the mo- tion of bodies. di< d lOtiC. BALLIN, Claude, a goldsmith of Paris, an artist of great celebrity, died lti7S. B.ALt^AMON, Theodore, a Patriarch of An- tioch, died 1214. BALSHAM, Hugli de, bishop of Ely, died 1286. B.^LTH.\SAR, Christopher, king's advocate at Auxerre, and author of several protestant works, about ICiP. BALTH AZARI SI, surnamed Beanjoyenx, an f ialian musician, who composed several ballads and pieces of nnisic, in the reign of Henry HI. BALTICS, John Fiancis, a Jesuit of Meiz, and librarian of Rlieims, died 1743. BALm, John,of Poitou, bishop of Evreux and of Arras, cardinal and legate to tlie iwpe in France, died 1491. B.\L7,t;E. Stephen, a French writer, and au- tlior of the '' Li\es of the Popes of Avignon," bom 1631, died 1718. BALZ.^C, John Lewis Guez de,liistoriogra- pher of France, and counsellor of state, was BA ' eeni as a writer (especially for his Letters^ wliicli went through several editions) , aud died U)54. B.\iMBOCHE, a nickname given to Peter de I..aer, a paiieer, for his deformity, he died 167.3. BAMJiUI DGE, Chi istoplier.o native of West- moreland; anihas.'iadorf.'om Henry VIH to pope |.inlius H., a cardnial and archbishop of York died 1514 B ARIPFIELD, Francis, prelendary of Exeter, and minister of Sherburne, died in Newgate 1684. BANCHI, Sciaphin, a doiuinican of Flo- rence, who saved the lite of Henry IV.jOf France, for which he was made bishop of An- gonlemr, died about l''OC. B AN CK, Lawrence, a Swede, professor of law ai Ko'Uoping, died 1662. B.WCRUFT, Richard, chaplain to queen Eli/abelh, bishop v)f London and Archbj.?hop of Canterlnirv, died IflO. BANCROFT, John, bishop of Oxford, died liHO. [ B.A ND,'\RR,A , Gonzales, a Portuguese prophet lani versifier, died 15.56. I J5ANDELLO, Matthew, a celebrated Italian [novelist, born at Ca.stelnuovo, in the district of Tortrna, died in France, about 1561. His no vels, like those of Boccace, are more remarka- ble for the natural simplicity with which they .ire related, than for the decency of their incidents. By Hciiryll. he was made bishop ofAgen,in France, I'S.'iO, but resigiu tl the see in 1555. EAjNDINELLA, Raccio, a painter and sculp- tor of Florence, died ].5.")£i. BANDINI, Aiigelo Maria, an Italian antiqua- ry, eminent for his learning and his writings, died J800, leaving his fortune to literary and 'charitable uses. BANDURl, Anselm, a distinguished monk iOf R igusa, died 1743. BANGUIS, Peter, a Swede, professor of the- olocv at .Abo, and bishop of Wvburg, died 1696. B.ANGUISI, Thomas, author of a Hebrew Lexicon, and professor of Hebrew, theology, and philosophy, at Copenhagen, died 1661. BANIER, Anthony, a celebrated mythologist of France, born 1673, died 1741. An English translation of his " Mythology, and Fables of the Ancients," was published in London, 1741, in 4 vols 8vo. B.ANISTER, John, an Englishman, who cul- tivated the studyof botany in Viigiiiia,and was killed by falling from a rock, in one of his ex- cursions. BANISTER, John, a learned English phy- sician in the 16tli century. B.ANISTER, Richard, the younger, a physi- cian of great skill, of Siamford, England. The time of ills death unknown. BANKS, Sir John, an eminent English law- yer, chief justice of the King's P.encli, after- wards judge of common pleas, died 16G4. BANKS, John, from a weaver's apprentice, became an author, and wrote a review of Crom- well's life, died 1751. B.ANKS, John, an EnglL2 BA i;a of Iiis tiatiic pieces, wliieli are seven in nnnib' i. jlUe al'terwaids aiipiieil liniiseli ii> ilie sludy ot" The lime ol" iiis birili ami rieaili are iiMroriairi.||lIielailieis anil ihc eoiineils, oipiiilosMipiiy, nia- BAXKS, Right lion. Sir ,'t>siiili, Ran , andjjtiieina'irs, and, above all, oi asiroiioniy. This Knigiitof llie Bath, a most eininent patron ot literary and philosop'iical \vri:er-, and many years preyiden: ot" llie Koyal Society, was born December 13, 1743, ami educated at Klon and Oxford. In 17(i5, he visited the co;<^!l^: ni' N'eve- foiiudlaiid and Labrador, for the purpose of mailing rosea; che> in Nai ural History. In 1TG8, Jie accompanied Capt. Uook in his first voyage round the world; shortly after his return from wluci), !>ir Joseph, in company with his frientl. Dr. Solander, visited [celaiid ; and a rich bar vest of now knowicdt;e,and()f specimens, com- pensated for the toils and expense of this scien- tilic adventure. Sir Joseph died at his house, in Solio-siiuare, in hisSUth year, June lit, 1820. B.\.\'lvS, Thomas, a celebrated English sculp- tor, born at Lambeth, in Surrey, December i-l. 1738, and bred a wood-carver, to which he Bervod an apprenticeship of seven years. But when the Society for the Encouracement of Arts held out rewards for models and sculpture, lie turned his mind to ihe study of that art ; ; ndj liaving obtained several premiums from that siVi ciety, and in 1770, the gold luedu! of the Koyal Academy, he was, in 1772, sent to Rome for three years, .it the Academy's expense. Tlu several admirable works which he afti^rwards executed, in Russia, as well !is in his own coun- try, are too iiunuTous to be hbre detailed. We shall only mention, therefore, the monument of Sir Eyre Cooie, in Westminster Abbey, and the alto relievo for the front of the Sh.tkspeare Gal- lery, in Pall Mall. Mr. B. died February '2, IHO.i. B.\XNES, Dominique, a Spanish ecclesiastic and author, died ll>04. B.VN.N'IKR, John, a Swedish general under Gustavus Adolphus, died 1641. BANano, or B.\NCUO, a Scotch general of royal birth. B.VPTIST, John Monnoyer, a native of I.isle, and a celebrated painter of flowers, died lti99. B.VrnSTI.V, Jnlin Uaptlste Struk, a musi- cian of Florence, died 1740. BAR.\CK, a judge of the Hebrews about 1-240 B.C. BARAD/EITS, bishop of Edessa, founder of a sect called Jacobites, died 5'rS. B.\R.\N/\NO, Rcdemp'.ns, a monk, born in Piedmont, profeianr of pliilosophy at .\niieri, anil acorres|)oniient of i lie ereat Bacon.died ll)'22. B.ARATIKR, .lolin Philip, a prodigy of his kind, was born at Schwoback, in .Vnspach, Ja- nuary 19, 17-!0-21. His father, who was pastor of the CiUvinistic church at Schwoback, took upon himself the care of his son's education, and taught him languages without study, and almost without his perceiving that he was learn- ing them, by only introducing words of different languages, as it were casually, into conversation with him. By these means, when he was but four years old, he spoke every day French to his mother, Latin to his father, and Hisli Dutch to the maid, without the least perplexity to him- Bclf, or the least confusion of one lansiiage with another. The other language, of which h'c was master, he learnt by a method yet morn uncom-j mon, which was, by only using the Bible in the language he then proposed to leani, accom- panied with a translation. Thus he understood Greek at six, and Hebrew at eight years of age ; insomuch that he could, upon the optming of the book, and \\'itho\it a moment's hesitation,! (lanslatc tbe Hebrew Bible iiuo Latin or French. 1 S* boy, as he really was, foinied schemes' for find- ing the longitude, which he sent, in January, 17.1.5, to the Royal Society at London; and. though these schemes had been alresidy fried, and found insutncient, yet they exhibited such u specimen of his capacity for inailii.maticat learning, that the Royal Society of Berlin ad- mitted him, the same year, as one of their mem- bers. In 1735, he went with his father to Halle; at which university ho was oflered the di-pree ot master of arts, or (as they call it) doctor in philosophy. Baratier drew up that night, 14 theses in philosophy and tiic maihematics ; thest- he sent iinmediiilely to the press, and defended the ue.vl day so very ably, lliat all who heard him were delighted and aina/.ed ; he was then admitted to his degree. He died at his father's, at Halle, llie 5th ot October, 1740, in the 'iOth vear of his ace. M.VRATIF.R, Bartholomew, author of a di rest of feudal law, and professor of jurispni- jenre at Pavia, in the I 'ith century. K.ARBA, Alvarev. Alonzo, an author and cii rate of St. Bernard de Potosi, died after 16*20. B.\RBAD1L1,0, Alphonsus Jerome deSalas. a writer of Spnnish comedies, died about ItUiO. U.VRBADIXO, a Portuguese writer of some merit. B.ARB ARO, Frahcis, a noble and learned V'f- neiiaii, governor of Brescia, died 14"»4. B.VKBARO, Krniolao, bishop of Trevisa, and aflerward.< of Verona, died 1470. BARBARf), or BARBARUS, IJcrmoIaus. a learned Venetian, ambassador to the eiiipi roi Frederick, and to Pope Innocent VIII., and pa- triarch of .-Xqnileia, died at Rome, 1493. B.\RBARO, Daniel, nephew to the patriarch, and ambassador from Venice to England, died in l.''»70. BARB.VROSS.A, Aruch, a notorious pirate, who made hinijelf master of .Algiers and "Tunis, gfler murdering the kings of both. He was af terwards opjwsed by the governor of Oran, and killed, 1;)18. BARBAROSSA, Theredin, admiral under Se- lim II., and successor to Aruch on the throne of M^'iers, died 1.5^17. BARBAROUX, ("harles, deputy to the na- tional convention of France, and a bitter eiieiny to Louis XVI., executed in 1794. BARBATELLl, Bernardino, a painter, of Florence, died 1612. ll.XKRAZ VX, Stephen, a native of Auxcrrc, a laborious student and author, died in 1770. BARB AZAN, Arn.*iiii Gnillaumede, a cour- tier of Cliarles VII. of France, and a distin- uislied warrior, died 1432. B.ARBE, a Bohemian lady, wife to tlie empe- ror Sigismond. B.\RBE, surnamed Esther, for lier piety, queen of Poland, died 15'i5. B.\RBE. another queen of Poland, died 15.5L I BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, .lean Louis, by his talents, emerged from obscurity, and be- came a distinguished French geographer; he died 1781 B.\RBERIXI. Francis, a most excellent pool of Tuscanv. in the 13ih century. BARBElT DE BOL'RG, James, a native of Mayenne, an eminent physician, died 1779. BARBEY, Marc le, a celebrated physician. andf'avouriteofHenr> VI. of France, died about tlie close of the 16th centurj'. 53 BA BAKBKVRAC, John, born 1674, at Bariers, a city of Lower Lariguedoc, in France. Ht translated into French Uie iwoctlebrated works ol" •' PiilTendorf,"* liis " Law of Katurc and Na- tions," and liis "Duties of a Man and Citizen;" w rote excellent notes to both these perforujan- cts. and to the former gave an introductory pre- face. He published also, in 17*24, a Iratibiaiirni into French of Grotius' treatise "De Jure Belli ac Pacis," with ample and excellent notes, and died in 1729. BARBIER D'AUCOUR, John, a native ol Langrcs, and a lawyer of some merit, died 1G9I. BAllBIKR, Mary Ann, a native of Orleans, and a writer of tragedies, died 1745. BARBIER, Lewis, a favourite of tlie Dukeof Orleans, and bishop of Langres, died 1670. R.ARBIERI, John Francis, a historical painter of sonii- merit, died 16C6. B.ARBOSA, Arius, one of the restorers of learnins in Spain, and profeE.«r at Salamanca, died 1540. BAKBOPA, Peter, a native of Portugal, pro- fessor at ("oinibra, and chancellor of the king- dom, died Ij'.IG. B.ARBOSA, Emanuel, a Portuguese author, died 1638. B.-\RBOU, Hugh, a celebrated printer at Ly ons, about 1580. B.ARBOUR, John, a Scotch clergj-man, am- bassador from Bruce to the court of England, died i:i78. BARBUD, a celebrated musician at the court of Persia. BARCALI, a Mahonicdan writer, died 960 of the hegira. BARt'HAM, John, a learned divine and an- tiquary, born at Exeter, about 1572 He assisted Sp«'ed in his History of England ; and was au- thor of a " Display of Heraldrie," folio, 1611 ; but liaving composed this in his youth, and thinking it too liclit a subject to acknowledge, be pave it to John Gwilliin, a herald of his ac- quaintance, under whose name it has been re peatedly printed. He died 1642. BARCHUSEN, or BARKHAUSEN, John Conrad, a German, eminent as a physician, and lecturer on chymistrj', died 1V17. BARCLA Y, or BARKLAY, Alexander, ana- tive of Scotland, rector of a church in England, and an elegant writer of the 16th century. BARCLAY, William, a Scotchman, profes- "(ir of the university of Pont-amousson, in France, died 1C05. BARCLAY, John, son of the preceding, a writer of some celebrity, died 1621. BARCL.W, Henry, D. D. sometime mission- ary to the Mohawk Indians, afterwards rector «f Trinity Church, New-York, died 17G5. BARCLAY, Robert, an eminent writer, of the socio y of Quakers, born at Edinburgh, 1IM8 In 1670, his famous " Apology for the Quakers" was published in Latin, at Amsterdam, 4to. fie translated it, however, into English, and published it in 1678. This work is addre^iscd tr Charles H., and the manner in which he ex- presses himself to his majesty is very remark a ble. Among many other extraordinary pas sages, we meet with the following : " There i- no king in the world who can so experimental!: testify of God's providence and goodness ; nci f her is there any who rules so many free peopl<. , 80 many tr\i'5 Christians ; which thing renders Ihy government more honourable, thyself mtin considerable, than the-accession of many n?. -ions, filled with slavish and superstitious soulf<. ,'»4 BA Thou haat tasted of prosperity and adversity ; thou knowest what it is to be banished thy na- tive country, to be overruled as well as to rule Jand sit upon liie throne ; and, bi ing oppress!^, [thou ha.st ri asoii to know how. liuieUil the op- pressor is both to God and man : if, after all these \A arnings and advertisements, thou do>t not turn unto the Lord with all thy lieart, but forget him who remembered thee in thy distress, and give up tliysell to follow low lust and vani- ty, surely freai will be thy condemnation." — He did great .service to his s(?ct over all Europe, by liis writings, and died lO'KJ. BARCOCHEBAS,or BAKCOCHAB,an im- postor among the Je«s ; his followers were nu- merous, but afterwards destroyed by Julius Se- verus. BARC09, Martin dc, a controversial writer, of Baynnne, died J07H. BARD, a Mahomedan writer. BARD, John, a learned Physician, in the city of New-York, sever.nl years, and elected preei- dent of the medicoi society of the same, died 17U9. BARDAS, a chief at Constantinople, guard- ian to Michael HI., was put to death 806. BARDAS, called Sccltrus, a general raised to the purple by his soldiers ; time of his death un- known. BARDESANKS, a Syrian author, and foun- der of a sect which bore his iiame, lived about 172. BARDET, Peter, a French advocate and au- thor, died in lCt5. BAKDHADI, a Mahomedan writer. BARDhX, Peter, a native of Rouen, and au- thor, was drowned in 1637. BARUIN, John, a French historical painter, born at Monthar, in 1732, and died at Orleans, in l&Oi). In 1764, lie gained the prize for a picture of Tullia driving over the body of her father. BARDNEY, Richard, a Benedictine, died in 1504. BAREBONE, Praise-God, a bigoted zealot of Cromwell's parliament, of such celebrity as a demagogue, that the parliament was ludicrously called after him. His two brothers adopted aa ' cripture naniee, "Christ came into the world to save, Barcbone," and "if Christ had not died, thou hadslbecndamned, Barcbone," called by the wits of the day, by the two last word.*). BARENT, Dieteri'ch, a Dutch painter, died 1592. BABETTI, Joseph; boin at Turii, about 17ier He cairic over to England in the year 1750, where he resided (with a short interval) the re- mainder of his life. Baretti liad the good for- tune to be introduced to Dr. Samuel Johnson, and between them a very long intimacy had place. From the tin)e of hit arrival in F-ng- land, he subsisted by teaching the Italian lan- guage, and by the sale of his writings. In 1760 he made a tour to Italy, through Portugal and Spain, and returned to England after an absence of six years. In 1760, he was tried at the Old Bailey for having stabbed a man who violently as- saulted him in the Haj market. He made a most admirable defence : which, added to the bad re- putation of his prosecutors, impressed the court much in his favour. He was acquitted of the murder, and of the manslaughter: the verdict was, self-defence. After this unfortunate trans- action he again sat down to his studies, and in 1770 published his "Travels," for which, it is said, he received 500?. On the establishment of the Royal Academy, he was appointed foreign -V BA secretary, a po3t of more lionourthaii profit. He dicii May 5, ITdi), witliout a struggle or sigh, tlic moment after taking a glafs of wine ; preserving liis faculties to the last moment. BAREZI, a Mahomedan author, died 738 of the hcgira. BAR(;UAVR, Isaac, Chaplain to Jaraes I. and Cliarles, died 1G42. BARIDAlI,a Mahomedan writer on Aris- totle. RARINI, a Mahomedan writer. BARKER, Robert, a painter, known as the inventor of panoramic exhibitions, died Ic'Ort. B.'\RKER, Thomas, son of the preceding, was a member of the royal society, and the au- thor of several theological and other pieces, he died in London, 180!l. BARKIIAM, .John, a nntivc of Eteter, and a divine of reputation for learning ; time of his death unknown BARKI. a Mahomedan writer. EARKSDAI.E, Clement, master of Hereford school, and ncior of Naunton,died in ir>t*7. B.ARLA.AM.a monk of Caiabria, made ab- bot of St. Salvador, bv the emperor Andronicus, died in 1348. B.\RL/EKS, Gasparaus, a '.ntin poet, of Antwerp, sub-principaiof tlic college at Leydeu, and afterwards professor of philosophy at Am- Bterriam, died l'.i-18. BARL.-EI'S, Lambert, Greek profeesor at Leydeii, died in Itk'vl. B.VRLAND, Adrian, anativeof Zealand, and proftssor at Louvain, died in 1542. BARLETTA, Gabriel, a doininican, of some celebrity as a writer aiid preacher, born at Na- ples, about 1 100. BARLOTTA, Joseph, a Sicilian poet of the 18lh centurv. BARLOVV, William, bishop of different dio cesos, under Henry VUI., and Mary and Eliza- beth of England, died 15G8. B.\RLOW, Francis, a native of Lincohishire. a painter, died 1702. B.\R[,0\V, Joel, L L. D., author of the Co- lunibiad, was born at Reading, Conn., 1758, and educated at Yale College ; he served in the American army as a volunteer, and aa a chap lain. Attheclo.^eof the war, he went to France, where he became conp[iicuous and jwpular as a zealous friend of the revolution. He was ap pointed American consul at Algiers, and after wards minister from the U. S. to France, and died, on his way to Wilna to meet Napoleon, 1812. B.\RLOVVE, Thomas, succe.ssively fellow of Oxford, keeper of the Bodleian, professor of di- vinity, and bishop of Lincoln, died 1091. B.\RLOVVE, William, remarkable for hav- ing been the tirst who wrote on the natute and properties of the loadstone. 2f) years betore Gil bert published his book on that subject. It was he likewise who found out the difierence be tween iron and steel, and their tempers for maj netical uses He died in 162.'). I BARN AB.XS, St, a Levite, converted toj Christianity, arid a preacher of the gospel with St. Paul ; he vias stoned to death bv the Jews, j BARNARD, John, minister, of Marblehead,' Mass. ; the father of the commercial enterprise' of that place, and long regarded a.s the father of the churches in New-England. His publica- tions are numerous and valuable; he died 1770. BARNARD, IMward, a worthy afiid dis tineuished minister, of Haverhill, Masa died i7T4. BA BARNARD, Thomas, a highly respected mi- nister in Salem, Mass., diid 1755. B.-VRNARD, Theodore, a native of Amster- dam, and painter under Titian. B.VKNARD, John, prebendnry of Lincoln, died in 1683. BARNARD, Sir John, was in the year 1722 chosen one of the representatives in parhamenl for the city of London ; a tnist which lie con- linued to enjoy during the six succeeding parlia- ments, and which he always discliarged wiiii I'qual integrity and ability. In 1727^ he was chosen alderiiian of Dowgate Ward. On the subject of the famous excise scheme, projected by air Robert Walpole, in 1733, Sir John made fco strenuous an opiwsition, that, in conjunction with other members, lie obliged the ministry entirely to lay it aside. In 17,37, he formed a scheme for reducing the interest on the national debt ; a project which, though it did not at that time succeed, was, nevcriheless, afterwards car- ried into execution, to the great emolument of the trading part oltlie nation. In 1738, he served in the high office of lord- mayor of Ijondoii ; and ill July, 1758, resigmd his gown, and retired to t'lapham ; where, after ha\ iiig attained to near the age of 80, he died August 211, 1766. A statue is frected to his memoiy in the Royal Exchange. B.MINAVE, .\nilioiiy T, ter Joseph Marie, a deputy to the national assembly of France, who lost his popularity for.-^omeexpressionsin favour of the king, and was guillotined, 1793. I>.\RNES, Juliana, prioress olSope well mm- nerv, eminent for her accomplishments and j'ie- ty, died after 1486. B.ARNES, Joshua, an eminent critic, and pro- fessor of the Gret!k language in the university of Cambridge, was born in London, 1(154. He published editions of Euripides, Anacreon, and JHoincr; a life of Edward III., folio, lt)88 ; and Iseveral poems, both in Latin and English ; and died in 1712. BARNES, Thomas, D. D., an English di.asent- ing minister, of Manchester, and preceptor of an academy at the same place, died in 1810. B.\RNES, David Leonard, attorney of the I'nilcd States, for the district of Rhode-Island, and judge of the same, died 1812. BARNE.'^, Robert, D. D., employed hy Henry Vlll. ; afterwards incurring his displeasure, b* was burnt at the stake, l.')40. BARNEVELDT, John d'Olden, an able sfatcs- m.an, of Holland, ambassador to England and France, condemned on false charges, and exe- cuted, 1619. BARO, or B ARONI, Peter, a native of France, who retired to England as a protestant, and re- sided with lord Burleigh ; afterwards professor of divinity at Cambridiie, died after 1574. B.XROCHE, Frederick, a painter, of I'rbino, of grr^t celebrity, died in 1612. B.ARON, Bonaventure, a native of Ireland, and divinity professor at Rome, died 1696. baron! Michael, theRoscius of the French thetitre, bom 1652. died 1729. The father of Baron also was an :ictor, famous for his talent in declamation ; and tlie manner of liis death was singular : pl.tying the part of Don Diego, in The Cid, his sword fell from his hand, as the piece requires; and kicking it from him witli indignation, he unforf.tnalely struck against tlic point of it, by which his little toe was pierced It turned to a gangreni> ; he refused to sufffer amputation, and died iri55. BARO.N, Hyacinth Theodore, a learned phy sician of Paris, dieil in 1756. ^5 BA BA |versf with bini, and, in his liumorous way, to rail him an " unlair pifaclior," hecnut* he ex- liuusied every subject, and lelt notliiiip lor others to say after hmi. Ui ltj75, he was rhosin \nce' rliancellor ol' tlic university. This ^reat and leorried divine 'died of a fever the 4th of May, 1G77, and was buried in Westminster Abluy. B.AKKOW , Isaac, a native of i^piney Abbey, lii.shop of tiodor, Man, and i^t. Asaphs, died 1077. ItARRV, Girald, a native of Pendirokeshire, a clergynian, and autlior of a liittoryofthe con- qiieM of Ireland ; he died alter l'il5. I! A It RY, James, an Iiisii lawyer; he woe a haron of the exchequer, chief justice of the Kint's bench, and aflirwards lord e^aiitry of the l)eerr4!(!S ; lie died IfO. BARRY, Spranger, an eminent English actor, coteniporan wiih, and a powerful rival of, Mr. • ■arrick, liorn in Dublin, 1710, died in London, Jan. 1774. His peculiar ari^ aiitaj;c8 were de- rived from a tine person, ii.clodiuus voice, and pleasing address and his peiforniances in ania- 1017 char.'utiis were perhaps never excelled. t?ee ( RAV\ FORD. 15AKKY, James, an eminent painter, was horn p.t Cork, in Ireland, 1742; and having early discovered preat genius for the an, he was pa- tronized by Jlr. Burke, and brought to London, v\lu;re ht became a pupil to f^ir Joshua Rey- nolds. When Mr. Burke came into aduiioistra- iion with the mai'quis of Rockiniihani, he fent Mr. Barry to llaly, at his sole expense. After visiting ail the celebrated schools of the conti- niiit, ill which he occupied three years, Mr. Barry returned to London; and in 1775, pub- lished " An Inquiry into the real and imaginary Obstructions to the Acquisition of the Arts in Knpland." About two years after this, he was elected a Royal .Academician, and in 17S()made profesfcor of p'liiitin^ to the Royal Academy; but in niiil, oji an d addiction to demo- eratical principles, wh^ i'enioved from that of- lice. He seems soon afterwards to have taken disgust at society, from which he retired into a wretched obscurity, living unattended, and half larvi'd, till some friends raised about 1000/., v.itli which they purchased an amiuity forhiui; but bel'ore llir first quarter's pajnient of it be- came due he died. lV)ar. 22, 1800, and was inter- red in St. Paul's cathedral. His greatest effort f art is a series of allegorical picti. lich tic painted gratuitously for the greil'-jnc . ot the Pocictv of Arts, in the Adelphi. '''•' BAliRY, George, D. U., an omincnt Scotch divine, author of a history of the Orkneys, died )fi05. BARRY, John, first commodore in the Ameri- can navy ; he possessed great courage, was a patriot, and Christian, and died 1803. BARPt'MA, or I'ARSOMA, metropolitan, author of several books in Svriac. BARTAt=,GuillauniedePallustedu, a French poet of Monfort. in Amiagnac, died 1590. BABTH, John, a native of Dunkirk, who, by his liravery and skill, rose to a high rank in the French navy ; he died In 1702. BARTHE, Nicholas Thom.is, a native of Marseilles : he was author of gome dramatic pieces, and died 178.'). BARTIIFLFMI, Nicholas, a Benedictine of the l.'ith century, and author of some devotional Latin poems. BARTHELEMI, the Nestor of French lite- rature, and author of the " Travels of Ana- charsis in Greece," died May 4, 1795. During BARONI, Adrianne Basile, sister to Basile tlin poet ; greatly admired for her beauty, wit, und uccompli.-iinienis. BAROMI'S, C'asar, a Neapolitan Cardinal, libraiiuu of the Vatican, and author of" tccle- siasiical Annals, from A. U. 1, to llilS,'' born lo^S, died in07. BAKOU DL' gOBEIL, N., a distinguished law- yer at Lvons, put to death in IV.HJ. BAR6Z>:I, James, a skilful architect, of Mo- dena, Willi succt edcd Mich.tel .Angelo, a* the arciiitecl of St. Peleis, died in 1377. BAKRAI^, Peier, an ecclesiastic of Grenoble, teacher at Paris, and author of a historical dic- tionary.', died in 1772. BARRE, Francois Pouillain dela. a native of France, prniessor at Geneva, died in 1723. B.VRRK, Lewis Francoi^e.ics. de la, a native of Tournay, author ol some books on Antiqua- rian histoiy, &c. ; lie died in 17J8. B.ARP.E, Michel de la, of Paris, an eminent plaver on the German tlute, died 1744. B'.\RKE, Joseph, canon of 6«t. Genevieve, rliancellor of tin! university of Paris, and au- iliirof a history of Germany, died 17ti4. B.ARRE, Madame du. mistrcbS of Lewis XV., of France, executed during the resolution in i:ia. ByVRREAUX, Jacques Vallee, a libertine of Paris ; he was celebrated rather for his volup- tiir.iis life, than for the productions of his pen; died .li".7:f. B.ARRKLlER, James, a domiiiican friar, eminent as- a scientilic botanist, died lfi73. B.ARREIIE, Pe!er,a physician of Perpignan, died 17.Sa. BARRETT, George, an eminent self taught painter, of Dublin, and a member of the Royal Acadeinv. died 17H4. B.AHRETT, William, a surgeon, of Bristol, and author of a history of that city, died 178!). BARRIERE, Pierre, a soldier who attempted to assassinate Henry IV. of France, but was de- tected and broken on the wheel, 1603. BARRIN(;T0N, John Shute, lord viscount, a nobleman of con.sidi rable learning, and au- thor of several books on religious subjects, was bom in l(i78. and died in 17.34. BARRLNGTON. Dailies, son of the above, a celebrated English lawyer, antiquary, and writer on subjects of law, politics, natural histo- ry, geograithv, and criticism, horn 1727, died March 14, 18()0. His writings are very ntinie- rous, and many of them are in the Philosophi- cal Transactions and the Archa'ologia ; but those which most distinguished him as an au- thor were, his " Observations on the Statutes, chiefly the more ancient," &c. of which, two 4to editions were published in one voar, (17f>(i.) BARRINGTON, Samuel, son of lord B., a distinguished admiral in the British navy, died ISOO. BARROS, or DE BARROS, John, a native of Viseo, preceptor to the princes of Portugal, aftenvard-s governor of St. George, on the Afri- can coast, and treasurer of the Indies, under king Juan. He wrote a history of the Indies, and died 1570. B.ARROW, Isaac, an eminent mathematician and divine, born in London, 16:^0 When the King advanced Dr. B. to the dignity of master of Trinity College, Cambridge, his majesty was pleased tosav, " he had given it to the best scho- lar in England :" and he did not speak from re- port, bur from his own knowledge. The doctor being then his chaplain, he used^ften to con- BA tiji? doiuiiiatiou ol" Robe^piL•rre, liku moat other men of Itarniiig, he was imprisoned ; when, notwithstaiidnig his gn^at ago (upwards of 89) and inlirniitifs, instead of sinking under the ri- gour with which he wastreated, he exerted him- self in consoling his feilow-sufTerers. Soon af- ter tlie fall of Robespierre, he was released, and allowed a pension. In the '• Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettre are preserved many of his papers, illustrating Greek liieratiire. BARTIIELEMI DES MARTYRS, a domini can, of Lisbon, archbishop of Braganza, died in 15' eininent engraver, born at Florence, in 1728. In 1764 he came to England and worked forth? priiit?ellers, particularly Mr Boydell. In 1760 he was r ho sen a member of the Royal Academy. Tlu' new mode of stippling, or encraving in the red chalk manner, now becoming fasliioiiahle, gave Bartolozzi ample employment, and he everuted in that way many hundreds of prints. The finest of all his works, perhaps, are the Marlboroush Gems, and the prints for Bovdell's Shak- spcare. In 1802 he went to Lisbon, on an invi- tation from the prince regent of Portugal, who allowed him a pension ; and there he died in March, 181.5. BARTON, Benjamin S., M. D., an eminent BA physician, of Philadelphia. He was appointed professor of natural history and botany, and af- terwards of .Materia Medica, in the univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and succeeded Dr. Rustic on his death, as professor of the theory and practice of medicine : he died in 1815. B.\RTO\, Elizabetli, commonly called " The holy Maid of Kent," was a religious impostor in the reimi of Henry VIII., and executed at Tyburn, April TO, 1534. B.\RTK.>V.M, John, a distinguished botanist, born in Pennsylvania ; he was elected .■\meri- c.in botanist to George HI., and died in 1777. Linuiiiis pronouhr(..d him " the greatest natural botanist in the world." B.^Rl'CH, the prophet, the friend of Jere- miah, he was author of a hook not received as canonical, either by Christians or Jews. He went to Babylon with the Israelites iu their cap tivity. B.VRVVICK, John, a native of Westmoreland, distinguished for his zeal in the royal cause ; and his attachment to Charles i. and H. ; he was afterwards dean of Durham and St. Paul's, and died 10^. n.AKVVICK, Peter, abrotlier of the dean, an mineut physician: he supjKirtud Hervey's doc- tri?ie of tlie circulation of the blood, and died 1711."). n \RZERI\I, a Mahoinedan writer. HAS. Le, a French engraver of eminence, |died I7r>.5. I H\S( 'HI, Matthew, founder of a new order )f Franrisian capuchins, died 1.552. B.ASEDOW, John Bernard, professor of mo- ral philosophy, at Soroe, in Denmark, from which he w as exjielled for irrellgion; he died 17it0. BASHrVSEV, Henry James Van, profes- sor of ecclesiastical history and the orienta! languages ai Haiiau, and afterwards of divinity at Berlin, died 17.V. BASIL, St., bishop of Ctpsarea, persecuted bv Valens, for refusing to embrace Arianisra. died 379. B.ASIIj, an Arian, bishop of Ancyra. B.ASIL I., a Macedonian. Being but a com- mon soldier, lie was taken prisoner by the Bul- garians, from whom, however, he escaped, and solicited alms to support him on a journey tc Constantinople, where he became emperor of the East. Dreaded by his enemies the Saracens, whom he frequently vanquished ; and beloved by his subjects for his justice and clemency ; lie died in 886. BASIL II., emperor of Constantinople, a va- liant, but cruel and inhuman prince, died 1025. B.ASIL, an impo.sTor, who disturbed Constan- tinople, by pretending to be Constantine Ducas, for which he was burned alive, after 934. B.XSIL, a physician, who became head of a sect called Bosomiles. in Bulgaria, and was con- demned for his heresies. BASILIDF.S, a sectary of Alexandria, in the *1 century, who enjoined five years silence on hisfoilmvers. RASIf.ICES, brother of Verina. the wife of Leo I., emperor of the East ; he seized and re- tained the throne a short time, during which the valuable library of Constantinople, containing I'in.OHn volumes was burnt : he died 478. BASILOWITZ, Iwaii, a hero, who laid the foundation of the Russian empire, and first as- ■umed the name of C/.ar, died l'i*'4. B.VSINE, wife of the king of Thiirineia, who eft her husband to ejpouse ChiM ric I., «f 51 H BA BA France, as Uie bi avcsl man of his day ; she was motJ)er of Clovis ihe Great. BASINOPTOKE, or BASINGK, John, arch- deacon of Lficesler, author of " Sermons," " Latin Translations from the Grecic," &c. ; he is supposed to have introduced the Greek numorical fuiures into England. He died liSO. B.\SIKK, Isaac, D. D., archdeacon of Northumberland, and chaplain to Charles I. ; afterwards prebendary of Uuiiiani ; be died 1670. BASIRE, .larars, an eminent Engli.sh cnpra ver, bom Oct 6, K30, died r-ept. G, 1?02 JIc was many years engraver to the Royal Society and to the Sorieiy of Antiquaries. BASKERVILLR, John, an ngeniotis Enslish letter-founder and printer, lanious for tlie beaut) and elei'ance of his types and editions ; bnrn at Wolveilv, in Worrestirsbire, J70tj, died 1~'). B.-\f-KERVlLLE, SirSimon, knight, obtained by his skill as a phys-ician, in London, distinc- tion, the honour of kniglitbood, and immense wealth ; he died 1641. BASNAGE, James, a French refupec in Hol- land, author of " A Ilibtory of the Jews," died 17i3. EASX.AGE, Henr>', an advocate of the par- liament of Rouen, who, upon the proscription of tiie proieslants, in France, fied to Hollatid, where he died, 1710. BASNAGE, Benjamin, a prote?tant, author of a freati^e on the church, and deputy from the French churches to Scotland, in the reign of James VI., died 1652. BASNAGE, Anthony, son to the above, mi- nisver of Bayeux ; he was imprisoned for his re- ligion at Havre de Grace, and afterwards fied to Holland, uiiere he died in 1601. BASNAGE, DU FRAaUENAY, Henrj', an advocate of Rouen, eminent for eloquence, died 1095. BASNET, Edward, dean of St. Patrick, in Ireland, in 1537, afterwards privy counsellor. BASS, Edward, D. D., a scholar and divine ; lie was tirst bishop of Massachusetts, and died in 1P03. BASSAN, James Hu Pont, a painter, bom >.510, in the village of Ba'sano, in the repnblir of Venice. He had jreat success in lamlscape and portraiture : and has also drawn several night-pieces ; but it is said he found great diffi- culty in representing feet and hands, and for this reason those parts are generally hid in his pic turcs. Anibal Garacci, when he went to see Bassan, was so far deceived by the representa- tion of a book, drawn upon the wall, tliat he went to lay hold of it. The pieces of this painter are spread over Europe ; he died at Venicp, 15it2. BASSANDYNE, Thomas, a Scotchman, known as a printer, died 1501. B.\SSAM; James Anthony, a Jesuit of Vi- eenza, an elmiuent preacher, distinguished by Pope Benedict XIV. ; he died in 1747. B.'VSSANI, John Baptiste, an admired Italian compoger in the 17th century, master to Corelli. BABS.\NTIN, James, a Scotchman, who ac- ouired reputation as a teacher of mathematics at Taris, died 1568. BASSELIN, a fuller, of Vire, in Normandy, in the 1.5th century, knownforhis popular songs aJid ballads. BA?SET, Peter, chamberlain to Henry V., and author of an account of the expeditions of that prince. BASSI, Laura, wife of Joseph Verati, was honoured with the degree of doctor of philoso- 58 phy, for the great mental acquirements dis- played in her lectures on that suhjrcl, and dis- tinguished as possessing every amiable virtue; she died in 1778. BASITH, Khaiath, a Maliometan. author of a treatise on praver. BASSOMPIEKRE. Francois de, marechal of France, of a disiinguished family of Lorraine, a courtier and ambassador of Ijewis XIII. ; he was confined ten years in the Hastile by the 69. BATE, Julius, a friend of Hutchinson, author of a defence of his system, and of some valuable liiews of criticism, died 1771. liATECliMBE, WiUiam, a mathematician who liven, and his privatu virtues, and author of si^vcal works on cla.«ical literature ; lie (iifd 17H0. B.-VTTIl', Dr. William, a phy.'iician of emi- nence in U.xhriJce and London, author of seve- ral work:iOii medical snlijecls, died li id. B.VrTISHlLL, Jonathan, an emmen' musi- cal coin|>ot>er, wbo added to profound koow- Tedie, great taste, and a tine imagination. His " Kate of Aberdeen" will be cokbratud (amoiic numerous other of his compositions) as long as piiii; melody shall be admired in this country, lie was horn in London, Mav, l'-^?, and died at Isllnplon. December 10, IHOl. BAIJ.VB, a learned Malionicdan, died 413 of the hesira. BAUDKLOTDEDAIRVATi, Charles CffiMi, advocate of the parliament of Paris, died 1722. BA'jDKT. .Stephen, an eminent French en- graver, of t?lois, died lii71. BAUDIKR, Michael, a native of Lauffiicdoc, historiographer of France under Louis XV. RAfUIN, Peter Charity Lewis, a native of Sedan, a member of the Frencli national assem- bly, and of the convention. He was a man of great tirmness and moderation, and died 17'.I'J. B.VIJDHJ?, Dominique, a native of Lisle, and advocate of the parliament of Paris, author of some Latin poems, and died 1013. B.VUDOIN, Benedict, a divine of Amiens, author of a dissertation on the shoes of the an- cients, in 161.J. B.VUDOIII, Joseph dii, a native of Vanncs ; edii'-'utcd among the Jesuits, died 1749. BAUDOT, de Juilli, Nicholas, of Vcndome, a historical writer of some merit, died 17.">9. B.VfTDAl'IN, emperor of Con3taiiliuople,vid. BALDWLV. B.VUDi )UIN, John, a soldier in the armies of France, and translator of Sallust, Tacitus, &c. died IfwO. B.\UOKA\D, Mich. Anton, an occlosiaslic, of Paris, author of a " Dictionaire Geograj)!!- ique'' of merit, died 1700. II.\UDRIC(:)ITRT, Jean de, a mareclial of France, distinjiiishcd under Charles VHI. at the coni|iiost of Naples. His fatlier introduced the faiiious maid of Orleans on the public staje. BAI 'HINUS, John, a physician of Amiens, afterwards of great expectation at Basil, died 15H2. BATIHINU3, John, son of the precedine, (ihysician to the duke of Wirtemburg, a medi- .;al writer at Basil, died 1613. B MJHI.Vl'S. Caspar, professor of botany at Basil, and physician to the duke of Wirtemburg, died 1(124. BAl'LDRI, Paul, a na'ive of Rouen, profes- sor of sacred historv at Utrecht, died 170C. BAULOT, or BEAULIF-U, James, who tra- velled tliroiigh Europe sis a lithotoniLst, and operated with great success. The city of Am- (terdam had a medal struck in honour of this humane man; hediedlT'iii BA B.\U.ME, James Francis de la, canon of a church at Avignon, author of a poem called the Christiade, died 1757. B AUME, Nicholas Auguste de la, a marecltal )f France, who ser\-ed in Germany with great reputation, dii-d 1710. B.'VUME, James de la, a Jesuit of Paris, died 1725. BAUMER, John Willia:n, professor of medi- cine at Erfurt, and a writer on llie natural his- torv of the mineral kin^^doui, died 17.-i8. IJ A ITMGAKTEN, Alexander Gottlieb, profes- sor of philosophy at Halle, and afterwards at Frankfort, died 177(3. B.VUR,Johii William, a painter and engraver )f Strasburg, died 1640. BAIJR, Frederick William Von, a Hessian ioldier in the pay of Britain, irade a general and ■nnobled by Frederick H. of r'russia. and after- wards an able engineer and mechanic in the CI vice of Russia; he died 1783. BAl'SCH .Abu Giafar, a Mahomedan writer, died ."iJii of the hesira. B.\r.->S[RI, a Mahomedan poet, Iiighly es- teemed by the followers of Mahomet. BAUTRI', a celebrated wit, and one of the first members of the French academy, was born at Pari-, in I5-''8, and died there in l'(i(55. Once, when he was in Spain, having been to see the famous library of the Kscurial, where he found a very ignorant librarian, the king of Spain asked him wli.it he had remarked. To whom Banlru replied, that " the library was a very tine one ; but your majesty (adds he) should make your librarian treasurer of your finances." " Why so V " Because (says Bauirui he never touches what he is entrusted with." B.\LfVE?<, James de, advocate of tlic parliu- Hient of Paris, in the 17th centur)'. B.\UV'I\, John Gregory, a native of Arras, eminent for his knowledge of belles lettres, died in 1776. B.\UX, William de, prince of Orange, with the title of king of Aries and Vienna, murdered at .Vvignnu, in 1218. BAWDVVF.E.\,William,vicarofHootenPag ncll, near Doncaster, died Sept. 14, 1816. This gentleman was an excellent Saxon seholar, ami translated voU. I. and H. of that valuable na- tional record, Domesday Book, which was pub- lished by a vote of the British parliament. He proposed to print the whole in 10 vols. 4to ; and the remaining 8 vols, are said to be prepared for the press. He left a widow and twelve children. B.VXTER, Richard, an eminent nonconform- ist divine, was born Nov. 12, 161.5, at Rowton, near High Ercal, in Shropshire, and died KiOl. He wrote a vast number of books; Mr. Long, of F-.xeter, says 80; Dr Calamy, 120; but the author of a note in the Binsraphia Rritannica ti'lls us that he had seen 145 distinct treatises of Mr. Baxter's ; his practical works have been published in four vols, t'olio. Bishop Burnet, in the history of his own times, calls him " a man of in'cnt piety ; and says, " that if he had not meddled with too many things, he would have been esteemed one of the most learned men of the ago ; that he had a moving and pathcijcal way of writing ; and was, his whole life loiig, a man of creat zcat and much simplicity ; but was unhappily subtle and metaphysical in evtry thing. BAXTER, Andrew, a writer in metaphysics and natural philosophy, born in lfiP6, at Aber- deen, where he received hiseducaitonat King's College. His principal eiiipi^vnent w itmt 69 tJA ofa private tutor. Ilis cole lirated work, " An Inquiry into dte Nature of the Human .-=oul," wastirsi published in 4to, and ha!> btcn sevi-ral fmies reprinti'd. Bishop Warburton calls is " the most finished iKKik of tlie kind that thi- present timcg have produced." Bailer drew up for the use of liis pupils, a piece entitled " Maiho ; sive Cosniolliforia Puerilus, Dialo pus," &.C. which lit afterwards grc-ally enlarged, and publi-shed in English, 2 vols.Svo.. 1745. He died iu 1750, after bearing witli the greatest for- titude a complication of the most painful dis- orders. B.\XTER, William, an eminent critic and (trainmarian, nephew to the forepoini;, born at | l^iiluKany, in Shropshire, 1650, died 1723. He! published excellent editions of •' Anacreoii"] and " Horace," wasautlior of a " Latin Gram- 1 mar," 1679, ai.d of a Glossary of the Roman Antiquities," which, however, goes no farther than the lefter A, and was printed 1726. BAYAKU, James A., a native of Delaware, was a representati\r, and afterwards a senator ill ccT'.'ress from that state. In 1613 he wa^ ap pointed one of tlie ministers who negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Brit?.in at Ghent: subsequent to which, he was sent as ministerj to the court of St. Petersburg. He returned to the i'nited States, and died in ]?1.5. BAYARD, John, speaker of the house of as-|ll598 KE piety, wliieli tloiiiished before ilit«e controver- .^ies were hatched." The design was good ; and the reception this book has nu-t with niny be known from the astonishing luin.L" r of its ; he died Ifi07. : BAYARD, Le Chevalier, a celebrated French' warrior, called The kiiipht without tear or re- 1 proach, slaiti at the siege of Kebec, 1524. BAYER, Theophilus Sigfred, a diinan who! assiduously devoted himself to ancient and mo-! dem languages, aud «as professor of Greek and Roman Antiquities at Peteisbiir?, died in 1738 BAYEUX, N., an advocate and poet of Caen, translator of Ovid, executed during the French levolution. B.VYI.E, Peter, author of the Historical and Critical Dictionary, was born, Nov. IH, 1647, iii Caria, a smnll town in the county of Foix, and, was a moBt laborious and indcfaiit'able writer. In one of his letters to Des Maizeaiix, he says, that since his 20th vear he hardly reniinibers to Jiave had any leisuVe. He died ti'o2«tl) of Dp tcinber,170G, after he had been writing the great est part of the day. Among the i)ro(!iictions- whicli do tionour to the age of Lewis XI\'., IMr. Voltaire has not otnitted the " Critical Dictiona- ry" of our author: " It is the first work of the kind (says he) in which a man may learn to think." He was a man of brilliant parts and acute Intellect: but his religious principles sa- vour of infidelity. B.\YLE, Francis, professor of medicine at Toulouse, died in 1709. BAYLKY, Anselm, L. L. D., an English di vine, minor canon of St. Paul's and Weslmin eter Abbey, aud sub-dean of the chapel royal author of several theological works, died ii 1794. B.'VYLEY, I,ewis, author of that most me morable book, Mititled, " The Practice of Piety .' He was born at Caermarthen, in Wales, edu cated at Oxford, made minister of Evesham, in Worcestershire, about 1011, became a chaplainl to kins James, and was promoted to the see of Bangor, in 1616. His book is dedicated "to the high and mighty prince Charies, prince of Wales :" and the author tells his highness, that 'he had endeavoured to extract out of the chaos BiJACH, John, an episcopal writer, and a missionary at Reading, Conn. CE.VCON, Thomas, an English divine, pre bendary of Canterbury tinder Elizabeth. BEALE, Mary, a ponraii painter in the rcipi' of Charlfs II., was born in Suffolk, 1032. In the manufcripts ol Mr. Oldys, slie is celebrated for her poetry, as well as for her painting ; anf is styled " that masculine poet, as well as painter the incomparable Mrs. Beale." She died De ceiiiher 2i^, 1097. BE.ARD, John, a very eminent and popula? singer on the i»nglish staire ; married, first, lady Henrii^tfa, relict of Lord Edward Herbert, and only daughter ,;" Lord Waldegrave ; secondly, a daughter of Mr. Rich, patentee of Covent Gar- den Theatre. He then became one of the pro- prietors, and acrine manacer of that house, and continued to perform till disqualified by the loss of his hearing. He died in his 7.5lh year, Feb- ruary 5, 1791. BEATON, or BETON, David, archbishop of St. Andrews, in Scotland, and cardinal of the Roman church, born 1494, lost his life by the hands of Norman Lesly, eldest son of tlie earl of Rothes, about the year 1546. This fatnous pre- late was a man of great parts but of boundless pride and ambition, arid withal an eminent in- stance of the instability of what the world calls fortune. BEATON, James, nephew of the archbishop of the same name, and bishop of Glasgow at 25, author of a manuscript history of ScoUaf)d, died in 1603. BEATRIX, daughter of the countof Burgun- dy, and wife of the emperor Frederick I., 1156. BEATRIX, of Provence, daughter of Ray- mond, count of Provence, wife of Charles, son of Lewis VIH. of France, afterwards king of Naples and Sicily, di, d at Nncera. BEATSON, Robert, L. L. D., an indefatiga- ble compiler, author of " a Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland," and of several other works, died 1818. BRATTIE, Dr. James, an ineenious poet and ©f endless controverjiee, the old practice of tiuellmisceUaneoua writer, born in Kincardinwbirc 6(» u BK Scollaud, 1735, was many years ascllo^)lma^•ler at Aber»i(x-n ; but ai i(;iit;lli proiiioicd to tin- chair of Moral Pliilosopliy and Logic in the Ala rischal College. His principul poems are, '-The Judgment of Paris," 4to., ITOj. "The Min- strel," 4to., 1770, 1774. " The Hermit," a beau- tiful song, and iimny odes and elegios. Besides these, he was author of " An Essay on the Im- mutability of Truth, in opposition lo s^ophisir)' and Scepticism," 4lo., 1777 ; " Uissonations Moral and Critical," 4to., 1783; "Evidences of the Christian Religion, briefly and plainly stated," 8vo., 1786; and "Elements of Monil Science," 2 vols. 8vo., 1790, 1793. His prose writings display good sense, extensive know- ledge, and able reasoning ; his ver«ilication is elecant. He died . Aberdeen, August Id, 1603. BEATTIE, James Hay, swin of the poet, a man of eminent talcnta, who was, at the age of 19, appointed assistant professor of moral phi- losophy and logic at the Mariichal College of Aberdeen, died 1790. BE.\TUS, Rhenanus, a classical scholar and writer of Rhoiiiach, died in 1547. BEAU, John Lewis le, a learned academi- cian and profesfor of Paris, died in 17G0. BEAU, Charles le, brother of the preceding. was also an eminent scholar, and professor of belles lettrea at Paris, and author of a history of the lower empire, in 'iJ vols. ; he died in 1778. BE BEAUFORT, Henry, brother of Henry IV of England, was successively bishop of Liiicohi and Winchester, chancellor of England, amb&s sailor to France, cardinal, and pope's legate in (iermany ; he died in 1447. BE.VUFORT, Francois, Vendomc duo dc, f> native of Paris, con.spicuous in the civil wara lor courting the good will of Uie populace, died in Itifig. BEAUFORT, Lewis de, a learned man, au thor of the lliatory of Geruiunicus, &c., died iu 1793. BEAULIEU, John Baptiste AUaisde, a wri ting-inaster of celebrity in Pajis, lived about iri81. BEAULIEU, Sebastian Pont.-iiilt de, an enjfi- necr, who drew, and had eiipravtu, the sieges and militan' campaigns of Lewis XIV. ; he died ill lii74. BEAULIEU, Louis le Blanc de, theolog:ical pro- fessor of Sedan, died in Hj75. BEAULIEU, i\. Baron de, commander of the .liislrian armies in Italy, opposed and con- quered bv Buon.nparte, dii-d about 17yii. BEAUMAXOIR, Jean dft, called marechal I de Lavardiri, rose by his merit to high military .dignities, died in Uii4. BEAU.M.\RCHA1S, Peter Augustin Caron dc, an eminent French dramatist, born at Paris, ITifcJ, and bred a xvatch-maker, died at Paris, oi BEAUCAIRE DE PEaUILLON, Francois, Hapople.Ty, May. 17'.>9. instructer of Cardinal Charles dc Lorraine, and;' BEAU ME, '.Antony, a native of Senlis, ami bishop of Metz, died in 1591 BEAUCHAM, Richard, Earl of Warwick, distinguished as a brave general, died in Nor- mandy. In 1439. BEAUCHAMPS, Pierre Francois Godard de, an eminent French writer, died at Paris, in 1701. BEAUCH AMP, Josephde,acelebrated French astronomer, born at Vezoul, in 175-2, entered, in 1767, into the order of Bernardines, and took his departure for Asia, in 1781, with his uncle, who was appointed bishop of Babylot In this voy- age he steered his course along the Tigris and Euphrates, from Diabckirto tin Persian Giilph, and made a collection of medals, inscriptions, and designs of the monunicnts of ancient Baby- lon, as well as Arahic manuscripts, which he pre.sented to the .Mibe Barlhelemy. In 1787, he made a second voyage u[>on the C.ispian Sea ; in the course of which he oliserved the most im- portant eclipse of the moon of which the history of astronomy preserves any remembrance. In 1795, he made a third voyage ; and through the means of Volney, he was appointed con.siil at Muscate, in Arabia; at which place, however, he never arrived, beiii? taken by the English. The peace having at length given him his hbcr- ty, he arrived sick at Nice, where he died on the 19th of November, 1^1, at the moment when Buonaparte liad appointed him comniissary- general at Lisbon. BEAUOH.\TEAU, Franc. Matthieu Cliatelet lie, author of several admired poems, supposed to have died in Persia. BE.\ VER, John, a Benedictine monk of West- TOiasler Abbey, author of a manuscript chronicle of the affairs of Britain to his own time, in the 14th century. BEAUFILS,Guillaume,aJe8uitof Auvergne, eminent as a preacher and a man of literature, died in 1758. BEAUFORT, Margaret, daughter of John, duke of Somerset, and mother of Henrv VII., died in 1509. She founded ChrUt>, and St. •"jlinB Cclleges Cawtridp;. a distinguished French cliymist, was a niembct of the academy of .sciences, and of the national institute, died in 1805. His writings are ui) merous and valuable. j BE.\UMELLE, Laurent Angliviel de la, an.-i live of France of great literary reputation, li- brarian to the king, and a respectable writer, died in 1773. BEAUMONT, Sir John, a poet of sonic emi- nence, descended from an ancient family a; Grace-Dien, in Leicestershire, was born 1582. His " Bosworth Field," Mr. Ileadly tells us, merits a republication, for the easy flow of its numbers, and the spirit with which it is written. It was first published by his son, together with the rest of his poems, in ICmo, 16-29. He was created a baronet by king Charles, in 1G26, and died two years after. BEAU.SlO.VT, Francis, brother of the fore- going, a celebrated dramatic writer, born a' Grace-Dieu, in Leicestershire, about the year 1586, died in 1615. before he was .10 years of age, and was buried in the entrance of St. Be- nedict's chapel, within St. Peter's, Westmin- ster. Beside the plays in which he was jointly concerned with FIcicher, he wrote a little dra- matic piece, and other poem.', printed together in 1653, 8vo. Beaumont was r'?teenied so good a judge of drain.itic composition, that Ben Jon- son submitted his writings to his correction, and, it is thought, was much indebted to him for the contrivance of his pints. Every thing respect- ing this poet, that could be collected by the most diligent research, will be found in Mr. Nichols valuable " History of Leicestershire." BEAUMONT, Joseph, regius professor of di- vinity at Cambridge, and author of Psyche, and other poems, died in 1699. BEAUMONT DE PEREFIX, Hanlonin, arch- bishop of Paris, preceptor to Lewis XIV., and author of a valuable history of Henry IV. ; died in 1670. BEAUMONT,Mad. le (.nnre (le,a livelv writer of rumancos, lctti;rs, iiicnioiis, &c. diodin 179a 61 BE BEAUMUNT, Eliasdc, .-i native o*" Normal dy, was educated for tlie bar, but devoted lib; time to literary pursuits : an au* lior of fconit merit ; lie died in 1783. BEAUMONT, John Lew's Moreau de, an able political writrr, of Nap.tes, died in 171:3. BEAUMONT, Guill. Rob. FhU. Jos. Jean de, an ecclesiastic, of Roue.n, known as a theolo- gical writer, died in I'd. BEAUNE, Jacques de, baron of Samblancai, miuibter of the ^riorits under Francis 1., un- justly conde ncd and executed, by the perfidy of the qu een-niother, in 1527. B AJNE, Renaiid de. a native of Tours, rchbisliop of Bourgcs, and afterwards of Sens, died in Km. BEAUNE, Florimont de, counsellor of Blois, the intimate friend of Descartes, and an emi- nent mathematician, died in 1652. BEAl'RAJN, Jean de, a native of Artois, known as a ni'potiator and geographer; maje gcopraplier to Lewis XV., at the age of 25; lie •lied in 1771. liliAURlEU, Gaspard Cuillard de, a French writer, died in 1795. BKAUSOBRE, Isaac de, a very learned di- xine and ecclesiastical writer, of French ovij;!- iipj. bom at Niort, March 8, 1659, died June 5, 173a. BEAUSOBRE, Louis de, a native of Berlin dietinsuished for Iiis literature and as tlic friend of the Prussian monarch ; he died in 1783. BEAUVAIS, Guillaume, of Dunkirk, authoi of a hiftory of the Roman emperors by medals, died 1773. " BEAUVAIf, Charles Nicolas, of Orleans, dis- !ing\iished as a physician, and as a violent and seditious member of the national assembly .died in 1704. BEAUVAIS, John Baptiste Charles Marie de ' bishop of Seiiez, eminent as an eloquent preach er, died in 1789. BEAUVAU, Lewis Charles marquis de, a distins'.iished French general, died in 1741. BEAUVILLIEUS, Francis dc, duke of St Aignan, author of some prose and poetical pie res, died in 1687. His son was preceptor to the father of LewisXIV., and died in 1714. BEAUZEE, Nicolas, a distinguished gram marian, died in 1789. BEBEIjE, Henry, professor of eloquence at Tubingen ; he was an able Latin scholar, andi received the poetical crown, in 1501, from Maxi- milian I. BECAN, Martin, a zealous Jesuit, confesfoi to Ferdinand II., died in 1024. BECCADELLl, Lewis, a native of Bologna, ambassador at Venice, preceptor to Ferdinand, son of the duke of Tuscany, and archbishop of Ragiisa ; he died in 1,572. BECCADELLl, Antonio, a native of Paler- mo, professor of belies lettres at Pavia, wa.=i crowned with the poetic laurel by the emperor Sigismund, and ennobled by Alphonso king of Naples ; he died in 1471. BECCAFUMI, Doniinique,an eminent painter of Genoa, died in 1549. BECCARI, Augustine, a native of Ferrara, was the first Italian who wrote pastorale ; he died in IStiO. BECCARI A, John Baptist, a learned monk, of Mondovi, tdacher of philosophy, at Rome ami Palermo, and preceptor to the royal family at Turin ; be died in 1781. BECOARIA, James Bartholomew, a physi cian and professor of natura' philosophy in the 62 BE university of Bononia : his writings on philoso- pliiral and medical subjects are numerous and highly esteemed; he died in 17G6. BEC'CiVRIA, marquis, a reb'bratcd writer On crimes and Punishments," born at Milan, ill 1735, died Nov. 29, 1794. BECCUTI, Franci.-, an Italian pnct, sur- named II Cappeia,pro!cssorof law in his native town of Perugia ; he died in 1509. BECEURA, (>aripaid, a Spanish sculptor and painter, the pupil of Raphael, died in 15*0. BECKER, John Joachim, physician to the electors ol Mcntz and Bavaria ; his discoveries n cbymistry and mechanics were numerous and important ; he died iu lCfc'5. Bl'X'KER, Daniel, physician to the elector of Brandenburg, died at Konigsburg, liis native city, in J'fO. BECKKT, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbu- ry, in the reign of Himry II., was born in Lon-, don, 1119, and assassinated in the cathedral cliuvch of Canterbury, on the 29th of December, 1171. The miracles said to be wrought at his tomb were so numerous, that we are told two large volumes of them were kept in that church. His shrine was visited from all parts, and- en- riched with the nK'-^t costly gifts and oflcrinps. Though canonized, however, he was, in truth, memorable only for his pride, insolence, and in- gratitude to his sovereign, Henry II., to which he fell a sacrifice. BECKFORD, William, a patriotic chief ma- gisli aic of the city of London, who died in that office, with which he had been for the second time invested. June 21, 1"70. aged 65. H« show- ed himself the steadfast friend of his king and country, and was the only man of his lime who, with firmness, yet with humility .dared tell a king upon his throne (surrounded by his couniers) the plain and honest truth ; whereby he vindi- cated the loyalty, while he evinced the inde- pendent spirit of "the city of London. Convinced that our liberties belong to posterity as well as to ourselves, he resolved thai tlie .^luire com- mitted to his trust should not expirein his hands. As a citizen, he was eminently endowed ^^■ith the virtues of humanity and aflabllity ; asa sena- tor, (member for London,) watchful over tlie rights of the people ; and as a magistrate, unre- mittingly active in seeing those rights legally executed. That his chaiacter might be ever held in the most honourable and grateful re- membrance, the corporation erected his statue in their Guildhall, and recorded in the inscrip- tion the magnanimous speech which he is said to have addressed to the king in vindication of the people's right to remonstrate to the throne. BECKINCllAM, Charles, an eminent dra- matic writer; two of his pieces, llenr}' IV. of Franco, and Scipio Africanus, were highly ap- plauded ; he died in 1730. BECKINGTON, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, in the l.'ith century. BECQUET, Anthony, a Celestinc monk, a man of learning, who wrote the history of his order, and died in 1730. BECTASH, Culi, a learned Mahomedan writer. BECTOR, Claude de, abbess of St. Honore de Tarascon, eminent for her knowledge of La- tin, and her style of writing ; she died in 1547. BEDA, Noel, a violent eccIesiasticofPicardy, died in exile, in 1537. BEDA,.or BEDE, surnamed the Venerable, an Englisii monk, an eminent writer of ecclesi- astical history, was born C73, at Wcarinoulh in BE BE the bishopric of iJurham, and died in 735. His rcclt'siastical history of Eii^;land commences at the invasion uf Julius C^sar, and terminates A. D. 723. BEDDliES, Dr. Thomas, an eminent phy.ii- cian and mcdiial writer; wiiomore particularly distinguished himself by liis perseverance in makin;: experiments to cure consumptions by the application of pneumatics. He was horn at Shifhial, Shropshire, tibnut the year 17.M, and died at Clifton, near Bristol, Dec. 24, 1808. His principal work is '' Hygoia; or Essays, Moral and Medical, on the Causes affecting the per- sonal state of the middling and atUucnt clas.scs." 3 vols. 8vo., If'K. REDELL, William, a very famous bishop of KUmore, in Ireland, born 1570, at Black Nolley, in Essex; died lt>U. BEDERIC, Henry, a monk, dlstinsruished for his learning and eloquence, lived about i:)^0. BEDFORD, Hilkiah, a quaker of Lincoln- shire, ami afterwards a stationer in London, died in I7i!4. His son of the same name wa'^ a clerff> man and writer of some merit ; he died in 17737 BEDFORD, Thomas, son of Hilkiah, was a nonjuring priest of some reputation ; he died in 1773. BEDFORD, Arthur, a pious and learned cler- gyman of the church of England, horn at Tid- denham, Gloucestershire, Sept. 1668. A favour ite subject of literary labour with Mr. Bedford was, the reformation of the drama and the stage. In his" Evil and danger of Stage I'lays," I being a serious rcnionstraiice in behalf of the! Cliristian religion, again.st the horrid hiasphe mies and iB\pietics which arc still used in the English play-houses, &c., lie shows, that he had| so completely perused the whole range of the English drama, as to produce " seven thousand instances, taken out of plays of the present cen- tury, and especially of the last five years, in defi- ance of all methods hitliei to used for their rcfor mation ;" and he has also given a catalogue of " above fourteen hundred texts of Scripture, which are mentioned, either as ridiculed and exposed by the stage, or as opposite to their pre- sent practices." Mr. Bedford also published besides many " Sermons" and other works " Scripture Chronology, demonstrated by Astro- nomical Calculations, in eight books, fol. 1741," which Dr Waicrland characterizes as a very learned and elaborate work. He died chaplain to Haberdasher's Hospital, Sept 15, 1745. Sec COLLIER, Jeremy. BEDFORD, John, duke of, third son of Henry IV., was a distinguished general of the English armies in France, during the minority of Henry VI., whom he proclaimed king, at Paris; he died at Rouen, in 14.15. BEDFORD, vid. RUSSEL, Francis. BEDLOE, William, a low adventurer, only known for the pretended discovery of a poi)ish plot, for which the house of commons voted him 500/ ; he died in 1680. BEDOS deCELLES, Francis, a Benedictine of St. Maur, died in 1779. BEDREDDIN, Baalbeki. a physician and wri- ter of Balbec, in flic 7th centurv of the hecira. BEEK, David, a Flemish painter, vid. BEK. BEEKMAN, John .Anthony, a native of Hano- ver, professor of philosophy at Gottingen for 45 years ; he died in 1811. to tlic elector of Brandenburg, author of severai books on antiquities and medals; he died 1705. BEGEYN, Abraham, a Dutch painter to the king of Prussia, born lt)50. BEGON, Michael, a lawyer, distinguished himself in the marine, and as governor of the French West India islands, died in 1710. BEGUILLET, Edmund, advocate of the par- liament of Dijon, author of a treatise ou agri- culture, died in 1786. BEHAl.M, Martin, of Nuremberg, a man of strong powers of mind, who formed the first idea of a new world. He is said to have actu ally sailed on a voyage of discovery, in 1460, and to liave visited the Brazils, and on his return to have constructed a globe, illustrative of his voyage, which is still to be seen at Nuremberg. This however is not well authenticated ; he died at Lisbon, in 1506. BEH\, Aphra. a celebrated English poetess in the reign of Charles I. and II. She wrote 17 plays, .some histories and novels ; she died April 16, liiS'.l, and was buried in the cloisters of West- minster .^blley. Her works are extremely witty, but not remarkably chaste. li KICU.Joar him Francis, a painter of Swabia. whdso pieces are nmcli admired, died in 1748. BKIDllAVI, a judge of Schiraz, in Persia, died in 68.') of the hcgira. BEIEKLLN'CK, Lawrence, an ecclesiastic of Vni'.verp, died l(v27. BEINASCHI, John Baptist, a painter, of Pied mont, knighted for his great merit, died in 1688. BEITH.VR, Ben, an African writer, died in 616 of the liegira. BEK, David, a native of Delft, in the Nether lands, and a pupil of Vandyk, was eminent as a painter at all the courts of Europe, most of which he visited ; he died in 1056. BEKKER, Ualthasar, a Dutch divine, known as a writer on theological subjects, and ns the author of a treatise on comets, died in 1098. BEL, John James, an ironical and satirical writer of merit, in France, died in 17;{8. BEL, Mathias, an ecclesiastic, of Hungar>-, ennobled bv Charles VI. for his literary works, lied in 1749. BEL, Charles .Andrew, son of the preceding, professor of p.s. His. Soc, and died in ]798. BKliL, Biauprt, a di.slingui^lled antiquarian, of Norfolk, Eng., died at an early age ; the pre- cise time unknown. BELL, William, D. D., an EHglish divine, was ciiaplain to Amelia, dancliler of George U., and prebendary of Westminoter Abbev; lie died in IPIO. He gave 15,000/. to the University of Cambridge, toward founding scliolivrships for the orplian sons of indigent clergjnien. BELL, John, an eminent surgeon of Edin Imrgli, died at Rome. April 15, 1820 ; leaving many valuable works on ajiatorav and surgerv. BELL A MONT, Richard, eari of, governor of New York, Massachusetts, and New-Hamp- shire. During his administration. Captain Kirid was sent to England for trial. He died in 1701. BELLAMY, Thomas, of Kingston-iipon- Thaines, after being engaged in trade in Lon- don 20 years, relinquished business tor literary pursuits, and published " Sadaski," a novel, and several other works ; he died 1800. BELL.AMY, Joseph, I). D., a divine of New England, settled in Bethlehem, 1740, a teacher of candidal cs for the ministry, and distinguitlied for severdi religious works. BELLARMIN, Robert, an Italian Jesuit, and one of the most celebrated controversial writers of his time, born in Tuscany, 154i, died 1621. BELL.'VY, William du, an able French gene- ral and negotiator in the service of the king of France, afterwards viceroy of Piedmont, died in 1543. BELLA Y, John du, bishop of Bayonne and of Paris, was engaged as a negotiator between Henry VIII. of England and the pope, with re- spect to his divorce ; be was afterwards a car- dinal, and died at Rome, in 1560. BELL.\Y, Martin du, a faithful and success- ful agent of Francis I. of France, died in 1559. BELL.'\Y, Joachim du, a French poet, bom in the year 1524, of a noble family. The sweet- ness of his verse prociued him the name of the French Ovid. He was the patron of the cele- brated Rabelais, and died at Rome, 1360. BELLE, Etienne de la, an artist in engraving and drawing, died at Florence, in 1664. BELLE, Alexis Simon, a painter patronized by the king of France, died in 1734. BELLE.A.U, Remi, one of the se\'en poets, called the Pleiades of France, excelled as a pas- toral writer ; he died in 1577. BELLECOUR,Col9on,a distinguished French comic actor, died in 1786. Hifi wife, who was equally celebrated, died in 1799. BELLEFORET, Francis de, a French histo rian, born at Sarzan, in Guienne, 1530, died 1593. BELLEG.\RDE, Jean Baptist Wor\an de, a Jesuit of Nantes, expelled for being a Cartesian, died in 1734. BELLENDEN. See BALLANDEN. BELL.ENGER, Francis, a learned doctor of 64 BE \ihe .Sorboiine, translator of Herodotus andotliQ lauthors, died in 1749. BELLET, Charles, aleanied and benevolent man, died at Paris, in 1771. HELLKT, an eminent physician and medicdl writer, died in 1776. BELLIEVKE, Pompone de, a native of Ly oiis, diHiiiiguislied as a negotiator at the court of France, tounsellor and chancellor of France, di"d in di.sgrace, 1607. BELLIN, Gentil, a Venetian painter, boni Hei, died 1501. BELLIN, John, brother of the preceding, eminent as a painter, and one of tJie Arst who i>ainled in oil, died in 1512. BELLIN, James, a kiirned andlaborious geo srapliical engineer ol Paris, died in 1772. BELLINGHAM, Kirhard, a native of Eng- land, a man of integrity, elected governor of Massachusetts several times ; lie died in 1673. BELLINI, Laurence, a physician of Florence, protessor of philosophy at Pisa, patronized by the grand duke, Ferdinand II. , his writings are numerous and admired ; he died in 1703. BELLOCU, Peter, valet de chambre to Lewis XIV., better known for his wit, physiognomy, and his satirical writings. He was the friend of Moliere and Racine, and died in 1704. BELLOl, Peter, a native of Montauban, and an advocate of the parliament of 'J'oulouse, honoured and promoted by Henry IV. BELLOl, Peter Laurence Buyrelte du, a co- median and tragedian of France, who, by his pieces, obtained the applauses, not only of the king, but of the whole French people, died in 1775 BFLLONI, Jerome, a banker at Rome, en- nobled by Pope Benedict XIV., and author of a valuable essay on commerce, died in 1700. BELLORI, John Peter, a celebrated antiqua- rian of Rome, died in 1696. BELLOTTI, Peter, an admired historical and portrait painter, of Venice, died in 1700. BELLUCCI, Anthony, .xpainter, bom at Ve- nice, in 1664, and employed in the service of the emperor Joseph. BELOE, William, an estimable divine, critic, and miscellaneous writer, and for several years one of the librarians of the British museum, was born at Norwich, and died at Kensington, April 11, 1817, in his 00th year. His works are very numerous ; but tli9Be by which he most distia- guished himself were, " A Tranolation of Hero- dotus," another of "AuIusOellius," and"Anec- dotes of Literature and Scarce Books," vols. 8vo. BELON, Peter, M D., travelled in Judea, Greece, and Arabia, and published an account of his tra\ ds ; he also wrote on natural liistory; be was assassinated in 1564. BELOT, John de Blois, an advocate of Pari% and of the privy council of Lewis XIV. BELSUNCE, the benevolent bishop of Mar- seilles, worthy to b« recorded as the friend and benefactor of mankind. During the plague ot 1720, he was constantly visiting his poor flock, to whom he became a physician and an almo- ner, as well as a spiritual director. He died 1755, with the blessings of all good men upoa him. BELU3, founder of the Babylonian empitc, 1322 B. 0. He was deified by his son and suc- cessor, Ninus. BELYN, a British prince, who ia said to have served under the famous Caractacua. BELYN O LEYN, a British chief, illBstrioti* BK_ Air his vi^rorous opposition to the attacks of Ed- win, iuO'^. liKMKO, Peter, a Venetian cardinal, liisto- rif.ii, and poet, bom, 1470, ditd 1517. HEME, or BKSME, a domestic of the (Juisps, born in Bohemia. He murdered Coligni, tor whicli he was rewarded hy the cardinal de Lor- raine with the hand of one of his danghter.s ; ht was afterwards killed bv the l'rote.sianti! in 1.57.'i. BR.MJtJVV, .lohn, a celebrated Enulisli admi- ral, born IfiTitt, died of his wounds, 170-2. BE.N'HOW, John, son of llic admiral, was sliipwrecked on tin? coast of Madag;:scar, anil lived a lonj: time anmnK the natives ; he after- ward.'' escaped, and died soon after his return. DE.VCI, or liKXCK », a .lesuit of Italy, author of several poems, died in l.')!!!. HENClRE.Wt, Joseph, died at Florence, .lulv 31, 180rt, aped 80. He had disiintruished liim.seir both in the belles Irtlres and public, alfairs : had tilled s<.-veral important situatioivs. and had been director of the pallcry at Florence. He wrote a " Historical Es.<-ay" on that (lallery, several euloijies of illustrious persons in Tuscany, and a " Life of Dante," which is in high estimation. BEiVU.'V, Georpc, a native of Kohenua, wa distinguished for his musical talents. He died in 17'.)5. HENDrSH,I?rid2et,wif.' of Thomas Hcndish, Esq., was the daugliler of General Ireton, and graiid-daufrhter of Oliver Oomwell. In many points, her character stronnly resembled his. She fiossessed stronc powers of mind, and a princely dignity of matiiiers, which ensured re- spect and admiration, but she died in obscuritv in 17-27. BE\nLOWEt5, Edward, a\iihor of many poetical pieces, was born in ]tii:l, and died in great want, arising from imprudenrr, in IRWj. He was a great patron of the poet.s of his time, as may be seen by the many dedications aiul poems addressed to him. The chief poem writ- ten by himself, however, is entitled, " Theophi- la; or. Love's Sacrifice," Iblio, 1G.tJ. ltEXEDETTO,Ie,or HENEOICT C.ASTIO- LIONE, a native of (lenoa, known as the pupil of Pagi Ferrara and Vandyke, and eminent as a painter and encraver, died in l()70. BE.VEDICT, a celebrated abbot of the 7th cen- tury, of a noble Saxon family. He introiluced many improvements in architecture into F,?ig- land, from the continent. He founded two mo- nasteries, and was cano\iizcd after his death. BENEDICT I., pope, surnamed Bonos'js, succeeded Johi\ HI., and died in ,'»78 BENEDICT II. succeeded Leo II. in the pa pal chair G,''4, and died in IW5. BENEDICT IH. was made pope after Leo IV. ; he died in ?5a. BENEDICT IV. died in 903. BENEDICT V, was elected pope in opposi- tiion to Leo VIH. ; he was carried to Tlamburp by the emperor Otho, where he died in 06,5. BENEDICT VI. was strangled by his rival, antipope Boniface, in 974. BENEDICT VH., successor to Donas n., died in 983. BENEDICT VIII. was opposed by Cregory, and successfully supported by the emperor, Henry II. ; he was an able politician, and a brave warrior ; be utterly exterminated the Saracens, who had invaded Italy in lOlG, and died 10^. BENEDICT IX. was elected pope, when only 12 years old, by the intrigues of his father, Uie duke of Tusculum, and compelled to abtU- BE rate by the Romans on account of his debatich- ery : he died I0.">4. BENEDRTr, X., antipope, w.as placed in the papal chair by .some factious Romans, but his election was disputed, and Nicholas II. chosen in his place ; he died 1059. BENEDICT XI., Nicholas Bacosin, chosen pope after Boniface VIH., was poisoned by Ilia cardiials in i:t03. BENEDICT XII., James de Nouvean, sur- named ihe Baker, a doctor, of Paris, and cardi- nal, elected to the chair, in 11*34. His conduct was firm and dignified, and entitled him to uni- versal respect ; he died in l.14'2. BEM'.DICT. XIII., a native of Rome, of the loble family of Ursini ; was adominican of Ve- nice, and bishop of Benevenio, where his palace was destroyed by an earthquake, and he narrow- ly e.«ica()ed ; he was chosen iiope 17-24, died 1730. BENEDICT, XIV., archbishop of Theodosia nul Bologna, and a cardinal, was elected pope, 1740. He was the niunilic< nt patron of learned men, encouraged the tine arts, and was a vigi- lant, impartial, and di:-tinguished prelate; lie died in I7.1S/ IIUXKDICTITS, Alex.tndcr, an It.ilian an.ato- mist, of rlie 1,5th centurv. BENEFIELl), 8eba.siian, D. D., an English divine, and tlienlo^ijcal writer, and profepsor of divinity at (Xvford, died in M"M. BF;NE/ET, t^t., a sbepln rd of Vivarais. who pretended to be inspired to build the bridge of Avignon, four arches of which only remain, died in 1184. BKNKZET, Anthony, a native of France, belonged to the .society of Friends; teacher of tin- Friends' Engli-ih si^liool in Philadelphia, af- terwards of Ihe blacks ; he died in 178-t. BENH.\DAU 1., king of Damascus or Syria, 940, K.r. BENHAD.VD H., son and successor of the prectMling, 'KM) B. C , slain by liis minister Ila- zael, who succeeded liim. BENIIADAD HI., succeeded his father, Ha- 7.acl,83ti B. C., he was defeated and ruined bv .losiah, king of Judah. BIJ.N I, Paul, a native of Ihe island of Candia, and professor at Padua, died in lf)25. HKNINl, Vincent, a native of Coloqua, phy- sician at Padua, died in 1704. BENIVIENI, Jerome, an admired poet ©f Florence, died in 1519. BENJAMIN, youngest of the twelve sons of Jacob, born about 1738 B. C, he died in Egj'pt, aged 111 years. BENJAMIN, a rabbi, of Navarre, who travel- led over llie world to examine the syu.igogues and ceremonies of bis natimi, died in 1173. BENNAVIDIO, Marcus Mantua, profes.sorof law .at Padua, highly esteemed by Charles V. and pope Pius IV. ; ho died in 1,58-2. BENNET, Henry, eari of Arlington, a zeal- ous royalist, during the civil Wars, was, after the restoration, minister to Madrid, and secret arj- of Slate to Charles II., and atterwards his charnbcr- larn : he died in lCtS5. BENNET, Dr. Thomas, a native of Salisbu- ry, was an eloquent and popular preacher, at Colchester, and afterwards in London ; lie died in 17-2ft. BE.NNET, Christopher, a disiinpuished phy- sician, of London, and a writer on medical sub- jects, died in iri55. BENNET, Robert, B D., rector of VVaddes- den, Bucks, author of a theological concord- ance, dipd in ItiPT. 65 BL BENNET, Richard, succeeded Sir Willian Berkley as governor of ll)e colony of Virginia, and retained Ihe place until 1654, whtn lie wab appointed an agent of the colony to England BENOIT, Elie, a proifstaniminiBterof Fari?, who (led to Holland on the revocation of the edict (if Nantis ; he died in 17-J8. BE?;otT, falhi-r, a learned Maronite, cduca- »ed at Rome, was profesbor of Hebrew at Pisa, and died in 1T4". KENSERADE, Isaacde, a French poet of •he 17ih century, bH. In 1740 lie became colleague with Ur. Lardncr, at Crulched Friars, and, on his death, had the sole pastors-liip iutrtLsted to him. C)f his- BE IJENWELL, William, an able and distin- guished English divine, and an elegant scholar, diiil in 170(i. BENYOWSKY, Count Mauritius Augu*tu« de, an extraordinary adventurer, born in 1741, at Vtpbowa, in Hungary, and killed atlhe islfi of France, May 2.1, 17B6. His very evenlfiil life has been published in 2 vols. 4to ; hui n good abstract of ii will be found in Mr. C'lul- nier's Biographical l>ictioiiary, ;'2 vols, fc'vo. Our liniiir. prtclnrin oven an analysis of it. liE.NZEI^H'.S, Eric, an obscure native of West Goihland,who, by his great merit, became t"'or to the sons of the chaiiretlor of ywerien, Ui.d arclibi.sliopof I'psal ; he died in 1709. BENZIO, Trifone, an elegant Italian po^ called by his cotemporaries the Socrates oi Rome , lie died about l.'>70. BI'"OTEO, Aiigelo, sunianied Ruzzanfe, a writings, the principal are " A Defence of the poet, bom at Padua, died in 1542 Rcatonableness of Prayer ;" "An Illustration BER.M'LD, Nicolas, a native of Orleans, of of such of St. Paul's Epistles as Mr. Locke liadMlie Itith century, eminent lor his great learning, not Explained ;" "A History of the First Plant- ing of Christianity," 2 vols. 4to. " Tracts on Persecution ;" and " A hfe of Christ." BEXT, .Tohn Van de, a native of Amsterdam, i^hose landscapes are much admired ; he died in ir.90. BENTHAM, Thomas, bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, under Elizabeth, died in 1578. BEXTHAM, Edward, an English divine, profes-sor of ilivinity at Oxford, died in 1770. BENTHAM, James, prebendary of Ely, and rector of BowBrirkhill, in the county of Buck- incham, well known in the learned world as author of " The History and Antiquities of the Conventual and Cathedral Church of Elv :" and his acipiaintancc with Erasmus and other learned men. BERCHET, Peter, a Frencli painter, died in 1720. BERCHEUR, Peter, nbeiicdicUne, translator of Livy, bv order of king John of France, died in i:«2. BERENGARII'S, Jacobus, a surgeon, emi- nent for an original mode of practice, in parti- cular cises, died in l.')27. BERENGEK, archdeacon of Angers, died in 10^8. BERENGERI,sonofEberard,dukeofFriulo, caused himself to b' proclaimed king of Italy, and afterwards emperor of Germany ; he was he was horn in Ely, 1718, and died Nov. 17, 17(11. ;!r>)iposed by riyals during his reign, and tinally BENTICK, William, first earl of Portland.! rissassiii.tted in (124. His grandson, Berengcr II,, the early and devoted friend of William ofi.kiiic of Italy, died in ItGO. Orange, came with him to England, and was by BERENGER, Peter, a disciple of Abelard, him ennobled; he died in 170(i. land opposer of St. Bernard. BENTICK, William Henry Cavendish, thirdji BEl! ENICE, dausliior of the king of Judea, duke of Portland, chancellor of the university! and wife of Poleniun, king of Cilicia. «f Oxford, secretary of b< 'e for the home de- , BEUENfCIUS, a knife grinder and chimney partment, and first lord ' tlie treasury, dicdilsweep, in Holland, 1070, wonderful for his re- 1800. tentive memory. He could repeal by heirt BENTIVOGLIO, Guy, cardinal, born at Virgil, Horace, Homer, Aristophanes, Cicero, Fcrrara, in 1579, died 104-i. He has left several! and could translate, extempore, into Latin ajid works : the most remarkable of which are, his iGreek. " History of tijo Civil Wars of Flanders," his " Account of Flanders," and his " Letters and Memoirs." BENTFVOGLTO, Hercules, distiniuished as a poet, was a native of Bologna, esteemed and patronised by the duke ef Ferrara, his relation, died in 1.58:)." BENTLEY, Richard, an eminent critic and divine, horn at Wakefield, Yorkshire, in 1602, died 1742. His literary character is known in all partsof Europe wherever learning is known. In fcis private character, lie was hearty, sin; cere, and warm in his frietulships ; loved hos- pitality and respect; and in conversation, ^ he tempered the hard-mouthed severity of the cntic BERETTN, Peter, a native of Tuscany, emi- jnent as a painter, died in lOtiO. BERG, Matthias Vanden, a painter, the dia- ciple of Rubens, died in 1087. BERG, John Peter, a divine, born at Bremen, jdied in l^JOO. I BERG A. MO, James Philip de, an Augustine monk, inithor of a Latin chronicle of the world/ from th»; creation to his own time, 1434. BERGHEM, Nicolas, a painter of Haerlem, died in 1084. BEBGIER, Nicolas, historiographer of France, and author of a history of the great roads of the Roman empire, died in 1023. BERGIER, Nicolas Sylvester, a principal of with a peculiarstrainofvivacity and pleasantry, I ^ffe college of Besancon, professor of theology, BENTLEY,Thomas,npphew to the preceding, i Itid canon of Paris cathedral ; and had he cho- author of " The Wishes," acomedy, and other sjn, might have obtained higher preferments ; dramatic pieces, died 17812. : ! > died in 1790. BENTLEY, William,!). D., a minister of 3 church in Salem, was distinguished as a scholar, philosopher, a* id politician. He edited the Es- sex Register nearly twenty years, and died in lem. BEWr.VUTI, Charles, a Jesuit, of Leghorn, profteBor of mathematics at Rome, died in HfiCl. *)6 -jBERGLER, Etienne, a learned German eti- lic of the 18th century ; he died a Mahometan, in Turkey. BERGMAN, Torbem, a distinguished phy- sician and chymist, of Sweden, afterwards pro- fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and rector of (he university at Vpsal, died 1784 I BK theinatics and natural pliilusopliy, and rector of the university at L'|»sal, died in J784. BERIGAKU, Claude, processor ol' plulosopliy at Padua and Pl°a, died in 1G<>3. BKRI31G, Vitus, professor at Copenliagcn, iiisloriograplier to the king, and eminent as a Latin poet, in the ITtli cciilury. BERING, Vi:us, a native of Denmark, and commodore in i lie scrvio' of Russia. H«? ^v,^^ employed in exploring tlie north coasts of Ame- rica, where lie died, after tiaving made some iin- portani discoveries. Bering's island and strait, derive the name from him. Bt;RKELK\', Dr. Georpo. the learned and ingenious hishop ot I'loyne, in Ireland, w.is born in tliat kingdom, at Kilorin. near Tlioniastown, the l-2th of Miirch, ItH^A, and died Jan. 14, 17.W. The excellence of his moral sharacter is con- spicuous in his wriiiiies, wl^icli \v»re cliiefly in defence of the C'hritHiiii religion against ,\ihe- ists and Inlidels. His iihilnsopliical discoveries, particularly of the medical virtues of tar-water, were of great service to mankind. Dr. B. was certainly u very amiable, as well as a very great man ; and Pope is scarcely thought to iiave said too much wlien he ascribes to " Berkeley every virtue under Heav'n." BERKELEY. George, L. L. D., second son of the bisliop ol Cloyne, was an eminent Ens lish divine, cliancellor of Brecknock, and pre beridarvof Canterljurvcatlietlral ; he died 1795, BERKEf.EY, Giwe, earl of, a privy coiin scllor of Charles II.; descended from the royal family of Denmark, died :b Ui'Jt'. B1:RKELEY, t!ir Willi.un, vice .idmiral of tlic while, fell in a dreadful engagement with the Dutch in ir>Ori. BERKELEY, Georee, bishop of Cloyiir, in Ireland, a distinguished benefactor of Yale Col lese ; an author of great reputation, denied the existence of matter ; visited .'\inerica, but died in Ireland, in IT.tX BERKHEYDEX, Job and Gerard, two Dntrli painters, of Haerlein, the first of whom was drowned in l(iI)P, tiie other died in lfi93. BERKLEY, Sir William, a native of London, was covernor of the colony of Virginia, and wrote an account of the country ; he died in Knsland, in 1CT7. BERKLEY, William, royal governor of Vir- ginia. noaHy forty years ; in general " an excel- lent governor," altlmu'ili attached to the royal prerogative ; he died in England, in 1677. DERKLEY. .Vorhorne, baron de Bofetonrf, a governor of Virginia, and patron of VVillJain and Mar\- College : he died in 1770. BERKEXMOUT. Dr. John, distinguished in the literary world for his productions in various sciences. He had experienced many ditferent situations in life, having in his yontii been a captain both in the Priis.sian and EiiL'lisli service ; and in the year I'fi.'i, he took his de- gree of M. D. at Leyden. He went with thi' commissioners to .\merica, where he was prisoned by the congress; on which ac afterwards eiijovcd a pension from go* and died .\pril .1, 1791, aged IV). BERN.\ERT, iXicasuis, a Dutch r in Ififhl. BERNARD, ft., one of Uie fai of the church, born 1091, in the village ofN imtaine, in Burgundy, died ll.lH, after having founded 1(50 monasteries, wrought innumerable miracles, and become one of the great saints of the Ro- mish communion. BE BERNARD, Sir Thomas, a philanthropist, liorn at Lincoln, 1750. He was bred to the law, and in 1795 was appointed treasurer to the Foundling Hospital ; the estates belonging to which, were vastly improved by his manage- iiieiit. He was tlie chief institutor of " The Society for bettering the condition of the Poor." He also promoted various other societies and iiarities, particularly the Royal Institution, tlie British Gallery, &c. tec, and died at Learning- ton. Spa, Warwickshire, Itiie. HERN.ARD, of Mentlion, an ccclesi.nstic of Savoy, founder of two monasujnes in the pass- es of the A Ips, for the relie^^'f pilgrims and travellers, which still leumui as monuments of his benevolence; born in yiS. BERNARD, Edward, Savilian professor of astronomy, at Oxford, wliich he rejiigned for the living of Brightwoll, was distinguished early in lite, fur his profound classical acnuirements, and his intense ap()iicntion to his studies ; a charac- r which lie maintained till his death in 1G%. UERN.ARD. James, of Geneva, professor at the Ifiiniie, and afierwards minister at Leyden, lied in'nis. BERNARD, Catherine, a native of Rouen, wrote poetry with ease and elegance, and ob- tained the poetical prize, at the French acade- Itiiy, 3 times, and a pension from Lewis XIV. ; Ishedied in 17li. BER.X/UID, a hermit, who, at the close of the lOth centiffy, alarmed tlie public by predicting the immediate end of the world. BERX.ARD, Francis, gov. of New-Jersey, afterwards of Massachusetts. His zeal for the authority of the crown, contributed to hasten (he revolution. He was recalled, and died in 17?.t. BERNARD, Sir Thomas, son of the preceding, was for many years eiiiplojicd in the manage- ment of different cliartties, aiuk distinguished himself by a constant attention to their iniprove- iiinnt, no less than bv his pure philanthropy; he died in IPlii r BERN.ARD, a pa er of eminence at Brus- sels, in the Ifuli cenfurv. BER.VMU), Peter Joseph, a native of Greno- ble, author of some operas, and other lighter pieces, which, for tlieir ease and elegance, pro- cured iiim the name of le gentil Bernard. He died in 1775. BERN.ARD, Dr. Francis, physician to James II., eminent for his learnins, and for hiii valua- ble collection of books, died in 1697. BERNARD, Rirharn, an English clerg>inan, author of a valuable concordance of the bible, died in 1641. BERN.VRD, Samuel, a historical painter, died .It Paris, in 1687. His son, of the same name, was, oii account of his riches, called the Luciillus of h?s .ige. BERN.ARD, John Baptiste, an ecclesiastic, died 1772. BERXARDI, .Tohn, an artist of Italy, of ex- traordinary skill in cutting crystals, died in 1555. BERXARDINE, an ecclesiastic, and very jiopiilar preacher, born at .Massar. He was the founder of 300 monasteries in lialy, ^and was canonized bv pope Nicholas : he died in 1444. BERXAZZANO, an eininem fainter, of Mi- lan, in the 16th century : a frui: piece of his is said to have been destroyed by the frciiiicnt pecking of birds. BJORXERS, Juliana, prioress of Sopewell iniinnerv, near St. Alban's, one of the earliest 67 BE BE female writers in Knciand, was ilaugliar uf !^ir|,a-e ot Alexancier the (in al, wrote a histury «f James IJcrners, of Kcdini,' r>erners, in Kbsix,' (lia)ili a, some fragments of wliiih are jircstrvci) (wlio was beheaded in the reign of Kicliard Il.jj ui Jr>sf[Jiiis. She was very beautiful, of preat spirit, and lovtdii liKlvUllAJ, Arnaud, a French niiscellaneoiia masculine exercises, such a? hawking, Imining,!; wntir, whose ]iri/uipal woiks nic w ell known &.C. , audeo thoroughly wasshcskilled in them. I in ihi- counir>-, waa l>oni at liordtuux, about thatfhewTotetrealii'esof hunting, hawking, and; 1740, and difd, Deccmbtri!!, IT'.tl. IJe distin- heraldry, printed at St. .Mban's, folio, 148ssor. His discoveries in mathematics, particularly the pro- perties of the curve, have immortalized his name ; he died in 17(15. BERNOULLI, John, brother to James, was professor of mathematics at Groningeii, and af- terwards at Basil, where he died in 1748. Hel was equally distinguished as his brother, and! enjoyed the friendship of Newnoii, Leibnitz,! arid the other great men of Europe. | BERNOUILLI, Daiiifl, a very celebrated philosoplii'r and mathematician, born at flro- ningeii, February 9, 170(), died in March, 1782. He was extremely respected at Basil ; and to bow to Daniel Bernouilli when they met him in tlie streets, was one of the first lessons which every father gave hi? children. BERNSTORFF, John Harting Ernest, count, descended from a noble fumily in Hanover ; af- ter travelliiic over Europe, he settled in Den- mark, where he became the friend and favourite of Christian VI., his ambassador abroad, and finally his prime minister, in this situation, he successfully devoted the whole (-nersies of his powerful mindtothe iniprovenienlof his adopledl country, and after a life devoted to the prosperity! and ho'iif.ur of Denmark, died at Hamburg, 1772.1 BEKNSTORFF, count de, a celebrated states- 1 man, and many years prime-minisler of Den- mark, was born in Diiimark 1735 ; he concili- ated, in his high oflicc. the love and esteem of all men. and dud, June 21, 1797. HEKOALDrs, I'liilip, of a noble family of Bologna, was professor of belles lettrcs there, till his death in 1505. BERO.-VLDUS, Philip, librarian to the Vati- can under Leo X., was a succe.ssfiil writer of paneg>'rics, ciiisrams, &c. ; he died in 1519. BEROALDUS, Matthew, a native of Paris, died a Calvinist. at (Jeneva, in 1584. BERO.\LDUS, Francis, son of Matthew, died in lfiI2. BEROSUS, priest of Belus, at Babjion, in the 68 I the Hiiniber ; he died in 1601. BERRYAT, John, a physician at Paris, died in 1754. BERSM.ANN, George, a German ; among other works, he translated the Psalms of David into Latin verse : he died in IGll BERTAUD, John, chaplain to Catherine de Mcdicis, and bishop of Seez, died in 1611. BERTIIEAU, Charles, a French protestant, admitted minister at the synod of Vigan, diet! in 1732. BERTH ET, John, a learned Jeeuit of Pro- vence, died in IC',12. BERTHIER, Giiillaume Francois, a Jesuit, known as the conductor of the Journal of Tre- vaux for many years ; afterwards librarian royal, and preceptor to Lewis XVL and his bro- ther : he died in 17S2. BERTHOLET-FLAMEEL, Bartholomew, a pninier of Leiize, settled at Paris, died in 1675. BERTHOLON, N., an eminent French writer, professor of medicine at Montpelicr, diedin 1799. BERTHOUD, Ferdinand, an eminent me- chanic, born at Plancemont, in Ncufchatel, died in 1807. BERTI, John Laurence, a learned Augustine monk of Tuscany, author of several volumiiioLS French works, died at Pisa, in ]7(i(i. BERTIER, John Sleplien, a native, asa au- thor, of Provence, died hi 1783. BERTIN, Nicholas, a painter, born at Paris, p.itronised by Lewis JCIV. and the duke of Ba- varia, died in 1736. His pieces which are pre- served, possess great merit- BERTIN , Exupere Joseph, a native of France, for some time physician to the hospodar of Wal- lachia: he returned to France, and there pub- hshed his Osteologj' ; he died in 1781. BERTIN, Anthony, a French officer, and a poet of some merit, died at St. Domingo, in 1790. BERTIN AZZI, diaries, an actor of merit in the Italian theatre, died in 17fi3. BERTH'S, Pe;er, professor of philosophy at Leyden, afterwards of mathematics at Paris, and cosmographer to the king ; he died in 1629. BERTON, Peter Montan le, an eminent mu- sician, settled at Paris, and employed as mBpa" ger of the operas there, died in J 780 BE BE BERTRADE, daiiiiliK.T of tiie rminl of Mom fort, ami wifoorilu'Couiiiot'Aiijdu, from whom elio was divorced, to marry I'liiiip I. of Frnncf BERTRAM, Cornel. Boiiavciiture, a native of I'oitoii, professor of Hebrew at Genoa and Lausanne, died in 17U4. BERTRAM, John, a farmer of Pennsylvania who, liy intense apiilitation, rose to preat emi- nence us a botanist. Lintia;ii.s is said to have declared him the jn'eatest natural botanist in the world ; he died in 1777. BEKTRAND, John Baptist, a physician, known for his intoresiing account of the plague at .Marseilles, died in 175i. lil'.UTllAND, Nicholas, a physician of dis tinclion at I'aris, died in 1780. BERULLE, Peter, a celebrated cardinal, who founded the congrepation of the Oratory ii Prance. He was born near Troyes, in t'ham pa?nc, 1575, greatly distinguished iiimself by his piety, his moral virtues, and his learning, and died while performing mass at the altar, Octo- ber 2, 1629. BERWICK, James Fit/. J.ime?, Duke of, a natural son of James II. by .\rabplla Churrliill, born August 21, 1()70. He was one of the great- est generals of his age ; and, for his services to •he crown of France, was, in the j'car \~0i\, created marcschal of that kingdom.' " It wa impossible," says Montesquieu, " to behold him, and not to love virtue, so evident was tranquil lity and happiness in his soul. He loved lii; friends. He used to render them services, with- out mentioning them. It was an invisible hand that served you. He had a great fund of rell gion, and was fond of the clergy, but would not be governed by thcin. No man ever practised relicion so much, and talked of it so little. He never .«poke ill of any one, nor bestowed any praise upon those whom he did not think de served it. In the work of Plutarch I Iiave seen, at a distance, what great men were ; in him I behold, at a nearer view, what they are." He died A. D. 1734, in the field of glory; being killed at the siege of Philipsburgh. He left he liind him his " Memoirs," a verv valuable work BERYLHIS, a bishop of Arabia in the 3d century. B ES i ,ER, Basil, of Nurembers, a dist inguished botmiical writer, was born in 1501. BESEEY, John, a learned French antiqua- rian, and kine's advocate, died in 164-1. BESOtJNE, Jerome, a doctor of iJie Sorbonne, and author of a history of Port Royal, &c., died in 1763. BESOLDE, Christopher, a professor of l.iw at Tubingen, died in 1638. BESPL.AS, Joseph Mary Anno Gros de, a doctor of the Sorbonne, known as an eloqiient preacher, died in 1763. BESSARION, a native of Trebizond, titular patriarch of Constantinople, and a c.irdinal, il- lustrious as one of the restorers of leariiinir in the 15th century. He died of grief, in conse quence of being grossly insulted by Lewis XI. while an aniba.ssador at his court. BESfET, Henry de, comptroller of public works in France, and author of the lii>-torj- of the campaign of Rocroi ; lie died in 1603. BF.THAM, Edward, B. D., fellow of Kings College, and aftcrw.irds of Eton College, was a liberal donor to the universitv. BETHENCOI'RT, Je.in de, discovered the Canarv Islands, and conquered them with the aid of Henrv' III. of Castile. BBTHUNE, Philip de, ambassador fr(5in*lcause, in 1794 Franco to Rome, Scotland, and Germany, died ui 1(549. BETIS, governor of Ga/a, cruelly treated by AJcxMiiilrr, tor bravely defendinc the place. BETPERTON, Thomas, a famous Engli!»b actor, generally styled the Enclish Ko!:Cius, born ill Tothill-.slreet, Weslmineler, iri."."!, made his fir!»t appjarance on the sla,'e,in ItiTHior 1657, ai (lie opera-house, in Charter-house Yard, iimlev the direction of Sir William D'.^vtnant ; and, hiiving, lor many years, borne away the palm from all his competitors, died April, 1710. and was iiileiTcd in Wi smins-tcr .Mibey. t'ee Cili- Ixr's Apology, Tattler, No. 167, and Davies' Dramatic Miscellanies, for a particular account of I his eminent man. BETTIN ELU, Xavicr, an Italian Jesuit, was a teacher in France, and, on the suppression ol liis order became a prol'essor of rhetoric at Mo- dena. He died 180H. BETTINI, Dominico, an eminent painter of Florence, died in 1705. BETTr', John, M. D., physician to the king after the ristoration. Bl',Ti;!-i6l, Joseph, an Italian jwet, of Bassa- no, lioni ill 15-U liEVERIDGE, William, a learned Fngli.sh divine, bishop of St. Asaph, born at Barrow, in I.firesieishire, 1638, died 1707, leaving behind liini iiKiiiy learned and valuable works. r.l'A I :i;L.^ND,Hailrian, a native of Zealand, kiiouii for his great abiliiies, his profligacy, and the inimuiality and obscenity of his writinge; the time o»' his death is not known. BEVERLEY, John, abbot of St. Hilda. bi?hop of Hcvhani, and arclllli^llopof \'ork,ditd in7Jl. BI'.V'EREY, R., a native of Virgiuia, and au- thor of a historv of ih.it colony. BEVERiMNCK, Jerome Van, an able Dutch statesman, ambassador to Cromwell, died in 1G90. BEVERWICK, John de, a distinguished phy- sician, and able writer of Dordrecht, died in 1647. BEWICK, John, of great excellence in the art of engraving on wood, and brother to Tlio- inas Bewick, an artist of equal or superior me- rit, still living. These ingenious brothers have carried their art to a state of perfection which will not easily be surpassed. The first work that attracted the notice of the public, and at once established their reputation, wa.s, a " His- tory of Quadrupeds," 8vo., 1790, with figures on wood. It was eagerly sought after by the curious, and has been followed by many other proofs of their abilities, the last of wliich is. a "History of British Birds," 8vo., 1797; on which jjohn was engaged in conjunction with his bro- ther, when a consumption carried him off, De- cember 5, 1795. BEUF, John le, a learned antiquary, and member of the academy of belles bttrcs,'at Pa- ris, a writer on the history and topography of France, died in 17l>0. BEURS, William, a celebrated Dutch pointer of flowers, landscapes and portraits, born in 16.56. BEXON, Scipio, assisted Buffon in his natu- ral history, and was himself an author; he died at Paris, in 1784. BEYS, Charles de, a French poet, died in 1656. BEYSPER, John Michael, in early life a tra- veller, afterwards a general in the French rcvo- ilution ; he was eifi:;>tp(i. wi;Jiout an adcquatf ♦i9 BI BKZA. Tlieodore, a most zeakms proniotui aiui (loftiuiir of the reformed rluircli, born at Ve/.elai. in Hurpundy, June 04, 1519, di' d lti05 BK'/IF,RS, Michael, an eccli-siastic, known for liis laborious researches in liislory ajid anti- quity, ditd in l~f2. BCZOUT, Stephen, a writer on mathcniaticb. naviiialion, and algebra, di<'d in 178t{. BIANCAM, Joscpli, a JeEuit and matheua- tician of Bolozna. died in 1644. Bl.AXCHI, f'rancis, a painter, master to Cor- regici, died in ! J-.;0. BIANCHI, Peter, an eminent Roman painter, died in 17:19. BI.WCHJN, John Fortunatis, professor of medicine at Padua, and a medical writer, died io 1779. BIANCHIXI, Francis, a native of Verona, eminent for his crea* learning, was patronit^ed by pope Alexander VIII., and received marks of respect from the Koman Senate ; he died in 1729. BI.VN'CUINI, Joseph, a Veronese orator. HI AN( "OLELLI, Pierre Francois, an eminent player, and a writer of plays, died in 1734. Bl.VRi), Peter, a sculptor of celebrity, at Paris, died 1609. BI.VS. called one of the seven wise men of BI BIE, Adrian de, a ponrait painter, ^2 BIGELOW, Timothy, a distinguished lawyer of Massacluise'.ls, was for more than twenty years a representative or senator in the legisla- uie ot his native stale, and for eleven years, Greece, born at Priene, a town of Caria, about! speaker of the house of representatives, over r.70B. ('. Though bom to great wealtli, he i which he presided with dignity and ability, died lived without splen^ur, expending his fonunejileSl. in relieving the net?f%'. On one occasion, cer tain pirates brought several young women to sell a? slaves at Priene. Bias purchased th-^m, and maintained them until he had an opportunity ol returning ihcm > their friends. This generous action caustid him to be styled " The Prince ol \Vi.~( Men," BIBB, William Wyatt, a native of Georgia, and physician, after representing his native state in both brancli« of the national congress, was chosen first governor of the stale ol .\lab;i ma, by the people, in 1819, and died the follow- ing year. i;iRIEJ«.\, Bernardo de, a Roman of obscure origin, wiio, by his intri" nromoted the elec- tion of Leo X., for whic. - was made a cardi- nal ; he died in 1520. BIBIEXA, Ferdinand GaUi, a celebrated ar- rr ^ct and painter, of Bologna, patronised by the .hike of Parma and the emperor, died blind in 1713. BIBI,IA.\DER, Theorloie, professor of theo- logy at Zurich, died in ISIVI. BICfl.AT, Marie Frances Xavier, medical pro- ies.sor at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris, and author of several valuable works on medical subjects, died i^ IPW. BIDDER, John, one of the most eminent En- glish writers among the Sociniaiis, was born at VVotton-under-Edge, Kilo. Though a pious, honest, well-meaning man, he siifl'ered various persecutions for his adherence to some singular notions about the Trinity, and died 1(;G2. One of his hooks was burnt bv order of parliament. BIDDLE, Nicholas, a rialive of Philadelphia, and a captain in the American navy, was, witli his crew, blown up, in an action with a British 64 gun ship, in 1778. BIDLAKE. John, an English divine and poet, |: Brussels, died in 1783. died in 1814 ; he published, besides some ser-l' BILSON, Thomas, early distinguished as a mens, a number of poems, &c j poet, afterwards as an able divine and eloquent BIDLOO, Godfrey, an eminent physician preacher, bishop of Worcester and Winchester, and anatomical writer of Amsterdam, professor,, died in 1616. at the Hague and at Leydeo, aud pbyaician toj BINDLEY, James, an eminent antitiuarian king William, died 1713. ijaud founder of the society of Antiquarie», In 70 BIGNE, Grace, de la, a poet of Bayeux, ac- [compaiiicd king John to England alter the bat- tle of Poictiers, and died in 1374. BIGNK, Marquerin de la, of the same family 'as the preceding, was a doctor of the Sorhonne, ieuiineiii as a man of letters; he died in 1591. BIGMfOUKT, Simon de, a counsellor of Rheims, eminent for his knowledge of ancient and modern literature, died in 1775. I BIGNON, Jerome, distinguished for his early attainments, was a counsellor of state and ad- vocate genera! lo the parliament of Paris, and an able statesman ; he died in 1056. BIGOT, Emeri, a native of Rouen, eminent for his learning, and his acquaintance with learned men, died in 1G89. BIUDERBEK, Christopher Laurent, a Hano- verian lawver. died in 1749. BILFINGER, George Bernard, professor of philosophy at Petersburg, and afterwards at Tu- bingen, miitient for his writings, died in 1750. BILLAUT, Adam, a joiner, of Nevcis, a man of strong powers of mind, and of consider- able talent and merit as a poet, died in 1CG2. BILLI, Jaquesde, a native of Guise, eminent for his learning and his poetical talents, died in 1581. BILLI, Jaques de, a Jesuit of Compiegne, au- thor of several valuable mathematical treatises, died in ll!79. BILLINGSLEY, Henry, a merchant of Lon- don, who acquired immense wealth, and rose to the highest city honours, and was knighted while lord mayor. He was a profound mathe- matician, and published the first English trans- lation of Euclid ; he died in 1606. BILLIONI, N. Bussa, a celebrated and much admired actress, at the theatres of France and 4 BI ■England, died in 1818. Hiscollection of books, prints, and medals, was very extensive and valu- able. BINGHAM, George, a fellow of All Soul's CollcKe, Oxford, and rectorof Pimpcrn, in Dor- set, died in 1800. He WMtc and published seve- ral theological works, which were collected in two volumes, alter his death. BINCJU.\M, Joseph, born at WakefieM, in Yorkshire, 10tJ8. He wrote a learned and labo- rious work, " Oricini's Kcr.lesiastica-, or the An- tiquities of the Christian Church ; the first vo ume of which w;ih published 1708, in 8vo, aii(l| it was completed afterwards in 9 volumes more. He died Auijust 17, 17-.i3. BINiiH.WI, Joseph, son of the precedins, was educated at Oxfoid, wliere hedied at the ago jf ii-2, in consequence of excessive application. BIiVNING, Hugh, an eloi|uent preacher, and professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, died 1G54. BKIIRNSTAHL. professor of oriental lan- guages at L'psal, died in 1779. UIO.V, of -Jaiviiia, a Greek bucolic peet, flou- rished about 238 11. C. BION, a Scythian philosopher, the disciple of Crates, and afterwards of Theophrastus. about 240 B. C. BION, Nicholas, an able engineer ami mathe malician, died at Paris, in 173;i. BlONDl, Francis, Sir, auihor of a valuable liistory of the civil wars of the houses of York and Lancaster, in Italian. BIONDO, Flavio. vid BLONDUS. BIRAGUE, Clement, an engraver of Milan said to have discovered the means of engraving diamonds, lived at the court of Philip li., of Spain. BIRAGUE, Rene de, a native of Milan, went fo France and became a favourite of Chart IV., who made him keeper of the seals, and chancellor of the realm ; although a cardinal 111' died little respocted, in 15S-2. BIRCH, Thomas, a distinguished historical and biographical writer, boni in the parish of , St. John, Clerkenwell, London, Nov. Si, 170j, of parents who were quakers. His death vvii,« occasioned by a fall from his horse, and liappen eil Jan. 9, nOfi. Of his various publicaiious the principal was "The General Dictionary Historical and Critical," in 10 vols, folio: Ihi first of which was published in 1734, the last in 1741. BIRD, William, known as an excellent com poser of music, died in Xd-Zi. BIREN, John Ernest, a person of mean birth, elevated to the highest dignities by Anne, em press of Russia, who made him her prime rai nister, and duke of Courland. On her death, he assumed the reins of government, but was exiled, by the nobles, to Siberia. He died in 1771. BIRINGCOCCIO, or BIRINGCUCCI, Van muccio, an able niathcmattcian of Italy, author of a treatise on the art of fusing, and of casting metal for cannon, published in 1.540. BIRKRNHRAD,. Sir John, L. L. D., professor of moral philosophy at Oxford, a zealous royal ist, and a popular courtier : he died in 1679. BIRON, Armand dc Gonrault, baron de, page to queen Margaret of Navarre,rose through the gradations of tlie army to the rank of mareclial of France. He distinguished hiniseit in the gervice of his sovereign, and was killed by a annon ball at the siege of F.pernai, in 1592. BIRON, Obarles De Gonratrit due de, son ofj BL the preceding, was admiral and marechal of France, and a favourite of Henry IV., who mailc him a duke, and sent him amba.ssadoi to En;;- land. He was beheaded for tri.ason, in IGOi. BISCAINO, Barlliolomcw,a painter of Genoa, died in 10.57. BISCHOP, John dc, an eminent landscape and historical painter, died in Kx-^O. Another, called Cornelius, a painter, died in 1674. BISHOP, Samuel, high master of Merchant tailors' School, a learned divnic and very re- ,^p(N-tal)le poet, died Nov. 17, 171)5. BISI, Bonavunturc, an admired painter, of Bologna, died In 1G6'2. BISSET, Charles-, M. D., a physician, ser%'e'J several years as engineer, in Flanders, aiul wrote on fortifications, and on medical subjects. Died in 1791. BIS.SET, Dr. Robert, a biographer, historian, and novelist, born iv Scotland, 1759, died at Knightshridge, May 14, 1805. His principal literary productions were, an edition of the Spectator, with Lives of the several .\utliors ; a " ijili- of Edmund Unrke ;" a " History of the lleign of (ioorge the Third," several novels, and some political tracts. His " History" h.as the strong merit of bein'.; faithful and imparlial. It is preceded by an able review of the progressive Improvement of England in Prosperity and Strenglli, to the .Accession of George HI., and lennlnates at the Peace o^^miens, 180-. HITAUBE, Paul Jcreimlh, a miscellaneous writer, born at Konigsberg, was a member ot the Berlin Academy, with a pension from Fre di'rick H. ; some oi" his poems have been trans laied into English. He died IBi-*. niTO.\, a mathematician, lived about 340 I?. C BIZOT, Peter, canon of a church in Bourges, and aniliorof the valuable " Histoiie mcd^iSique de la finllandc," died in lfi9f;. BIZF.LLI, John, a historical portrait painter, died at Rome, in 1612. BL.'VCK, Dr. Joseph, a very celebrated cliy- mic.ll writer, and professor of that science in the university of F '■'"''•Veh, w.as born at Bor- deaux, in France, m.. ^t 17-i7, and died at Edin- burgh, No\ . l.sno. His disciireries relative to macnesia and other alkaline bodies, have given birth to many important facts in the new systfliiVi of chyniistry. A memoir on the subject of tlitSe bodies, w:is read by him, in June, 1755, before the liiierary Society of FJdinburgh, which has been considered as a model of composition, rea- soning and arrangement. Many other important discoveries have been communicated by him in his lectures, wliich, if he had committed them to the press, would have more m.aterially pro- moted the cause and extension of science. BLACKBUR.V, William, an eminent archi- tect and survej'or, of London, died in 1790. He obtained a medal from the Royal Society, and the commendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best drawinff of St. Stephens, Walbrook. BLACKBURNR, Francis, a native of Rich mond, was clui|)lain to the archbishop of York, prebendary of his cathedral, and archdeacon oi Cleveland. His writings corresponded with his priv.ite sentiments in favour of the dissenters; he died in 1787. RLVCKHALL, OlTspring, D. D., rector of St. Marv'H, London, chaplain to King William, and bishop of Exeter, was an able scholar, and emin,-nt divine ; he died in 1716. BLACKLOCK, Dr. Thomas, an eminent Scottish pwi ar. ' divin". whose talents, vcrv 71 ^ BL rc.->|icctal)le in llicinscl vo9, were roiidtrod ex- iraiirdiiiary by the circtiiiistaiicc of liis liaviiifi; totally lost his sight by the small pox at six months old. He was Imrii at Aiiiiaii, IT'il, and died at Edinbiirjih, July, 1791. BL.VCKMORi;, Sir Richard, a pliysician, and an indetatipahlu writer, who has lelt a great number of works, theological, poetical, and (iliy- slcal. Pryden and Pope have treatl(:.s, subjoined to tlie original work. VVij agree with those who esteem this the best of our author's performances. In 1748, he pub- lished " Letiei-s concerning Mythology," 8vo., without his name also. The same year he was made principal of the Marischal Colfeae in Aber- deen. March, 17.'i2, be look tin- degre*" of doctor of laws; and, in the year followiiij, came out the 1st volume of his " Memoirs of the court of Au- ynstns," 4to. The 2d volume appeared in 1755; and the 3d, which was posthumous, and left in- complete by the author, was fitted for the press by John Mills, Esq., and published in 1764. He died March 1, 1757. BL.ACKWOOD, Adam, a native of Scotland, eminent as a poet, civilian, and divine, but par- ticularly as the warm advocate of Mary, quoen of Scots; he published, in 1757, an accountof her martyrdom, addressed to the princes of Europe, and (lird at Poirtiers, in 1613. BLADEN, Martin, a gentleman of Abrey Hatch, in Essex, formerly a lieutenant-colonel in Clnren Anne's reign, but more disiinsuished by a translation of " Casar's Commentaries," which he dedicated to his general, the great duke of .Marlliornnyh. He died in 174G. BLAEIJ, or JANSSEN, William, a learned printer, the friend of Tycho Brahe, died in 1638. liL.'VCJR.AVE, John, an eminent mathema- tician, who flourished in tlie 16th and 17th cen- turies, and died IGll. BL.AGRAVE, Joseph, a famous astrologer of Reading, Eng., died in 1G88. BLAIR, John, chaplain to Sir William Wal- lace. He wrote an elegant Latin poem on his detith, and died in the reign of Robert Bruce. BL.'VIII, James, M. A., a minister of the epis- copal church in Scotland, was sent by the bishop of liondon as a missionary to Virginia, in 1085. He procured a patent for the erection of a college there, and was its first president for nearly 50 years ; he was also president of the council of Virginia, and died in 1743. BLAIR, Samuel, a learned minister in Penn- sylvania, for several years at the head of an academy at Fog's manor, Chester, died about 1751. BLAIR, John, brother and successor of Sam- uel Blair in the church and seminary at Fog'* manor, afterwards professor of divinity in New- Jersey College. BLAIR, John, one of the associate judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, died in 1800. BLAIR, John, president of the council of Vir- ginia, and a judge in that colony, died 1771. BLAIR, Patrick, a surgeon at Dundee, who first acquired some reputation by the dissection of an elephant, and afterwards by his essays 00 botany : time of his death unknown. BLAIR, Robert, an elegant poet, born about the beginning of the last century. He received his education in the university of Edinburgh, and was ordained, in 1731, minister of Athol Stane- ford in East Lothian, where he resided till hie death, in 1746. His poem, called " The Grave," has been extrelnely popular, and passed through many editions. lUiAIE Dt John sn eminent divine, bom in »L RL Scotia. Ill, but settled la BiiKlaiid, wlinre he pre- sented the world with a vt-ry valuable publica- f ioii, under the title ot" " Tin- Chronology and History of the World, from I he Cremation to the Year of Christ 1753, illustraled in 5t) tables." In I'fW, he published an improved edition of his " Cronological Tables;" lo wliicli were annexed "Fourteen Maps of Ancient and Modern Geo- graphy, for iliubtratin;: the Tables o«' Chrono- logy and History. He died .luae 24, nd'i. BLAIR, Dr. Hugh, a celebrated Sioitish di- vine, was the son of a respectable merchant in Edinburgh, and born in that city, April 7, 1718. On the loth of June, 175.'', he was made one of the ministers of the high church of Kdinhursli ; and his subsequent ministerial lal>ours and con- duct ill that conspicuous and didicult station, for a period of more than 4i) years, amply evinced the propriety of the choice. .Vs an author. Dr. Blair is well known by his " Lectures on Rliet'i- ric and the Belles Lettres," delivered in his of- fice as regius professor in the uni versiiv of Kdin- burgh. These are eminently distiii^^uished by laborious investigation, sound sense, refiiie(1| taste, and, above all, by thai lucidus ordo which! always proves a writer lo be master of his sub-| jecu In short, this work may justly be said to have established an unequivocal and sure stand- ard of taste. His " Sermons," however, of which five volumes are b.'lore the public, havi- experienced a success unp,-ii'alleted in the annals of pulpit eloquence, though justly merited by their purity of sentiment, justness of reasoning, and grace of composition. They have circu- lated in numerous editions, wherever the Englibh longue extends, and have been translated into almost all the lantiuazes of Europe. Dr. Blair died December 27^ 1800. BL.\IZE, a bishop, martyred by the emperor Dioclesian ; hut more celebrated as the inventor of wool combing. BLAKE, Robert, a famous English admiral, born August 15, 1.590, at Bridi:ewater, in Somer- setshire, where he was educated at the grammar school. Having served some years in the par liament ariisy, he was, in Febuary, 164''-9, ap pointed to command the fleet, in conjunction with Colonel Deane, and (>>lonel Pophaiu During nine years actual service in the na\n,', he performed exploits that, for the skill with which they were conducted, and the success that attended them, were never surpassed till the days of Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, and Nelson. He died as the fleet was entering Ply mouth, the 17th of August, li'.)7. aged 58. Hi body was conveyed to Westminster .'\bbey, and interred with great funeral pomp in Henry the Vllth's chapel : but removed from thence, iu 1G61, and re-iuterred in St. Margaret's church- yard. BLAKE, John Bradley, a native of London, after acquiring a profound knowledge of chy- mistry and mathematics, and of his favourite study, botany, went to China in the ser\-ice of the India company, where he collected and sent to Europe, all the valuable seeds and plants of the country ; he also began a collection of ores and tossils, but his application destroyed his health, and he died in 1773. BLAKE, James, a preacher, native of Dor- chester, Massachusetts, author of a volume of lermons of merit, died 1771. BL.MtE, Joseph, sovernor of the province of South (^arolina, in 1694. He contributed much to the prosperity of the colony, iiy the wisdom •f his adminiatratlom. I BLAMONT, Francis Colin de, a French mu isician. died in 17iiO. BLAMPIN, Thomas, a learned ecclesiastic of Picardy, died in 1710. BL.-VNC, John, a noble of Perpignan, Known for his brave defence of his native town, against the French l)esieging army, in 1474. I BL.ViN'C, Francois Le, author of a valuable ■ took on ilie coins of France, died in 16".i8. I BL.VNC, Claude Le, a miiiisterof France, con- fined two years in the IJasiile, on mere suspi- cion of mal-praciices, w.is released, and died in \lri->. His brothers were bishops of Avraiiches and of Sarlat. I BL.ANC, Thomas Le, a Jesuit of Vitri, died I at Kheiiiis, in 1669. I RLANC, John Bernard Le, an ingenious and learned man, historiographer to the Delia Crusca academy, died in 1781. nL.\iSiC, Antony de Oiiillet dc, professor of rhetoric at Avignon, and afterwards of ancient laimuages at Paris, died in 1799. BI.A.NC, N., an eminent French artist, died in ls|i-,>. i;laNC\. N. IjC, a young woman who was found wild at Sogny, near Chalons, in 1731, when about 10 years of age. She wtis placed ill a ronvcut, where she became a nun, and died ill 1760. BL.WCA, Francis Le, a Frenchman, author of a tienTal acc'iuiit of the moneys of France, pul>lislied by order of Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1698. BL.\N('H.VRD, James, an eminent painter, born at Paris, in 1600, died 1688. BL A \CH ARD, Francois, a lawyer of Paris, died iu 1650. BLANCHARD. Guillaume, son of the pre- ceding, equallv eminent as a lawyer, died in 1724. BLANCH.\RD, Elias, a native of Langrea, eminent for his learning, died in 1755. BLAXCHARD, John Baptist, professor of rhetoric in the Jesuits college, at MetZj and at Verdun ; wrote the Temple of the Muses, and died in 1707. BLANCHE.daiiehterofAIphonsoof Castile, married Lewis VIH., of France. After hi7. BL.VVET, M., a musician in the opera at Paris, disiinguished by his taste, and tile supe- rior merit of hii- pieces, died in 1T68. BLAYKEY, Benjamin, D. D., an eminent English divine, and professor of Hebrew, at O.xford, died iii 180L He was distinguished as an able biblical critic, and writer. BLEDDYN, joint king of North Wales, with his brother Rhiwallon, becatne sole monarch in 1068, and fell in battle four years after. BLEDDYN, a British bard of the 13tli cen- tury, some of whose pieces are still preserved. BLEDRI, a bishop of Landalf, called the wise, from his great learning ; he died much re- spected, in 1023. BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, a lady of some lite- raiy celebrity, born in New- York, 1752. BLEEK, Peter Van, an eminent painter, died in nw. BLEGNY, Nicholas de, an eminent French surgeon, who lectured and wrote on subjects connected with his profession ; he died at the Close of the 17th centurv. BLEGWRYD, brother to Morgan, the Gla- luorgan chief, was chancellor of LandafT, and a man of great learning ; he went to Rome in 92(), with Bowel, surnamed the Good. BLESS, Henry, an admired landscape painter, born at Rovine, died in I'fiSO. BLETERIE, John Philip Rene de la, born at Rennes, entered early into the congregation of the Oratory, and was there a dislinguisheil professor. From thence he went to Paris, wliert his talents procured him a chair of eioquence in the College Royal, and a place in the Acade- my of Belles Leltres. He published several works, which have been well received by the public, and died, at an advanced age, in 1772 BLINMAN, Richard, first minister of New- London, Conn., 1C48; author of a work in an Bwer to Mr. Danvers, on Baptism. BLOCK, Dr. Marc Eleazer, a Jewish physi Cian, and very celebrated ichthiolocist, born at Anspach, in 1723, died at Carlsbad, August ti, 1799. His " Natural Histoiy of Fishes," with coloured plate>, in large 4to, is one of the most admirable publications of the time. BLOCK, Daniel, a porlr'I, Trajan, a satirical w1t, bom hi Rome, about the beginning of the 17th century. Ilia •' Ragguagli di Parnasso" has been trans- iHis lated into English, and many other languages. Boccalini was ussaRsinatod at Venice, being beaten to death witli sand ba^. BOCCAMA/,7.A,Angehis,bisbopofC«tanJa, Sicily, died in l-29ti. HOt'l.riEKLM, Lewis, a native of Lucca, distinsuished as a composer of music, died at -Madrid, in IkOH. liOCCHUS, a king of Mauritania, who b« trayed hisson-in law, Juguriha, to the Romans, l(K) B.C. ' BOCCI ARDI, Clemente. a painter, of Genoa died in 105^. BOCCOLD, John, a fanatic tailor, commonly called John of heydeii. In company with John .Matthias, a baker, of Ilaerlem, at the head of Ills followers, sei/.ed Munster, assumed the of- fice of king and of prophet, and began to reform the laws, and new model the government ; he was at last taken and put to dcalli, in the 28tll year of his age. B'K'COM, Sylvio, a celebrated natural his toriun, born at Palermo, in .Sicily, 1G;13, died DetenilxrK. 1704. He left many curious Work?. BtJCCOKIS, a king of Egypt, who is said lo have driv en the Jews from his dominions, to cure himself of the leprosy, according to an oracle. BOCHART, Samuel, a leameti French pro- testaut, born at Rouen, in Normandy, 1599, died suddenly, while he was spcuking in the acade- my of Caen, (of which he was a uicmber,) May 6, 1(«7. BOCHEL, Laurent, an advocate of the par- liament of Paris, whose works on law and hia- Itory are valued by leartied men in France, died in 16-29. BOCHIU3, John, born at Brussels, in 155i. He w-as a good Latin poet, and thence styled the Virgil of the Low Countries. He died January 1.3, Ii")09. Btx'KHORST, J Jin Van, an eminent por trait and historical painter, bom about 1610. BOCariLLOT, Lazarus Andrew, an advo- cate of Dijon, afterwards an ecclesiastic, emi- nent for his learning and pietv, died in 172<5. He wrote the life of Chevalier Bayard, &c. BODl.\, John, a native of Anders, who ac- quired reputation and the notice of his sovereien, by his wit and merit. He settled at Lunn, where he rose to eminence as a lawyer and public speaker: he died 1596. His writings are nu- merous and respectable. Bf )DLEV. Sir Thoina.s. from whom Ilie Bod- leian library at O.vford takes its name, waslKini at Exeter, .March 2, l.'>44. In 1585, he was made irentleman usher to Ciueen Elizabeth. From this time till l.';'.l7, he was honourably and suc- cessfully employed in embassies and ne-jotia- tions with foreign powers ; and on his final re- vocation, in that year, he set about the noble work of restoring the public liiirary at Oxford, which in two years time he brought to a good degree of perfection. He funiifihe.l it with a large collection of books, purcha.sed in foreign countries at a creat expense : and ibis collertinn in a short time became so greatly enlarged, by the generous benefactions ol several noblemen, bishops, and others, that neither the sliel\ es ncnr the room could contain them. Whereupon, Bodley offering to make a considerable addition to the building, the motion was readily embraced, mid July 19, IGIO, the first s'one of tlie new 75 BO foundation was laid niili gieai ^leniniiy, and a bpL-i-cli iiiudc upon the occa.sion. ISiii hr did not live to see this part of his plan complund, lliougli lie left Buificicnt to do it, witli wiim: ol hiR tricnds in trust. Sir Dlionias dini January 28, lt)13, and was buried witb prtal solemnity ai tUe upiMjr end ofMerton College clinir. An an nual speech in liie praise is Mill made ai Oxiord, Koveniber 8 ; al which lime is the visiialion of the library. BOiCE, or BaCTHirP, Hector, a native of Dundee. Vid. BCETHIL'S. BCECLER, John Henry, professor of history atSirasbourt.'. was honoured, for his great learn- ing, by licwis XIV., and Christina of Swi-den, who made him her historiographer ; he died in ](>8P. BCEHMEN, Jacob, a Teutonic philosopher, and noted visionao', born in a village ol Ger- many, near Gorlitz, 3575, died November Iti, lO-M. BCEHMER, George Ralph, profcsser of Iwia- Oy and anatomy at Wiiun.berg. died in ISO:;. BCERHAAVE, Herman, an illustrious p'ly- Mcian and professor at Leyden, born Deccn bi r 31, IfiGS, at Voorhoot, a small village in Holland, about two miles from tliat city; died Sepicm- ber 23, 1738. No professor was ever attended, in public as well as private lectures, by so great a nuniber of i-tudents, from such distant ami diflferent parts, for so many years sllcce^■^i\ ely none heard him without conceiving a veneralioii for his person, at the same linie that they ex- pressed their surprise at his prodigious attain- ments; and it may be jnsfly attirnjed.tlial none in so private a station e\ er attracted a more uni- versal esteem. So unmoved was he by detrac- tion, (from whicli the best of men are not ex- wmpt,) that he used to say, "The sparks of calumny will be presently eilinct of themselves, tuiless you blow them." BffiL, Peter, a Flemish painter, pupil to Com. dc Waal, at Rome, died in lf)80. BQiTHIE, Etienne de la, eniinent as a scho- lar and translator of PImaieh and Xenoplion ; he died near Bordeaux, in 1503. BCETHirS, or HCETIfS, Flavius Anicins Manliue Torquatus geverinus, a prose as well as poetical wiiier of the Ctli cent my, boiti of one of the noblest families in Rome. Having remonstrated with great spirit againt the tyranny of Theodoric, he was belieadeil in prison, by command of that king, in .524. BaMliius wrote many philosophical works, the greater part in the logical way : but his ethic piece, " De Con- solatione Philopophise," is his chief perform- ance, and has always been justly admired both for the matter and for the style. Mr. Harris, in liih Hermes, has observed, that "with Bceihius the Latin tongue, and the last remains of Eonian dignity, may be said to have sunk in the western world." BCETHIt'S, BCECE, or BCEIS, Hector, a fa- mous Scottish liisioiian, born at Hundee, in the shire of Angus, about 1470. He wrote in Latin a Hisiorv of Hrotland," and died 1520. BOFFKAND, Germain, born al Nantes, ac- quired such a reputation as an architect, that se- veral princes employed him in the erection of pa- laces and public edifices ; he died at Paris, in 1755. BOG.\N, Zachary, a learned English divine, died in ]f>59. BOGARDTTS, Everardus, fir.st minister of the refbniied nntch church in New- York. BOOORIS, first Christian king of t)ie Bulga- »uiis ; he embraced Christianity in 865. 76 BO BOIi.MUN. a learned Arabian, the favourite of Salad ill, and the historian ol his life; in which he gi\ es an account of tlie crusades, and of the liii laiiite ol the I2th century. HOHFiMONIi, prince of Antioch, with his father, in\adrd the eastern cmjiire, and twice difiati.'d the ( nirernr Alexius. He afterwards embarked for ihe e.'usarif >, and took Antioch ; but being taken prisoner and released, n^tiirncd to Fnropc, where he prepared to raise a large army, and di"d in 1111. He was succeeded at .Antioch by bix princtu, successively bt aring the .>^anie name. BOHN, John, a native of Leipsic, eniimnt ae a physician, prolesvor, and ehynimt, died in 17IS. BOIA RDO, Martoo-Mai ia,"a uovernorof fieg- gio, known as the author of Orlando Inamorato, 1!, tnniinuHtion ot which, Aiiosio wrote his Or- lando Furioso. He was«a man ptx-rcssi ri of great poetical talents, a strong and lively iniagi- nat'on, and bold and animated conceptions; he died in )4y4. BOI LEAU, Giles, translator of Epictetus, &c., died in 1(«9. BOILEAU, James, a doctor of the Porbonne, dean ol ihe faculty of divinity, and canon of the holy chapel, died in 1716. BOllI'AU, Sieur I)f*;preaui, Nicholas, a ce- lebrated French poet, born at Paris, November 1, 1630. He wnte satires, wherein he e.tposed the bad tasie of his time, and was e,\lrem€ly severe against vice and the corrupt manners of the age. Boileau's satirical pieces raised him many enemies : his " Satire against the \\ omen" in particular, was much talked of, and occa.'^ioneri guat clamour. So highly did he rank among French writers, that Bruyere, in a speech delive.ed at the French academy, said "Boileau excels Juvenal, comes up to Horace, s-eems to create Ihe thoughts of another, and to make whatever he handles his own. His verses w ill be read even when the language is obsolete, and will be the last ruins of it." Dr. W'arlon, also, sajs, that Boileau's Art of Poetry is the best compiigition of that kind extant. He died March 2, 1711. BOILEAU, John James, an ecclesi.nstir, of St. Honore, al Paris, was a man of great learn- ing, and highly esteenu-d by the cardinal de No- ailles : he died in 1735. BOILEAU, Charles, abbeof Boileau, an emi- nent preacher at the court of Lewis XIV., died in 1700. BOINDIN, Nicholas, a native of Paris, enter- ed the army at the age of 20 ; his ill health com- pelling him to relinquish the service, he turned his attention to literary pursuits, and vi'as cele- brated as a writer of eomedies ; he died in 1751. BOIS, Jean du, a Parisian ecclesiastic, be- cam« so conspicuous in the military service of Henry III., as to acquire the name of F.mperor of monks. On resuming his clerical character, he became eminent as a preacher, but incurring the resentment of the church, he was confined at Rome, where he died in 1C26. BOIS, Gerard du, a native of Orleans, known as the author of a Latin history of the church of Paris, died in 1696. BOIS, Philippe du, a doctor of the Sorbonne, died in 1707. BOIS, Philippe Goibaud, a dancing master, of Poictiers, died in lfi04. BOIS D'ANNEMETS, Daniel du author of \iemoirsof a Favourite of the duke of Orleans, was killed in a duel at Venice, in 1827. BOIS, Cardinal du, an eminent French states- bo mail, ami priim; miiiisicriijuJur the re^fiit, duke[jsiable ol IJuver. and «as st-ar uu sovtral uii of Orleans, died iii l'--li. «>)(.> OK LA PIEKRE, Louise Marie dii, a lady Ml" \oriiiaiidy, wrote memoirs lor a liistory oC X.innaiidv ice... and died in 1730. HOIrtMORAKDJ abbe (Jiliroii de, a writer of eminence, di'd at Paris, in I74fi. UOl.SKOBf.R r, Fiaiicis le Aletel de, a native of i^ien, .nowii liir bis wit and keen same, became the favourite and bulfoon of Cardinal de Riclielieu ; he died in lOOi. B'ilS.SARl), John .lames, a ranioii3antii]imry, horn at Bcsincon, in P"raiic<;, Ij-Jj*, died at Metz, liOIS:?AT, Pierre de, a native of VIenne ; at dilferent periods of his lite, he was a uiouk, a soldier, and a hermit; he died in l>>l>2. BOItSSllORB, .iiiseph de la Fontaine de la, an ecclesiastic, of Dieppe, died at Pans, in IT.'Ji. BOISSICU, Ueiiis de Salvain^ de. a lawyer: in the service of Lewis XIII., died In ItiKJ jba^isies; and wiieii Uie nalbriunulc Aiuie lell liuio disuruL-e, he too \va- degraded, and bci Iniailed, on a false ai'cu.satiun, lii I0.16. P.uLL\»;i5R4. BOLTON, Robert, dean of Carlisle, and a celebrated writer of moral and religions letters and tracts, was born in Northamptonshire, WJd, and dieil I7ti:t. BOLTO.V, Robert, a puritan, distinguished for his learning and his eloc|uence. He was a profea.sor at Oxford, and sustained his liigh re- putation by his numerous writings ; he died in 16'Jl. BOLZ.\NI, Urbano V^aleriano, a monk of the order of the .Minorites, born at Belluno, travelled through Greece, Pali-.sline, &c., and twice as- cended yl-;ina, to survey its crater. He first wroie a grammar of the Greek language, in Latin, and died in l.'i-.>4. BO.MltELLl, .Sebastian, a painter, of Bologna, died in l»iH,V BOJfbERG, Daniel, a printer, of Venice, fa- mous for the number and correctness of hit books, died in 1549. BO.\ UE ST. HILAIRE. Francois Xavier. president of the chamber of accounts of Mont- pelier, anthorof a treatise on silk warms, and on the Maroons of India, died in 17(3l. BOXA, John, an ecclesiastic, of Piedmont, eminent for his learning, and his love of soli tilde, was promoted to places of honour by Pope .\le\ander VII.. and lautly a cardinal : he died, much respected, in 1674. BON'.'VC, John Louis d' Usson, marquis de a French nobleman, sent by Lewis XIV., a.<< am bassador to Sweden, Poland, tJpain, Constant! nople, &c., died in 1738. BO\.ACIN.\, Martin, an ecclesiastic, of Mi- lan, in tlie service o( Pope Urban VIIl., died in itai. BONASrV, Peter Nicholas, a native of Lou vres, historiographer of Paris, known for bis learned dissertations and tiis amiable character, died in 1770. BON.\NiVI, James, a noble of Syracuse, au- thor of " Syracusa Illnstrata," died in 1636. BON.ANNI, Philip, a learned Jesuit, euiihor of several bo, and died in 1679. piece<^re valuable, diedjn Fnplnnd, in Ifrit?. | liOKGARrTIlS, Prosper, an Italian ply^i- BOONE, Thomas, an'nhle and faiihfiil (.'0-| clan of the 16th ctntnry, who gained celebrity %'ernur of New-Jersey, and aflerwaidsof South] as an anatomist at Padua and Paris. tiiin, until 17(;x BORGHESE, Paul Guidolto, an Italian poet iBO0NF^N,ArnQld,Hneminent portrait painter, land painter, who, though acquainted with 14 adiscipjc of Shalken, died in I7'J9. ^ iditl'erent trades, died poor and neglected in KiiG ~ . .. . - KORGHIM, Vincent, a learned Benedictine appointed tanner general. He wrote several '.earned works, and was guilk>tiuid by Robes- pierre, in 1794. BORDENAVE, Toussaint, professor of sur- gery in Paris, known for his elements of physio- liigv, he died m 17c2. BORDES, fharlcs, a poet and pliilosophcr, of Lyons, died in 1781. BORUEf'.TIieophilns, a]>hysician who gain- ed greni reputation at Paris ; he published nine medic.Hl works^ and died in 1776. BOP,I)L\(;irs, Andrew, a celebrated Danish poet, whose works were published at Copen- hagen, in I7:<8. IIORHLEY, John Beslr, niembor of tlic ex- ecutive council of Maryland, a writer on agri- cnhure. died IHM BORI10NE, Paris, a painter, of Venice, and the favourite of Francis L, celebrated for his portraits ; died in ]5f-7. BORE, (allierine Von, a nun. who, on the disseniinatinii of Luther's principles, quilled the veil. Her heroic conduct attracted the notice of Luther, who afterwards uiarried her. She was a woman of delicacy and virtue, and died in 1.W2. BOH EL, Peter, physician to the Frenc^i king, and author of several valuable works, died in i!l(i^'9. BOOT, Arnold, a Huich physician, author of a defence of the Hebrew text of Scripture, and also some medical works ; died at Paris, in 1653. BOOTH, Barton, a famous English ac^r, who chiefly excelled in tragedy, was horn in the county of Lancast^ r, IfiHl', and died Jlay 10, 17;i2. His charael'4' a.« an actor has been'cele-| bratcd by some of tiie best judges. See Cibbcr's | Aoology, &c. monk, born at Fli'reiice. He had the niagnani- niity to refuse the archbishopric of Pisa, and di:d in 16H). BORGHINI, Raphael, a Florentine writer of coifiedies. BORGIA, Stephen, a cardinal, eminent for his piety and learning, died at Lyons, in lt04, while attending Pius VI. on his joi'irney to Paris. BORCIA, t'asar, a natural son of Pope .Mcx- BOOTH, Hei^ry,earIof Warrinpion.asfatee-iiander VT., a man of such conduct and charac- maii, and inenjber of parli.iment under Charle."! II. He strenuously opposed popery, and after the revolution was" promoted to high offices by king William ; he died in 1694. BOOTH, George, earl ofWarrington, wrotea tract on marriage, recommending divorce when tempers disagree ; he died in 1758. BORBONIL'S, NicholaSj,a Latin poet and fa- vourite of Francis I. HeVas connected with Sir Thomas More, Erasi A'ls, and other learned men of the 16ili century. His poems appeared in 1540. BORDA, John Charles, an eminsnt French mathematician, who made a voyage io America, in order to ascertain the utility ol certain instru nieuts for determining the latitude and longi- tude ; of which he published an account in two vols. 4to. 1778. He was born 17J5, and died at Paris, May, 1799. BORDE, Andrew, an Englishman, born in 1500, educated at Oxford, studied physic, and entered the order of Carthusians. In his cha- racter he was extremely whimsical ; he died in 1549. BORDE, John Benjamin, a French writer valet to Louis XV., tipon whose tleath he was ter, that Machiavel has thought fit to propose him, in h's famous book called "The Prince," as an original and pattern to all princes who would act the part of wise and politic tyrants He was killed in battle, March 12, 1507. I BORGIANI, Orazio, an eminent historical and portrait painter, a native of Rome ; died in luei. BORIS, Gudenou, a repent of Muscovy under Foedor, whom he assassinated and thus obtain- ed the sovereign power out afterwards met a like fate himself. BORLACE, Edmund, M D., son of a lord chief justice of Ireland, was educated at Dub- lin, studied at Leyden and Oxford, and acquired great reputaiion; he died at Chester, in 1662. BOKL.ASE, William, a very ineeiiious and learned writer, was of an ancient family in Cornwall, and born at Pendcen, February 2, 1695-6. Having perpetuated his name by bia deep researches into the natural history of Ihs native country, Dr. Boi lase died Aug. 31, 1 , (3. BORN, Ignatius, a German baron, resided ai Praeue, devoted himself to the sciences, wrota a satire on monks, whom he classed after the sv3temof Iiintnp'ia. and died in 1791. BO BO I noSCAWKN, William, a miscellaneous wri- tiT antl po«l, of considerable uicril, eon of gene- ral Georpf- BoscR\ven,anU nei)lic\v of the adnii- lal. was born Aug. 28, 1752. lie was educated ai Eton school and at Exeter college, Oxturd ; was called to the bar as a nieinbt-r of the Mid- dle Temple, and became a coniinL«<'ioner of liankriipis : and in 1785 was a|. pointed one of ihe cominis>>ioncrs of the victnalin? office. He was an excellent scholar, ard ibesides other po- cnisi published, in two vols, ttvo, a new transla- tion fif Horace, which is, in the judcment of cla,>*-iiical men, in manyet^sential joints of merit, very superior to that of Dr. Francis. Mi. B. was a most amiable man, and died May 6, 1811. B<")St'H, Balthazar Vaiiden, a painter of Ant- werp, whose pieces are much admired, died in 171.5. BOSCH, Jacob, a painter of Amsterdam, died in ir.75. BOSCHAERTS, Thomas Willebos, a Flem- ish painter, patronised by the prince of Ormge, died in Itifi? BOSCOLI, Andrew, a painter, of Florence, whf>se execution and colouring were much ad- mirr'd. BOSCOVirH, Joseph Boper, a Jesuit, and BOBNIER, Philip de, a lawyer of Montpelier, and author of two learned works, died in 171 1. BUEREL, John, an erclesiasilic, well versed in geometry, died in 1572. BOKKI, Joseph Francis, an artiul impostor of Milan, who practised upon the credulity of merchants, as well as princes, whom he deluded out of .real sums of money, under a pretences of discovering the philosopher's stone ; he died in I6'.)5 BORRICHIUS, Olaus, a learned profe«or at the university of Copenhagen. He visited the ditferent ccuntries of Europe, and acquired the friendship of their literati ; hedied in Ki'JO. BORROMEO, Charles, a cardinal, archbisho|i >f Milan, and saint of the Ronli^h church, was an example of meekness and piety, and endea- voured to reform the abuses of the clergy ; he died in 1594, and was canoni7.ed in 1710. BORRO.MEO. Frederick, cousin to the last, and also a cardinal, and archbishop of Milan, founded the .Ambrosian librarv; hedied in lti32. BORROMI.M, Francis, an 'architect of Bis- ■one, acquired much reputation at Rome ; he died 16C7. BOKZONI, Iiuciano, a native of Genoa, emi- nent as a historical and portrait painter, died at Milan, in 1645. His three sons were equally creat. professor of mathematics at Rome, Pavia, and BOS, John Baplist du, a celebrated member, | Milan. His works were on mathematical sub- and perpetual secretary of the French academy, ij jects. though he wrote elegant poetry ; he died oorn at Beauvais, 1670. His principal work is |in 1TP7. "Critical Reflections upon Poetry and Paint- | 30PI0, James, a monk of Milan, chiefly inp." He died at Paris, 1742. jkrtowii for his history of the knights of Malta. BOS, Lambert, Greek professor at Franekcr, where lie died in 1717. He was the author of •everal learned works. BOS, Charles Francis dii, an ecclesiastic of Lucon, died in 1724. He was a man of learning and piety. BOS, Jerome, a Flemish painter, died in 1500. BOS, Lewis Jansen, a Flemish painter, cele- brated for his beautiful leaves and flowers, died 1507. BOSC, James du, a native of Normandy and an author. BOSC, Pierre du, a protestant minister, Caen. On the revocation of the edict of Nair. lie fled to Holland, and became minister of ti Church of Rotterdam ; he died in 1C92, BOSCAGER, John, a native of Beziers, thi author of several law works, died in l()84, BOSCAN John, of Barcelona, introduced the Italian rhjine into the poetry of his country. He was the author of several poems, a-id died in 1543. BOSCAWEN, Edward, a celebrated Enclish admiral, son of Hugh, lord viscount Falmouth, was bom about 1711. He signaliztd himself in many important contests with the French ; in which, one circumstance of his success will ap- pearisingular ; namely, that of having ut three diflf-tient times, in 1744, 1747, and 1755, taken M. Hoquart, a French commander, prisoner. — Mr, B.'s eminent services merited and obtained the approbation and gratitude of his country. On the 12th Dec. 1758, the thanks of the house of com mons (the greatest honour that can be done to any subject) were given him in hi? place by the speaker ; in that year also he was appointed admiral of the blue; and in Dec 1760, general of marines, with a salary of 3000?. per annum, and a seat in the privy council. This rank and honour, however, he did not long enjoy, dying January 10, 1761. Some interesting stories of this great commander will be found in " Se- ward's Anecdotes." 80 BOSIO, Anthony, known by his description of the tombs and epitaphs of the early Chris- tians at Uonii-. BOSON, count of Aries, made king of Pro- vence, in 879. BOfQUET, Francis, bishop of Montpelier, wrote the lives of the popes of Avignon, and history of the Galilean church ; he died in 1676. BOSSE, Abraham. a Frenchinan,distinguished as an entrraver and architect, died in W'O. BOSST:, Rene Le, born at Paris, 16;<1, died l*i80. His principal work was, " A Treatise on "oic Poetry," which gained him great repnta- T>. Boilrau says, it is one of the best Cfunpo- 5 on this subject that ever appeared in the h laneiiaL'e. iSSIJET. James, bishop of Meaux, born at I ijon, 1(>27. His " Discours snr I'Histoire Uni- verselle" was published in 1681, and has been consider''d as a valuable work, and of great authority. He died at Paris, in 1704, BOS?rS, Ma tin, an ecclesiastic of Verona, who wrote several Latin works, died in 1502, BOSTON, Tlomas, M. A,, a ^'cnichman edu- cated at Edinburgh, known as the author of " Human Nature in its Fourfold state," Died in 1732. B08WELL,James, an eminent miscellaneous writer, but chiefly disiinguished as the literary companion and biographer of the celebrated Dr, .lolmson. He was born at Edinburgh, Oct. 29, 1740, and was the son of lord Auchinleck, one of the judges of the court of sessions in Scotland, In 1763, Mr. B. came to London, anA had what he always called the singular felicitj of being introduced to Dr. Johnson. Soon affei 'his he set out on a tour; and having visited the most remarkable cities in Italy, sailed to Cor.eica, travelled over every part of that island, and re- turned to Scotland, in 1766, when he became an advocate at the Scotch bar. The celebrated Douglas cause being at that time a subject of general discussion, Mr.Boswell took a very ac BO live and successful part in ii : he piiblislieii a patnpiilct, enlitled " The Essence of the Doug- las (^luse," which was suppn^^cd to liave pro- cured Mr. Douglas the popularity heat thai tune posscsst'd. In n')8, Jlr. B. pulilishrd his '■ Ac- counl of Corsica, with Memoirs ol' General Pao- li." Of this priiitf-d performance, I)r Johnson thus expresses himself: " Your journal is, in a very high degree, curious ami dcligluful. 1 know not wnelticr t could name any narrative, by which curiosity is hotter excited, or better gratitii'd " In 1785, he published " A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Dr. Johnson," which had a success shnilar to his account of Corsica. This year Mr. Boswell removed to London, and was soon after called to ilie Enj; lish bar ; but his professional business was in- terrupted bv till' preparing of his miKtcelcbraicd worlv, " The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. 1).," in '2 vols. 4to. This was published lu ITilll. and was received by the world with wonderful a\ i- dity. It is a faithful history of Johnson's lite, exhibits a most inicrcsiing "picture of the cha- racter of that illustrious moralist, and is one of the most instructive and cntertainiM-i bonks in the E,i2lish langiiase. The prepm atioii of a se- cond edition of this work was the last literary pei- formanceof .Mr Boswell, rtho died May 19,r!l5. BO.S'l'WICK, David, an cniiiienl minister of New- York, author of several sermons, &c., died in I'Cd. BOT.VL, Leonard, physician of Henry in, of France, recommended frefiuent blecdingd in fe\ers. which others condemiiiHl. BfrrERO, John, secretary of Borroineo, died in IIWH. BOTH, John and Andrew, two Flemish pain- ters, who generally executed their pictures in common. BO rHLA.\,aChristian physician, of Basdaf, who visited E!;ypt,in 1047, to bc(;ome acquaint- ed with his riviil in medicine, Ibu Uodhwan. BOTH VVELL.James Hephurn,rarl ofknown in Scottish history, fur his marriage with queen Marv ; he died in 1577. BOTK^ELLI, Alexander, a painter of F rence, died in l.'il.'i. His two pictures of y> are much admired. BOTT, John de, a French architect, public edifices at Dresden, where he » 1745, are monuments of his architectural C,-. , u^. BOTT, Thomas, an English divine, born at Derby, IGSS, died 1753, leaving several ingenious tracts on religious subjects. BOCHAKD, David, a famous chieftain of Hen- ry IV., of France, was governor of Periiiord, and was killed at the siege of Lisle, in 1.30'^. BOUCHARDON, Edmund, a native of Ii.tlv, devoted to the study of sculpture. He adorned Paris with monuments of his genius, and wasj honoured by the kins ; he died in KuS!. BOUGH. \TJD, Matthew .Xmhony, a native of Paris, and pro'essor in the university, dis- tinguished by his publications and articles in the Encyclopedia, died in 1804. B(3rTCHE, Honorius, an ecclesiastic, author of a histoiv of Provence, died in If.'l. BOUCHER D'ARGIS, AntoineGaspavd, horn Jnl708, an advocate of Paris, and aurhor of se- veral law publications. BOUCHER, Francis, a celebrated painter to Lewis XV. BOUCHER, John, a seditious doctor of the Sorbonne, during the French civil wars. He died dean of the chapt>^r of Toiirnav, in 1(>44. BOUCHER. Jonuihaii, vicar of Epsom, Sur- BO rey, was born at Blencoco, Cund)erland, 1738, and educated at the grammar school of \Vi;,'ion. -\' the age of IG he went to North .\merica, where he discharged the duties of a clergyman, till 1775, when thr war drove him back tii Eng- land. Sf r. Boucher wrote many iract-s and ser- mons ; but the leisure of the last Iburteen years of his life wa.s principally devoted to the com- pletion of a Glossary of Provincial and.Vrcha'olo- iiical words, intended as a" Supplement to Dr. Johnson's Dictionary." He died at Epsorn, .'\pril 27, 1804 ; and the laborious work just mentioned, (partly prepared for the press) was placed in the able hands of Sir Fretbirick Mor- ton Eden, hart., who has since d"ceased. BOU('HER.A.T, iicwis, a Frenchman, who, by his talents and integrity, raised himself to be chancellor of France, died in liUtO. BOUCHET, John, procurer of Poitiers. He wrote annals of Aquiiaine, Poitiers, &c., and died in 1.5.50. BOUCHET, John, a nnitre de hotel to the king of France, died in 1('64. BOUCHET, GuiHaume, a judge, consul of Poitiers, died in lli(l7. HOI 'CHEUL, John Joseph, an advocate of Doiat, 0. 1{'.)U('I111;r, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury, the lirst person who encouraged printing in England, di.-d in 14>?l>. BOUCIC.'VUT, mareclial de France, and vis- count Turennc, an eminent warrior, was taken prisoner at the battle of Agiiicoiirt, and died in England, in 14-21. BDUDEWI.NS, .Michael, a learned physician of .Vntwerp, where he died in IfiBl. HOUDIER, Rene, a native of Trelly, remark- able for his cro'il accomplishments and volup- tuousness, ilied in 1733. BOUniN'OT, Elias, L.L D., an eminent law- yer of the state 2. BOUDOT, .John, a learned bookseller and printer, of Paris, author of a Latin dictionary in 14 vols. 4to., died in 1754. BOUFLERS, Louis Francois due de, a dis- tinguished mihiary character, opposed to prince Eujene, and celebrateri for his defence of Lisle. He served under marshal Villars, and died at Fonlainlileau, in 1711. BOUFLERS, Eonis de, a native of P ardy, horn in 1.534, known for his remarkable bi.ength ai\d aiiilitv BOUGAlNVn.LE, .Tohn Peter de, a Prenc.h- tnan of sreat learninir, and author of severe works, died in 17G3 BOUGAINVILLE, M. de, a native of France, whom impartial posterity will deservedly rank high in the list of circuinnavisalors •. his merits havinr b uiauuiai'lurer ol our of Louis XII. jjcDijp; r, ami so'iic ofoiir silvor com, lie has iili- BUUliUER, Peter, a Frenchman, disliigui:^,'i-!iiioriaii/.<"d his name. Wu lili: nan an uiiiuter- ed I'd liiii matlieinatiial knowledge and worlu ;l rnpt>.-d appln-atiua to tbe a'!van>-<:nio!ii ot' lite died 111 17.j8. I iLsclul an , and totiie prountiionuriD-coninicr- BtJIIlEK, John, presidfiit of the parliami-nt'lcial iiiLi:rtr».-> of the coiiii;r\ . Mr. liuultou died of Dijon, an emiueiit lawyer and scholar, diud;'ai Polio, .^ii-^i'.n 17, l^(^^ and wab iiuerred at in IT-JO. Illandnnorlh ; (trine li>:i<.w-d tu the ara- e by BOt.'HOURS, noininiqnn, a celebrated French IlitXI ni lii^ worknieii, who liml each a silver nie- critic, hum at i'aris. IHM, diod in I'thi. dal p.tscnted to itiui, wliji h hud heeu struck Ibi BOL'ILL.VRD, Dnn.Iaines, a learned Bene- the i-r'adion. dictine, died in IT-aj B01 dllKR.WT, n i<"sro of St. Domingo, BOL'ILLi.'VL'D, Ismael, a native of London, ''(los.'^i'j.sed of courage, sagacity, and eloquence, disiinjiuishedinev' ry brain h of s'i«. nee, and theji raised liim^cirio consequence uinoiig his leliuw^ author of poveral work;), died in lii'j4. Ilwas kill'id in 17*11. BOIJILLR, .M. Ic inarquia de, a French ec-[| BOL'Cil'IvT, Don Mariiti, a Benedictine, made neral of jreat celebrity, descended from a nohlcjla u^el'ul <"jlleriionof the iiisto^aus of France ; family. He ofipo^ed ilie revolution, and wa.-; a i he died in 1751. friend to the king and monardiy ; he died ini- I'UUUl'K'f , Madame, celebrated for her hn- London, in 1800. Ijnianity, in C4nicealing some of ihtr proscribed BOIJILLET, John, a French physician, re- during the French rovoiution, ji^f' for the conr- ppected as a professional man, and author of | age with which she sulferedi^j-iitli in cmisc- Bevi-ral works, died in 1777. iquence. BOUILLO.N, Emaimcl Thcndopins, nephewjj BOUQTJET, Ileniy, a hrave colonel in the ofTurenne, a cardinal and ambasbador of Loui» lBritii>h army, in IToli, ifc^ngiiialied for se\. .al XIV'., at Home, died in 171.5. |lvictories over the Indians, under Gejieral Am- B01,'L.\I, Ca;sar Egassc du, register and his-i herst, died in 177fj, being then a brigOTier-^eue- toriographerof the nniversiiyof Paris, and pro-' ral. fessor of riietoric in the college of iN'avarre.lj DOURRt^.N, Charles, due de, son of Gilbert, The work for which ho is chiefly to he n uicin hered is "The History of the L'Mi\ersity of Paris," 6 vols, folio. H«? died ii^i'>'!i. BOt'LALV VILLI ERS, Henry de, an eminent count of Wontpen.llVof Ma- on the death of H»irj HI. ; he died in IJOO. hornet," which has made him pass for no very!' BOURBON CO.N'DF,, Louis, due de, a French good believer. : general of some reputation, died 1740. BOULA.NGER, Nicholas Anthony, eminent" HOUR HOI* .\icliolas,aFr(1ichmau, employed as a mathematician, architect and engineer, died in 1750. BOCL.VNGER, a famous Augustine preacher, died at Paris, in lb7.5. BOUL.V.VGER, or BOtfLLEXGF.R, Claude in educating the mother of Henry IV. He re- 'tired from the intrigues of the court to literary 'ease, wrote hooka of epigrams, and died in the Ifitli century. ' BOURCHENEU DE VALBt:)NAIS, John Francois Fi'ii.v. a native of Amiens, an advocatv^: Peter, a m.^^istrate of Grenoble ; he wrote at Paris, and a iiia:i of extensive erudition, dicdj bistorv of Dauphiiie, and died in 1730. in I7;>8. ji r>. French painter of Ij best preacher that France ever produced, was merit. Several of his pieces are jireserved in! born at Hoiirgi-s, l(i:^2, and died in 1704 Ihe churches at Paris, where he died in 1674 BOULLONGNE, Bon, son of the precediiig.i With his father's talents, he possessed greater; versatility of genius, was patronised by Lewis! XIV., he died in 173:1. | BOULTER, Dr. Hush, archbishop of Ar-j »ia;h, in Ireland, died in London, 174-2, leaving; behind him patriotic establishment.s and bene- factions, particularly 'o 'he protestant schools, and other strong testimouies of a truly charitable disposition. ' BOULTON, Matthew, a most ingenious and enterprising mechanic and engineer, born at Birrnlngham, September <, I ;2H. The manu-i factory at Sobo, tiear Birmingham, was er'c:ied by him, and in its operation? he employr;d ueurly^ 82 BOL'RDEILLES, Peter de, bi-tter known by thenameof Brantonie, a French courtier in the service of Charles IX. and Henry III., died in 1614. BOIIRDEILI-Ef!, Claude de, gr.ind nephew of the preceding, was in the service of Gaston of Orleans, retired from court, and died at Paris, in 1663. BOURDELON, Lawrence, a French eccle- siastic, who wrote for the theatre, but with little success, died in 1730. BOURDELOT, John, a learned French critic and commentator, who lived at the end of tha 16th, and ; ho beginning of the 17th century. BOURDIGNE Charles, an ecclesiastic, ©f .Vngera, died in the Itiih century. IIO li( U ItUlA, Mauricu, ami pope in 111!^, iiikIlt the iKiine of Gregory Vtll. He w;»s taken by his rivnl, and died in prison, in 11*^1 BOHKUON, Ame, a native of Cambray, wlio acquired great reputation a^ a physician, died in ITOti. HOIJRDO.X, Sebastian, an eminent French painter, born KilO. lie hiid a genius so lit ry, that it would not let him nileci Milhiienily, nor study the essential of Uis an sn niucli as was necessary to render liiin iierli 1 1 iti it. Ilavinu once laid a wtqier willi a friend that he painted ]C heads after tlic life, and as lurce as the lite in one day, lie won it, and these heads arc said to be among the best tliuiys he ever did. lie died in 167:!. » BOURDONNAYE, Bernard Francis Mahe de la, a native of St. Malo's, distint'iiislied as a warrior and negotiator, was governor of the isles of France and liourhon. and died in 1T.')4. BOl'KUOT, Charles Anthony, a l.jarnid ad- vocate of Paris, died in 17.'t5. HorUO, A ' 'u, a learned cnnnsellor of the purliainenfof i .. •;;, was burnt by lli'nry II. for embracing I he doctriucsof Calvin, in 1."':V.),lhou(;h .several princes intuestedthemsdvis lor him. lUllTKGKLAT, Claude, ot the aca.h'iny of Berlin, was of jrrcal scr\ ic'c to Itussia, liy pro- moting the estabiiehinent of veterinary schools ; iic died in 1779. BOURtJEOIS, Lnitis le, an ecclesiastic, of < 'outarices, wrote some poetry in the 17ih cen- liuy. BOURGEOI.S, Sir Francis, a paiiuer of con- siderable reputation, born in Lomlon, 175(1, died January 8, 1811 ; bequeathing his line collect ion of pictures to Dulwich College ; and 10,000/. for kcepinc the jrallery in oidtr. BOt'RGKT, doni. John, a Benedictine, of Sorz, eminent for learning and piety, was a nteinher of the London antiquarian^ociety, atid died in 1770. B( )l" RG GT, Clemence de, a lady of respocta- h!e parents at Lyoii.s. As a writer, nnisician, and pr.etcss, she posse.s.seU merit ; she died in Ihe llith century. IinDHGOING, Edmund, an ecclesiastic, whn espoused the cause of the Guises duriitg tin: French civil wars, and was torn to jneces by four horses, in 1500. Btil'RGOl Sg, Francis, a native of Paris, au- thor of some homilies. His funeral oration was t;ronounred hv BoAuet, in l()0'i. BOrRGITET, L(!wis, lied to Switzerland on the re\ocalion of tiie edict of Nantes, and e.'- tablisheri ihi.'re the manufacture of silk, &c. H was professor of philosophy at Neufcliatel, and died in 17.12. BOURGUEVILLE, Charles de, lieutenant general of Caen, and author of a history of that town, died in 1593. BOITRIGNON, Antoinette, a famous enthu- siast, of the female se.v, horn 1010, at I, isle, in Flanders. She came into the world so very de- formed, th.tt a consultation was held in the fa mily some days about stifling her as a monstrous birth. But if she sunk almost benealli humani- ty in her exterior, her interior seems to have heen raised as much above it ; for, at four years of age, she not only took notice that the people of I, isle did not live up to the principles of Chris- tianity which they professed, but was thereby disturbed so much as to desire a removal into aome more christian country. Hir pro^jress thrniinti life was suitable to this bejinninir. She died at Fraachcr, in Holland, lOSO. Her raain|| governor gumsral of the fml lit> principles of religion were nearly the same with those of the Quiet isis, excluding all external divine worship, and requiring a cessation of reason, wit, and understanding, that God might spread his divine light over them, or cause it to revive in theui ; without which, the Deity is not sullii'iL'nllv known. ItolHLKT l)i: V.\UXCELLES, Simon Je- rome, a French writer of emiiiei'.ce, died at Pa- ris, in 17!«t. ii' ; had received little or no education, yet attained to a good style of writing, and produced several dramatic pieces which are still in esti- mation. He also wrote romances and letters, the latter under the assumed name of Babet lie died in 1701. BOl'R!?IER, Lawrence Francis, a doctor of the Sorbonne; he wrote several controversial hooks on divinity and other works,and died 1749, BOURSIER, Philip, an ecclesiastic of P.iris, and author, died in 1708. H°, died at Cenoa, in iIh lady ol considerable fortinii' ; tj.ji liisliabitof IW?. I i-xtravacauce coniinuio;;, oblijjod liiin to acconi- BOVETTE UE BLEMUR, Jaquehno, f:ariy pany Inn) Macannr-y to India, in the lapariiy embraced a religious life, and wrote theological works. He died al Chaiillon, in 10i(6. BOVEY, t'ail«irine, married at the earlv ase ol a second secrttaiy ; ;li(iiis;h he aitcrwards obtained a more lucrative uppointnieni, which he retained till his decease, in 17'M He \va» of 15, to a geniteinan of opulence. To great j auihir of several (Wlitical wrilinjis ; andtliece- personal charms, she uniied a benevolent cha- racter, and dird in IT-JH. BOWER, Archiliald, a learned Jesuit, born neat Dundee, in !>cotland,in l(jfit),and died Pipt. 2, 1766. His principal work, was " A History of the Popts," in 7 vol.^. 4to ; concerning which, as well as his connexion with the Jesuits, he stood accused of much imposture. He alst) c /ntributed to the compilation of " The l.niver- sal K'lsiorj' ;" but, as is said, not much to the ad- vantapo ot' the work. BOVV'LE, John, rector of Idniinston, irear : Salisb..rj', horn in i72.5,had the honour to be one |; cf the li'rsi detectors of Lauder's forporifs. lie edited a Spanish edition of '• Don Ciui-xotte," and also Marston's Satires, and other old ICng- lith poetrv, and died in 1788. tree LAl'DEK. BOVVYER, William, a very learned Entliih printer, born hi White Friars, London, i09'.t, died 1777. To his literary and professional abi- lities, he added an excellent moral chaiacur, the strictest probity, and the geatcsi lihetality. He was in liabits of correspondence and in- timacy with the urealest men of liis lime; and many minute particulars o( him, tliat do not come within on r plan, may be seen in the " Anec- dotes of l\\i Life," publisl:ed by his partner and successor, Mr. Nichols. To the journeymen of his profession, he left by will, sonio valuable beuch coniidence ascribed to him , but the evidence adduced, is by no means conclusive. In 17'.;:<, he published '• The Indian oUsencr," a periodi- cal pap( r, which \% as the hist attempt of the kind in India, and gained him great reputation. These es^avs were aftcrnaros lollecled and printed a: Calcutta, in 8vo, 1795, and tcprinicd in London, I7y8. BOYD, Sit Robert, governor of Gibraltar, who from a private soldier, raised hinifelf merely by nierit lo the highes; rank in the nnlidiry profes- jsion, died in May- i'l^J-i I BOYD, Robert, lord, a Scotchman, son of Sir JThomas Eoyd, of Kilinaincck, was made a peer by James II., and one of the legents. lie carri(;d '.ft' Uie king, and declared himself sole reg(«t during his minority, and afterwards, on account of his mi.sconduct, fled to Antwerp, where iie died 1474. BO^ D, William, a highly celebrated preach- jer, settled at Laniingtcn, died 18oy. BOVDELL. John, a very worthy alderman of London, and most distiiiguislied cncourager (if the arts of painting and engraving, was born at Dorriiigion, in Shropshire, Jan. 19, 1719, and in'er.ded for a land surveyor, wliich was the profession of his father; but chance havinj; thrown in liis way, " Baiideley's Views of dif- t'erent Country Seats," he deiemiined ou quit- ting the pen for the graver ; and. at above 20 years of age, put himself apprentice for seven years to Mr. Toms, whom he served six years, and bougtit up the seventh. He then applied losely till he had engraved 152 prints, which lie published in a book at the price of live guimas. Viilhthe profits of this, he set about encoiira- iig other professors of the art; he discovered the talents of VVooilet, and employed him to en- grave the two famous pictures of " Niobc" and Phaeton." He soon commenced a great for- eign irade in English prints, and realized by his pirit of industry and enterprise a considerable fortune. Having at length established what might be called an English school of engravinir, he conceived the noble idea of raising also an English school of painting ; and, selecting all the first artists in the kingdom, collected in the coiirseof alewyears, at vast expense, the paint- ings which formed the well-known "Shakspeare Gallery." The longduraiion of the French war, however, having almost wiiolly stopped his e.x port trade, in which he had embarked large sums ol money, he was, in the spring of 1804, induced to crave permission of parliament to dispose of the Shakspeare Gallery, &c. by lolte- ry. He had the graiiticalion of living lo see every ticket sold, but died before the decision of the wheel. The worthy alderman caught his death by a too eager attention to his official du- lies ; for, arriving on the 8th of December, 1804, at the sessions honsrfin the Old Bailey, before the fires were lighted, and standing at a fireplace while one was kiiidl«i}, tha damps were drawn BO oul fruiii tile fluor ; coiil and iMllamiiialinii of llit- luncs ensued, and carried liiniuli on the J~(li of tlie :>ain>^ montli, in tile 81UI1 year ot his age. BOYKNVAL, Peter Joseph, a wortlilcijscha- racl^ir, employed to denoiiiice the viciiins in the Luxembourg, at last BulFeied on the scallblil, in 1795. BOYER, Abel, a well-known !»lo=^ngraplier, born at (Ja.slres, in France, l(i»;4, diediVov. 172'.). 'I'll ■ work he is chiefly known by, is n very ex- cellent Frencli and Knglisll, and English nniK French Dictionary. He wrote also" a French' Orainmar'' in Ensiish, wliicti still rctaias a high rank in our .schools. • BOYER, Claude, known as a dramatic writer, died at Paris, IfilW. BOYER, John Baptist Nichols.^, a phy.sirian, distiniruislied tor his Kki II and humanity display- ed duriui! the plague at Marseilles, in 1720; lie died at Taria, 17f>H. BOYLE, Richard, an eminent Gni;lish states- man, distinpuishcd by the title of the ij;reat earl of Cork, born in Canterbury, ISfiti, died 1643 ;j iiaving spent the lavt as he did the first years of liisi lite, in support of the crown of England acaiiist| Irish rebels, and in the .service of his connfr\ . BOYLE, Roger, earl of Orrery, fifth son of Richard, earl of Cork, born 1021. was creaicit baron Brogliill, in the kinsdoni of Ireland, when but seven years old. Fie died Oct., 1079, le.ivitig behind him the character of an able general, statesman, and writer. Of his ^vritinsrs, the principal are, six tragedies, two comedies, " Par- thenissa," a romance, and acollecrionof" State Letters," published in folio, 1742. BOYLE, Robert, a most distinguished philo- sophic and chymisi, and an exceedin^''y good] man, wa." the 7th son, and I4th child, of Richard! earl of Cork, and born at Lismore, in Ireland,! 1626-7. He was the inventor of the air-pump :j and his numerous philosophical writinss have secured him immortal fame. He died 1691. BOYLE, Charles, earl of Orrery, 2d son of Roger, 2d earl of Orrery, was born 1676, and died ITHi . He was eminent as a statesman ; hut bet- ter known, at the present day, for his literary controversy with Dr. Bentley on the authentici- ty' of the epistles of Phalaris. He was also an insenious mathematician, and inventor of the ni.-ichine repre ROY.SE, BOY.S, or BOIS, John, one of the trai,flaior:4of the Bible, in the n-jgnof James ]., was born at Nettlrstcad, in Siill'olk, in KVH). and liid 104!1, leaving a great many manuscripts l;.-- Iiiiul him, particularly a commentary on alnin-t all the books of the New-Testament. When lie was a youiii; student at Cambridge, he received from the learned Dr. Whiiaker three rules for avoiding tho.-jf distempers which usually atteml a sedentary life ; to which hecotistaiitly ad iiered: the first was, to study always Ftaiiding ; the se- cond, never to study in a window ; the third, never to go to bed with his feet cold. Sir Henry [Saville styles him ingeniosissimum ct doctissi- mnni Boi.sium. BOY.SE, Samuel, a very ingenious person, but .IS remarkable for imprudence as for ingenu- ity, was born in Dublin, \~0'*. In 1731, he pub- lished, at Kdiiiburgh.a volume of pocnis,addre9- sed to the countess of Eglinton. He wrote also an Elegy upon the death of lady Storinont, enti- tled, "The Tears of the Muses ;" with which lord Stormoiint was so much pleased, that he ordered Boyse a handsome present. These pub- lic.itions, and the honourable notice taken of tlioin, were the means of recommending him to very high persons, who were desirous of serv- ing him : but Boyse was not a man to be served. He made an improper use of these recommen- dations, and had often recourse to the meanest arts to procure benefactions. At some times he would raise subscriptions for poems which did not exist ; at others, ordered his wife to inform people that he was just expiring, to move the coinpa-ssion of his friends, who were frequently surprised to meet the man in the street to-day, who was, yesterday, said to bt- at the point of "eath. In M.ay, 1740, however, he died, after a lingering illness, in obscure lodgings, near Shoe- lane, where he was buried at the expense of tlie parish. He was a melancholy instance of the wretchedness, contempt and disi/race, to which the most ingenious persons may reduce them- selves, by an abuse of those powers with vvhicJi nature hath endowed them. The most celebra- ted of his performances, was his poem, called Deity," which is styled by Hervey, " a beau- tiful and instructive poem;" and is also men- tioned by Fielding, as " a very noble one." BOYSE, Joseph, a dissenting minister, borr in Yorkshire. He became a popular preacher in London and Dublin, but was engaged ia theo- logical disputes, and died in 1723. BOZE, Claude Gros de, born at Lyons, was distinguished' bv his knowledge of antiqtiitiw 85 BR and mt'ilals, and rtspectoU fur his |jrivate clia- racter, died iti 1753. BRACClOLLMjdell' api Francis, an Italian poet; liij became an ecclesiastic, and died in 1C.4J. 13RACT0N, Henry, a celebrated EnRlisli law- yer, in the 13Lh century, chiefly known by Im learned work, " Ue Legibua et Consuetudinibub Anplia"." CRACKETT, Joshua, M. I)., president of the New-Hanipsliirc Medical Society, di^'tillgnishc•(l for his zeal and activity in the revolutionary war, died in lHO-2. BADBURY, Theophilus, judge of the supe- rior court of Massachusetts, died 1803. BRADBURY, Th.>nias, a native of London, educated with Dr. Watts; he was a bold and eloquent preaclier, and died 1757. ERADDOCK, Edward, major-general, and commander in chief of the Brilish forces in America, in 1755, was defeated in an exjiedition atrainst Fort Du Ciuesne. 'BRADFORD, Samuel, rector of Mary-Ie-how, horn ^ 'Jlackfriars ; he edited Tillotson's ser- niar vas tutor to the primate's cliildren, and (K. n nSl. BRADFORD, John, an English martyr, in Queen Mary's reign. BRADFORD, Joim. a Welsh poet of merit, died in 17?f). BRADFORD, William, second governor of Plymouth colony, removed to America with the tirst settlers : he was governor, excepiiiig a few years, till his death, 1057, aged 69. He wrote a IlLstory of the Plymouth colony from 100-2 to 1040; but it was lost in 1775. BRADFORD, William, an eminent printer, came to America in 1680, was printer to the government ; lie die d in 1752. BRADFORD, William, an eminent printer, for many years editor of the Pennsylvania Jour- nal, died in 1791. BRADFORD, William, born in Pinladclpliia. 1755, attorney-general of the Unitcu otates, &lc. He was an author and poet, and died in ]7!i5. BRADFORD, William, a physician, aiicr wards a lawyer, of eminence, in Rhode Island, was a warm and active friend of the revolution, and later in life a senator in congress, and lieu- tenant-governor of Rhode Island, died it-OS. BRADICK, Waller, author of " Cliolielcth, or Royal Preacher," a p*em of considerable merit : he was a merchant of Lisbon, and died in 1794. BRADLEY, Dr. James, Savilian professor of asrronomy at O.vfoid, and astronomical observa- tor at lhe''i.^ al observatory at Greenwich, was horn at Shireborn, in Gloucestershire, 1692, and died 1762, in the same county. His observa- tions are extant in perfect order, in 13 vols, folio, and 2 4to. in MS. BRADLEY, Richard, F. R. S., professor of botany at Cambrid."e, but his abilities were not adequate to the situation ; he died in 1732. BRADSHAW, Henry, a Benedictine monk, of Chester, in the 14th century, and author of a poem, called the Life of St. Werburgh. BRADSH.4W, John, serjeant at law, was torn in Cheshire, and nominated president of the sheriff's court, in London, on the trial of Charles I. BRADSTREET, Simon, born in London, 1C03, came early to America, held several im- portant ofltces, and rendered many services to lAic colony, was elected governor, and died in S6 . I'.R lili \ns TKl'.K'r, .■-'luion, minister of Charles- town, Massii liusin-, dii d in 1741. HR.ADSTKI I:T, Siii.(.n, minister of Marble- head, Mas^achuseils, distinguished for his claa- sical attainments, died in 1771. BRADSTREET, John, lieutenant-govenior of St. John's, Newfoundland, took Fort Oswego and Fort Fronlinac, w iili great military stores; lie was ap|)uinied majc.i -general by the king of England, atid died in 1774. I BUADW ARDLN, Tliomas, confessor to F,d- |ward III. during his wars in France, became larchbi'ihop of I'arutrbury, in VMS. BRADY,^r. iNicholas, an English divine, of good parts and learning, born at Bandon, in the jcounty of Cork, 1(559, died 1726. He translated ithe .^neid of Virgil ; but what he is likely to be the longest remembered for, as indeed he is now best known by, is '"A new Version of the Pbaluis ol David." in conjunction with Mr. Tale. BRADY, Robert, a native of Norfolk, emi nent as a physician ; he died in 1C60. BK.AHI''., Tycho, a celebrated astronon -. torn at Knudstorp, in Denmark, 1546, died if/01. He was the inventor of a new system of the world ; but it did not succeed, though he had nianyfiillowcrs. I'l- was very superstitious with regard to presages, and very positive and impa- tient of coiHiariicrion to his senliments. BR A ICHWAITE, John, the well known con- structor 1,1 a nivins-bell ; by which, in 1783, he desceiKied into the Royal George, sunk at Spit- head, and brought up tlie sheet anchor, and iiiany of the guns. In 1788, he recovered from the rinitwell. East Indiaman, lost olfone of tlit; CapedeVerd Islands, L-i8,000Mn dollars ; 70tiO pigs ol' lead, and 360 boxes of tin. In ]80(i, he recovered from the Abergavemiy, East India- man, lost ort" Portland, 75,000/. in dollars, and other valuables, worth 30,0U0L He died about June, 1818. BR.MLLTER, Peter, an apothecary at Lyons, and anthci of a curious book on the abuses and Ignorance of physicians, 1557. l!R.Ah\EUD,"David, a native of Connecticut, ;in eminent preacher, and missionary to the In- dians. He published a narrative of some part of his missionarv l.ibours, and died in 1747. BRAINT HIR, supported his unc'e, Cadwal Ion, king of North Wales, against Edwin, king of England, in 620, and was defeated. BR A K ENBXTRO. Reinier, a painter, of Haer- leni, died in 1649. HRAM.AH,,Toseph, a very ingenious engineer and mechanist, died at Pindico, near London, December 9, 1814. BRAMANTE D'URBINO, Lazarus, a dis- tinguished architect, at Naples and Rome. It was according to his plan, that Pope Julius II. began to rebuild the church of St. Peter, but he died before it was completed, 1514. BRAMER, Leonard, a disciple of Rembrandt, born at Delft, in 1596. BRAMHALL, John, a native of Pontefract, in Yorkshire, succeeded to the living of York ; he was persecuted in the time of Cromwell, and, after the restoration, was promoted to the see of Armagh, &c.; he died 1663. BRAN, son of Lyr, father of Caractacus, king of Britain, is said to have assisted in estab- lishing an elective monarchy in Britahi ; he died about 80 A. D. BR ANCAS, Villeneuve Andrew Francis, ab- be of Auhiav, born in the Venaissin, died in 1758. His works are correct in matter, but neither elegant iii style, or in tho choice of ideas. Gil BRAN'f'KKR, Tliomas, a math matician, rector of TilsUm, Cliesliire, &c., died in Ifi7(j BRANDEL, Pcier, apaiiiler, born ar Pra-^iie: and educated uniiur :?clir»cif'r, died in i'l'XJ. BRANUl, llyariiitli, a paiiiicr, (he pupil of Lanfrac, horn near Rome, diod in IG'Jl. BRANMULLHR, .lohn, proiessor ot" Ilebrpw. at Banil, dud in IVJli; ne wrote lunetal orations from llK' Bible. His s >ii and grandson also svrotf some valuable works. BRAN'UMU'LLKR. Orpgory, a painter, of Ba sil, died in 16'.)1. He .vjk a pupil ul' Lchruii, atid obtaiiied the prize at the I'aris aradiauy. BRAN'DOl-I.Vi, Aarclio, a iia'.ivc of Florence, emiiiciit as u pool. BRA\UO.\, Ctiarles, duke of SutTolk, a fa vourile of Henry ViU., of Rnglaiio ; lie married Mary, the sister of Henry, and died in 1545. BRANDT, Rev. John, secretary to ihc society of aiiiiqua.ies, was born at Newcastleiijxm Tyne, 1743, and educated al Liiiroln t'olieu'e. O^foid. In 1777, he published " Obser\a> ions on Popular .\iitiquiticd, incaidin? the wli ili' of Mr. ISiiurn's ' Antlquiiates Vuluarc,' with ad- denda toeverj' chapierof that work," &c., Hvo. In 1T89, lie ^mblis'lied "The Hi.story and Anti quitie.-i of Neweastlc-tipon-Tyne, 3 vols. 4to. Mr Brand died suddenly, in his study, Sepleiir ber 13, 180>). BRANDT, Gerard, a prntestant divine, aiidj inini.stcr of Anuierdam, died at Rotterdam, in ^ 1695. He was aiitiior of a " History of the Re-i formatii>nof the Low Countries," in 4 vols. 4to. It iij wriitcn in Fleini.sh ; and the grand poii- aioncr Fajel said once to Bishop Burnet, that it was worth learning Flemish, merely to read Brandt's History. BR.VNDP, John, secretary of Antwerp, emi- nent for his erudition and patronage of science, died in IfftO BR.VNDT, Scbasli.in, counsellor, of Siras bur^h, professor of law, and poet, died in Ij-ai. BR.\iVDT, Sebastian, achy mist, of Germany, who (Mnployed a great portion of his life in search of the philoi^opher's stone ; he died in 15-21. BR.WOT, Colonel, a famous Indian chief, sided with Great Britain, was engaged in the massacre of Wyoming, on the Susquehannali. and in an attack on Minisink, New- York ; be died in 1807. BRV.VTOME, vid. BOITRDEILLES. BRAS.WOL.A, .\nionius Mnsa, professor of medicine at Ferara, was physici-in to the iiopes and other princes of Italy, to Francis I. of France, Henry VIII. of England, and Charles V. of Gernianv ; he died in I5.>>. BRASBRIUGE, Thomas, a native of Norlli- hamptonshirc ; he was a physician and divine, about 151)2. BRASID.\S, a general of Lacedaemon, who conquered several of the allied cities of Athens, 424 B. C. BRATHVVATTE, or BRAITHWAYTE, Richard, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, born at \Varcop, near Appleby, \Vest- morol ind, in 1588, died at Appleton, near Rich- mond, Yorkshire, May 4, 11173. His works are numerous, but the principal of them are " The English irentleman," and the " The English Gentlewoman ;" " Mercurius Britannicus," and " Re^icidium," tragi-comedies. BRATTLE, Thomas, merchant, of Boston, and principal founder of the church in Brattle- street; died in 1713 BRATTLK, Willi.-im, fellow of Harvard Col- BR Icje, minister of Cambridge, published a work on logic, and died in 1717. BRATTLE, WILLIAM, a preacher, lawyer, and physician ; he w'as a member of tlic general court, and of the council, and inajor-gtilcral of miliiia in Mass. ; he died in 177H. Bli.\U\VER, .Adrian, a painter, born at Her- leiii, died in lU^Sri. BR.VY, Solomon ds, a native of HErlem, eminent as a p|ortrait painter, died IG64. His son, J.tcob, a historical painter, died at the end of the 17ih century. BPw.XY, riir Reginald, who wa' instrunnrnral :u '.he advuncemen! ol flenry VII. to the tin one, and afterwards made high trea-surer to tli.it inonaich. He had grctit sKiil in arcliitectiiri', as appriirs iVoni Henry the Seventti's Chapt*! in Wesiniiiister Abbey, and liie chap<"l of St. Georgi! at Wind.sor, as he had a principal con- cern and direction in the buiUlingof the Ibrrner, and the riiiishing and bringing to pcrteclion of the latter, to which he w.ls also a liberal benc- tacior. Polydore, Vergil, Hall, ice, say. thai iie was a very father of his country; a sage and grave person , a fervent lover of justice ; and one who would often admonish the king when he did any thing contrary to justice or equity ;i.t(lied .\ugusl2, 1601. RR.\Y, Thom.ts, an English divine, horn at Marlon, in Shnqisiiiro, H>.5<'i, died 17.10, having made himself eminent by his nnwcarii-d atten- tion to the practice of benevolence. Most of llie religious societies and good designs in Londt.M are in a great measure formed on th." plans th;ii he projected ; particularly the chanty .scbooN. the society for reforniaiion of manners, and thai for the relief of poor proselvles, &.c. BREARLEY, David, a member of the con volition for t'raming the constitution of the V. S. in 1787 ; he died in I7!K). BREBEITF, George de, a French poet, l)om at Torigni, in Lower Normandy, Ifil''. He was l9. BRECOURT, Guillaume" Martoureau de, a French poet and actor, died in ItWo. BRED.\, Peter Van, a painter of Antwerp, died in 1681. BRED.\, John Van, a Flemish painter who exercised his profession in England, died in 1750. BREDENBACK. Matthias, a controversialist writer of Kerpon, died in 1550. BREENBERG, Barthol, a painter of some di.itinclion, born at Utrecht, in ItJ-iO. BREESE, Mary, a singular character, bom at Lynn, in Norfolk, 17'21. She regularly took out a shooting license, kept as good greyliounds, and was as sure a shot, as any in the county She never lived out of the parish in which she was born and where she died September, 1799. By her desire,her dogs and favourite mare were killed at her death, and buried in one grave with her. BRECK, Robert, minister, of Marleboroush, Mass., distinguished for his knowledge of He- brew ; he died in 1731. BRECK, Robert, a minister of Springfield, Mass., possessed of .superior intellectual endow- ments, died in 17'J4. 87 i7k j5ia;CKKNRIDGE,Joliii,siiiai<.i iiit..a>!iisj frniii Koiitutky, distinguuliud for his elo<)ui'iice. dici] in l?lil. BRECi'V, Cliarlolfe Siuiiiiasr. do Cliaiiziii, cnnipu'sse di, a maid of honour to Arm of Aus- tria, f.'ifdin JtiSH. BIlCITKOPr, John Oottlieb Eiiiaimel, a wri- ter and i)rimtr, nf l,ei|isic, difd in 17'.14. ISRI-MONT, Francois do, a Parisian, made secretary Id the Royal London Society, atiil ad- mired lor liis iahoriouif applicalioii and critical discernnierit : he died in J742. BRENNER, Honry, a native of West Both- nia, was made keeper of the royal library at Stockliolin, died in I7:i2. BRENNUS, a jir.neral of Gaul ; he invaded Thessaly, &c., and killed himeelf in 278 B. C. BRENNUS, a fjeneral of (iaiil, celebrated for the. siejjc and seizure of Rome, was defeated and totally desiroycil by Camilliis, ."it's B. C. BREN'i', Sir Nathaniel, a native of VVoolford, Warwickshire, educated nt iMertoii College of which he became the warden, and was knight- ed by Charles I, at Wnml.-^lock ; lie died in 11)52 BRENTIUS, or BRENTZEN , John,was born in SWahia, a distinfiuislied friend and follower of Luther, died in 1570. BRENTON, William, lieutenant-governor and governorof the colony of Rhode Island, died at Newport, iri74. BREUUIGNV", Lewis George Eduard dc, author of the history of the revolution of Genoa, &c., died 1705. BREREWOOD, Edward, a learned antiqua- ry and the first astronomical professor of Gres ham College, died in 1013. BRET, Anthony, author of the life of Ninon de I'EncIos, and many other works. He was a native of Dijon, and died in 1792. BRETON, Nicholas, a writer of ballads and interlude!', in the age of Elizabeth. BRETONNEAU, Franci.-s, a Jesuit of Tours, author of a life of James 11., &c., died in 1741. BRETONNIER, Barthol Josei)h, an advo rate of the parliament of Paris, and author of some law tracts, died in 1727. BRETTEVILLE, Etieime du Boise, a Jesuit of Normandy, author of some theological tracts, died 1C?8. BRETTINGER, John James, a native ol' Zurich, profefS'T of Hebrew and author of an ediiion of tlie "(CW Testament from the septua- gint : he died in 1776. BREUGEL, Peter, usually styled Old Breugel, an eminent Dutch painter, chiefly of rural sports,''" marches of armies, &c., was born at Bruegd ■• >ar Breda, in 1563, and died 1596. BRf. J jEL, Peter, son of the preceding, sur- passed in the description of magicians and de- vils, Whence he is called " Hellish Breugel." P EUGEL.John, 2d son of old Peter, excelled in ' nting flowers and fruits, and died in 1642. Ano ner of that name calKul Abraham, born at Antwerp, e.xcelled as a tlower and landscape painter, and died in 1672. BREUL, James du, a Benedictine monk, au- thor of the antiquit.es of Paris, &c., died in 1164. BREVAL, John Durant de, rose to the rank of captain under the great Marleborough. He was an author of some merit, and died in 1730. BREVtNT, Daniel, made dean of Lincoln, in 1081, died in 1695. BREWER, Anthony, a poet highly esteemed among the wits and courtiers in the reign of Charles 1. 8S BK BREWSTER, William, a very distinguished member and ruling elder of the church of Ply- mouth ; lie died in 1644. BREYMUS, James, of Dantzic, auUior of Planiarum exolicaruin centuria, &.C., died in 1697. BRIANT, Solomon, an Indian, and minister to the Indians at Marshpcc, in Bariisiuble, Mass., died 1775. BRIDAINE, N., a famous French preacher of the diocess of IJzcs, compared to Dtmosilienes and Bossuet, died in 1767. BRIDAULT, John Peter, a French writer, author of manners and customs of the Romans, &.C., died in 1701. BRIDGE, William a leading preacher among the independents of England, died in 1670. BRIDtiE,Thomas, a very worthy minister o( the 1st church in Boston, died in 1715. BRIDGEWATER, Francis Egerton, duke of, opened a communication, by a canal, between Slanchcsier and Worsely, which, together with the M'^rsey, lacilitated the commerce beiwecu Liverpool and Manchester. He died in 1603. BRiDGMAN, John, a native of Exeter, chap- lain to James I. During the civil wars, he was a great suti'erer in person and property. BRIDGMAiS', Sir Orlando ; after the restora- tion he was made lord chancellor : he was weak and irresolute, and died in 1672. BRIENNE, Walter de, a native of Champag- ne, distinguisiied for his courage at the siego of Acre, against the Saracens ; he was afterwards king of Sicily : his son and successor, of the same nan.e, also distinguished himself against the Saracens ; he was put to death in 1251. BRIENNE, John, made king of Jerusalem, in 1210, which he resigned ; he afterwards tilled the throne of Constantinople. BRIETIUS, Philip, a learned French geogra pher, and universal clironologist, born at Abbe- ville, in 16UI, and died librarian of the Jesuit's College, at Paris, 1608. BlUGGS, Henry, an eminent mathematician, born at Halifa.\, in Yorkshire, 1556. When Gresham College, in London, was established, he was chosen tlie first professor of geometry there, in 1596. He died in January, 1630. BRIGGS, William, a native of Norwich, an emincntphysiciaii,of St. Thomas' hospital, died in 1704. BRIGHAM, Nicholas, a native of Oxford- shire, eminent as a lawyer and poet, died in 1559. BRIGHT, Francis, first minister of Charles- town, Massachusetts, returned to EUgland id 1630. BRIGHTMAN, Thomas, rector of Hawnes, Bedfordshire, wrote Latin commentaries on the canticles and apocalypse, died in 1607. BRILL, Matthew and Paul, natives of Ant- werp, and good painters ; born in 15.50, and 1554, and eminent for performances in history and landscape ; Matthew died in 1584 ; Paul in 1626. BRINDLEY, James, a most uncommon ge- nius for mechanical inventions, and particularly excellent in planning and conducting inland na- vigations, was born in 1710, at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, and died at Tiirnhurst, in Staftbrd- shire, September 27, 1772, having shortened hij days by too intense application ; for he never indulged or relaxed himself in the common di- versions of life, not having the least relish for them ; and though once prevailed on to see a play in London, yet he declared that ha would BR on no aci'oiiDt be present at anntlicr, because it so disturbed, Ills ideas lor several days alter, as to render liim iintit for business. V\'lien any extraordinary dilhculty occurred to liini in Die execution of Ins works, he generally retired lo bed; and lias been known lo lie there one, twi>. or three days, till lie had surmounted it Mr would then get up, and execute his design wiili- out any drawiii!; or model ; lor he liad a pm- di;;ious nieniory, and carried every thing in his head. BRIXSMEAn, William, first minister of Marlborouj^li, Massacliusells, died in 170J. lie lefiiseil bapllsin lo infimts born on the l^abliatli. BRliWlLLlBKS, iMarin Mar-^aret d Aubrai, inarrhioness of, a French lady, known for her intrigues and crimes; she poisoned her falher, two brothers, and her sister, was condemned to have her hea' 111. in England, and died in I.'iitl. BKlSSOT, Peter, a native of Fontenay If Compte, in Poictou, eminent as a physician, died in ^o-ii. BRISSOT, .T P., a very eminent French writer on pliilosophy, politics, and l(<;:islation : hut, not contenting himself with ;i hisili de-rree of literary fame, he timk a distinjiiiislied part in the French revolutionary (rovernmcnt, and snflered by the guillotine, November 30, 1793, at the age of 3it. BKTTAWK'IS, John, an Italian crilic and grammarian, w:is horn at I'ala/.zolo, near Bres cia, about the middle of the 15th century, and died in 1.510. BRITANNICUS, son of Claudius, poisoned by his mother-in-law, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne, A. D. .55. BRITO, Bcrn.irdode, a ninnkof Almeyda, in Portugal, author of a historical account of his country, died in lfil7. BRITTON, Thomas, the famous musical amall-coal man, was born at, or near Ilialiam Ferrets, in Northamptonshire, about the middle of tlie 17th centur)-, and went from thence to London, where he bound himself apprenrice to a small-coal man. He served seven year.-s, and returned to Northamptonshire, his master giving him a sum of money not to set up ; but after this money wns spent, he relumed acain lo London, and sel upthe trade of small-coal : which he con tinued i the end of his life. Some time arter his setting up in the coal business, he applied himselftochymistry ; and, by the help of a mov- ing elaboratory, contrived by himself, performed such things in that profession, as had never been done before. But his principal object was music : in the theory of which he was v^'ry linowing : in the practice not inconsiderable. lie was so much addicted to it, that he pricked with his own hand very neatly and accurately, and left hphind him a collection of music, mostly pricked by himself. which was sold for near lOOZ. He left an excel- lent collection of printed books, both of chyniis- tryand mu.-ic; not to mention that he had, some years before his death, sold by auction a col- lection of books, most of them in the Uosicru- ■ian faculty, of wliich ho was a great admirer. But what distinguished liim most of all, w.is a kind of musical meeting, held at his own small house, and kept up at his own charges, for many yews. This society was frequented by gentry, M UK ;veu those of the best quality, with whom he onversed fannliarJv,and by whom he was much esicemed; lorBriuWi wasas respectable lor moral |cndowment.s, §fi he was curious for intellectual. The circumstances of his death are not less re- markable iliaii iho^ of his life. There was one lloneyniaii, a blacksmith, who was famous for speaking asifhis voice proceeded from somedis- tani part of the house, (a vent riloquist, or speaker from his belly, as these persons are called.) This man was secretly introduced by Kobe, a Middle- sex justice, who frequeiitly played at Briiion's concerts, for the sole purpose of terrifying Brit- lon; and he succeeded in it entirely; for lloney man, without moving his hps, or seeming to speak, announced, as from afar ofi', the death of poor Britton within a few hours; with an intima- tion, that the only way to avert liisdoKESr.V, Francij, rector ol I -(Wley, in Yo/ksliirc, auilior of " A Life of J. . uiiChrist, ' niid apiincipal assistant to Mr. Nelson in com- piling his " Feasts and Fasts of llie Church of F.ngland." He w.is also author of " A istory of the Government of the Primitive CI ch," &c., and died iu 1718, BROME, Adam de, a favourite of Edward IT., the founder of Oriel « olletg-, Oxford. >'i<'l ;n 13.32. BROME, Alexander de, born in lti2ti. and dieil in 1606. He was a warm cavalier, and author of innnnieralile odes, sonnets and little pieces, in which the round-heads are treaied Avith great keenness and severity. These with his epistles and epi2r.Tins,were all primed in one voluine8vo. after tin. restoration. He pnlilished alsoaversiou of Horace, by himself and others; with a comedy, called ''The Cunnins Lovers," lt>51 ; and tlie world is indebted to hiiti for two voluines of the plays of 89 BR ilR BROMG, Ilirliard, who lived a^o in tlie rei(;ii prnHi:, in conjuiictiun with Ozcll and Oldiswonh. ef Cliarlos 1., and was wtL-mporRry wiili Decker, Ford, Sliii IfV, &c. His mi rariion wa mean, tor he was ori):inally no utriicr than a menial nurvuni lo Ben .lohuBOii ; lu; wrote hini- scU" However int<>hi::li rcpuie. His ijiMiius wa.-^ entirely turned to cuaiedy, and we have 15 of Ms productions in tliii< way remaining. One these "The Jovial Crew," has with a little al- teration, been revived, and exhibited with great and repealed success. He died in U).Vi. BKO.MFJICbU, Kdward, an eminent mer- chant, of Hi>slon, distin^uislied for his piety ; he died in 1 BROMFIELD, Edward, a yonng man of uneojumon mechanical genius, of Uoslun, died ill 17itj BKOMPTOX, John, a monk in the reign of Edward III. The Chnmicon, wliich passts un-l der his name, is probubly the work of some un known author. BROXCIIOKST, .lohn Van, a painter, of Flanders, in the 17th century. BRO.NCHORST, John, a painter, born at Leyden, excelled at painting anhnals and birdsj in water colours, died in lUtil. BRONCHORS r, Peter, a native of Delft, eiui r.ent as a painter, died in IGGl. BRO.N'GNIART, Augustus Lewis, an enii jieiit cliyniist, dii:ii al Paris, in 180-1. BUONKHL^SIA.^, or I3R0EKHmZJ::N, John, a learned Uutchmau, died in 1797. BRONSSON, f;ia;idi', an elegant advocate, and warm supporter of tlie protestants in France in t)ic reign of Lewis Xi V. BRO.N'ZINO, Agnolo, a painter at Florence died in l.>dO. BROOK, Ralph, York Herald, known forth, errors which he discovered in Camden's Bri- tania, died in IC-). BROOKE, Sir Robert, an eminent judge in tlu reign of Mary, born al Claverley, in Shropshire, died in IS-W. BROOKE, Sir Rol)ert, one of the most emi- nent lawyers of liis lime, and lord chief justice of the conimuit pleas, wrote " .-Vn Abridgment,! tnntaining an Abstract of the Year Books (ill Uiei limeof Uueen Mary," " Cases adjudged froiii| 1'ie tith of Henry VHI. to the 4lh of Queen: .Mary," and " Reading- on the Statute of Linii | mions, made Hi-'d of Henry VIIL c. !J." Robert died in 15.38. BROOKE, Henry, who gained great reputa- tion as a writer, by the " Farmer.s Letters." pul) Ijsbed in Ireland, during the rebellion, in iniila- tion of Swift's " Drapier's Letters." He wa: ai.so author of " The Fool of Quality," a nove of more than ordinary merit. His dramatic works, of which the most celel rated are, " (>u.s- tavus Yasa," and "The Earl of Esse.v," were tiollected, with his other writings, in 4 vols. 8vo. 1778. He died October 10, 1783. BROOKE, Mrs. France.-i, a lady as remarka- ble for her virtues, as for her great literary ac fomplishments. Her principal works are, " Jii lla Mandeville," and Emily Montague," novels ; the" Old Maid," a series of periodical papers " Virginia," and "The Siege of Sinope," tra rrcdios; " Rosina," and "Marian," musical drain.ni84, havinjj'distiiifiuishoil liiniself cliicDy as a tnatheiuaiician liy his " sierics t'or tlie Uuudia- lureofthe Hv|ierliola." BROUVV'KK, Adrian, a cplcbiatcd Dutch painter, born ai lliirliin, in U'Mii. Frans Halts took liiui from bua^iins in tlie streets, and in- structed liiin ill ibcj nidinD^ntsofpaiiitiiiu. Hii niour was his proper sph(^re ; and in little pieces lie used to roprcsi'iit his pot companions drink inij. smoking tobacco, ganiiiig, liglitinfi, &cr. lltTjlid this with a ponril so tender and 1km-, so inn'cli of naturo in his expression, such cvccllont drawiii'^ in all the particular pans, and good kcitpinj; in the whole together, that none of his couniiym.Mi Juivc over been comparable to him on thai subject. Ho scorned, however, to work as loMt; as lie had any money in liis pocket ; de- clared lor a short life, and a merry one ; and, re- solvinir to ride post to his grave, by the h'-lp of Winn and brandy, he !;ot to his journey's end, in I0:w, at only 30 years of age. He died so very poor, that contributions were raised to lay him privately in the ground : from wlience he was soon al'ter taken up, and, a« it Is commonly said, very handsomely interred by Kubens, who was a great admirer of his haiipy genius for painting. HR(J\V>f, Robert, a famous srhiamalir, from whom the sect of the llrownisis derived its name. He died lli-'M). This sect equally con- demned episcopacy and proshytery, as to tlie jurisdiction of consistories, cla-sses, and synods; and would not join with any other reformed eliurdi, because they were not sutRciently as- ."urcdof the sanctity and probity of its members, holding it an impiety to conimnnicalc with sin- ners. Their form of cliunli eovermnent was deniocraticifl. Such as desired to be momlii'isj of ihoir cliurcli made a coiilVssiini of llicir I'ailh.' ,ind signed a covenant nblisi'ijj lhf>mselves lol walk t'>2LMlRT in the onirr of ilu: giispi-l. | UUl )\V.V, Thomas, nf laceiious memory ; but ^•hose wit, being grraicr than his pruilenrc. brought him frctpiently within danger of star\ - ing. Toward the latter end of Hiown's life, however, we are inlormed by Mr. Jacob, that he was in favour with thcearUif Dorset, who in- vited him to dinner on a Christmas-day. with Diyd"n, and othe-r gentlemen celebrated for in- genuity ; when Brown, to his a'.'iveable surprise, t'oind a bank note of Mil. under his pl.tte . and Dryden, at the same time, was prfst'iiied with another of 1110/. IJrown was horn ia Shrop- shire, died in London, 1701, and was interri'd in the t.'loisterof Westminster .\bbey, near the re- in.ains of Mrs. Helm, jvith whom he was inti- mate in his life time.* His whole works were printed in 17117 ; consisting of " Dialogues, Ks- says, Declamations, Satires, Letters from the Dead to the Living, 'rianslatioiis, Amusements, &c." in 4 vols. Much humour, and not a little learniug are scattered every where tliroii!:!i. out them; but those who think they want deli- cacy, have certainly abundant rca.son on their side. BROWN, .Tohn, an iiiL'enious English writi-r, born at Rolhbury, in Northumberland, 1715. Having taken orders, and made himself emi- nent by many excellent sermons, he fell under the notice of Dr. Osbaldiston, who, when raised to the see of Carlis^le, made liim one of Ws chaplains. It was probably about this time that be wrote his poem entitled " Honour," to show nat true honour ran only be founded in virtue ; mi it was inscribed to lord Lonsdale. His neil poeiic-il production, though not immediately published, was his " Rssay on Satire," in three parts ; it was addre.sscd to Dr. Warburton, who Ipre/ixedit toljiesecniid volunieof Pope's Works 'by Warburton ; with which it still continues to be printed : as Well as in Dodsley's Collection. Brown now beg;ui to tigure as a writer : and, in 17.51, published his " Essays on Sliaftsbury'a Characteristics; a work written with eleganctj ami spirit, and so applauded as, in a short time, to an thi'jougli five editions. His next appear- ance in the world was as a dramatic writer ; ftnd in 1755, bis tragedy of " Harbarossa," was produced upon the stage ; and afterward.^ his "Athel.stan," in 17.5(i. Our author had taken his doctor of divinity's degree in 1755. In 1757 came out his .•'anious work, entitled " An Esti- mate of the Manners and Trinciplcs of the Times," 8vo. ; famous we call it, because seven editions of it were printed in little more than a year. In 1758, he publi.shed a second volume of " The Estimate." Dr. B. put an end to his life in a tit of insanity. Sept 23, 1766, in his .T 1st year. 1!R<)\V\, .Moses, an Engli.sh divine, author of " Suiidav Tliouchts." " Piscatory Eclogues,' &;c., born ]"70:<, died 17HX TlROWiV, Lancelot ; sometimes professional! V jdistinauishcd by the itrirnnmni CArABILITY'; who, by the intuitive force of his own gcniue, invented a new horticultural system, and carried ornamental gardening to high perfection ; was ibt)rii at Kirkharle in ihe county of Northumber- land, in .Vu'.rust, 171.5. .'\t an early period of his life hec.inie to London, and was patronised by lord viscount Cobliam, the celebrated Iriend and patron of I'ope; and it is generally under stood, that scooping out the beautiful valley opposite the temple of concord, at Ptowe, was Itlie liiiit of his undertakings; but Richmond, Rleiilieiin, Croome, Luton, Trentliam, Red- jgiave, Wimbleden, .\'uiieliain, the approach to Ithe bouse through the park at Caversham, &c. jwill for affe< st.iiid memorials of his superior taste and ubilitii's. He possessed a cultivated mind, and bis soi iety was courted by men most considerable for their rank or genius. Respect- ing tlie term Capability, by which Mr. Brown was freipiently distinguished, we have heard, that it arose tVom a custom he had, when he came to a spot which he thou: carl of Coventry, or. the fitli of February, 178H. His remains are deposited in the chancel of Fenstanlon church, in the county of Huntingdon. BROWN, John, many years profes-;or of di- vinity among the burgher seceders of Scotland, was born at the village of Kerpoo, in Perth- shire, M-iri, and died at Haddington, June 19, 178?; having published several works of high repute in the reliirious world ; particularly, u " Self-Iuierpreling Bible," 2 vols. 4to. ; a " Dic- tionary of the Bible ;" and a " Body of Di- vinity. BROWN, John, a very eminent English landscape-engraver, and a.ssociate of the Royal Academy, born 1741, died Oct. 2, 1801. In bdd- 91 BR ness, brilliancy, and bcaiiiiful variety, 3ir.|i Erowii cannj very nigli to VVotillct, whom, in- deed, lie assisted in !K>tae ut' liis must I'aiuuus pieces. BKOWN, Dr. John, distinguished himself much in Scotland by liis nitdical writings und opinions, and was the an horot'ancw Sysiciii ot° Medicine, wliich has lutuly been translated into £n);lish, in 2 vols. 8vo. It is a singular performance, discovering much originaiily, and coutaininz many iinportam obscr\ ations ; iJiou^h in some, he may be thought to carry his peculiiir opinions too far. He died Oct. 7, ITcfS. BUUVViX, William, editor of " Reports in Chancery," and '■ Cases of Apjieals to Parlia- ment," 5 vols. 1700 ; died AprU 20, 1794. BROWN, Nicholas, an emineni merchant, of Prondence, R. I., died ui 1791, patron of tlie col-i lege in Uial place. BROWN, Andrew, was in the battles of Lex-i ingtoii and Bunker-hilJ ; he settled in Philadel- phia, and establit-iitd the Federal Gazette, and' died ill 1797. BKOWN, Moses, a brave officer in the navy of the United J5tate>, died in 1«<03. KP-OWN riysse?, Maximilian de, an eminent general, in the imperial aimie? ; he was mortal- ly wounded in the liattle of Prague, in 1757. BROWN, Francis, D. D.. a liaiive of Ncw- Hanipsliirc, was pastor of a congiei;ational church, in Maine, chosen p!of',;sor of languages in Darlmouth college, and afterwards president of that instilulion ; he died in 1K20. BKOWN, Charles Brockdcn, a native of Pennsylvania, disiinsuished as holding a high. rank, among the American novehsis, died in 1810. BROWN, Thomas, M. D., professor of moral philo.-'jphy in the university at Fdinburgh, and; an eminent metaphysician, died in 1820. BRtJWN, Joseph, professor of natural philo- sophy, in Brown university, was distinguished! as a man of profound niatheniatieal and philo-, sophical uttahimcnts. He died in 17('5. I BUOW.N, George, archbishop of Itubliii, and the first prelate who embraced the reformation in Ireland, was originally an Austin friar, of London, and afterwards became provincial of the Austin monks, in England. After reading some of Luther's writings, he began lo incul- cate into the people, that ihey ought to make their application .-.olely to Christ, and not to the Virgin Mary, or the saints. This recoininended him to Henry Vlll., who promoted him, in March 1534-5, to the arclibisliopriek of Dublin. He was deprived of his arclibisliopriek in 1554, the first of queen Mary, under pretence of his Dcing married, but, in truth, on account of his zeal in promoting the reformation, and died about the year 1556. BROWNE, William, an English poet, born at Ta'. isiock, in Devonshire, died ]ii4.5. — An edi- tion of his works, v,'hich were beconn; extreme- ly scarce, was published in 1772, in three small volumes; the principal article in which, is " Britannia's Pastorals." BROWNE, Sir Thomas, an eminent writer, and physician, born in Cheapside, It'O."). His most celebrated piece, called " Religio Medici," the Religion of a Physician, was published in 1G35. In lt)46, he wrote his " Treatise on Vul- gar Errors." Wood informs us, that his prac- tice as a physician, was very extensive, and that many patients resorted to him. In 1655, he was ehoscn honorary fellow of the College of Pliy ■icians, as a man " virtute et literis ornatissi- 92 BK mus," eminently embeUished wiili literature and virtue. He died on liis birthday, October 19, li'42, and died in August, 1708. King Charles 11., whose physician he was, said of him, that " lie was as learned as any of the college, (of which he died president,) and as well bred as any at court." BROWNE, Simon, a dissenting minister, of uncomraon talents, born at Shepton Mallet, in Soniersetsliire, in l(i80. Grounded, and excell- ing, in grammatical learning, lie early became qualified for the ministry, and actually began to preach before he was 211. But the death of his wilt and only son, which happened in 1723, af- lected him so as to deprive him of his reason : and he became, from that time, lost to himself^ to his family, and to tlie world: he sunk into a settled melancholy, quitted the duties of his function, and would not be persuaded to join in anv act of worship, public or private. He died in 1732. BROWNE, Peter, bishop of Cork : in the pa- lace of which See he died, in 173.S, after having disiineuished himself by some writings ; the best known of wliicn is, " The Progress, Ex- tent, and Limits of the Human Understanding." BRtJW'NE, Isaac Hawkins, an ingenious English poei, born at Burton-ujion-Treni, Staf- fordshire, Jan. 21, 1705-(i. His " Pipe of 1'obac- co," an imitation of Cibber, Ambrose Philips, Thomson, Young, Pope, and Swift, who were then all living, is well known, and is reckoned one of the most pleasing and popular of his per- fonnances. In 1754, he published what has been deemed his capital work," De Animi Ini- Imortaliliitc," in two books. The universal ap- j plause and popularity of this poem, produced [several English translations of it, in a very ! short time ; the best of which is that hy Soanie IJeiiyns, esq., printed in his " Misceilanics." I Another translation, by the Rev. Mr. Lettice, I was published in 1795. Mr. Browne died 14th Feb. 17riO. BROWNE, Sir William, a physician, (and I some time president of the college,) distingtiish ed by many lively essays, both in prose and ; verse, in Latin aiid in English, died March 10, 1 1774. The active part taken by Sir William Browne, hi the contest with the licentiates, oe- Jcasioned his being introduced by Mr. Foote in his " Devil upon Two Sticks." Upon Foote's [exact representation of him with liis identical I'wig and coat, tall figure, and glass stifly applied ! to his eye, he sent him a card, complimenting iFnoteon having so happily represented him; but, as he bad forgot his muff', he had sent him his own. This good-natured method of resent- ing, eftettually disarmed the mimic. BROWNE, John, a painter, of very conside- rable estimation in Scotland, died Sept. 12, 1787. Mr. Browne was author of " An Essay on tlie Music of the Opera." BROWNE, Arthur, episcopal minister at Portsmouth, N. 11., died in 177.3. BROWNE, Arthur, born in Newport, R. L, educated in Ireland, made professor of Greek in Triiiitv college, Dublin, W05. BROVVNE, Sir Anthony, born in Essex, made sergeant at law, in Mary's reign, a violent pa- pi<«: be favoured the succession of Mary, queeu of Scots. BROWNE, Edward, an English divine, 1690. BROWNE, Patrick, a native of Irclant), took BR his d«t;iee of M. D., at Loydeii ; losiiicd some years iii ihf West Iiidii's, and publislifd a liis- torv 01' Jiuii.iic;i, &c., in 175G. IJROVV.NWUKi, Ralph, wa.s nominated bi- shop of JCvi'tcr, in l(i41. lli; once; Imldly ad- vised Cromwell to restore Charles II. to liis tiirone. BRUCE, Robort, a celehratcd Scotch j;enli army, and gained the raniousbaillcol rSaniiHck's Unrn ; the I'.nL'- lisli forces, according to !lie Scotch liisloriaiis, consisted of iOO,0(H) men, ciimmanded liy Ed- ward n., and Bruce had but :«J.O(lll. l>r llie English, 50,000 were slain, and •.!U,llOO lak.n prisoners. In ilie reign of Edward 111., lie made reprisals in England; and surprised thai njonarch in his tent, who narrowly escaped be- ing taken prisoner; and obliged him, in KJiH, to sign a treaty of [wace, in which he renounci'd all rigid and title to ;>cotIai!d, for himself and his iieirs. Bruce died in V.ti'.K BRUCE, .Michael, an elegant Scotch poei born at Kiniiesswood, ITlti, died 17(')7, leaving behind him many beautiful poems, which wen EubUshed, with others, in a volume, at Ediii- uiffh, 1770. BUrCE. James, of Kinnaird, near Falkirk, in Scotland, a celebrated travellw into Abyssi- nia; who, aller having encountered inimniera- ble perils in distant regions, in search of the source of the river Nile, met an untimely de.ith by a fall down a staircase, at his seat, at Kin naird, .\pril, 17114. The account of his travels which occupied a space of lU'ar years, from 17(>8 to 177;!, was published in five vols. 4to 1790, and abounds with event.^ .■so eviraordinary, and prc;sinits instances of perseverance and in ircpidi'.y, so wonderful, that were it the prodiic tion of a man whose character was les.s dispu table, it would appear lo be the fabrication of a romantic brain. From the discoveries of Mr. Bruce, however, geography has received mate- rial improvements; and, tliat natural history has acquired new and valn.ible information, is attested by the celebrated Freni:li natnralisi, the count de Bntfon, in an advertiscineiit prefi.\ed to the 3d vcilume of his History of Birds. BRI'CIOEF, Aniliuuy, a native of Florence, hanished for op[ir>siiig the house of Medicis; he translated tlie Bible into Italian, in V>M. BRUCKER, Jolin .lames, author of Ilistoria Crilica l'liilo<:ophia-, tc. ; member of the acade- inv of sciences, at Berlin, died in 1770. BRUERE, Charles dc la, a French writer, possessed wit and genius, died in 17.'i4. BRUEYS, David .Augustin, a French w'riter, of singular history and character, was born at Aix, in ICtO, and tr.Tincd in Calvinism and con- troversy ; but his airy spirit not rightly accomo- dating itself to serious works, he'quitted theo- logy for the theatre. He died at Monipelicr, in 1733, and all his dramatic pieces were collected, 173.1, in three vols. limo. BRITGES. .lolHi of, See VANEYCK. BRU(;iA.\TlN(1, Vincent, an Italian poet of inferior merit, in the 16th centurv. BRU(;UIERi:r=,.Tolin William, a botanist and mineralogist, a native of Montpdier.died in 1790. BRUGNATEEEIS, Lewis, M. D.. a distin guished physician and chyniist, and j)rflfessor of chymisiry and medicine, in the university at Pavia, bis native place, died in 1S18. BR I BRUHfER, d'Ablaincoun, Jean Jaqucs, a [prolitic writer, and ini;enious physician of Beau- vais, (lii;ii III iTjt). BRl'IX, John de, an ingenious professor of pliild.-oiiiiy and mutliematics al Utrecht, died in h)75. BRUIX, Chevalier de, a French writer, dis- tinguished for his easy, elegant, and facetious powers of diction, died in 1760. BRi;i,.\UT, Niclinlas. a Frenchman, emi- .iKMit lor his services in diplomatic, and political affairs under Heiirv IV. BRl'EART, Fabio, a bishop of Soissons, au- thor of sonic treatises on eloquence, tec, died in 1714. BRULEPER, Stephen, an ecclesiastic of St. Maloes, author of some learned treatises, in the IM\ century. BR rMOY,Peter,a very distinguished French- man, born at Rouen, in 1(188, died 174J, after having signalised himself by his literary pro- ductions; the chief of which is, " Lo Theatre des Grecs, &c." or "Theatre of the Greeks, i-ontaining translations oft I'reek Tragedies, with disccinrscs and remarks u|>on the Greek Thea- tre." ;! vols. 4to. BIUT.N. ('Iiarl's Ic, an illustrious Frenrli painter, of Scmiisli extraction, bom 1(',19. His fatliiT was a st.itiiary by profession. It i.s re- ported, that at three years of age, he drew fi- gures with charcoal:' and at twelve, he drew the picture of his uncle sowell, tliat it still pass- es for a line piece. He was author of a curioiis treatise " ( >f Physiognomy ;" and of another, " Of the Characters of the Passions :" and died in IfiiKi. BRI'N', Anthony, a native of Dole, a politi- , cian and ambassailor, died ni Iti.'VI. BRUN, Lawrence le, an ecclesiastic of .\antes. wrote Virgilius Christianas, &c., and died in \r,:,:i. BRI'N, Jean Baptist le, aFrench writer, died in 1731. BRUN, Anthony Lewis, a French poet, of inferior note, died in 1743. BRUN, William le, a Jesuit, author of a Latin and French dictionary, died in 17.i8. BRUN, Peter le, a native of Provence, au- thor of some works of merit, an ecclesiastic, died in 17-20. BRUNCK, Richard Philip Frederick, a cele bratcd scholar and writer, of Strasburg, died ir 1803. BRI'NEHAUT, a d.tughfer of Athanagild, king of tlie Visigoths, married Sigeberl I., king ' Auslr.nsia. ."lOH. BRUNELLSCHI. Philip a nativcof Florence, originally a clockniaker, ai'terwards distinguish- ed for his knowledge of architecture, died in 1444. BRUNET, John Lewis, a native of Provence, an able writer on ecclesiastical affairs, born in 1717. BRUNETTO, Latini, a poet and historian of Florence, died in ViQrt. BRUNI, Anthony, an Italian poet, in the ser- vice of the duke d'Urbino, died in 1035. BRUNNF^R, John Conrad, a learned physi- cian of Switzerland, author of several treatises on medicine, in I^atin, died in 17-27. BRUNO, a Romish saint, founder of the Chartreupe, died in 1101. BRt'.NO, Jordano, anativeofNola, the friend of Philip Sidney, and Fulkc Greville, he wn« an atheist, and w.is burnt at the stake, in lf>C0. BIUJ.N-'KELL', Uiho, a physician, born at 93 BR UC Mttz, who embraced llic uiuiiiuus ol Lutlicr, as uiiecaHii^ as tiny wiro Kaliftacturj'- Hi* died in 15:<4. i. studies were cliiefly dircctwl lo oiiu object, the BRUJ>;S\VICK, prince Leopold of, pnn of the develoin'incnl and e.si'iblisliniunl of universal then reigning duke. Ilavinjj j^one upun llie, truth; which he knew could only be ctt'ecied waters ai Frankfort, upon the Oder, on the t!7th ]by removing the douUs ol the sceptic, and soft- of April, 1785, to relieve toe iuliabitanis of a ening the heart of the infidel. To this end lie village that was overllowed, the boat ovcrsct,:'tienlflil liiHiearniniiand powers, ilis lirsiavow- and his royal hi^hneca was drowned ; ihiis dy-i|i-d publication, wa.-* a quarto volume, which ap- as he had lived, in the higliest exeicj:< humanity. BRL'NTOX, Mary, a native of one of the Orkney islaiid.s, aiid wife of Dr. Alexander Brunton, minister at Ediubnrjih, authoress of " Self Control," " Discipline," &.C., died in 1818. BRI■SCHrL^S, Caspar, a I.alin historian and poet of Hohemia, ilied in 15511. BRUSONl, Domitius, author of a facetious treatise, called " Speculum Mundi," edited at Rome, in 1518. BRL'SOiN'I, Jerome, a Veneliaii writer, died in ]i;:-0. BRUTUS, a brother of Ascanius, said to have settled in Albion, lo which he gave liie name of Britain, soon after the Trojan war. BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, the avenger of the rape of Lucretia. and founder of the Koman re- public, flourished 509 B. C. B Rt.'TUS, Jiarcus, a brave general, but blind pc'litiiian, who hastened llie ruin of the Roman republic, by the assassiiialion of Julius C'a;sar. He slow himself 42 B. C. BRUTUS, John .Michael, a very learned Ve- netian, born about 15J8, was author of a " His- tory of Florence," printed at Lyons, in 1562. BRUTUS, Peciinus Albinus, conspired with his relation, Marcus Brutus, auainst his benefac- tor, Julius (^asar. BRUTUS, John, ;m ecclesiastic of Paris, died in 170r peared in ]7ti7,enliiled " Observations and In- quiries ri'laiini! to various parts of Ancient His- tory, &.C., with an account of li^gypt, in its most early slate, and of the Shepherd "Kin{!S." The next was his immortal work, in 3 vols. 4to, 1774, 177t), called "A New Sxsieni, or an Analysis of .Ancient Mythology : wherein an attempt is made to divest Tradition of Fable, and lo re- duce Trulh to its origiiiiil Purity." He also pub- lislied " A Treaiis/; on the Authenticity of the Scriptures, and the Truth of the Christian Ileli- U'ion," 8vo, 1792. One of Uie latest of his im- inerouR w orks, was " A Dissertation concerning the War of Troy, and 'lie expedition of ihe Grecians, as described by Homer; professing to show that no such exiiedilion was ever under- taken, and that no such city in I'hrygia exist- ed," 4to, 1796. Mr. Bryant died of a mortilica- tion in his luc;, occasioned by a razure against a chair, in reaching a book froiii a shelf, in his filth \ear, at Cvpenham, near Windsor, Nov. 14, 1804. BRYt'HAN, one of the Frish kings, father of one of the three holv families of iJritain, died in 45(1. BRynONK, Patrick, author of a " Tour through Sicily and Malta," and of some papers in the I'hilotoiihical Transactions, died in IJcr- wicksliiro, June 1!', Ic'18. BRVF..\.\US, Mcephorus, the hu.sband of .Anna Conieua, refused the throne of Constan- iiiople, and died in 1137. BRUyP.RK, John do la, a celebrated Fienchi' BUC, George, a learned English antiquary. author, born at Dourdan, in 1644, wrote " Cha racters," and described the manners of Jiis age. Ill imitation of Theophraslus ; which chaiai-ters iv.-ri^ not always imaginary, but descriptiv.; ol re.il pfisons. Ho' died in Kiilfi. iiRUVN, Cornelius, a painter, born at the Hague, published an account of his travels, the best rditioB is that of Rouen, 1725. BRUYS, Francis, born atSeirieres, published a liistorv of the popes ; ho died in 1738. lilU'YS, Peter do, foundi.'r of the sect, called Petro-Brnissiaus, a native of Laiiguodoc, was burn! alive in IKIO. BRUZEX, de la Maitinicle, Anthony Augus- tine, educated at Paris, under the famous Rich- ard .Simon, his uncle, and died iii 1749. BUY, Theodore de, a painter and engraver, died at Frankfort, on the Maine, in 1.508. BllY.AN, Francis, or Briant, an Englishman, accompanied lord Surrey, the English admiral, against Fiance, iti 1522, and was kiughttd fori his bravery. j BRY.AN, George, a native of Ireland, enii-; grated to Pennsylvania ; delegate to congress in] 1765 ; and afterwards governor of Pennsylvania; he died in 1791. j BRYANT, Jacob, a learned writer on ancient history and mythology, was born at Plymouth, 1715, and educated at Eton ; whence he proceed- ed to King's College, Cambridge. He devoted his whole life to learned research ; and the constant result ofliis labours was, to settle him firmly in a conviction of the truth of the Christian laith. Tlwugh beliinsing to the lay part of the com j In the reisn of .lames I., he was ap|iointed mas I tor of the revels ; on which art he wrote a irea- ;iise. He was the first vindicator of Richard III., I and published "The Great Plantagejicl," ahia- .lorical poem, in 1(>35. I BUCi'.R, Martin, bom in 1491, at Pchelstadt, I ii town of .'Vlsace. He is looked upon as one of I the first authors of the reformation ur Stras- jburgh, where he taught divinity for twenty jyears, and was one of the ministers of the town. iin lo'lS, Cranmer, archbishop ol Canterbury, I gave him an invitation to rome over to England, Iwiiich he readily accepted. In 1549, a hatnlsome aparlnient was assigned him in the university |of CambridL'i', and a salary to teach theology. I He died in 1.551, and was buried at Cambridge. I BUCH.'\i\, ElsiiRih, or Elizabeth, a luodcrn fanatic, her followers were called Buchanites; they travelled through several parts of Scotland ;- their doctrines were e.vtrcmely fa-scinating lo tlte vulgar. Mrs. Buchan died in 1791. BUC'HAN, Or. William, an eminent physi- cian, and medical writer, born at the village of .Vnkruni, in Ro.'cburghshire, 1729, was educated at the grammar-school of Jedburgh, and after- wards matriculated at the univer.-sity of Edin- burgh, with a view to the clerical profession; but he preferred that of phj'sic, which he pursued through life. In 1771, appeared his well-known work, entitled "nomestic Medicine," which baa had a degree of success not equalled, perhaps, by any other book in the Engli.^h language, hav- ing passed through above twenty editions, (of we believe 5000 or 6000 each,) and been transla- nninity, his rfforta in the cause of religion, were, ted into cvcrv European language. It drew upon 94 BIj liiin, however, iho dUUkc and persecution of the less liberal part of the faculty ; liut wlieu it is considered, that tlie intention of its publica- tion was not to supersede the use ol a pli) si- ciaii, buitosupjily his jilace in situations where iuch- ed several other medical works, and died in I'er- cy-stroel, Oxford-road, l\b. i), It'OS. BUCHANAN, Claudius, I). D., of Queen's Colleee, Cainbridpe, W. A., ITUC. In Scriptural erudition, he hau very few Kui)criors. Deeply versed in tlie Oriental languaf;es, he conceived that he should best promote the honour of Cod, and the liappiness of mankind, by enablin" " every nian to read the Holy, "Scriptures" in his own toufiiie. lie died at Bioxbourne, Herts, Feb. P, If-lo, while eiu)>lojod in superintcndin}; an edition of the Scriptures for the use of the Syrian Cbristiaj'.s. Ul'CHA.NAN, Gofir-e, an eminent jtoef and historian, born no:r i.ellcrne, in the shire of Lenox, in Seo'.liii, ;, in l5IXi. He was tutor to James I., of '"iif .'ai;d, and employed the last I'J or 13 ycat-. v" is lite in writing the history oi' his couivri' ; it which he happily united ilje force ail. In vity of Sallust, with the p>-rspi- cuitya •(. "ii'saiuT ol Livy. He died at Kdiu- burgh, .''ept. )if, 15*i. Sir Jaim.s Mclvil, w ho was of the opposite party to him, and therefore cannot be .supposed tobepartialinhisfavour,tells us, that Buchanan " was a stoic philosopher, who looked not lar before him ; a man of iiotabli endowments for his leariiint: and knowlcdpe it Latin poetry ; mtich lionound in other couii tries, pleasant in conversation, rchearsinp at .ill occasions, moralities, stiort and instructive whereof he had abundance, inventing where he wanted." Dr. Burnet, in his " History of th* Keformation," saysof him, " he is justly reckon- ed the greatest and best of our modern writers." BUCHNKR, Augustus, professor of poetry and eloquence, at Wittemberii, died in 1&(>1. BlClKiLTZKR, Abraham, pastor at Kiies tndt, author of a valuiible work entitled " Inde.v I'liionologicus IJtriusque Testamenti." He died in l')t^. UfCKELDn'S,Wiillam, a native of Voider; he invented an ingenious mode of curing her- riiijR: with salt, and died in 1449. Bl'CKElilDGE, John, born near Urarlborouph, preached before Klnp James at Hampton-court, and was ir^ade bishop ol Itoclnsier, in 1611. BfCKHOLP, John, a butcher, of Levden, headed the tanaiical mob of anabaptists at Mun- ster : he was put to d( alh in 1536. P.l (Kl.NGHAM. See VlLLIERSand 8HEF- FIKLD. BUCKINGHAM, Thomas, one of the most eminent ministers in Connecticut, settled in Hartfoid ; he died In 1731. Bl'CKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, a native of rorlsmouth, New-Han)p.shire, was a distin- guished and eloquent preacher, of Brattle-street church, Boston, and lecturer on Biblical criti- cism at Harvard College: he died in 1H12. BT.'CQL'ET, John Michael Baptist, a physi- cian, of Paris, died in 17P0, a victim to excessive application. BrD.,'EUS, William, a critic and commenta- tor on Greek and Latin authors, bom at Paris, 1467, died 1540. Erasmus called him " Poitcn- wm Gallie," The Prodigy of France. BU lil Dl».ii;CS, John liaiicis, sui cessivel) prc>- fessor of Coburg Halle and .kna, enuneiil for clearness, judgment, and taste, died in 1729. Bl DUELL, Eustace, a very ingenious and entertaining writer, born at St. Thomas, near Exeler, 1685. He was concerned wiiJi Steele and Addison in writing the Tattler. The Spec- tator being .set on foot in 17K»-]1, Mr. Bud^'cU had likewise a share with them, all the papers marked with an X. bein;; written by hiui ; as was indeed the whole t*tji volume by Addi.sou and himself, without Uie assistance of Steele, t pon the laying down of the Spectator, the Guardian was set up ; and in this work our au- thor had a hand along with. A dduson and Steele. In the preface, it issaid, that those papers niarked with an asterisk were wriltt ii by Mr. liudgell, In the latter part of his life, after having si'rved the otlicc of undcr-secreiary of state, and held other high situations in the government of Ire- land, lie returned to England, where he became involved in law-suits, which reduced him to a very unhappy situation. On the 4lli of May, 1737, he took a boat at Somerset stair.s, after fillins his pockets with stones, and ordered the waterman to shrot London bridge; but while the boat was going under, he threw hinisell into ilie river, where he perished immediately. Upon his bureau was loiir.d a slip of paper, on which were written these words: "What Cato did, and Addison approv'd, " Cannot be wrong." BT'ELL, Samuel, D. D., a prcsbyterian minis- ter on liong Island, much distinguielied for ids piety, died in 17'.'8. Bl'FALMAC(),nonamico, an eminent Italian painter, w bo died in J340. He was the first who put labels with sentences into the n/ouilis of his figures: since followed by bad inasters, but more frequently in caricature engravings. BUFFET, Margaret, a Parisian lady, wrote Ian interesting eulogy on learned women, &c. I BUl'FIEK, Claude, a French writer, chiefly |on belles letlres, bt>ni in Poland, KilU, died 1737. [There are many works of this author, which show deep penetration, and accurate judgment : the principal of which is, " L'n Cours des Scieii ces," &c. that is, "A Course of Sciences upon I principles new and simple, in order to form Lan- guage, the Undeistanding, and the Heart, 173'2," in tolio. BUFFON, George le CIerc,.cnunt de, lord of Montbard, marquis of Rotigemont, viscount of Uuincy,inteiidantof the French king's gardens and cabinets ot Natural History, was one of the most elegant writers in France, in point of style; a man of uncommon genius, and surprising elo- quence, and the most astonishing interpreter of nature that perhaps ever existed. He was bom at Montbard, in Burgundy, September 7, 1707, and died April 16, 178B. Ilis writings on " Na tural History" are invaluable, and will perpetu- ate his name. nUGENHAOEN, John, a native of Ponir.ra- nia, the adversary, and afterwards the friend and missionary of Luther, died in 1558. BU<;iAI!niNl,Juliano, a painter of Florence, esteemed bv Michael Angelo, died in IfiSe. BUIS'i'F.R, Philip, a scnlptor, of Brussels, died in 16^. BUKFRTOP, Henry de, an ecclesiastic, of Antwer^i, who wrote various works of contro- versy, died in 1716. BUKHARI, a learned Arabian of Mecca, author of a book containing traditions on the 95 BO Maliuiiiedun religion, died in 'ijii of the he- gira. BUMCLEY, Potor, first minister of Concord, Masiacliusclls, died in IG59. He was an excel- lent scholar, and published the " Gospel cove- nant opened." BULK [jKV, John, son of Peter Biilklcy, prac- tised physic in Ensland : ho dii'd in 11)89. BULiKLEY, Gcisliiini, an eminent minister of \e\v-LiiiKlon, Connecticut, afterwards of AVeatliiTsficId, died in 171H, disiinj^ishcd for Iiis knowk'dce of chyniisiiy and languaut^- BULiKLI->Y, John, first minister of Colches- ter, Conneclirnt, die' eminent writer and preacher, born at Wells, Somersetshire, March 2o, 1G34, died JFebruarv IT, 1700. BULL, William, speaker of the assembly, and lieutenant-governor of the colony of South Ca- rolina, died in 175,5. BULL, William, M. D., a physician, the first American wiio obtained a degree in medicine ; lie died in 179L BULL, Henry, a native of Great Britain, came to New-England, and with several others, settled at Newport, Uliode Island. He \vas afterwards governor of the colony, and died in 1(193. BULLER, Francis, an English judge, pub- lished an introduction to the law of Nisi Prius, and died in 1800. BULLET, John Baptist, dean of the univer- sity of Besancon, his works are learned and useful, but display neither srace of diction, nor eloL'ance of style, lie died in 177.5. BULLEYN, William, a very learned physi- cian and botanist, born in the Isle of Ely, about the beginning of the reign of Henry Vlil., died 1576. BULLTALDU9, Ismael, an astronomer, born in the Isle of France, died in 1*594. BULLIARD, \., a French botanist of emi- nence, died in 1793. BUL LINGER, Henry, a celebrated contro- versial divine, of Zurich, in Switzerland, in the Itjth centnrv. BULLOCK, Archibald, of Georgia, was a member of the first American Congress, during the memorable year 1776. lie died the year following. BULLOCK, Christopher, an eminent English actor of low comedy, and author of two come- dies and four farces, died 1724. BULTEAU, Louis, a native of Rouen, suc- ceeded his uncle as secretary to the French king, and wrote an abridged history of the Benedic- tine order. He died in 1G93. BULWER, John, an English physician, of the 16th century, author of several works on phvsiocnomv, &c. BUN EL, Peter, a native of Toulouse, distin- guished as a correct writer of the Latin lan- goage, died in 1546, 96 BO BUNEL, Jacob, a native of Blois, 155tj, emi- nent as a painter. BIJ.XEL, William, a physician of Toulouse, published in 1513, a treatise on the pla(:ue. BU.WICK, John, aFlemish painter, excelled in hi.slorical pieces, died in 17-27. His brotlicr Jacob was eminent in the representation of sea battles. BUNON, Robert, an eminent dentist at Paris, died in 1748. BUNY.^N, John, author of the jiu'tly admir- ed allegory of the " Pilgrim's Progress," waa born at Elstow, near Bedford, 16-28, Ilia parents, though very mean, took rare to give him that learning which was suitable to their condition, bringing him up to read and write : he quickly forgot both, abandoning himself to all manner of wickedness; but not without fre(iuent checks of conscience. One day, being at play with hJa coni|)anions, (the writer of his lite tells us), a voice suddenly darted from heaven into his soul, saying, " Wilt thou leave thy sins and go to heaven, or have thy sins and go to hell ?" This put him into such a consternation, that he im- mediately left his sport, and looking to heaven, thought he saw the Lord Jesus, looking dowu ni)im him, as one hishly displeased with him, and threatening him with some grievous punish- ment for his ungodly practices. At another lime, while he was belching out oaths, he "was severely reproved by a woman, who was herself a notorious sinner. This coming from a woman whom he knew to be vx-ry wicked, filled htm with secret shame, and made him from that time very much refrain from it. His father brought iiim up to his own business, which was that of a tinker. Being a soldier in the parlia- flient army, at the siege of Leicester, in IM^i, he was drawn out to stand sentinel; but an other soldier of his company desired to take his place, to which he agreed, and thereby escaped being shot by a musket ball, which took off his comrade. About 1055 lu^ was admitted a mem- ber of a Baptist congp'galion at Bedford, and soon after chosen their preacher. In lOt'iO, being convicted at the session of holding unlawful as- semblies and conventicles, he was sentenced to perpetual banishment, and in the mean time committed to gaol, from which he was dis- charged, after a confinement of 12 years and a half, by the compa-ssionate interposition of Dr- Barlow, bishop of Lincoln. During Ins ini- pri>onnient he wrote many of his tracts. After- Nvariils, being at liberty, he travelled into several pa , of England, to visit and confirm the bretli- ren, which procured him the epithet of bishop Bunyan. When the declaration of James II. for liberty of conscience was published, he, by the contribution of his followers, built a meet- ing-house in Bedford, and preached constantly to a numerous audience. He died in London, of a fever, 1G88 BUOMMATl Florence, known lansuase, died in BUONACORSl, limaco Esperiente, h lict, an ecclesiastic of work on the Tuscan p, called himself Cal- ls suspected of forming a conspiracy against P tl II., and settled in Po- land. He w. tfj.alife ji Attila, &c. and died in 1490, BUONACORSl, or Pr.RRIN DEL VAGO, an eminent painter, of Tu.^can/, suckled by a goal, he died 1.547. BUONAFEDE, Appiano, a native of Com acio, better known under the names of Appio Ameo de Faba, and Agapisto Chromazanio ; I BT kiuiwii ai^o as a poet and an eleganl wiiier ; lie died 111 17'.i2. l!L'0>iAMICI, Lazarus, became professor of belles-lettres in tlie .Sapieiiza Colli ge of Uiiin lie read lectures on rhetoric at I'adua, and died in I55*J. KUU.VAMICI, Castriicio, a native of Lucca, at first devoted liinisc'lf to the clerical profession, but aflervvaids turned Ills altention to arms, whicli lie bore in the service of tile king ol Naples. He published several valuable works, and died in ITIil. BLONAr-AUTE, Napoleon, emperor of France, was born at Ajaccio, in the island ol Corsica, in lTt)9, and educated at llie iiiiljl:ir> schools of Biiennc and I'aiis. Ho comnieiici d his niiliiary career asa lieutenant ol anil leiy, and soon afterwards siDdistinguislii'd himself al Ih< siegeof Toulon, and diirint; ihe civil ci)ineiiti(iii-< at Paris, that he was promoted to the c< le, &.C. ; shcdied in lt)79. lilKETTE, IVier John, a pliysiciau ol Paris, an ell gtiiii and polished scholar, diid in 1747 Bl KGER, Godfred AupiisiUB, a celebiated German poet, and the writer of that whimsical satire, called " Munchausen's Travels," wa3 iKirn al Wolmerswende, in the principality of Ilalheisuidt, January 1, 1748, and died al Stut- gaiil, June, 17(14. lU KGES, Cornelius, took his degree of D.D. al Oxford ; he was cliaplain to Charles 1., and died ill It-fiS. BrR(;H, T'lick de, marquis of Clanricarde, anihor of memoirs relative lo the Irish rebellion, died ill ir.,'S7. lUMUill, James, a worthy and ingenious mo- ral and political writer, born at Madderty, in Perthshire, 1714, died 1775 Of niaiiv excellent works thai he left behind him, " Political Dis- nuisilions," 3 vols., and " A'outli's Friendly Mo- nitor," are ihe best known, and most esteemed. Bl'RGOYNE, Rt. Hon. John, a privy coun- sellorof Ireland, lieutenant general in the' British army, and author of four dramatic pieces, viz. "The Heiress," " The Maid of the Oaks," "The Lord ol the Manor," and " Richard Coeiir de Li- on." He surrendered his whole army lo General Gates, al Saratoga, during rtie American revo- lution, and died .Aug. 4, 1792. BI'RIDAN, John, a French philosopher, in the Mill century. lU'UIGNY, Levesqu^de,a native of Rlieims, wrote a treatise on the authority of tlie popes, &c. : he died in 1785. BURKE, Edmund, a celebrated orater and statesman, horn in the coiiniy of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 1, 17.10. After staying the usual time at the university of Dublin, he went over fo Lon- don, and entert I hiniself as a student ol the Middle Temple. He soon, however, commenced political writer; and, so masterly were his style and aigumenis, I at his first prodni tions (pub- lished anonymously) ivere universally aftribnled lo lord Boliiigbrrke. His " Pliiloso|',liical In- ipiiry into the Origin of our Ideas on the Sub- lime and BeaiMii'iil" soon made him known to the literati : and he thenceforth became a piibhc man. In 17()5, Mr. Burke came into parliament, and immediately joined to the character of a most elegant writer, iliai of a most eloquent speaker; he died Jiilv 8, 17<17. BI'RKITT, Wllliain, burn at Hiicham, in Northamptonshire, 1650, died 170:<. He was a pious and charitable man, who wrote s^'viial books. and amonu the rest, a "Commentary upon the New-Testament," in the same plain, practi- cal, and aflectins; manner in wl icli he pn aelicd. BUELiAMAUUI, John James, an illustrions I 97 BU BIJ civilian, bom at Geneva, In 1694, was after- It would be endless to transcribo all the high en- wariis protesjur of civil law there. In his comiums that have been passed nn this work "Principles ol'NaniralLaw,"wriueii in French, |il)y varJDiis einin''iit authors. He di. d in 1715. be is .supposed lo have incorporated all the best I bl'RNEY, Dr. t'harlca, an cniinini nnisiciaa things t'roiu (Jrotius, Pnin iidorl, and tlieir cum- [and fjeneral scholar, burn at Hi'irMV.-ibury, .•^pril nientalor, IJarbcyrac. He publishid,M)ine time |7, 172<"i, died ai Chelsea Colkui, oi" which lie afier, the "I'rititipies oIl'oliikalLaw," which i was orpanist, April 12, IH14, in his 8fiii year. His " General History of .Mii-sic," 4 vols. 4lo; his " Present Stale m' JUisic in France, Uaift the Netherlands, Hi>ll:ind, and Germany;" aiid " .\cc(Mint of tilt Musical [XTforniances In coin- mcmoralionof Ha:;dcl," are valuable additions to Uritish literature, Ironi the knowledge which they impart, and ihe elepance uiih which they are wriilen. lie also wrote the " Life of Me- was written in the same lansrnagc, and equally well rt ceived. He died in 174b. BITKLEKilf. See CECIL. BUIILEY, VValit-r, an Kntilish priest, wrote comineniarles on Arit-inile, &.c. BUKMA.N', Francis, of Leyden, profes.sor of theology, ai Utrecht, wrote commentaries on the Pentateuch, &c., died in 1U79. Bl'UM.VN, Franci.s, son of the preceding, Ijtastasio ;" a work hiehly eelimable fur its can was uijn professor at L'trecht, and wroie on the dour, inforniatioit, judtrment, and taste, perseiiition of Dioclesian : he died in 17ly. | Bl'RNEY, Or. Charles, son of tl.c forepoing. Bl.'KM.W, Peter, professor of history and'lwas born at Lynn, iNorfolk, Dc/;. ti, 17.'i7, and eloquence, in the university of Leyden, and , bred at the Charter House, and (\tiMs College, editor of the Latin classics, of which, he pub-jjCainbridge. He greatly disliirKuished himself lislied Virgil, Ovid, Petronius, Quii\tilian, Sue-! by the depth of his literary researches, and by toniiis, Justin, Vellciu3, Phsedrus, &c., anddiedlihis extraordinary skill in the Greek language. In 1740. [He obtained great eminence as the master of BURMAN, John, of the same family, profes- 1 classical academics, successively at Uiuiimer- sor of Botany and medicine at Amsterdam,} smith and G.eenwich, was D. D., L. L. U., and published some works, about r;5R. F. U.S., rector of St. Paul, Deptford, and of BL'UN, Dr. Richard, vicai of Orton,inWest-! Clilfe, both in thecountyof Uent, and died Dec. morcland, born at Winton, in that county, diedi|28, 1817. Nov. -20, 178.5. He was author of two celehia-i BURIN'S, Robert, a native of Scotland, who, ted books, one on the " Office of a Justice of ijin the humble employment of a plout'liman. Peace," the other on " Ecclesiastical Law ;" both of which have gone through several edi- tions. BURX, John, son of the prec<>diijp, Yii,ed his father's works with adilitio-is, i!icd ir, 1 ^U2. [discovered a most extraordinary genius for po- etical composition. Dis-salislicd with liis low jStalion, he was about to emigrate lo Jamaica, ito seek a better fortune ; and, with a view to jprocure money for his passage, a coarse idition BURN.^BY, Andrew. D. D., ar> Jpviglish di- 'of his poems were published at Edinburgh vine, vicar of Greenwich, and ai-ch J'jacon of j]They were soon noticed by the gentlemen in Leicester. He published his travels in Northijlhat city ; and some extracts, with an account America, sermons, &c., and died in 1812. jiof the author, were given in "The Lounger," a BURNET, Gilbert, bishop of i^alisbury, born 'i» riodlcal paper then hi the course of i)ublica- &t Edinbu'sh, in lf>4;i. He Nva.« a very zealous 'li!)n. Subscriptions were then set on foot for a promoter of the revolution wlilcli finally placed 'new edition of his works, and Burns was made the present family on the F'teifiiti throne. As a writer, he is dislingiiislu -s " History of the Reformati;s., one of Die victims of the w itclicrafl de liisKin. ill Kl'.'O. HI lilii >\\ , Sir JliTnes, n^aster of tl'e crown o/r»e, and >onie tiiiie prrsi-40 lie ws.- a man of general leartung, a great philosopher, an exact! mathematician, and (what makes up fortliepe cntiarity of his character) a very curious ralcu lalor of nativities, lie \^■as extremely studious and of a melancholy turn: yet an acieeubii companion, and very liuniorous. " The Anato my of melaiiclioly." by Oimociitns, junior, at he calls binisi If. allows that these seemingly (lit- fercnt qualiiles were mixed tosetlier in his com position. This liook was printed first in 4io, 16'21 , afterwards iiiany times in folio, to the great profit of the bookseller, who, as Mr. Woodtells us, f!Ot an estate by it. " Burton u[)oii Melan- choly," saysaiclibishop HerrinL', (Letters, r<77, 12mo,) " is an author the pleasantrst, tJtc mos' learned, and the most full of sterlinp sense.— The wits of queen Anne's reiijii, and the beirin nine of Georpe I., were (ho adds) no? a little beholden to him." Dr. Ferriar, in " Memoirs of the Literary and I'hilo.sophical Society of Manchester," published 1793, and in " Illu.-;lia tioiis of Sterne," published 1799, has delected in this book the source of many of Sieriie" most admired writings. Pee also an able critic on this subject, in the European Magazine, for Oct. and Nov. 1793. Bl'RTON, William, an excellent critic and antiquary, died in ll>d7. ItrKTOX, William, a physician, but better known as author of " A History of the county of York," 2 vols. iVilio. He was born at Ripon, in lii97, and ilied at York, in 1759 BI'RTON, John, a learned divine, born at ■Wenibworth, in Pevonshire, 1(!9C, died in 1771 leavinjfsoine ingenious wrilines. collected under the title of " Opuseula Miscellanea." BURTON, E/.ekias, prebendary of Norwich, eminent for his learning' and piety, died in ItiHl. His discourses were published by Tillot.son. BURY, Arthur, D. I), at the restoration, he! taining only to England BU obtained a prebend of Exeter, and iu 1665, wai made chaplain to the king. BURY, Elizabeth, daughter of captain Law- rence, excelled in her knowledge ol mathema- tics, and the learned languages ; she died in VrJfl. BURZI'IE, a learned Persian philosopher and ph>sician, ill the rei(:n of C'hosroes, sur- nuiiied Nusehirvan the Just. BUS, Casarde, anaiive of Cavaillon, atoned for tile irretiilarities of his youtli, by a pious lili, devotid to tiie reforMiation of the clergy. He died in 1(:07. Bl SliJXU'lUS, or BUSBEC, Auger Gislen, born at Coniniines, a town in Flanders, in 15'J2. In I3.)4, he was appointed anibatsador at Con- stantinople, where he acquired a perfect know- ledge of the stale of the Ottonian empire, and the true means of attacking it with succi ss ; on which subject he composed a very judiciout dis- course, entitled, " He re miliiari contra Tuitaxn nstiiueiula consilium." He died in Oct. loW. r.l t^liY, Richard, born at Lutton,in Lincoln- shire, ItiOO. In 11140, he was appointed master of Westminster school; and, by his skill and diligence in this most laborious and important ortice, for the space of 55 years, bred up liie preaies! niiniber of eminent men in church and state, tiiat ever adorned at one time any age or nation. This great man. altera long and healthy life, the consequence of Ids chastity, sobriety, and teinperance, died April 6, 1695, aged 89, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He had c.omiios( d several books for the use of his school, and had the reputation of being a very severe disrjpliiiarian. BI'S(Hi;riO DA PALICniO, an eminent architi'Ct and inerliaiiicof the lUli century. EUSl'HlNG, Or. ,\nthony Frederick, an emi- nent (lerman, author of "A New Treatise of Geography," which has been translated into several languages, and particularly into English, n ti vols. 4io. lie died at Berlin, in May, 1793, asivl t!9. ; BUSCKII'P.V .fflian, a German scholar, wrote some Laiiv .,^ems, and commentaries on classical authors.' ^d died in 1,)34. lU'PHFLL, Tlioiiias, a native of Worcester- shire, a zealous royalist, anil master of the royal mines in Wales, dii d in 1674. BUfLEU)E.\, Jerome, a statesman, in the rvice of Charles V., died in 1.J17 Bl'PSIERE, John de, a learned Jesuit, au- thor of a history of France, &.C., diid in 1C78. BUSSY, Roger Rabiiiin, count of, a French- man, memorable for wit and misfortunes, was born in Burgundy, April 3, 1('18. He wrote many works, satirical, historiral, and moral; but is chietly known by his " Letters," whicli are niticli esteenied. He died in IK'S. BUTE. John, earl ot". viscount, and baron Mountsluart. &c. Tltis nobleman was, in 17h.'?, appointed jirime niiiiislcr. The nation being nearly exhausted by a long and exi«nsivg, though successful, war with France, he con- cluded a peace, and then mired to enjoy a life of learned leisure. He was a Io\ er and encou- raeer of learning and learned men, especially when genius and respectable character were united in the sanie person. It was on this prin- ciple that he asked and obtained of his majesty a pension of 30(1/. a year for Dr. John.son. -Amone many instances of his love to the arts, the earl of Bute primed, at his own expense, a botanical work, in 9 4io. vols., of plants ajiper- Only 12 C4H>ies w ere 99 BU f Tinted ; the expense ol" which aiiiouiitcil ;ii 000?. Copies were pr' scmcd to llie i|Ui-eii, !• the lat<' diui;iiess ul Portland, M. de Button, lady Susan Mackenzie, lady Ua.iks, and lorUMnuii> Stuart. Those remaining were reserved tor le- gacies, and ilie plaies were destroyed. His lord- ship died Mur. h 10, I7!l2. BUTLEll, U'llliani. a physician, born at Ips- wich. Some anecdotes are recordi'd of liini. wiiich exhibit liiiu as a capricious inadmau ; he died in li>18. BUTLliR, Charles, a native of Hampshire, author of a popular work on bees, called the feminine inoiian hy, &<'. died in 1047. BLTTIjEK, Samuel, a ,oet oi a very singular cast, born at Slrensliara, in Worcestershire, 1612. He lived some lime, (though it is no. known in what capacity,) with Sir Samuel Luke, a gentleman of un auci'-m lamlly in Bed- fordshire, and u famous coinmander under Oli- ver Cromwell. VVliiie he resided in this gentle- man's family, i; is generally supposed that he planned, if he did not write, the celebialed " Hudibias ," under which characier ic is thousht he intended to ridicule tiial knight. When (his poem became known, it was neces- earily admired: the king quoted, the couriiers studied, and the whole party of the royalists applauded it. Every ey< waiched for the goiden shosver which was to fall upon the author. Bui praise was his whole reward. It is reported, indeed, that the king once zave him :<00 guineas; but o' this temporary bounty we find no pro.if. He died September i5, ItiriO ; and was buried at the private e.vpense of a Mr. Longueville, of the Temple, in tlie church-'-ard of Covent Garden. Aboui 60 years afterwi Mr. Barber, a printer, mayor of London, and ; nd lo Butler's prin- ciples, bestowed on him ^ lunient in VVesl- minster .-Vbbey. [uthem ob.scurity pas.'^ed the life of Butler, a man .-se name can only perish with his language. . ne mode and place of his education are unknown ; tlie events of his life are variously related ; and all that can be told with certainty is, that he was poor. BfT TLiER, .lames, duke of Ormnnd, a very celebrated statesman and warrior, in llie reign of Charles H., to whose restoration he materi- ally contributed. He was born in London, 1010, and died in lO-'S. BfJTLER, .loseph, bishop of Durham, a pre- late of most distinguished piety, born at Wan- tage, Berks, 1092 His deep learning and coin- prehen-iive mind ajipear sutficienlly in his writ- ings, particularly m a work entitled, " The Analogy of Religion, natural and revealed, to the constitution and course of Nature." He died in 17.V2. BUTLER, Thomas, earl of Ossory, son of the preceding, was confined in the tower eitrht months by Cromwell. ,^fler the restoration, he abashed Shaft.-biiry, by an e.vertion of his powers, in the vindication of his father. He died in 1680. BUTLER, Alban,a Roman catholic, director of the English College of St. Omer's, died in 1782. BI.'^TLER, Richard, a brave officer during the war of the revolution, killed at the defeat of General St. Clair, in 1791. BfJTLRR, Thomas, a brave officer in the re- volnti niary war. In 1797. he commanded in Tennessee, and brought the Indian war to a suc- cessful termination. He died in 180.). BUTT, George, D. D., an English divine, ac- 100 BY 1 Hired some distinction as .T poet. He published .t volnmt' of sermons, and died in 171)5. BUTTS, Sir William, a physician to Henry VIH., one of the founders of the Royal College il Physicians. HI ;.\.TON, Jedediah, a man of most extraor- dinary natural talents for calculation, born at i:inieion, a villaee in Derbyshire, 1705. He was^ never taught to read or write ; but could, by the* force of mi^mory, solve in a very short lime the most complicated questions respecting the mul- iiplication, division, reduction, &.C., ol ligures; y I, beyond mere calculaiion, his ideas were iiurdly above those of infancy. He died about 1175. BUXTORFF, John, the name of two learned professors of Hebrew at Itasil, father and son, who ate allowed a place among those of the first ank for rabbinical luurning. The father died n 10-29, the son in Vm. BCXTtJllI'F, John, nephew of the preceding, :ucceedixl him in the Oriental cliair of BasU, and was esicrnied for his extensive erudition. He died in 1732. BUY DE .MORN.\S, Claudia, born at Lyons, authornf a valuable atlas of geography and his lorv, died in 178i. BCZA.NVAL, Nicholas Choart do, a French |.>;i'laie, relinquished the profession of law for he church, and died in 1079. liU'ZOT, Francis Nicholas Leonard, one of I he heroes of tiie French revolution, born ia 17!>0. BYEFIRLD, Nathaniel, a native of England, sei'Jid in Hri-:| -I, Rhode Island, and died in H.^o. BVFIELI), Nicholas, a naiive of Warwick- shire, who wrote some voluminous tracts on divinity; he died in 1022. BYLES, Mather, D. D., a poet and political writer of some note, minister in Boston, where lie was horn in 1700. BVN.EUS, Anthony, a native of Utrecht, killed in classical and historical learning, died in 1098. BYNG, George, lord viscount Torrington,waa born in IfiO:!. His eminent abilities as a naval commander raised him successively to the high )iiices of rear admiral of Enalan.l, treasurer of the navy, and first lord of the admiralty. He was father of the unfortunate admiral John Byng, who, after having given many proofs of courage, was, on a dubious sentence for neglect of duty, shot at Portsmouth, March 14, 1757. His lordship died in ]7:iJ. BYNKERSIIOKK. Cornelius Van, professor of law at Leyden, &c., author of Observations un the Roman Laws, &c., died in 1743. BYRU, William, a naiive of Virginia, died about the middle of the last century. He col- lected a very large and valuable Ubrary. BYRGE, Justus, an ingenious mat hematlcian and instrnmini-niaker in France, nourished at ihe end of (he lOlli century. BYRNE, William, a very distinguished land- cape eneraver. His best performances are, The Antiquities of Great Britain, after Hearne; Viewsofthe Lakes after Farington; and Smith's Scenery of Italy. His chief excellence consist- ing in his aerial perspective, and the general ertectof hischiaro-oscuro, he was more agreea- bly and more beneficially employed in linisliing than inefcliing; and hence he generally worked m conjunction with his pupils; to whom his ■iirong recommendation was, to study nature, Vivar«e, and the best examples of the French- CA VM school. Among the pupils of Mr. Byrne, \vc| know no one who has done more credit either to hbj uistructer in the art, or to himself, than Mr. Laiirfseer, engraver to hi:^ late majesty. Mr. Byrne died Sepieinber J4, ISOj, agi d (iU. BYRO.M, Joliii, a poetical writer, and inventer of a new system of shorthand, born at kersal, near Manchester, Ki'Jl, died in 17t>3. BYROX, Lord Georse Gordon, an Knglish nobleman, distingulslied as the greatest poet ol liie age in which he lived, author of " C'hildr Uaiold," " Don Juan," and other |K>cms, died Rt Missolonghi, while as^^isling the Greeks in Iheir glorious struggle for freedom, in April, 18-24. BVTHNER, Victorinus, a native of Poland, eminent for his knowledge of Hebrew, died in 1664. B'/.OVIUS, Abraham, a learned Polander. Tile chief of his works is, " A Cominuaiion uf Baroiiius' Annals from liUS to 1572." He died in 1637. visited the Madeira*, CA CAB, Ben Zohair, an Arabian poet, the oppo- nent, and afterwards the friend, of Slahomet ; died in ihe first vear of the licgira. CAB ADKS, o"r COBAD, a king of Persia, dc posed, but afterwards recovered his authority, Which he lel't to his son in o31. C.-VB.\NIS,Petpr John George, a French phy- sician, the ELssdciat.Mif Mirabeau, and one of the council of SIM) during the revolution, died in 180fl. CABASILAS, Nilus, archbi-shop of Thesa- lonica, wrote against the supremacy of the fiope: li« was succeeded by his nephew, Nichola.<:, in the 14th centurv. CABASSOLK, Philip de, chancellor and chief minister of the (piee- of Sicily, and cardi- nal d' metropolitan of Constantinople ; died in 1372. CAB.XSSUT, John, professor of the canon law at Avignon, died in U\8o. CABEL, -Adrian ^ andcr, of Riswick, eminent (IS a painter ; lie died in IfiltS. CABKSTAN, or CABISTAING, Williairi do, a poet, murdered by the husband of his mis- tress, who cat his heart unknowingly, and died with grief. CABOT, John, a Venetian, who first dis- covered the continent of America, in 1407. CABOT, Spba.»tian, son of the preredins, ac- companied his father in his voyage, iiJfl4y7, and afterwards made several voyages; he died in 15,i7. CABOT, George, an eminent statesman, was a member of the Tnited States' Senate from the state of Mass., and president of the Hartford Convention. He was distinguished as a man of great strength of mind, of sound and corrnct judgment, of unsullied honour, and the strictest •iitcgrity, and was the friend and associate of Washington. CABOT, Vincent, author of " LesPolitiqucs," in 4 vols., of the )4th centurv. CABRAI .or C.XBRER.A, Pedro Alvares Portuguese, sent, in 1500, by king Emanuel, with a fleet to the East Indies. He was driven upoi the coast of Brazil, and gave the name to Santa Cruz. CADALOUS, a bishop of Parma, made pope under the title of Honorius IL, died in 1(J04. CADAMOSTO, Lewis, a fatnous Venetian navigator, bom in 14-.>2 the Canaries, &.C. CAUMl'S, king of Thebes, who brought 16 letters inio (Jreece. The poi-ts say thai lie left hi.^ couiiiiy in quest of his sister Europa, and went iate Bu;oiia, where one of his cumpunv wasdevoiired by a dragon, which < admn.'-slew, and sowed its teeth in a held, whence sprung up an army of men who destroyed one anuiher. C.VDMUS, a Milesian, author of a history of India. C.VDOG, founder of some churches in Wales, in the 15tti century. I'AUOU, a bard of the 6lh century, called the Wi.-e. • 'AliOGAN, William Bromley, a respected minister of St. Giles', Reading, and St. Luke''a ; died in 17!<7. CADWALADYR, last king of the Britons, 111 (i<0 lie was conquered by the Saxons. CADWALADYR, Cesail, a Welsh bard of some raeiit. in the Kith centurv. C.\DWALLADER, , an eminent physi- cian of Philadt'lphia, and among the tirM who wrote on medical subjects; flourished about 1740. C.\r)WAI,L.\DER. John, a brigadier-general in the Ameiican army, during the revolution^ difd in 1766. CADWALLON, prince of Noith Wales, de- feated by Edwin of Encland, in ti-U. CADWG.AN, a prince of South Wales, was assassinated in 1110. C/l'.t 'ILI.A.N'US, bishop of Carthage, was ex pelli d tiiini ofiite bv a rouiicil, in 311. CAXILirs STATIU*', a comic poet in the age of l-iinius. ■'•m t A:MUS AX'K rU it's, or, as some have called him, Luciii»t us Arianus, an ancient physician of Sicca, inof N'umidia,iu Africa. We are obligi^d to (i for tlie knowledge of many dogmas which are not to be Ibund but In his books " De celeribti.settardis Passionibus." lie wrote, as he himself trils us, several other works; but they have all perished. This, however, which hasesiaped the ruins of time and barba- rism, is highly valued as being the only monu- ment of the Medicina Methodica which is ex- tant. He is allowed by all to be admirable in the history and (le.scription of diseases. Le Clerc places him in tJie 5th century. C/ES.\R, I'aius Julius, an illustrious Roman general and historian, boin !I8 B. C. By his va- lour and eloquence he acquired the highest re- putation in the field and in the senate ; beloved and respected by his leilow-citizens, he enjoyed successively every mamsterial and military ho- nour that the republic could bestow, consistent with its own free constitution : but, at length, having subdued Ponipey, the great rival of hia growing power, his boundless ambition ctTaced the glory of his former actions; for pursuing his I'avouritc maxim, " that he would rather be the first man in a village, than the second in Rome," he procured himself to be chosen perpetual dic- tator; and, not content with this unconstitu- tional power, his faction had resolved to raise him to the imperial dignity, when the I.'riends of the civil liberties of the republic rashly and baseljr assassinated himinthesenate-house,wheretliey should only have seized him, and brought him to a legal trial for usurpation. By this impoli- tic and treacherous measure, they defeated their own purpose, involving the city in consternation and terror, which produced general anarch'y 9* 101 CA snd pavcJ the way to the revolution that Ihoy wanted to prevent ; for, after his dculh, the re public, though for some lime it preserved the fbriiis of liberty, became an absolute monarchy, the constant fate of all governments, whaievpr t'reedora rhey might once have, when luxury and protiigatc manners have grown universal. 'J'he activity of Ca;sar's s(>irit wasi! nuch, that, as he himself said, " he ihoujihi nothing done, while there was any thing lel't to do." How>ver, amidst ail his concerns, civil and niili(ary, he found time to be the author oi' many works ; none of which have been preserved from the ravages of time, except seven booka, " Dc Bello Gallico." C^iiSAR, Sir Julius, a learned civilian, born near 'i'ollcnham, in Middlesex, J557, died in lli.)0. CiES.\R,\Ll'L\ L'S, .Andrta-s, an eminent piii- losoDiier and physician, born at Arezzo, 15j'J, died in ir,o:i. CAFFA, Melchior, a di-iiii?uishcd sculptor, who adorned the cliurcbes of Kouie and Italy, (lied in 1687. CAFF.^RELLI DU PALGA, N., a French ofScer of great con »{re ; died in 1801. C.-\FFi.\UX, D. Joseph, a native of Valen- cieij'ies, a writer on history, music, &c. CAFFIEKl, Philip, an eminent sculptor, of Rome, died in 1755. CAGLI.ARI, Paul, a most excellent painter, born at Verona, ill ]53'2. Hewassiyled by the Italians, 11 pittor fcUcc, " Tlie happy painter." There is scarcely a church in Venice which has not some piece or other of his; and his picture of The Marriage at Cana, in the clmicli of St. George, is to be dislinguished from his other works, as being not only the triumph of Paul Veronese, but almost the triumph of palniing itself. He died of a fever at Viaiice, in 1588, and had a tomb and a statue of brass erected in the church of f't. Sebastian. C.\GL10.STIIU, count Alexander, a man .so called, but whoso real name was Jor^epli ISaUa- mo, was born at Palermo, 174X His whole life was a series of the most astonishing cheats, mummeries, and impostures ; and his ingenuity in every species of liction and deceit exceeds all that has been recorded in the annals of ancient or modern roguery. For some enormities in Rome he was committed to the castle of Si. An- gelo, in whi':h he died toward the end of 1791. CAGNACl, called (ianlassi from hisdeforini- ty, an Italian painter of the 18th century. C.AGN.\TI, .'.larsilio, a physician ot Verona, eeltled at Rome, professor of philosopliy, in the age of Paul V. CWHAGNES, James, professor of medicine at Caen, died in 1012. C.'\nUS.\C, Lewis de, a Frenchman, autlior of the tragedy of Pharamond, and some ro- mances, died in 1759. C.\IAPII.AS, the high-priest who condemned onr Saviour, and afterwards commitleil suicide. CAIE'P, Peter Victor Palnia, a Fn.'nchman, doctor of the Sorbonne, who from a Calvanist liecamea Catholic: he was author of a valuable rbronology, and died in ItiW. CAIETAN.Constantine, a Benedictine, editor of the works of Peter Darien, died at Rome, in 1G50. CAIETAN, a cardinal, born in 14G9, atCaicta, a town in the kingdom of Naples. His proper name was Thomas do Vio ; but he took that of Caietan, from the placeof his nativity. He gave a hieral translation of the Old and New Testa Bients, from the originals ; excepting Solomon'o 102 CA Sling and the Prophets, whidi he had begun, but did not live to proceed tar in ; and the Revela- ; ions of St. John, which he designedly omitted ; .-aying, I hat, to explain them, it was necessary lor a man to be endued, not with parisandlearu- ing, but with the spirit of prophecy. CAILLEK, Niciiolas Lewis de la, a French Miaiheii.:itirian and astronomer, friend of Cas- siiii ; died in ilyi. CAIN, the eldest son of Adam, who slew liii brother Abel. f^AIIlO, Francisco, an eminent painter of re- ligious snbjec's, born at Milan, in 15MS. C. vies, or K.W i.ti.Or. John, a dislinguished English physician, author of several learned woiki, died in 1573. (•AITjS, Jolm, poet-laureat tc Edward IV. C.VIUS, Thomas, a distinguished linguist in England, prebendary of Saruni, died in 1572. t'.AIUS, a Roman saint, made bishop of Rom.- in 283. I'.A L.ABER, an ancient Grrrk poet, author of a siipiilenicMl to Homer's Iliad. < AL.iBliOlS, Mailhins Picti, a painter, of Calabria, died at M alia, in IG99. C.\LAMY, Edmund, a very eminent divine I among the iion-conforniists; horn at London. IliOO, died vm. CAL.AMY, Benjamin, an eniinent divine and excellent preacher, died vicar of St. Lawrence, Jewry, l()8(i. The pieces that he printed in his lifetime were, 7 sermons on several occasions, 13 otlicrs were published in one volume, after his death. CAL.A.MY Edmund, an eminent divine among the non-conlormists ; made D. D. by the univer- sities of Scotland. Me wrote several controver- sial works, and died in 1732. CALANliiaCCI, Giacintho, a painter, of Rome, di( d in 1707. CAliA NUS, L Indian brahmin, who burned himself before Alexander, 325 B. C. (;AL.\S, John, an unfortunate merchant, of Toulouse, unjustly condenmcd, on tlie charge of murdering his own son, in 17C2. C.\L.\S10, Marius, a Franciscan, at Rome- auilior of a valuable concordance of the Hebrew Bible, published in 1621. CALCVtiMiNI, Celio, a native of Ferrara, and a distinguished scholar, died in \r>AO CALC.'\R, John de, an eminent painter, at Naples, diid in 1546. CALDKUIM, Uomizio, born at Toris, pro fessor of belles Icttrrs, and traii-slator of Pausan- ias into l.aiiu: lie died in 147S. CALDEKO.VI DE L.\ BARCA, Don Pedro a celebrated Spanish otficer, ecclcfiastic, antJ dramatic writer. In the latter character, he mav, perhaps, deserve the name of the Spanish Shakspeare. He fiourished about 1640, and his dramatic works make 9 vols. 4to. CALDERVVOIJD, David, a famous divine of the church of Scotland, and a distinguished wri- ter in behalf of the presbylerians, in the 17th century. He wrote " The True History of Scotland." C.\LDWALL, Richard, an eminent English physician, died in 1.585. CALEB, a Hebrew, sent by Moses, with Jo- shua, into Canaan. CALED, or K HALED, one of Mahomet's friends, called, from his courage, the sword ol God, died in 639. OALEF, Robert, amerchant, of Boston, who published a work against witchcraft, in 1700; he died in 1720. ■Mv CA OALENDARIO, Philip, celebiaied for the porticofs which he crccitti round the palace ol St. Mark, at Venice, about l;i54. CAljKiXTIL'S, Klisiiis, a poet and philoso- pher, preceptor ol" Frederic, son ol" the king of Naples, and author of many works; he died in 1502. CALF.PINO, or DA CAI.EriO, Ambrose, a native of Bergamo, autlior of a vocabulary of tlie Latin tongue : died, blind, in 1511. C.ALl.WIRI, Luca, an Italian painter, who excelled in sea views, landscapes, &c.; died in 1715. CALIGULA, theBoman emperor and tyrant, licgan hii' reigti A. D. 37, with every appear- ance of liecoiniiig the real, not the tiinlar, father of his people ; but at the end tif eight montlis lie was eeizeil with a fever, which, it ia suppos:t2. He ob- tained from Charles I., a patent, to him and hid heirs, for Maryland, in the north of Virginia. He was private secretary to Pir Robert Cecil, jafterwards principal secretary of state ; but, be- jcoming a Roman Catholic, the king continued him only as a privy couijsellor, and made him Baron Baltimore. CALVERT, Leonard, brother of Cecellus Calvert, the proprietor and first governor of Mary "end, in !6:i3. CAkVERT, Benedict Leonard, was eovemor of Maryland in 1727. He resisned the office ifive years afterwards, and died on his return to England, in 17.T2. CALVERT, Philip, was governor of Mary- land from 1660 until 16C2. CALVERT, Charles, son and heir of Lord Baltimore, was governor of Maryland in IfifiS. CALVERT, Cha.-los catrr lo Amenta as go 103 CA vemor of Maryliind, in 1720, and afterwards held other offices i:i Uie coloiiv. CALVCRT, P'rederick, Lord Rnltiinore, pro prk-tor 01 Maryland, wa.^ dlHtinpuislicd ai- a man of leariiiii!:, and an author ; lie di»-d in 1771. CA LVI, Lazaro, a fatnuuii painter, of Genoa, in liie lOili century CALVI.V, John, one of the chief reforriicrs of tlie church, in the I6th century, bnri! ;it No yon, in Pnarily, July 10, 1503, dii d May 27, I5l>4 He \\a.< H man wiiuiii (>od had endowed with very i-niincnt talents; a clear nMdel^lund ini:, a solid JndgnieMt, and a happy nicinoiy: he was a j-idirious, elegant, and indelali^'able ^^viiler, and piis<-('??t(l of very extensive learii- ins, and ajin-al Z( al for truth. His extreme ri- gour, however, procured him many enemies. Indeed, it very ill became a reformer lo defend (as he did) the burning of heretics. CALVISICS, Sethus, a Ge'-nianidistinguisli- cd a.'^achronoloncr, born in 1559. C.ALZ.^, Antonio, a painter, in tile 17th cen- tury, pupil to Carlo Cignaiii. C'A.M.\R(fCV,Mary Ann Cupi de, a celebrated Biage dancer, who exhibited at Brussels and Pa- ris, died in 1770. CAMASSKl, or CAMACE, Andrew, an Ita- lian painter, who studied under the Sacchics, died in lf)o7. C.\MI{.\CERES, N., an eloquent preacher, made archbishop of Rouen, died in 1808. C.VMB AT, a French mu.te the life of Braccio, and died in 1477. C.AMPANO, Novarese, an Italian, author of commentai ies on Euclid, in the 13th century. CAMPBELL, John, first minister of Oxford Mas.sachusetts, died in 17fil. CA.VPBELL, Lord William, governor of the province of South Carolina, was mortally wounded in an attack on Sullivan's Island, in 1770. CAMPBELL, Archibald, an Englishman, be- headed as a traitor, at Edinburgh, in IHfil. CAMPBELL, Archibald, son of the preceding, was condemned for seditious measures, and be headed in l(i85. CA.MPBELL, George, D. D., professor of Church History at St. .Andrews, published seve- ral works, and died in 1757 (.'AMPBELL, Dr. John, an eminent histori cal. biographical, and political writer, born ai Edinburgh, March 8, 1707-8. Among many other works, he was either sole author of, or princi • pally concerned in, the following : " Tlie Mili- tary Historv of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough ;" "Ancient I'niversal History;' " Lives of the English .Admirals;" " llermippits Redivivus ; or, the Sage's Triumph over Old .Age and the Grave ;" "Voyages and Travels,' 2 vols, folio; " B'ographia Brilannica," (in which work his papers may be known by thfc initials E. and X. ;) " The Preceptor ;" " Prfr sent State of Europe ;" " The Modern Univer' sal History;" and " A Political Surxey of Bri tain." Dr. Campbell died December 28, 1775. CAMPBELL, Dr. George, an eminent divina and theological writer, of Scotland, principal and professor of divinity in the Marischal Co! lege and I'niversitv of .Aberdeen, born in 1719, died April 6, 1796, leaving several valuable works; thechief of which are, " A Dissertation on Miracles." " Philosophy of Rhetoric," and I CA " A New Translation of the Four GospclB from Ihit Greek, with rreliiniiiary Uisseriations and No!es," &.C. published in 17fj9. CAMrBRlJ^, Colin, a Scotch architect, au- thor of " Vilruvius Britaunicus," in 3 vols., Uicd in 1734. CAJUMJELL, John, 2d duke of ArgylP, and diiko of Greenwich, a disliiifjnished military character in the time of George I., died in CAMTBEUj, Archibald, a Inarned bi.. C.\MPI, Bcrnardin, an Italian painter, of enii))eiice, died in 1584. CAMPl, Gali'a/.zo, an Italian painter, who excelled in miniatures and liistorv,ry, he wrolo alsn ksonie theological works ; particularly " An Apo- logy for the Christian Religion aiiainst that of .Maliomet," in four hooks. He died 1411, agtd above 100 years. CANT.MMNI, Simon, a painter, pupil and friend of Guido, died in lf>48. (MANTEL, Peter Joseph, a Jesuit of Caus, eminent as an author, died in 1570. CANTEMIR, Demetrius, born in Tarlary, K)*."? ; died 172.'i. He was author of some con- siderable works. 1. "A History of the Rise and Fall of tlu' Ottoman Empire," in Latin 2. " The system of the IMnhometan Religion." 3. "The present stale of Moldavia," in Latin, witli a larue niap of the countrv. CANTEMIR, AntiochiKS, son of tlie above; boin at Petersburg, 1710 ; died 1744. The Rus- sians before him had nothing bin snnic barba- rous songs ; he was the first who introduced any civilized poetry among them. Besides a trans- lation of Anacreon, and the Epistles of Horace, he gave tlu ni, of his own, Satires, Odes, anu Fables. He also made several foreign works known to thcin ; as, 1. " The Pluralitv of Worlds ;" 2. " The P(>isian Letters ;" 3. " The Dialogues of Algarotti upon Light," &c. CANTEKI't^i' William, a disiinguished lin- guist of I'lrechi, who wrote several philological works : he died in 1575. CANTON, John, an ingenious and very eminent Enclish natural philosopher, born at Slrond, Gloucestershire, 1718, died 1772. C.VNTWELL, Andrew, an eminent practi- tioner and writer on medicine, of Tipperary, died in 17(54. CANUS, or CANO, a Spaniard, who accom- panied Magellan round the world. CANUTE, a king of Denmark and Norway, also sovereign of England ; he died in 1026. CANUTE, or KNUD, surnanied the Great, king of Denmark, took part of England from Edmund Ironsides, and afterwards seized the whole kingdom ; he died in 1035. CANUTE, IV., king of Denmark, a liberal benefactor to the church, slain by one of his subjects, in 1087. CANUTI, Dominico, a self-tanght Italian painter of eminence, died in 1678 CAPACCIO, Julio Ca'sare, author of a history of Naples, and was tutor to prince Urbano ; he died in 1631. CAPASSO, Nicholas, of Naples, professor of Jcivil law. and a poet; he died iu 1743 o CA CAPECIO, Scipio, a Neafiolitan Latin pott sod law professor at Napk-s, in Hit IGtIi century. CAPEL, Arthur, lord, a virtuous nobleman, Whose attachment to tiie caUHe of Charles 1. proved his ruin ; he was (^'h» .idL-d in lC4t'. CAPEL, Arthur, carl m Ls:iex, ambassador to Demiiark, &c. umrdered by some one un kiion'u . CU'ELL, Edward, a gentlemen known asa» editor >.l' Sliakspcare's works, in 10 vols, rivo., and the autlior ol' three lar^^e voliini(3j, in 4to. under the title of " Notes and various readings of Shak!:|)care ; together with the sciiool of Kliaksp<,'are, or extracts front divers English boo;is that were in print in the author's time , evidc.itly showing from whence liis sevi;ral Fal)les were taken, and some parcel of lii» dia- logue," &c. liesidee llie works already men- tioned, Mr. Capcll was the editor of a volume of ancient poems calii-d "Prolusions ;" and the allererof '' Antony and CleOijaim," as acted at Drnrj^ane, ifl 17o8. , He W4S born ai^roston, near " i.v, in 9ufiblk, June 11, 1713, and died Feb. 24. 1781. - CAP£LL.\, Marcianus Minius Feli.x, a Lativi tol'the 5:h cciituiy. t '' ■ ' 'VtELLO, Biaaca.'a Venetian lady, an adul- I mistress, and afterwards wife JJi Frances, the grand duke of Cosmo's son , she was poison- ed by her brotlier-in-Iawj, in 1587. CAPELLUS, Lfitvis, an eit|tnent French pW iestant and learned <^^^i bom at Sedan, a town in Ch»mpagii^^P)ut, 1.5T9. He was so very deeply skilled^! IhF Hf^brew, that the learned bishop Hall./'aK him the gccat oracle of ail that studied HeT)VW in France. Hisprin- cipal work is "^Critid Sacra," a collection of •various readings and enors, which lie tbouf^t were crept into the copies of the Bible throutrli the fault of the transcribers; it must have been, however, a work of prodigious labour, since the author acknowledges that he had been 36 yisirs about it. Capellus died 1058. C.APILUPUS, Camill'ts, an Italian writer, who published the stratagems of Charles IV. against the Hntrouots. •• ' CAPILUPUS, Lii;,.^,brolllir* " the preced- ing, author of some Latin poem d in 1560. CAPISTR.'W, John,aranioC ^ dcherinthe Homish Church, and perseciUorof the Hussites, died about 1356. ^ CAPISUCCHI, Blasiu« distinguished him- £clf at the siege of PoictieK against the Hugo- nols, in 1569. jC.-\PlSUCCHl, Paul, a canon of the Vatican, and employed bv the pope in the celebrated di- vorce of Henrj' VlH. ; he died in irm. CAPITO, Wolf'sang, a German protestani Nine, auilior of a Hebrew grammar, died in 1542. C.VPITOLI^iUS, Julius, a Latin historian in the 3d century. f.VPMAXV', Don Antonio de, an eminent Spanish writer, born in Catalonia, and died at Madrid, in 1810. C.'^PORAH, Crsar, an Italian writer, go- vernor of .^iri, and authoi of some comedies; lie died in lt»l. ^ CAPPE, Newcome, a dissenting minister, edu- cated by Uoddridge, and author of works on di- vinity , he died at York, in 1801. CAPPRLLO, Bernardo, a native of Venice, eminent as a poet. C.APPERONIER, Claude, a Frenchman, at first a ta'iner, but became a professor of Greek, in i:ie university of Basil ; he died in 1744. | CAPRAXICA, NiQholas, a learned Italian, 1% CA secretary to pe Martin V., bishop and cardi nal : died in 145^. . CAPRI ATA, Peter John, a Genoese, author of a lifctory of Italy, from 1613 to ItjCO. CARAC'ALL.-V, Marcus Aurel Antonin, a cruel Roman emperor; assassinated in '217. C.ARACCI, Lewis, AugiiMiiie, aiiil^lannibal, celebrated painters of the Lonibard^ciiuol, and all of Bologna, in Italy, riouri^lll'(| in the lOtb c^tJBtry. Jlad ilie Ca^ai ci had no riputation of Jieir own, yet the merit of their disciples, in tht acadi-my which tliey foi>nded. would have ten dtrcd their name illustrioiif in succrediiig times* among tli«ij^e were Guido, Dominichino, Laa- franco,&c. CARIT.XCCIO, Anthony, a Roman nobleman of the 17ih centur>', author of some tragedies, andan ndiiiired epi poem in 40 laiitos. C'.\R.\CCIOt4, John, secretary and favourite of Joaii II., qfleenol .Napits. CWRACCIOLl, RTibeit, a n^le ecclesiastic, bishop of .Aiiuiiio, eioqiieiit m a preaci.er and a politician ; he died m 1495. C.\jj(^CC]OLl,JLie>vis .Xnlhony a native of Paris,^-a nobly family, author of 1 vols, of let- ters, pretended to be tlie rorrespot ience of Gan ganelli, pope GtCinent XIV. CARACT.^C'Jft) a famous king of tlie an- cient Britons, called Sllures, (inhabiting S'outh Wales.) llaviiis valiantly defended his couiifry auaiiist the Uofcfiis for seven jwirs, he was at length (lefeatco, and, flying to Gariiswiljidi, qu<^K of llie Lirisanti, (inhabitants ol York- liirB'\^as by her treacherously delivered up ta is, and led in triumph to the empeior i"!and"^B'theiiAii York; where ids noble beha- viourJHl heroic, but patheUc speQ||i, (ibtained him norfclyhis liberty, but the e6t* enijieror, C.VRAn'^. a British historian, les, died in 11.56. Mahonietan doctor, author of a lomet, died in 6H4 of tlie4iegira. / r>E LOBKOVITSHjitohv a native of Jladi id, bishop; aVterwards a gene. .1, and then agaiil a monk. He was possessed of great.powers, ai:d died in 16^2. CARAVAGIO, Michael Angelo Amerigida, an Italian painter, disiinguishcd tor his adher- aiice to nature ; he died in 1009. CARAUSIUS, a nativeof Flanders, who, ex citing the jetilousy of IMaximian, fled to Bri tain, and proclaimed himself emperor : he was assassinated in '■yXi. CARJ>.AN, Jerom, aphysician, and oneof the ipenious men of his ago, was born at Pa- ^•m, .11 1501. He speaks in liis writings, of his own p^'M and bad qualities with a frankness that shows a mind Of a very peculiar cast ; and believes himself under the care of a particulat genius. He wrote a very great number of bool^ and died in 1.575. C A R DI , Ludovici, an admired painter, of Ita- ly, died in 1613. CARBO.NNE, Bionis Dominic de, a French- man, keeper of the MSS. in tlie royal library, Paris, died in 1783. CAREW, Georee, earl of Totness, bom in Devonshire, in 15.57. and died 1609. He wrote a work entitled " Pacata Hibertiia, or the His- tory of the late VS'ars in Ireland." Besides thla work, he collected several chronologies, char- ters, letters, monuments, and materials belong- ing to -Ireland, in four large manuscript volumes which are still extant in the Bodleian library 01 Oxford. eet*jU|Ol;»; Icavinf; Iji-liiiul liim several poems, and a uinsque, called "Ccb-iiim Rritanni- ruin," perlonued at VVIiiteliall.on !^llrove Tues- day nifjht, Feb. 18, 1033, by Uio king's majesty, the duke of Lenox, the earls of Uevonsliire Holland, Nouiiuvt, and several other young lords, and nnliU men's sons. C'ARKW, Richard, author of thn " Survey of (!ornn-all," was born in that county, in 1555. His " Survey" was published in4to, al iiondon, in l(j0'2. Of Ihis work, llaniden lias spoken iii liigli turni.<. and acknowledges his obligations totheautli'.v. He died Nov. (i, 1020. CARTAV, Sir Georpe, brother to the subject of the last article, was, I'roni 1597, to KiOD, em- ploye d on ■!!!nbassies from the British court, to those of P'r'a'ul and France ; on his return from which latter place, in IGOK, ho drew up, and ad- dressed to .'aines 1., " A Relation of the State of FranC< : with the characjeis of Henry iV., and the principal Persons of that Court." CARE".', BAMFYLDK. SK)(iRF, was the son of a cl:;r,iynian, at Rickley, in Devonshire, and was hitiiself intended for tlic chnrrli ; but, at the age of (ifteen, embraced the pi|)sey's va- grant life: nml, by his ingenuity and dexterity In raisiti*! r.iijiplies for his brotherhood, by be;:- ciiig uiiiii ■■ various deceptions, so ini^rr.tiaied hiiiiself wi;h ihem, that they elected him their kin^. He was liorn in July, 1093, and is sup posed to have died shout 1770. CARKW, Sir .■Vlexander, a Cornish pentle- ni:uNgsjii«»nor of Si. Nicholas' island and fort jtH^iriiioiith ; he was beheaded in 10-14, for his fasloyally. 'fr.ARHV, Harry, a man dislinciiislied by both poetry and nmsic ; but perhnjis more so l)y a eertain i'uf. tionsness, wliii Ji made him a(,'reea-| bic to every body. He wrote '• Tiie Contrivan- c 1^" a laiTC ; " ChroiionIioVonlholof;<)s," a lr,ut a period to a life which had been led without- Reproach. It is to be noted, and ii is somewhat jincular in such a character, that in all his snnw and poems on wine, love, and such kindsof subjects,whicli are very numerous, he seems to have manifested an inviolable re- gard for decency and good manners. '' ms said to have cotnposed the famous English song of " God Save the Kinj;." C ARPA", George Savillo,son of the preceding, was bred to the jirofession of a printer, and was one season, at least, on the stage, at Covent Garden. He was author of a " Lecture oti Mi- micry," which he delivered with good success. and of several light dramatic performances. He also published, in 1799, some entertaining sketches of the diflerent watering places of Eng- land, and died iti his (Vlth year, July 14, 1807. He was a postlnimons child, and inherited the misfortunes of his lather; but lie inherited also his talents in a great degree, though they took another direction. He inherited too his moral qualities ; for though he wrote a vast number of lyric compositions, they are all intended to awa ken patriotic, generous, and amiable cmutionB. x:a CAKII'KKT, or CHARIBERT, a licentiotii king of i'aiis, died in 567. CAKINUS, Marcus Aurelius, was itivcsted by his father, the emperor ( 'arus, with the pur- !ple, and killed three years after. I f AliLLTON, Sir Dudley, an English states- man and political writer, bom at lialdwiu jliriglnwell, in O.vfordshire, in 1573, died 1031 I CAKLLTt)\, (ieorge, a native of Northum- berland, bishop of Liindatf, and member of tlie synod of Dort. He died in U>'^. I CARLETON, Guy, Lord Dorchesttr a dis- tinguished Dritish oliicer, in America, successor 10 Sir Henry Clinton, in 1782 ; he died in Eng- land, in 18(">H. t.'.-\RLINI, Agostino, R. A., an eminent sta- tuary, and keeper of the royal academy of Lon- don. He was a native of Genoa ; went early in life to England ; and was an artist of great celebrity, for the skill and grace with which he executed drapi:ry. Died .-Vug. 14, 1790 CARLOMAN, eldest son of Charles Mattel, siicceciled him in the kingdom of Aitstrasia, in 741.— Another, the son of Lewis the German, king of Italy, and emperor.— Another, brother of Lewis III., and sole king ol Fiance, in 882, died in 884. CARLONF-, John, a Ocnncse painter, who excelled in the art of foreslinrtc niitg, died in 1030. CARLOS, Don, son of Thilip, king of Spain, deformed in his person, and violent in his tem- per ; he was condenmcd to death for exciting an insurrection, in ]5t>R CARLYLK, Joseph Dacrc, vicar of Newcas- tle, and piofi^«sor of Arabic, at t^ambridge, dis- lingiiislied himself greatly by liis proficiency in Oriental literature, and died at his vicarage, April 12, 1804, agerj 45. CARMATII, an impostor, who, in 891, oppo- sed the doctrines of Malioiuet, and advanced others < qually unscriptural. CARMICliAlilL, Gerrhom, a native of Glas- gow, protessor of moral philosophy, died in 1733. CAR MICHAEL, Frederic, son of the pre- ceding, .-ettled as atlergyman at Edinburgh. He piibli.-^lied a volume of sermons which were ad- mired, and d-'ji in 1751. CARNK " RS, a ceWirated Greek philoso- pher. Hi; .■'•& is placed in the fourth year of the I0'2d Olv'idrnad. Plutarch has preserved tiie following apoiiiegin of Carneadcs : " rrince.s learn nothing well but riding ; for their masters (latter them, and those who wrestle with them, s'ltfer themselves to be thrown ; but a horse con- siders not whether a private m?n or a prince, a poor man or a rich, be on his back; and if liia i rider cannot rule him, he throws him." CARO, Hannibal, a very celebrated Italian poet, and orator, lMirn atCivila Nuova, in 1507. He translated Vircil's " JF.ueW into his own laiigiinge,very delicately and faitljfully; in short, with such purity of style, and propriety of ei- liression, that the best judges did not suppose liiiii to have fallen the least short of hw original. He translated also Aristotle's " Rhetoric," anj "Two Orations of Gregory Na'/.ianzen," with a " Discourse of Cyprian." He wrote a come- dy likewise, which Balzac has spoken well of, and a miscellanv of his original poems was printed at Venice, in 1584. His sonnets have been deservedly ailnaied. He died in 1.5Cfi. CVROLAN, . a most celebrated Irish bard, though blind, horn in 1070, died at Alder- ford, Roscommon, in March, 1738. Carolan, on many occasions, proved himself a truly mu- sical genius. In the beginning of the last COB- 107 CA ___^_ tun'. Lord Mayo brouglit from D'.itilin a ccle- bratod lialiaii pi'ilorraer. C'arolan, who was at thai lime on a visit at his lordahipV coiintiy- Bcai, louiid himself greatly noslected. and com- plained of it, one day, in the presi^nceof Gmii- uiaiii. When you play in as masterly a man- ner as he does," said his lordsiiip, " you ^liall not be overlool. CARPENTER, Peter, an eminont French ^*'7iter, who assisted in the edition of the Glos- sary of Oucatige, in 6 vols, folio: he died in 1707 CARVENTIER, N. a native of Beauvais, a gr^at calcula!or and arithmetician. He wrote some treati.=es on his profession, anddiod in 1778. C.VRPI, ITgo da, a painter, celebrated for tiie discovery of painting in chiaro obscuro died in 1500. CARPI, Girolanio, an Italian painter, wlio imitated Corregio's manner with great success died in Ll-ifi. CAK.PONE, Julio, a Venetian painter, cele- brated ior his bacchanals, triumpii.s, and sacri- licpj,died in 107-J. CARPOCRATES, a heretic of .Vlesandria, who revived and improved the gnostic theory, about i;iO. OARPZOVIITS, Benedict, an able professor of law at Wittemberg, died in IIJOI. He left four sons, each of them emiiient as professors, divines, or writers ; and one of these left a son, who WAS also a i.iaii of great learning. CARR, Robert, a Scotchman, raised by James I. to the titleof duke of Somerset. He murdered Sir Thomas Overbury, and died in 1033. C.'VRR, John, L. L. D., an usher, and after- wards master of the sciionl at He.-tford, and knov.'u as the translator of Lucian, died In 1807. CARR \, .lohn Lev.'is, a French dernasogue, for a time popular with the republicans of Paris. Ilis party was proscribed by Robespieiie, and he was hurried to the guillotine in 1793. He was the author of many works 108 [vho SV, political writer, who has left some valuable '■ Stale Papers" illustrative of Scotch history. He was boi n at Cathcart, near Glasgow, iu 1649, and died in 1715. <'.\RStJGHi, Rainer, a Jesuit, in Tuscany, known as the author of an elegant poem in Latin, on the art of writing well; lie died in 1709. CARTE, Tiionias, a very learned English his- torian, born at i;ii('ion, Vi'arwickshire, in 1686. His niosi im|ior!aul wurks were. " The History of the liife of James, duke of Ormond, from his birth, hi 1610, to his death, in Ifiv'^S," in 3 vols., folio ; and a " History of England," in 4 large Iblio volumes. Notwithslanding our author's peculiar opinions and prejudices, his history is undoubtedly a work of srreat merit in point of information. It is written with eminent exact- ness aiul diligence, and with a perfect knowledge of original auiiiors. Mr. Carte died in 1751. CARTEIL, Christopher, a naval officer, sen" by tiuecn Elizabeth, in company with Drake, to the West Indies, where he displayed great courage and intrepidity ; he died in 1592. CARTER, Francis, F. S. A., author of "A Journey !>om Malaga to Gibraltar," '2 vols. 8vo., dif.'d August 1, 1783. CARTER, Elizabeth, a venerable ornametn to literature, of the female se.Y, was daughter of the Rev. Dr. Nicholas Carter, and born at Deal, in Kent, December 17, 1717, died in London, February 10, If^Oii. Mrs. Carter was an admira- ble Greek and J..atiu scholar, wrote I<>ench and Italian with great flueiicv and elegance, and was eonversiint in the German, Spanish, and Portu- guese. She was author of Nos. 44 and 100 of The Rambler, and published a volume of her poems about the year 1762, replete with attic wit, chaste philosophic fancy, and harmony of numbers; but the work that established her re- putation as a learned lady was, a complete trans- lation from Uie Greek of tUe works of " Epicte- " with notes. CA f CAHTER, John, an eminent aniiquarian dial'isnian, and critic, in auciuni English aioiii- tecliirc, was born in Loiidiiii, .Itino &;, 1748. ai»l died atPimiir.o, ScplenibcrS, 1817; having bteii many years a laborious contributor to tliat in- Kimparable depository of antiquarian know- Icd^ie, the Gentlcnian's Wapazinu. CARTERCT, John, earl of Granville, em ployed by (leorj^e 1. in various important servi-i CCS. In I'il, be was made secretary of state, and in \124, was sent viceroy to Ireland. IK } was also in lavour with George II., and died ini I7t)3, gn-ally beloved. CAKTEUpyr, Philip, governor of the province of New Jersev, died in HvSiJ. I CAKTEKOMAC'O, Scipio, a learned profes-l sor of Greek at Venire, and a celebrated classi- cal author, died in 1513. CAUTKS, Kcne des, .in eminent French phi- losopher and niathetnalician, born at I. a H.ive. in Touraine, March 31, 15iKJ. In 1(>33, he wrote his " Treatise of the World," and in 163t), bisl " Troati-^e of Mcclianics." He died in 1G.">0,| having extended the limits of gcoinetry as lari beyond the place where he found them, as Sir Isaac Newton did after him. lie lirst taught the method of expressing curves by eiinaiioiis. I t'ARTIEK, James, a French iiaviirator, who] made important discoveries in Canada, in 1534,1 and published memoirs of Canada. I CARTlt^MANPUA, queen of the Briganfes-, in Briiain, discarded her husband, Venusins, tt marrv Ins armour-bearer, Velocatu!'. • i C.VRTWRIGIIT, William, born at North- way, near Tewkesbury, in Glouce.stersliire, in Kill, died in 1643. Ren Jonson said of him, " My son Carlwright writes all like a man." There are extant, of this author's, four plays, besides other poems, which were printed to gelher in 1051, accompanied by above ,'iO copici of commendiilory verses. Prefixed is a portrait CAKTWRIGHT, Christopher, an F.ngli.sh di- vine, well skilled in Hebrew. He wrote several works, ;nid died in IG.'ii!. CAKTW K If." HT, Thomas, a puritan, of great eminence and learning, born in Ilerlt'ordshire. He was a sharp and powerful conlroversialisi, and was much persecuted, being obliged to quit The kingdom for safely. He wrote a practical rommentary on the lour gospels, and on the pro verbs, and died in 1603, in great poverty- C.VKTWRIGHT, Thomas, cliaplaiiiof King Charles, and prebendary of t3. Ho was killed by lipluiiiug. C.ARV, Robert, a !< arned clironologer, bom at Cookingtiui, Devonshire, in 1615, died in 1CS8. He published " I'ala?olngia Chronica, a Chrono- logical Account of Ancient Time, in three parts; 1. Didactical; 'i. Apodelclical ; 3. Canonical ;" ill 1677. CARY, Lucius, eldest son of Henry L,vi3- coum Falkland, horn in O.vfordshire, in ICIO. Before he was '23, lie had read nil the Greek and Latin fathers ; was member of parliament in IMO, and .soon after secretary to the king. lie was killed at the battle of Newbury, bravely fighting for his king, aged 34. CARY, Henry, earl of Monmouth, was edu- cated with Charles I. Hnwas a man of learn ing, having translated, from various authors, seven folios and two 8vos. ; he died in 1601. C-ARY, Fcli.v, a learned Frenchman, who wrote the history of Marseilles, of Thrace, and of Bosphoriis, by medals. C\RY, Thoii'ias, lieuten.tnt- governor of N. (,'arolina, was removed from office, and after- wards sent to England for trial, for attempting to excite a rebellion about 170y. CARY, Thomas, minister of Newburyport, M.1SS., ho published some sermons, and died in m». CARYI,, Joseph, one of rronnvell's chap.- lains; author of a tedious commentary on Job, in 3 vols. 4to. ; died in 1673. CARYLL, John, was secretary toquccn Mary, I4ie wife of James H., and lollowed the fortunes of his abdicaliiig master, who re.warded him lirst with knighthood, and then with the honor- ary titles of earl Carvll and baron Dartford. How long he coniinued in tliat service is not known ; but he was in England in the reign of queen Anne, and was author of two plays; 1. " The English Princess ; or, the death of Richard HI.," 1667, 4lo. ; 2. " Sir t^ulonioii ; or, the Cau- tious Coxcomb," 1671, 4to. ('ASA, John de, a most polite Italian writer of the 16th century, born at Florence, who be- came In lime, archbishop of Benevento. Hp died l.ViO. His ■' Galafeus sen de Moruni eh: gantia," is the most esteemed of all his works in prose. His poetry was very licentious. t;AS.ANOVA, Mark Anthony, a Latin poetof Rome, who displayed great wit and keen satire, died in 1,VJ7. CASAS, Bartliolomi do las, a Spaniard and bishop of Chiapa, born at Seville, M74. At 19 he attended his lather who went with Colum- bus to the Indies.jn 1493. Upon his return, he became an ecclesiastic, and a curate in the isle of Cuba; but quitted his cure and his country, in order to devote himself to the seiA-ice of the Indians, W'ho were then enslaved to the most ridiculous superstitions, as well as the most bar- barous tyranny. The Spanish governors had long since made Christianity detested by their un- heard-of cruelties, and the Indians trembled at the very name of Christian. This humane and pious missionary resolved to cross the seas, and to lay their cries and their miseries at the feet of Charles V. The affair was ditcusscd in conn cil- and the representations of Casas so sensi- 109 Hi «|A lily at!'(j.- ?ii th'.' ein(jerur, ihat he made ordi- nc"r. , IS .-fvere lo ihn persecutors as I'avoui able 10 tlie persKCUted ; bui tliest ordinances were nevai execmed, and the governors conthiufd t" t3'ran;ii3e as usual. Casas employed alxivf oil years in America, labouring witli inci:B.-aiit zi :il that the Indians might be treated with niiidin ss. equity and iiumanity ; but instead or av^iiiinc Bny lilinj:, he drew upon himself eriill!'.-.-. perae- cu:ions tVom the (^paniaids, and died \\> loOi;. CASATl, raul,a Jesuit ol great learning, who persuaded queen Christiana, ol Sweden, to ab- jure her religion, and turn Catholic, lie was the author of an excellent treatise on optics alter Jie was blind. He died in 1707. C.\6AUB0.\, Isaac, a learned critic and com- mentator, born at Geneva, 1559, and died 1014. He was buried in Wtstminsier Abbey, where there is a niouiiment erected to his lueiiiory. CAS.\UBON', .Meric, son of tlie preceding, born at Geneva, 1599, died 1671. He was skill- ed in various parts of literature: but hiscliiei talHul lay in critical learning ; in which he was prnbabiy assisted by hisfather's papers, lie was a divine ; but is chiefly memorable for havinf; re- fused corisiderabie offers made to him by Oliver Cromwell, to write the history of the civil war ; and for the refusal of a present from him, teti- dcred without conditions, though he was in in- digerit circumstance?. «:;ascHI, an elol of tiic liegira. C.\SE, Tiiomas, a non-coiifonnist, during the civil wars, who wrote and preached asaiust the royalists. He was coufmed six months in the tower. His works arc chiefly sermons ; he died in 16S2. CAPE, John, an English quack and astrolo- ger. He said to. Dr. Radcliiic, " Let me have all the fools for my paiienis, and you may have the rest." C.\SE[i, John,a learned professor of philoso- phy at Helmstadt, died in 11)13. CASENEUVE, Peter, a native of Toulouse ; lie wrote the li.'c and miracles of Edmund, king of England, and died in li>52. CASES, Peter James, one of the first painters cf the French school, died in 1745. C'.V.'^IIMIR, Matthias Sarbiewski, a Jesuit, of Poland, and an excellent Latin poet, born 1597 The odes, cpodrs and epigratnsof this poet have not been thought inferior to soine productions of the finest wits of ancient Greece and Rome ; and Grotius, D. Heinsiiis and others have not scru- pled to affirm, that he is not only equal, but Fometimes superior, even to Horace himself. Casimir had a great regard for VirL'il; and had actually begun to imitate him, in an epic poem, called " The Le.'^ciades," which he had divided into 13 books ; but died before he had made any great progress in the work, April 2, 1()40, since which there have been many editions of his poems. CASIMni I., king of Poland, an excellent prince, who did much toward civilizing his sub- . jects; he died in 10.58. CASIMIR II., king of Poland, sumamed the Just, died in 1194. CASIMIR III., king of Poland, sumamed the Great; he was a great warrior, and conquer- ed Russia : he died in 1370. CASIMIR IV., king of Poland, made war lEUccessfuliy against the Teutonic koigbts. He L19 CA conmianded that the Latin timgue should be the vernacuiai language ol his kiiigdoui, which is observed to tliisday. He died iii I49i. CASI.MIR, John, married ilie widow of his liroilier, Lalislaus, and became king of Poland ; but the ingratitude of his subjects made him re sign his cronii, and he died in France, in 11)72. CASLON, William, eminent in an art of tlie grealeet coiiii'quence to literature, the art of leUcr-foiMidiiig, was born in 1H92, at llalles Dwen, Shropf his father, and took his place as royal ast pnomer of France. His works wore in high es' nialion, and are va- luable at this dav : he dir in 173«). CASSI.M r»E THU..i', Cnsar Francis, suc- cessor of John James, born in 1714, distinguisliesar's murdeiers. He caused one of his slaves to kill him, that he might not fall into the hands of his enemy, 42 P. C. CAS91US, Longinns I,ncitis, a Roman magis- trate of great integrity, 115 B. C. C.\S?n'S, Avidius, a Roman general, who proclaimed himself emperor, and was soon after assassinated. CAPPIt^S, Parmensis, a Latin poet, put to death by Augustus. CASSri'S, Severus Situs, a Roman orator, of the .\u'-nsian age, eloquent, but violent against individuals. CASTAGNO. Andrew del, a painter, of Tus- cany, who assassinated Dominico de Venisc, from whom he obtained the secret of painting in oil. Castagno revealed this on his deatb-bed, and died in 1478. CAIiTALDJ, Cornelius, an eminent poet, in C.V [Latin and It.Tlian. He founded a college at jradna, where he died in l.i;'.7. CASTALIO, Sebastian, born at Chatillon, on the Rhone, in 1515. His woiks are verv con- Isiiierable, on account both of their qualify and jtlieir number; they disc ovor great knowledge iOl' the Latin, Creek, and Hebrew langiianfs, and are chiefly on iScriptural subjects. He died in 1563. CAPTEFLS, Peter, a painter, of Antwerp. [Ie published 12 plates of birds, designed and etched by himselt, and died in 1749. CASTKL, Lewis Rertrand, a Jesuit and ma- thematician, of Montpelier. He published a hysiem of niitihemaiics, a treaiise on gravity, anil on optics ; all highly et59. C.ASTELLI, Benedict, a native of Brescia, who assisted Galiho in his astionoiiiical obser- vations, died in 1()44. CASTELNAl', Michael, ambassador in the ervice of Charles IX. of Fiance. Memoirs nf b'seinba-ssies are published, in 2 voU. folio; hi) died in 1,592. (^ASTFI,^^AT^ He nrlette Julia de, wife of count de Mural, auihoress of several pleasing and elenanl works, difd in 1716. CAt:tFLVETUO, Lewis, an Italian critic, famous for his parts, hut mtvre tainous for his •spleen and ill-nature, was borii at .Modcna, in 1.505. He distinguished himself chiefly by his '■ Commentary upon Aristotle's Poetics ;"wiiere, Rapin as.-;ures ns, he always made it a rule to find something to except against in the text of Aristotle. He died in 1571. CASTI, r abbe, an Italian poet, author of several works of merit, died in 1803. CASTICLIONE, Joseph, a native of Ancona distincnishrd as a port and critic, died in 1610. CASTIGLIONE, Baltha-ar, an etninent Ital- ian nobleman and poet, was born atM:inina, in 1478. He applied liinmelf to the study of paint- ing, sculpture, and architecture, as appeai-s from a book that he wrote in favour of tho.se arts, and made so great a progriss in them, that Ra- phael Crbin and Buonarotti, though incompara- ble artists, never thought their works perfect, unless they had the approbation of Casiiglinne. He died in 1529. Besides his incomparable book, "The Courtier," in which work we may perceive how intimate he was with the Greek and Latin authors, (having gleaned together the tirst tiowers of their wit, and treasured up, .is it were, in a single casket, the richest jewels of antiquity,) he compi^sed many Latin and Tus- can poems, which, with some of his letters, are placed at the end of the English version of " The Courtier," published at London, in 1727. CAfTIGLIONE, Benidict, an eminent Ital- ian engraver, born in 1616, died in 1670 CAPTIGLIONE, Fancisco, son and pupil of the preceding, and equally respectable as a painter. CASTILF, Alphonsus X. of, who has com- monly been calleiJ " The Wise," was born in 111 CA I-20;J, and is now more famous for having boeni an astronomer than a king. He umiorsiood as-| rronorny, philosophy, and history, as if he had| been only a man of letters, and composed books upon the motions of the hea\'en3, and on I hi; history of .Spain, which arc highly commended, lie died in laijl. CASTILLO, Ferdinand de, a Dominican, of Spain, wlio wrote an account of his order; he died in \M3. CASTILLO Y-SAAVF.DRA, Antony del, a Spanir-h painlcr, who died of grief, because he was excelled, in 1067. CASTRIES, N., inar.. He wrote a celebrated " Treatise on Horseman ship." of which a most excellent edition was, a few years ago, printed in England ; and four comedies. His second wife, Margaret, was a woman of great wit, and some learning : tor. besides the life of the duke, and her own, s) d wrote a great number of folio volumes, and pub lished 26 plays, in several of which there arecn a yuhject of controversy, Mr. Cavendish contrivi.'d essential improvements in the method of performing ex- periments with a eudiometer ; by means of which, lie waji the first who showed, that the proportion of pure air in the atmosphere is nearly the same in all open places. The other and much larger portion of our atmosphere, he sOL'aciou.sly conjectured to be the ba.-is of the acid of nitre ; an opinion which he soon brought to the test, by an ingenious and lalxirious ex- periment, which completely provd its truth ; ■whence this air has now very generally obtain- ed the name of nitrosea. Among the laboursj of Itis latter days, is the nice and dilticult cx-i peiimeni, by which he determined the mean density oi' the earth : an element of consequence' in delicate calculations of astronomy, a.s well as! in geological inquiries. Kven in the last yearl of his life, at the advanced age of 77, he pro- posed and described improvements in the man- ner of dividing large astronomical instruments ; which, though not yet executed, promise very great advantages. These pursuits, together with reading of various kinds, by which he acquired a deep insicht into almost every topic of gene- ral knowledge, formed the whole occupation of his life; and were, in fact, his sole amusement. ProTn his attachment to such occupations, and the constant resource he found in them, toge- ther with a shyness and diffidence natural to his disposition, his habits had, from early life, been secluded. He is said to have left behind him 1,200,0001, Mr. Cavendidh was great uncle 10 the duke of Devonshire. CAVOYE, Lewis, marquis de, a French mi- litary officer, of great bravery, died in 1716. r AUSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and confessor to Lewis XIII., was born at Troyes, in Champagne, in 1580, and died at Paris, July, lf),">l. He published, among other works, " The Holy Court," a moral work, which has been often reprinted, and translated into Latin, Ita- lian, Spanish, Portuguese, (Jerman. and Eng- lish ; and " Sacred 'rragediea." C.'WVURRY, Daniel, an ejected non-conform- !14 place he held rill his death, which happened by a tail from his hors*'. in 17(>1, His poetical com- pohitionb were collected and published in 4to, in 1771. C.\WTON, Thomas, a non-i-.onfornji;:t, and a good Hebrew scholar, died in lti77. CAXTON, William, the first who introduced the art of printing with fusile ty))rs into Eng- land, was horn in the Weald of Kent, alKiut the latter end ol the reign of Henry IV. Being about 15, he was put apprentice to Mr. Robert Large, a mercer, who, after having been sheritT and mayor of London, di'il in 1141, leavint; by wUl 34 marks to his apprentice, William Caxi'oii ; a considerable legacy in those days, and an early testimony of Caxton's good behaviour and in- tegrity, (.'axton went abroad to settle the same year that his master died, and was intrusted by the mercer's compaijy to be their agent or factor in Holland, Zealand, Flanders, &.c. In 1464, a commission was granted to him and Richard Whitehill, Esq., by Edward IV,, to continue and confirm the treaty of trade and commerce between his majesty and Philip, duke of Bur- gundy, or, if they found it necessary, to make a new one. They are styled in the commission, ambassadors and spcci.al deputies. A marriage was concluded, in July, WiS, between the king's sister, lady Margaret of York, and the duke'a son, Charles, Ite being then duke of Burgundy; and when the lady arrived at the duke's court at Bruges, Caxton appears to have been of her retinue. He was now either one of her house- hold, or held some constant post under her ; be- cause, as he says, he received of her a yearly fee or salary, besides many other good and great benefits. Being more expert than most others in penmanship and languages, it is highly probable that he was employed by the dutchess in some literary way. As soon as he h;id acquired the mystery of the new invention of printing, (wliicU he did not accomplish, he says himself, without gr<'at expense,) he was employed by her in trans- latin;; out of French a large volume, and after- wards in p.inting it. It appeared under the title of " The Recuyell of the History of Troye ;" and is the first book, we now know of, tliat was printed in the English tongue : tlie date being September 19, 1471, at Colen (Cologne.) By the edition of the "Game of Chess," dated in 1474, Caxton appears to have been then settled in England ; and thiii book is allowed, by all the typographical antiquaries, to have been the first pecimen of the art among us ; and as such, haa been so valued, that it is said, the earl of Pem- broke, for a fair copy thereof, which was given him by Mr. Granger, presented him with a pureft of forty guineas. The next performance of Cax ton-, of which the date is ascertained, is, " Tha Dictes and Sayinges of the Philosophers, trans • lated out of French by Antone erle Ryvyret lord Seerles, emprynted by William Caxton, at Westmestre, 1477." Caxton printed several other pieces, either of his own composition, or translated by him. His last work was a trans- lation from the French of" The Holy Lives of the Fathers Hermites living in the Deserts ;" and we arc informed by Wyiiken de Worde, that he finished his life and translation together, on tho same dav, in 1491. CAYLUS, Anne Claude, Coiuit de, a French CE wriUir, born at Paris, \i\ 1G92. His cliicf work is, " Recucil li'Aiiliqiiites Egyptienuus, Etriis- ques, tirecques, Uoiiiaiiu'g, ct Gauloitius," 7 torn. 4t(.., 1752-ri7. He died ui 1765. CAZKS. Peter Jaim-n, a French pointer and an ingenious artist, died in 1754. CAZOTTE. James, mayor ol Pierrj, wlio.for tiiK attachment to the rrcncli kiiig,was gulllo- tined in 17U2. CKRA, Ansaldo, a Genoese, of reputation as a puliiirjan, orator, and poet, died in UVi3. i;EHE!*, tiie aiillior of a httle beautiful Gre- cian remain, entitled, " A picture of Human ^.ii'e." Of mis author we have no account, save tliai he i>' once mentioned by Plato, and once bv Xeiiophoii. . CEf'C'O DE ASCOLI, or FRANCIS DE GLI ST.VBILI, of A.'icoh, a profe.*sor at Boloena ; T/as burnt liy oriler of the inquisition, in i:i'-i7. CEC'Il,, \ViJUam, lord Uurli.iah an eminent Englisli statesman, who.«e loyalty to his sove- reijrn queen Elizabeth, and his patrioii.sin, pre- served the relipion and the civil polity of Eng- laiul from falling a prey to sovereign tyranny and popish superstitions. He was born at Dourn, in Lincolnshire, 15'Jl, held tlie otfice of lord hiiili treasurer of England i!7 years, and died l.'i98. A collection of liis stale papers was pub- lisiied by Hayncs, 174U ; and a continuation of them by Murdiii, 17t>(). CE(;iT., Richard, an eminent divine of the churrb of England, dieil in It^lO. • . CECUOI'S, an I'.gyplian, fouiidcrof the Athe- iliai! monarchy, 155(i B. C. CEURENT'S, George, a Grecian monk, lived in llie 1 1th century, and wrote " Annals, or an abridged History, from the beginning of the World to the reign of Isaac Comneiuis, emperor of Constantinople," who succeeded Michael IV. in 10.'.7. CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian painter, died in 1700. CELESTIN I., wa.-? pope 10 years ; he con- demned the doctriiicfi of Nestorius, and died in 4>2. CEI/ESTIN II., was pope 5 montlis, and died ill U4:t. CELESTIN III., was pope 7 years, and died in llltH. CELESTIN rv., was pope 18 days, and died In 1241. CELESTIN v.. elected pope in 1094, wliich office he afterwards resigned ; he was imprison- ed bv his successor, and died in 129G. CELLAUH'S, Christopher, born in 1633, at Malcalde, in Franconia, died in 1707. He pub- lished good editions of above 20 I.aiin and Greek authors. His works relate chielly to grammar, to geography, to history, and to the oriental lan- guages. Tho.sc in geography are well known as excellent helps to the understanding of ancient authors. CELLIER,Remi, abenedictineof Bar leduc, wrote a bingiapbical historj', and died in 17f)1. Cf^LLIM, Beiievento, a celebrated sculptor and engraver, of Florence, born in 1500, died in J 570. CELSUS, AureliUB Cornelius, a philosopher and ph>'sician, who flourished under the reigns of .Vugnstns and Tiberius. He wrote upon seve- ral subjects, as we learn from Quintillian; upon rhetoric, for which he is often quoted and com- mended by this great master ; upon the military art : upon agriculture : and we have still extant of his eight books " De .Mediciiia," which are Wrirteii ju ver^f fine Latin. CE CELSUS, an epicurean philosopher of the 2d century, who wrote a book against the Chilfl- liaii religion, wliich was answered by Orlgen. The work of Cclsus is lost. CELTES, Cr>nrad, a Latin poet, who died at Vieiuia, in 1508, after having obtained tlje lau" rel. CENSORINI'S, Appiup Claudius, a Roman senator, raised to the ilirone by liis soldiers, in 270. CENSORINUS, a Roman grammarian of the 3d century. CENTLIVRE, Susannah, a celebrated comic writer, who had so early a turn for poetry, that, las one of her biographers tells us, she composed a song before she was seven years old. She is the author of 19 dramatic pieces, and several little poems. Her talent was in comedy, particu- larlv the contrivance of plots and incidents. She died Dec. I, 17i23. CENTORK), .Ascanius anativeof Milan, emi- nent as a soldier and phUosoplier, lived in the llith century. CERATLMJS, James, or Teyng, a Hollander who obt.Tiiitd a Greek professorship by means of Erasmus, and died at Louvain, in 1530. CERl'EAU, Jolm Anthony du, a French Jesuit, known as a Latin poet, died in 1730. CERDA, John Lewis de la, a Sp.inish Jesuit, and an author of great learning and candour, died in 1<>43. CERDON, a heretic of the 2d century, who rejected the Old Testament and part of the New. CERET.\, Laura, an Italian lady, eminent for her knowledgeof philosophy, and the learo- cd languages, died in 1498. CEKINI, Giovanni Dominico, an Italian painter, wliose pieces are eetecnied ; he died in ItiSl. CERINTHL'S, a disciple of Simon MaguB, about A. D. ,'vl, a heretic who denied the divi- ■nitv of Chnsi. CERISANTES, Mark Duncan de, son of a Scotch physician at Saumur; he was sent am- bassador to Turkey by Riclielieu, and died in U>48. CERMEN.\TI, John de, an Italian liisiorian, who published an account of Milan, from 1307 to 1313. CKRRATO, Paul, a native of Montserrat, of the 15th century, he wrote Latin pnems. CERUTI, Frederic, a native of Vfirona, and an author, died in 1579. CERUITI, Joseph Antony Joachim, a Jesuit, and professor at Lyons, and a member of the national a.ssembly, died in 1792. CT'.RVANTES. See SAAVEDRA. CERVET'fO, an Italian, of extraordinary character in the nnisical world. He played the bass at Drury-lane Theatre, and died January 14, 1783, in his 103d year. One evening, wiiea Mr. Garrick was performing the character of Sir John Brute, during the drunkard's muttering and dozing till he falls asleep in the chair, (the audience being most profoundly silent and at- tentive to the admirable perlormer,) Cervetto, in the orchestra, uttered a very loud and im- moderately-lengthened yawn! The moment Garrick was off the stage, he sent for the mu- sician, and with considerable warmth repri- manded tiim for so ill-timed a synii)tom of som- nolency : when the modern Naso, with great address, reconciled Garrick to him in a trice, by saying, v.itli a shrug, " I beg ten tousand par dons; but I alwovs do lo ven I am ver inusch 115 ^ 1 en please"' Mr. CervcUowas Jistinjiuislicdaiiion;; his friends of the galleries by ilie ludicrous name of Nosey, from the proiuiiieiicy of his nasal feature. CKSALPI.VL'S, a celebrated Italian writer on botany, born in loIS), died in lfi03. CE.SALPINIJS, Andrew, an Italian physi- cian, born about 1 159. CE:5.4R[NI, Julian, a Roman cardinal, em- ployed liy sevtral popes, was slain in 14-14. C'KSAIil.VI, Virginio.alcariied Roman, cliam- bcrlain lo Urban Vtll., died in l(i'24. CESAUOTTI, Melcliior, an Italian poet, pro- fessor of rhetoric, and al'terwards ol Greek and Hebrew, in Padua, his native city, died in 1808. rr;SPEnRS, Paul, a Spanish painter, of me- rit, and a writer, ilied in 1608. CEZELl, Con.-tance de, wife of Barri de St. Aunez, sovernor of Leucate under Henry IV., celebraied lor her bravery. CH.VB.WES, James dc, a Frenchman, of great bravery, who fell at the battle of Pavia, in 1325. CIIABANON, N. de, member of the academy of belles letlres, and au author, died at Paris, in 17'J2. CII.A.BOT, Francis, acapuchin, was a violent jacobin, cruel in his sentiments, and was guillo- tined in 1794. CH.\BRI.\5, an .\thenian general, who took Cyprus, and died 355 B. C CHABKIT, Peter, an advocate in the parlia- ment of Paris, of great er'>:dilion, died in 1785. CH.\BRy, .^Iark, a distinouished painter and sculptor, difd at Lyons, iu J727. CH.MS, Charles, born at Geneva, pastor of a church at the Macue, distinguished as a preacher and scholar, dud in 1766. CH.\ISE, Father dc la, a Jesuit, of uncommon abilities, and confessor lo Louis XIV., born at Forcz, in the province of Lvohf, about JtiJrt. The learned Huelius, bishnpoV .Avrnnchca, call;; liim " a man incredibly well vrsed in all parts of learning, of philosophy and divinily in par- ticular." CH ALCIDIUS, a Platonic pliilo.soplier, of the 3d centurv. CII.XLCONDYLES, Laonicus, an Athenian, of the 15ih centurv, who wrote a history of the Turks. CHALCONDYLK.', ncmclrius, a native of ! Athens, and one of those learned wen whom Pope Nicholas V. sent to Rome to transl.ile the Greek authors into I/atin. Under his inspection and care was first published at Florence, in I4".19, the " Greek Leiicon" of Suidas. He died about l.vlf). CHALES, Claudius Fr-mcis dc, a Jesuit, of Cbamtieri, a royal professor at Lyons, and au- thor of several works, died in 1B78. CII.ALIKR. Marie Joseph, a French vvolu- fionist, of sanguinary character; he was guillo- tined in 1793. CHALKLF,V.Th.->iiias, a preacher amonathi- duakers, in Pennsylvania, in 1701. died in Tor- tola, while on a visit, iu 1741 ; he published gome works on relipion. Clf ALLE, Charles Michael Angeio, a profe.s- por of painting in the Paris academy, died in 1776. CHALMERS. Lionel, M. D., a learned phy- ejcian, of Pouth Carolina, published several re-j spectable works on medical subjects, about !7')7. CHALONER, Sir Thomas, born at London, about 1515. He was much employed in embas-1 8ies and negotiations with fcrcisn courts ; and I. 116 CH (lied in l^ti.";, le.aving behind him a work called "The right ordering of the English Republic." He also discovered the first alum mines in Eng- land. CHALONER, Sir Thomas, educated at O.x- lord, was tutor to ilic prince of Wales, and died in 1615. CHALONER, James, son of the preceding, educated at Oxford, was one of King Charles' judges, and died in Holland, in Kitil. CHALONER, Edward, head of Alban hall, Oxford, a good preacher and learned di\ ine, died in 16-25. CHALOTAIS, Lewis Rene Caradeuc de la, known as the author of a work on the Jesuits, died in 1715. CHAMBAUD, Lewis, author of a French Dictionary and Grammar, and other usefu. school-books, died in 1776. CIIA.^IBERLAIXE, Robert, an Englishman and author of several works, died iu the 17ih centurv. Cri.^MBERLAYNE, Edward, bom atOding- ton, in Gloucestershire, in 1616, died in 1703 He wrote many books ; the best knowu of which is, " .Vnglise Nolitia ; or, the Present State of Enslami." CIIA.MBERLAYNE, John, son of the pre- ceding, and continuator of that useful book, " Tiis Present state of Eneland." was bora about 1670, and died in 1724, having published many ingenious critical, theological, and moral works. CHAMBERS, Sir Robert, a learned judge, educated at Oxford, chief justice in Deng.il, ana president of the Asiatic soci-^iv, died iu 1803. CIIAMBRRS, Ephraiin, author of the cele- brated Dictionary of Arts and Sciences which goe.s under his name, was born at Milton, in the county of Westmoreland. When he became of a proper age, he was put apprentice to Mr. Se- nex. the plobe-maker, a business which is con- nf'Cied with literature, and especially with ne- trononiy and geography- I' was during Mr. Chambers' resilience with this skilful mecha- nic, that he contr.icted that taste for science and learning, which accompanied him through life, and directed all his pursuits. It was even at this time that he formed the design of his grand work, the " Cyclop.Tdia ;" and some of the first articles of it were written behind the counter. He died May 15, 1740. The first edition of the Cyclopaedia was published in 17-28, in 2 vols, folio. Another edition, with considerable im- provements, by Dr. Rees, was begun to be pulv- lished, in weekly nunib<'is, in 1778, and was, in 1785, completed in 4 vols. January 1, 1802, Br. Rees commenced the publication of an edition still farther enlarged, wiiich has been recently completed in 45 vols.4to.; most highly adorned, and fully illustrated, by engravings, in a style of excellence well suited to the exalted merit of the work itself: wliich is at once an ornament to its editor, and to the countrv. CHAMBERS, Sir William, an eminent archi- tect, whose name will be transmitted to late posterity as the builder of that great national ornament, Somerset Place. This superb struc- ture was begun in 1776, and inhabited in 1785. Sir Williani was by birth a Swede, but was brought over to England at two years of age He wrote an excellent " Treatise on Civil Ar chitecture," a " Dissertation on Oriental Gar- dening," published " Designs for Chinese Build- ings," &c.. and died March 8, 1796. CHAMIER, Daniel, a French protestant, pro w CH fcssor of divinity at Slontauban. He drew u] the famous edict of Is'antcs, and was killed in 1621. CHAMILLARD, Stephen, a Jesuit, of Boiir cos, eminent as a srholar and antiquary, diod in 17,10. CH.\MILLART, Micliael dc, an excellent billiard player, was promoled to liifjii offices of slate by Iicwis XIV., and died in 17-1. CHAMOUSSET, Charles Humbert Pierron de, judge in the parliament of I'aiis, a man of universal benevolence, died in 1773. CHAMPAGNE.PIiilipof, a celebrated painter, born at Hrussels, in lfi02, died in lt)74. CHAMPAGNK, John Haplistc dc, born at Brussels, was protessorof the academy of paint- ing at Paris, and died in 1(183. CHAJIPEAUX, or CAMPELLEiNSTS, Wil- liam de, professor of philosophy at Paris, where Abelard was his pupil, died in 11^1. CHAMPFORT, N., a Parisian, devoted to lileratiirc, and a friend of the revolution. He destroyed himself in 17il4. rjIAMPIER, Syniphorien, Camperius, or Campegnis, a Frenchman, and physician to the duke oi" l.ciraine, died in 1540. CH.\MPIO.\, Joseph, an Englisliman, emi- nent as a peimian. CHA.MPLAIN, Samuel de, a Frenchman, sent on a voyage of discovery to America by Henry IV. An American lake bears his nanio He died in lfi35. ('HAMPMESLE,Maryr)esniarcsdc,aFrench actre^;s of celebrity, died in lliSS. CIIA.NX'ELLOE, Richard, a celebrated Eng lish navigator, was engaged in an exploring vovage, in 1553 CHANDLER, Mary, an English lady, distin- guished by her talent for poetry, born at Malmcs- bury, in Wiltshire, in 16)37, died September U, 1745. CHANDLER, Samuel, an eminent dissenting minister and theological writer, born at Hun gcrford. Berks, in 1693, died in 17f)6. CHANDLER, a native of England, and a baptist minister, settled on Ashley river, South Carolina, died in 1749. CHANDLER, Edward, an EngUsIi prelate and an author, dKd in 1750. (HANDLER, Thomas Bradbury, D. D.. an rminent episcopal minister .ind writer, of Eliz.v bothtown, New-Jersey, published several works in defence of episcopacy ; bodied in 171)0. CHANDLER, Richard, D. D., an eminent English divine and antinuary, died in 1810. CHANTEREAIT I,K FEVRE, Lcwis.anativ. of Paris, and an author, died in 165?. CIIANUT, Peter, a Frenchman, sent as am ba-ssador to Sweden and Holland, died in 1(")6'J CHAPELAIN, John, a French poet, born at Paris, in 1595, chiefly distinguished himself by a heroic poem, called " La Pucelle, ou France Dclivroc," and died in 1074. CHAPELLE, Claude Emanuel Lullier, a ce lebratcd French poet, bornatChapelle, in ICrJl He is said to have been a very pleasant, but withal a very voluptuousman, and died in 1686 CHAPELLE, John de la, secretary to the prince of Conii, whose life he wrote, died ii 1723. OHAPELLIER, Isaac ReneGuyde, a native of Rcnnes, a zealous advocate of liberty ; lie was guillotined in 1790. CHAPMAN, George, horn in 1557, and high ly celebrated in his time for his dramatic wri iingSi and poetry. He translated " Homer's Hi- CH nd and Odyssey," which are still looked upi'ti with some respect. He wrote 17 dramatic pie- ces, and died in 1634. CHAPMAN, Dr. John, an eminent English divine, critic, and vindicator of the Christian religion, against Morgan, Tiiidal, and others, was born in 1704, and died 1784. CHAPMAN, William, an Englishman, who, among many other useful discoveries and im- provements, was the tirst who, about 1758, gave the idea, and at sea established by practice, the invaluable secret of making salt water fiesli. He died at Newcastle, Oct., 1793. CHAPMAN, George, a schoolmaster at Dal keith, and afterwards at Dumfries, author of several works on education, died in 1806. CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, John. Vid. AU- TEKOCHE. CHAPONE, Hester, an elegant" English poet, and moral writer, born of a respectable North- amptonshire family, of the name of Mulso,0;i. i27, 1727. Her pen w.is always directed to mo- lal purposes; and virtue, far from showing re (iiilsive austerity in her representations, was dis liiiguished by endearing gr.ices. She will loiii; be distiiiguisiied on the rolls of literature for her " liCtters on the Improvement of the Mind, addressed to a Young I.,ady," 2 vols. l','nu). 1773, and " .Miscellanies in Prose and Verse," 12nio, 1775. Mrs. C. died at Hadley, iii Middle- sex, Dec. 25, 1801 . CHAPPEL, U'illiam, a verj' learned and pi ous divine, bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, in Ireland, born at Lexington, in Nottingham- shire, in 1582, died 1649. He published, the yeai before his death, " Methodus Concionandi :" tnat is, " The Method of Preaching ;" wliitli, lor its usefulness, was translated into English. To this bishop, among other divines, has been ascribed the composition of that excellent book, " 'J'he Whole Diitv of Man." C^HAPUZEAU, Samuel, a native of Geneva, ■and preceptor to William HI., of England, died in 1701. CHAR.A.S, Moses, a ph>-sicinn, at Paris, well known as an author, died in 1698. CH.'VRDIN, Sir John, a famous voyager, was born at Paris, in 1W3, but went to London upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in ir)85. He went to Persia and the F.ist Indies, and traf- ficked in jewels. Charles H., King of England, .'.onfened upon him the honour of knighthood. He died at London, in 1713. His " Voyages" have alw.iys been much esteemed, as very cu- rious and very true. CHARELON, a Jesuit mission.Try, emi'loyed many years among the Indians in Michigan. CIIARENTON, Joseph Nicholas, a French Jesuit, and niission.iry to China, for 15 years ; he died in 1735. CHARES, a Grecian statuary, who immor- talized himself by the Colossus "of the Sun, at Rhodes, which has been reckoned one of the seven wondei-s of the world. CHARETTE DE LA COINTRIE, Francis .\thanasius de, a French royrtlist, who signal- ized himself by an able resistance against the republican forces, in la Vendee ; he was taken and shot in 1796. CHARITON, a native of Cyptiis, and an au- thor, in the 4th century. CHARKE, Charlotte, was youngest daughter of Colley Cibber, the actor, and afterwards po- et laurcat. At eight years old she was put to *■ school, but had an education more suitable to a boy than a girl ; and as she grew up, followed ,U7 CH Cll tin; same plan, being more fn'ijiieiitly in lli<: stable llian in the bedchatnber, and mistress ol tile currycomb, thoii'^li i;,Miuraiit of the needle. Her adventure:! duriny: the remainder of her life, are nothing but one vario^-aled secne oi distrrs^ es, of a kind which no one can be a stranger K), wiio has citlier seen, or read accounts of those most wretclied of all human beiiip;, the members of a mere strolling company of actors. In ]755shc went to London, where she publish- ed the " Narrative of her own I>ife,'" to which death put a period, and at the same time, to one coniinued course of misery, the inevitable con- sequence of folly, imprudence, and absurdity, in 1759. CUARLEAIAGNE, or CHARLES T., king of France by succession, and emperor of the West by conqiiCPt, in 8U0, (which laid the foundation of the dyna-sty of the Western Franks, who ruled the empire 47-2 years, till the time of Ko- dulphus .-\uspcrgensis, the founderof llie house of .-Austria.) Ciiarlemagne was as illustrious in the cabinet as in the field ; and, thougli he could not write his name, was the patron of men of letters, tJie restorer of learning, and a wise| legislator ; he wanted only the virtue of huma- nity to render him the most accoiiiplisheil of men ; but when we read of his beheading 4500 Saxons, solely for their loyalty to their prince, in opposing his conquests, we cannot think he merits the extravagant encomiums bestowed on him by some historians. He died in 814, in the 74th year of his age. CHARLES U.,surnamed the Bald, succeeded to the French crown in 840, was elected empe- ror by the pope and the Roman people, in 875, and poi.-oned in 877. Cil.VRTjES III., or Simple, succeeded to the thro;ie of France iu 893. He was une(iual to the ;;overnnieiit of a. kingdom, and at last died in prison, in WJ. CH\ULES rV., the Fair, succeeded to the French throne in 13-22, and died in 1S28. rn.ARLES v., or Wise, succeeded to the throne of France in 1364. By his abilities and cou rage, the English were dispossessed of nca riy all their provinces in France. Ue died In IS.^'O. CHARLES VL, succeeded to the French throne in 1330. His inexperience, and a civil nar, weakened the kingdom, and the defeat at .\cincourt, completed his misfortunes. He died in 1422. CFJ.\RLES Vn., surnanied the Victorious, succeeded to the throne in 1422. By his great vigour and activity, he drove the English from his kingdom, and died in 1461. CHARLES Vnr., called the AfTablr, ascend- ed the throne in 1483. After having conquered Italy, and being crowned king of Naples, and emperor of Constantinople, he was driven into France, and died i;i 1498. CHARLES IX., ascended the throne in l.'jGO. During his reign, the fatal massacre of St. Bar-! was elected emperor of (Jcrmany, in 1518. He resigned his crowns in 1555, retired to a cloister and died in 1558. CHARLES VL was proclaimed king of Spain, in 1703s and elected emperor of Germany, m 1711. A great part of his reign was spei'it in war; he died in 1710. CHARLES VIL, elector of Bavaria, in 1726; he contested the imperial throne with Maria Theresa, and died in 1745. CHARLES L, king of Spain, wasChailcs V., ■mperor of Uermany. CHARLES II., .iim and successor of Philip IV., of Spain, in I6tj5, was the last of the eldest branch of Austrian princes who reigned in Spain. He died in 1700. CHARLES HI., king of Spain, son of Philip v., was a monarch of ability and virtue; lie died in 1780. CHARLES L, king of England, ascended the throne in 1025. His reign was turbulent, and in :he civil wars he was defeau-d. He was at last tried btlbie a .self-ciealed court of his subjects, and condemned, and executed, in l(i48. CHARLES II., king of England, was in Hoi land at the time of the death of Charles I., and was restored to theihrnne in HitiO. He wanted the virtues of his father, and was licentious and immoral : h» died in 1685. CHARLES GUSTAVUS X. ascended Uie throne of Sweden in 1(>54. He was a prudent and warlike monarch, and died in 16fi0. CH.ARLES XI., son and successor of the pre- ceding, was successful in war, and respected as a just prince ; he died in 1*507. CH.\KL1oS XII., of Sweden, was born June 27, KL-a, and set oft" in the style, and with the spirit of Alexander the Great. His preceptor asking him what he thought of thtit hero? "I ihink," says Charles, " that I .''honld choose to he like hini " " Aye, but," said the tutor, " he only lived .32 years." " Oh," answered the Iprince, " tliat is long enough, when a man h:is ciiuquered kingdoms." Impatient to reign, he caused himself to be drclarcd of age at 15; and, at his coronation, he snatched the crown from the archbishop of Upsal, and put it upon his head himself, with an air of grandeur that ^truck the people. His whole reign was one continued scene of warfare, and concluded at the siege of Frederickshall, in Norway, Decem- ber, 1718 ; where, as he was visiting "the works of his engineers by star-light, he was struck upon the head by a ball, and killed upon the spot. He might be called the Quixottc of the north, carrying all the virtues of the hero to an e.xcess, which made them as dangerous and pernicious as the opposite vices. His firmness was obsti- nacy ; his liberality, profusion ; his courage, rashness; his severity, cruelty; he was, in iris last years, less a king than a tyrant, and more a soldier than a hero. The projects of Alexan- der, whom he atTected to imitate, were not only tholomcw took place, which renders his name wise, but wisely executed: whereas Chsries, odious. He died in l.Wl. knowing nothing but arms, never regulated any CH.^RLES, the Fat, son of Lewis, thejiof his movements by policy, according to the German, was elected king of Italy, and em-llexigenciesof the conjuncture; but suffered him- peror, in 881. By the intrigues of his piime'lself to be borne along by a brutal courage, wMch minister, he was driven from his throne, and died in 888. CHARLES IV., grandson of the emperor Henry VII., ascended the imperial throne, in 1347. He founded the university of Prague, and *ied in 137« CHARLES v., eldest son of Philip, of Aus- tria, ascended the Spanish throno in 151G, and 118 often led him into difficulties, and at length oc- casioned his death. He was, in short, a singu lar, rather than a great man. CHARLES I., king of Naples, and brother to the king of France, was an able and politic prince ; he died in 1285. CHARLES II., king of Naples, surnamcd tbe Lame^ employed himeslf in promoting pca't CH and commerce, and the practice of religion anions his people ; he died in 1309. CHARLES in., king of Naples, grandson of the preceding, obtained the kingdom iu 1380, and died in iW,. CHARLES ir., kins of Navarrfi, surnamed the Bad. Cruelty and artifice marked his con duct ; be died in Kk*?. CHARLES MARTEL.s^n of Pepin Herig'al, 4nd dnke of Austrasia, conquered France, dr feated and slew 375,00(1 of the Saracens, and died in 741. CHARLES, duke of Burgundy, surnamcfi the Warrior, was generally successful, but at la.st slain, in 1477. CHARLES, count of Flanders, in UIO. He was benevolent and virtuous, but was slain in 1124. CHARLF.S I., duke of Lorraine, claimed tho Freiicli crown, but was deleatcd, and died in 904. CHARLES II., duke of Lorraine, a prudent and warlike prince, died in \i'M. I CHARLES IV., duke of Lorraine, was fond | of niilitaiv glcrry, but lost his dominions, andj (lied in lti7.>. CH.VRLRS V.,ofLorraine.nephewofCharlPs rV., entered the servio; of the emperor Leo-' pold, and acquired great military renown ; he' died in lOOO. ' CHARLES ALEXANDER, of Lorraine,! grandson of Charles V., was seneral of the im- perial armies, and a brave warrior ; he died in 1780. CHARLES EMANUEL, duke of Savov, ■urnumed the Great, an ambitious prince, and brave warrior, died in MIO. CHARLES EMANUEL IL, son of Victor Amadens I., a!id duke of Savoy, in lt>.38. He was an amiable and benevolent prince, and died ill 1«7,'>. CHVRLES EMANUEL III., son of Victor .AmadiMis II., duke of Savoy, in 1730. He was a good prinoe, and died in 1773. CHARLES EDWARD, grandson of .Tames II., of England, known as the Pretender, landed ill Scotland, in 1745, and defeated the British troops, but was afterwards defeated, and re- turned to France, where he died in 1783. CARLETO.N, Walter, an English physician of eminence, died in 1707. j CHARLEV.\L, Charles Faucon de Rey, lord of, a French author of genius, who died in 1693. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavier de, a learned Jesuit, celebrated for his travels, died in 1761. CHARMIS, a phvsici.in at Rome, under Nero. CHARNACE, Hercules Girard, baron de, sent ambassador to Sweden by Richelieu, died in 1637 CHARNOCK, John, born November 28, n.Vi, entered a gentleman-commoner of Merlon Col- lege, Oxford, 1774, died in the Kins's Bench pri- son. May 16, 1807 : leaving behind him, among otherworks, "Biograpliia Navalis;" 6 vols. 8vo. 1794. &c ; " A History of Marine Architecture," 3 vols. 4to.. 1802; and a " Idfeof Lord Nelson," 1806. His father, who was a man of large for- tune, totally forsook him in his distress ■ but buried him, with sreat ceremony and expense, at Lea, near Blackheath, in the same grave which, within two years after, received both his father and mother. CH \RNOCK, Stephen, an eminent divine *mons the presbyterians and independents, who published taa ttotIib in 3 volf. folio, and died in few. (I'll- I CHARNOIS, N. Vacheur de, the author of some popular romances, was barbarously mur- dered at Paris, in 1792. CH \RONDAS, a legislator, born in Sicily, flourishej about 40u B. C. CHARPENTIER, Francis, d. an of the French academy, a man of learning and abilities, died in ITOi. CHARRIER, Mark Anthony, a French law- yer, and niiMiibcr of the states general, in 17ri9, who boldly denounced all innovations. He was eondeinne'd to death, in 1794. Cll \RRON, Peter, horn at Paris, in 1541. dieif in 1(>03. He wrote a bC>:. i4k Cll CHI'.FOXTAINES.CIiristopherdc, a French Di;iii, matle arclibisliop of Cu;6aria by Gregory Xlll., a learned man, died in 1395. CHELONIS, daughter of Leonidas, king of Sparta. CUIOMIN, Catliarine du, a French lady, ce- lebrated lor painting flowers ; she died in lli;)8. Oil KJIIN AIS, Tinioloon, a lolehraled preach- er union}.' tlm Freiicli Jesuits, died in IG'JO. CMEMiMTZ, Martin, n Lutheran divinc,born at Urit/en, in Urandenbnrgh, in 13-ii. His " L.\- aniinaiion of tile council of Trent" has been ciiii>i'.li 11 d a verv masterly performancp. (.'HEM.Vn'Z.Bore.siaus Philip, a ficmian. counsellor of state to the queen of Sweden, and an niulior. lie died in 107^. ('(li;;{lLUS, a Greek jioct, intimate with He- rodotus. CHERO.V, Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of a French painter, wlio obtained celebrity by her pencil, and died in 17II. < 'II I'.KiJN, Lewis, brother of tlic preceding, and of llii- same profes-sion, died in 171U. CIIKIU'BIN, Father, a capilclrin Iriar of the ITlh century, wasamallicniaticiaa and philoso- phi-r. CllESELDEiV, William, an eminent English surgeon and nnatomi.st, born atSomerby, in Lei-| cc-atershirc, 1(188. So early as the age «f if-', hei read lectures in anatomy : of which tJie " Syl-j Tubus" was hr.si printed in 1711, and afterwards annexed to his '■ Anatomy of the Human llody," printed first in 17i;i, 8vo. Hut what he mori. particularly nttcndi.-d to, w;is the operation of cutting for the stone. In n'JC, he gained great reputation in this way ; and the year after, pub- lished his "Treatise on the High Operation lor the Stone." In 17-Jp, he immortalized himself by giving sight to a lad near H years old, who bad been totally blind from his birth, by the clo- sure of the iris, without the least opening for light in the pupil ; and drew up a particular ac- count of the w.iole process, with the various ob- Bervaiions made by the patient after he had re- covered his sight. He died April 10, 17.5'2. CIIESNE, Joseph du, a French (ihysician and writer on chymistry, died lf>09. Besides his pro- fessional works, he was author of two books in verse called " The Folly of the World," and I'The tJreat Mirror of the World." CHESNE, Andre du, called tlie father of French history, was born inTouraine, 1584, and crushed to death by a cart, as he was passing from Paris to his country house, in 1C40. His principal work was, " Un Eecueildes Historiens de France." CHEr^TER, John, an officer in the American army, distinguished himself at the battle of Bunker's hill, and afterwards attained the rank of colonel ; he died in 180U. Cn ESTERFIELD, Philip,earl of, see STAN- HOPE. CHETVVOT)E,Knightley, dean of Gloucester, author of a " Life of lord Roscommon," and of (Kveral poems, died 1720. CHETWOOD, William Rufus, many years prompter to Uriiry-lane Theatre, author of some ■ovels, a tew dramatic pieces, and a duodecimo volume called," A General History of the Stage." He died in March, 17G(). CHEVALIER, AnilionyRodolphle, a French protestant, who taught the French language to queen Elizabeth ; he died in 157'Z CHEV.XLIKR, Lewis, an eminent French lawver, and a verv pious man. died in 1744. CM EVERT, Francis de, R French general of weat bravery, who died in 1769 ft LH CHEVILLIER, Andrew, was librarian to the Sorbonne, and an author ; he died in 1700. CHEVREAU, Urban, born at Loiidnn, in France, 1613, died 1701. He wrote " A History of the World," which has been printed many times, and translated into several languages. CHICVV, Benjamin, a native of Maryland, was chief Judge of the supreme court of Peiiiisylva- 'iiia, and afterwards president of the high court !of appeals in that state ; he died in 1810. I CIIKVNE, George, a celebrated phy.sicion, ;born of a respectable family, in Scotland, 1671, |and educated at Ediid)iirgh, under Dr. Piicairn. He pas.-i(d his youth in close study and great ab- stemiousness ; but coining to London when a- boui:)0, and fmdiiig the bottle companions, the jyounj^er gentry and fiee-hver.'!, to be the niosi e'lsy of access, and most susceptible of friend- |Ship, he changed hiscouree with a view to force ja trade, till he at length grew excessively tut, short-breathed, lethargic, and listless, and swell- !cd to such an enormous size, that he exceeded 3- stone in weight. Having tried all the power of medicine in vain, he resolved at last to use a milk and vegetable diet, which removed his complaints. His size was reduced to almost 0111- third; ho recovered his mi ength, activity, and cheerfulness, with the free ,iiid perfect use of his laculiie.s, and by a regular observance of this regimen reached a mature period ; for he jdied at Bath, in his 72dyear, He wrote among other things, " An Essay on Healtli and Long Life ;" " An Essay on the true Nature and due Method of treating theGout ;" " A new Theoiy of acute and slow continued Fevers ;" " Philo sophical Principles of Religion, Natural and Re- vealed, in two parte ;" " The English iMalacfV ; or a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of all kinds, in three parts." Oil E YNEL, Francis, a non-conformist physi- cian and controversial writer ; he wrote chiefly n'.'ainst Chillingworth : he was born at Oilbrd, ICOP, and died 16t>5. CHIAURFRA, Gabriello, an Itahan poet of note.di.il in 1G38. CHIARI, Joseph, a historical painter ,of Rome, died in 1727. CHIAVISTELLI, Jacob, a perspective pain- ter, of Florence, died in 1608. CHICHELY, or CHICHLEY, Henry, arch- bishop of Canterbury, was born at Highani Fer- rers, in Northamptonshire ; he founded and en- dowed All Souls' College, 0.\ford, and dictl April 12, 1443. CHICHERLY, Sir Henry, lieutenant governor of the colony of Virginia; repeatedly, in the absence of the governor, at the head of the go- vernment, which he administered with fidelity. CHICOYNEAIJ, Francis, physician to the French king, contended that the plague was not contagious ; he died in 1752. CHICOYNEAU, Francis, son of the precwl- ing, professor and chancellor of the university of Montp»'lier, died in 1740. CHIFFLET, John James, a Frenchman, phy- sician to Philip IV. of Spain. CHILD, Sir Josiah, author of a well-writfeii " Essay on Trade," was born 1630, and died lfi!19, leaving a son who was, in 1718, created viscount Castelmainc, and in 1731 earl Tylney. The title of Tvlney is now extinct. CHHTJEBFRT I., king of France, in 511, de- t'eated the king of Burgundy, and died at Paut, in 5.58. CIHLDEBFRT XL, son of Sigebert and Brunehiiit, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Austrasia, in 575, and died in 596. f 121 cu CH CHILDEKERT HI., brolliL-r of Clo\u I[I..| surnamed the .lust, ditJ in 711. j CHILDKIUC 1., kinp of France, in 456, was banished for lii^ ill coiiiluci, HUerwards recalled, imprnvKd his kinjidoni, and died in 4^1. CHILDEKK; U., son of Clovir= and Bathilda, succeeded his brollier Ootaire III., in <)70, was licentious and cruel, and was a^assinaied ini 673. CHILDERIC HI., sumajntd the Ideot and the Idle, was raided lo the throni: by his niiuislcr Pepin, in 74-. wliomw ascciuli-d ithin)self. CHJLMXGWOKTIl, William, a divine of the church of Kiij;land, celubraled for liis skill in defending the cause of protesiants ajiainsi pa- pists, born at Oxford, IfjOJ, died lli44. Hi.s most important work is, " A free Inquiry into Reli- gion." CHILME.\D, Edmund, was ejected from his livinj, and died in 1654. CHILO, one of the seven wise men of Greece, died 5M7 R. C CHILPERICI., youngest son of Clotaire I., succeed'Hi to the kingdom of Soissons,in 361, was a wicked and cruel monarch, and was assassin- ated in .5H1. CHILPERIC II., son of Childerlc II, succeed- ed Dagohert III., in 715. He lost his throne, and di«d in 720. CHINE NOUXG, emperor of China, about 2ii37 B. C, instructed his subjects in various arts. ' CHING, or Xl-HOAM-TI, emperor of China, about 240 B. C., is said to have built the great Chinese wall. CHIR.^C, Peter, physician to the French king, was an author, and died in 1732. CHISIIULL, Edmund, educated at Oxford, was the author of travels in Turkey, and died in 1733. CHITTENDEN, Thomas, first governor of Vermont; a native of Connecticut: an illiterate man, but possessed great talents, and of great private virtue. He died in 1797. CHOIN, Maiy Emily Joly de, a lady of a no bic family of Savoy, was privately married to tlie dauphin of France, and died in 1744. CHOISEUL,Steplien Francis due de,a French politician of great abilitie8,and a generous patron of the arts ; he died in 1785. CHOISI, Francis Tiraoleon de, dean of Ba- yeux, and ambassador to the king of Siara ; he died in 1724. CHOMEL, Peter John Baptist, physician to the French king, and an author, died in 1710. CHOPIN, Renfe, a distinguished lawyer, of Anion, died in 1608. CHORIER, Nicholas, advocate in the par- liament of Grenoble, and an author, died in 1692. CHOSROES, I., the Great, king of Persia, in 531, was defeated by the Romans, and died of vexation, in57i). CHOSROES II., succeeded to the Persian throne in 590. By the aid of the Romans, he conquered Egypt, Africa, and Juda;; he died in 627. CHOUET, John Robert, a native of Geneva, and professor of pliilo.snpliy at Saumur, of dis- tinguished talents, diertiEt in London, xvliere he became a royal aca demician, and died Dec 15, 1785, aged 58. He was interred in Chelsea burial-ground, where is an elegant Latin inscription to his memory. CIRANI, Elizabeth, an Italian lady, distin- guished as a painter. CIRCIGNANO, Nicolo, called Pomeraneio, whose paintings are preserved in the churches ot Rome ; she died in 1588. CIRILLO, Uomine, a botanist, and professor of medicine at Naples, lost bie life in 1795. 124 CL CIKUFERRI, a Roman painter and architect, died in ir.89. CISXER, Nicholas, professor of philosophy, at VViitemberg, and an author, died in 1583. CIVILIS, Claudius, a Bataviun general, in the service of Rome, in the lime of the emperor Vespasian. CIVOLI, Lewis, or Cardi, an Italian painter and poet. CLAGETT, William, an Enuli.-h divine, ac live in opiKising the popish plans of James II., died in V^A. CLAGETT, Nicholas, brother of William, was also a preacher, and author of sermons ; he died in 1727. CLAIBORNE, William Charles Cole, gover- nor of the Mississippi territory, and of the .state of Louisiana, and afterwards elected to the se nate of the United States, died in 1803. CL.\IKAULT, Alexis, member of the FrPnch academy of sciences, and one of the most illus- trious mathematicians in Europe, died in Hfo. lie was one of the academicians who were sent to the north to determine the exact figure of the earth. CLAIRF.MT, N., count de, an Austrian ge- nera!, who distinguished himself against the French in the revolution. He died in 1798. CLAIRON, Clara Joseph Hypollm Lewi* Delatude, an admirable French actress, born in 1722, died by falling out of her bed, (wherein she lav sick,) January 28, 1803. CLANCY, Michael, M. D., educated at Dub- lin, wrote some poems and comedies ; he died iu I74fi. CLAP, Roger, one of the first settlers of Dor- che:.ter, Massachusetts ; he wrote memoirs of New- England, and died in 1G91. CI-AP, Nathaniel, minititer of Newport, R^ I., eminent for zeal and fidelity in his profes- sion ; he died in 1745. CLAP, Thomas, president of Yale College, one of the most profound scholars of his age, published a history of Yale College, and conjec- tures upon meteors, and constructed the first orrery, or planetarium, in America ; he died in 171.7. CLAR.\, a native of Assisi, and abbess of a new order of nuns, died in 1193. CL.'VRIO, Isidore, an Italian bishop, rtistin- guislied at the council of Trent, died in 1555. CIjARK, Peter, a highly respectable miidster, of Danvers, Massachusetts, published several sermons, and died in 1768. * CLARK, Jona.« inistcr, of Lexington, M.issachnsetts ; <, ' ■ "ort distance from his was shed the i. olood in the war of the ■'■'' )n ; he died in 1805. Cij.^RK, Thomas, was born near Coventry ; and at the age of 22, came to London, and ob- tained a porter's place. By rigid economy he saved enough to take a stick shop, at the corner of Exeter 'Change, in the Strand. After a time, he purch.tsed the Menagerie, and used to give his customers a ticket to see the lions, &c. He extended his business to the cutlery, turnery, itc, till his own shops occupied one half of the 'Change, and he hisnself rented the whole. His dealings were marked with the utmost integrity ; and he realized a fortune estimated at 300,006i. by the penurious nature of his habits. His own dinner, on six days in the week, never exceeded r,d., and 2(/. for a glass of gin and water. Though addicted, however, to the accumulation of mo- ney, it was by honourable means ; and what appeared to others liard self-privation, was, probably, to liiiii, wlio relished no liipher p!i';i sures, an enjoyment, as it was a socomi nature Mr. Clark died at i'inilico, in liis f-Ulh year, September C, )81i). CLARKE, John, one of the first founders of Rhode Island, to which he was ohhfjed lo retire, on account of his religious scniinients, which, (being a baptist,) wer« at variance with those whicli prevailed in Massachusetts ; he died in ItiTO. CLARKE, Dr. Samuel, a very celebrated English philosopher ,ind divine, horn at Nor- wich, in 1075, died May 17, iT39. His works are very nninerous. CLARKE, William, a divine and antiquary, born at Hnjjlinioa Abbey, in Shropshire, in Itiyti, died in 1771. CLARKE, Richard, an elecant classical scho- lar, who came to America in 17.')0, but returrjed to England in 17.58; he published several wotks. CLARKE, Jolin, D. D., colleaL'ue with Dr. Chauncy, in Boston, was much esteemed ; he published some occasional sermons, and letters 10 a student, &c., and died in 17n.S. CLARKE, John, governor of ihc state of De- laware, died at Smyrna, in 1821. CLARKE, Edward Daniel, L. L. D., profes- sor of mmeralogy in Cambridge, and author of trai-cls in Europe and ."Vsia, died in \S-J\i. CLARKE, Abraham, a member of congress before and after the adoption of the federal con- stitution, and a signer of the declaration of m- dcpendencc ; he died in 1791. CL.\RKE, Henry, L. L. D., a distinguished mathematician, professor of the royal military college at Rlarlow, died in 1818. His writiiiiis, nil mathematical and other subjects, are nunie- ous, ami are highly valued. CLAR KE, Saiimcl, a celebrated oriental scho- lar, of England, died in 161)9. CL.\RKE. Jeremiah, president of the colony of Rhoilr Island, died in 1648. CLARKE, Waller, was governor of Rhode Island tor several years ; he died about 1700 CL unable to speak the language, and, withal, very ill-bred, nobody cared to si!t him to work. Chance brought him at length lo Augustino Trasso, who hired him lo pound his colours, clean his pallet and pencils, look alter his house, dress hia meat lor him, and do all his household- drudgery ; for Augustino kept no other servant. This muster, hoping to moke him serviceable lo him in some of his greatest works, taught him by degrees the rules of perspective, and the ele- ments of design. Claude at fiist did not know what lo make of those principles of art; but being encouraged, and not failing in application, he came at length to understand them ; then his soul enlarged itself apace, and he cultivated the art with wonderful eagerness. He removed his tudy to the banks of the Tyber, and into the ipen fields, where he would continue from morn- ing to night, taking all his lessons from Nature herself; and by many years diligent imitation of that excellent mistress, he climbed to the highest step of perfection in land.scape painting. His memory was so good, that he would paint with great accuracy, when lie got home, what he had seen abroad. He has been universally admired for his invention, the delicacy of his colouring, unil the charining variety and tender- ness of his ilnis; for his artful distributions of I he lights and shailows, for his wonderful con- duct in the disposition of his tigures, and ibr the harmony of his cunposilions. Claude was em- ployed by Pojie I'lban VHl,, and many of the Italian princes, in adorning their palaces. He (lied ill Ii>8J, and was buried at Rome. (LAI'Di;, John, a French pmiestant, dis>- tinguislied as an orawr, and writer in defence iif the prolestani clinrch, died in 1C87. His son, Isaac Claude, published Ills works, settled at the Hague, and died in lli'.ij, CL.W'DIANUS, Claudius, a Latin poet flourished in the fourth century, under the em- peror Thcodosius, and liis tons Arcadius and Honorins; the two latter of whom, at the se- nate's request, ordered a statue to be prccted for CL,\RKE, ticorgc, an English lawyer, was him in Trajan's forum: on which was soon governor of the colony of New- York, in 173 He returned to England, and died in 1763 CLARKE, Samuel, a non-conformist under Cromwell, was highly esteemed, and died in 1682. CLARKE, Edward, chaplain to Lord Bris- tol's embassy lo Madrid, died in 1786. CLARKSON, David, ejected from his living for non-conformity, a learned and respectable luan, died in 1686. ^p . , , (7L.\RI\i*ON, t3erar>V -.u'lespcctable physi- »i'l79 H.* 790. ciaii, of I'hiladelphia, d CLARK.SON, Matlhrw,'of New-Yor»r ' " in r/.^S, died April, 1825. He was a m'ij ,,,.' reral in the revolutionary war, and particularly distinguished himself at the battle of Bridge- water. He subsequently held various public trusts, and, at the time of his death, was tirst vice-president of the American Bible Society. His name is associated with those who fougiit and ble«l for American Independence ; and in private life, with the most elevated virtues. CLAUDE, a monk of the celestine order, in the 15th century. CLAUDE of LORRAINE, a famous landscape painter, born in 1600. He was sent to school, but proving extremely dull and heavy, he was sent thence, and bound apprentice to a pastry-cook, Willi whom he served out his time. Afterwards he went with some young fellows to Rome, with a view of getting a'liveljliood there; but bcitig II* after placed the following ^graiii, in Greek : " Rome and the Ca'snrs here his statue raise, " Who Virgil's genius joined to Homer's lays." CLAUDIUS I., successor to tlie emperor Ca- ligula, much given to vice ; he was poisoned, A. D. 54. CL.AUDIUS II., successor of Gallicnus, em- peror of Rome, died in 27X, much lamented. CLAUDIUS, Appius, progenitor of the Ap- pian family at Rome, 504 B. C. CLAUDIUS, Appius, son of the preceding, was iinsul at Rome, and severe in his discipline. CLAUDIUS, Appius, a Roman decemvir, in- famous for attempting lo violate the chastity of Virginia ; he died in prison. CLAUDIUS, Appius, surnamed Ccecus, cele- brated for making the Appian way, at Rome. CLAVIUS, Christopher, an eminent mathe- matician, born in Germany, in 1537, and con sidered as the Euclid of his age, died at Rome, ill 1612. CLAYTON, Dr. Robert, a learned prelate, and writer, bishop of Cork, in 173."); of Clogher, in 1745; died in 1758; he was averse to the Ni- ccnc and .\thanasian creeds. CLAYTON, John, an eminent botanist and physician, of Virginia, wiio came from England in 1705, died in 1773. He was a member of some of the most Icained societies of Europe and corresponded with Linnxus, tec. 125 CL CLAYTON, Joshua, a physician, was gover nor of Delaware, and a member of tlie United States' senate ; lie died in IT'.iy. CLEAVER, William, prebendary of VVesl- niinster, afterwards bishop of Chester, Bangor, and St. Asa!)h"s, died in Irtlo. CLEA-NTHES, a sloic philosopher, disciple of Z«'no, flourished at Atheiw, 240 B. C. He maintained himself in the day by working in the night ; aiid being once questioned by the magistrates how he subsist*^, he brought a woman for whom he kneaded bread, and a gar- dener foi whom he drew water ; and refused a present oifered him by bis jud;;es, having a trea- sure, ''as lie said.) in his ability to labour. CLEEVK, Joseph, a Flemish painter, whose pieces were misers counting their treasures ; he dif^d in 1536. CLEG HORN', George, a physician and medi- cal writer, born at Graaton, near Edinburgh, in 1716, died in 1789. His chief publicaiion was 'The Diseases of Minorca CL '3 Roman, succeeded Clement IX., iii 1670, of a juiild character ; iie died in 1076. CLEMENT XI , John Francis Albani, a Ro- man, elected popt, in 170(1, an able politician ; bis reign wx^niiich disturbed by ih,- Jan^enists; he died in 1721. CLEMENT X n., Laurence Corsini, a Roman, succeeded Benedict XIII., in 1730; Ik- was very popular, and corrected many abuses in the church ; lie died in J74U. CLE.ME.NT XI 11., Charles Rezzonico, of Ve- nice, succeeded Benedict XIV., in 175cS, and died in 170".), greatly respected. CLEJlGNT XIV., John Vincent Anthony Gansanelli, an Italian, raised to the pofjedoni on the death of Clement XIH. He suppressed the Jesuilii, and died, supposed by some to have been poisoned, in 1774. CLEMEiN'T, David, a native of Hof Gcismar, a minister and auilior, died at Hanover, in 1760. CLEMENT, Francis, a native of Beze, in Burgundy, a historian of much celebrity, died CLEIVELAND, John, a noted loyalist and in 17 popular poet in tiie reign of Charles I. He has. CLE.MEXT, Peter, a native of Geneva, tra- however, had the fate of those poets who, pay- veiling tutor of Lord WaUiegrave, a poet, and ing their court to temporary prejudices, have '[conductor of Nouvelles Literaires of France, been at one time too much praised, and atano-jjdied in 17i)7. ther too much neglected. Cotemporary wiihi CLEOBi.'JJ'S, one of the seven wise men of Milton, he was, in his time, exceedingly pre- 1 Greece, wlio died about STiO B. C. ferred before him ; and .Milton's own nephew j CLEOMBK.OTUS, there were two of this Fays, t'jat ho was by some esteemed the best of l;naine, kings of Sparta; one flourished 371, the the En<;li8li poets. But Cleiveland is now sunk ptiier abtiui 480 B. C. into ob'ivion, while Milton's fame is universally diffused. He was born at Loughborough, Lei- cestershire, in 1613, a;id died in ItioS. CLEM.\NCIS,.\icholas, a Frenchman, rector of the university, who advocated a reform of the Romish church ; he died in 1440. CLE.ME.VCET, Charles, a Frenchman, of great memory, and a distinguished writer, died in 177S. CLEMEXS, Titus Flavius, a father of the church, succeeded, in 101, to the famous school at .-Mcicandria, where he died. CLEMEXS, Romanus, a father of the church, companion of Paul, bishop of Rome, and author of an epistle to the Coriiitliians, died A. D. 100. CLEMENT II., bishop of Bamberg, a Saxon, elected pope, in 1047, died in 1048, distinguisiied for his zeal asainst simony. CLEME.VT III., bishop of Prseneste, succes- sor of Gregory VIII. .as pope, in 1187, died in U'Jl CLE.MENT IV., Guy de Foulgues, a French- man, of great moderation, prudence, and impar- tiality, was elected pope, after Urban v., in 1265, and died in 1'2!>3. CLEMENT v., Bertrand de Goth, .».French- roan, bishop of Bordc^a'.ix, elected pope, in 1305, was accused of licentiousness and extravagance ; he died in 1314. CLE.MEXT VI., Peter Roger, doctor f>f Paris university, elected pope, in 134-2, a worthy, ge iierous, and learned prelate, but represented otherwise bv .soiik' ; he died in 1352. CLEME.VT VI 1., Juliu-s de Medicis, an Ital- ian, elected pope, in 1523; he was besieged by Charles V., who plundered Rome ; he excom- municated Henry VIII., wliich led to the refor- mation in England, and died in 1534. CLEMENT VIII., Ilippolitus Aldobrandin, a liberal minded and benevolent pope, elected in 1592, died in 1005. CLEMENT IX., Julius Rospigliosi, a Tuscan pop^, elected in 1077, died of grief for the loss of 9andia by the Turks, in 1669. ©LEMENT X., John Bqpwt Bmillus Altisri, 126 CLEUME.NES, a king of Sparta, who slew himself, 491 B. C. : another reigned 61 years ; a third was defeated bv the Achasans, fled to Egypt, and killed himsjif, 219 B. C. CLEOI'ATIl.V, queen of Egypt, famous alike for her beauty, and her licentious passiutis, was daughter of Ptolemy Auleles, and had a son by Cuisar, called Cssario. She killed herself after the defeat of Marc Antony, that she niigiit not be carried to Rome in triumph ; and with her ended the family of the Ptolemies in Eaypt, after it had reigned, iVorn the death of Alexander, '.'94 years ; for Eijypt, after that, was reduced to a Itoinaii province, in which dependence it re- niuined till it was taken from iheni by the Sara- cens, A. D. 641. CLEOSTRATUS, a Grecian astronomer, who invented the signs of the Zodiac, 536 B. C. CLEIK,', Sebastian le, engraver to Lewis XIV., rose from obscurity to minence; he was admirable in his landscape.' nd died in 17]4. CLERC, John lo, a celebrated philosophical and theological writer, and universal scholar, born at Geneva, in 1657, died in 17.36. CLERC, Daniel le, a native of Geneva, and professor ; also eminent as a physician, and learned antiquary ; he died in 1728. CLERC, John le. a Frenchman, was knighted at Venice, and died in 1633. CLERKE, Gilbert, an able Greek scholar, and mathematician, a Socinian, fellow of Sidney College, Cambridge, died in 1695. CLERMONT TONNERRE, Stanislaus, count of, a French nobleman in the states general at Paris, in 1789, was massacred for his oppoaitioa to the Jacobin club, in 1793. CLEVELAND, John. Vid. CLEIVELAND. CLEVELAND, John, a pious and much es- teemed minister, of Ipswich, Massachiisetta ; he was author of several religious works, and died in 1799. CLIFFORD, Martin, an English writer, who made every man's fancy the guide of his reli- gion ; he died in 1677. CL CL1FF(.)RI), Gporge, earl of Cuuiberlainl, a celebrated Engiisli navigaior, born in 1538, dit'd jn l(iU5. CLINTON, Ilonry, a British general in th( American war ; evacuated I'hiladelpliia in 1778 took Cliarleston, in I7d0; -.vas gdvcrnor ol' (ii braltiir in 17(15, and died sliDrily after. CLIN'l'ON, .laines, was a gentleman of la leutiS in the colony of Niw-York, and ancestor of the present distingnibhed family of that tiame. CLINTON, C'liailes. a native of Ireland, ear- ly emigrated to America, where he maintained a high cliaractcr tor usefuhiess and ret^petabili ty. He was the father of James and Ueoriie Clinton, and died in 177;}. CLINTON, .lames, son of the preceding, and major general in tlic American army dining ihr revolution, distingiiislied himself qh a brave and jndefatigableolficer, in the wars with the French )uid Indians ; and during the revohitionaiy war, lie WHS with General Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians ; was for some time coni- niandcr of tlie northern section of the union, stationed at Albany, and was at'terwards at lln siege of Yorktown. Ho closed his military ca- reer, by bidding farewell to \Vn>hin{;ton HI New-York, and retiring to private life ; lie died in 1812. CLINTON, George, brother of the general, was an eminent lawyer and member of f ongre.vs in 1770. He was an active supporter of the principles of the revolution and ot his connlry'.s fights : and, during the war, he rendered etsen- lial scrvici's to the American arms. lie was repeatedly chosen governor of the stale of New- York, and was elevated to the office of Vice- President of the United Stales in 1804. He died at Washington in 1812. CLINTON, George, vice-admiral of the En- glish navy, and governor of the colony of New- York, afterwards returned to England. Tlie time of his death is not known. CLI3S0N, Oliver de, a native of Brittany.dis- tingnished for his valour, died in 1407, much respected. CLISTHENES, an Athenian, who introduced the law of ostraiism. CLITOM.ACHU.'^, aCarthasrinian philosopher, wlio wrote 400 vols., and coniniitted suicide. CLIVE, Robert Lord, an eminent East India governor, and a st«'ung instance of the iiicfli- cicncy of wealth or .wternal honours to confer happiness, was born at Moreton-Say, near Mar- ket Drayton, Shropshire, 1725; and died, as is taid, by his own hand, Nov. 02, 1774. cLrVE, Catherine, an ennnent actress in bw comedy, born 1711, died 1785. CLODirs, Publius, a debauched Roman sen- ator, killed by Milo, S3 B. C CLOOT9, Anacharsis, a native of Prussia, who in the French revolution called himself llie orator of the human race ; profane, and irreli- gious ; he was guillotined in 1794. CLOPINEL, or JOHN de MKUN, a French poet, celebrated at the court of Philip the fair : he died in 1,1M. CLOSTERMAN, N., a portrait painter, who made himself rich in London ; he died in 171H. CLOTMRE 1., fourth son of Clovis, king of Soi.ssons, and in 558 king of all France ; he died instil CLOT.MRE n., king of Poissons, was cruel and oppressive, and died in fi28. CLOTAIRE in. kinKorBurgnndy,diedin670. CLOVIO, George, a Sclavonian, eminent as a hiitorical and miniature painter, died in lS7d. CO CLOVIS I., founder ol the French monarchy, was converted to Christianity, :ind died in 511. CLOVIS II,, succeeded his father Uagobert in fioS ; he was mild but dtbauclicil. t LOVIS m., succeeded his father Thiern III., in GUI. CLOWES, William, surgeon to queen Eliza- beth. CLI'ENTIUS, a Roman, accused of murder- ing his fattier, delended by Cici ro. i:LUVLRlis, Philip, a celebrated geogra- pher, born at Uantzie, 1580, died at Leydcn, in ir.2:t. CLYMER, Gp(Mge, a member of Congress in 1770, was a signer of the declaration of inde- pendence, and a distinguished advocate of Am- erican rights ; he died in 18i:(. COBB, J.imc.-, aectelary at the East India House, in Knglaiid, and a very successful wri- ter of <.prras and farces, died June 2, 1818, in his , was the elilest son o!'| Sir Henry Coitt, km. , t"ice lord-mayor, 'iv ho; hnd, iH'.-iiies him, 21 children. Leinu dean ol ' St. rani's, and having a very plentiful eslaii! witlioul any near relations, (lor nuineroui? as| his brethren were, they wijjd all dead and bu-j ried,) he resolved, in the midsl n) life and health,' to consecrate the whole projierty of it to souie standing and perpetual bem I'action. And thi:! he perl'ormed by fouiulintc and endowing StJ I'anl's school, in London, of which he appoini ] ed William Lilly llist master, in ljT2. lie or- dained that there sliould be in this ■.■chool a !iigli| master, a submaster,ai!d acliaplain, who should: ttach gratis, 153 children, divided into S classes ;! and he endowed it with lands and houses, a mounting then to 1C2I. 4s, 7d. halfpomiy per an mini, of which endowment he made the loni- paiiy of mercers trustees. He died September IG, l.')19. CtlLEY, Ilonry, an eminent astrologer, in England, ilicd in'liiiH). COLIGNl, Gaspard de. a celebrated admiralj of France, who bravely supported the cause of I the French protestants against the duke of (iui.-e and his adherents ; but after several victories gained over their persectitors, was at la.-t basely assassinated by oneof 'he domestics of the dukd of Guise, in the beginning of the horrid massa- cre of Paris, on itie eve of St. Bartholomew's day, 1.572. COLIGNI, Henrietta, daughter of a marshal cf France of the same name, celebrated for her| poetical productions, died in 1673. COLL.VDO, Diego, a Spaniard, superintend ent of the convents of the Philippine3,and author of a work on the Japancw languaize. COLLANGE, Gpbriel de, a Huguenot, killed at the massacre of ft. Bariholom<'Ws, in 1572. COLLATINUS, husband of the celebrated Lucretia, in conjunction with Brtitns, expelled the Tarquin family from Rome, and established the ciinsular government. COLLE, Charles, a Frenchman, distinguish- ed as a comic writer, died in 1783. OLLEGE, Stejihen. a profesiant mechanic, unjuslly condemned in lti81, as engaged in the conspiracy against Charles H. C0LLEO.\E, Bartholomew, a native of Ber paino, distinguished for his military successes in the service of the Venetians, died in 1475. COLLET, Peter, a French ecclesiastic, of Ter- nay, author of several works "u 'heology and iiograph}' died in 1770. R CO COIJjET, Philibert, a French advocate; au- thor of treatises on exconinuinications, tythes, &c., died in 1713. COLLKTET, William, a French academician, who wrote for the theatres, under Richelieu, died in lt;i).'i. COLLETON, James, was governor of the colony of Poutli (^aroliiia, about 1660. COLLIER, .Inrcmy, an eminent English di- vine, horn at Stow-Uui, in Cambridgeshire, in itJoO, died 172C. He published " Essays upon several moral subjects," which have passed through many editions. In 1698, he made an atlenipt to reform the siage, by publishing his " Short View of the Inimocaliiy and Profane- nessof theEnelishSiage," and other pampiilets. This engaged him in a coniroverey with tlis wits; and Congiove-aiid Vanbrugh, whi^m, wlili many others. In' had taken to task very sever* !y, apiieaied openly against him. In this conlro- vd-sy with till- sl.ige. Collier exerted him.-cif to th( utmost advantage ; hislabours were attend- ed with success, and actually produced repcnt- anc-e and amendment ; for it is allowed on all hands, that the decorum which has been, lor the most part, observed by the later writers of iioiis of Collier. Collier also published ■' .-^n Ecclesiastical History ol Great Britain," 2 vols, folio, w hicll is written with great judg- ment ; and translated Sloreri's " Historical, Geo- giapnical, Genealogic4il, and Poetical Dictiona- ry," ill 4 vols, folio, a work of very great la- bour. COLLINGS, John, an eminent tcxTuary and rriiic, born in lt)23, died ]6iK). He wrote many books of conliovcrtial and practical divinity, the most singular of w hicli is " The Weaver's Pock(!t-book ; or Weaving spiritualized," e\o ; and he had a principal hand in Matthew Poole's .Annoi.'ifiiuis on the Bible. ( OLLINGWOOD. Cuthbcit, lord, a eallant British admiral, the intimate friend of the im- mortal Nelson, aiid his successor in the com- mand of the Mediterrane.an fleet, which achiev- ed the glnriuus victory of Trafalgar. His lord- ship was born in the county of Ncirthuniberland, in 1750; was created a peer of the realm, with a handsome annuity, Nov. 20, ISOo, and died March 7, IslO, on board his tlag ship, the Ville de Paris, olf Minorca. Hewasa nianof great, but unobtrusive merit. He commanded a 74 in the biiulc of the 1st of June, under lord Howe. Ii. tiic great battle of Aboukir, he also bore a di?tinguished part ; but it was reserved for the bailie of Trafaluar to raise his tame to its high- est pitch. His ship, the Royal Sovereign, in which he broke through the "centre of the ene- my's line, appeared, as viewed from the Victo- ry, which led the other division, a blaze of Hrc. " See," said the great Nelson, on viewing it, " how th.-it nohle fellow, Collinirwood, carries his ship into action. On the de.tth of the for- mer lamented hero, he succeeded to the com- mand in chief. Since that groat and memora- ble day, oomprising an interval of about four years and a half, his lordship had never set foot upon land; being employed in the arduous and hara-ising duty of watciiing the Toidon fleet; so that he never took his seat in the house of peers, nor revisited his family or com try, after his signal mrriis had nbfained the distiiignislied honours and rewards that we have staled. COLLINS, John, a mathematician and arith- metical writer, born at Wood Eaton, near Ox- ford, 1624, died ICai. 1«9 CO COLLINS, Antlioiiy, an eminent writer on polemical subjects, and liie friend and corres- Sondenl of the great Mr. Locke, wa!i Ixirn at leston. near liouiialuw, in Aliddlescx, in liiTfi, and died 1729. He published liis celebrated " Discourse of Free-tliiiikiiig," in 8vo, 17i:i, and hia " Discourse of ttie Grounds and Rea- sons of the Chri:«'iaii Religion," in 1724 ; and wrote, besides ih<;je, a great many books, which were warmly attacked by the orthodox writers of that time. COLLINS, .Vrlhur, author of " The Peerage of England," was tlie mjh of William Collins, esq. (gentleman usher to queen Catharine, in the year ItiGH,) and born in 1G82. Having received a liberal education, and being from his youth n:uch inclined to tlie study of aiUiqnitics, he conceived the arduous design of dige.«ling a compendious account of the nobility of these kini^doins, who^e genealogies had, till tliat lime, been mouldering in private cabinets. The work had great merit: the rewards of liis labour were, however, by no lueans adequate to the time lie devoted to these researches. The other works known to be published by Mr. Collins, we?e " cydncy Slate Papers," " Historical Collec- tionsof the Families of Cavendish, Holies, Vere, Harley and Ogle," " The liilc of Edward the Black Prince," and " Proceedings, Frecedenlb, and .\r2uments on Claims and Controversies, concerning Baronies by Writ, and other Ho- nours." He died in 1760, and was buried in the church of Battersea, Surrey. Whatever praise is due to Biographical literature in general, cer- tainly belongs to one who dipped even into the funereal urn to stamp his labours with authen- ticity; and such is the credit they have obtain cd, ihat while there remains a spark of venera- tion for the exploits of the ancient English peer age, the volumes which record them, and bear Arllmr Collins' name, will be consulted as the authentic history of that splendid and vital part of the Brili.sh constitution. A grand!^on of Arthur (Colonel David Collins) lias lately given fo the world a veiy valuable " Account of the English Settlement of New South Wales," from its first establishment, in January, 1788, 4to, vol. 1, 1798, vol. 2, 1802; repr.nted in 1 vol. in 1804 Colonel Collins died governor of the British set- tlement on Van Diemen's Land, .March 24, 1810 COLLINS, Samuel an English physician, au- thor of the present state of Russia, 1071. COLLINS, William, an unfortunate, but ad- mirable poet, was born at Chichester, in 1721, and died June 12, 1759. During his residence at Magdalen College, Oxford, he applied him- self to poetry, and published the " Persian," or, as they have since been entitled, " Oriental Ec- Vogues," with regard to which, it may justly be asserted, that in simplicity of description and expression, that in delicacy and softness of num- bers, and in natural and unaffected tenderness, riiey are not to be equalled by any thing of the pastoral kind in the English language. About 1744, he suddenly left the university, and went to London, a literary adventurer. He designed many works ; but his great fault was irresolu- tion. He published proposals for a " History of the Revival of Learning ; but probably not a page of the history was ever written. His un- cle, Mr. Martin, a lieutenant- colonel, left him about 20001. But man is not born for happiness ; Collins, who, while he studied to live, Celt no evil but poverty, no sooner lived to study, than hJB life was assailed by more dreadful calami- tics, disease and insai.Uy; and li« died a lunatic 130 CO An elegant monument has b'.cn erected to his memory in Chichester cathedral, with some beautiful lines inscribed from the pen of Mr. Hayley. COLLINS, John, the ingenious author of ■' The Evening Brush," an oral entertainment of story, song, and senliment, which he deli- vered many years with great success in all the principal towns of Great Britain and (rcluiid ; lie was born iu 1712, and died at Binniiigham, May 2, 1303. COLLINS, John, a member of congress, and governor of Rhode- Island, died in 1795. C'OLLLXS, John, governor of Delaware, died in 1^22. COLLINSON, Peter, F. R. S., an ingeniou* botanist and natural Jiistorian, died August IL COLLIUS, Francis, doctor of a college of Milan : author of a work in which he decrees salvation to the sages of (5reccc, the inidwives of Egypt, See, died in 11540. ( OLLOT, Germain, a French surgeoU) fa- mous for his skill in litholoniv, died in 1656. COLLOT D'HERBOIS, J. M., who, becoming a member of the French convention, was depu- ted to punish the revolt of tiie city of Lyons, and completely destroyed it, because, while a player, he had been hissed there; afterwards the companion of Robespierre ; ho died in con- finement, at Cayenne. COLLUTHUS, a priest of Alexandria, who maintained that God was not the author of the wicked; he was condemned as a heretic in 324. COLSIAN, George, an eminent dramatic wri- ter, son of Thomas Colinan, esq., British resi- dent at Florence, was born at P'lorence, in 1732, and placed at a very early age in Westminster school. In 1*58 he removed to Christ Cliurcli College, Oxford, and there took the degree of M. A. Dining his progress at Westminster, and while at College, he formed those literary con- nexions with whom he remained in friendship till they severally dropped off the stage of life. Lloyd, Churclijll, Bonnel, Thornton, and other celebrated wits of a former day, were among the intimate associates of Mr. Colinan, and gave eclat to his name, by noticing him in several of tlieir compositions. Mr. C. was admitted int». the society of Lincoln's- Inn, and was called to the bar, where he practised a very short time. -About the year 1768, Mr. Beard, being incapa ble of bearing any longer the fatigues of a thca trical life, and wishing to retire from the ma- nagement of Covenl-Garden theatre, disposed of his properly in that house, to Messrs. Col man, Harris, Powell, and Rutherford. These gentlemen were, for a short time, joint mana- gers, but Mr. Colinan appearing to desire a great- er authority than the others, '.nicept Mr. Powell) which they were unwilling to yield, he was in- duced, after a liter;iry warfare, which was pub- lished, to dispose of his sjjare. Soon after, Mr. Fo03. COLONNA, Poinneo, a restless ecclesiastic ; the cause of many calamities lo the Romans, by his ambition and intrigues for' the popedom ; lie dii-d in \!i'3!-2. COLONNA, Francis, a Venetian, who, being di^appoiuttd in love, wrote a curious book call- ihI llypnerotomachia di Polyphilo ; he died in jj-rr. COLONN.\, Victoria, an Italian, author of some elegant poems, died in 1547. C01A>NN A, Mark Antonio, duke of Paliano, defeatea Ihe Turks in the battle of Lepanto, and enieri d Rome in triuinph ; he died in 1584. COLONN.\, Ascanio, son ot the preceding, distinguished fbr his delcnce of the pope in his dispute with the Venetians, died in 160f . COLONNA, John, a iiapal legate to the Christ- ian army in Palestine, taken by the Saracens, atd cruelly treated ; but was saved on accoui,'. of his fortitude : he died in 1245. COLONNA, Giles, bishopof Dourges, a learn- ed man, and theological professior, died in 1316. COLONN.\, Fabricio, a celebrated warrior against the Ursini, died in 1520. COLUt:HOUN, Patrick, L. L. P., a merchant and lord provost of Glasgow, afterwards distin- guished as a police magistrate of London, and a writer on the police of that city ; he died in 1820. COLRANE, Henrj- Hare, lord, a learned Englishman, who travelled three times through England, and made a noble collection of prints and drawings of antiquities ; he died in 1740. COLSTON, Edward, a person ever memora- ble for his benefactions and charities, was bom at Bristol 1036, and died at Wortlake, in Surrey, Oct. 11, 1721. He was buried in the church of All-saints, Bristol, where a monument is erected! to his memory, on which are enumerated his ptiblic charities to an amazing extent. | COLUMBUS, Christopher, a Genoese, born CO 11442, and I'umous in history for being the disco- [verer of America, though it took its name from lAmericus Vesputius, who, by the encourage- ment of Emanuel, king of Portugal, made, iu 1497, some additional discoveries to Uiose of Co- lumbus. Columbus died 1506. I COLUMBUS, Barihoh>mew, brother of the preceding, who accompanied iiiin in his voya- ges of diticovery ; being sent to England to soli cit aid, he was taken by pirates ; he founded St. Domingo, and died in 1514. COLl'AIBUS, Kealdus, an Italian anatomi- cal writer, whose opinions on the blood, nearly approached to Harvey's discovery of the circu- lation ; he died in 1577. t.:OLUMELLA,a Latin writer, who flourished about the year 42. and has left us some booka upon agriculture, and a "Treatise on Trees," which are curious and valuable. COLUMNA,Giiy, a native of Sicily, author of a chronicle in 30 books. COLUTHUS, a Greek poet, who lived in th? beginning of llie fith ceim'iry. COLViUS, Andrew, a native of Dort, trans- lator of Father PauTs treatiiie on the inquisition, author of some elegaut poetry ; died in 1671. — His son Nicholas was also a' learned and elu- qiieni divine, and died in 1717. COLWILL, Alexander, principal of Edin- burgh college, in 1662 ; author of the Srotcll Hudibras, in which he ridiculed the presbyte- rians ; he died in 1670. COMBE, Charles, M. D.,an eminent physi- cian and critic, and highly distinguished as a medalist, was born in London, Sept. 23, 1743, and educated at Harrow-school. He died ia Bloomsbury square, March 18, 1817. COMBEFIS, Francis, known as a learned editor of several Greek lalliers ; he died in 1679. COMBER, Dr. Thomas, dean of Durham, bom at VVesterham, in Kent, 1C45, died 1699. — He was the author of several learned works chiefly relating lo the " Conunon Prayer :" and, among others, of the "Companion to the Altar." COMBER, Thomas, fellow of Trinity college and D. D., dean of Carlisle; advocated the di- vine right of tythes, against Selden ; he died in 16.53. COMENIUS, J(jhn Amos, a protestant, emi- nent as a divine : hut still more so a.% a gram- marian ; born in Moravia ; author of " Janua Linguarum," which was translated into 12 lan- guages : he died in 1671. COME NATALIS, or NATAL CONTI, au- thor of Greek and Latin [wems, and a valuable work on mythology ; died in 1590. COMIERS, Claude, a professor of mathema- tics; wrote on comets and spectacles, and died in 1693. i. COMINES. Philip de, an excellent French his- torian, born in Flanders, 1446, died 150'.t, leav- ing behind him " Memoirs of his own Times." COMMANDINUS, Frederic, an Italian, of noble birth, an cvcellent Greek scholar, and ma- thematician ; he translated Archimedes, Euclid, &c., and died in 1575. COMMELLN, Jerome, an eminent printer, of France ; he printed Chrysostom's worki in 4 vols, and died in 1598. COMMENDONE. John Francis, a native of Venice, wrote Latin verses at 10,afierwards sus- tained many offices under Julius III., Paul IV., and Pius IV. ; he died in 1584. COMMERSON, Philibert, botanist to the French king, accompanied Boi'gainville round the world, and distiiiguiibed himself by bis la; 131 Jf CO hours aucl collcclions, lie left 200 vols, in folio, aiiU S-Z cased of plants. He died at liiu Islu of France, in 1773. UO.MMIRE, Jolm, author of fables, which are esit-emed equal to those of i'liedrus ; lie died at Paris, in 170-2. COMMOtil, Andrea, an admired Florentine painter, died in 10:18. COSliMOOlANUS of Gaza, a Chrir-Uan poet, of the 4lh century, author of " Institutiones." COMAIOUCS, Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, a dissipated emperor of Konie, ISO. COMNE.XA, Anna, a most accomplished la- dy, and daughter of the Greek emperor, Alex- ius Comnenus, flourished about 1118, and wrote 15 books upon the life and actionsof herfallier, which she called " The Alexiad." CO.MrTOA, Spencer, master of t!io robes to the prince of \Valcs, afterwards Charles I., and a zealous advocate for him ; he was slahi at the tattle oi Hopton-heath, in 1043. CO.Ml'TON, Henry, bishop of 0.\ford, who Was intrusted with the education of the prin- ccssce Mary and Anne, displeased James H., by his /.cal as a proieatatu, and was dismissed from tile privy council, and although restored, took part with William, prince of Orange, against James. He died in 1713. COMTE, Lewis le, a French Jesuit, missiona- ry to Ciiiiia, in I6t;5. ■ CO.\A.\T, Dr. John, an eminent English di- viiie, born Oct. 18, 1008, at Yeatonton, in Devon- Fliire, was educated at Exeter College, Oxfoiil, where his unconnnon parts and learning soon acquired him the fr.vour of Dr. Jclni Prideaux, thtm rector of that college, wiio used to say of him, Conanti nihil est difficile; an excellent pun, which, however, would be lost in tit.n .lalion. Having taken his degrees, he was by the par- liament consiituled one of the assembly of di- vines, though he seldom or never sat with them. In li>47, he was chosen rector of his college ; shortly after, Regius piofessoi' of divinity, and in 1C57, made vice-chancellor of the university. In 1076, he was made archdeacon of Norwich, by bishop Reynolds, wliose daughter he married in 1051 ; and in 1081, a prebendary of Worcester, by king Chailea 11. In 1086, he lost his sight; anil ill 1C!13, died, leaving behind hiin a number of admired sermons, of which, six volumes are in print. Dr. C. was buried in the church of A!l- yaints, Northampton, of which he had been vicar many year.*, and possessed a considerable estate in the ueighbouriiood. CONCHA, Seb;istian, a painter, born atGaeta, died in 1701. His pieci-s arc much admired. (;ONrC.'\NEN, Jlattliew, a native of Ireland, who went to England, and gained some reputa- tion by writing in support of the niinistiy ; he was afterwards attorney-general for Jamaica, 17 years, and died in 1749. (X)NCIN.\, Daniel, a celebrated Venetian preacher, author of a system of theology, &.c., died in 17.56. CONCINl, better known by the name of mar- shal d'.Ancre, a Floreniini',wlio, by his intrigues, became a marquis iind niarechal of France, but was shot by one of iiis enemies, in 1017. CONDA M I. \R, Charles Marie de la, a cele- brated French traveller and poet, born at Paris, in j70t, died 1774, leaving many ingenious and valuable works. CONPE, '.ewis, first duke of, distinguished for his valour at the ha'tlc of Qnintin, and after- wards as the Icailerof theHu.'uenots ; he died in 1569, of wounds received in the haute of Dreux. 132 CO C'OiNDE, Henry, prince of, known in tlio court of Henry IV., of France, was sent to the baslile, in 1610, and liberated three years after; he w;ls restored to favour, and ditjihiyed his va- lour in the service of his country; he died in 1040. CONDE, liouis de Bourbon, duke d'Enpheiii, and prince of, usually styled the Great Coinie. He lived uiiiler the leign of Louis AlV., and was one of the bravest and uiost skiltul gene- rals ihai France ever produced. COXDE, Henry Julius de, distinguished him- self under his lather, at the |»a.s.sage of the Rhine, and was a patron of learning. He died in 170!t. C'ONDER, John, an eminent dissenting mi nister, born in Cambridgeshire, 1714, died in London, in 1781 , having published " An Es=ay iiti the inrportance of the Ministerial Charac- ter," and several sermons on public occasions. C0:;DU,L.\C, Stephen Honnot lic, a French writer on commerce, politics, and metaphysics, died Aug. 2, 1780. He was preceptor to the in fant duke of Parma, and composed for the u.s« of his illustrious pupil " A Course of Study," which was afterwards published in I'wP, in 18 vols. IQmn, and is deserving of great praise. COIvDORCET, Jolm Anthony Nicholas Ca- ritat, inanjuis de, a French geometririan and [ihilosophical writer, and perpetual secretary of the academy of sciences at Paris, born atHibc- mont, in Picardy, Sept. 17, 1743, died March 28, 1794. His mathematical writings are numerous and useful ; but those on philosophical subjects strike at the root of religion, both natural and revealed. CONDREN, Charles de, known for his influ- ence in procuring a reconciliation between the king and the duke of Orleans, died in 1641. CONFTCIL'S, rhe celebrated Chinese philo- ophcr, was born in the kingdom of Lu, which is at pr( sent the province of Chan Long, .551 years bclore the birth of Christ. His (.xtensive knowUdge and great wisdom made him every ^vhere known : his int'.^grity, and the splendour of his virtues made him beloved: kings w'ere governed by his counsels, and the people reve- renced iiim as a saint. He died in the 73d year of his age. CO.^GKEVE, William, an English dramatic v/riter and poet, born at Bardspy, near Leeds, in February, 1069. Though bred to the law, he found no cliaims in that profession, but turned his mind to polite literature, particularly to rlranialic composition, and wrote a comedy caliod " The Old Bachelor," of which Dryden, to whom he was recommendedjSaid " that he never saw such a tirst play in his life ;" and in the performance, it met with sucli general applause, that Con- greve was thcnceforwaid considered asthepiop of the declining stage. Having written four comedies, a tragedy, an oratorio, aiid a masque, and enjoyed some lucrative employments under overnmcnt, he died Jan. 19, 1728-9, and was buried in Westminster-abbey. CONNOR, Dr. Bernard, a medical and liisto- ical writer,horn in Kerry, Ireland, in 1006, and died 1098. In 1694, he was appointed physician to John Sobieski, kinij of Poland ; and while there, wrote " A History of Poland." Going afterwards to England, he read lectures atCam- bridse, and in 1697, published " Evangelium Medici," &c., ;. work which gained him much reputation by its ici;v"itie and ingenuity. His History of Poland it in 'J vols. 8vo. CONON, an Athenian general, defeated Vy CO l-ysaiider ; lif; al'terwanls delcaied the Spartans, and was put to death 393 B. C COXON, an astronomer of Samoa, and friend of Arcliinicilks. C'ONKAI) 1., count of Franconia, and king of Gfriuaiiv, in 912. CO.NKAi) H., king of Ocrmany in 1024, and enij)cror of Rome 3 yoal^ after ; he conquered Burgundy, andditdin 1039. CONKAD IIJ., elected emperor of Germany, and though oppoi-ei, lierrconcilcd his enemies, and entered upon a crusade, in which he nearly lost his arniv by poison : he died in ]]&2. CON'UA D IV., suc-ccded hit father, Frederic II., as emperor, in 1250, unsuccessfully opposed by Innocent IV. ; he died suddenly, supposed by poison, in 1254. CONRADIN, or CONRAD, son of Conrad IV., beheaded by his uncle, regent of Naples, %vhen onlv Ki years old. CONR.\RT," Valentin, secretary to the French king's council, and father of the French acade- JLulher, and died in 1542. CO staiitinople, when besieged and laken by the Turks, iu ll.">3. In )iim ended the Greek empire (uSSTAXTINE, Flavins Julius, a private soldier, wlm invested himsulf with the imperial purple in Itritain, and added Caul and irpain to his dominions ; he was put to death by Constan- tius, in 411. CONSTANTINF,, a native of Syria, rai.^ed to tlie papal chair, iu 7Ud, died in the cast, in 715. CONST.\NTINE, of Carlhage, in Africa, a physician of the Ulh century, who first brought the Arabian n\u\ Greek physic into Italy. CONSTANTHS, Chlorns, father of Constan- tino the Great, died in 300. CONSTANTIUS, Flavins Julius, succeeded his two brothers, Constans and Constantiiie, in the empire of Rome ; he died in 3C1. CONTARINI, Gaspard, a native of Venice, made a cardinal, in 1538, was sent a legate to the council of Trent, in 1541. lie wrote against my ; he died in ltiT5. CONRI, Florfucp, an Irislminn, educated in Spain, sent by Pliilip III. to ncoiuile the disaf- fected Irish to the pnispert of a Spanish inva- sion, but his perfidious schemes were defeated, and he died in 1K[1 (^ONRINGirS, Ilerinaiiiuis, professor of law at IlelmstadI, born at Norden, in Frisia, in KiOll, died ll>81. He composed many works upon law and history, which have been priiUed in 6 vols, folio. ] COXST.-VNT, David, professor of philosophy, Greek, and divinity, at Lausanne; lie died in 1733. CONT.\RINI, Giovanni, an eminent Vene- linn painter, died in 1(>05. C(i.\T.\KINI, Vincent, prolcssor of eloquence at Padua, and a learned author, died in 1617. CONTE, Jacobino del, a Florentine, portrait painter, Jied in 1598. CONTl, Guisto dc, a highly estccmod Italian poet, died about the middle of the lOth century. CONTI, Abbe Anthony, a noble Venetian, who travelled much, and wrote some poems and tracedics ; he died in 1749. CUNTI, Armand do Eourbon, prince of, an author of some note, who wannly espoused the cause of the insurgents against his hrotlier, the CO.N'STANTIN, Robert, professor of physic, great Cond"':, in the civil wars of France, and belles lettres, at Caen university, author of | CO.NTI, Francis Lewis de Hourbon, elected a valuable Greek and Latin Lexicon, with other., king of Poland, in 1097, but supplanted by the works ; he diid in 1C05. helectov of Saxony, died in 1709. CONST.\.\TI.\r., usually called the Great,'] CONTO-PKRTANA, Don Joseph, a Portu- and inrmorahle for having "been the tirst empc-; gnese poet of great merit ; he dird in 173.'). rorof the Konians who esiabli.'-hed Christianity I l'()XVBK,\RE, Dr. John, bishop of Bridtol, by tlie civil power, was born at Naissns, a town bom at Pinhoe, near Exeter, in 1092, died at of narriaiiin, in 270. lie died 337, and divided Bath, in 1755. His "Defence of Revealed Rc- the empire between hie three sons, Constaiitine,ligion," published in 1732, in answer to Tindal's Coiisianlius. :iiid (^onstans. 11" Christianity as old as the Creation," is an ad- CONSTANTINK H., son of Constantine the-'niirablc work, and rendered eminent service lo Great ; after his father's death, became master] the church. of Gaul, Spain, and Britain; be was slain at Aqiiileia, in 340. CONSTANTINE IIL.son of Constantins II., was crowned emprrnr, in f)i>8, and died in 685. CONSTANTINE TV., CAPRONYMUP, sue- COOK, James, a celebrated English circumna- vigator, w.is born at Marton, in Yorkshire, Oc- tobe.- 27, 1728, of poor parents, and apprenticed on hoard a vessel in the coal-trade. In tlie war of 17.')5, between England and France, he cn- cceded his fathc Leo, in 1752; he defeated tliel'tered .is a seaman in the royal navy. His be- Saracens, who made an insurrection agains-t ihavioiir in this station soon endeared him to him. and died in 775. |lihc officers ; and, on the 15t!i of May, 1759, he CONSTANTINE X., succeeded his father,!Jol)tained a master's warrant for the Mercury, Leo IV., in 17S0 : he was defeated by the Bul-Lwhich was sdon after employed in the famous cariaiis, who took him and put out his eyes, iniisiege of Quebec. During this siege, a difliculi 792. jand danecrons service was to be pcrforiiicd : CONSTANTINE VIL, PORPHyROGENI-llnamely, to take soundings in the cham.rl of tlio TfS, a learned man, was crowned at 7 years of river St. T awrencn, directly in front of tlie »ge : he defeated the Lombards, and drove away' French fortified camp. This he performed at vhe Turks ; he was p^soned by his son, in 959. the imminent hazard of his life, with which in- CONSTANTINE IX., son offiomanus. sue- deed he very narrowly escaped; he was succcs- eeeded to the throne, in 97fi, and died in 102B. sively rewarded with the appointments of inas- CONSTAXTINE X., MONOMACHCS, or ter of the Noithnmbrrland man of war, marine GLADIATOR, ascended the throne, in 1042, surveyor of Newfoundland and Labi.idor,lieu- and died in 1004. tenant in the navy, and comniaiuler of the En- COXSTANTINE XT., or DUCAS, succeeded dcavour bark, fitted out for the purpose of tak Isaac Commemis, iu 1059. His reign was ren- iiig some astronomical observations, and making dcred unhappy by an invasion of the Scythians ; discoveries in the P.acific Ocean. On this e\pe- he died in 1007. ' dition, he sailed from Deptford, July 30, 1703, CO.VSTANTTNEXTTl. succeeded hisbrothcr and returned to Eneland, July 12, 1771. He John, in 1148: he fell in the defence of Con- sailed again, .\pn\ 2, 1770, in the Resolution 12 133 CO ncaiinpaiiied by ca|it.iiii Fumc-aux, in the Ad- venture, to determine t!ie exisitnce, or non-tx- isfence o( a souiliem coiiuncut Bv tins Poy- aye. from wliicli l)c r'-turmtj in 1773, tlie illu- sions of a Terra Auslralis Incognita to any purposes of commerce, colonization, or \itility, were dispellid; but as a reward for captain Cook's important iiuprovcnienls for pres5. Cl»K'i', Coriirliiis", a native of Holland. His rngravinL's are tli' hest which tliat country lias prcdiieed : he died in l.'>78. (XilvTES'T, \\ iiliani, a French paiiiier, patro- lU-sed l)V .Mexaiider VIII., died in iU7>J. (^(>liTK!«l, (.'iovaiuia, a female paints)' of niii!iaiii!('!i, of Florence ; died in I'GR. «'(iIl'i'H/,, Ferdinand, a Spiioisii ueiilleinanj fam.iub, under the emperor Cliade.'i V., for itie coiii|ne.-t of Me.\ieo. He died in 1.'i.'>4, aK^'d ''•'• COIlTKZl, PanI, a learned Italian, a pairoi when travelling in Asia, was taken prisoner, and detained in captivity many years ; he pub- lished an aocount of Indian plants. COSTA, Kmanuel, a Portuguese law^yer pro- fessor at Salamanca, I.*;"*. COST.A, John, professor of law, at Cahors, died in W.IT. t'OST.'\, Margaret, an Italian poetess, wlwse works w ere published at Paris. C'OSTANZO, Ant'elo di, an Italian, wrote a history of Italy, ajid was 3|ioetot considi ruble merit; he died about 1590. (;OST.\iU), Ceoree, an F.nalish scholar, wlio wrote l.'i treatises, chiefly on agronomy, died m CORY \'I'F., Thomas^ famous English veller, rhiilly on tool. Hh visiied almost |i3it.» of llie world, and published relations of his voyages and travels ; but the sin!!Ularily of the litiiM and of his li^aniicrs, expo.scd him to of k^aiure; was bishop of Urhiiio, and diedlll78i!. ill iTtO. 11 ('<).STF., Peter, a native of T^zez, who trans t:dripiiez, a native of Toledo, whose iragicoiiiedia do Cidisfo & IMelilwpa, has ap- niuch ridicule, and occasioned the character of jjiiared in L.itin and "r'i.iich, tlourishcd in the his works 10 be misreprescMied, as well as thai'|lGth ceiiiiiry. ' •' of their author, wlio was certainly a manof|| COTKLE151US, John Baptist, a learned great learning. His best known works aii.!,!|Frenchiiian, who published the works of all the '•Crudities lia-stily gobbled up in Five Months" ^ fatlurs in the Apobtolic age, with learned notes, Travels in riaiii-.e, Savoy, Italy," &c. He was||died in IliPtJ. iMirii at Odcombe. in Sonierselshire, 1577, and jj COTKS, Boecr, an illnstrions Enclisb mathe- died at Sural in l!ie Fast Indies. ](>17. I matician, philosopher, and asironoiner, born in C'OSBV, William, governor of the colonies of ' Kevv-Voik and .New Jersey, died in I73t>. •XlSlKKS, John, a painter of Antwerp, pa- Iroiiised by ni.niiy crowned heads. COSIMO. .Vudrewand Pelor, Italian painters, the fonnur excelled in the claro-obscuro, the latter in ludicrous pieces. Peter died in l.Vil lied >^l(i. COTFt" 'i^ancis, an Fnglish painter, in oil and cniyoiis died in li.O. CO'l'iiV, Charles, a French writer, and elo quent preacher, known for the .74 COSSE, Charles de, marechal de Britsar, a French general of ereat military talents, ] ilrni ised bv ihe king of France, was ambassador lo •flmrli^s v., and died in I5li:t. ('<).ST.\, Christopher, a Portuguese, who P lior. He wrote the life of Columbus, of dc Sales, and numerous other works. COTTA, John, a Latin poet, author of some epigrams and orations, died at \ iterbo in 1511. COTTF, Robert de, of Paris, director (^f tha Royal Academy of Architecture, who atlorncd nianv of the public buildings in Paris ; died in 17:i5. COTTER EL, Sir Charlee, groom-porter to James I., and master of requests to Charles II., f\\ skilled in modern languagis. COTTIN, Sophia de, wife of M. Cottin, a banker of Paris, dii'd in 1H07. She wastheathor of Malvina, Matilda Mansfield, the exiles of Si- beria, and other novels. COTTfNGTON, Francis, lord, chancellor of Ihe exchequer, and first lonl of the treasury, in the reign of Charles I., died in 1651 COTTON, or COTOX, Peter, a learned Je- iiit. born in France, in MK4, wrote several books 111 controversial subjects, and died in Ifi'ifi. COTTON, Sir Robert Bruce, an "i"i- vt Eng- lish antiquary, born at Denton, i: ' 'iou- hire, in 1570. His writings are very iiii..')tt lor biirlBsque vctm;. lie tiansiaied oiicoV* 'DnieilliV tragedies, called " Horace," prinlfd iii I'JTl. He publiiihcd a volume o. fKieiiis on several ocra- sions: " Tmi; Wonders of ilie Teak in Oerby- sliire ;" " iScarroiildes, or Vircil Traveslie ;" and "ijucian burl";s(]iied,or the Scoller scollcd:" an edition 01' llic Hirer last mentioiied, was printed in 1715, and lias been freijiiently reprint- ed. Hut the chief of all his produrlioiis, and for which pernaps he deserves ilie best p/aiae of his coiiiitryniiii, is his translation of " Alon- taigne's Fssavs." COTTON. Or., author of" Visions in Verse, for the insirnciion of Younger Minds," was dis- tinguished for his great care, huinanitr, and at- tention as a physician, at St. Albans, where hi? died AuL'. 2, 1788. COTTO\, John, one of the most distinguish- ed early ministers of Ncvv England, born in Kn land ; he sustained a high repnlation I'or wisilum and learning; his publications were nuiiR-Kuis COTTON, Seaborn, son of John, minister of Ilainplon, N. H., was born at sea, died in KiSO. He was a good scholar, and an able preacher. COTTO.V, John, son of the Rev. John Col ton, minister of Plymouth, Mass., and ol'Charl-^s- ton, South Carolina. He was a faithful minis- ter, and eminent for his knowlege of the Indian language. He revised and superintended the priiiiincof Elliot's Bible. Corn at Tiverton, IJf- von, in 174H, died March 11, 180"J, at the plao of her nativity, in her COth year CO VVl'KIi," William, bishop of Galloway, in Scotland, born in Perth, in 15<>4, died llilT, li-av- inp a folio volume olvvorks on divinity. COWrER, William, dean of Durham, was the son of earl Cowper, born in London, in 1T13, and died 177x2. lie wrote a learned "'i'rea lise on Geometry," eight "Sermons," and '' Advice to a Lady ;" all of wiiich are much esteemed. COWPER, William, a physician and anti- quary, at Chester, died in 17(">7. COVVPP,H,William, ail excellent English poet, equally dis:ini;uislnHl Iry his genius and his vir- tues, lie was born at Herkhampstead, Herts, jVov. 1731, was theprandson, of jiidf^- Cowper, great nephew of the lord hifih chancellor of the same name, and died .\pril35, lc!(KI. His poeni.'^ are various ; but the most celebrated of tlieiii is called "The Task;" and the tendency of all his writings is, loeiilargi^ the soul to every libe- ral sentiment, and to improve the heart. Ulr. Cowper also published a translation into blank verse, of Homer's Iliad and Odj'ssey ; which is more remarkable for its lidelily to the oriuiiial, than for its poetical ele>:ance. COX, Richan:, bishop oi' Ely, born at Whad- don, in Buckinu'lianisliire, in 14911, died 1581. He was the chief framer of the litursy, and translator of the Bible called " The Bishop's Bible," made in the reign of Elizabelh. COX, Sir Richard, lord chancellor of Ireland, and author of "A History" of that kiuudom, was born at Bandou, in Cork, in 1G50, and died 173.^. COX, Leonard, agranunarian, sometime mas- ter of Reading school, with siie.-it reputation, and teacher in several countries on the conti- nent, died in 1549. COXETER, Thomas a faithful and indus- trious collector of old English literature, was i)orii at Lechlade, in Glocestershire, in 1089. He amassed materials for a biography of the Enylwh poets, and assisted Mr. Ann's in the " Ilistory of Biitish Typocrapliy." He had a curious collection of old pl.iys, and pointed out to Theobald, many of the black letter books which that critic used in his edition of ?liak- Bpcare. Coxcter was the first who formed the scheme, afterwards adoptid by Dodsley, of pub- lishinc a collecion of ancient plays. He died in 1747. t^OXIS, Michael, a pauiter, of Mechlin, who imitated Kapbael, died in l.')92. COYER, I'Abbe Gabriel Francis, a Fren#h- maii, who wrote the life of Joini Sobieski, Tra- vels in Italy, Holland, &r., and died in 178Q. COYPEL, the name of several painters, who were very eminent in France, in the 17lh and 18th centuries. COYSEVOX, Anthony, chancellor and re- gent of Mie .icadeniv of puinling and sculpture, in Fran :p. died in H-K). COYTIER, James, physician to Lewis XI., of France, and memorable for nothinp pailicii- larly, but the dexterity he showed, in niaiiaitius that monarch. Lewis had no priiiiiplc to lay hold of, except an intense fear of dying ; which most contemptible cowardice, Coyticrtaking the advantage of. and often threatening his master CR with a speedy dissolution, obtained from tima to lime, great and inminierablc lavoui-s. Lew- is, however, once recovered strength of miiul enough to be ashamed of his weakness; anil feeling a inomentaiy re.sentment for (what he I lieu thought) the insolence ot his physician, or- lered him to be privately despatched. Coytier, niipriztd of this by theollicer, who was his i:i- liiuale friend, replied, "that the only concern he felt abriut hiiiisell' was, not that he must die, Imt that the Uiiii; could not survive him above iciiir days ; and that he (the said Cioylier) ki^w this by a particular science (mciining astioloey, which then prevailed) and only mentioned it to liim ini:onl)denc('asan intimate friend." Lewis informed of this was frightened more than ever, and ordered Coytier to be at large, as usual. C07.ZA, Francesco, born in Sicily, eminent in fresco and oil painting, died in lGr>4. CRAASBECK, Joseph Van, of Brussels, a painter, who excelled in representing alehouse quarrels, died in Uiiji'. CRAB, Roger, an English hermit, who lived at Ickliam, near Cxbridge, and acquired great lepiilatinii for sanctity and abstinence. CU.'Viili, Habakkiik, an eminent dissenter, io Eiiiilaiiil, died in 17'.)i. CKACHEKODE, Rev. Clayton Mordaunt. one of the trustees of the British Mnsenin, and Fellow of the RoyaJ and Antiquarian Societies. Ills attainments were various and considerable : he wrote elegantly in Latin verse ; as may be seen in the "Carmina Quadrigesiinnlia," for the year 174;^. He employed a considerable part of a large revenue, in inaking collection.^ of what was best and most curious in litera- ture, and certain branches of the arts. His li- brary was unrivalled in its kind ; and his cabi- net of prints, drawings, and medals, was consi- di.red as among the most select and valuable in a country that posseses so many of them. He was an exquisite judge of art, both ancient and modern, particularly of sculpture, painting, and music, and collected the choicest of early print- I books, drawings, coins, and gems, of n hicb a complete catalogue ralsonne would require a Illume. Mr. Cracheiode died April 0, 1799, and bcqueathi'd his immense collection aC books, medals, drawings, &c., &c., to the Britisli Mu- seum. CR.\r)DO('K, liuke, an ingenius English •)aiiiter, chiefly of birds, died in 1717. Veriuo records, that Ciaddock's pictures rose (juickly jafter his death, to three or four times the price that he was paid for them when li\iitg. CRAlJDOt^K, Samuel, a learned divine, au- thor of " A Ilistory of the Old and New Testa- ment," an "Apostolical History," and " ThH Harmony of the Four Evangelists, died in 17(H5, aged 80. Tlio latter of these works was revi- sed by Dr. Tillotson, who preserved it from the fiaines in the fire of lifuidon. CRADOCK, Thomas, rector of St. Thomas, Baltimore county, Maryland, published PsalniB of David in heroic verse, in 17.30. CRACKANTHORP, Richard, an eloquent English preacher, chaplain to an embassy lo the emperor, and an author of merit, died ill 1G24. CRAIG, Nicholas, a learned Dane : Iip was engaged by the king of Denmark in some im- portant negotiations, and wrote aiiuals of Den mark. He died in KK. CRAIG, Sir Thomas, a leanied Scotch law- yer, known for liis "Ju» Feudale," died In HXB. 139 CRAIG, Jamcd, a Scotch divine, admired axjl CRASSL'S, Marcus Licinius, one of' the Iri- - . . . „^,\.jrs with Ca'sar and Pompcy, wasdtfoQtfd atui kil.cd in Syria, 53 8. C. C'KATES, a (thilotiopher, disciple of Dioirenes, the cynic, priikd hiinscll' on iiis poverty and lnl'anIle^!i, lived 328 B. C. « 'KATES, an academic philosopher of Athens, ■27-: B. f •. ('KATFSIPOI.IS, a queen of Sicyo;i, cele- brated for her valour, 314 R. C. CK ATINI'S, one of the prcat masters of %vhat we call ihe ancient comedy. He flourished in a preacl)er : he published 3 vols, of scrniond, and died in 1744. (JK.VIG, John, a Scotch mathematician, who made his name famous by a small work ol 3i< pages i)i 4to, entitled " i'heologis C'liristianit Frincipii Mathcmatica." CR.\lt;, VV'illi.'ini.a Scc^ich divine, celebrated for his pulpit oratory , diud in llt^'.i. CRAIK, James, M. D., a native of Scotland, came to Virginia, where he became a d">tin- giiinhed physician, received an appointment n' the army of the revolution, and was physiciaiii|i!ie 81si Olympiad, some '20 or 'JO years before to Ihe f'amily of General Washington. He died i .\ri3tophnnes. He was an .Athenian : f'amily in 1UI4. C'R.iMER, John Frederic, learned pro;'essor at Uul^h'^r|!, translated Pulfeiidorf's intioduc- tiun t-r itjS-2 I (.'RANIL'S, Luca, apainterof Ramberg,whose| nieces were ouci; admired, died in I5.'>3. r CRANMER, Thomas, an I'.nglish archbishop,' memorable for having endured martyrdom iiij the cause of protest autism, was bom al Aslac-i ion. in Nottinghamshire, in 1485), and burnt at Oxford, March 31, 1.055, by order of queen Ma-I ry. He was an open, generous, honest man ; a. lover of truth, and an enemy of falsehood and; superstition ; lie was gentle and moderate in his temper, and though hcaiiily zealous in the cause of the reformation, yet a friend to the persons of those who most strenuously opposed it; he was a great patron of learning and the univer streets. Sui'Jas tells us that he wrote 21 jjlays. CRATIITIJS, pronounced by Ciceio, lo i>e by far the greatest of all the peripati'tic philoso- phers that he ever heard, was of Blitylene, and taimht [ihilosophv there. CRATU. or UiE CRAFTHEIM, John, physi- cian to the emperor Ferdinand I., ititiniate with Euther — wrote " Luther's Table Talk ;" he died in 1585. CRAVEN, Charles, colonial governor of S. Carolina, returned to England in ITIC. CRAWFORD, David, author of '= Memoirs of Scotland," a "Peerage of Scotland," a " His- tory of the royal family of Stuart," a topogra- phical description of the " CouJity of Renfrew," &c., was born near Glasgow, hi 1G05, and died 172G. CRAWFORD, William, born at Kelso, in 167C, wrote " Dying Thoughts," an to till.' vear ( CRE!=UR ccmurv, wb CKKSCE lociH', in ll years as a la liiablc treati. CRFSPI, I tor, of Bolosi CRESPl. G lopna, who, b pave greater 1747. CRRSSEY, who became qncen (^aiharii jHiblislied .some able ecclesiastic ("RESTI, Do Florence, died ii CRETIN, Wil lit coiiBisted in pii torian to Charles died in 1525. CRHVIER, John trained under the ii<. recalled to i ut all tlio itoiJcotland, .Vfd Charles ed Ills whole o\\.» so aii- iiie^, bolder red the litad briipiiy di3- avijigiunit'd , locked the iiid returned ih of April, n the saini! ' auihiiriiy, e three ii;i- j ; in which nisiered the vigour and 'on of Oliver, lor, was born —An act was ^clor, and lor le Coninicnis chiul' niagis- lionse ; ami tiina^ed in a id ill:;; army. k the giivcrn- ,e resioration fcO, under llie ti'd at Clush- dicd te'oved , lalifiedio ^n|i- ring laltnts ot° ron de, born at is an ingenious ic, a native of ispector of the works, and died -■^nalisliman, who 1641. Jckton-ui)on-Tee.s, London, where he 1 attorney ■ became .read-street, in ITfi.'J, ,Sepienil.er24,17Ta of the proclaj) at ion r printers, Mr. .'VUter- ted to the 'I'ower ; and' nyor) was ordered into jeaut at arms ; but, on g, "that if any offence le was the greatest offen jd to join his brother in of signed for his commitment ■le parliament was prorogued iy, when the lord mayor wa3 Arried from the Tower to the ; with every possible mark of the of his fellow-citizens ; and, after >n of his mayoralty, was again re the thanks of the corporation, and a Jl. in value, lie died, Feb. M, 1793- OR CROSS, Michanl, an English artist, and fa- mous copier ot' paintings, flouri^licil iu the rei^u.-^ of Cliarles I. and 11. CROSS, Lewis a painter, who retouched a picture of Mary, queen of Scots, in a masterly manner; he died in 17'^. CROSWELL., Andrew, a minister in Boston, much engagt'd in controversy, died iu 1785. CROUSAZ, John Heierde, a celebraifd phi- fosupheraiid uiaiinni.uiciau, born at Lu'isauue, in Switzerland, .April l;<, l&U. died 17-18. CROVVNE, Jiilin, an American by birth, went to England, ami was patroui>ed by Charlu:^ (I., at whose com:naiiil he wrote several drauiaiic pieces : the best known of which are, " City Politics," and " Sir Courtly Nice;" the latter of which h.os been several times acted of late years. His plays wcri; 17 in number ; ssied by a sudden illness, which terminated latally befoie medical assist- ance could be procured. He died at Froxtield, Soinersotsliire, in his iVith year, Sept. 5, l8tW. CRUZ, Juaiia Inez de la, a lady of Tilexico, illstinguished lor her jxiotry, and her acquaint- ance with the sciences ; she died in Iti'.la. CRYTOPYLUS, Metrophaiic-s, a Greek, edu- cated at Oxford, and afterwards raised to ihe see of Alexandria; he died in 1641. CTE.SI.AS, a Greek physician in the service of .Vrlaxerxes, king of Persia : he wrote a his- tory .>f Persia. CTESIBIUS, a mathematician of Aleian dria, the inventor of the pump, water cluck, &c. li> R. C. CTESIPHON, an Athenian, whose attempt to decree a golden crown to Oemosllieiies, was opposed by /Eschines, and produced the tw» famons orations of the rival orators. CUDWORTH, Ralph, an eminent English divine, was born at Aller, in Somersetshire, 1017, and died UiS8. He was a man of very extensive learning, excellently skilled in the learned lautinages and antiquity, a cood matlie- inaticiaii, a .subtle philosopher, and a profound metaphvsjrian. His great work, " The True Intellectual System of the Universe," was pub- lished in folio, 1678. CUERE.\HERT, Theodore Van, a native of .\msterdain, iiistinEuisheil for science; but es- pecially for niiinlaiiiing that a Christian should not enter a place of worship; he died in 1590. CUEVA, Alfonsus de la, an ambassador from Philip IH. to Venice, who plotted the seizing of the city, which, however, failed ; he died in CUFF, Henry, a celebrated wit and excellent scholar, born at Hinton, St. George, in Somer- setshire, about 1560. He srave early marks of genius and apphcation ; arrived in time at the Greek protessorship at Oxford, and wascliosea proctor of the university, in 1594. To the cele- brated Robert, earl of Essex, Cuff became se- cretary ; he was involved in all the misl'ortnncs of that unhappy earl ; ami with Sir Gelly Mer- rick, the earl's steward, executed at Tvbuni, IfiOl. CUG N r ERES, Peter de. an upright m aeistrate, who, in i:t20, advocated the rights of Philip Va- lois asainst the clergy. CUJ.\CTr'S, James, a celebrated French law- yer, horn at Thoulouse, about 1520 and died at Bourees, 1590. Cl/LLE"^, Dr. William an eminent Scr.trij 143 ^ I # .1 — cu pliysiciaii and mcdicaJ writer, w huse principal works are, '• Synopsis Iv'osologs Mclliodica-, Kd- inlt., 1772," 2 vols. 8vo. ; " Lectures on the Mate- ria Mtdica, Loud." 4lo. ; " First lines of the Prac- tice of I'liysic, 177fi," 8vo. [This is said (o have produced liim 3000/.J " Institutions ol' Medi- cine, Part I., containing Pliysiology," 8vo. " On | the Recovery of Urownivl Peisuns ;" and " A ; Treatise on the Materia Medica." 2 vols. 4t()., 1789. He was horn in Lanarkshire, and died February 5, 17'd in ancient history. CYRUS, a Latin poet, in the reign of Qwt younger Thcodosius. D DAC, John, a German painter, who flourish- ed about 1586, and whose pictures are in grand style. D.ACIER, Andrew, a verj- celebrated French critic and philosopher, born at Castres. in Lan- giiedoc, in 1651, died 172-2. His principal wurks are translations of " Horace;" "Aristotle's Poet- ics ;" " Plutarch's Lives :" the works of" Hip- pocrates ;" "Plato;" "The Life of Pythagoras," &c. &c. DACIER, Anne, wife of Andrew Dacier, and a woman of extraordinary learning, as her works will show, of which, the moii (»>hsiderable arf 13 145 DA translations ot " Anacreon," Sapplio," " Plau- (U6," " Terence," a«d " Homer." She waa born at Sauinur, in Franc«, in IGol, and died in 17W. Madaoie Dacier was a woman ol" yreat virtue as well as learning. Sl)e was rcmarka-i ble for lirmness, generosity, good uatnre, |ueiy,l and modesty. Tlie academy of Kicovrati, at' Padua, chose her one of their body, in ]l)34. DAGAll, Jacob, an emiiicutliistorical painter, of I'aris, died m 1710. DAGGETT, Napthali, D. D.,prcsidejit, and professor of theoloi;y, in Yale College, wa.^dis anguished as a thorough scholar, and a sound divine. He displayed great bravery when ih British attacked New-Haven, where he died in 17S0. D.AGOBERT, I., king of France, in 638, a li- oenlious and cruel prince. UAGOBERT II., king of Austrasia, was as- sas^lnaled in 6V9. D.VGOBBRT III., son of Childebert, king of Ncustria, died in 715. D.AGOBERT, N., a French general, who dis- tinguished himself in Italy and Spain, died in 1794. D.'VGOUMER, William, professor of philoso- phy, and rector of the university of Paris, died in 1755. D\HL, Michael, a Danish painter, patronised by the court of Denmark, died in 1743. DAHLBEEG, Eric, a Swedish engineer, whose services were rewarded with a title of nobility; h(» died in 170.3. DAILLE, John, a minister of the church of Pans, and one of the ablest advocates the pro- (esiants ever had, was born at Chatelherault, in 1594. In 16-28 he wrote his celebrated book, " De rUsage des Peres," or " Of the f^se of the Fathers," which Bayle has pronounced a master- piece. DALE, Sir Thomas, chief m.igistrate of the colony of Virginia, came from Enjlanil, in IGU, with three hundred colonists. His administra- tion was vigorous, but advantageous to the co- lony.and contributed to its permanency ; he died in the East Indies. D.VLE, Samuel, an apothecary of Essex, who btcame. b" ' 'i merit, a licentiate of the college of phvnicians, and fellow of the royal society ; he died in 1739. DALECHAMPS, James,a learned physician, born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1513. His chief work was a translation of Pliny's " Natural History," with notes; he died in 1558. DALE.V, Cornelius Von, an eminent Dutch engraver, who flourished in 1640. D.\LE.VS, Dirk, an eminent landscape pain- ter, of .A.m3terdani, died in 108S. D'\L[BRAI, Charles Von, a poet of Paris, who wrote bacchanalian, satirical, lieroical, moral, and Clirisfian poems; he died in 1C55. D^fjIN, Olaus de, the father of Swedish poe- try, and preceptor to prince Gustavus, was born in 1708. D \IjLAS, Ale.vander James, an eminent law- yer and statesman, came from the island of Ja- maica, to Philadelphia, in 178.3. In 1791, tie was appointed secretary of the state of Pennsylva- nia, and afterwards secretary of the treasury of the United StateR, and acting secretary of war, a'ld died in 1817. He pubhshed 4 volumes of valuable law reports. DVLLINGTOV, Sir Robert, author of the aphorisms of Tacifis, was knighted by queen Elizabeth, and difld in 1C37. P.\L.MAT(N, G«orge, a Lutheran minister, 146 DA of Layback, who translated the Bible into the Sclavoniau language, in the Kith century. DALMATIUS,abishopof Cyzicnm, who at tended tlie council of Bphesus, and wrote the acts of tlie synod of Nice. D.VLRVMPLE, Alexander, son of Sir Janies Ualrymple, of Edinburgh, was engaged for several years in the service of the East India Company ; afterwards as hydrographer to thai company, and to the adniirully. lie is known as the author of " Di.scoveries in the Pacific Ocean, "and many other valuable works; he died in 1808. DALRYMPLE, Sir David, of Ilailes, hart., better known by the name of lord Hailcs, one of the senators of the college of justice in Scot- land. He was not only conspicuous as an able and upright judge, and a sound lawyer, butwai a'aoeinihent as a man of pohte literature, and an excellent classical scholar. Numerous ar>! the works iJiat have issued from his pen; and it! 1 of them distinguislied by their accuracy anil learning. He was bom at Edinburgh, in 1720, and died November 29, 1792. DALRYMPLE, Alexander, an aminent liy- drographer,bornatNewHaile8, near liV- burgh, July 24, 1737, died in Condon, June 1 .08. DALRYMPLE, Sir John, many - ?a..i a baron of the E,\chequer in Scotland, author -f " Me- moirs of Great Britain and Ireland," .lacLsou " Feudal Law," and several other works, died Feb. -20, 1810, aged 84. DAIiTON, Tristram, a native of Massachu- setts, speaker of the house o'' rcpic^.' '^ •■ and a member of the senate of that sta.c afterwards a member of the United States ' nate, died in 1817. DALTON, Michael, an^ English lawyer, at. thor of two well-known books on " The Oltice of a Justice of Peace," and " On the Duty of SheriiFs," fee. The times of his birth and death are uncertain, but the latter was probably about 1020. ■ D.\LaON, Dr. John, prebendary of Worces- ter, born at Dean, in Cumberland," in 1709. He adapted Milto' 's " Masque at Ludlow Castle" to the stage,under the title of " Coinus, a Masque," and died in 1763. DALZELL, Andrew, an eminent G- k sciiolar, born near Edinburgh, and a professor at the university there. He was a most aniia- ble, as well as learned man ; he died in 1806. DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch officer, whn e.scaped to Russia, where the czar made him a general. At the restoration, he returned, and was made commander in cliief, in Scotland. He was a very singular man. DAMASCENUS, John, an illustrious father of the church, in the 8th cemury. He died about 50, leaving behind him many compositioia of various kinds. D VMASCIUS, a stoic philosopher, who flour- ished in the 0th century. D.\MASUS I., a Spaniard, raised to the papal throne in 366. DAM \SUS n.,bishopof Brixen, waselecteiJ pope, but died 23 days after, in 1048. DAMBOURNEY, N., born at Rouen, distin- guished as a merchant, and man of science, died in 1795. ,1 DAMIEN, Peter, cardinal, and bishop of Os- tia, in the 11th century. He was a pious man, and left several works ; he died about 1073. D\MIENS, Robert Francis, a native of France, executed March 28, 1757, for attempt ing to assassinate the kins- For the foim and DA manner of hie execution, see CH ASTEL, whose punisliment was similar. DAMO, the liaughtcr of Pythagoras, was well skiller) in the jihilosopliy of lit-r failicr. DAWOCLK^r^, a flatterer of the tyraiitDiony- sius; wllo,affecllng upon some occasion or 01 her, to admire the fortune of that priiiie, Oioiiysiiis, to convince him that princfs are not al\va\s so happy as they sf cm to be, innted hiu) to a feast, and caused a naked .sword lu he hum; over his head, which was only ;;eld hy a sintile hair. Da- mocles, extremely struck with a sense of the ?ia/,ardous situation he was in, changed his opi- nion at once, and, for his own particidar pan, beaded of Dionysins, that he might retire from court, and high life, into that mediocrity of condition, where no danger was, and wheie he should not be subject to a reverse of fortune. D.\MOCRITrtJ,a Wreck historian, author of a treatise on (•actics. D.V.MON, a Pythagorean philosopher, cele- brated for his friendship with Vythias. DAMON, an Athenian nmsician', the friend of f ocrates. D,\iM<)(MvS, Lewis, a French lawyer, author of sot ">^rUs of little merit. D.Ai. :'>RR,- John, a native of niois, author of some el^^aut Latin poems, dieiliii lo.'iO. D.\>" IT;R, William, a tamous English navi- gator, bbrn in Somerseifliiie, in l(V>v!, died KiyO. His " Voyage round tlie World" is well known, and has gone thronth many editions. DAIMPIERRE, N., a French officer, "who dis- flngir'm'ed himsolf under general Dnmourier, cfed of a wound by a cannon hall, in 17JS. D.\N. the tifth son of Jacob, by Bilkah, Ra- chel's maid. D.'\N.\, Francis, TAj. T)., an <'minent lawyer, r>f Massachusetts, was a niembci»%f the Ameri- can congress in 1770, and minist^R'roin that bo- dy to the court of St. Petersburg : aftorwaiils chief justice of the state of Massachnselts. He wasdistincuished forthe fidelity and ab'lity with which he disthnrged his public d at Pinner, in Middlesex, with a sister of his, who was of a congenial di.6. DANICAN, Andrew, a Frenchman, of many good qualities, who, only two months before I.e died, jilayed at the same lime, two games of I hess, with the best players, he being blindfold- ed, and beat them both," died in 1795. DANIEL, the last of the four great prophets, was of the royal blood of Judali, and was car- ried away into captivity, fiOfi B. C. D.ANIEL, Arnauld, count of Provence. He wrote several poems, from which Petrarch took Imany ideas; he died in 1189. DANIEL, Samuel, an eminent English poet, and historian, who flourished in the reignx of Elizabeth and James 1., to the former of whom he was poet laurcat, was born near Taunton, in Somersetshire, in U62. His " History of Eng- 147 DA land' is' wi'iUeii Willi ^reat brevity anil ]>ulilC' nes8, 3>k1 Ills poluical anil innral reflections arc Osefui a'lil iMSlructivi*. Hi; wroto also simio §la.vs, wliicli have mucli meril, and died in liilO. 'lie judicious Mr. H.'Rdltiv has observed, that he was the Atticus of his day. DANIEL, Gabriel, a very ingenious and learn ed FrHUchinaii, born iti ll)4".t, wrote a great many books upon difi'erent subjects, but is most me- morabit I'or his " Iliatory of France," in" vols 4U). He died in 17-28; and by his death the .le Buil^s lost one of I he t;i eatesl ornaments their or- der ever could boast. l).\i\IEl^, Peicr, a learned advocate of Or- leans, died at P^ris, in DiUII. D.AXIKL, Robert, president of the council of North (Jarolina, and deputy governorof S. C was succeeded, in 1717, by gov. Johnson. DANTi;, Peter Vincent, a native of Perouse. He was eminent for his skill in mathematics, ani! was laiued as a pnet ; he died in 15i2. D.WTIO, Vincent, 5;rand9on of the preced- ing, well-known as a painter, sculptor, and ina- thematiciau, died at Perouse, in ]5ti7. D.VNTR, Alijhicri, an eminent Italian poet, born at Florence, in i2C^5. He discovered an early inclination and ceniusfor poetry ; but wa> ambitious ; and, havinu attained some of the most considerable posts in the commonwealtl was crushed by the ruins of the faction which he embraced. He died in exile at Ravenna, in 1^21. The most considerable of his works, is his poem entitled, " The Comedy of Hell, Pur- gatory, and Paradise." D.VNTE, John Baptiste. of the same family, probably, with the precedinj;, and native of Pe- rugia, was an excellent mathematician; and is memorable tor having fitted a pair of wiiiijs so e.xactly to his body, as to be able to fly with them. He made the experiment several times over the lake TrasimenuH, and succeeded so Well, that he had the courage to perlbrni before the whole city of Perugia. He shot himself from the highest part of the city, and directed his flight over the square, to the admiration of the epectators ; but, unfortunately, the iron with which he managed one of his wings, failed, and then, nor being able tr. 'balance weight of his body, he fell on a cluirili, and broke his thigh. He flourished towtud the end of the 15th centu- ry, and died before he was forty years old. DANTE, Ignatius, a descendant of the great poet, well known for his great skill in mathe- matics and astronomy, died in IS'ti. D ANTON, George James, one of the most atrocious and unprincipled among the associates of Robespierre and Marat ; he was guillotined in IT'.M. DANTZ, John Andrevv, a learned Lutheran divine of Germany, who wrote a Hebrew and a Cha'dee Grammar; died in 17-.i7. DA RAN, James, a native of Gascony, sur- geon-general of the army of Turin and Milan. He was an expert operator, and a good writer ; he died in 178-1. D.\RCET, N., an able chyinist and physician, professor in the national institute at Paris ; he died in 1801. D.^Rfl, Patrick, count, an eminent philoso- pher and mathematician, was born in Ireland, in nes, and died in 1779. D' ARGON, John Claudius Eleonore Limi- ceaud, an eminent French engineer, who dis- played areat talents in conductim; the siege of Gibi altar, in 17S0. He joined the popularslde, (iiiring the French revolution, and died in ISOO. 148 DA I).\R(JO.\NE, Dom Bonaventure, a learned Carthusian monk, who died in 1704. D.\KII-S, the Medc, the same as Cyaiares, son of Astyages, died at Babvlon, about 3-W B. C. DARIUS I., king of Persia, destroyed Baby- Ion, and restored the captive Jews to their couii- ; he was defeated at Marathon, and died in •J«<.5 B. C. DARIUS II., king of Persia, and father of Cyrus the Younger ; died 404 B. C. DARIUS III., Codomaniui, the last king of the ancient Persian empire, who was comiuered by Alexander the Greai, and at last treacherously assassinated by Be.>sus, his own grncral, govern- or of Baciriaiia (who hoped thereby to succeed to his sovereignty), 331 B. C. DARKE, William, a brave officer in the American war ; died in 1801. DARU.U1ER, Augustine, an eminent astrono- mer, built an observatory himself, and took pupils gratis. He was an able author and a vir- tuous man ; he died at Toulou.se, in 1302, DARWIN, Dr. Erasmus, an eminent poet, philosopher, and physician, born at Elslon,Mear Newark, Nottinghamshire, 1731, and educated at Chcsterlield school, under the Rev. Mr. Bur- rows ; whence he went to St. John's College, Cambridge. He afterwards settled as a physi- iau at Litchfield. His principal publications are, " The Botanic Garden," a poem with phi- losophical notes, 4to. 1791. " Zoonomia," 4to, I7i>4. " Phytologia," and " The Shrine of Na- ture," a poem : this l.ist was published after his death, which happened April 18, 1802. In his Zoonomia, atheism is unblushingly a fd. DARWIN, Charles, son of "the preceding, born at Litchfield, in 1758. He is well known as the author of a treatise on the means of dis- tinguishing pus, from mucus ; he died in 1778. DASSIER, John, a medalist to the republic of Geneva, His nephew was appointed second eniiraver in the British mint, in 1740. DA.'^SOUCI, a P'rench musician and poet of the I7th century. He procured the patronage of the 'jreat by his wit and drollci '. DATAMRS, an illustrious Pers-an general, who was assassinated by Milhridatt s 3(51 B. C. D.\TI, Augnstin,a native of Sienn,., where he taught rhetoric and thettassics ; he died in 1478, D.ATI, Carlo, professor of polite literature at Florence, where he was born, became fanmus a.s well for hia work.s as for the eulogies which many writers have bestowed on him. He died in 1075. DAUBENTON.A m Lewis Marie, born in Burgundy ; an eminent anatomist, and .in ac- tive associate of ButTon. He was the author of several works on natural subjects, and died in 17!)9. DAUBENTON, William, confe8.sor to Philip v., of Spain, author of orations and sermon^ died in 1723. D.XUMU'^S, Christian, an excellent classical scholar, regent of the college of Zwickau, died in 1G87, D.MJN, Leopold count, a great general who distinguished himself in the wars of Mari) Theresa, and against the king of Prussia ; he died at Vienna, in 1766. D.\UNOIS, countess, acquired some celebri- ty, by her romances and travels in Bpain; she died in 1705. DAURAT, John, an eminent French poet, born in 1507. ' Some liavc said that the odes, epi- grams, hyiniiB and other poeme, in Greek and Latin, composed by Daiirat, ainmint lu about oO.OfKI verses. He died al I'aris, in 158?. nAV.VL., Pelor, a bairi.sier of Uie IMiddlfi Temple, ail able iiiatlieuiatician and eng^iiicer, died ill ITO."!. l)AV.\NZATI,Bernard, a native of Florence, who translated Tacitus into Italian ; lie died in IGOti. l)A VENANT, Sir William, a celebrated poet of the ITth century, born at Oxford, KiOo. Flis lather kept an inn at Oxford, where Sliakspcnre used to lodge in his journeys between l,oiidon and Warwickshire ; and as his mother was a great beauty, some have siirniised, but without apparent foundation, that he derived his very beiiij;and aiung with it, his poetical tnlriiis, from Sliakspeare. In 11)37, when Ben Jonson died, lie was created [loel laureat. He had agieaij turn for the drama, and after the restoration ol Cliarles II., obtained a patent for erectuip; a new company of actors, under the patronage, ol James, duke of York. They performed many years in Little I-incoln's Inn Fiehls, where he died IGOv^. and was inierred in Westminster Abbey, ilis works <;onsisl of plays and (Kiems. IIAVKNANT, Ur. Charles, the eldest son oi Sir William Davenant, born 1056, and died ITI!. He wrote " Circe," a tra^ody ; but waschiiHly cmployiitas apolitical and commercial writer. It.\VEXANT, William, fourth son of Sir William, a noted classical scholar, was drown cd at Paris, in 1G8I. DAVENANT, John, bishop of Palisbury, a zealous and pious divine, author of tnaiiy harii- cd works, the tendency of which was, to unite CInisiii :i\ii\ one sentiineiu. He was born in l,ondoii, l.'iTO, and died in 1640. DAVENPORT, Christopher, a learned En- glislinian who became a Fianciscan, and wrote several relijrioiis works ; he died in 1680. DAVENI'ORT, John, first minister of New Haven, Connecticut, and one of the founder of the colony of that name; he published nu- niei'dus sermons, and died in ItfTO. DAVENrORT,.John, minister of Stamford, ('onneclicnt, eurinently faithful in his office and distinguished for his knowledge of the learned lanzuaiies ; h« died in 1731. D.\VENP-pr and poet, born at Chisgrove, in Wiltshire, in 1570. He wassiicccssivly attorney general and speaker of the House of Commons of Ireland : and, go- ing over into England, he was, in 162 land professional skill. He rendered himself coiispiciiijus by nis services atTriimli, in 1804 by his actions wiih two British frigates, durinj the last war, and by his success, against the Al gerines in 1815 : and was afterwards a meinboi of the board of navy commissioners until his death, which h.-ippened in a duel, in 1820. D13CEBABUS, a king of Dacia, whose coun- try w;is reduced to a Roman province, by 1 j jan, in 105. DECEMBRIO, Petp:. ,Candido, a native of Pavia, secretary to the ,,ope, and afterwards to the king of Arragon. He wrote several lives, and translated so;ne of the classics : he died in 1477. DECHALES, Claudius Francis Milliet, au e.xci'llent inalheinatician, mechanic, and astrono- mer, born at Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, in 1611. His principal performances have been collected in 3 vols, in folio, under the title of " Miiiidiis Mathcmaticus ;" being indeed a com- plete course of all the matheinalics. He died pro- fessor of mathematics, in the university of Tu- rin, in 1678. DECIO, Philip, of Milan, a celebrated lec- turer on jurisprudence at Pisa ; died in 1635. DECIIJS, Publius, a Roman con- ul and brave general, memorable for having devoted himself for his country in a battle with tlie La'Jns, 340 B. C. Decius Mus, his son, followed his father'.^ example, as did a grandson. The custom was, that the officer who devoted himself to the gods for the service of his country, after certain ce- remonies of consecration, rushed, completely armed, into the enemy's foremost ranks, when his own despaired of victory. Though this was an act of superstition which proved fatal to the hero, it re-animated his party, and occasioned them to gain the battle. DECIUS, a Roman emperor after Philip. He perished with his army in a morass, fighting against the Goths, A. D. 251. DECKER, or DECKHER, John, a pious and learned Flemish Jesuit, who wrote much on Sa- cred Chronology, was born 1559, and died 1619. DECKER, Thomas, a dramatic writer of some celebrity in the reign of James I. In hia 'Honest Whore," and the comedy of " Old Fortunatus," there are beauties, as to character, plot, and language, especially in the former, equal to those of any dramatic writer (Shak- DE spnare excepted) that England lias piodurod. The precise time of this author's birih and deaih are not recorded ; yet he conld not have died young, as the first play we find of his wri- ting was publisiiod in 1600, and the latest dHic we meet with to any other is '■ Tlie Wonder ol a Kuifjdoni," IffM. , DE COK TLOUON, Charles Edward, an enii-| nent English divine, assistant preacher lo ihej chapel of theLock-hinpiial, and rector of (iod I sloue, in Surrey, died in IH-JO. His writing's are principally on theoli'gical suhjccls. DEDEKINU, Frederic, a IJeruian of the IClli century, who jmblished a curionis ironical eulo- giuni on Incivility and rudeness. r)EK,'J()hn, a ijreat inaihemalician, and very extraordinary pirson in the republic of letters., born in London, 15-i7. He was a man of un- connnon parts, learning, and application ; and! might have performed grr-at things, if lie had been possessed of a solid jndgnn nt ; but he was eiireryely credulous and supersliiious. He siif- tered himself to be deluded into an opinion, that by certain invocalions, an intercourse or coin! mnnication with spirits might be obtained ; from I in Ficjtrdy, a relation ol Cardinal de Retz, whence he promised himself an insight into Ihej! wliom lie attended in his travels. He wrote occult sciences. He found a young man, one| " Dictionary of Cases of Conscience," 2 vols., Edward Kelly, a nativeof Worcestershire, wlio;|aiid died in 161(1. had already dipped deep into these matters, and j UEl.ANCY, James, a judge and chief justice who readily underiook to be his instrument iiiljof the supreme cunrt of the colony of i\ew- fliem, for which he was to pay him 50/. per an-j York, and alterwards lieutenant governor, died J)E some measures which he thought unconstitu- lional and unjust, he not only cheerfully under- went the punishment, but at the same time wrote " A Hymn to the I'illory," as a defiance of their usage of him. But, after all, De Koe ia hy nothing belter known al present, tlian by liis interesting "History of liobinson Crusoe;" which, though a romance, is written in so na- tural a manner, and with so many probable in- cidents, that it was judged to be a true slory lor some time after its publication. He was born in London, IbiU), and died at Islington, 17.^1. UEiillUY, an eniinent French engraver, diid in 1748. rtEHHER, Anthony, a medical professor, of Montpeller, author of a dissertation, " i)fe Ve- neris Morbis." niM.AURE, N. a promising French poet, who died young, in 1800. He wrote LodiUlci n<> ojierii, which has been received with rij* l»EJr)TAlM;tJ, king of Galatea, csp. cause of Ponipi-y, for wliich he was dLU.:. ..l^ by Caasar. DSLAMET, .'\drian August in de Hussy, bom num. Doc. '2, l.'itJl, they bccan iheirtincanla- rtons; in consequence of which, Kelly was, by the inspcciioa of a certain table consecrated for •>•■ ,. purpose, with m.iiiy supprsiilio((s cerenip- Xes, enabled lo acquaint Dee with what the spirits tliou^rht lit to show and discover. These conferences were con' lued loi aboit two years in )7i.O. DEE.INY, Dr. Patrick, a theological writer of Ireland, but perhaps betler known as the in- timate friejid and correspondent of Dean Swift, was born in Ireland, 168(i, and died at Bath.J'lW. DELAN'Y, Mary, wife of the foregoinc, ce- lebrateil for Iter skill in paintine, and in ciitling and the subjects of them commitlei to writing, j flowers and other ornaments in paper, was boru but never published, though still preserved in Ashmole's museim. He travelled much abroad in company wiui Kelley, who had in his pos- session, as was reported, a philosophical pow- der of projection, by which they were furnished with money very profusely, in the latter end of his life, however, he became miserably poor ; and it is highly probable, that he remained un- der his delusions to his death ; frtr he was ac- tually providing for a new journey into Ger- many, when, worn oui by age and distempers, he died in 1W>8, aeed 80, and was buried atj Mortlake. .'.Jlis mathematical works are nu- merous and valuable. DEFESCH, William, a Gorman, eminent for his skill on the violin, died about 1750. DE FOE, Daniel, equally famous for politics and poetry, was bred a hosier. In that situa- tion he was unsuccessful ; and this probably in- duced him to apply to his pen for subsisience. Tutchin having, in 1700, written " The Foreian ers," an infamous satire on king Willjani and the whole Dutch nation, De Foe wrote "The True-born Englishman," as an antidote to it, and thereby recommended himself to the notice of his sovereign, who failed not to reward the author. He afterwards wrote an amazing num- ber of tracts. 30 of which have been collected in two vols. Bvo. One of these tracts, entitled, "The shortest Way with the Dissenters," con- tained reflections against some ecclesiastics in power, for breathing too much a spirit of per- secution. Becoming obnoxious to the ministry •n this account, he wa.s obliged to explain him- self, which he did very clearly, for he was a man of great firmness : and when he was sentenced •Aerwards to stand in the pillory for attarking at Coiilton, in Wiltshire. 1700, and died 17^'l?. DELAU.VE, Thomas, wrote in 11183, " I'lea for Nonconformity," which gave so much of- fence, that hcwas cast into prison,wliere hedied. DELAWARE, Thomas West, lord, governor of Virginia, in liilO. He fell a lUep interest in Ihe affaii-sof the colony, and may be considered as one of its first founders. He died near the mouth of Delaware bay, on his return f lom England, whither be had v;onc for the benefit of his iK-alth, in ir.l8. ^ DELEYRE, Alexar ler, a Frenchman, au- thor of an analysis js Lord Bacon's vr^ks, 3 Vols. l'2mo., died in 1^97. '^ ' S DELFT, .lacob, ^'celebrated portrait painter of Delft, who died in lOtil. DRLILIiE, one of the mo.st distinguished poetical authors that France has hitherto pro- duced, died at Paris, December, 1814. He niade at an early age, a masterly translation of Vii- gil's " Georgics" into French verse ; wrote a counteriiart to ^le Georgics, under the title, " Les Jardins ;" translated the " iEneid," and wrote many original poems. In the latter pe- riod of his career, he published a translation of Milton's " Paradise Lost." Like most other au- thors, however, he appears to have left his pos- terity nothing but his writings ; which, as his eulogist, M. Campcnon, says, "Death cannot destroy, nor time annihilate!' DELIUS, Christopher Traugott, a native of Walhausen, an eminent mineralogist, and sur- veyor of the mines of Hungary and Venice, died in 179<1. DELMONT, Deodalt, a historical painter, pupil to Reubens, who highly esteemed him - he died in 1634. 151 / DK DELOBEL) a French painter, of the ITtJi century, whose pieces adorn the churches and caUiodrals of France. DE LOLME. gee LOLME. DEfJlIO, Martin Antliony, a most learned tnan, born at Antwerp, 1551. The profress he made in Inters, while a very boy, is recorded Willi wonder, having surprised the public wlicii he \vas only 19 years of aft with sonie pood notes uiKJii tlie tragedies oi Seneca, in winch heciied almost 1100 atilhori!, with all the assur- ance of a man who had read thtni ihorouglily, and weighed their scniiments with (;reat jud;;- ment and i;.\acDiess. He died in 1W6. DELRIO, John, deaiiof Antwerp, who wrote coinmeniaries on the 119lh psalm: he died iti I(>e4. DEI.rC. See LUC. DEMADES, an Athenian orator, put to death bv Casssiider 3-2-2, 15. C. DEMARATlj'S, a king of Sparta, who re- sijtiied his crown, and retired to Persia. DEMESTE, John, chaplain and chief surgeon to the forces of the prince of Liege, well known as the author of come letters on chyniisiry, died in 17S3. PEMETRIUS POLIORCETES, king of Ma- ccdoii, wa.s highly honoured by the Atheniani he diPd ^ac P. C. DEMETKIUS, SOTER, king of Syria, was for some tiniea hostage at Rome, and was killed in barile. 150 B. C. DEMETRIUS II., surnamed Kicanor, king of Syria, formed an alliance wiUi the Jews; ho was killed bv the governor of Tyre, 28'j B. C. PEMETKIUS, PHALEREUS, a [wripatetic philosopher of Athens, who lived in the time of Alexander the Great. Three hundred and si.xty statues were erected to his hojiour in that city ; and not undeservedly, since he is said to have augmented the revenues of it, as well as to have improved and polished its buildings. Kevcrthe less he died in banishment by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. His writings consisted of poetry, history, politics, rhetoric, harangues, and em- bassies ; but none are e.xtant. DEMETRIUS, a cynic philosopher, in the reign of Caligula ; he was banished by Ves- pasian for insolence. ■ DEMETRIUS, cz«r of which coun- try he invaded, in 1(J0 , wi.a dl army, and seated himself on throne ; he reigned 11 months, and was t' assassinated. DE MISSV, CsEsar, a learned divine, born at Berlin, in 1703 ; he published some poetical pieces, and assistedJortin in his life of Erasmus. DEMOCEDES, a physician of Crotona, who afterwards became the slave and physician of Darius, king of Persia. DEMOCRITUS, one of the greatest philo- sophersof antiquity, was born at Abdera, a town ef Thrace, about the 80tli Olympiad, that Is, about 4('0 years before Christ. — fie is said to have laughed at human life in general, which, Montaigne says, it was better to do than to imi- tate Heraclitus, who wept eternally about it; because adds he, mankind are not so iinliappy as they are vain. He was the forerunner of Epicurus, whose system differs from his no otherwise than in some improvements. DEMOIVRE, Abraham, an illustrious ma- tliematirian, born at Vilri, in Champaigno, May 1W7. His abilities were so admired by the Royal Society of London, that they judged hiin a fit person to decide the famous contest between Newton and Leibnitz. He published some capital works, but is generally knov.'n bv 152 DE jhis " Doctrine of Chances ; or. Method of calcu- lating the Probabilities of Events at Play." He died at London, in 1754. DEMONAX, a philosopher, of Crete, in die jreign of Adrian, who had the greatest contempt I for riches. I DEMOSTIlEiNES, one of the greatest ora- {tors of antiquity, if not tlie greatest, was born al Athens, in tliVSd year of the lOlsi Olympiad ; itiiat is, about .S70 jears before Chrisi. It is universally agreed,' that no orator ever spoke : wiiJi such force, or had the paR:^iolls of others so inuch in his power, as Demosthenes ; ineomuch that he actually appeared like one inspired. He 'opposed riiihp of Mac edonia witJi all his might, and Alexander after him. Alexander requested of the Athenians to have Deinosllieiies given up (to him, but this was refused ; yet, when Anti- I pater, his Eiicce.'sor, made the same request (afterwards, it was granted. But Deniostheiiesi I would not be given up, and therefore escajied into the island of Celauria ; where he imbibed poison that he had kept on purpose in a quill, 10 prevent his being taken alive- He died in the 3d year of the 114th Olympiad. There are extant under his name 61 orations, which Jiave frequently been published. But, though he ar- rived at such pcrlection in this art, he fet out under great disadvantages : for he liad an im pediment in his speecli, which for a long time would not suffer him to pronounce the letter r , he liad a weak voice, a short breath, and a veiy uncoii'h and ungracious manner; however, by din . >, resolution and intinite pains, he over- came all these defects. He would climb up steep and craggy places, to help his wind ant strengthen his voice ; he would declaim with pebbles in his mouth, to remedy the imperfec lion in his speech ; he would place a looking- glass before him, to correct the awkwardness of his gesture; and he learned of the best players the proper graces of action and pronunciation, which he thought of so much consequence tiiai he made the whole art of oratory in a manner to consist of them. lie was so intent upon study, that he would often retire into a cave of the earth, and shave half his head, so that he could not with decency appear abroad till his hair was grown again. lie also accustomed himself to harangue at the seashore, where the agitation of the w aves formed to hira an idea of the commotion in a popular iiseembly, and served to prepare and fortify him against them. From these several kinds of hardships, which he imposed upon himself, it is plain that he was not so much born an orator, as an instance how far parts and application may go toward the forming of a great man in any profession. DEMOURS, Peter, a native of Marseilles, known for his dexterity as a surgeon and ocu- list ; he was author of some professional works, and died in 1795. DE.MPSTER, William, a learned Scotchman, who refuted Raymond Lully, and wrote an ecclesiastical history; he died in 1557. DEMPSTER, Thomas, a Scotch historian and commentator, born 1579, died 1625. He was u very learned man, but of a singular character ; being as prompt to draw his sword in quarrel, as to wield his pen, at anytime. He became professor of the BoUts Lettres, at Pisa, Nismes, and Bologna, and had s-uch a prodigious me- mory, that he used to say be knew not what It was" to forget. This gained him the appellation of "The Living Library." DEMPSTER, George, a Scotch lawyer, and a member of Parliajuent, in 1702. He retired from public life, and devoted hiinscll' to the improve- jiiolileman, cttlcbrated lor liis courage duiing llic ifieii; of the lligiilandK, until his deaili, in 1818. j|civil wars. He was fiiiully laKcu and busely DKNELLE, one of the uifamous friends o£ Marat, wlio killed iiis wile and live children with his own hands. Ha suffered a merited ieaili, on the scattbld. JJENHAM, Sir John, an eminent poet, born n UuhUn, in 161.5. In IG41 he published his tra- .edy called "The Sophy," which was ex leiiiely admired by the best judges; and in 164-2 tv its lirsit printed his " Cooper's llill," " a poem (says Dryden) which, for majesty of style, is, tiid ever will be, the standard of go(Ml writing." ''ope has celebrated this poem very highly in 'lis " Windsor Forest ;" and all men of taste have agreed in their commendaiions of it. He •lied in 1668. DENIS, Michael, principal keeper of the fanpei'ial library at Vienna, died in 1800. His writings on various subjects were liighly es teemed. UENMAN, Thomas, M. D. an eminent phy- sician and writer on midwilery, born at Hake- well, Derbyshire, 173:<, died in London, I8I.1. DENNER, Ballhasar, a portrait painter, of Hainbuj-gh, who refused in London, 5(K)2:uiin'as for his piciureof an old woman ; he died in 1747. DENNIE, William, proprietary governor of Pennsylvania, in 17.)6. He was superceded in 17jy, as unpopular and obno.xious to the people. DENN IE, Joseph, a nativeof Massacliusetis, was educated a lawyer; he however soon re linquished the profession tor literary pursuits, and as editor of the "Farmer's Mus«u>ii,'' a newspaper published in New-Hampshire, and afterwards of the " Port Folio," in Pliiladelpliia, gave evidence of a powerful and higlily culti- vated mind, and of a genius of superior order ; he died in 181-J. DRNNI.S, .John, a celebrated critic, born in London, 16.57. Tliough it is now become fash- ionable to speak lightly of him, he had qualities enough to recx)mmend him to the acd from a Survey of the Heavens;" boUi which are works of considerable merit. DIOIMNU, Sir Edward, first a republican, and ul'ler wards a royalist ; a member of paiiiunient during the civil wars. His speeches wi.re publi>lie(i ill 4lo. DKUMODY, Thomas, a poet of considerable talent, but so dtvoid of common prudence, that the bt^t of patronage was found to be useU-ss 10 him. He was born in tiie south of Ireland, Jan. r.75. His father, who was a schoolmaster at Ennis for some lime, is said to have employ- ed this son, when only in his ninth year, a? tireek and Latin a.ssislant at his own school: !ind, to increase the wonder, we are told that he had written as much geniiiiip poetry at ten, as either Cowley, Milton, or Pope, had pro- duced at nearly double that age. With all his talent, however, he was of so uniformly de- praved a a>nduct, that he no sooner excited compassion, and profited hy generosity, than he despised, or at least negleiied, the advice of his benefactors ; and ai length, wasted by dis- ease, arising from habitual intemperance, he died at an obscure hovel, near Sydenham, Kent, 18112, in his -iSih year. DFJIRICK, Samuel, a linen draper of Dublin ; afterwards a writer of pamphlets in London, and master o'\ .».rtfliOiiiep at Bath and Tun bridge, died sii'>. n -'t. / 5. DRK YK, or DHUICK, "^^Cornelius, a land- scape painter of Delft ; pi .K^pf Jacobs. He died in 10:10. DEUYKE, William, a historical painter at Antwerp, died 1697. DivSAGULlEKS, John Theopliilus, a cele- brated lecturer on experimental philosophy, who made several iniprovemeiils in mecha- nics, was born at Roehelle, in 168:1, but went to Ensland when an infant. His most celebrated publication is, " A Course of Eiperimenal Plii- loHophy, 17:14," 2 vols 4to. He died in 1749. DESAUL'r, Peter, a French physician, who wrote on the cure of syphilis, without saliva- tion, and on tJie stone ; he died in 17:17. DFSAULT, P-jU'r Joseph, a French surgenn, of great abilities, who attended Lewis XVIl., and died, probably by poison, fortius humanity. Ill wasaiithoroi' a valuable treatise on surgery, and died in 1795. DES B \RRE.\UX, James de Vnllec, lord, a French nobleman, 'counsellor of parliament, at Paris. He was an infidel and libertine, but, be- fore he died, save him-ii'lf up to meditation and peiiiience; he itictl in 1647. DESBLLLONS, Francis Joseph, a FreiKh 153 DE^ Jesuit, who, after ppeiuling 15 years in thn col- lege of Lewis XIV., ai Paris, reiin-d lo puhlisli hisfablos, oSOiii number, 2 vols, lli* licri in ITS^i. DliSBUIS, Francis Alexander, a Krencliman, autliorof a military diciionary, a tliciionary of agriculture, arjd one of birds:' lie died in 1784. DESf'.MlTKS. See CARTKr^. DESERICICS, or DKSERl 1"/., .loscpli Inno- cent, a Hungarian, made a Kumuii cardinal, au- thor of ina.iv works, died in 17ti5. Dl:;SGOD£TS, Aniliony, a native of Paris, an eminent architect, taken by the .\lKerines, and kept Ki inonth.s in .-Jlavery. He wrote larjie- Iv on the subject of his profession, and died in 1728. DESIIAIS, John Baptist Henry, a French painter, of very superior merit, wlio obtained the prize of the academy of Paris, in 1751. He died young. DlvHIDERIUa, or DTDIER, the last kins of Lonjiiardv. He succeeded Astolphus, in 75t). DEiS.MAHIS, Josejili Francis Edward do Coi- ."omblci:, a generous and benevolent French writer, of great abilities, author of a comedy, and of some elenaut poetiy ; he died in 1751. DF/S MAIZEAUX, Peter, secretary of the royal society of London, was born at Auvergne, in ItifW. He retired early, probably as a refugee, into England, and died tliere, in 174.5. He had intimate conne.vions with St. Evremont and Bayle; gave a very handsome edition of the works of the former, in 3 vols. 4io, witli the life of the author prefixed, and drew up the life of the latter, which was printed before the edi- tion i>f his " Dictronary," in 1730. He publish- ed also the " Miscellaneous Works of Bayle," in 4 vols, folio. He was the editor of otlur things ; and whatever he published, he always accompanied with literary anecdotes. HIOS .MARES, Toussaint, a French priest, who distinguished himself by his sermons, and other writings ; he died in 1(187. DESMARETS, Nicholas, minister of state, and comptroller, in the reign of Lewis XIV., died in 1721. DESMOIJLINS, Benedict Camille,the friend of Dantoii, and one of the original members of the Jacobin club, at Paris. He was one of the iTkost vile and ferocious of that bloody club, and wa< beheaded In 1794. DESMONTIER, Charles Albert, a French poet and dramatic writer, born at Villers Cote- rets, in 17(10, died in 1801. D'ESPANGE, John, minister of a French congregation in London. He was admired as a preacher, and died in lC(iO. DESPARD, Edward Marcus, an Irish officer, long in the English service, who laid a plan to assassinate his king, which behig detected, he was tried and beheaded, in 1803. DESP.AU'I'ERE, John, a Flemish gramma- rian, whose books were, at one time, in great repute; lie i' 'n 1520. DESPIE , John, superior of the Bene- dictine col Ai Douay, eminent as a mathe- matician ail s a mechanic, died in 1664. DESPLAC JS, an eminent French engraver, died in 1749. OESPORTRS, Claude, a painter, of Cham- pa(?ne, hiehly favouretl by Lewis XIV. and XV., died in 174.'i. HESSAIX, Louis Charles Anthony, a brave and very successful French general, in the revo- lutionary war, was born in August, 1768. He ftU at the battle of Marengo, at the moment the Pictory turned in favour of his couiUrymen, in 154 DE 1 180(1, esteemed by the French soldiera, honoured by the .\ustrians, and beloved by all who knew him. His Imdy was carried to .Milan, umbalnicd, and placed in the hospital of Mount St. Bernard, where a monument has been erected to his me mory. Di's.saix, united to bravery, the mostun- inipeachable inicgrity ; and well deserved of his country the superb monument fince erected at Paris. On this, is commemorated the share he had in the great battle.^ of Landau, Kehl, Weis- sembourg, .Malta, Chebreis, the pyramids, Scdi- man, Sannnanhoiit, Kene, Thebes, and Ma- rengo. DESTOUCHES, Andre Cardinal, a celebra- ted French musician, born at Paris, in 1672, died in 1749. L'1:mTOUCHES, Phlllp Nericnu:, a French dranuitir writer, born at Tour, in ll)f<0. died in 1754. Dcstouches had not the gayeiy of Regnard, nor the strong warm colouring of Moliere ; but he is always polite, lender, and natural. DEVAIJX, John, a native of Paris, esteemed as a surgeon, and as the author of several works, died ill 1729. DEVEREUX, Robert, earl of Essex, born in Hertfordshire, in 1507, is memorable for having been a great favourite, and an unhappy victim to the arts of his enemies, and his own ambi- tion, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. The first great shock he received in regard to the queen's favour, arose from a warm dispute between her majesty and himself, about the choice of some fit and able person to superintend the all'aiis of Ireland. The queen looked ujion Sir William Knolles, uncle to Essex, as the most, proper jier- son for that charge : Essex contended thai Sir Oeorge Carew was a much fitter man for it. When the queen could not be persuaded to ap- prove of his choice, lie so far forgot himself and liis duty, as to turn his back upon her in a con- temptuous manner ; which insolence, her ma- jesty not being able to bear, she gave him a box on the ear, and bid him go and be hanged. He immedititely clapped his hand on his sword ; and the lord admiral stepping in between, he swore a great oath, declaring that he neither could nor would put up with an atl'rontof that nature ; that he would not have taken it at the hands of Henry VIII., and in a great passion immediately withdrew from court. He was af- terwards reconciled and restored,in appearanc*, to the queen's favour; yet there is good reason to doubt whether he ever recovered it in reality ; and his friends have been apt to date his ruin from this unlucky accident. He was executed on a charge of treason, Feb. 25, 1601. DEVEREUX, Robert, earl of Essex, son of Rlizabelh's favourite, appeared in parliament a violent opposer to the measures of government, and fought many battles at the head of the re- publican troops; he died in 1640. D'EWES, Sir Symonds, an eminent English historian, and antiquary, born at (-oxden. In Suffolk, 1002, died in 1650. When he was little more than 30 years of age, he had finished that large and accurate work for which he is chiefly memorable, vi/,. " The Journals of all the Par- liaments during the reign of (iuecn Ehzabeth, both 1/Ords and Commons," &c. PRWEV, Daniel, an eminent lawyer,of Mas- sachuselts, was a member of the council of that state, a member of congress, and a judge of the supreme court of the stale ; he died in 1815. DE WITT, John, the famous jiensionary, was the second son of Jacob De Wilt, (burgomaster of Dort, and deputy 19 the states of Holland^) m and born al Don, in Uf2.') He was thp zealous patron of the glory ami liberty ot hi-i :iative country; Ihe greatest ncrius of his linie ; the ablest politician in war ns well «s peace ; the atlas of the commonwenlth : but was barl>a- rously murdered by a Dutch mob, in KITS. Up Wilt wrote a book coniaining those niaxims of government upon which be acte 1, which will be a ne%'er fading nionumeni io his immortal memory. It shows the true and genuine printi pies of policy, on which alone it is possible lo erect an administration protitablc at home, and sion to [the hardships of their profossiun, and to the will ,uf Providence. His " Poor Jack" i^ a striking land popular example of this. In the earlier part of his life, he possessed considerable merit as an actor. Mr. DIbdin was bom at c^outhainpton, about ITJ^. and died at Camden Town, neat |Loiidou,.Iulv Oj, 1814. DICE.AKCUL'S, a disciple of Aristotle, born which must command respect abroad. A trans-j at .Messina, in Sicily, was a good philosn)iher, lalion of it from the original Dutch, entitled Ihisioiian, and mathematician, and composed '' The true Interest and political Maxims of the Republic of Holland," has been printed in Lon- don. DE WITT, James, a painter, of Amsterdam His best work is Moses appointing the 70 elders. He was born in 1695. DEXTER, Samuel, LL. D., an eminent law- yer and staiesman, of Massachusetts, was born in ITCl. Soon after he commenced the practice •f the law, lie was chosen a mcmocr of con g.ess, and afterwards of the senate of the Tni- ted Slates, where he gained a high reputation for lalent.s and eloquence. L'nder the lirst pre sident Adams, he was appointed secretary of the treasury, and acting secretary of state. In Ifl.') he declined the office of miniver to Spain, and died suddenly the I'ollowing year, at Athens, in New- York DEYM'M, John Baptist Van, an eminent miniature painter, of Antwerp, born in lfi20, DEYST7.R, Lewis, an emintnt painter and engraver, of Bruges, died in 1711. His daugh- ter Anne was equally famous as a painter. D'HOSIER, Peter, a native of Marseilles, the first who formed genealogies into science, died In \^^m. DI At'ONTS, Paulus. a Lombard, who com- posed the history of the Lombards, in 6 books, died in 1770. UIAGURAS, surnamed the Atheist, .lourish ed in .Athens, in the 01st Olympiad; that in, about 412 years before Christ. The history of his atheism, is thus told. He delighted in rciak- ing vor.|"-. ni.VZ, John, a Spaniard, who emhr.nred the doctrines of Luther, for which, his bn llier, .M- phonsus, a violent catholic, hired an a>£assin to da^h out his brains, in l.'UG. DHUMN, fbarles. a celebrated sone-writer. and dramatist. In the former character, he had scarcely an equal, as to the inimber or the merit of his compositions. His songs amount to up- wards of 1000 : and it may truly be said, that thouKli a great portion of them are in praise of love and festivity, not one passage can be found in the whole numlvr, of a licentious tendency. On the contrary, they are calculated to support the interests of virtue, and to exercise the best aflettiuiie of the heart, as well as to enforce iheliliuinded a new empire crear many books upon various subjects, and in all sciences, which were much esteemed. DICK.N'El'S, an Egyptian philosopher, in the age of Aiiffustus. niCETO, Ralph de, was dean of St. Paul's, London, and author ol English history, lives of English kings, &c. : he died in 1210. DICK, Sir Alexander, an English physician, president of the college of physicians, at Edin- burch. He introduced the culture of rhubarb 111 E-ngland. and died in 176,5. DK'K I XSON.Ednuind, an eminent andleam ed physician and scholar, who wrote In defence of the Scriptures, as well as on medicine. He was physician to Charles II., aird put io denih, A.D. 193. DIDO, or FLISSA. queen of Carthage, fled from Tyre, to the coast of Africa, where she ^^m 155 1)1 DIUOT, FraiiciA AmUrosu, a iiivmI eiiiiiient Freacli primer, burn ai Fans, 17;!i), and « lassi- cally educaitii. lie inaoduciil a luiiiibor ol iiiiproveiiieiiiS; iioi oiiiy iu priiiiiiigi-rrssis (ol v/iiicli ihe prcscul tiruc is pr'itiliiig; Itiit also in mills lor uiaKing fine paptr One ol Ins sons became a celebrated lypi-ii.uiidiT. Didol died, it is supposed, fiuiii too strict an a|>plieatiou to the corr<-ciiou oi ilif press ol' a stereolype edi- tion of JNIoiitagne's works tevery ?beet ol" winch lio read live tiiiies, and corrKCltd carefully be- lore it was sent lo llie press; July 10, 1804. Hi> business is siill successfully carried on by liis eons, Peicr and Firniin DIdot. DI11YMUS, of Alexandria, an eminent gram- marian, in the a^e of Augusius, said to have wriilen 4(>0 books. DIUY.MLS, of Alexandria, an ecclesiastical writer of tiie-iili century. I)iEt;.MAN, John, rector of the university of Stade, and auihor of several theological and plii- losophicttl works, died in I7:i0. DIEMLN, .Antiiony Van, a governor-general of the Dutch East India seiiieineuiS. In iti4-2, he sent Tasman ou a voyage lo the south ; the ronsequcMce of which was, the discovery of that part of Sew Holland called Van Diemen's Land. He died in lG4o. DIEMCRBROEK, Isbrand, a professor of physic and anaioray at L'trecht, born IGOt), prac tised physic, and read public lectures with gieai reputation, and died ]ii74. DIEPE-NBECK, .Abraham, a painter, who studied with Reubens ; liisi painted on glass, and auerwardsin oil ; hedied at Antwerp, in 1(575. DIEST, Adrian Van, a landscape painter, of the Hairue, who paiiucd plants in England ; he died iu 1704. DIETRIC, John Conrad, a Lutheran, bom in Wetteravia, and profess«)r of Greek in his own town. He was a classical scholar and aulh:.>r ; he died in 1667. DIETRICH, John William Ernest, born at Weimar, a celebrated painter, di»d ui 1774. DIETRV, a painter, of Dresden, who suc- ceeded particularly in landscape views, died in 1730. PI alioiit ieii;:iheiiiiig»ut life to the period ol tliepa iriuichs. Descartes assured ^ir Kenelm Ihat he had long bben projecting a ^clieaie for that pur|>osp ; and a vfiy noiabic one iindoubteitly il would have been, if that philosopher had btil lived ; but he had the misfortune to die just be- fore he could bring it to bear. DKiljy, Lord George, an English nobleman of great pans, son of John Oigby, earl of Hris- iol, was born at Madriil, 1612. " He was (says a late writer, sonn-whal severely) a singular person, whose lift; was one contradiction. He wrote agahisi popery, and embraced it : he was |a zpalous opposer of the court, and a sacrifice for ,if. was coiiscK'iitiously converted in the midst jof his prt)secution of lord Stalford, and was most uncon.scientiously a proseciuor of lord Cla- rendon. With great parts, he always hurt hiiii- 'self and his friends ; romanticly brave, he was al- ways an unsuccessful coinniander. He spoke for th'- teat-act, though a Roman Catholic ; and ad- dicted himself to astrology on the birthday 'if true p'lilosophy." He died earl of Bristol, 16"e DIGBY, John, made gentleman of the privy cbaniber by James I, who arterwards knighted him, and sent him ambassador to Hpain. He was the auihor of some poems, and died, in ex- ile, at Pana, in 1653. DIGGE)*. Leonard, an English gentleman, fa- mous for his mathematical learning, died about 1574. DIGGES, Thomas, only son of Leonard Dig- ces, and one of the greatest mathematicians of Ins age, died 1595. DK;GES, Sir Dudley, master of the rolls to Charles I., was eldest son of Thomas Diggcs, just mentioned, and born 1583. He was, it is said, a great asserter of his country's liberty in the worst of times, when the sluices of prero- gative were opened, and the banks of the law v.-ere almost overwiielmed by the inundations of it. He was author of several literary per- formances, and died 1639. DGGES, Thomas, brother of Sir Dudley, a learned man, who translated several works from the Latin and Spanish ; he died in 1635. DIGGES, Dudley, third son of Sir Dudley DIEIT, Lewis de, an eminent divine, born atj He wrote on the unlawfulness of subjccfs taking Flushing. He refused to be court minister at; uparms against their sovereign, and died in 1643. the Hague, and went lo Leydeii, where he was "" made divinity profeswr. He published many learned worhi, and died in 1642. DIGBY, Everard, an English gentleman edu- cated at Cambridge. He wrote some curious, and learned books in Latin, and died in 1592. DIGBY, Sir Everard, born 15S1, was drawn in to be privy to the gunpowder plot ; and though not a principal actor in that dreadful affair, nor indeed an actor at all, yet he oli'ered 1500/. toward defraying the exjienses of it ; enter- tained Guy Fawkes, who was to have e.vecuted it in bis house ; and was taken in open rebel- lion with other papists after the plot was de- tected and had miscarried. He whs, with other conspirators, iiiKin the 30th of January, 1605-6, hanged, drawn, and quartered, at the west end of St. Paul's church, in London. DIGBY, Sir Kenelm, a very famous English philosopher, and eldest son of sir Everard, was born at Gothurst, in Buckinghamshire, lfi03, and died on his birthday, in 1665. Having read the writings of Descartes, he resolved to go to Hoi land on purpose to see him. He did so, and found him at his retirement at Egniond D Maizeuux, in his life of St. Evreinoiid, tells us ef a conversation between these great men ]5G DIGGES, Edward, governor of Virginia, in 1654 His administration was judicious, and calculated to improve the condition of the col- ony. He was afterwards sent to England as agent for the colony. DILLENIU.S, John James, an eminent Ger- man botanist, who was the first professor of bo- tany at O.xford. He was the friend and cor- respondent of Linnieus. His drawings and manu- scripts still remain at Oxford ; he died in 174T. DILLON, Wcsiworth, earl of Roscommon. See Roscommon. DILVVORTH, Thomas, a school-master of Wa(jping, England, well known by two or three useful school-books which he compiled, and which have gone through editions almost innu- merable. Mr. Dilworh died in 1781. DI.MSDALE, Tliomas, an eminent English physician, whose celebrity was such, th.it the empress (Catharine requested him to visit Rus- sia, where he inoculated herself and son with the small-pox ; he died in 1800. DIXARCHUS, a Greek orator, tlie pupil of Tlnophrastiis, 340 B. C. DIXGLEY, Rjbert, an English puritan, and author; was rector of BrixtOtt, in the Me df Wight ; he died in 1C59. m DINO, prolViSsor oi' jm ispnideiiuc ftt IJologna, eiiri ivrtiioiof some valualili- works, died in 1S07. DL\0(,'RATES, ;i celebiali d uiKiiiif aru/ii- iec(, i>l' Maccduiiia, employed by Alexnndor iii ouildiiig the city of AlcxandiiH. Aiiotln r me- morablt iiisfunce of Diiiutinics' aicliilLcionic skill is, his irstorin^ aiid buililiiifr, in a mort a'.it;ii3t and iiiagniticini niauiicr than hflort', ''he celebialud teni|)le ol Uiana ai F.pUt-i^us, after Eiatoslratiis, foi llie sake of iiiiniortali/.iiig liis naiijv. had drsiroywi il liv fire. DINOSTR ATI'S, a mathematician, the pupil of Piato, and inventor of the tjuadiatic curve. DINOTH, Richard, a piutcsiant writer of France, whowiotcan accurate work, "DeBello civili Gollici)," and died in l(i80. DINOUART, Anthony Joseph Toussaint, rendered t'amous by his periodical luiblicaiioi s in Paris, which drew upon liiiu, troubles and lawsuits ; he died in 1715. DINWinniE, Robert, succeeded Lee as go- vernor of Virginia, in 1752. Uraddock's expe- dition and defeat, occurred under his adminis- Iraiion. Jle left the colony in 1757, and dud in England, in 1770. DIO CPRVSOSTOM, a celebrated orator and philosopher of the 1st century, born at I'nisa, a city of Bilhynia, and called Chiysostoin, on account of bis eloquence. There arc extant of liis, t^O orations and dissertations ui)on poliii- cal. moral, and pliilosii|ihical subjects. Dlot'LKS, a matheniatician in the 5th cen- tury inventor of the cissoidor curve line. I)l()('IiE?IAN, Cuius Valefius, aRoman em- peror, whose bloody persecution of the t'liri*- tians forms a chronological a:ra, called the /F,ra ef Di(x:lcsian, or the Martyrs ; it was for a lontr time in use in theological writings, and is still followed by the Coptes and Abyssiiuans. It commenced August 2!itl), A. U. 284. — Dioclesian was bom iTI, and died 313. Dl( 'D.VTI, .lolin, a famous minister, and pro- fessor of theology at Geneva, born at Lucca, in ].)7!l, died at (Jeueva, in 1G52. He is distinguished by iranslaliniis of "The Bible into Italian," ■'The Bible into French," and of " Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent into French." HIODORrS SIcrLT'S, an ancient historian, born at Agyriuni, in ?icily, flourished in the limes of JidiusCa'sarand Augustus. Diodorus says, in the beginning of his history, that he wiif no less than 30 years in writing it, in the capital of the world, viz. Rome. He calls liis work not a "History," but a "Historical Li- brary ;" and had comprised in forty books, the mo.-it remarkable events which had happened in the world during the space of 1138 years but, to the great p-ief of the curious, of the 40 books, only 15 are now extant. DIOnORUS, bishop of Tarsus, eminent as a divine and as an instructer of youth, in the 4tli cenlurv. DIOGFXES, a philosopher of Babylon, 200 B. C. He succeeded Zeno in bis school. DIOGFNKS, the Cynic, was born at Sinope, a city of Pontiis, 413 B. C, and expelled fron thence for coining false money ; as was hi; father also, who was a banker. He retired to Athens, and prevailed on the philosopher An- tlsthenes to become his ma«cr. He not only submitted to the kind of life which was peculiar to the followers of ihai fotinder of tlie Cyidcs, but added new degrees of austerity to it. He ordered somebody to provide him a cell ; but, »4 that ordf I wa£ nut speedily executed, he 1 m i:rew imputi84, and ends with th» death of the emperor Claudius, about the year SOfi. DIONIS, Peter, a French surgeon, and the first who demonstrated anatomical diss-ectionn and chirurgical operations, established by Lewis XIV., in the royal garden of plants. This in geiiioiis person died in 1718. DIONYSIUS I., tyrant of Sicily, raised him- elf from obscurilv to the throne; he reigueU 40 years, and died 3G6 B. C. DIONYSIUS II., succeeded his father as ty- rant of Sicily, and was expelled by Dion, 343 B. C. ' DIONYSIUS, a tyrant of Heraclea, who mar- ried a niece of Darius, died 304 B. C. DIONYPH'S, a bishop of Corinth, who suf fered martvdoni in 178. DION Yell's, an ancient poet and geographer, w role a great number of pieces ; but his " Pe- riegesis," or ' Survey of the World," is the only one that we have remaining ; and it w onld be superfluous to say, that this is one or the most e.xact systems of ancient geography, when it has been related that Pliny himself proposed it for his pattern. DIONYSIUS, bishop of Home, condemned the heresy of the Sabellians in a full synod, died in 2f.9. DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS, a his- torian and critic of antiquity, born at Hali carnassus, a town in Caria ; which is also me- morable for having produced Herodotus bnfor* him. His history is intilled "Of the Roman Antiquities," and was comprised in 30 bon* 157 DO of which only Iho first 11 areno-.v extant. TIkI repuiatioii dI" this historian stands very liipiij on many a^counis. As to wlia; iclates lo chru- nolo^'y, ail llie critics liave bneii apt to preler liim even to Livy hiinspll'; than his style and diction, nothing can be more pure, more ck'ar,| or more elef;anl. — But, besides the " Rouiam Aiitiiiips, and advanced his theological character greatly by an almost unin- terrupted publication of sermons, and tracts of piety. For ihe .same piirptise also, he was very zealous in promoting and assisting at charitable institutions, and distinguished himself much in regard to the Magdalen hospital, which wa.s opened in August, 17.V< :^Iie became preacher at ihe chapel of iliis chanty, for which he was al- lowed yearly 1001. But, notwiilisianding hia aiteiilion to spiritual concerns, he was by no iiiiMiis negligent in cultivating his temporal in- terests ; for, besides writing constantly in tlie Public Leger, he superintended and contribu- ted largely to the " Christian's Ma^'a/ine ;" for which he received from the proprietors lUOi. yearly. The truth is, Dodd's finances by no means answered his style and manner of liv- ing: they were indeed much too small for it; and this obliged him to recur to such methods of au'.'ineniiii!; them. Happy if be had never recurred to e.\pcdients worse than these !— Ptill, however, he preserved theological ap|X"arances, and now meditated a disign of publisiiing a large " Commentary on the Bible," which he began to publish in weekly and monthy num- bers, and continued to publish ir regularly till it was completed, in 3 vols, folio. In 1700, betook the degree of LL. D., at Cambridge, having been made a chaplain to the king sonic timelie- lore. In 1772, he was presented lo the living of Hocklilfe, in Buckinghamshire : but what could such preferment as this avail ? The habits of expense had eained a wonderful ascendency over him ; he was vain, he was pompons, which persons emerging from low situations of life are apt to be, and thus became involved and sink- ing under debts. To relieve Iiimself he was tempted to asicp which ruined hiin for ever with the public; and this was, to procure by indirei'.t means, the rectory of St. George's, Hanover Square. On the preferment of Dr. Mo.ss to the see of Bath and Wells, in 1774, that rectory fell to the disposal of the crown ; upon which, Dodd caused an anonymous letter to he sent to lady .Apsley, offering" the sum of 30001., if by her means he could be presented to the living. Alas! he was unfortunate in his woman: the letter was immedi itely communicated to the chancel- lor, and, after bcine traced to the sender, laid before the kiivg. His name was in consequence ordered to be struck out of the list of chaplains From this period every step led to complete Iiib DO ruin. In the summer of 177G, he went to France; out reiurned in the begiiuiin!: ol winter, and proceeded to everci^e his function as usual, par- ticiilnrly attlic Masdaleii Chapel, where his la.-t sermon was prcaclitd Feb. C, 1777. Two dajs al'ler this, he signed a lio:id, whieli he liad lor- i;ed, as from Ills pupil, lord Chesterfield, for the sum of -^01., and upon the crtilit of it ohiained a considerabie sum of niruiey ; but detection in- stantly foHowiiij.', lie was coinniilled to prison ; tried aiui convicted at the Old Haili;y, Feb. 2-1, and executed ai Tyburii, June '27. DODDIUUGE, or DOnKlUIMIR, Sir John, one of the judges of the kind's bench, about ll>XI, and the author of many works on Llie laws of England. DODDRIDGE, Dr Philip, an emir.ent dis srnling minister, born in London, in 1700, died 1751. He was 21 years pastor of a nieetin!;- house, at Northamplon ; director of a tlouri.-'li iiip academy ; and author of many excellent writings; in which, his pious, benevolent, and i:idefaligable zeal, to make men wise, good, and happy, is every where manifest. lie left many Hdrksi behind him ; the principal of which arc " The Ri.^eand I'roirressof Religion in the Soul, Jlluslrated in a course of serious and practical .•Vddresses, suited to peisonsofeverj- Character and Circumstance ;" and " The Family Expo- sitor, containing a Version and Paraphrase of the \ew Testament, with Critical Notes; and a Practical Improvement of each Section," in vols. 4to. DODOENS, or DODON/EUS, Ramnert. phy- sician of the eni])eror Maxiinilian 11., and Ro- dolphiis II. lie was a botanist, and professor at Leyden, and died in loSfi. bODSEEY, Robert, an eminent bookseller, and ingenious writer, born at Mansfield, in Not- tinchanislMre, in J7(>3. His first setting! out in life, was in a scrx'ile Btalion, (footman to the honourable Mrs. Lowther;) from which, liow- L'ver, his abilities very soon raised him ; for, having %vritten "The Toyshop," and that piece being shown to Mr. Pope, the delicacy of satin- which is conspicuous in it, though clothed with the greatest simplicity of design, so strongly re- (•oiinnended its author to the notice of thai ct'le- braied l>oet, that he continued from that time to the day of his death, a warm l"riend and zealous patron to Mr. Dudsley. Hisfarce, called " The King and Miller of Mansfield," made its appear- ance the ensuing year, viz. IT.Jfi. From the suc- cess of these pieces, he entered into that busi- ness which, of all others, has the closest con- ne.Tion with, and the most immediate depend- ence on, persons of genius and literature, viz. that of a bookseller. In this station, Mr. Pope's reconunendation, and his own merit, soon ob tallied him not only the countenance of persims of the first abilities, but also of those of the first rank, and, in a. few years, raised him to greai eminence in his profession, of which he was al- most, if not altogether, at the head. He wrote six dramatic pieces, which are enumeraud in the" Bioeraphia Dramatica;" and besides these, be published in his life-time, " The Muse in Li- very ;" " Friendly Advice to his Brethren," 173i : a little collection of his own works in one vol. 8vo, under the modest title of " Trifles," 1745 ; and a poem of considerable length, enti lied " Public Virtue," 1754, 4to. A second vo lumeof '• Trifles," was collected after his death, consisting of, 1. " Oleone :" 2. " Melpomene, or Ibe Regions of Terror and Pity, an Ode ;" 3. " Agri<,ullnrc, a Poem ;" dud 4. " The Eco noMiv ol Hnnian Life." Mr. Dodsley also exe- cutid two woiks of great service to the cause uf genius, as they are th4. HODSON, Michael, an English lawyer, and rnmmissioiier of bankrupts. Author of atians- .ilion of Isaiah, and several ives ; he died in 1799 DODSWORTH, Roger, jornin YorKshire, in l,>-'o, died lf).54. Mr. Gough (Topographer of Yorkshire) thus »!peaks of him: "One caiinut approach the holders of this county wiihcu' paying tribute to the memory of that indcfatiga- l)lc collector of its antiquities, Roger Dods worth, who undertook and executed a work, wliicti, to ilic aiiii<|iiaries of the present ago, would have been liie stone of Tydides. 122 volumes of his own wriling, besides original M?S. which he had obtained from several hands, making all to- gether 102 volumes folio, now lodged in that ceielnated repository of ancient monuments, the liodleian library, at 0.vford, are lasting memo- rials of what his country owes to him ; as the two voluiiies of the " Monasticon" (which, though published under liis and Dugdalp'snaineei oiijninily, were both collected and v?ritten to- tally by him) will immortalize that extensive industry which ha." laid the whole kingdom un- der obligation." noUVVELIy, Henry, a most learned and pious man, born at liublin.in 1641, died 1711, having written a great nninber of theological works. DODVV F.I.L, Henry, eldest son of the pieced ing, was author of a pamphlet, " Clirifilianity not fi nnded on argiimciit." DOES, Jacob Vander, a Dutch painter, whose laiidscTpes arc very much admired, died in 1<;73. DOES, Jacob Vander, son of the preceding, who displayed promising talents as a paiiuer, but died aged 19. DOES, Simon Vander, brother to tlicprercd ing. Hi.' landscapes, battles, &c., are in a pleas- ing style ; he died in 1717. DtiGGET, Thomas, a comedian, formerly belongiim to Driirv--laiie Theatre, where he bo- came joint manager with Wilkes andCibber- in which situation he continued till, on a discuj* betook in the year 1712, at Mr. Bootli's being forced on them as a sharer in the nianaceinen*, he ".brew up his part in the property of tlu tlu a- tre, though it was looked on to have been worth HKMll. per annum. As an actor, he had great merit, and his colcmporary, Cibber, in forms us, that he was the most original, and ilie strictest observer of nature, of any actor of his time. He died in ITSL In his political princi- ples, he was, in the words of Sir Richard Steelci a" whig up to the head and ears;" and so strict- ly was he attached to the interests of the house f Hanover, that he never let slip any occasion that presented it-self of demonstrating his senti- ments in that respect One instance, among others, is well known ; whicii is, that the year after George L came to the throne, this perform- er gave a waterman's coat and a silver badge to be rowed for by six \\atenfien, on the first day of August, being the anniversary of that king's accession to the throne ; and, at his death, bequeathed a certain sum of money, the inlerc.s*- of which was to be appropriated annually, for ever, to the purchase of a like coat and badge, to be rowed for in honour of the day : which 159 DO ceremony U every year periorintil on the 1st ul' ; Au^st, ibe cluiiiiunls setting out, at a signal ' given, at (liat liuieof tliu tide wlicn the current | IS strongest against them, anil rowing iVnm thc{ Old Swan, near London bridge, to the White l Swan, at Chelsea. As a writer, Dog»!et leil bf- ] liinil liiin only one comedy, wliitii has not been'; perlormcd ia its original state Co: many years, j entitled " T)ie Country Wake, 109;!," 4lo. It lias been altered, liowevcr, into a ballad-taree, which occasionally makes iLs appearance under the title of " Flora, or Hob in the Well." UOISSIN, Lewis, a .li:suit, wlio wrotp ele- gant Latin verses on the subject of sculpture and engraving, died in 1753. DOLAUELL.V, P. Cornelius, son in-law of Cicero, a friend of Osar, and governor of Sy- ria, put an end to his life ai 27 years of age. UOLBIN, John, a man of education, niajor I in the king's sen-ice, during the civil wars, and ' afterwards dean of Westniiuster, and bishop of llochester ; lie died in 166.S. UOLCE, Lewis, a native of Venice, a poet, translator of some of the ancient authors, and author of several learned works, died r.i 1508. DOLCE, Carlo, a painter, of Florence. His St. John, painted wlie . he was only 11 years old, is much admired ; lie died in 1080. 1)0LE?\ Stephen, a learned Frencliinan, a painter and bookseller, at Lyons, was burnt for atheism, in 154C. DOLLOXD, John, a very eminent optician, and the inventor of the achromatic telescope, was born in Spital- fields, June 10, 1700, died Nov. :ttl, 1701. He was reading a new puhlica- lion of M Clairaut, on the Theory of the Moon, and on which lie had been long inteully engaged when he was seized with apoplexy, and died in a few hours after. The business and the abilities of the father were inherited by his two sons, Peter and John. DOLLO^iD, Peter, son of the optician, known as the author of papers communicated to the royal society, on his improvement of the tele- scope, on his alterations of Hadley's quadrant, &c., died in 1820, aged 90. DOLOMIEU, Deodat, an eminent French naturalist, who visited. all the volcanic regions of Italy, and was afterwards sent, among other men of science, to collect and describe the anti- quities and natural curiosities of Egypt. Re- turning from that country, he was driven into Naples, and there committed to a close and loathsome confinement ; but, after sufl'ering a long captivity, he was liberated by the humane interposition of the celebrated Sir Joseph Banks. He had scarcely reposed after his I;?- tigues, when he went to visit Mont Simplon, whence he returned rich in mineralogical acqui- sitions ; when a disease, which comniPnced in liis imprisonment, terminated his career, De- ccml)er, 1801. DOJI.'^T, John, a celebrated French lawyer, born at Clermont, in Auvergne, in 1025, died at Paris, in 1096. The confusion which he had observed in the laws, put hiin upon forming a design of reducing them to their natural order, which he completed, and published in four vols. 4to, under the title of " The Civil Laws in their Natural Order, 1G89." It has been usual to re commend this work to young lawyers and di- vines, who would apply themselves to the study of morality and the civil law. POME.N'ICIHXO, an Italian painter, on sacred subjects and landscapes, born at Uoiupna, 15-^1 He always applied liintself tu his work v.iih 160 IMJ much study and thciuglill'iilneps,Tnd never olFer- ed to touch his priicil till he iou:td a kind of cn- thiisi:i5m or inspiration upon him. His excel- lence lay priiicipally in the CDrrtctness of his style, and in e.vpiessiiig the passions and alfec- liiins of the min.l. He died in IGll, not witliout the suspicion of being [loisoned. nOMlMC, de Guzman, a r^paniard, founder of the order of the Predicants, born in .Arragon, |iii II7U, di. d at Bologna, in Italy, in 12-21, and was afterwaids inude a .saint tor the prodigious setvicts he had dime the church. DOMINICIIINI. Lodovico, a native of Pla- ceniia, lamous for his voluminous transialions from ancient authors, died in 1574. DOMIMS, Mark Aiiiony de, archbishop of Spolaio, ill Dalmatia, in the Itilli cenlnry. He wrote against the pjijial power; turned proles- lant ; then again tiiret'd catiiolic : he was siis- pecied, seized, and impiisoned. After his death Ills body was dug up and burned as a heretic in 1045. UOMITIAN, Titus Fiavii's, a Roman empe- ror, ai first mild, but alierwards licentious and cruel, was assassinated in 'JH. DOMITIAXUS, Douiitius, general and dio- clcsirtn, was proclaimed emperor of Egypt, in 2rfi ; he dud by violence. UON.'^LD.'^O.N', John, an eminent artist of F.diiiliuigh, distinguish' d as a minialurc iwrlrail painier, and an exact imitator with his iieii of the old engravers ; also a |>oet and a chymist : hediidin 1801. l)ON,\TO, Bernardino, Greek professor at Padua, author of a Lai in dialogue, on I he differ- ence beiweeii Aristotle's and Plato's pliilosophy , he died in 1550. DON ATO, an arcliitect and sculptor, of Flor- ence, of srreat eminence, died in 1400. DONATO, Jerom, a VeneiiJiu nobleman, eminent for hi:^ learning, his niilitary services, and particularly for his negotiations, died in 1.511. DONATO, Alexander, a Jesuit of Sicima, who wrote a valuable description of Home ; he died in IfHO. DONATO, Marcclhis, an Italian count, who wrote a learned work on the Latin writers of Roman history, 8vo., in 1007. DONATUS, bisliop of Carthage, banished in 350. DONATUS, jElius, a grampiarian of the 4tli centui-y, preceptor of St. Jerome, and author of coniini ntarieson Terence and Virgil. DONATUS, a bishop of a rtliiiious sect in Africa, who began to be known about the year 329, and greatly confirmed his faction by liis character and wViliiigs. He was a man of great parts and learning ; but withal so prodigiously haughty, thai he treated all m.inkind with con- tempt. The Donalists affirmed baptism in other churches to be null and of no effect ; while other churches allowed it to be valid in theirs: from which they inferred, that it was the safer to join that community where baptism was ac- knowledged by both jjarties to be valid, tiiaii that where i' was allowed to be so only by one DONCKF.R, Peter, a painter, of Gouda, stu- died at Kome, and died 1608. DO.VDl'S, or DK CONDIS, James, a physi ciaii, of Padua, learned also in mathcmalics and mechanics, died in 1350. DONEAU,Hngh, professor of law at Bonrgei and Orleans. He wrote commniuaries on civil taw, 5 vols, folio, and other work* and died i» LTOI. DO UONGAN, Tiiomas, carl of Limerick, a jiidi eious and popular go\«nior of New- York, re signed the oliicp in HW, ami returned to Eng- land, in consequence of liis sovereign's displea- sure. DOXI, Anthony Franias, a Florentine priest who possessed great satirical powers, and wrote Biaiiy hooks : ho died in 1374. UO,\I D'ATTICIH, Lewis, a Florentine no- lilcnian, whose modesty and learning nconi mended him to Richelieu, who made him bishop iif Autun. He wrote many volumes, and died in l&yi. DOiVI, .Toim Baptisfe, professor of eloquence at Fi;)i-ence. His treatise on music is well knoifn ; he died in 1647. DOXXE, John, an English poet and divine, born at London, 1.573, and di^scenried, hy Iiisnio thcr, from the family of sit Thoma-^ More. Sion after his taking ordccs (which ln> did .U the spe eial request of kina; James) he was chosen preach'jr of Linca'ii's-Inn; in MWl, he wa.s made dean of St. Paul's, and there was some thin:: singular in the ciscunisiancos .".ttendinL' it. The deanery becomiiie vacant, the king sent iV.r Dr. Uonne, and ordered him to attend him the next day at diimor. When his majesty was set down, before he had eaten any meat, he said, *' Dr. Donne, I have invited y«u to dinner; and thougli you sit not down with me, yet I will carve to you of a dish that I know you love well ; for knowing you love London, I do therefore make you dean of St. Paul's ; and when f hare dim d, then do you take your beloved dish home to your study: say grace there to yonr.self, and much good may it do you!" He died lOUl, and was buried in the catliedral chuvcli of St. I'anl, where a monument was er<;cted over him. His poems consi.st of songs and sonnets, epigrams, epitlialamiums, satires, letters, funeral elegies, holy sonnets, &c. pnhlislieiure in which they were, when the Sabbath cominencetji. He starved himself to death. '^ DOITRLET, N. an eminent French surgeOH, who left some valuable professional writings ; he died In ITiU. Dorci.N', Lewis, a French Jesuit, who wrote a history of the Xestorians, and other works; ' he died I75r.. DOIjFFBT. Gerard, a painter, of Liege, and a pupil of Rubens, famed tor the variety an(> accnrmy of his pictures, died in ItXiO. fUM'tJ.ADU:^, Venance, a capuchin, horn near ( 'iircassonne. The French revolution wa* a field fit 10 display his ambition and intrlgiie : he was di-agged lo the scaffold tor his polllicul opinions in 171(4. DtJUGHERTY, Michael, one of the first set ileis of Georiia ; died in 181)8, aged 13.). DOUGL.VS, Gawin, bishop of Dunkeld, and '^nilneut for his poetical talents, was born at Annandale, in Scotland. In 1471, and died of the pUiHue in London, In 15-.I2 Mr. Warton styles him '■ one of the distingnished lumin.irics that marked the restoration of letters in Scotland, at (he commencement of the ItHh century." He itranslated the •' iEiieid" of Virgil into Scottish herolcji, with the additional (13ih) book of Ma- plieus Vegius, 4to, 1553. He also wrote an ori- •jinal piece called "Tlie Palace of Honour," and other iK)eins. He was likewl.se a promoter of |)nbllc spirited works, and finished the stone bridge over the river "I'ay, begun by his prede.- ce.ssor. DOUGLAS, William, a Scotch nobleman, commissioned by Robert Bruce. He had made a vow lo go on a crusade, but he perished on the way, in 1327 DOUGL.\S, James, an English anatomi.^t, and distliigui-shed practitioner In obstetrics. He was also an eminent author, and died in 1742. DOt'GL.AS, admiral Sir Charles, a native of Scotland, -as originally in the Dutch service ; nnd it was not without some difficulty that he |«as enabled to obtain rank in the English navy. He was so c.vcellent a linguist, that he spokesix European languages correctly. (»nth« war with .\merica breaking out, he had a broad pendant given him, and commanded the squadron em- ployed in the gulf of St. L.twrence. His servi- ces Diere Obtained Iniii very flattering honcnr* ^ • DO on his return to England ; and after Brereton was rtiBinhfi-pd, for iniecoiiduct, from tJie Duke, of 98 punf, Sir Charles was appointed to com- mand htr. In this Fhip, he cultivated liis me- chanical propensity so much to the improvement of tlie guns, and the use of locks instead of matche$,that thn practice wa:? univeraally adopt- ed ihrouphout the navy. During the prt-para- lious for war, in the year 1787. hr. wa.s promoted to the rank of rear admiral, and died in January, i789. d6ugL.\S, Dr. John, bishop of Salisbury, a learned divine, born at Piilenweeui, in Fiir- shire, in 1751, and educated chiefly at Baliol College Oxford. This venerable prelote was one of tltc first literary characters of the age, and the last surviving; member (the bishop of Dromore excepted) of the Beef Steak Club, ce- lebrated by Dr Goldsmith, in his poem of " Re- taUatJon." The lilcrary talents of bishop Doug- las were first evinced, in detecting tho attempt of Lauder to depreciate the merits of Milton. He vindicated the originality of that illustrious bard, and covered his opponent witli contusion. His next performance possessed such merit, as highly to recommend his character, both as a literary roan, and an advocate for revealed re- ligion. It was entitled the " Criterion," in an- swer to Mr. Hume's Essay on Miracles. He suc- ceeded Dr. Law in the bishopric of Carlisle, in 1783; and upon the translation of Dr. Barring- 'He made bis name immortal by a voyage int» I ton to the see of Durham, was appointed his successor. His lordship died May 18, 1S07. DOUGLAS, James, earl of Morton and Aber- deen, a man of great learning and many virtues. He was president of the London Royal Society, in 1733. DOUGLAS, William, M. D., a native of Scotland, afterwards a physician in Boston, who first made known at Constantinople, the practice of iiinoculatlng for the small pox, but was oppo- sed to its introduction into Anurica ; he pub- lished several works on small pox, &c., and died in 1752. DOUSA, James, a very learned man, born at Korthwick, in Holland, 1545, died in 1G04. He was a great scholar, statesman, and soldier. His learning was indeed prodigious ; and he had such a memory, that he could at once give an answer to any tiling that was asked liim rela- ting to aneient or modern history, or, in short, to any branch of literature. He was (say Mel- chior, Adam, and Thuanus,) a kind of liviiiir library, the Varro of Holland, and the oracle of the university of Levden. DOUVRE, Thomas de, was raised by Wil- liam the Conqueror to the see of York, where he rebuilt the cathedral : he died in 1100. DOUVRE, Thomas de, nephew of the pre- ceding, was also archbishop of York, in 1108. DOUVRE, Isabella de, of the same family, was mistress to Robert, the natural son of Hen- ry I. ; she die ears of age he commenced prophet, and |publi>l!iil tome ixiraordiiiary political chime- ras, which he called " ViBions." DRACO, a celebrated legislator of Athens, whose laws were so revere, that thcvwere said to be written in blood. He flourished ahoutROU yeiirs B. C. URACOMTES, John, a Lutheran divine.a bishop fn Prussia, and the learned author of some connnentaricB on the Scriptures. He be- gan a polyglott Bible, but died before its com- pletion, in I5GG. DRAGUT, Rais, or captain RACUT, the fa- vourite and successor of Barbaiossa, a famous pirate, m 1566. DRAKE, Sir Francis, a di?tinguishcd navnl heio, who tlourishcd in the reign of Elizahetli, was ttorn near Tavistock, in Devonshire, 1.545. the South Seas, through the strait of Magellan, which was what, at that time, no Englishman had ever attempted. He sailed from England, Dec. lit, 1577, and entered the li.irbour of Ply- inonth on his return, Nov. 3, 15K0 ; perfonuing thus a voyage round the globe in two years and about ten months. His expeditions and victo- ies over the Spaniards, have been equalled by modern admirals, but not his generosity ; for ho divided the booty he took, in just proportional shares with the ciminion sailors, even to wedges of gold given him in return for his presents to Indian chiefs. He died, after having rendered the most eminent services to his country by his bravery and skill, 1595-6, on board his own ship, in the West Indies. The town of Plymouth had vpfy particular obligations to Drake ; for, in 1587, he undertook to bring water into it; tbroKgh the want of which, till then, it had been grievously distressed ; and he performed it by onducting thither a stream from springs at eight miles' distance, that is to say, in a straight line : lor, in the manner he brought it, the course of it runs upwards of 20 miles. DR.'VKE, Samuel, published, in 1709, in folio, a splendid edition of archbishop Parker's " De Antiquilale Rrilantiica" ecclesio-,'" &c. DRAKE, James, a celebrated political writer and physician, born at Cambridge, in 15()7, died 1706-7. He is chiefly known now by his medi- cal works, by a " System of Anatomy," parti larly, which was (inishe*! a little before his de- re.a.se, and publi.'-'hed in 1707. DRAKE, Francis, a surgeon, at York, and an eniinent antiquary, published, in 1736, " Ebora- cum , or. The History and Antiquities of the City of York, from its Original to the present Time," &c. DRAKE, William, a physician, born at York, where he settled. In his old age he collcclert various records, and published a valuable histo- ry of his native town, in folio , he died in 1760. DRAKE, Rotlcer, D. D., a physician, who became a popular preacher in Lon on. Hewa.? learnetl and oious, and died after the restmatton. UR/ nUAKE.N'UERG, Chrisiian Jacob, was born "n Norway, and al'tcrlii iiig in celibacy UJycais marrieii a widow aged 00. DHAlCENBORCil, Arnoldus, a professor of history and elofiucacc at Utrecht, died in 1718 lie is iiieniorable lor having jjiven line editions tn 4to of two ancient authors, " Titus Liviiis," 7 vols. ; and "Siliusltaliciis," with very learned notes. He is al.io Uie author of some small works. DR.AN, Henry Francis le, a famous surgeon, and lithotomist, author of Surgery, > vols., and other surgical works, died at i'aris, in 177U. DR.VPEU, Sir William, an English general, born at Bristol, was educated at Eton, and ai King's College, Cambridge; but preferring a military life, lie went to the East Indies, wlieru be attained the rank of colonel, and in 17i)3, in co-operation with admiral Cornish, reduced Manilla, where they consenitd to accept a Ainsom for the fort of 4,000,000 dollars, which the Spanish goverinnent never paid. In 17C'.), being then a knight of the Bath, the colonel appeared in print, as the ant.igonist of Junius, in defence of the marqufs of Graiiby. Sir William died at Bath, in 17(?7. DRAYTON, Michael, an Englisli poet, born in Warwickshire, 15(JJ. VV'lienbui 10 years of age he appears to have been page to some person of honour, as wn collect from his own words. It appears too, that he was then anxi-' ous to know '' what kind of strange creatures poets were V and desired his tutor, of all things, that, if possible, "he would inaUc him a poet." He took delight, and was eminent for hie talent in this way, nine or ten years before the death of queen Elizabeth, if noi something sooner. Drayton died in lti31, and was buried in West- minster abbey, among the jwels. His works, which are numerous, and of great merit, were collected and printed, in 171{r, in one volume folio. DR.V.YTON, William, a politic-il writer of coneiderable eminence, in South Carolina, ac- tive in forwarding the American revolution • he publislied a history of the war, and died in 1779. DRAYTON, William. LI>. D., a judge of the 'ederal court fur the district of South Carolina ; died in 17'J0. DREBEL, Cornelius, a Dutch philo.aopher and alchymist, of whom some curious particu- lars are related, with respect to his power, to cause rain, cold,&c., by the operations of his machines ; he died in 1572. DRELINCOURT, Charles, minister of the church of Paris, born at Sedan, 1595, and died lf(G9. His " Consolations against the Pears of Death" have, of all his works, been the most frequently reprinted ; having passed through above 4H editions, and been translated into several languages. His "Charitable Visits," In 5 vols., have served for continual consolation to private persous, and for a source of materials and models to ministers. He published three vclumes of Sermons ;" in which, as in all the foreinentioned pieces, there is a wondsrful vein of piety, which is very affecting to religious minds. DRE86ERTTS, Matthew, a German, who oecame professor of rhetoric and history at Jena, and, in 15f?l, accepted the chair of jxilitc learning at I>eipsic. He was a man of great learning, and died in HiO*. DRECX DU RADIER, John Francis, a French advocate, who abandoiiod the bar for [I DR the pursuits of literature, and bi'catnc the autlior of various works; he died m 17i?0. DRKVET, l'eter,aiieinincntengraveratParis; his son, also named Peter, was equally trainen: In the same profession. They both died in 1739, the lather aged 75 ; the son 42. DKEXELIUS, Jeremiah, a Jesuit, of Augs- buieh, author of a curious poem on licll tor- ments, in which he calculates how many souls can be contained in a given space; he dieU ia 1G38. DRIEDO, John, a learned divinity professor, of Jiouvain, whose abilities were employed against the Lutheran Calvinists. lie pubiislieu 4 vols, folio, on theological subjects, and died in 1535. DRINKER, Edward, a native of Phlladelphi!i died in 1782, aged 103. He lived to see the 5ih generation, and having survived the reigns of seven sovereigns, he at length saw tin day that made America, a free and iiidependenr naiion. UUOLINGER, Charles Frederick, privy coun- sellor to the margrave of Baden Duilach, was admired as a poet, and scholau- ; he died in 174.'. DROU, N., a French advocate, dislinguislieJ for his eloquence, and for his defence of tl;e poor as well as the rich ; he died in 178:1. DROUAIS, Hubert, a painter, of Normandy who, by his pencil, raised himself to fame and opulence ; died in 1767. DROUET, Stephen Francis, a laborious French writer, who died in 1779. DRUMMOND, William, of Hawihorndcii, a Scottish poet and historian, born 15^3, died Dec. 4, l(i49. He preceded VValler in polishing Englisli versification. His poems have ah.irnio- ny and sweetness in them, unequalled by any yf his time; and in his " History of the Five Jame.ses" his manner of telling a story, and interesting the reader in what he relates, has been highly commended. Ben Jonson so much admired our autlior, thathenndertook a journey on foot into Scotland on purpose to visit him, and esteemed some months that he spent in his society the happiest of his life. Some of the conversation at this meeting has been ))r<=served . Drumnuind's poems were first printed at Edin burgh, in 4»o., ir.ltS; afterwards in 8vo., If-.V!. and a complete collection of his works in fblio, 1711. The poems were reprinted in 1791. His ■Toneral merits have been ingeniously appre- ri;Ufd by Mr. Neve, Mr. Headlcy, Mr. Pinkerlon, and Dr. Anderson, in their several biographical skeichcs of our earlier British poets. DRUMMOND, Robert Hay, successively bi- shop of St. Asaph, of Salisbury, and of York. He published six occasional sermons, and died in 1773. DRURY, Robert, wag shipwrecked in 17tii on the island of Madagascai-, where he remaincj 15 years. After his escape, he published aa account of the natives, &c. DRURY, Dru, a jeweller, of London, who wrote 3 vols, on ins«ets, and collected a vast number of curiosities ; be died in 1804. DRUSILL.V, Livia, disgraced herself by an incestuous commerce with her brother Caligula; she died, A. D. 38. DRU8IU3, John, a most learned man among the Protestants, was horn at Oudenard, in Flan- ders, in 1555, and was author of several works which show him to have been well skilled in Hebrew, and to have gained a considerabl* knowledge In the Jtwish antiquities. He Uiofl ill 1016. 163 liR nUr.SL'.S, son ol GoniiaiiicuM, \\a» put to dcilli t.y Tiberius, .A. I). ii;i DIM i^L't^, M. Livius, an aiiihitious Roman, itiurdert'd lor his auuiuptg to eiilorcc the agra- rian law, 190 B. C. IiRUSUS. Nero Claudius, brotiicr of the em- peror TiberiuB, was iioiunircd with a triuiii|>l] lor liis victories in lieniiaii> ; he died "Jl B.C. DULSL'S, son ol T'bcnub and Vispania, was baiiished, A. D. 23. DKVA.NDER, John, a Hessian medical and mathtrniaiical writer, died li.iO. UkVliEN, John, an illustrious English poet, v.as son of Erasmus Oryden, olTicliiinTsh, in .\orihaiuploii8hire, and boi n at Aldwincle, in ar Ouiidle, ill ihai county, Aug. 9, 16:51. He was educated in granunar learning at Weslininstci Kchdol, being king's scholar there under the I'a- inrius Ur. Hus-by, and was frini thence elected, ill ItioO, a scholar in Trinity L'olJegc, Cambridge. Uis re|iulaiion as a poet, together with his al- tucluiient to the court, procured liijn the place ol' poet-lauteat and historiographer to Cliarles II., which accordingly he took possession or,j niK.a the drath of sir William Daveuant, iiii mS. In 1609 his first play, a comedy, called 1 " The Wild (iallant*," was acled at the Thi:i-| tre-ioyal, but with so little success, that ilUie author liad not had a peruliarly strong inclina- tion to dramatic writin", he would have btenl PL I DUAKKN, Francis, a French civilian, who jtauglil civil law at Buuigrs. lie publivhed sutue !\vurKs, cliictiv on law, and ditd m lS3'.i. UL(>OLA0k, Mary Anne le Page, a French l|ad}, who iraiislaled into her own language, |lV)pe's Tell. pic ol Fniue, and Milton's Paiadieo loft. Mie was a member ol niuny learned s<>- {cK.'ties, and lamous tor licr iioetry and coiiipo- bilion. t^lie died in 18(U. I DUBOIS?, U illiani du, a French prelate, who supimriod the duke ol Orlemi;- in all lii.s licen- tiouEiiess, and scbeiiies of amlmion. He \^as made u cardinal, and afterwards priun.' ii.iiiis- tcr. He was a hyiiocriie and an intriguer, and died in ll-Si. IHjHOIc;, Dorothea, daughter of the earl of rVnglesea, who married a musician, and was disowned by her father. She wi-oie ThLodvra, a novel, and died in lw4. Dl'IiOLS, f^imon, a painter, of Antwerp, who went to Knglaiid, mid acquired great laiiic by his art, he died in 1706. Dt'BOS Charles Francis, a Frenchman, dean of liUcon. He wrote the life of Barilkin, bishop of LiK'on, and died in I'liii. Ufl'.OS, John Baptist, a French abbot, au- thor of rttlfctions on poetry and painting, died in 17-i2. Ul.'BOS, Jerome, a Dutch painter, whore represeiilation of hell, struck its beholders with sufftcifcutly discourajitil from any farther at-j|trrror and astonisliment, he died in the b»gin- ttnipli ill it. He went on, however, and in the||iiing of the lOili century. spaic of 2.5 yrt-««;iits him. in re- eard to Ins moral characir^r, in every respect iioti only blamcles.<, but amiable: and "as to liiij writings (says he) no irian hath written, in ourj language, so much and so \ arious matter, and friendship, &c. died in IPOl. DI'miAU, or D[)BKAViUSSCAI,A, John, bishi>p of Olmutz. He was sent ambassador lu Siltsia, and was author of a history of Bohe- mia in 33 books : he died in IS.'iS. DL'C, Fronton du, Fronto Ducftus, a Jesuit, of Bordeau.x, a man of learning and devotion, editor of St. Clirysostoin's works, vols, folio; lie died in Ufz4. ill so various manners, so well. Another ihing I DUC, John le, a Dutch painter of eminence, I may say was very peculiar to hiin ; which is, that his parts did not decline with his years, but! that he was an improving v.'riter to the last, even to near 70 years of ape ; iniproving even born in 1C36. UUCAHEL Dr. Andrew Coltee, F. R. ami A. S. born at Caen, in Nonnandy, in 1713, dii-d in 1785. He was one of the siipcrintenilcnts of iii lire and imagination aswell as in .iedgment : :lhe Paper-office, keeper of the library at Lam v.-itness his " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day,'' andjbeth, and one of the most eminent antiquarians Jiis "Fables," his latest performances. Jlewas, o>' iiis tin-e equally excellent in verse and in prose. His' DUCaRT fsaac, a skilful painter of flowers prose had all the clearness imaginable, together! on sat .r. died at Amsterdam, in 16!t7. with all the nobleness of expression, all the'! DUCA? Michael, a Greek historian, author jriaccs and oniaments proper and peculiar to :t,||a histcn,' of Greece, from Andronicu-s to tlie fall without deviatin;; into the lan-^uace or diction ofl of tiieeinp.re, printed at Paris, in 1649. " ■ ■ ' ' DFCHAL lames, a dissenting minister, of Dublin, whose sermons were published in 3 vols 8vn. died in 17til. DUCHANGE, Gaspaid, a French engraver, whose best pieces are the driving out of the money changers, and the pharisee's supper, died in 1757 IIUCHAT, Jacob le, aFicnrlmian, was boru at Metz, in 1P58, and died, in 1735. He was ri garded as a very learned person, yet he is dis poetry. I have heard hiin frequently own with lilex--ure, that if he had any talent ifor English jiroso, it was owing to his iiaving often read the writings of the great archbishop Tillotsou. His versification and hie numbers he could learn of nobodv ; for he first possessed those talents in pcricction in our tongue. In his poems, his dic- tion is, wherever his subject requires it, so sub- limely and so truly poetical, that its essence iik< that \Vhat he has done in any one species kind of writing, would have been sufficient to have acquired him a gnat name. If he had written nothing but his prefaces, or nothing but liis songs or his prologues, each of them would have entitled him to the preference and distinc- tion of excelling in his kind." UU.-\NE, Jamos, first Mayor of New- York, after its recovery from the Britisli, and judge of Ihe district court of Xcw-York • he died in 1797. 164 of pure gold, cannot he destroyed I'.tingnished as an editor r:uhcr than an author las done in any one species or distinct Ile'gave new editions of the " Menipjiean Ha - - gave ires,"of thi^ Worksof Rabelai.',"*ofthe"Aiiol ogie for Herodotus," by Henry Stephens, &.r. ail accompanied with remarks of his owni. DUCH.'VTEI.. Gaspard, a deputy in tl'K French convention, celebrated for his manly and 'able defence of the unfortunate Lewis XVI. ; Ihe was luillotined in 1793. DUCi.ATELFT D'HARAUCOURT, Lewis [Marie Plorent difo, o colonel in the French at- l»U hv my, imprisoned ami guillotinuii (or bis auacll-n tc Iii3 ambition), he was beheaJcd Augubt iJl, men: to his kill);, ill l".iy. i l')53. UVCllE, I)K VAXCV, Josepli Francis, a French poet, auilior of tliree irageditc;, Debo- rah, Jonathan, and Ab.salotn. He wiis a man uiiiveisaily resj)fclnDIT(I, Andrew, a Hungarian divine, em- ployed by Ferdinand II. in important ali'airs of slate. He wrote on physic, poetry, &c., and was a man highly esteemed ; he died in l.'it'it. DUDIjRY, F.dmund, a celebrated lawyer and; EIHjaker of the House of Commons, in the reign of Henry V H. , but infamous in history iVir beini; the instrument of the extortions of that mon arch ; he was born in 1042, and cxccctcd far trea son, in Aug. IR, 1.510. I)UDLKY,,lolin, son of the prccedinsj, and duke of N'onliumberl.iiid, was horn in 150-IJ, and afterwards became one of the most powerful subjects in England. For an attempt lo place the crown on (he head of his daughter-in-law, laity Jairie Grey, (wlio Likewise r»!I a victim DUDLEY, Ambrose, carl of Warwick, son of .lolin, duke of Norlhumliorland, born I.iy0, ex- hibited great wisdom and integiity ap a states- man, and bravery as a general, under qupen Klizabeth, and acquired the appellation of' Tin.- Good Karl of Warwick." Ho died in 1580. DI'DJjEY, Koberl, earl of Leicester, son to John, duke of Northumberland, and biiulier m .\mbrf)se. earl of Warwick, before mentioned, born 15:t-2, died 1588. On the accession of i'ii;'.- abeth, he was entcriained at court us a priiici|Kil favourile; obtained pro5. DUFRES.MY, Charles Riviere, a nailve ol Paris, called grandson of Henry IV., from his resemblance to that monarch. His dramatic works were published in C vols. He died in 1721. DUGARD,William,masterof Merchant Tai- lor's school, London. He was imprisoned for being concerned in Salmasius' defence, and reduced to poverty ; but was a man of great ieaviiing, and worth ; he died in 1082. DUUD.ALE, Sir William, a very eminent English antiquary and historian, was born in Warwickshire, Sept. 12. 1G05, and ilicd Feb. 10, H»8fi. DUGOMIER, N. a French general, who com- manded in Italy during the rcvobiiion, and was next employed against the Spaniards. He waa killed in battle, in 1794. DUOUAY TROUIN, Rene, a celebrated ad- miral in the French navy, who displayed the gre.itest skill united to the most consummate wisdom : he died at Paris, in 173»i. DUGUF.T, James Joseph, a French writer, of great learning, and uncommon sweetness of temper. He wrote nearly 20 works in French, and died in 1733. DUIIALDE, John Baptist, a French Jesuit, 165 ^ I»U vv '! DL'NBAU, Willimii, an (.'iiiiiitnt iScottiali port, borii ahiiut UTO, di'-il about J53U. Uia author ofn historical and geographical descri| lion 01 Cliina, in 4 vole, lulio ; lie dind in IT'.^. ,,_ ., , DUIIAMKI., John Baptist, a FrencU ccclc*i-|i'' Jliistli- and Kobe" Und (ioldim Tei-yo" ar" as!ic, of great karniMf; ; eminent fcir liis workh gcnorallv aiui jusllv e.-iei-nud ins most canjial ^"r.,fu^.'w'^?^'^'."''''"'""''"'^ ■ '■e'lit'*''' I'Oti-! works. 'Jlieyare to be IouimI in JlieCollLciioiis HLHAMtL DV MO.NCEAL', Heury Luwisjol PuikcrtMi, (17>G,) and iJannatyi'e;, (177U ) a learned Frenchman, wbo de\olid hiniscK tO|j DLS ItAK, Dr. Janus, pronator ofiiliilosophy tiie iniprovcnicni ol' agriculture, aiidcoiuinerce ho died, greatly respited, in 1T(<2. DUilA.N, Lawrence, a prol'esBor of pliiJoRo phy, 01 tlie collefe du Plessis, for iS years ; lie left some wnrkii, and died in 17J0. DUItiENAN, I'atrick, LL. D., an eminent Irish civilian, wlio from obscure birth, became a judge of the prerogative court, a pri\-y conn tellor and a iiieinber of the Irish and Englibii parliaments. Il«died in IfrlG UL'ILLKJS, Nepos, the first RoMian who ob- tained a naval victory over Cartuaee, 2t)0 B. ('. UUISBURG, I'eier de, a native of the duchy of Cleves, in the IGtIi century, author of a chron- icle of I'ruseia, from 12iC to i:i25. UI.'JARDIN, Charles, a Dutch painter, of Anisierd;ua, who e.vcelled in delincannii inar- Jcets, robbers, mountebanks, &c., died in 11)74. DUKE, Richard, a poet of some credit, in the 'in King'ti rollef.'e, Abetd< en, and author (>f " K:Tsayson the History ol .Mankind in rude mid uin uliivaitd Aijes," tivo, 17«*0, died May 28, i7y«. ^ I JiUKC'.AX, Mark, a Scotch physician, profos sor of philosophy, and principal of the Calva- nist's college at ^auinur ; he died in IWO. l)L"Nt;AN, Daniel, one of the most eminent and learned pliysiiians of liis time. He was born of Scotch parents, in I''raiice,and gradually rose to the higlHii distinction ; he was known j» a practitioner, in almost every part of Duiojie. The kiiif ol' I'mssia invited hini to settle ul Ber- lin, as his physician, Sec. lie wrote many works, and died in London, in IT^iS. DINtJAN, William, an ingenious critic and translator, born at Alwrdeen, in 1717. He wrote lor Dodsley's" I'n.ccptoi" the article "Logic," which wag so ijuicli approved, that it wa?. print- last century, and by Dr. Johnson included anioiifj.jed separately in 17j'J, and has in some measure tlie classics. He died suddenly, Feb. 10, 1710 11. superseded that of Dr. Watts. His last prnduc- DUL.4Ny, Daniel, one of the most learned |tion was an excellent translation of " Ca-isar's and accomplished counsellors of the counti-j',] Commentaries;" previous to the ptibhcation ol a native of Maryland ; he died at an early age.|| wliich, he was appointed profcissor of philoso DL'LAU, John Marie, archbishop of Aries, a'l phy in the Marischal college, Aberdeen. H» member of the states-general of France. He died in 17ii(). was a Eood marij and therefore sacrificed by the j DLWC.W, Adam, lord viscount, a gallant Jacobins, in 1792. DULAUREiVT, N.,a worthless French priest, who displayed great abilities on liceDtious sub- ject; British admiral, whose name will be immortaliz- ed in the annals of his country by the victory which he pained over a Dutch fleet, between (.'ani|>erdown and E^'mont. within five inih's of DCLI.ART, Herman, a painter and poet, of [jibe Dutch coast, Oct. 11, ll 97, for which he waa Rotterdam, the pupil of Rembrandt, whose jdeaervedlv rewarded with a peerape. He v.-as pieces are freqnenily taken for those of his mas- born at Dundee, in North Britain, July 1, 173], ler; he died in ICSl. and early adopted the naval profession. It DUMAS, liewis, a native of Nisraes, an emi-, should be meniioiied to his honour, that through ncnt mathematician, who invented a methnd of life, admiral Duncan w as a man of great and teaching children to read and write mecliiini-j|unalt'.'cied piety, and felt it an honour to lie a caliy; he died in 1744. 1] Christian. When the victory was decided, DCM AS, Charles Lewis, a French anatomist, , which has fi.\cd his renown, he ordered the crew and profesjor of anatomy at Montpelier, died at| of his shiji, to be called together ; and at their that place in 1814. j head, upon his bended knees, in the presence of DCAIEE, Joan, a learned lady, born at Taris. the Dutch admiral (wlio was greatly allected !>hc applied herself particularly to astronomy, | with the scene) solemnly and pathetically of- aiid published a 4to vol. on the subject, which difplays much erudition, 1C80. DC'.MESNIL, N., a professor of rhetoric at Paris, and author of Latin synonymes, died in 1802. DUMMER, Jeremiah, an agent of Massachu- setts, in England, where he rendered important services to the colony ; he died in 1739. DUMMEB, William, lieutenant governor of BIassachiid in 1726 DUMONT, George, a native of Paris, secre- tary of the French embassy to Russia. He wrote on history and commerce, and died in 1 DIIMONT, "N., surnamed the Roman, a French painter, died in 1781 DUMOURIER, Anthony Francis Duperier, » native of Paris, eminent as a commissary in ihc French armies, and autbor of several books. fered up praise and thanksgiving to the Cod of Battles ; strongly proving the truth of the as- sertion, that piety and courage should be inse- parably allied, and that the latter without the former loses its principal virtue. He died Ang. 4, 1P04. DUNCOMBE, William, a dramatic author and tianslalor of Horace, horn in London, 1690, and died 17G9. DUiNCOMBR, John, son of the preceding, a pious divine and ingenius poet, born in 1730,died in 1780. DUND.^S, Sir David, a major general of hiph rei'Utation, and afterwards commander in chiei of the British army, and a privy counsellor ; he died in 1820. DUNDAS, Henry, viscount Melville, lord ad- vocate and keei)er of the signet for Scotland, afterwards pre-^ident of the board of control lot East India affairs, secretary of state for th» home department, and first lord of the Englisli admir.ilty; he died in Scotland, in 1811. DUNGAL, a monk of St. Dennis, in the 9th century, was consulted by Charlemagne, about died in 1767. j, .._„ ., ^ mm, David Erskine, loirt. See ERBKINE. two eclipses wbicli happened in 810. 166 DU DtTNLOP, William, Q pious, learned, and elo quent divine, born at Glasgow, WJ'-l, died at Edinburgh, 1720. DUNLOP, Alexander, brother to the preced- ing, was bom in America, but went to Scotland and was elected professor of Hreek atGlasRow. He was the author of a Greek granininr, Ktill nsi'd in the university of Glasgow; lie died in 1712. DUNMOEE, John Murray, carl of, governor of the colony of New-York, In 17ti9, afterwards, the last royal governor of Virijinia ; after coni- nntting many drpredatjons u|>on the colonists, he returned to Kngland, wlicrt he died in Mi'.t. DUNN, Samuel, an English mathematician, and author of several niaihematical works, died iu 1792. DUNNING, John, lord Afhburton, chancel- lor of the duchy of Lancaster, and one of tl.o most distinguitihcd pleaders that ever adornc^d the English bar. His rise was rapl.1, and thtre weir Very few causes tried in the court of K inn's Bench in which he was not eniploycd as Uad- ing couiiBcl, either for the plaintiff or defendant. His industry luid zeal for the Interest of his cli- ents were equal to his abilities ; and in cas<'g where the fees were small, he was never kuown to show less ardour than when they were con- sideiahlc. The causes of the poor and the op- pressed he frequently pleaded without reward. He was born in Devonshire, about the year 1"<32, and died August 18, 1763. To Mr. Dunning, (among oihcrc) Junius' Letters have been as- cribed ; we do not, however, believe that the real author has yet been dctcrree. DUNOD DE CHARNAGE, Francis Ignatius, a learned professor of law at Desancon, hia na- tive town ; he died in 1751. DUNOIS, John, Count of Orleans and Lon- giieville, a famous general of France, in the timeof Charles VIL who called him the restorer of his country. He was a man ofmany private virtues, and died in 1-1G8. DUNS, John, commonly called Duns Scotus, a celebrated theologian of the order of St. Fran- cis, iKirn in Nnrtliumberland. He distinguished himself so much by the actiteness of his parts, ■ and eepecially by his manner of disputing, that liea£(|liired the name of" The Subtile Doctor." He affected to maintain opinions contrary to those of Thomas Aquinas, which produced two parties in the schools, the Thomists and the Scotlsts. He died 1308. DUNSTAN, St., archbishop of Canterbury, was a man well known for his talents and in- trigues ; he died in 988. DUNSTER, Henry, first president of Har- vard college, resiened on account of embracing the sentiments of the Antipcdo-bapiists ; he died in IfiSS. DUNTON, John, a bookseller, who, upon failing in business, turned author, and in 1710 published his Athenianism, containing tiOO trea- tises, in prose, and verse, on all subjects; he died in 1725. DUPATY, president of the parliament of Bourdeaux, an upright, enlightened, and clo quent French magistrate, died at Pari.';, in 1788. He lias left some excellent historical reflections on "Penal Laws," some "Academical Die- soMrsos," and " Letters on Italy." DT 'PER RAY, Michael, a French lawyer, of Paris, who wrote some books on ecclesiastical subjects, and died in 1730. DUPHOT, N., a French general, who was *8nt ambassador to the pope, where he was as- UBeiiiatcd, during a popular tumult, \i\ 1797. pu DUPIN, Lewis Ellis, a very learned doctor of the SorboBi>«, and one of the greatest critics of his time, especially in what regarded ecclesi- astical matters, born at Paris, 1057, died 1719. His chief wotk is, " liibliotheque Uuiverselle des Auteurs Eccleti.isuques." He had an un- conmion talent at analyzing the works of aii autlior, which mukos his Pibliotheque so valu- able, for there we have not only a history of tile writers, but also the substance of what they wrote ; which is a great coiivenieiioe to persdiig who are desirous to know something of them, yet have not either time, or knowledge of lan- gnages, sullicient to read their works. DUPLANIL, J. D., a French physician, who translated several English medical works into his own language ; he died in 180'J. DUPLEIX,Scipio, historiographer of France, died in lliCl Among his works are. History of France, 6 vols, folio, and Roman History, 3 vols, folio. DUPLEIX, Joseph, a French merchant, of great abilities, governor of Pondicherry, which he defended with bravery against the Hiiglish, in 1748 DITORT, Jamoe, dean of Peterborougli, in the 17th century, left behind him .several Iviiriicd works, among which is a Latin version of the Psalins. I>rroRT, Francis Mathurin, counsellor of the parliament of Paris, and a warm partisan of the duke of Orlenns, which last circumstance brought him to tin- guillotine, in 1794. Dl'l'PA, Krian, bishop of Winchester, born af Lewishani, in Kent, 1588-9, appointed, in 1638, tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and a1- terwaids to his brother the duke of York, was ! a great favourite with Charles I., and is said by some to have aasustid in conijxjsiiig the famous Eikon Basilike. This bishop is tUservcdly me- morable for his numerous charitable institu- tions ; among which is to bo remembered an alms-house at Richmond, on the gate of which is this inscription, " I will pay my vows which I made to God iu mv trouble," &c. He died lu 1(162. DUPRAT, Anthony, a very eminent French slatpsmau, and president of the parliament of Paris ; a man, Wffo, to increase his fortune, or enlarge bis power, did not hesitate lo sacrifice, either fame or virtue ; he died in 1535. DUPRE DE GUYER, John, a hermit, said to have built in the solid rock with only the help of his servant, the hermitage at Friburg, the chimnev of which rises 90 tcet. DUPRE, Mary, a learned lady of the 17th century, who studied rhetoric, poetry, the lan- guages and philosophy. Some of her writings were read with a|)plause. DUPRE D'AUNAY, Lewis, a learned native of Paris, who wrote on the generation of animals, on the transfusion of the blood, &c., he died in 1758. , DUPRE DEST. MAUR, Nicholas Francis, a native of Paris. He translated Milton's Para- dise lost, and regained, Addison's odes, &c. ;■ he died in 1774. DUPUIS, Claude, a French engraver of merit, who died at Paris, in 1742. DUQUESNE, Abr.iham, a native of Nor- mandy, a naval commander of great fame, wlio distinguished himself in various battles againn the Spaniards, Dutch, &c., he died at Paris, in 1688. DURAND, William, a native of Provence eminent as a lawyer and aftenvards raised lo 1«7 '% DU DY a bisboprick by the poi>e. He wrote somo tvorkajaiid would not, as we say, be paid with a song." of merii, and died at Rome, in 12%. 'Pliose wiio have a curiosity to see liis ballads, DL'RA.NDE HE ST. POfUCAIN, William. jionncts, &c. may find a large number of them a Frencli l)isliop, called, from liis powers in arju .jbron;,'ht together in a collection in 6 vols, in nient, till.' " resolute donor ; he died in 1372. iluoilecimo, entitled, " Pills to purge Melancho- DUR.WDE, N., a piiysiciaii of emjr.enre at jly," of which the Guardian, in No. 29, speaks Dijon, wiio published some interesting tracts [in very favourable terms. The titles of his on his profession, died in ITl'O. [klramaiic pieces (31 in number), may he found in DL'R.\NT, GillPi, t^ieur dc la Bcrgcrie, oneJilic " Diofrraphia Dramalica." On a stone tablet, of the nine persons, appointi-d to reform tlic||al the west entrance of St. James' church, customs of Paris. He pojsi-sstd ereat laleiil.s IWrsiminster, is Inscribed the following merao- rial ; "Tom D'l'rfey dyed Feb. ye X, 1723." for ludicrous [Kietry, of which he wrote several pieces. Hi- works were puhlisheil in 1534, DrUA.VTI, John .Stephen, finst president of the parliament of Toulouse, which cily he used his influence to preserve from the plaiiue, the year before his death, which was caused by a mob in 15';9. Dl,'RB.\CK, .\nne Louisa. aGerman poetess, who from the occupation of walchinR caitle, rose hy her genius to become a favourite of the Prussian court, where she was invited by the monarch; she died in 17^0. DURELL, John, an eminent Enulish divine arid controversial writer, born at Jersey, lf>25, dii-d 1SS3. DPRELL, David, a native of Jersey, made principal of Hertford College, in 1757, and in J767, rose to the prebendary of Canterbury. He was the author of critical remarks on several parts of the Scriptures ; he died in 1775. DURER, Albert, born at Nurernhnrg, 1471, was one of the best enirravers and paiuteis of his ajre. He was the first who hrousht the an of engraving in wood to any perfe«;tion, and by many authors is deemed the inventor of it. Albert Durer wrote several works, wliich were published after his death (1528), the principal of which is his book upon the niles of painting, entitled, " De syranietria, partium in rectis for- inis humanorum corporum." PURET, Lc^is, a physician, who practised '.villi great success at Paris, and was in the household of Charles IX., and Henry III. He published a Commentary on Hippocrates, and died in 1586. DTJRFEY, Thomas, a facetious English poet, born at Exeter about 1628. This author, who ii more generally spoken of by the familiar name of Tnm, was oiiginally bred to the law, but fooii quitted it to become a devotee of the JIuees, in wiiich he met with no small success. His dramatic pieces, which are veryniimerous, were in general well received ; but what Sir. D'Urfey obtained his greatest reputation by, was a pecu- liarly happy talent he possessed in the writing of satires and irregular odes. Many of these were upon temporani' occasions, and were of no little service to tiie pa/ty in whose cause he VFrote; which, together with his natural viva- city and good humour, obtained him the favour of great numbers of persons of all ranks and conditions, monarchs themselves not excluded. Tiie author of the Guardian, who, in No. 67, hai given a very humorous account of Mr. D'L'rfey, with a view to recommend him to the public notice for a benefit play, tells us, that be remembered king Charles II. leaning on Tom D'Urfey's shoulder more than once, and hum- ming over a song with him- Yet, at last, to spt-ak in his own words, " after having written more odes than Horace, and about four times as 'many comedies as Terence, he found himself reduced to groat difficulties by the irnportuni ties of a set of men who of late years had fur- ruahed him witi the accomrasduiions of life 168 DURHAM, Jaincjj, a very popular and eh)- (luent preacher, at Gla.sgow ; died in 1658. Dl'RINGER, Melchior, profesaor of ecclesi- asilcal history, at Picrne. He passed his life in celibacy, s<3litude, and melancholy ; he died by a fall from his house, while it was on fire, in 172.^. DURY, John, in Latin, Durxus, a divine of Srotland, who laboured with great zeal to re- unite the Luthcians and Calvinists; in which laudable cause he travelled over llie greater part of Europe, and died about 1675. DI'.SART, a painter, of Haerlem. He was chiefly great in representing taverns, and low company, and died in 1704. DUS.SALTLX, John, who after having dis- tinguished himself in arme, devoted himself to liierary pursuits. He became president of the national institute of Paris, and the author of several works ; he died at Paris, in 1799. OUTENS, Lewis, a learned writer on anti- quities, bom in France, 1729, obtained orders in the church of England, and died in lcll2. ' DUV.VL, Peter, geographer royal of France, [author of some geographical tracts and maps, iformerly in great esteem ; died at Paris, in 16ff3 ! DUVAL, Nicholas, a Dutch painter, who [studied under Corloua, and was made director of the academy at the Hague ; he died in 1732. DUVAL, Valentine Jamcrai, an extraordinary character, honi in Champagne. He lost his father when youug ; and having no friends, was obliged to obtain his subsistence, by watchinu poultry and sheep ; but by perseverance and labour, he obtained books and maps, aiul learned geography, history, and antiquities with aston- ishing rapidity, so tnat he became one of the most learned men of his time, and en,ioye'".~the pifronage of princes, and the notice of lUe learned ; he died in 177,5. DUVENEKB, Mare Van, an eminent hisloit- cal painrer, of Bruges, died in 1729. DWIGHT. Timothy, D. D., LL. D.,a grand- son of the first president Edwards, was bom at .Northampton, Mas.sachusetts, 1752. Early dis- tinguished for his talents and learning, he be- came one of the most eminent men of his coun- ti-y. As a poet, philosopher, and divine, he had few equals ; as president and professor of divinity in Yale college, he stood unrivalled, both for talents as an instructor, and for eloquence as a preacher : he died in 1817, universally regretted as a loss to the institution over which he pre- sided, to the country he adorned by his learning, and to the cause of learning and truth itself. His system of theology has been frequently republished in Europe ; and his travels in New England, have been much read and admired. DYCHE, Thomas, an English divine and schoolmaster, well known by his useful "Eng lish Dictionary' ' and " Spelling-book ;" the latter of which has gone through many editions. He died about 1750. DYER, William, a non-confonni9t. of Eng EA la.ul, will) turned quaker. He wnilf much unci llie manlier ol' Bunyan, and died in iC'JG. DVi;K, Sir Jauies, ati ciuiiieiit Gnghsli law- yer, ami cllief juslitc of il:u Cuniinon Pleas in Itii^ rei^'U of queen Klizalielii, bum at KoundliUI in Soinecsetsliire, X511, ami ilitii 10:^1. lie was the aiiUior i>r a large book of lUporls, winch were p>ibli-.licd about Co years alkr nis decease, and ha.e been IlijjUlyeslt-ciutd lor Ihcir sucrinciins^ and Solidity. He Icit behind hnn aiijo other wriiiiiu^: relative to his prole^^lan. i)VKK, John, an £ngUh divine and poet, liorn at Aber^lusney, in L'aeriuarilieiishire, in ITiM, and died in )75d. His cliaraeler as a writer has been fixed by three poems, " Urongar Hill," "The Kuins of Rome," and "Tlie fleece;"" wherein a poetical imagination peitVctly ori EO public opinion was strongly in his favour, he met with mortilications and disappointiuent, which hastened his death, in 1811. KliEK'i'LS, Theodore, a learned professor, of rianklorl, in the 17lh century, and author of some works. EUIO.N, a stoic pliilosopher, father of the sect of the Ebionites, who denied the miracu- lous conception and divinity of Christ, flourish- ed aboiii A. U. '2. EUKII.IDES, a philosopher, of Miletus, au Ihor ol some comedies. EUR(.)!i\, mayor of the palace, under Clo- tliHiie Hi. ; he was distinguished i'or liu pride and crnclty, and was a.-^sassinated in C81. EC'CARD, John George d', a (iernian histori- an and antiquary, and author of several workd, filial, a natural simpiiciiy coiinocied with, and Idled in 17:!0. uAen prodnclive of, the true .sniilime, and the*^ ECCHEIjLEN6!S, .'\brallanl,aMaronite,pro- warmesl senliinents of benevolence and virtu have l/cen universally observed and admired. f)Yr>R, Eliplialet, chief justice of the supreme court of Conn. ; was active in forwardiiig ilie levoluiioii ; he died in lb07. DVA'.VMUSj, a French rhetorician of the 4th century, born in Uordcau.\. EACH ARD, Dr. John, an English divine, well known as a writer, especially against Hobbcs ; lie dud in 1097. EAUMER, an English historian, who nour- ished in the I'2th century essor of oriental languagf^'S, at Rome ; he as- Isistcd in translating the liible into Arai>ic, and Idled in IGM. j ECChES, Solomon, an English musician, who, turning qnakcr, destroyed his inslrunients, died near the close of the 17ih century. I E("H.'\RD, Jacques, a doininican, of Rouen, author of an account ot learned men belonging to lii.s order, died in 1774. I ECU ARD, Lawrence, an English divine and I historian, born inSuIfolk, in 11)71, died in 17:i0. ille wrote " A History of Kiigland, from the in- Ivasion o'' Julius Ciesarto t!io establishment of VVilliain and .Mary;" " A General Kccltsiasti- |cal History, from the nativity of onr Blessed Sa- E.'VMES, John, a teacher in England, wiiojiviour, lo l lie first esiubli.shniKntof Christianity, was noticed by Newloii, and others, and admit- by luinian laws, under the emperor Constanline ted to the royal society ; he died in 1711. hhe (.'real ;"' " An Englisli translation of I'lautus £.\RLE, John, an English prelate, born at|iand Terence ;"'" A Gazeleer, or Newsman's Iii- Tork, in ItiOl. In 160:1 he was iranslaicd from 'lerprotcr ;" and a piece entitled " Maxims e\ the .see of Worcester, to that of Salisbury, Slid died at Oxford, in Ititw. The besi known iff his published works, is " Micro cosmography, or a Piece of 4he World, discovered in Essays and Characters," 12ino; of which there have been several editions. EARLE, Sir James, knt., a very eminent sur- 'geon, and a writer of high professional distinc- lion, died in London, Sept. '2i!, 1817, aged 7iJ. He was F. R. S., and master of the royal col- lege -^tsurgeons. E.VHLE, William Benson, an Englishman, wlio bequeathed much of his estate lo charita- ble institutions, and died in 1796. E,\RLY, Peter, an eminent lawyer of Geor- gia, was a member of congress, and afterwards a judge of 'Jie supreme court, and governor of that state. He died in 1817. EASTON, .Nicholas, one of the first settlers in Newport, Rhode Island, and afterwards go- vernor of the colony, died in 1675. traded from archbishop Tillolson's Works." ECKirs, John, a learned (Jcrinan divine and controversial writer, born in 1483, died in )H3. He is chiefly memorable for bis disputations with Luther and Melancthon. ECLUSE, Charles de I' Chisius, a physician of Arras, in the service of Maximilian II., and Rodolphus II., died in ]f>09. ECLUSE, DES LOGES, Pierre Mathuran de r, doctor of ihe Sorbonnc, editor of the me- moirs of Sully, died in 1775. EUELINCk, Gerard, a most excellent engra ver, born at Antwerp, in ir>41, died in 1707. EDEMA, Gerard, a much aiimircd Dutch landscape painter, who visited ^"linam, and America; lie died by excessive drin. i.', in 1700 EDEN, Cliai les, governor of the < ii'iiy of North Carolina, in 1714, died in 172i, and wan succeeded by Thomas Pollock, then president of the council. EDEN, Sir Robert, the last royal governor of E.A.STON, John, son of the preceding, was Maryland, relinquished the oflic« by order of also governor of the colony of Rhode Island, in i congress, and retired 'o England, .^t the cIo<(e 1690. He died in 1705. 'of the revolution he returned to .America, wher« E.ATON, Theophilus, first governor of IVevv-iiie recovered his estates, and died in 1TP4. Haven colony, and one of its founders, died in | EDER, (ieorge, a learned lawyer of the 16lh Kj.57, highly respected and beloved. i century ; he published several work.s. EATON, William, a general in the service | EDliAR, successor of Edwy to the throne of of the United States, and a consul l>oin that .England, in 959. lie was a warlike prince, and government to the kingdom of Tunis, w.is dis- died m 975. tinguished for the important services he render sd his country in that station, and as navy agent of the L'nited States, for the Barbary powers, as well as for his enterprise and greai bravery. Being compelled by a treaty to relinquish the EDGAR, son of Malcolm UI., was king of Scotland : he died in 1107 EDGEU'ORTH, Richard I,ovelI, a philan- thropist, and practical philosopher, was born at Bath, in 1744. In 1707, he invented the tele- k advantages ht^ had gained for his country in graph, which, many years afterwards, he saw Tripoli, Me returned home; where, although |general!y adopted. Uedied in Ireland, in Judo 160 ED 1817 ; leaving Ix'liind him a daughter, Maria, wlio is iiiglily distinguished as a writer. His father was tonltsesor to Louis XVJ., on tliu ycalfold. I.UMF.R, or EADMER, an English bencdic- tiup, vliD wrote the hiitury oi" his owti lime, from ICHiG l.> 1112. KDilOiVUlCS, sirThomas, an eminent states .ntaii and poiiricai ivriler, horn at I'iyiuouili, 1 jfill. and ditd in I'.VJ'J. EDMOiVDKS, element, an Enphshman, Fee- rctary for llie JVeiicli to Elizabeth : a man ol let- ins and nn aiilliur. EJ)MONiJSO.\, Joseph, an able heraldic wri- ter, w l;o roue, by dim otiiigenuily and persever- aiicc, from the situation ol a barber's ajiprentice, 10 (hat of Mowbray Herald Extraordinary; he died in London, 17.-!G ; Ituving several publica- tions behind him, wliicli will transmit hisnanie 10 posterity with great credit ; the principal of wliich are, " A Complete Body of Heraldiy," ITt<0, 2 vols folio, and a magnificent work, en- tiiled, " Baronagium Cenealogicum, or, The Pedigree of English Peers," J784, 6 vols, folio. EDMUND, St., king of the East Angles, made on" of the saints ; he was shot to death with ar- luws, by Ivar the Dane, who had taken him pri.soiier, in 870 EUML'XD, St., a native of Abingdon, preacher to the archbishop of Canterbury, died in li'40. EDMUND I., succeeded Athelstan, as king of England, in 941, and was stabbed to death in 1)43. EDMUND II., surisamed Ironside, succeeded Eth'-ired. in lOlG, and was assassinated, in 1017, EDWARD, the Elder, succeeded Alfred in 900 and died in 978. EDWARD, St. or Martyr, succeeded to the ihrone of England, in 975, and was basely mur- dered bv his stepmother, Elfrida, in 978. EI)\VARD, the Confessor, succeeded Hardi- canuie, in 1041. He was a weak impolitic prince, and died in lOtiG. EDWARD I., kit.'g of England, successor of Jlem-y ril.,distinguished for his wisdom, and tiie equity of his laws, and died in 1H07. EDWARD U., son and successor of Edward [., less wise and firm in bis kingdom than his fa- tlier, was murdered in 132". EDWARD HI., son and successor of Edward II., aprince of great military talents, and military successes, died in 1377. EDWARD IV., son of Richard, duke of York, who claimed the throne, but whose ti'lewas dis puted by the reigning monarch, Henry VI.,wbich dispute filled the kingdom with blood ; he died in 1483 EDW^ARD v., son of Edward IV., was mur dercd while very young, by his uncle, the duke of Gloucester who ascended the throne, as Ri chard HI EDWARD VI., son of Henry VIIl., ascend ed the throne at 10 years of age, in 1547. His character was humane and amiable ; iie died at the age of IG. in )5,53. EDWARD, prince of Wales, surnamed the Black priflcc, son of Edward HI., distinguished himself in the wars of his father, especially at the battle of Cressy : he died in 1376. EDWARD, or, as some say, EDWARDS, ^^'illi3nl, architect and bridge builder. Tliece- «tiraled bridge on the river Taatl", in Wales, failed Pont y tu Pridd (by the Enelish, New- bridge,) was constructed by this e.vtraordinaiy man. It is the pegment of a circle, whose chord at the surface of the water, is 147 feet, J 70 ED and is the boldest and targest arch in Euroi^e He was then a common mason; but his lame was soon ditTusrd ihroughoiit the kingdom, aiid his o.-^bistanci sought wherever difficulties oc- curred in constructing bridges. Heoicd Aug. 7, 1789. EDW'ARDS, Richard, born in Somersetshire, in l.l-j;!, died 15lUi. He is one of the lir.«t Eng- lish dramatic writers, liaving lefl behind him three pieces; the earliest of which is dated in 15IJ2. He wa." esteemed an excellent poet and musician, and wrote several poems, wliicli were published after his death, loceiher witli some of other authors, in a collection, entitled " Tlie Paradise of Dainty Devices, 1576." EDWARD^!, Thomas, an English divine, and a non-conforniisi, who wrote severely against llie royalists ; he died in lG-17. EDWARDS, Dr. Jonathan, an English di- vine, of the 17th century, who distinguished himself chiefly by his writings against the So- cinians. EDWARDS, George, born at Stratford, lf-94, an eminent English ornithologist. He publisli- ed, between 1743 and 1764, 4 vols. 4to, of llie '' History of Birds," and three under the title of " Gleanings of Natural History; and thus, after a long series of years, the most intense applic.ition, and a correspondence in every quarter of the world, he concluded a work, which contains engravines and descriptions of more than GOO subjects in natural history, not before described or delineated. He died in 1773. EDWARDS, Thomas, a poet and critic, of eminence, horn in 1699, died Jan. 3, 1757. His poetiy, of which specimens will be found ii\ Dodsley's, Pearch's, and Nichols' collections, is simple, elegant, and pathetic ; his criticisms are exact, acute, and temperate. His " Canons of Criticism," first printed in 1747, under the ti- tle of " A Supplement to Dr. Warburton's Shakspeare," did him great credit both as a critic and as a scholar; but provoked the ven- geance of Dr. Warburton, whicli he wreaked very illiberally, in a note on the Dunciad, (iv. 5G7,) of which Mr. Edwards was more suscepti- ble than the circumstance required. EDW'ARDS, John, a divine, of the church of P^ngland, whom Dr. Kippis called the Paul, !ihe Augustine, the CaKin of his age; he dieW in 1745 EDWARDS, Thomas, an eminent divine, of England, master of Coventry grammar school : he published several works, and died in 17S5. EDWARDS, Timothy, first minister of Eas» Windsor.Conn., and father of the famous Jona- than Edwards ; he died in 1758 EDWARDS, Jonathan, an American divine, author of several distinguished works, particu- larly on " Original Sin," " Freedom of the Will," &c. He settled at Northampton, and afterwards was president of New-Jersey col- lege ; be died in H.'iS. EDWARDS, .Tonafhan, D. D., president of Union college, New-York, was a son of the pre- |c(>tiirig, and, like his father, was distinguished as a thorough scholar, an able theologian and me- jtaphysician, and as a controversial writer, on itheoiogical subjects. He died in 1801, a short Itime after his elevation to the presidency of the college. EDWARDS, Brjan, author of an elegant " History of the West Indies," and other lesser productions, connected with the islands in that Ipart of the world. Mr. Edwards was born at Westbury, in Wilts, 1743, made a very large EG rorlujif; as :i West liiilla moicliant, lioeanie .' member of the British pailiaiiiciil, lor 01 rani poiiml, ill Cornwall, and died iu 1800. EDWARDS, Edward, an eminent artist, of London, uid teacher of drawuig ; afterward; teacher of perspective, in liie royal acaUcmy he died in ISOii. EDWIN, Jolin, an excellent low comedian, of Covent Garden and the Uayinarket iheaires kj whose talents, U'Keife's extravayuut drama,- were :.'reaily indebted for iJu-ir snccess; he wa: born ill London, in 171'J, and died in 17U0. EDWY, succeeded liis uncle, Edred, as king af Ensland, in '.>;ij, ajid died in 959 EEtlKHOIj"!', Gerbraiu Vaiiden, of Ainster :1am, a successful imitator of Runibraiit, hi: master ; liis paiating^s were numerous. He died in l(i74. EECKHOUTE, Antiiony Vanden, a painter of Bruges, who settled in Lisbon. Kis pieces were inui'h admired ; he was shot in Itll)."). EGBERT, last Iting of the Saxon heptarchy and first King uf England, died in HOd. EGEDE, John, a Dane, who was missionary 10 Greiinland, died in 1758. EGKDE, Paul, bishop of Greenland, was bom in the year 1708, and at 12 years of age was an active asuistant to his father, the celebrated Haus (or John) Egede, (to whom Denmark is indebted for its colony in Grceidaiul,) having accompanied him on Ins voyage thither in 17'-W. His zeal for the conversion uf the Greenlanders to Christianity, exerted with unabated ardour through the course of a long lil'e, both during liis residence in their country, and at"ter iiis 10, died in 1G17. E(;ERT0.\, John, bishopof Durham, a pious and leanipil prelate, who distinguished hiin.JClf greatly by an exemplary discharge of his epis- copal functions, by rccouciliiigcoutondirg inte- rests in that county and city, and by various wise regulations both in his spiritual and tem- poral di''parlnient. He was born in London, in 17'2', and di^-d in Grosvenor-sipiare, in 1787. EGGRLIXG, Joiin Henry, a native of Bre- men, secretary of tlie republic, died in 1713. EGINH \RT,secrctary to the emperor Charles the Great, was a German, a:id is the most an- cient historian of that nation. He wrote "The Life of ('harles ;" " .\nnals of the Acts of king Pepin, Charles the Great, and Lewis, from 741 to i?-23 ;" and other works, ecclesiastical as well as historical. He died in 841. EGIXTON, Francis, justly celebrated for his ingenious discovery of painting and staining of glass, after the maimer of the ancients; in wliich numerous works will long continue as inonu- inents of his unrivalled ability. A good speci- men of it may be seen in the window of Sta- tioners" Hall, presented to that company by the late alderman Cadell. Mr. E's first work of any consequence was the arms of the knights of the Garter, for two Gothic windows over the stalls in St. George's chapel, at Windsor. This inge- nious artist died near ftirmingham, in 1305. EG MONT, [..amoral, count of llolland, dis- tinguisiied himself iu tlie service of Charles V., JR Af'ica, and under Philip II. ; he was behead- ed bv the d'lkc of Alva, in 1568. EC.M(~>.\T, Justus Van, a painter, bom at # IX liCyden, became painter to Lewis Xlil., and XfV., of Trance ; he died in 1C74. EG.S'.VTlUd, John Baptist, a learned man, of Venice, who contributed to the revival of learn- ing ; lie published nuiiierouM worits, and died in l.).>3. EllRET, George Dionysius, a Gernian, eini neiit as a pauiler of tlouers, died in 17711. EISKE, Charles, an artist, of Brussels, died iu 1778. EISENGREIN, Martin, D. D., chancellor oC the university of Ingolsiadt, became a prolesl- anl, and again a catholic; he died in ly.S. EISENSCIIMIUT, John Gaspar, a German maiJiemaiician and physician, who wrote a treatise on weights anil measures, &.c. ; he died in 171-2. EKLN'S, Jeffrey, D. D., an English divine, dean of Carlisle, publialied some works, and died in 1771. ELBEE, N. d', one of the bravest and mott formidable of the royalists, of la Vendee. EI,l!l].\E,Alphon"susd', a native of Florence, author of some works, died in 1008. ELBERT, Samuel, a brigadier general in the army of the revolution, and afterwards govern- or of the state of Georgia, died in 1788. ELIJCEl'F, Reno de Lorraine, marquis d', son of the duke of tJuise, known as the disco- verer of Ilercnianeum ; he died in 1566. EIjBRLCHT, John Van, a painter, who set- tled at Antwerp.and who excelled in landscapes, &c., lived in the early pan of the 16th centur>-. ELEANOR, duchess of Guienne, whose in- lainous conduct caused her divorce from her husband, Lewis VI!., of France. She after- wards married Henry II., of England. Her dowry (Guienne,) was Uie source of those wars wliich for three centuries, deluged France with English blood. ELEAZAR, hich-priesl of Judea, 292 B. O. ELEUTHERICJS, elected pope in 170, died in 18."). ELI, liigh-pricst and judge of the Israelites, 115GB. C. ELIAS, Matthew, a painter, who, under the patronage of Corheen, rose from obscurity to real eminence in his profession ; he died in 1741. KLl.AS, Levita, a learned German rabbi, ot the 16ih century : published several works on language. ELlcn, Lewis Philip, a native of Marpurg, known in the 17ih century for his impious publications. ELICII.M.'VN, John, a native of Silesia, prac- tised physic at Leyden, and was remarkable for luiderslanding'Ui languages. He was of opinion, that the German and the Persian languages were derived from the same original, and gav« several reasons for it. ELIEZER, a r.ibbi of the 8th centur>', put>- lished a work on sacred liLstory. ELIJAH, an illustrious prophet, of Israel, under Ahab and Aha/jah, 895 D. C. ELIOT, John, an Englishman, came to Amer- ica in 1G31, became a famous missionary to the Indians, and translated the Bible into theii language; he died in 1690. I EI,IOT, John, son of the preceding, minister jof Newton, Mass., greatly assisted his failiei in ihis missionarv labours, atid died in 1G68. I ELIOT. .Andrew, D.D., aclergynianof Boston, distinguisheil fur his pic^', learnini; and usel'ul- ness in the ministry ; he died in 1778. ELIOT, Jniin, D. D., a con^'regaiional clergy- 171 EL man, of Boston, was the son of the prcredin;:,! and succeswr to his taiiier in the niinit-try. Dv was the author of a Biograiihical Uictioiiaiy oi the ciuiiiient men ot' >i'cw Li:yl:uid ; he dicu in 1S13. fiJLJOTT, Sir John, an eminoit Kiiglish physi cian, difd I'Ici?. ELIOTT, George Augusius, lord IleatJificId K. B., governor ol Gihraltar, and colonel ot" the 15ili rc.:;iinent of light dragoons, was l>uni at i*lotecamo a captain and major, as well as lieii- tj'iiani-colonel ; when he resigned his comniis- sioii as an engineer. In 1759, he quilted the horse-guards, and was selected to raise, form, ;;i):l discipline llie ist regiment of light-horse, kvlnuli buie liLs name. Having gone through various deparlinenls in ditVeieni senices, with the greatest marks of bravery and miUiary know icdge, in 3775 he was appuinled comniandei-in i.liief in Ireland ; which he soon relinquished, ;u!d was appointed to the command of Gibraltar in a foriiinaie hour tor tie safety of that inipur- tnnt fortress : where, ly a cool and temperate demeanor, lie maintaiiud his station for three years of conslunt investment, in which all the [lowers of Spain wert; employed. The eyes of all Hiuope were on this garrison ; and his con- duct jiisily e.xaltcd hitn to the most elevated '.ank in the military annals of the day. On his return to Englaiid, the gratitude of the British :;enate was as forward as the public voice in giving him the distinguished mark that his rneiil (ieserved ; to which his majesty was pleased to .■idd that of the peerage, by llie title of lord Healhlield, baron Gibraltar, on June 4, 1787; jH'i'mitling his lordship to take also the arms of liie loitress lie had so bravely defended, to pei- jiftuaie to futurity his noble conduct. He died At Aix-la-Ohapelle, July 6, 1790, and was buried at Buekiand, in Devonshire. ELIOTT, Richard, an English divine, who liecame a dissenter, and published some coniro- versial tracts ; he died in 1789. ICLISHA, a prophet among the Israelitei died 8:<0 B. C. fJUZ.'VBKTH, of Austria, a very virtuous, and higiily respetited ([ueen of France, vt'ife to (JharleilX., died in ]5y2. ELIZABETH, Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great, who ascended the throne of Russia, in 1741 ; she was mucli given to secret amours, and died in 1761 ELIZABETH, queen of England, was the daughter of Henry VIII., by his second wife Ann Boleyn, and born Sept. 7, 1.^)33. She begai to reign in 15.58, being then 35 years of age, and Uigiily accomplished both in person and mind Her reign continued 44 years, 4 months, and 68 days. She died Maich 24, 1603, in her 70th ■year. ELLER DE BROOKHUSEN, John Theo- dore, an able and learned physician to the king of Prussia ; he died in 17i50. ELLERY, William, one of the signers of the declaration of hidepcndence, was a member of congress from Rhode Island, distuiguished for his active and determined oppusition to the en- croachments of Britain, and for the judgment and ability he displayed in tbat body ; he di«d in 1820, aged 93. 172 EL ELJ-IGLK, Ottomar, a painter, who settled at litrrlin, and was much admired ; h« flourished about ii'>jll. ELLlGEIt, Oitoniar, son of the preceding, equally distin;.:iishe(l as his fallnrintbe use of the pencil : he died by iniempcranre, in 1732. EijLIOT, Call b, n visionary eiiihutiast, who starved himself near Slortbnrii', in Devonshire, Dec. 14, 1'^il. It is uiiaginen Ui^t he meant to have fasted 40 days, as he actually lived W wicliuui food of any kind, having refused all sortE of suriienance. ELLIS, Clement, M. A., an Englishman, distinguished as a scholar and divine ; lie died in 1700. ELLIS, Jolui, deputy of Broad-street ward, and a member of the corjioration ot London, nearly half a century, was the la.«t of that an- cient profession called scriveners, which is one of the companies of I^ondoii ; but the business is now carried on by attorneys and others. He was a uiau of literature, anil wrote some Hudi br.istic translations •, but never put his name to aiiy thing that he published. Of him Dr. John- son once said, '' Tlie most literary ccnversation that I ever enjoyed was at the'iai.ie of Jack Eilis, a money-scrivener behind the Iloyal E.\- cliange ; with whom I, at one period, used to dine f;cnerally once a week." It may be sup- posed, that the merit could not be inconsiderable which oitorted such praise from Dr. .'ojmstm. He was born in London, 1698, and died Dec. 31, 1701. ELLIS, George, an English niiscellaaeous writer, died in 1815. ELLIS, Henry, F. R. S., an English lawyer, colonial governor of Georgia, and afterwardu governor of Nova-Scotia; he died in Europe, at ail advanced age. ELLIS, Caleb, an eminent lawyer, of New Hampshire, was a member of congress, and afterwards a judge of the supreme coiut of that state ; he died in 1816. ELLSWOBTH, Oliver, LL.D., an emiiient jurist of Connecticut, and chief justice of the supreme court of the United Slates, was dis- tinguished for the strong powers of his mind, for the solidity of his judgment, and for his great piofessional learning. He was appointed a member of the senate of the United States, a judge in his native state, and, in 1799, ambassa- dor to France ; he died in 1807. ELLWOOD, Tlioma.s, an Englishman, some' time re.ider to Milton ; he wrote ui defence of the Quakers, and died iii 1713. ELI-YS, Dr. Anthony, bishop of St. David's, bom 1093, and died 1761. He was a ni.n'i of line parts, extensive knowledge, and sound judgment, witJi a heart overflowing with benevoleiue and candour, and a mofit Chrisuaii temper ; for he always thought a person, though on the rigiit side of the question, with principles of persecu- tion, to be a worse man tlian he wlio was on the wrong. ELMACINUS, George, author of a history of the Saracenw, or rather a chronoU'gy of the Ma- hometan empire, flourislied in Egypt toward the middle of the 13lli century. ELMEN HORST, Geveihart, a criticof Ham- burgh, and author of notes on ancient aithors ; he died in 1621. ELMEN HORST, Henry, author of aueatisc on public spectacles, of wliich he seems to al^ ji-ove. ELPHINSTON, James, born at Edinbtugh, Uk. 6, 1731, very early devoted his atteRtioH to lUi'.ii (i< sptTting liiiiiseli) of an cxiraordinarily iii-iiiiiiou!; and aincular turn ; instances of vvliioli, tlisi nimost sta;;5cr hi lief, anj rplated in an iiiliTisting acnunit of his lifu, published bv K. 'I'ophani, esq. Hvo, 1790. He ilif J Nov &'., IT.-fll, a!,'Ctl80. F.LXAI, or KLXr.l'S, founder of a sect anioni; the Jews, in the Od crnlury ; l:e tauyht his followers to pray toward .leriisali'm ; tlie sect |continned till the -llh century. EliVOT, Sir Thomas, wn< employed by Hen- ry VIII., in several emliassie.<. lie was an ex- cellent praminarian, poet, rhetorician, ptiilooo- pher, physician, co^innsrrapher, and historian : and distinsnished a'' much for his ctindonr, and the innocence and intecrity of his life, as for his aocomplishments. He wrote and translated se- veral works, anil died in I5-If>. ELYS, Ednuiud, an Englishman, who wrote against Tlllot-nn's sermons on the incarnation ; lie died arter li'.OS. EL'/.EVlfiS, celebrated printers, at Atnster- dam and Loyden, in the 17lh ct'ntury, who gnat ly adorned the republic of letters by many beau tifiil cdkions of (he best authors of antiquity Their Virgil, Terenr e, and Greek Testament, have been reckoned their master-pieces; and are indeed so very fine, that they justly gained them the reput.llion of being the best primers in Europe. EM.\.\('EI,. succeeded .Tohn II., as king of Portugal, di3lini;ulshed fr>r patronising comincr cial encerprises ; be died In l.V'l. EM ERR A ET. a Flemish painter, at Antwerp, who was eminent in landscapes, livtd in the 17th century. EMERI, Sebastian, an advocife, of Paris, in Ef^ establishing the princijiles of the Eiislisli lan- guage, but with the best intentions, his zeal led him astray into entbusiiism. As a grammarian, he stood on very high ground ; but he loudly em braced an idea, that the oriliograpliy of the Eng lisli language might be thoroughly reformed ; and being cniouraged by llr. FrauUlln, he con- ceived the project of etfecting it. I.y spellina words OB they are pronounced. Tin.- romantic (not to say ridiculous) scheme, in the latter part of his life, became his hobby-horse, and for a while clouded the genuine claims he h.id to the gratitude of every Englisbnnn ; claims candidly acknowledged by most F.iit'h.-li scholars, anil publicly hytlie late Mr. Walker, author of " The Pronouncing Dictionary," where his nann.'con- ■tantly recurs in references to auUiority. In 17fi2, lie published, in 4to. a translation of the " Epi- frams of Martial ;" out it exhibited more of elab- orate erudition than of poetical ease or grace, and was severely treated by llir critics. Jnr. El- phirLston was unaffectedly pir,\i9 and virtnon.« ; perhaps the most distinguishing feature of hi? mind was a simplicity and purity that never doubted the truth or virtue of another. Hisdeath itappened Oct. 8, 1809. ELPIIl.NSTO.NE, William, a Scotch prelate and statesman, born at Stirling, in }4'M, died in i.')13, having written a " History of Scotland," a eopy of which in MS. is now in the Bodleian li- brary. ELSHEIMER, Adam, a celebrated German painter, born at Franktbrt,in l.'>74, excelled par- ticularly in landscapes, histories, and night pie- ces, with little figures. His works are very few ; and, for llie incredible pains and labour which j lie bestowed upon them, valued at such prodi- gious rates, that they are hardly any where to belltlie lOih century : he refused to defend the du found but in the cabinets of princes. He died chess of Angoulemc against the constable of in 1010. iRourbon. EIjSNER, James, a Prussian, professor at J EMERSOX, William, a verj' eminent maihe- Lingen, and author of various works ; he died Imaticlan, born at Hiirworth, a village on the in 1750. Iborders of Durham, 1701, died in 1782. He wa«i ELSTOB, William, an English divine, emi- ha man of great .singularity in his manners, dress, ■ent for his skill in tiie Saxon language, born aijand conversation. His works are extremely "' valuable and luimerous. EMERSON, Joseph, minister of Maiden, Mass., distinguished for his zeal and humility, died in 1707. E:\nLI.\NO, John, an It.ilian pliilosoplicr of th'- lOth centuni'. EMIiYN, Ttiomas, a learned and pious Eng- lish dissentine divine, memorable for his snfTer- ings on the score of heterodoxy, wa.s born at Stamford, in LincolnsUirc, IGtvl, a:id died 1741. His son, SoUora Emlyn, was bred to the law, became an eminent counsellor, and was employ- ed to publish lord chief justice Hale's " Pleaa of the Crown," which he did with notes, and 6 preface, and died in the year 1756. EMLYN, Hcniy, a very eminent architect, to whom king George IH. confided the whole management of the architectural improvements in St. George's chapel, Windsor ; to which, pei haps, no edifice of the kind in Europe is eqim) in beauty. There is a publication, by Mr. Em- lyn, of a " Design for a New Order in .^rchi- tecturc," which consist-s of a double pillar froi* a single pedestal. Mr. Emivn died «t Windsor, in his 87th venr, Dec. 10, 1815. EMMA, wife of Ethelred, of England, after- wards married Canute, and upon her husband's death, rcianed jointly with her son. E.MMII 'S, rbo, a professor of Groningen ; he published several works on Chronology, Bio graphv. *.c . and died in 1635 173 Newcastle, in 167:1, died in 1714. ' KLSTOB, Elizabeth, sister of the above, and a famous Saxonist also, born in 1G83, died 1756. She published a curious Saxon homily on the birtliday of St. Gregory, with a translation, in 8vo, 17U0 ; and in 1715, a grammar of the Saxon languace, in 4to. ELSWICH, John Herman d', a Lutheran divine, nati%'e of Holstein, published several works, and died in 1721. ELSYNGE, Heniy, clerk of the house of commons, in the reign of Charles L, born at Battersea, in 1596. He was the author of a few things which were reckoned very good. and have been much esteemed ; particularly " The an- cient method and manner of holding parlia- ments in England, 1663 ;" reprinted often since. He died in 1664. ELVIUS, Peter, a native of Upsal, who made turveys of the Swedish lakes, and invented sc- reral machines to go oy water ; he died in 1749. ELWES, John, M. P., for Berkshire. He was a man of clear perception, sound judg- ment, and unskaken integrity ; and in such high Mtimation was he held (or his love of justice, that numberless disputes among his constituents and others, which would have been decided by courts of law, were left to his sole arbitrament ; and his determination was sure to be thorough- ly satisfactory to the judicious. Yet, notwilh- «landing his great and goeii quBlitiw , h« was a 15 EN ~EMPEl)ori.E:^, a Pythagorean philosopher popt, and histurian, ot' Asrigeniuin, in (Sicily died 140 H. C. Some say,'that he lell or threw hiiiisill iiilo the buruing iriilf of ^tna; and otlii'is. that lie W^ drowned in the sea. EMPEIIKUR, swell known Frencli engiaver, in iho 18ih century- EMPF.UraR. fonstantine 1', of Holland, pro fetsor 01' Hclirinv at Leyden ; he published se- veral works on the Jewish books, and died in 10-48. K.MPOLI, Jacopo da, an eminent historical painter, of Fnipoli, died in 1G40- EMTORl.^S, a learned rhetorician in the 7tli ccnturv- EMPSON', Sir Richard, favourite of Henry VII., was afterwards beheaded in 1.010. ENCOLPII'S, a favourite of the emperorAl exaiider, whose liistor>' he wrote. EXDICOT, Jolui, governor of Mass., was a native of England ; he was violent in his oppo sition to sectarians, and died in 10(55. ENFIELD, William, a dissenting rlergyinan of Norwich, born at Sudbury, 1740, died r/97 He had been lecturer in the belles lettres at Warrington Academy, and was well known to the public by many ingenious and useful publi cations, of which t.'ie principal are, " The Preacher's Directory ;" a great number of ' Ser- mons;" the" Speaker," and" Exercises in Elo- cution ;" the two latter very popular selections of passages from celebrated authors: "The English Preacher," the " History of Pbiloso phy," &c. E.NGELBRECHT, John,a German Lutheran of Brunswick, who maintained doctrmes simi lar to those which Swedenborg has since pro mulL'ated : he dii-d in lf'>41. ENGHELUKECHTSEN, Cornelius, a pain- ter, of Leyden, the first who painted in oil ; he died in l.i3:<. ENOHELRAMS, Cornelius, a painter in wa- ter colours, was born atMalines,anddiedin loS."?. ENGHIEN, duke of, son of the duke of Bour- bon was seized by order of Buonaparte, hur- ried to Paris, condemned after a mock trial, for having carried arms against his country, during tJie tyrannv of RobespieiTe, and shot in ]>'04, ENGLISH, Hester, a French lady, settled in England, and eminent for the most exquisite .skill in penmanship. She lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. ENJEDIM, George, an ingenious unitarian of Hungary, who Wrote against trinitarians he died in i.'i97. ENNirS, Quintns, an ancient Latin poet horn in Calabria, 237 B. C. He died at the age of 70 years ; and liis death is said to have been occasioned by the gout, contracted by an immo- derate use of wine, ol which he always drank very freely before heapplipd himself to writing. Hor. Lib. I. Ep. 19. He was the first am ongi the Romans who wrote heroic verses, had an| admirable genius, and did prodigious things for] polishing the Latin poetry, though he left a greatl deal to be done by succeeding ages. He wrote the " Annals of Komk; ;' which were so highly f steemed, that they were publicly recited with va?t applause by Ciuintus Vargonteius, who di- gested them into hooks ; and they were read at Vuteoli, in the theatre, by a man of learning who as,sumed llie name of the Ennianist. He: translated several tragedies from the Greek, and wrote others. He published likewise seve- ral comedies ; but whether of hi? ov.^n inven- ?io;i. or trans;atcj. died in London, May -£1. 18)0. The clievalie.i was memorable as a political character, arid once charge des affaires in England from the icourt of France ; but more so on account of the questionable gender to which this extraordinary character naturally appertained. In the year 1777, policies were opened to ascertain the sex of this extraordinary nondescript, lothe amount of 200,000/. whi'.h were eventually decided, and paid, upon a surgical certif 'ate, after personal examinktion, that the reputed chevalier was a female. From that period the chevalier wore female habiliments. /After death, however, |it was a.=;certained that' the deceased was of the masculine gender. EPAMKXONDAS, a famous Thcban general, slain in battle, 363 B. C. EPAPHKODITUS, a bishop of Philippi, wlio carried the contributions of liis country to the saints of Jerusalem, and brought back Paul's epistle to his church, A. D. ('.2. EPEE, Charles Michael de I', a very ingenious and benevolent French abbe, and the extensive promoter (if not the inventor) of a mode for re- lieving the deaf and dumb, and rendering them useful members of society. Some of his pupils were enabled to learn several languages ; some became profound mathematicians ; and others obtained academical prizes by poetical and li- terary works. This amiable man died in Feb. 1790, justly lamented by his country ; and was succeeded in his school by the abbe Sicard. EPHORUS, a historian of Cuma, pupil of Isocrales. EPHRAIM, son of Joseph, who gave name to one of the tribes of Israel. EPHREM, St., an ancient Christian writer of the 4th centtiry. PhotiuB tells us, that ha wrote above 1000 orations, and that himself had flMn 49 of hi* sermons : and Sozom«D eb- 1.74 EP serves, that lie composed 3U0,ll()0 verses. His works were so liigiily esieeincd, tliai tliey were ]>ublicly read in ilie churclies alter tlic Scrij lures. St. Kplnem was a man of ilie ijreatest f everity of morals ; and so strict an observer of cliasiiiy, thai lie avoided even'llie siglil of wo- iiKMi. He di':d in 37S. EPICHAKMLTS, an ancient poet and philoso- pher, born iii the island oi Cos, and earned, as l.aeriius tells us, into Sicily, when he was but tive months old. He had Uie honour of beiny taught by Pythagoras himself: and he and Piionnus are sani to have invented comedy in Syracuse, tbouj^h others have pretended to the glory of th.1t riifi;ovcry. He composed 6.j, or, aecordinq; to others, 35 plays ; but his works have been so long lost, that even their character is scarcely on record. Luciau says, that he lived to the age of 97 years. EPICIE, an eminent French engraver. EPK'TK ri'S, a celebrated pllilo^opller,of an- tiquity, born near the end of Nero's reign, as is coinmoidy supposed, at Hierapolis, in I'liryyia. He lived in extreme poverty at Rome, in a lit- tle cottage without so much as a door to it; no attendants but one old woman, and no 1 urni- ture but an earthen lamp, to the light of which we owe thos" beautiful and divine thoughts, of which Arrian has preserved some noble le- uiaiiid. This lajiip was purchased for about 100/. after his death, by a person whom Lucian ridicules for it, as lioping to acquire the wisdom of Epictetus by studying over it. VVe have no account that can be depended on, cither of what distemper, or about what time, he died. Epic tetns, though a philosopher, was a man of great tiutiiility and modesty; which was most emi- nent in his own practice, as well as in his re- commendation of it to others. His " Comment- aries," and tlie " Enchiridion, or Manual of tlie Stoic Philosophy," have been often published, and translated into almost every language. EPICURUS, the greatest philosopher of his age, wtisborn atCargettus, in Attica, about the year 340 B. C. From the place of his birth, we rtnd hiin often calked by ancient authors, the *' Gargettic author," the " Gargettic old man," and simply, the " (Jargellian." Whereas other prote.-isors of sects m: de choice of particular places in Athens, as the Academy, the Lyceum Sec, Epicurus purchased a very pleasant garden, where he lived with his friends in great tran- quillity, and taught philosophy to a great num- 6er of disciples. They lived all in common with their master ; and a better regulated so- ciety had never been seen. He wrote a prodi- gious number of books, and died in his 7'2d year. As to his doctrine, that tho happiness of man consists in pleasure, though it has occa- sioned some effects which have discredited his .«ect, yet, if it be rightly interpreted, it is cer- tainly very reasonable ; for it amounts to no- thing mure, than that the happiness of man consists in his being at ease, and in feeling pleasure, or, generally, in being contented^ Couhl we ask Epicurus where this ease and contentment must be found, he would not say ill good eating, drinking, or in commerce wiiii women ; but, in sobriety, temperance, and the checking of tumultuous and disorderly passions, which deprive the soul of her state of happi- ness ; that is, the soft and quiet acquiescence in her condition. These were the pleasures in which Epicurus made the happiness of man to consist. But people exclaimed against the word pleasure: those wbo were corrupted already ER made an ill use of it; the eiieinies of hisseCT took advantage of it ; and bo the name of Epi- curean liecaine odious : aU this, however, is ac- cidental to tlie doctrine ; for it is certain that ne lived in a most exemplary manner himself, and conformably to the rules of philosuphictfl wisdom and frugality. El'lMEMUES, an ancient poet and philoeo plier, born at Gnossus, in Crete. Many won- derful things are related of luin ; and his rcpu lation was so great all over Greece, that he was there esteemed a lavourite of the gods. He died at the age of 157 ; and is alluded to by St. Paul, Thus, c. i. v. 12. Plutarch tells us, that he was accounted the 7tli wise man by those who would not admit Periaiuler into the nuniliet EPIPII.VMUS, bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus, born 33-2, and died 403. He was very conver- sant ill ecclesiastical antiquities, on wJlich ac- count he is chielly regarded. EPlPHANU'.s, a writer of the 6th century, who translated tlie histories of Socrates, Sozo- men, and Tlieodoret. EPIPH.VNUS, a heretic, who advocated a community of women. EPISCtilMUS, Simon, a theological ajid con- troversial writer of uncommon parts and learn ling, and the chief support of the .'\rminian sect., born al .\nisterdaiii, in 1583, died 1G43. EPPE.NDORF, Henry, a noble German, who acquired celebrity by his dispiiie with Erasmus. EH.VSlSTlvATUS, an eminent Greek physi- cian, whose works are mentioned by Galen, bui are now lost. I'e llourislicil iJUl li. C. ERASMUS, Desiileriiis, born at Rotterdam, the ii^th of Oct., J467. He was called Gerard, after his father; and afterwards took the name of Desiderius, which in Latin, like the surname of Erasmus, in Greek, signify much the s-umc as Gerard among the Hollanders, that is, " ain- abilis," or amiable. He was the most learned man of the age in which he lived ; and contri- buted, by his example and his writings, to the restoration of learning in the several countries wherein he occasionally resided, viz. Italy, Switzerland, Holland, France and England : with the la.st he was most satisfied ; and there he met with the greatest cncourageniciit from Henry VUI., sir Thomas More, and all the learned Englishmen of those days. He was the most correct and elegant Latin writer among the moderns; anil died in 153G. Nothing has made the city of Rotieidam more famous, than her having given hirth to this great man, whose works were published at Leyden, 170G, in a very handsome manner, in ten volumes folio. ER.'VSTUS, Thomas, a celebrated physician and divine, born at Baden, in Germany, about l5-.!4, died in 1583. He wrote several books on philosophy, physic, and divinity; but what made the most noise of all his performances, and chiefly makes him memorable now, wtis his hook " I)e Excommuiiicatione Ecclesias- tica." In this he denies the power of the church, and alfirins their censures to be incapable of ex- tending bevond the present life. ERASTbSTHENES, a Greek philosopher, mathematician, liisloriau,aiid poet, died li)4 B.C. ERATOSTRATUS, an Ephesian, who on he very night that Alexander the Great was born, 356 B. C, burnt the temple of Diana, at Ephesus, merely to eternize his name in the records of history. ERCHEMBERT, a Lombard, of the 9th cen tury, author of a Chronicle of the Lombar<2<< from 774 to 8S8. 175 ER^ ERCILL-YA-CUNIGA, Don Alonzo d", a; SpauiarJ, who fuuglit agaiust the Indians of Cliili and Peru, and made his advcntuii-s tht tubjcct 01' an aniniated poem, called Araucaua ER(,'KEKN, Lazarus, a German, was auper- i;itoiideut of the mines of Hungary, 6t.c. ERCOLE, a painter, patronised by tJie court W c^a\ oy, died in 1676. EKEMITA, Daniel, of Antwerp, intiinaic with iJcaligtr, author of several works, some poems, &.C. ; be was a deist, and died at Leg- liorn, in lC13c ERIC IX, king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, solemnly deposed, and rctirod to Pome rania ; he died in 1159. f^KIC XIV., succeeded his father Guslavus on ;!)c ilirone of Sweden, and became the unsnc- ctis-.ful suitor ofqueen Elizabeth; he died in 1578. ERIC, Peter, a Venetian admiral, iulamous for his cruelly to the widow of the bashaw of Tripoli, whom, with her treasures, he carried to Constantinople ; he was beheaded by order of the Venetian senate. ERlGEiVA, John, Scotus, bom at Ayr, in Scorland, flourished in the 9th century, and was very learned in a very barbarous age. He was employed by Ring Alfred to promote learning and the liberal arts. For this purpose he.wa; appointed to preside, at Oxford, over the studies of geometry and astronomy in particular ; that university being either lately founded or lately restored by Alfred. Three years he spent in this situation; but, some disputes and disturb ances arising at Oxiord, he left that place, and retired to a monastery at Malmesbury. Ther he opcjied a school ; and, behaving harshly and with severity to his scholars, was stabbed by them, with the iron bodkins tiiey th<;n wroK whh, in such a manner that he died. His dcatli happened in 883. ERINNA, a Grecian poetess, cotemporary with Sappho. ERIZZO, Lewis and Marc Anthony, two bro- thers, of a noble Venetian family, who mur- dered their uncle for his riches ; lor which the one was beheaded ; the other died in prison about 1546. ERIZZO, Paul, a noble, of the same family inhumanly butchered by Mahomet, in 1469, after having surrendered. ERIZZO, Sebastian, a noble Venetian, author of a work on medals, died in 1585. ERKJVINS, a famous architect of Steinbach who died in 1305. ERLACH, John Lewis, father of the six families of the same name, so illustrions in Switzerland ; he vi'as distinguished in military lite, and died in ItjoO. Kii.N'ESTI, John .Augustus, professor of the- ology at liCipsic, author of ntimerous works, Titerai V and theological ; he died in 1781 ERPENIUS, Thomas, or, as he is called in Dutch, Thomas of Erpe, a most learned writer and inconiparablv skilled in tlie oriental tongues, liorn 1584, died 1624, EP.,SKINE, Ralph, a Scotch divine, and non- conformist who was imprisoned about 1602, and liberated by the earl of Mar ; he died in 1696 ERSKIN'E, Ebenezer, son of the preceding. ES in one volume 12mo., under the title of "Lord Dun's Advices." He was born at Dun, in An gusshire, 1670, and died there in 1755. ERSKINE, James, lord Alva, one of the barons of the Scotch exchequer, afterwards ap- pointed to the supreme civil court of Scotland ; he died in IHW- ERVIN'G, WilUam, an officer in the Britidb army, which he quitted at the conunenccment of Uic American war ; he bequeathwl lOOOi. to Harvard college, and died in 1 .91. ERXLEBEiS, John I. hristian Polycurp. a na- tive of Quedlinburg, and an able uaiuialkil died in 1777. ERYCEIRA, Ferdinand de Mencscscount d', distinguished himself as governor of Penicha and Tangiers. ERY('EIR.4i, Francis Xavicr do Mentses cotint d', born at Lisbon, in 1673, increased the valuable library of his ancestors with 15,000 new vols., and "lOUO MSS. ; he wrote 100 dilfer- ent publications. ERYTROPHILUS, Rupert, a German di- vine, in the 17th century, author of a work on the passion. ES, James Van, a painter, of Antwerp, well known for his pictures of birds, &c. Er5AU, eon of Isaac and Rebecca, died about 1710 B. C. ESG.ALO, Mastin del', elected podestat of Verona, in 1259, was assassinated by his ene- mies, in 1273. ESCALUUENS. William, capitou of Tou- lo)ise, in 1326; he ord^ied himself to becarriod to the cathedral in acolTin, and then invited the attendants to a feast. ESCOBAR, Marine d', the foundress of the reconciliation of St. Bridget, in Spain, died IfiSS. ESCOBAR, Anthony, a Spanish Jesuit, whose works in 16 vols., and his Principles of Morality, in 7 vols., were ridiculed by Pascal ; be died in 1669. ESCOB.AU, Bartholomew, a learned Jesuit, of Seville, went to Amenta as a monk: he em- ployed himself in works of charity, and died in 1624. ESCOLTJLEAU, Francis d", caidinal de Sonrdis, a ?reat favourite with pope Leo IX., died in 1686. ESCOUBLEAU, Henry d', brother and suc- cessor of the preceding, was at the siege of Rochelle, under Lewis XIII. ; he died in 1645. ESCUBE, N. de P, a general of la Vendee remarkable for his loyalty, courage, &c. ; h« died of his wounds in 1794. ESPAGN.\C, John Baptist Joseph de Sapu- guci Damarzil baron d', a French general, who signalized himself in the campaigns of Italy, died in 1783. ESPAGNANDEL, Matthew 1', an eminent French sculptor, of the 17th century. ESPAONE, John d', a Frenchman, who set- j tied in England, as minister of a French pro- testant congregation, in the reign of James II. I ESP.AGNET, John d', a Frenchman, pre«i- idenf of the parliament of Bordeaux, who wrote in opi)ositioii to Aristotle's tenets. I ESPAGNOLET, Joseph Riberia I', a Spanish painter, particularly successful in the represen born in prison, became a seceder, published I talion of terror, anguish, &C. ; he died in 1056 several volumes of sermons, and died in 1755. I ESP.ARROIS, Charles d' Arcussia Viscoum EKSKINE, Ralph, brother to tlie preceding, d", author ofa treatise on hawking and falconry, published many works and sermons, and died publish':d in 1644. in IT.il. I ESPEN, Zegcr Bernard Van, born at Louvain ERSKINE, David, lord Dun, a celebrated I wrote against the pope's bull unigenitus, and Scotch judge, who published an e.xcellcnt work|!died in 1723. 176 5^'^1'K.N'CE, (.'laiitle d', a Frcncliman, a ilis tiii;-i(i:v!i(.>u orator, and author ol' cotiiiiicntark-s oil llif opistles : he dind in 15T1. r.Sl'KR, John Frtdcric, a native of Prossen Ti lit. in Dayreiith, a botanist and naturalist, and auilior uf worko on these bubjecls ; he died in 17ril. KSi'I'KIKNTr, Philip Callimachus, a Tur- ran. pK ceptor of an aciidcmy under Pius II ; ailfirw.irdb ambassador to Constantinople, &.C. (litd in 14%. ^:S^IlK.MENlL, James Duval d', an advocate and ciiunsellor of the parliament of Paris, re inarki-lilo for his violent procccdinjrs during the levohilicin ; lie was guillotined in 1704. KWPlirr, James, n Frenchman, an agreeable writer, the friend of Kochefoucault and Cunti died in lti78. i;SS.\RS, Pierre des, a French nobleman Alio served in the Seolch avmy at'JiiiiBl theKng lish, in 1402; on his return to France, he was rni»:d to posts of honn\ir, became suspected, was imprisoned, and beheaded in HO. KSi5.\RS, Charlotte des, countess ol Ronio- renlin, mistress to Henry IV., and others, who, tn atloinptin^ to advance her son, fell under the resentment of the king and Richelieu, by whom she was imprisoned, where she died in 1()51. KS.SFX, James, famous for his skill in ;rothic architecture. His principal practice wasai Cani- hridiie, Ely, Lincoln, and VVinche.'ster ; and IiIk writings may be found in the Acha'olor'n, vol. iv. vi., &.C. " He was born in 1723, aim aied al Cainbridpo, in 1784. EriTAING, Charles Henry count d , a French admiral, who connnanded the French ll','i't in I h>? American revolution; he was guillotined in 1793. E.ST/VMPF.f, Anne, of Pls.seleu, duchess of, mistress to Francis I., of Franci>. She was a \voni:in of great cunning and intrigue ; and one of Uiose instances which prove that the a.scen- •laiicy of a mistress may bo the nun of a kins;- dom ". for by her ambitious views the monarcliy of France had nearlv been subverted. ESTAMPKS, Leonor d', bishop of Chartres, In 1020, who ojiposed the Jesuits in the aii.-5'2. ESTOUTEVILLE, William d', a Norman, and a cardinal, who reformed tlic university of Paris; he possessed great firmness and benevo- lenre. and died in 1483. ESTRAUi:!*, Godfrey count d', marcchal of France, and viceroy cf America, ambassador to England, &c., died in ItSfc'fi ESTRAiNGE. See L'ESTRANGE. I'.STREES, John d', page to queen Anne, of Uritlany, disiingeished himself in several bai- lies, and died in l-WT. ESTRKEB. Francis Ai.nibal d', son of the nrecidiiig. a duke, peer, and murechal of France, diril in 1070. ESTREES, Cjesard', son of the prerrdiiig. was rniplnyed in several itnpiiriant officci by ilie Fieiuh king, and died in 17 !4. F-.-^TREES, Gabrielle d', sister of Francis, mistress of Henry IV., died in ISilO. EH'I'REES, Victor Mane il', a vice aiimira) of France, and a learned man, died in 1737. E.-^TREES, EewLs Cn-sar duke d", maiechal of France, and minister of slate, disiinzuished himself in tlie war against Spain, he died in 1771. ETHELREFT. kingof Kent, became a Clirrs- tian by the preachius; of Austin, and di«d in tilO. ETilELliERT, king of England, was a popu- lar and benevolent prince. ETHEEREO, king of England; to deMver himself from the oppressive tax which he paid to the dames, he caused those unlbrtunale for- eigners to he all murdered ; he died in lOlC. ETIIELWOLF, king of England, in 838, went to Rome to improve the <'ducation of his son the great Alfred ; he died in 857. ETHEREGE, Sir George, a celebrated En- lish wit, and eminent in particular for his omic ffenius, flourished in the reiLiis of Charles II. and James II. His three comedies arc, " The Comical Hevencc ; or. Love in a Tub;" '^ She Would if She Could ;" and " The Man of Mode ; or, Sir Foppling Flutter ;" in which last piece he is supposed to have drawn some of the chief characters from certain of his cotemporarics, and ac(|uaintance. Thus, beau Hewit, the most notorious fop of Jiis time, was supposed lo be designed under his first character ; Dorimant tor his friend lord Rochester, under which are characterised inconstancy, falsehood, and tri- umphs, in the coKquest and ruin of the fair, vaniished over with agreeable and cap;ivating graces of modish gallantry, peculiar to that witty hut licentious nobleman. He was also siispecied to have sketched out himself in the character of Medley. Applauded, however, ii.s this play was for wit, yet, like his others, it waa :nndemned for immorality. He was born in Oxfordshire, about 1030, aiid died about 1090. ETHRYG, George, or ETHERIDGE, or ED- RYCT'S, an Englishman, who H\ed about 1550. He excelled not only in the Greek and Hebrew, but also in medicine and music. ETTMULLER, Michael, an eminent pln-ai- cian bom at Leipsic, l(i44, died 1GH3. His works, amounting to no less than 5 vols, in Ijplio, were printed at Naples, in 1729 ETTMULLER, Michael Enie St., professor of anatomy and surgery, wrote s<'veral learned and curicnis treati«£« uu medical subject!, and died inl732 177 EU EUCHAURiiJ, Augiielinus, a Latin l]i3(0'|| EUUr.NIUS J. 8t., pope ai'lor Martin, iii (iol , EUCHAP.Itns, or HOL'CHARIUS Eligiiw, al dwiiie and ii>i>oi Lyons, was can-! onlz':d for his piety , lie died in 454. | KVCUID, .ipiiiljiojiiior, of .Mr^'ara, founder of the yett o!' wianglfrt-. j ECCr.lD, .'1 ui>.-t celebrated mathematician i Rnd a?trononn;r, wlio rdllectetl all ihe fuudu- iiitMita! principles of pure initlioniaMis, which h id been delivered down hy Tiialts, Pylliag"ra.<, Kudoxns, a'ld other inathcinaticians before liiin, V. hicli he digested into regularity and order, «'jili in.ii'y otiiersof liisown: on which account he is said to have been the first who reduced arithmetic and geometry into the form of a sci- tiici;. When this great man was born, and wiiar was his country, vvc have no distinct ac- count; but he flourished, as appears from Pro- cliis' Comment upon his Elements, about 277 years before Christ, and taught mathematics at Aleinndria with vast applause. EUD^E.MON, John Andrew, a Jesuit, pub- tiflied some works, and died in 1025. EUDES, John, founded the congregation ofl EUGENICS III., was made pope in 1145, and died in 1153. rUf-JENIUS n'.. Gabriel Condolmern ejected pope in 1431. lie was unjurily di;|H)se.!, for a lime, bill w:is aOerwards restored ; heilied 1147. EI'GENILS, emperor in Dauunme, full in battle in 394. E'JI.FR, Eronnrd, a very emineni rr.aihe- ina'ical writer, liorn at Badii.'iu 17'J7, di«rt Sept. 7, 1783. He possewietl, to a great degree, wiiat is commonly cai'.cd ernd;ri.in: had read al! tne Latin classics; was perlict master of ancient mathematical lii<>raiure ; and had the history of al! ages and nations, even to the iiiinulcst facts, ever present to his mind. EULOGHJS, a!ialriavrh,of .■\Iexandria, wrote against the Novarians, and difd in I'M. EULOGICS, the martyr, of ( 'ordova, was put • to death by tho Saracens, inSC-'J. He wrote a jhistory of some martyrs. EU.MATHIUS, a Greek, writer of ainaiorial [composiiioiis; in what aire he wrote isuiiknown. EC.MENES, a celebrated general "f Alexan- thc Eudists ; lie left some devotional works, and ider, put lo death by Antiuonns, 3i() B. C died ill l&SO, EIJDOCIA, daugliter of Leontius, an Athe- nian sophist anil philosopher, born about 400. Her father took such care of her education, that »he became at length contfumnialely learned ; aad so accomplished in every r".:-pect, that, at his death, he left his whole estate to his two ECMENES, a king of Pergainus, 2(13 B. C. His nephew of the same name was kirig, JiJ7 B.C. EITMENIUS, an eminent orator, about 310. EUNAPIUS, a native of Sardis, in Lydia, flourished in the 4th century. He was a cele- brated sophist, a physician, "and no inconsidera- soiis, except lOfi pijces of g'>ld, which he left tohble historian. We have no remains of Euna- his daughter, with this declaration, that " hcr| pius, but his " Lives of the Philosophers anrt own good fortune would be snlliciciit for her."| SophiPts." Upon this she went to law with Iter brothers, EUNOMHTS, a heresiarch, of t+ie 4tli centn- but without succens ; and therefore carried her |ry, bishop of Cyzicum, and founder of the sect cause to Constantinople, where .ihe was rcconi- I that have gince been called Eunoniinns. He nietided to Pulcheria, sister of the emperor The- jdied very old, about .394, after having e.\[)erien- odosins ihe Younger, and became her lavourite.ljcedgredt variety of .sufl'erings. Eunomius wrote In 421 she embraced Christianity, and was bap- I'many things, and his writings were so highlv fized by the name of Eudocia, for her heathen | esteemed by his followers, tha* they thonsht name was Athenais ; and the same year was 'their authority preferable to tltaiof the gospel, married to the emiieror, through the powerful j His doctrines were, that " there is ojie God un- rccommendation of his sister ; by which event hcreate and without beginning ■ who has nothint; the words of her fa'lier inght seem to have jiexissing before him ; for r.otliing can exist be- something prophetic in them. She died about A.n.m). EUDOCI.A or EUDOXIA, queen of Constan- tinople, in 1(H>7, died in prison, the government having been usurped by Michael, her son, in 1071. ElJDOCT.\, Feodoreuna, first wife of Peter the Great, was divorced in lG9fi, on account of her infidelilv ; .she died in 1731. EI'DUXIL'S, bishop of Germanicia. He wrote a discourse on the incarnation of the word ; hn died in 370. EUnOXUS, of Cniduji, a city of Caria, in Asia Minor, flourished about S70 years before fore what is uncreate : nor with him ; for what is uncreate must be one : nor in him ; for Ooil is a simple and uncompounded being. Tliis one simple and eternal being is God the creator and ordainer of all things ; first indeed and prin- cipally of htg oidy-begotten Son, and then through him of all other things: for God be- got, created, and made the Son only, by his own direct operation and power, before all things and every other creature : not producing, however, any other being like hinnself, nor imparting any oC his own proper substance to the Son: for God is immortal, uniform, indivisible, and there- fore cannot communicate any part of his own fThrist; and was bo skilful, that Cicero did notijproper substance ;o another," ic. scruple to call him the greatest astronomer that | EIJPHEMIA, ElaviaElia Marcia, a concubine, had ever lived. [and wife of the emperor Jusiin [., died in 523. EUGENE, Franci", prince of Savoy, born EUPHEMIUS, a patriarch, of Constantinople, 1^*3. Having found himself slighted by Lewis was banished, and died in 51.5. XIV., in France, his native country, he retired to Gerinanv, and spent his life in the service of tiie house of Austria. His victories over the Turks, and afterwards over the French, too numeroits lo' be detailed in this work, have rendered his name immortal in the annals of fame. This illustriobs hero died at Vienna, in 173'.. 178 EUPHORION, a Greek poet and historian, of Chalcis, 274 B. C EUPHRANOR, an excellent sculptor and paintT, of antiquity, flourished about 362 B. C. He wrote several volmnes on the art of colour- ing, and on symnwtry ; and was the first who signalized himself by representing tho majesty lof heroes EIT KUrHRATES, a heretic, of tlip '2(1 cf^ntiiry,] wlio maintained that our tiist parcius were de-l ceivpri by Clirist in tfio form nf a serpfiit I EI'l'OLlS, an Atheni.iii tmuic poet, in the] 85tii Olympiad. He u~id in 449. ErSTACE, John Skejr, a brave officer in the American war ; sometime iiid to general Lee, and afterwards to general Greene: he went to France in 1794, where he was made brigadier and major general ; he returned and died in IriOS. El't^TACHE, iJavid, a protestant niinister, of Montpelier, sent by the synod of Ludun. in IfiG'J, to address the French king; hiii speech was much admired. El'STACIlIl'S, Bartholomew, an Italian physician, of the IGth century, who published anatomical tables ; be died in 1.S70. EIJSTATIIUJS, archbishop of Thessalonlca, was born at Constaiitinople,and flourished about A. T). 1I7U. He ifl chicily niemornble for hi^ " f'omnieiitarii'g npon Homer." EU.S'I'.^THIUS, a learned Greek, commenta- tor on Homer and Dionysius the geographer ; he died m 1 I'M. El'STOCHTl'.M, a Roman lady, well skUled in Greek and Hebrew ; she died in 419. Erj?rUATIUS,a bishop of Nice, who wrote commeniaries on Ariutoilc, lived in the 13th centurv. iiioditation,wlien unies, thonsih he hadj laboured with all his might. Alcesiis observed, with an air of high vanity, that lie had written a hundred with the utmost case. " -Ay, hut (pays Euripides) you don't consider the differ- ence: your verses are made to live no loii;;er Itian these three days ; whereas mine are to con- tinue for ever." There are now extant but 19 of his trapedic."!, and part of a 20tU ; tliouglil Siiidas savs that he composed 92. j EIJRVniCE, wife of Amyiuas, king of Ma- tedon, and mother of Philip. EHRYDICE, dauuhtorof .\rida;u8, was put to death by Olympias. El'SDE.V, Lawrence, an Enplish divine andl poet, born in Yorkshire, was preferred in 1718J to the laureatship. He had several enemies ; and, among others, Pope, who put him into hi Ounciad ; liiough we do not know what provo- oati.in he gave to any of them, unless, by being raised to the dignity of i>e laurel. lie was no in.Mn:;iderable versifier, and died at his rectory, at ('oninysby, Lincolnsllire, in 1730. EIJts. ErTRonu?, Flavins, an Italian sophist, iws Suidas calls him, wrote a compendious hittory of Roman atfairs, divided into 10 books, from the foundation of the city, to the mgn of Va- lens, (to whom it was dedicated,) that is, to A.D. 364. EUTROPIUS, a eunuch, and minister to Ar- ctdius, was consul, but was banished and be- headed about 399. EtfTYCHFS, an abbot of Constantinople, who maintained that Christ's body was an aerial form, and therefore not hunmn. ETJTYCHIANUS, pope, successor of Felix, in 27,1. was martyred in 283. EUTYCHRTS, patriarch of Constantinople, in 563 ; deposed in 564 ; restored, and died in 585. EUTYCHTUS, a Christian atithor, patriarch of .Alexandria, was born at Cairo, in Egypt, in H7(i, and became eminent in the knowledge of physic. He wrote annals from the beginning of the world to the year 900 ; in which may b« found many things which ocxur no where else . but certainly many more which were rollectej from lying legends, and are entirely fabuioua. He died in 950. EUZORIUS, a deacon of Alexandria, depo- sed and condemned by the council of Nice, for adhering to Arius ; he baptized Constant iin, and died in 370. Another of the eame iiatue was bishop of Ceesarea EVAGORAS, king of Cyprus, was defeated by the Persians, and assassinated 394 B. C. EVAGORAS, a Greek writer. In the age of AngiiBtuB, author of a history of Egypt, ttc. EVAGRIirS, a monk of the 5tli century, au- thor of " .Mtercatio Simonis Judei et Theophili Christian!." KVAGRIUS, a bishop of Antioch, died iu 30?. 179 F.V KVAOUUIS Sl^liblASTlCUs', an aiiikil ecclesiasiiial historian, born at Eplpliania, a city of Hyvia t^ocunda, about ilie year .130. He pub- li^lied "Six books ol" Kcclesiahiical Hir'tory," btciiiniii^' with the year 43] ; wliereTlieoUorct, SiirratLs, and Sozoiiien, conclude ; and ending wiir; 594. It is not certain wlion he died. EVAGaiUS, Ponlicus, a monk of the 4tli century, archdeacon of Conslantinojile. LVANCKUSTA, a learned civilian, author ofConsulia varia in jurocanonico,"' &c.,died in 1;VJ5. KVANS, Cornelius, during the civil wars lie played the part of an impostor, pretended he was the prince of Wales. »vho ))ad escaped from France ; was sent to Newgate, but escaped, and was never after heard of. KVANS, Aiisc, a Welch engineer, died about the time of the rebellion. EVANS, Abel, generally styled Dr. Evans the Epigrammatist, lived at the end of the 37th and beginning of tlie il?th centuries. He was bursar to St. John's college, Oxford, vicar of Saint Giles', and appears to have been inti- mate with Mr. Pope. EVANS, John, D. D.,a dissenting minister, was popular as a preacher, and died in 1732. EVAiN'S, Caleb, D. D., instructed young men for the dissenting ministry; he published some works, and died in 1791. EVANS, Evan, a clergyman, obtained no pre- ferment, and died of intemperance in 1790. EVANS, Nathaniel, a minister of N. Jersey, a^d a poet, was a missionary in the employ- ment of the society for propagating the gospel ; lie died in 707. EVANS, John, came from England as deputy governor (if Pennsylvania, in 1703. His unpopu- larity caused his impeachment and removal in 1709. EVANS, Lewis, eminent for his acquain- tance with American geography, was surveyor ill Pliilailelphia : he constructed many maps. EVANSON, Edward, a native of Warrington, author of .some works, diediu 1805. EVANTITJS, an old Latin poet, who wrote '• De ambicuis, sive hyhridis animalibus." EVANTI'S, a bishop of Vienne, in the 6th centurv, died in 586. EVAKISTUS, bishop of Rome in 100, was iiiartj'red r.iiie years after. EVELYN, John, one of the greatest natural philosopliers that England ever produced, was born at W'otton, in Surry, in 1020. Among his numerous writings (which are on the subjects <>t agriculture, navigation, commerce, antiqui- ties, sculpture, painting, &c.) the most cele- brated at the present day is " Sylva ; or a Dis- foiirse of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of, Timber in His Majesty's Dominions." Full of age aiul honours, this amiable author died Feb. 27, KOo-fi, in his 80th year : and was interred at Wotton, under a tomb of freestone, shaped like a coffin, with an inscription upon a white niaible, expressing, according to his own inten- tion, that, " Living in an age of extraordinary events and revolutions, he had karncd from I hence this truth, which he desired might be thus communicated to posterity. That all is vanity which is tint honest, and that there is no fclid wisdom hut in real piety." The eulogiuins which have been bestowed upon him are as numerous as they are great. EVELYN, John, 8onof the preceding, at the ase of 15 wrote an elegant Qreek poem ; he 4:ei in 1698. 180 ^,^^ j EVF'.RARl), Sir Kichard, baronet, was pr» [prietary governor of North-Carolina, in 17-? alter aji adniinisiration of tlirre or four year* which was ilibturbcd by controveisiee with othei branches of th«' govcinment, he returned to Eii i;land, where he died in 1733. EVERDINGEN, Ctrsar Van, a Dutch paintei of eminence, died in 1075. EVEUETT, Oliver, minister in Boston foi some years ; afteru ards judge of the court ol common pleas for Norfolk ; he died in 1-;02. EVitEMCJND ST., Charles de St. Deni*:. lord of, a celebrated French olhcer and satirical \yriler, born in Normandy, 1013, died 1703. As for religion, he always professed llie Romish, in which he was born ; though at the bottom he was certainly a freethinker ; hut whatever might be his scntimcntB of leliuion, he never let tall any loose expressions about it ; he could not bear that any one should droll upon it ; for, said he, " bare decency, and the regard due to one's fellow-creaturss, will never suffer it." EWALD, John, a native of Copenhagen, who, from a military life, studi"d divinity, and wrote several poems of much merit ; he died in 1781. EWING, John, D. D., minister iu Philadel- phia, and provost of the college in that city ; he was much respected for his talents, learning, and piety, and died in 1802. EXPILLI, Claude d', president of the parlia- ment of Grenoble, and a writer of some merit ; he died in 1030. EXUPERIUS, a Romish saint, bishop of Tou- louse, distinguished for his charities, died about 417. EYCK. SeeVANEYCK. EYKENS, Peter, a much admired painter, of Antwerp, born in 1599. EYMAR, A. M. d', a deputy from Forcal quier to the states-general, in 1789, much at- tached to the principles of Rosscau, as a lovei of republicanism ; he died in 1805. EZEKIEL, the third of the great prophets, was a captive at IJabylon, 599 B. C. EZEKIEL, an eminent Jew and poet, authoi of some fragments on Scripture subjects, flou- rished, according to some, 300, according lo others, 200 B. C. EZRA, one of the descendants of Aaron, son of Serai ah ; he rebuilt the temple at Jerusalem about 467 B. C. FABER, or, according to some, FEVRE LE, Nicholaus, a very ingenious, learned, and pioua man, born at Paris, in 1541. During the cour.ie of his studies, a terrible accident happened to him. As he was cutting a pen, a bit of the quill flew into his eye, and isave him such excessive pain, that hastily lifting up his hand to it he struck it out with the knife. He applied him- self to the mathematics particularly ; in which he succeeded so well, that ho discovered imme- diately the defect in Scaliger's demonstiaticn of the quadrature of the circle. When Henry tV., of France, became at length the peaceable possetsor of the crown, he appointed Fahcr pre- ceptor to the prince of Conde. During this im- portant trust, helound time to labour upon some considerable works .and composed his fino pre- face to the fragments of Hilary, in which he dis- covered many important facts relating to the history of Arianism, not known betbrc. After tUe death of lieiiry IV., he was clwsen by tiie KA queen, preceptor lo Ltwis Xlll. He died in ICII. FABER, Tanaqiiil. in French, TaiiPguyleFe- vre, a very loavirod man, born at (."acn, in Nor iiianay, iu 1615. Cardinal de Ricliclifu, settled on liii'n a pension of 20(10 livrps, lo inspt i-t all the works priutf-'d at tin; Louvre. He died in 'f>>2, K^aving a son of his own name, and two dau^Iuei-s, one of whom was tJie cclibratid inuiianio Dacicr, the other married I'aul Baiildri, proH'ssor at Utreclit. FAHIAX, a saint of the Romish church, wlio was made po)ip, in SiO, and MitRrcd martyrdom in the roi^Mi of the eminior L) his Ittleis relating to Charles XII., of Sweden, during his residence in the Ottoman empire. He stood very high in the good graces of that |)rincc ; accompanied liiin in his cxetciscs, was frequently at liis table, and ?pent hours alone will) him in his closet. He had but one enemy in the court, viz. general Daldorf, who was made prisoner by the Tartars when they storm- ed the king's camp at Bender. Fabricius look pains to fmd him out, released him, and suppli- ed him Willi money; which so entirely van- quished the general, that l;e ai'iorwards l*e« 'nie a warm friend. This amiable person was jce- wise in favour with kiiij; Stanislaus, and with George I., whom he accompanied in his last journey to Hanover, and who may be said to have died in his arms. FABRICIUS, Charles, a painter, of Deia who gave indications of great merit, perisliea in his house, with his ])Ui)il Spoors, by the ex- plosion of a powder magazine. FABRONl, Angiolo, a native of Tuscany, was prior of St. Lorenzo's church, at Florence, and curator of Pisa University. He wrote an account of the illustriou.< men of the house of Medicis, and another of the Iearn'?d men of Italv in the 17th and 18lh centuries, in 21 vols ; he died in 1802. FABROT, Charles Hannibal, a French advo- eale and professor of law, at Aix, in Provence. He published, at Paris, an edition of the Baai- iica-, or the constitutions of the Eastern empe- rors, and other valuable and impurtan' forks, and died iu 10.59. FACCIOLATI, Giacomo, an Italia* irator and grammarian, of Padua, died in 176ft FACHETTI, Pietro, an eminent pain.ir, of Mantua, died at Rome, in 1613. FACINI, Pietro, a historical painter, of Bo- logna, pupil to Annibal Carracci, died in 1602. FACIO, Bartholonieo, a Genoese historian and biographical writer, in Latin, born atSpez- zio, in Genoa, died in 1457. FACUNDUS, bishop of Heiinianum, in Asia, during the reign of Justinian. FADLALLAH or CIIODSA RASCHID ir> 181 FA FA ADDI\, a Persian author of a liuiory of Hull FAlrt'" KNHKUGEU, Aiithoiiy, adi-un^iiisli- MuKiils, v.-a-i vizici to L'uzaii, the sultan of Tau- rus. ah-U ICSH- FAi;il\rs, Gabriel, a native of Cremona, was a ravniirilr of pops Pins IV., and was ili»- tiugiiished as a critic and poet in the lOil; cen- tury ; ho died in lot'il. F.VOAN, Christopher, a French cnniic poet, born 1702, died 1755. His plays were printed iii 4 vols. l'2mo, in 17C0. FAGE, Raimond de la, an artist, cclebr^tec! fur his drawings with the pen and Indian ink ; he dii'd at Laniiuedoc, in ItiilO. FAGIUS, Paul, alias BUi;HLlN, a very Iparncd proiestant (ieruian minister, bom at Rii( iiizabeni, in 1.501. He and Bucer went to Ensland, upon receiving letters from Crannier, in 1549. were entertained some days in the pa- lace at LaniuPth, and destined lo reside at Cam- bridjje. whure they were to perfect anew truns )iiion and illustration of the Scriptures, Fagius taking Jiie Old Testament, and Kuoer the New, for their several parts. Dut thi? was al' pnl an end to by the sudden illness and death ot boili these profes^rs. Fagius died Nov. 1550 ; and Bucer did not live above a year after. PAG.NAXl, Prospero, an Italian corimtntti- tOT on the 5 books of the decretals, and secreta- ry to Ih.' holy coiigrecation, died in 1678. FAG.NANO, Juiius Charles, count of, nirr- ed lan(1.-<-ape painter, of Insprnck died in 17 Ills brother Josepli was equally eminent in the same branch of Ins profession. F.\LCA.\UL'S, Hugo, an accurate historian, of rtiolv ; the time of his death is unknown. FALCONUEKG, Mary, countess of, third daughter of Oliver Cromwell, was a woman of jreat beauty, and uncommon strength of mind. r>.i ibe deporf C U;. '-ro M. She died in 171-2. F.VLCONE, an Dcnevento, secretary to pope Fnnocent II., and author of a History of Naples from ll(KtolI40. FALCONEK, William, an ingenious Scotch sailor, author of a " Jlarine Dictionary," 4tc<., auericiiced by himself; in a second calamity of whi' ti kiiii! he lost his life, in 1770, on board of the .Vurora frit'ate. F ALCO.VET, Camille, an eminent physician, ;of Lyons, a member of the Frei.ch academy, died in 17CI. His library contained nearly 500,000 volumes. • FAIA'ONIA, Probo, a Latin poetess, who lived ill the age of Thcodosius. FALDA, Giovanni Uaptista, an admired Ilaliun e'lLTaver of the laet centuiy. quisof Toschi, autiior of a fie-tv.se on the p-o-l) FATjETI, Jcronimo, a piet, historian, and jierties and use of the geometrical curve; lie'NateMiian, of S.ivon.i, ne.ir Genoa, ambassador died in 1760. i (:oiii t'lec'uke of Ferraia to Venice, lived about FAGON, Guy Crescent, an eminent phv"!-, lat'.". cian and botanist, of i aris, professor oi" boianv|| FAIiIERI, Ordelalo, a doge of Venice, was and ciivruistrv in the tovai gardens, and physi-iikilled at the sic^e of a revolted city in Dahna- cian to'Loviis XIV., died in 1718. One of his! tia, ii' :;20. sons became a bishop, the other a counsellor of |l FALIi^lU, Marino .adogeofVenice, whowaa state. ijiieiected in a plot to render himself absolute, by FAGUNDY, Stephen, a Portuguese Jcsuil.jiihe assassination of all the senators; he wa« died at Lisbon, in 1M5. eTccutcd in 13".4, at the age of 80, with aboui FAnUENHElT, Gabriel Daniel, a natural' 400 of his associates. philosopher, eminent for his great improvements in tiie conslrucrion of thermometers, was born at Dantzic, 1686. He published a " Disserla- iion on Thermometers," 1724, and died in 17:ii). FAILLE, William dela, a. syndic ofToulouse, and author of a history of tliat city, died in 1711. FAIRCLOUGH, Samuel, an English clergy- man, educated at Cambridse, died in 1678. FAniF.\X, Edward, an" English poet, who floarished in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and chietly distiliguished himself by a trans- lation of Tasso's " Godfrey of Bouillon." His merits were so great, that Waller protessed to have learnt from him the art of versification. He was born at Dentoi;, in Yorkshire, and died ill 103-2. FAIRFAX, Thomas, lord, general of the parliament forces against Charles I., died 1671. See CKO.MWELL, Oliver. FAIRFAX, Brian, minister of the episcopal church in Alexandria, Virginia, died in 18(M2. FAIRTHOR.VE, William, an eminent English painter and engraver, wiio flourished in the 17th century. He wrote a book '' Upon Drawing, Graving, and Etching," for which he was cele- brated by his friend Flatman, the poet, in an cJegy wliich ends with these lines : " So long as brass, so long as books endure, " So long as neat-wrought pieces, thour't se- cure ; "A 'Fairthorne sculpsit,' is a charm can Bave "From dull oblivion and a gaping grave." Fairthorne was born about IGIC; and died 1C91. F.-M/K, Jol.ii Peter, a Swede, who studied bo lany and medicine 'aiider Linnsus, ami was af terwards professor of botany at Petersburgb he died in 1774. F.\LKENSTEIX, John Henry, director of ai academy of noblemen at Erlingen, and after- wards in the service of the margrave of Ann pacli ; h" died in 1760. FALKLAND, lord. See CARY. FALLE, Pnilip, a clergyman, aitthor of the Historv of Jersey, where he was horn in IW.! F.\LLOPl US, Gabriel, born at Jlodcna, in 1400. lie possessed great powers of mind, which he cultivated by an intense application to his studies in philosophy, physic, botany, and ana- tomy. In this last he made some new discoveries, and, among the rest, that of the tubes by which the ova descend from the ovarium, and which, from him, are called the " Fallopian tubes." He died at Padua, in 15C3. FALS, Raymond, a medal engraver, settled at Paris, where he obtained a pension of 1200 livres, died at Berlin, in 1703. FALSTAFF. See FASTOLP. FALSTER, Christian, a Danish critic, wh03« writingg are numerous ; the time of his death i» unknown. PANCOURT, Samuel, an English disgenting clergyman and controversial writer, and insti- tutor or promoter of the first circulating library ever opened in England. He died in 1768, aged 90 years. FANEUIL, Peter, founder of FsneuilhaJI, in Boston, died in 1743. /> KAi\MiN' British service, and liniitenant-governor of I F.VUINGUON', Anthony, an r.!ii;lish lUvine, Kova-!?coiia. Me died in 1H18. F.AA'NIi.'S, surnaniid Strnhn, a Roman, known by Jii* law to cliecit the extravagance of Iiis countrymen- Another of the same n.inie, wrotp nil account o( Niui's reign, which i.-. lest. FANSIi.VW, sir Richard, an English eentli- man, lamous for his enihassies and poetic writ- ins;':, born at Ware P-irk, in Ilertfttrdshire, 1G07. died Jt)«"i.">. A iranc^ljtion by hiin, of the " Pastor Kido" of Guarini, did niiii much crniit. fc^oine intcrestinc private history o." tnis family will be found ill Mr. Seward's •' Anecdotes of Distin- gnish'^d P.'rsciis.' and author of several volumes of sermona, died in 105f!. F.-\R.Mr.R, Hugh, a dif5sen»ing minister, edu- cated under Dr. Ooddndge. a.nd known as a theological writer; he died in 1787. FARMER, Dr. Richard, inasterof Emnianii,! College, Cnnib.idge, principaJ lihrariaa to ;ik- uni versify. Ace. &c. , was bnm at Leices'er, in lT.i5, anil distincuished, himself in the walks of literature by a vciy masterly " Essay on the Leariantr of gliakspearc;" in which hedecid^J a point that had been much litigiited among the loariu'd. For a man of his rare eiulowment.s F.\RUt;Mi.\, Michael Angelo, professor ofjl he published but little: the essay already nien- iintiiral histciry and astronomy at Padua, died at, |ti(>aed: 8omc"NotcsonShakspcarc;''a " room Napbs, in 1"1P. j|on lavini; the first stoiii' of the public library in FARE, Charles Anjustus. marquis de la, a| 175.>,'' and a sonnet on tiio king's death, ifi ITfiO, cap;ain in the French i^nard?, known as the au-|| (both in the Cambridge coll"cticn of verse«lory " dieil ill 171'J. ||(Eiir.ip. Mag. xik. 415,) and a "Letter on DVp- F,\RFL, William, an ,ih!e reformer, bom in.jiiis the Critic," (Europ. Mag. xxv. 412,) boii.g ail J4?9. Being Jri\en fiom F'a'ip, as a protestant,||that is known. Dr. F., however, assisi'J n.ir.v he wmjt to Strasburgh, (Jeiieva, Ba.sil and Neiifiianthors in various works, for which ne .eceive I •ihatef, where he preached the doctrines of the relbiinalion, with r.eal, ability, and succeps,| ahhongi< opposed with ridicule ar'l abuse. He, was the associate of Calvin, nnd died In ISC."), their public acknowledgments and tl.aiiks Uo difd in ]7;'7. FARNABY, Tliomas, an English grr.n.nia rian and critic, born .n London, in 1575, dii,J in F \RET, Miliol 1:, one of the first membersi 16)7 of t'le French academy, died in Ifvtrt. jl FAR ??E?E, Peter Louis, son of pope Paul FAUl.N, Eniaiiuel de Sousa, a Portuguesel III., by a secret marriaiTe, duk*? of rarnia, and knight and ambassador at Ro'iic, distinguished Ipi^cenria, w:!le whose writings on the civil law, are muclii of cardiprJ Farnese, v.as son n» the f-stduke esteemp'' at E'ltie, died in 1513. jof Parma, and br.ni i^tiii (long befire lis fattier F.-iRiN \'rO,PnuI,a'iHniin ■iitltalianpaintfcr,liwas novanced to thi dukei-)in.> At fourteen born ,T '*e'cna, l.'i2'2, and cut, it is said, oi;t of |, years of age he wis made biihop of Parma by his mother'? wimb, who was just dead in la-L Clement Vlf. Paul III., raitfd him to tlie bour. 'If s\as fainoi? also tor being an ex-|; purple in 1554, and employed him in various cellent swordsmir, airl i very good orator, andj; embassies. He died in 1599, lamented as a true for Ins knowledge it' vculptuie and architecture, I patron of the arts, and protector of n;en of cpp'-cially th.it part of it which relates to fortifi- cations. His lasL momet.ts are said to have been as remarkable as his first, on account of the death of his nearest relation. He lay upon his death-bed in ICOC, and hi.' wife, who was ■ick in the same room, hi;aring him cry out, " !iC was going,"' told him, "she would bear him company ;" and was as good as her word, Ihev both expiring at the very same minute. F.^RINELLI, Carlo Broschi, an Italian sing letters. FARNESE, Alexander, nephew to the Ca'di nal, w.18 the 3d dii'ie of Panua, and governor of the Low Countries. He was mortally 'vound- ed, at the siege of P.euen by Henry IV., of France ard died in 15i>2. FARNEWORTH, Ellis, di-stinguisiiod by translating some eminent authors, was born at Bonteshal!, in Derbyshire, and died 17fp3. His publications were, "The Life of Pope Sixriipj er, boiiiat Naples 1705 ; and, being trained loi|V., translated from the Italian," " Davila": sin^iiisr, acquired great reputation at Rome and'j History of France," "The works of I\^chi,i\>'i, at Bologna. The fame of his great talents reach-ji illustrated with Annotations, Dissertations, an:t inp England, he was engaged to sing in thel several new plans on the art of war." opera at London, in 1734 ; for England was then, as it is eminently now, the place of all places for fiddlers, singers, dancers, tuinblirs, •harpers, and impostors of every kind, to flock to and grow rich. His arrival in that country was in the newspapers announced to the public Bs an event worthy of national attention. Cpon what terms Farinelli, was eneasedtosing is not known to any de.Trep of ce.Hinty; his salary, however, be it what it might, bore hut small proportion to the annual amount of hia profits, f he excessive fondness which the nobiiity dis- covered for this peiiion, the caresses they be ■towed on, ai'd the presents they made him. Indicated little less than infatuation : their bo«n-i 1707, before h~e was 30 years of age. His ron 183 FARaUHAR, George, an ingenious comic writer, was the son of a clergynan, in Ireland, and born at Londonderry, in 1678. In KWG ht; went to London, and was solicited by his friend Wilks, the celebrated actor, to write a play ; but he was still more substantially invited by a genteel accommodation, which suffered him to exercise his genius at his leisure : for the earl of Orrery, who was ;■. patron ns well as master of letters, conferred a lieutenant'scommission upon him in his own regimei.t in Irelaiid, which Farquhar held seveial years, and behaved him- self so well as an oflirer, giving sover.il iitooi's both of courage and conduct. He died in Apr- FA FE •lies display asprightlygtnius, and are extreme ly divertine. FASTOLfT, Sir John, a valituit and renowned penoral during' the Eneliili cuiuiiusts in France, Jora at Yarmouth, in iSorfolk.iii i:i77, died 1459. fie was kniglited in Uieticid, and honoured with the (;arter. Sir John was a bciieraclor to bold the universities, bequeathiue a considerable le- gacy to Cambridge lor building ihe schools of Piiilosophy and Civil Law ; and at Oxford Ik was iH) bountiful to Magdalen College, that him name is tliere commemorated in an anniversary ."pcech. Shakspeare has been very unjustly accused of bavini' drawn his .^ir John Falsiaif to ridicule this preal and pood man. FAUCHET, Claude, vicar-general to the arch- bishop of Briigcf , and preacher to Louis XVI. His manner of prcachitig disgusting the mo- narch, Fauchet brranie a bitter enemy of the go- vi-rnineni. a leader in thedestrutiipn of the Bas- tile, and a member of the national assembly and of the convention: lie was guillotined in 17!t3. ! FACCHET, Claude, a French antiquarian, and historiographer to Henry IV., died in 1601. His writings are valuable, Imt inelegantly writ- ten. FAUCIIEUR, Michael le, a French protectant divine, admired as a preacher, died at Paris, in iw-. FAUGERES,Marsarptta v., distinirnished for her hterary acconiplishnients, was a native of the state of New- York ; slie was unfortunate in icste'.med. keeper of the tnendicean library, and afterwards bishop of Xocera ; he died in J.loT. I r.AVKE, Anthony, au eminent lawyer at Bre-se, aAerwaids governor ol Savoy, died in Iti'-M. FA VRE, Claude. SeeVAUGELAS. FAWCETT, sir William, an English offic«r of great merit, who, for his services, was pro- 'moied to the rank of general, made a knight of 'the bath, and governor of Clielsea hospital ; he died in 1604. t FAWKES, Francis, an ingenirjus English poet and divine, horn in Yorkshire, 17^1. He published a volume of poems, by subscription, 1701, in 8voi and several jjoeins afterwards. But his great »tren|:th is supposed to have Iain in translation ; as his Anacrcon, Sappho, Bion, Mosclius, Musaiiis, and Theocritus, show. His name is set to a " Familv Bible, with iioteE, 1701," in 4to. He died Aug. 20, 1777. FA YDIT, Anselm, a Provencal iwet, or trou. badour, celebrated among the princes of his ['time for his wit, and the elegance of his man- iners ; he died in 1220. FAY'^DIT, Peter, a French priest, known for his satirical attacks on Bossiiet and Fenelon, Idled in 1700. I FAY'EITE, Louisa do la, a French lady ef lareat celebrity, maid of honour to Anne of Aus- jtria, and the confiileiit of Lotiis XIII., retired to [a convent, after reconcilii.g the monarch to his queen, where she died universally beloved and hor marriage, and died in IdOl. She published several little poems. FAULKNER, George, a worthy printer, of Dublin, of no mean celebrity, being the fust man who carried his profession to a high degree of credit in Ireland. He waa the confidential prii FAYETTE, Marie Madeleine, countess of, a French lady, more distinguished by her literary productions than by hor family. !?lie was mar- ried to the count de Fayette, in 165,"), and died in 1693. /rhe principal works of this lady are, 'Zaide," a romance often printed, and "La ter of dean Swift ; and enjoyed the friendship .Prinresae de CIcves," a romance also, to which and patronage of the earl of Chesterfield, whose| Fontcnelle is said to have given four readings. ironical letters to Faulkner, comparing him to Atticus, are perhaps the finest parts of his writ- ings. He settled at Dublin, as a printer and bookseller, soon after the year 1726; raised there a very comfortable fortune by his well- known " Journal," and other laudable under- takings ; and died an alderman of Dublin, Aug. 26, 1775. FAUtlUIER, Francis, succeeded governor' Dinwiddie, as chief magistrate of the colony of Virginia. He was respected for his integrity, talents, and piety, and was extremely popular with the colonists; he died in 1768. FAUR. Guy de, lord of Pibrac, advocate-gene- ral of the parliament of Paris, and counsellor of Slate, known also as a poet ; he died in 1584. FAT'ST, or FAUSTUS. See FUST. F.^UST A, Flavia Ma.ximiana, second wife of the emperor Constantine, was sufiocaied in a bath, for her incontinence, in 327. FAUSTINA, Anna Galeria, the wife of An- toninus Piua, known only for her profligacy, died in 111. FAUS TUS, an English monk, abbot of the monastery of the Lerin islands, and afterwards bishop of Riez, in Provence ; he died in 481. FAVART, Charles Simon, a Parisian, known for his admired operas, died in 1793. FAVARTjMarie Justine Benoite, a celebrated French actress, wife of the preceding, died in 1772. FAVOLIUS, Hugo, a Dutch physician and poet, died in 1585. FAVORLNUS, a Platonic philo.sopher, who lived in the a;;e of Adrian FAVORI.\US, Varinus, a Benedictine monk, 184 M. Fayette was so regardless of fame, U»at shu published these works under the name of So^ grais, who, however, is supposed to have been* no farther concerned than in aiding a little in the design of them. Voltaire says, that the ro- mances of Fayette were the firsi which oxhi- hited the manners of people of fashion in a graceful, easy, natural v/ay : all before having been pompous, bombast, and swelling every thing beyond nature and Ufe. FEARNE, Charles, an eminent English con- veyancer, and author of a well-known work, entitled. "An Essay on Contingent Remainders andExccutory Devises," born in 1742, died Jan. 21. 1794. FE ATLEY , or FAIRCLOUGH.Daniel, D.D., an English divine, celebrated as an able theolo- gian, and as a popular and eloquent preacher; he was provost of Chelsea college, where he [died in 1645. FECHT, or FECHTIUS, John, a Lutheran [divine, settled at Rostock, died in 1716. FECKENHAM, John de, so called because he waB born of poor parents, in a cottage, near the forest of Feckenliam, in Worcestershire, his right name being Ilowman. He was the lost abbot of Westminster, and died in 1585. Cam- den calls him a " learned and good man, that lived long, did a ^real deal of good to the poor, and always solicited the roinds of his adver- saries to benevolence." FEIJOO, Benedict Jcrom, a Spanish Bene- [dictine, who attempted, by hi? writings, to ex- pose the ignorance of the elerg^', and the inuti- litv of pilarimages, &c. He died in 1765. JFEITHUS, Everard, a learned Gennan, wlto F E rotircii to Frc-uioe, wliere he became coiispicu-l oiis lor his learning, ajid was huiiouretl with the] f'n.'iulship of the most eminent licerJlry men of tli;u couiiiry. FKl.l HIEN, Andrew, counsellor and hutorio giajiiiei to the kiiijj of Franco, boni at Chartre« ill liil!), died IfiUS. liis " Dialogues upon the Livi.9 of the Painters" have dune hiiu great ho- nour. FELIRIEN, John Francis, son of the prcced inx, inherited from lii;^ lailicr a lawte and know I il^u of the line arts, and sticcieded him in all his appulnnncnts; he died in 1733 FiCl.llilEN, James, brother of Andrew, and iri'.luli:acon of Chartres, died in 1716. FClilBlEX, Mich.icl, son of Andrew, an au thiirol reputation, died in 17111. FEI. IX, governor of Judca, ill llicrcijpiofXero. FKIJX, bishop of Ur!;olla, in Spain, disposed Tor ItereHi'al opinion'-, . FF.LLER, Francis Xavirr, an ex-josuit, of Brussels, author of Observaiions on Xewton's riiilosophy, and on Bnllon's works, with other writings : he died in ]SOi. PELLTII AM, Owen, a miscellaneous writer, born ill Suffolk, wiio lived many years in the family of the earl of Thomond, wrote a book Creat merit, called " Resolves, Divine, Moral, and rolitical," many edi.ions of which have been published. He died about 1R78. FELTON, John, an Englishman, known only as the murderer of Villicrs, duke of Bucking ham, in I(>23, for which he was executed, llis father and grandfather had been executed be- fore him, as biaoted and seditious catholics. FELTON, Hcnrv, principal of Ednmnd hall Oxford, died in 1739. FEXDALL, Josias, governor and chief jus lice of the province of Maryland, was succeed ud in Il>fin, entitled " Schaiianiek," that is, " The History," contains the ainials of the kinu's of Persia, and consists of 60,000 verse-s. Feidousi Composed this poem at the command of the sul- tan Mahraoud, and was employed upon it thirty years; after which recei\ins only 60,000 drach- mas of silver for his trouble, he quilted the court of Mahmoud in disgust, and wrote satirical vcrs4. FERMOK, William count Von, an officer in the Russian service, distinguished for his vie tories over the Turks and Prussians, and parti- cularly over the king of Prussia, and for the capture of Berlin ; he died in 1771. FERNANDEZ, Anthony, superior of the Portuguese Jesuit missionaries, in India, and author of commentaries on parts of the Did Testament ; he died in 1628. FERNANDEZ, Benedict, a PortugucBe Jesuit, and also a writer of commentaries on Scripture died in ir.:i0. FTCKN.^NDEZ, .-Vlphonso, a Spanish Domi- nican, and writer, died in 1640. FF.RNEL, John Francis, physician to Hcnr* 11. of France, was distinguished for bis indefaL. gable attention to his studies, for his attainmenW n philosopliy and medicine, and for his attach- ment to private life ; he died in 1558. FERNOITILI-OT DE FALBAIRE, Charles George, a French author; he died in 1801. FERRACINO, Bartolomco, a selftaughl and ingenious nvjchanic, born at Bassan, in Padua^ died in MCA. FERRAND, James, a French physician, and author of a treatise, "De la Maladied' Amour," printed at Paris, in 1622; and published in En- glish, in 1640. FERRAND, Lewis, a French lawyer, ani advocate of the parliament of Paris, died iii 1699 FERR.VND, .Anthony, a counsellor of Paris, author of madrigals, songs, &c., died in 1719. FERR.\ND, James Philip, a French painter in enamel, died in 173i! FE VkKRANUL'ss, Fulsfiilius, a deacon of Car- tiia'^i', iUv.a beliiru 551. I'lUlKAR, Robert, bistiop of St. Davids, was burnt as a hcrfiic, in the rei^n of Mary, in I55J. l'i;UR.VH, Nicholas, a native ol' LouiIdu, was secretary to the Virginia company, and al'ierwards a iiiembor of parhaiiient ; he died !ii Hi:)". K1-;RK.\RI, Lewis, of Milan, professor of ma- Uiematics at liolofina, where he died in IfiOi. l'EKR.\Rl, Antony Mary Zacliary Canlio liwuew, founder of the order of the Bavnabitct: at Milan, died in 1544. FIORK.VKl, (Jctavian, an Italian author, born at Mil.m, 1518, died in l.)r?t). Though excellently skilled in poiito literature, yet he was princi- pally 1'aniiiu.s tor pliilosop|iy, being esteemed a second .•\rlstotlc. FEKll.MH, Francisco Bernavdino, of the sauic family with the former, horn at Milan, 1577, died lf>60. He was an able divine and isacred hisioriaii, and of no mean talents as an aniinuary. FKKR.\JII, Octavio, hi8torioj;rapher of Milan, of the same laniily with the foiniiM-, born in lt)07, died iu 1082. lie was remarkable lor the sweplness, sincerity, and allability of lii^ temper ; aud had so happy a way of conciliatiii'; persons exasp9. ' '' FKRRARIKN.siS, a general of the Domini cans, and a writer on philosophy, died iu 1x28. FEKR.VKS, George, a dLstiiiguislied advocate, a member of parlianieiii, and a favourite of Henry VIII., and of his siicces'^or. He wrote the History of Uueen .Mary, the Tragedy of Richard II., and gther works, and died in lv57!t. FKRR Alts, Edward, a poet and favourite of Henry Vlll., died in IStil. FKRRAKS, Henry, of ihesamc family asthe preceding, is known as having made lai'i»e and vahiaOle collections for a history of his native coiiutrv ; he died in IG'S.i. FEURAUD, N., a deputy to the national convention of France, disiinauished for his ha tred of monarchy, wiis shot at Paris, in 171)5, duriiiif an .ttlack on the convention. FERUF, AS, Don John of, horn at Raba- iiP7za, in Spain, iu !ti.5i, died in 17;C>. He was author of a Spanish Diriionary, and of several works in Tlic.)!o<;y, I'hilosopliy, and History ; the most considerable of which was a " General 'history of .Spain." FEKREIN, .\ntony, a French anatomist, and liTlureron Materia Medica ; he died in 1709. VERRF.TI, or FERRETL'.S, a poet and nisf rtftii, of Vicenza. who contributed to the leviva. of learuint! in Europe, in the 14tli century. FERRETI, Emilio, an Italian lawyer, secre- tj^ry '" pope I.eoX., died at Avignon, in I55i!. FERRETV, Giovanni Batista, a Benedictine raouk, of Vicenza; the time of iiis death is un- known. FERRI, Paul, a learned, popular, and elo- quent divine, of .Met/,, died in HiCO. FERIvt.Ciro, a celebrated liwtorir painter. born at Rome, iu lH34.dii-(l H")89. lli' wa.-.ifaiih ful imitator of Peter de Corlona. under whom he had been bred ; and to whom he came so near in bis ideas, his invention, ami his manner of painting, that his ci^ilings, particularly, are jftoii ■tistalveu for I'urtuiia's. FE FEURiAR, .lolin, M. D., an estimable writer on medicine, the belles lettres, and archaioloijy, died ai Manchester, in 1815. He published " 11- usiraiions of titerne," in which he detected he source I'rom whit h Sterne had evidently boi^ owed many of the ideas dispersed thiough his eccentric performances. FERRIKR, Jeremy, professor of 'divinity at Xlsines, and secretary to the king of France, in Ili'Jfp, the year of his death. FERRIEE, Arnauld de, an eminent lawyer, and called the Cato ol France, was born at Tou louse, iu 150>i, died 1565. FERRIER, Lewis, a poet and dramatic Vk'riler, born a, Avignon, died in 1721. FIORRIKR, John, a Jesuit, and confessor to the Freni.h kiii'4, died in 1()74. FERRIEIf^S.CIaudede, adoctor of civil law •at Paris, and ,rtii)r of several valuable books on that subject, dfed in 171.5. FERRU.\. Arnauld du, a lawyer of Bour- deauv, aut'ior of an elegant Latin history of France, to 'ue reign of Francis I., in continua- tion of that of iEinilius ; he died in 1503. FEUTE, Henry de i^euccterre Mareclial de, a celelirated French general in the reigns of Louis Xlll. and his successor ; he died iu 1C81. FERUS, John, superior of the gray friar.s »t .Mem/., known as a popular preacher, and as a coinmentator (jn the Bible ; he died in 1654. FE.S rr.S, I'orcins, a proconsul of Judea, by uhoni the apostle Paul was sent to Rome. FEri TUS, l'om|)eius, a celebrated grammarian of antiquity, who abridged a work of " Vcrriui Flaccus de f'igiiiticatione Verburuin." FETTI, Doinintco, an eminent painter, born at Rome, in 15c'■ lend aud (orrtsjwuUent of l^ra^nins, published FI traaslation of the New Tesiameul with coin- juentark's ; lie died in 1537, agiii 97. FEVUE, \ichoia!> Ic, born at I'aris, was dis- iinguislicU as a protbund scholar, well acquaint' «d witti the ci\ii law, bellcs-lcliitis, and iiiuihc- inatics. He was preceptor to the duke ol'Coude, and alterwaids of Lewis XIII. ; he died in 1611- FEVRE, Tailaiiuil, or 'ranneiiui, a learned man, profe»8or iu the univeisity at tsaumur ; he died in ltJ72. FEVKE, Roland lo, an eminent painter, born at Anjarning, and great zeal for Cliris- tianity. FIRMII.I.^N, bishop of Ceeearea, in Cappa- doria, died in 0iJ9. | FIRMIN, Thomas, a citizen of London, me-| morablc for Ins public benefactions and chari- ties, born in Ifi^O, died in 1697. In good works he was indefatigably industrious, and success-l fully provoked many others thereto, becoininjl also their aUnoncr, visiting and relieving the poor at their houses, and in prisons, whence also he redeemed many. He set many hun- dreds of them to work, to the expending of great •ums. He rebuilt, repaired, and added couve- tit«Dc«4 to hnxpitai*. weekly overseeing the or-[ FI plians. The refugees from Fiance, and from Ireland, partook lar:;ely the effects of his chari- ty, pains, and earnest solicitations for ther? • in short, his charities were unequalled at the time when he lived. FlRMlN, Giles, a physician, of New-England, in its early settlement, and afterwards a clergy- man in Great Britain, author of the " Real Christian," died in lil97. FIRONZAHADI, surnamod Sharazi, a Per- sian writer on the Maliomedan law, in the 11th century. Another of that name wrote an Ard- bic Dictionary, and died in 1414. FIriCHER, John Christian, a very eminent performer on. and composer for, the hautbols, was born at Fribourg, but was long settled in England, wiiere he was appointed one of the queen's chamber inueicians. Tliis admirable musician was seized with an apoplectic fit, .April 29, 1800, and died in about an hour. FISH, Simon, an English lawyer, autlior of " The Supplication of Beggars," a violent sa- tire on bishops and clergy, which gained him I he favour of Henry VIII.; lie died of the jiiaguo in 1571. FISHER, John, bishop of Rochester, anil martyr to popery, born in 14.39, was beheaded for denying the king's supremacy, in 1533. Dur- ing his cuiitiiiement, the poor old bishop wai but hardly used, and scarcely allowed nece» saries. He continued above a year in the tower and might have continued there till released by a natural death, if an unseasonable honour paid him by pope Paul HI. had not hastened his de- struction ; this was, the creating him, in May, 1535, cardinal, by the title of cardinal priest of St. Vitalis. When the king heard of it, he said, in a great passion, " Well, let the pope send him a hat when he will ; Mother of God, he shall wear it on his shoulders then, for I will leave him never a head to set it on." Erusmuc represents him as a man of integrity, deep learn • iiig, sweetneea of temjHjr, and greatnesB of soal. FISHER, Mary, an enthusiastic quakercss, of the 17ih century, who went to CoiL«iantino- ple to convert the grand seignior. Mahomet, af- ter hearing her patiently, sent her back to her own country in safety. FISHER, Ale.Tander M., professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy, in Yale College, Connecticut, was lost with the packet Albion, on the coast of Ireland, in MS, while on a voy- age to Europe for the advaiicemeut of his pro- fessional knowledge. Talents of the highest order, united with an entire and intense devo- tion to the pursuit of philosophical and Kcienti- fic subjects, had excited great expectations of hie future usefulness, and eminence, and the news of his death was heard with the deepest regret wherever he was kuown. FISKE, John, first minister of Wenham and Chelmsford. M.iss., died in 1077. FISKE, Nathan, D. D., minister of Brook- field, Mass., distinguished for hia indualiy and perseverance in the great duties of his office ; he published some sermons, and died in 1799. FITCH, James, first minister of Saybroolt, Conn., died in 1702. FITCH, Jabez, minister of Portsmouth, N. n., author of some unpublished MSS. relating to the history of New-Hampshire, died in 1746. FITCH, Thomas, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was, for several years, chief justice of the colony of Connecticut, and aftemardj governor of the same. He died in 1774. FITZGIBBON, John, earl of Oare, an emi- 189 FL FL « ^ ticiit Iris I lawyer, was aitorncy-gciicral of Ire- larirl, ai:rt kttpcr Of the great stal. He was dis- tinguished as the great promoter of the union between Kiigland and Ireland, and died at Dub- lin, in leOJ. FlTZHERnERT, Sir Anthony, a very learn^ «il judge, of tlie common pleas, in the reign ot Henry V!U. He was horn at Norbury, in Der- byshne, died in 15:tJ3, and left behind hini many valuable works, of which tl.e chief are, " The Grand Abridgment collected by that most reve- rend Judge, Mr. Anthony Fiizherberl, lately con- ferred with his own nianus'cript, corrected by bini.seif, together with the references of the ca- pes to the books by which they may be easily found; an improvement never before made ;" and " The New iNa'uraBrevium," always held in very high esleem. FITZIILRBFRT, Thomas, grandson to Sir Anthony, a zealous caiholic, voluniarily fled to Francej and afterwards to Home, where he pre- sided ovcrihc English college, and died in 1G40, in the 88th year of his age. 11 is writings were contrn->ersi^, ;ind on theolotv. FITZHEKBEUT, Nichola"s. also exiled him- self, and went to Rome, on account of his reli- gions principles, where he wrote several books, and was drowned in 1612. FITZ.IAMES, James, duke of Berwick, na- tural son of James II., \vasdistingui;slied for his bravery as an officer, and liis successes as a ge- neral, for which he was made a marshal of France. He was killed at the head of the French armv in Germany, in 1734. FITZ-STEPHEN, William, a monk, of Can- terbury, who was prei^ent at the murder of Becket, of v?hicli he wrote an account, includ- ing a curious description of London ; he died in HOI. FIXMILLNER, Placidus, an Austrian, eccle- siastical professor at Kremsmunster, and a wri- ter on astronomy and the canon law ; he died in 1701. FIZES, Anthony, an eminent physician, of Montpellier, whose works on medical subjects are mnch esteemed ; he died in 1765. FLACCOUK, F. de, director geueimrfthe French East India company, and at llieWad of a colony in Madagascar, in 1M8, an account of which he p\iblislied. FLACCUS, Caiiis Valerius, an ancient Latin poet, of whom remain but very imperfect ac- counts He lived, liow'cver, in the time of the emperor Vespar^ian, to whom he addressed a poem on the Argonantic expedition : of which he lived to compose no more than seven books, and part of an eighth. In this poem he imita- ted Virgil, and often in the most happv manner. FLAcn'f^, Matthias. SeeFRANt'OWITZ. FLAMEEL, H.ertholet, a historical painter, of Liege, whose iiieces are to be found in the churches of tbatcily, and of Paris; he died in ir.75. FLAMEL, Nicolas, a notary of Paris, who suddenly rose from poverty tc rpulence, proba- bly by conmiercial speculations. His wealth {rave rise to a report tliai lie had discovered the philosopher's stotin. He was living in 1399. FL.'\MINIO, Giovani Antonio, an orator, ]FLA\'1TAS, patriarch of C'onstantinaple, jL lerAcncius. fi^ FLECHIER, Esprit, a French bishop, ceil*; briited for poetry and oratory, born in 1C32, died in 1710. His works consist of Sermons, I-alin and French poetry, Letters, &c. He wrote also the "' History of Cardinal Ximenes." FLECKNOE, Richard, an English poet and dr,aniatic writer, in the reign of Charles H., re- membered only as giving a name to Dryden's incomparable satire against Shadwell, called " Mac Flecknoe," from which Pope afterwards acknowledged to have taken the plan of his Dunciad. FLEETVl^OOn, William, an English lawyer, recorder of London, in the reign oif Elizabeth, and author of several law treatises, died in 1593. FLEETWOOD, William, bishop of Ely, born in the Tower of London, in 166C, died in 1723. His most celebrated writings are " An Essay upon Miracles ;" " Chrouicon Preciosum , or, an account of the English money, the price of com, and other commodities, for the last six Jiun- dred years," &c. Bishop Fleetwood's charac ter waB great in every respect. His virtue was not of the fanatical kind, nor was his piety the least tinctured with superstition : yet he culti- vated and practised both to perfection. As for bis accomplishments, he was incoutestiblj- the. lipst preacher, of his time . and, lor occasioual sermons, may be considered as a model- KLKMING, Robert, a Pcotcli disKeritJii:; mi- nister and powerful prcaclier, born in 11)30, died in I(;9I, leaving behimi liim a work of conside- rable merit, called" The Fullilling of the Scrip- tures." l'"LEMfNG, Robert, son of the above, minis- ter at Leyden and Amsterdam, and afterwards at London, wrote tracts, &c. on religious sub jects. He died in 1718. FLEMING, Caleb, an Enslisb dissenting clergyman and writer, died in 177^. FLEMMING, or FLF.MMY.NGE. Richard, prebendary of York, and bishop of Lincoln, was the founder of Lincoln college, Oxford ; he died in 14:tl. FLKS?>l-;LLEi>, S. de, a French magistrate, who was shot while attemplins to repress a re voltilionary mob in Paris, in 1789. FLKTCHER, Or. Richard, father of the poet, dean of l'eterbori)>i^h, and bisliop of Brisiol, W<>rci«87. FQIX, Odel de, lord of Lautrec, an eminent French general under Lewis XII. and Francis I., and governor of Milan ; he died in 1.528. FOL AUD,Charles, a Frenchman, born in 1069, died 1752. He was author of several works, the principal of which are, " Commentaries upon Polybius," and " A Treatise concerning the De- fence of Places,'^ &c. FOLENGO, .eophilus, a nobleman, of Man- tua, was for SOI., time a soldier, and afterwards became a Benedictine. He died in 1544. His writings are numerous, both in prose and poe- try. FOLENGO, John Baptist, a Benedictine writer, of Mantua, died in 1.559. FOLKES,Martiu, an English antiquarian, ma- thematician, and philosopher, and president of the royal society of London, born in 1690, died 1754. His last productio» was a book upon the "English Silver Coin," from the conquest to his own times. FO-NCEM AGNE, Stephen Laurent de, of Or- leans, preceptor to the duke of Chartres, died in 1779. FONSECA, Anthony de, a Dominican, of Lis- bon, preacher to the king, and professor of theo- logy at the university of Coimbra, about 1540. FONSECA, Peter, a Portuguese metaphysi- cian and writer, died in 1559. FONT, Joseph ue la, a French comic writer, died in 1725. FONT, Pierre de la, a French divine and theo- logical writer, died in 1699. ! FONTAINE. John de la, a celebrated French fioet,boriiin 1621, died 1695. His compositions! laveagreat deal of nature, without the least af-j in his "Theatre of Learned Women." She died in 15'.>2. FONTE.VAY, Peter Claude, a learned Jesuit, of Paris, died in 1742. FONTENAY, John Baptist Blain de, an emi- nent Freiicli painter, born at Caen, in 1654, died 1715. Noiliiiip is finer than his fruits and flowers. Tiiey iiave all the freshness and beauty imaginable: and the very dew seems to trickle down the stalks of thcni with all Uie lustre and transparency of a diamond. The insects upon them also appear perfectly animated. FONTENELLE, Bernard le Bovicr dc, a French author, born in 1657, died 1757. Voltaire declares him to have been tlie most universal genius that the age of Lewis XIV. produced. Irj hia pociical performances, and " Dialogues of the Dead," the spirit of Voiture was discemc-d, though more extended, and more philosophical. His " Plurality of Worlds" is a work singular in its kind ; his design in it wps, to present that part ''■'■'philosophy to view in a gay and pleasing dress ; for which purpose he has introduced a lady, and drijwn up tlie whole in a most agree- able, as wi '1 ao instructing dialogue. In the same niaii. made an entertaining book out of " Vand: Jracles." Having been ap- pointed perpetual secretary' to the academy of scie es, he discharged that trust above 40 years, so ■•• to meet with universal .ipplause. His " History of the Academy of Sciences" often tlirows a great light upon their memoirs, which are very obscure. The " Eloges" whicli he spoke on tlie deceased members of the academy have this particular merit, that they excite a re- spect for the sciences as well as for tlie author. FONTENIT, Lewis Francis dc, a French writer and a great antiquarian, died in 1759. FONTirs, Bartholomew, a historian of Flo rence, and liiirariaji to the king of Hungary, at fi'Ctatioa: his wit seems unstudied, and somufiiijBuda ; lie died in 1513. pl-asajitry is hardly to be elsewhere met with. : FOOTE, Samuel, bom at Truro, in Cornw.nll, His -Fables" are observed to have more so-|jin 1722. Hcwag designed for the law, but the 19'2 FO 4lryiicj5 and gravity of tlii^s study iiui suiting the vivacity of Foote's spirit, he left it, and had recourse to the stage. He ajipeared first in Othello, but soon strucit out into a new and un- trodden path ; which was, by taking upon him- self the doublp cliaracterof autlior and perlorin- er. Under tliis form, iu 1747, he optMiod the little theatre in the Haytnarket with a drama of his own coinposiug, called, "The Diversions of the Morning." This piece was notliing more than the introduction of well-known characters in real life ; whose manner of conversing and expressing themselves lie had a most amazing talent at imitating, even to the very voice of those he intended to takt; off- From l~i>i to 17lil, he continued to perform at one of the thoiities every ?"ason, as fancy or interest di- rected liis choice, generally tor a stated number of nights : on which enjageinents he usually broujjht out a new piece. And thus he went on, till a very pressing eniDarvassnicnt in his utiairs compelled him to perform " Tlio Minor" at the Haymarket, in the summer of 17(5(», with such a company as he could hastily collect. lI(!ni.eforward he pursued the scheme of occu- pying that theatre when the others were shut up; and, from 175'i, to the season before his d"alh, he regularly performed there. In 1706, when at lord Me.vbornugh'g in the country, lie broke his leg by a fall from his horse, the duke fif York being also there; and it is generally supposed, that this accident facilitated his appli cation for a patent, which he obtained in July Wrote the history of his own country, under the the same year. Foole now aciiuired a groat deal or money, and seemed to set mankind at detiance ; for he cared not whom he otiended, if tliuy were but subjects converiible to ridicule ; he died ill 1777. Foote has been called the *' Fnglish Aristophanes," and certainly was a most powerful satirist of the follies of the age. FOPPE.VS, John Francis, professor of divin- ity, at Louvain. and archdeacon of Mechlin, died in 1761. FORBES, Patrick, a learned and pious bishop, of .Aberdeen, born 15*>4, died 16^.i. His princi- pal work is a " Commentary on the Revela- tions." FORBES, John, made bishop of Aberdeen by James VI., was the son of Patrick Forbes just mentioned. His book of " Historical and Theological Institutions,*" is so excellent a work, that Burnet says, if he could have finish- ed it by a second volume, it would, perhaps, have lieen the most valuable treatise of divinity that has yet appeared in the world. He C ' in 1048. FORBES, Duncan, an eminent Scottish law- yer, and many years president of ilip court of si'ssiniis; but as a writer chiefly,] v.jjoyed on ilii<>!o2ical subjects; born in 10*, i, in 1747. FOltBES, James, F.R. 3 , ace.. -.Jed tourist and .latura! historian, born in London, in p-iO, u lim-al descendant of the earls of Gran«5;i iImmI ill If 19. He travelled nearly iJO years in diiierpiit parts of .Asia, .'Vfrica. and America ; and his drawing.-!, and accompanying descriptions, during inese tr.ivcls, fill 150 folio volumes, con- taining upwards af 33,000 pages, the work of his own hand. His chief work, however, is entiil' d, " Oriental Memoirs," &c., with P:? bea'itirulenirravingsfrom his original drawings. FORBES, William, principal of Marischal college, at Aberdeen, and bishop of Edinburgh ; he died in 1C34 FORllE:!, John, a phvsici.in, afterwards a brigadier general iu the Britlsli army, and coin- B b 17 FO mander of the expedition against fort DuUuesne, which he took and called tort Vitt, now Pitta- burgh ; he died at Philadelphia, in 1759. F'OKBKS, Eli, D. D., minister of a church in Brooklield.aud afterwards in Gloucester, Mass. : died in 1804. FORBIN, Claude chevalier de, a naval officer of France. In 1686, chief admiral to the king of Siam, in the I^ast-Indies, and afterwards in the service of Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1733. FORBI.SI1ER. See FROBISHER. FORBON.NAIS, Francis Veroii de, inspector general of the manulactiires of France, and a writer on finance and coniiiierce, died in 1800. F(.)RCE, Charlotte Rose de Caumont de la, a French poetess of considerable merit, died in 17-24. FORCE, James duke de la, fortunately escaped the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which hid f.'ither and brother were murdered. He fought with the protestaiits, under Henry IV., against Lewis Xlll., but was afterwards reconciled to him, and made a marshal of France, a duke and lieutenant general of the army, with liberal presents ; lie died iu l(i5'2. FORO, John, a dramatic writer in the reigiia of James [. and Charles I. He wrote 12 plays, which were all published between 1620 and lti3!). He was born in 15ti6, and died about iii;w. FtJRDUN, John de, a Scotch historian, who lived toward the end of the 14th century, and title of " Scoti Chronicon.' FOtlHYCE, David, a learned and elegant writer of the present age, professor of philoso- phy in the Marisclialcollege, Aberdeen, and author of "Dialogues conceriiiiig Education," a " Treatise on Moral Philosopliy," and " Thoo- dorus, a Dialogue concerning the Art of Preach- ing," published after his untimely death. He was born at -Aberdeen, in 1720, and died by shipwreck, in 1751. FORDYCE, Sir William, one of the mosi eminent physicians of London, in the 18th cen- tury, and a very benevolent uia'''died in 1792 F'C)RUYCE,'Dr. James, ma >,. years a very popular and eloquent preacher among the pro- lesiant dissenters, born at Aberdeen, in II'M, .lied in 179C, leaving behind him some excellent moral and religious publications; particularly, " Sermons to Young Men and Women." FoRDYCE, Dr. George, an eminent physi- cian and writer on medicine and chymistry, was born at Aberdeen, in 1736, and died in London, ill IS02. His principal works are, "Elenieni'' of .Agriculture and Vegetation," " Elements oi the Practice of Physic," and " A Treatise on the Digestion of Food." Other works of his, are to be found in the Philosophical Transac- tions, &c. FOREIRO, Francis, a Dominican ninnk, of Lisbon, eminent for his abilities and learning, died in 1581. FOREST, or FORESTA, James Philip, an .\ugu8tine monk, born at Bergaruo, died about 1;>03. FOREST, Peter, a Dutch physician and me- dical writer, born 1522, died 1597. FOREST, John, «n eminent French paint«r, vho excelled in landscapes, born 163t), died 1712. FORMEY, John Henry Samuel, minister of the French church at Berlin, and profe.ssor of philosopliy in the French college there ; he died in 1797. FORMOSL'S, bUhop of Porto, and pops after 193 PO Steptien V.,in 891. Ills unpopularity was such, that his body wag dragged from his grave by the populace, and thrown into ihe Ty^r. FORSKAL, Peter, a naturalist of .Sweden, who studied under Linna'us, and afterwards went with Ncibuhr to Arabia, where he died in FORSTER, John, a protcstaiit Hebraist, of Wittcmberg, the friend of Luther and Melanc- Ihon, died in 1556. FORSTER, George, nn ingenious naturalist, who accompanied Cook in his second voyage round the world ; he w.ts afterwardB professor in the university of C'assil, and died in ITliii. while preparing to visit Thibet. He was the au- Uior of ajournal of Cook's voyages, &c. FORSTER, Dr. John Reiiiold, an eminent writer in natural history and natural philosophy, who accompanied captain Cook in his second voyage round the world in 1772. He was born 1729, and died at Halli', a Prussian university, in Saxony, 1799, leaving behind him many va- luable treatises. FORSTER, Nathaniel, an English clergyman, prebendary of Bristol cathedral, and chaplain to the king, died in 1757. His writings were nu- merous, on various subjects. FORSTNER, Christopher, an Austrian law- yer, who, for his services in negotiating the peace of Munster, was made a member of the Aulic council ; he died in 1667. FORSYTH, William, F. A. S., was born in 1737. He was early initiated in horticulture; went to London, in 1763, and shortly afterwards became a pupil to the celebrated Philip Miller. gardener to the company of apothecaries ; and whom he succeeded in that situation, in 1771. Here be remained till he was appointed by his majesty, chief superintendent of the royal gar- dens at Kensington and St. James' ; which he held until his death, in 1804. About the year 1768, Blr. Forsyth paid particular attention to the cultivation of fruit and forest trees, and turned his thoughts more especially toward the discovery of a composition to remedy the dis- eases and injuries incident to them. After re- peated trials, he at length succeeded in prepar- ing one which fully answered his expectations ; and in the year 1789, the success of his experi- ments attracted the notice of the commissioners of the land revenue ; upon whose recommenda- tion, a committee of both houses of parliament was appointed to report upon the merits of his discovery. The result of their inquiries was, a perfect conviction of its utility ; and, in con- sequence, an address was voted by the house of commons to his majesty, praying that a re- ward might be granted to Sir. F. upon his dis- closi ng the secret of his composition to the pub- lic ; which was accordingly done ; and in 1791, Mr. F. published his "Observations on the Diseases, Defects, and injuries of Fruit and Torest Trees ;" to which he added the whole correspondence between the commissioners of the land revenue, the committee of parliament, and himself. In 1802, Mr. F. published the final result of his labours, " A Treatise on the Cul- ture and Management of Fruit Trees," &c.', in a 4to volume, with many plates : the value of which work has been duly appreciated by the public, three editions having been sold in a very short time. FORT, Francis le, a native of Geneva, who entered the se^^'ice of Peter I., of Russia, where he behaved with such skill and ability, that the emperor made him commander of liis armies, 194 FO and his prime minister. He died at Moscow, iu 1609, deeply lamented. FORTESCCE, Sir John, an eminent Enjilisli lawyer, in the reign of Henry VI. In 1441, lie was made a king's Serjeant at law ; and the yearafter, chief justice of the King's bench. He held Ihi:? office through the reign of Henry VI., to whom he steadily adhered and served faith- fullyinall hisiroublcs. Hisniostfamous work, "De Laudibus Legum Anglia-," yet remain* an everlasting monument of this great and good man's respect and affection for his country. He died about 1405. FORTIGUEKRA, Nicolas, an Italian poet, made a bishop by Clement XI., and promised a cardinal's hat by Clement XII. ; he died in 173 j FORTIUS, or FORTIS, Joachim, a teacher of Greek and mathematics, at Antwerp, and the friend of Erasmus ; he died in 1536. FOS('.\RI, Francis, made doge of Venice, in 1423, signalized his government by great terri- torial conquests ; but these were attended with o much expense to the Venetians, that they murmured loudly against him. The malice of his enemies vented itself upon his son, whom, upon various pretexts, they caused thrice to be banished. The father was deposed in 1457, a; the age of 84, and died two days after. His son also died in prison under a false accusation of murdering a senator, which the real assassin confessed on his deathbed, but too lateto.sa\e the life of young Foscari, who had died in con tinement, the victim of calumny. FOSCARINI, Michael, a Venetian senator and historian, and a novel writer, died in 1692 FOSSE, Charles de la, an eminent French painter, and professor and rector of the acade- my for painting, with a pension from Lewi.'' XIV., of 1000 crowns ; he died in 1716. FOSSE, Antony do la, lord of Aubigny, dis- tinguished as a poet and tragedian, died in 1708. FOSTER, Dr. James, an English dissenting minister, born in 1G97. He published a " De- fence of the Usefulness, Truth, and Excellency, of the Christian Revelation," against Tindalsi "Christianity as old as the Creation." Thi-. defence is written with great force of argument and great moderation, has been well accepted, is much esteemed by the candid and judicionp of all parties; and, f^ he said, was spoken rd. He was the principal pillar of the Reforinaiion, M to the politic and prudential part of it ; bein>; of more activity and no less aliiliiy than Cran mer himself ; but he acted more secretly thai Cranmer, and by thai means did not briiin him self into danger of suffering on that account He was bjrn at Dursley, in Gloucestershire and died in 151(8. FOX, John, an English divine and church his torian, born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1517 the verv year that Luther began to oppose the errors of the church of Rome ; he died in I.WT. FOX, George, founder and head of the Eng- lish quakers, was born in 1624, and died in ICIKJ.; He was brought up a shoemaker, and followed! his trade in Nottingham ; till at length his re- flections upon the degeneracy of mankind inaiU; him resolve to attempt a reformation; and, be lievlng liimself under the advantage of spiriiualj illumination, he shut up liis shop, and tiiniedi preacher. This was in 1650 ; and his wife Mar-i garet, being under the same persuasion, hnd alsoi a share in his ministerial functions. His rioc-| trine and appearance being altogether new, thej people ran after him in great numbers : which, success encouraged him to declaim v/ith the: utmost vehemence against the disorders of thej times. His disciples adopted plainness in thrirj habits, werefru!?alin their manner of living, audi t'ery reserved in their conversation. Fox had; several rough traverses in executing the instruc-j tions that he professed to receive from heaven, and was often in danger of his life. Notwith-; Dtandiiigall these discouragements, he fearlesslyj persevered, and this sect prevailed much ; maiiy, considerable men being drawn over to them, among wiiom wer<3 Barclay and Penn. Their followers of the present time, are distinguished by neatness of diess, peaceable demeanor, and correctness of manners. Fox, Charles James, a distinguished English statesman and orator, born in 17W, was the se cond soil of lord Holland. After receiving a libe ral education at Westminster, Eton, and 0.\ford, he made the tour of Europe ; and, returning home, v/as even, while yet in his minority, elect- ed M. P. for Mid hurst. His first speech was in favour of ministers, against Mr. Wilkes and the Middlesex election. He was successively made lord of th'! admiralty and of the treasury, but et length dismissed from office ; and before he was 21 years of age, became one of the most Hoquent opponents of government. With the exception of a short time under the RocUinL'hain administration, when he wa.-i secretary of slate, Mr. Fox continued leader of the opiiosition party in the house of commons from tli.at liilie till ti death of Mr. Pitt in the beginning of 180(1 ; when he was made sticrctary of slate for foreign af-| fairs. He now entered on a tiegotialion with the French government wilb a view to a peace : butfidropsy .seized him during its progress, Which terininaied fatally at Chiswick House, Stipt. i:?, of the same year. His reuiaiiis received the honours of a public funeral in Wesiniinster .\:j- fcev on the 10th of October, and were interred Within eightlinguisbed also as a mathe- matician and astronomer, and as the intimate friend of (.'ardinal Bembo, ^-caliger, and other Uarncd men ; he died in 1553. Fll.\CHET'J\A,Girolaiiio, anativeof Rovigno, in Italy, TTho gained great reputation by liis po- htical works, the most consider.ible of which is entitled, " 11 Seminario de Governi di Stato, el di Guerra." In this work, he has collected, under 110 chapters, about StKM) niilita-y and state maxims, cxtr.-icted from ihe best authors ; and ha* added to each chapter a discourse, which serves as a commentary to it. He died about 1610. FKAGIJIER, Claude Francis, a French wri- ter, an eminent classical scholar, and author of Latin poems, &c. ; he died in I'/iiS. FRAN(;F,S(;A, Peter, an eminent painter, of Venice, who delighted in representing nigbt- pieces and battles. He drew also several por- traits, wrote of arithmetic and geometry, and died in 1 }43. FKANCESCHINI, Mark Antony, a painter, of Bologna, died m 1729. FR.A.N'CHI, Antonio, a painter, of Lucca, engaged in the service of the duchess of Flor- ence ; he died in 1709. FR.ANCL'A, Francesco, an eminent painter, born at Bologna in 1450, was at first a goldsmith or jeweller, afterwards a graver of coins and medals ; but at la^t applying himself to painting, he acquired great credit by his skill. Raphael's reputation made him desirous to sec his works, but his age would not suffer him to take a jour- ney to Rome : nevertheless, a friendly cories- pondence commi'nccd between these two pain- ters. Raphael having painted the picture of St. Cecilia for a church in Bologna, sent it to Franeia to place it properly for him, and even to correct its faults, 11' he discerned any. But Franeia was so struck with the beauty of the piece, that, despairing of attaining the same perfection, he fell, it is said, into a kind of me- lancholy ; and this, bringing on a consumption, occrisi(>ned his deaih in 1518. FRANCl.*' ■ -on, a French painter, born in IGWj, was ill"' "th very devout, and declar- ed for a rr'SgiA- Seeking out a profession which I' ik 'him in raising Ins soul to the lo- G(*f 1 by chance looking on a pic tore oi ur Srfvionr's nativity, he was so ex- tremely touched, that, in hopes of being able to draw some piece.- whose effect on the specta- tors might be aslivelv, he resolved to turn pain- ter. He died in 1671'. FRANCIS, of Paulo, a Romish saint, canon- ized by po[»e I/co X., was the founder of the Minims, and celebrated for his austerities ; he died in 1!>()7. PR.A.NCIS. of Assisi, a great saint of the Romish church, and founder of one of four or- ders of mendicant friars, borti in 1182. He was the son of a merchant, whose profession he followed till 1200 ; at which time he became so strongly alfected with religions truths, that he resolved to retire from the world. He pre- vailed with great numbers to devote themselvep, as he had done, to the poverty enjoined by the go?pcl; and drew np an institute, or rule, for ih!-ir use, wlji'^h Was approved by the Roman Pontiffs. Francis was ranoni/.ed by pope Gre tj.irvtV, the lith of Mac, I2;!0; and fict. the FR 4lli, on which liis death happened in 122G, was Qjipoiiitcd as UU festival. Ilis order soon rose to great splendour, uiid has done prodigious ser- vice to the Koniaii pontiffs. FKANCIS UE SALES, a Romish saint, was bishop of Geneva, and founder of tlie order of the visitation. He is said to have converted 70,000 iHotestanls before Lis death, which happemd in 1622. He was canonized by pope Alexander VI. FRANCIS XAVIER, the preat coodjutor of Ijrnatius Loyola, was born at Xavier, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in 1506 ; and wae sent one of the earliest missionaries lo the East Indies; for liii; zeal and ability in which undcrtakin<:, he ob- tained ihc appellation of the Apo.stleof the In- dict, lie died in 15%, and was canonized in 1C3S, by (Jrctrory XV. Fit AA'( I!?, of Lorraine, emperor of Germany, married a daughter of the empi ror Charles VI., and was associated with his wife in the empire till 1745, when lie was elected emperor. He was a patron of lii"rature and tiie arts, as well as of commerce ; he died suddenly in lt)75. FRANCIS I., kin;; of France, succeeded Lewis XII on the French throne, in 1515. Ileisknown as the rival and opponent of the emperor Charles v., with whom he was involved in war, during almost his whole reign, with various success, and to whom he was, at one time, a prisoner, with his two sons ; also, as the patron of lilera- tiire and the arts. He died at Ranibouillet, in 1547. FRANCIS II., son of Henry H. and Catherine de Medicis, succeeded to the tlirone of France on Hie death of his father. He married the unfor- tunate Mary, queen of Scots, and died in 15G0, aged 17, after a reign of 17 mouths. FRANt'lS,dukeof Alencon, Anjou, andBerri, and brother of the preceding, opposed lii.s bro- ther Henry III., forwhich he was imprisoned by Catherine, and afterwards liberated. He was subsequently crowned duke of Rrabant, and was one of Ibe suitors of queen Elizabeth ; he died in 1584. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, count of St. Pol and Chauinont, distinguished himself at the bat- tle of Mariguan. He was taken prisnnerwith Fraiiris !., hut escaped, and died in 1545. riiANCIS HE BOl'RBOr It Enghien, vas a celebrated general in t' ce of Fran- cis I. ; he was killed by ac ,u 1^45. FKANCIS DE nOI'RB Jul , ;Af Mont- nensier, was the faithful a.' e o • lyy IV. of France, and distingiiisheu iiimscli:.;ii his ser- vice as a soldier ; he died in \5\ni. FRANCIS, of Lorraine, duke of Guise and of Aumale, distinguished himself in the wars with Charles V., and the English ; and in the reigns of Henry II.. and Francis II. of France, rom- plrlely governed llie kingdom. After the d( atli of Fiaiiris, he espmised thesideof tiiecaiholics, in the civil wars, and was assassinated ir. lati;!. FRANCIS DE BORGIA, St., duke of Can- dia, and viceroy of Catalonia, was the grandson of pope .Mexander VI. He afterwards became a Jesuit, and died at Rome, in 1572. He was ca- nonized by pope Clement X. FRANCIS, Lucas, a historical and portrait painter, employed by the kings of France and iJunin : he died in 104.1. FRANCIS RO.MAIN, a Ilominican, of Ghent, was an eminent architect : he was employed by T^cwis XIV., to finish the Pont Royal, of Paris, forwhich he was liberally rewarded ; he died in \-2r,. FR FKANCIS, Dr. Philip, more distinguished as a translator than as an original writer. Ilis versions of Horace and Demosthenes have been justly valued : the former is perhaps as com- plete and useful a work of its kind as hath yet appeared. He was also the author of two tra- gi'dies, "Eugenia," and " Constaiilia;" but, as a dramatic writer, not very successful. He died ill 177;i. FRANCI.S,Janies Charles, an eminent French engraver, died in 1769. FRANCIS, sir Philip, was a member of th(? English parliament, and an active promoter of tlie articles of impeachment of Warren Hast- ings. He has heeii considered by .some as the author of .luniiis' Letters ; he died in 1818. FANCISCA,or FRANCES, a Ron)an lady, who founded a convent at Rome, and was can- onized in ItH)8 ; she was born in 1334. F1!.\NCU'S, Peter, professor of rlieloric, and oratory at Amsterdam, his native city ; he died in 1704. FRANCK. George, a native of Naumbuip, n' ceived a poetic crown, at the age of 18, fur hi? Latin, Greek, Clennan, and Hebrew poetry. Ilf was professor of medicine at Heidelberg and VV'iticinburg, and died in 1704. FRANCK, Augustus Herman, of Lnbeck, professor of oriental lanj-u.-iges, and of divinity at Halle, was distinguished for his benevolence and piety; he died in 1727 FRANCK, or FRANCKEN, Fianci.'sc.iis, a Flemish painter, of great merit, di(d in IfilC. FR.ANCK, Franciscus, son of the preceding, and a pupil of his father, was also a painter ; he died in 1042. FRANCKER, Chrislitin, successively a Jesuit, a Eocinian, a unitarian, and a catholic, in the 16th ceniurv- FRANCKENSTEIN, Christian Godfrey, of Leipsic, an advocate, distinguished as a man of letters, and a historian ; he died in 1717. FRANCO, Nirolo. a satirist, born at Benc- vento, in 1510. He was condemned to death, for some severe satires on illustrions persons of Rome ; but it is not known that lie was executed FRANCO, Baitista, a painter, of Venice, who imitated the manner of Buonarotte, died in 13C1. FRANCOIS, Abbe Laurent, an able opponent of the P'rench philosophers, died in 1782. His works were principally in defence of religion. FRANCOIS, Simon, a selftaiight portrait painter of Tours, died in 1671. FRANCOIS, Lucas, a historical painter, in the service of the kings of France and Spain, died in iri43.- FRANCOIS, Lucas, called the Younger, son of the preceding, was also highly respected as a painter ; he died in 1654. FRANCOWrrz, Matthias, a proleslant di vine, pupil of Luther and Melaiicthon, was a pri vate teacher, and afterwards prole.>;^nr of the Greek and Latin languages atWitteniburg ; he died in 1575. FRANCL'S, Sebastian, a German anabaptiel of the 16th ceniurv FRANCK FLORIS. See FLORIS. FRANKLIN, Dr. Benjamin, Imrn at Boston, in Amerioa, in 1706, was placed at a very early age under one of his brothers, who was a jirinter, when; he made a rapid proL'icw in that art so useful to mankind, and contracted an attach menf for the press whirh continued as lone l.ts he lived. Scarcely emerged from infancy iFranklin was a philosopher without being can ■scioii> ')•" it, Willi by the continual exercise of his 197 Ill senius, preparod liiiiisell' loi iliose groat dUcovc ries ill science wiiicli have since asi^ociated hjs name with tlial ol Newton, and lor tliose polilital reflfclioiu which have placed liim by llie side ol' a Solon and a Lycurgus. Soon after his removal from Boston to Philadelphia, Fraiiklin.ui concert with some other yonni; men estahlishcd a small club ; wliere every member, after his work was over, and on holidays, brouRht his slock of ideas, which were siibiiiitlcd to dis- ciisDion. This society ol" which the young print- er was the soul, has been the source of every useful establLshmenl in Pennsylvania c.ilculaled to promote the progress of science, the mechani- cal aris, and puiiicularly the iuiprovemeiil of the human uiidersiaiidiiig. Higher eiiipioy- inents, however, at kngih called him from liis country, which he was dpstiiiod to serve more elfectually as ils airent in England, whither he was sent in 1757. The stamp act, by which the British minister wished to familiarize the Amer- icans to pay taxes to the mother-country, re- vived that love of liberty which had led their forefathers to a country tt that time a de.wit ; and the colonies formed a congress, the lirst idea of whicli had been conimunicaied to them by Franklin, at the conferences at Albany, in 17,')4. The war that was just terminated, and the exertions made by them to support it, had given them a conviction of their strength ; they op- liosed this measure, and the minister gave way, Imt reserved the means of renewing his attempts. Once cautioned, however, they remained on their guard ; liberty, cherished by their alarnw, took deep root; and the rapid circulation of ideas by means of newspapers, for the intro- duction of which they were indebted to the printer of Philadelphia, united tliem together to resist every fresh enterprise. In the year 176G,] this printer, called to the bar of the house of commons, underwent that famous interrogatory, whidi placed the name of Franklin as high in politics, as it was before in natural philosophy. From that time he defended the cause of ."^raer-j ica with a firmness and moderation becoming aj great man, pointing out to ministry all the errors they had committed, and the consequences they] would induce, till the period when, the tax on the tea meeting the same opposition as the stainp- acl had done, England blindly fancied herself capable of subjecting by force 3,000,000 of men determined to be free, at a distance of 2000 leagues. Every man is acquainted with the particulars of that war ; but every man has not equally reflected on the bold attempt of Franklin ^s a legislator. Having asserted their indepen- dence, and placed themselves in the rank of nation.s, the different colonies, now the United Slates of America, adopted each its own form of government ; and, retaining almost univer- sally their admiration for the British constitu- tion, framed iheiii from the same principles vari- ously modelled. Franklin alone, disengaging the political machine from those multiplied move- ments and admired counterpoises that rendered it so complicated, proposed the reducing it to the simplicity of a single legislative body. This Crand idea startled the legislators of Pennsylva- nia : but the philo-opher renwived the fears of a considerable number, and at lenirth determin- ed them to the adoption of lii.s principle IJaviiig given laws to his country, Franklin undertook again to serve it in Europe, not by representa- tions to the metropolis, or answers at the bar of •he house of commons ; bin bj- treatie.s wiili i'cance, and successivrly with otiifr powers. 198 FR |From France he returned to Am'."ica in 1785, |and lived live years after this i erioii : for three jyears lie was president of the fJeneral Assembly of Pennsylvania ; he was a member of the con- vention that e.stablishcd the new form of fede- ral government ; and his last public act was a gmiid example for those who are employed in the legislation oi ilieir country. In this coiivm- lion lie had differed in some points from the majority ; but, when the articles were ulti- mately decreed, he said to his collcaguoe, " ff'e ought lo have but one opinion : the good of our country requires that the resolution be unanim- ous ;" and lie signed. He died April 17, 1790. \s an author, he never wrote a work of any length. His political works consist of letters ir short tracts ; but all of them, even those of hiiiiiour, bear the marks of his observing genius and mild philosophy. He wrote many for that rank of people who have no opportunity for study, and whom it is yet of so much conse- quence to instruct ; and he was well skilled in reducing useful truths to maxims easily retained, and .sometimes to proverbs, or little talcs, the mple and natural graces of which acquire a wkiw value when associated with the name of their aiilhor. In short, the whole life of Frank- lin, his meditations, and his labours, have all been directed to public utiliiy ; but the grand object that he had always in view did not shut liis heart against private friendship: he loveo his family, his friends, and was extremely bene- ficent. In society he was sententious, but not fluent; a listener rather than a lalker; an in- forming rather than a pleasing companion : im- patient of interruption, he often mentioned the custom of the Indiana, who always remain si- lent some time before they give an answer to a question which they have heard aitentively ; unlike some of the politest societies in Europe, where a sentence can scarcely be finished with- out interruption. In the midst of his grcate«». occupations for the liberty of his country, he had some physical cvperimenl near him in his closet ; and ti)e sciences, which he had rather iliscoveied than studied, afforded him a con- linual .source of pleasure. He made v.irioiis be- quests and donations to cities, public bodies, and individuals : and requested that the follow- ing epitapli, which he had composed for himself some years before, might be inscribed on his tombstone : "Thebodvof BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Printer, (like the cover of an old book, its contents torn out, and stript of its lettering and gilding) lies here food for worms ; yet the work itself shall not he lost, but vfiW (as he believed) appear once more ill a new and more beautifnl edition, corrected and amended by THE AUTHOR." FRANKLIN, William, son of Dr. FranitUn embraced the side of Britain, in the revolution ary war, was taken prisoner, and afterwards iffered to retire to England, where he died. lie was the last roval governor of New-Jersey. FRA.NKLIN, Dr. Thomas, one of the king';" cliaplaiiis, and ret-.tor of Brasted.in Kent. This :4entli:man was possessed of no iiicoiisidcianle FR share of learning and poetical abilities, and \va& long a favourite in the literal y world. His translations of Plialaris, Sophocles, and Luci- an, cquall}' evince his learning and his genius His dramatic compositions, are well known, and deservedly esteemed ; he was born in Lon- don, about 1720, and died in 1764. FRANKS, Sebafticin, a landscape painter, of Antwerp, born in 1373. FRANKS, John Baptist, son of the preceding, was a successful imitator of the manner of Van dyck aiiri Rubens ; he was born in IGOO. FRANS FLORIS, an eminent painter, born at Antwerp, in 15C0. He grew rich and famous, his performances being good and numerous but wa-s greatly addicted to drinking, ami dud at 50 years of age. He was called the Raphael of Flanders. FRANTZIUS, Wolfgang, a German divine and profc.-sor of divinity at Wiiteuiburgh, died in l(>-20. FR.\SSON, Claude, a French monk, was a doctor of the Sorboune, and professor of Uie- ology at Paris, also superior of the Franciscan convent there; he died in 1711. FRATELLLNI, Giovanna, a female painter, of Florence, patronisnd by the archduchess Vic- toria; she died in 1731. FRATELLINI, Lorenzo Maria, son of the preceding, eminent as a historical and landscape painter, died in 1729. FRAUNCE, Aliraham, a poet, who was edu- cated at the expense of sir Philip Sidney, in Cambridge ; after which he was called to the bar. He wrote, amongst other things, " The Countess of Pembroke's Ivy Church and Em- anuel," in 1591 ; and a "Translation of He- liodorus' EthiopicB." FRAUVVENLOB, Henry, a German writer, died in 1317. FREDEGARIUS, Uie earliest French histo- rian, after Gregory of Tours ; his chronicle, in barbarous language, extends to the vear (54). FREDEGO.NDE, wife of ChilpeVic, king of France, was born of obscure parents:, but, by her beauty and art, raised herself to tlie throne ; she poisoned all around her whom she coneidcr- ed enemies or rivals, and, finally, the king liiin- unlf ; she died in .597. FREDERIC I.,surn,imcdBarbarossa,duke of Swabia, succeeded his uncle, Conrad III., as emperor of Germany, and was crowned in Italy by Adrian IV. A part of his reign was dis turbed by quarrels and wars with the popes, who, after a reconciliation, persuaded liiin to undertake a crusade against Saladin. He died during the expedition, in 1190, alter liaviiig gaine- ple, by making them more independent of tne nobles, and by making the crown hereditary ; he died in 1^70. FREDERIC IV., king of Denmark, was en- gaged in war with Charles XII., of Sweden, and lost -some part of his territorie-s, which he after- wards recovered : he died in 1730. FREDERICK v., grandson of the preceding, reigned on the throne of Denmark from 1746 to 17ri<^. He was succeeded by his son, Christian VII. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS I., kingof Poland, and i-Iector of Saxony, recommended himself to the Poltr, by his valour against the Turks, and wa>; elected their king in IG'.lfi. He wa.s beaten by ("liarles XII., and stripped of his dominion.-^, which he afterwards recoverf d and maintained till his death, in 1733. He was the patron of lite- rature, and his court was for a long time one of the most brilliant in Europe. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS H., succeeded his father on the throne of Poland, in 1734. The last of his reign was disturbed by a war with the king of Prussia, who invaded his kingdom, and reduced him to unconditional submission. He died in 17ti3. FREDERIC, prince of Hcsss CasseU married a sister of Charles XJL, of Sweden, and obtain- ed possession of the Swedish throne in 1720. He died i:i 1757. FREDERIC WILLIASI, elector of Branden- burg, distinguished himself by hie war with Po- land, and aflerw.-^rds with Lewis XIV. After repelling the Swedes, who h.td invaded his do- minions, he devrted his attention to the com- merce of his people, and to internal improve- ments. He died in 1688. FREDERIC I., elector of Brandenburg, son of the preceding, was ambitious of raising his duchy into a kingdom, and joined Leopold, em- peror of Germany, in a war against several states, 10 accompliih thcob-ect: he died in 1713. FREDERIC WILLIAM!., king of Prussia, son of the preceding, succeeded his father, in 1713. He began his reign by a strict reform in the expenditures of his kintrdom, by cnrourage- ing commerce and industry, and by inviting foreign artisans to settle in his dominions ; at the same time he provided for his security by creating an army of 60,000 men. He died in 1740. FREDERIC IL, son of the preceding, ascend- ed the throne in 1740. He wasdistiiiguishcd by the appellation of " the Great," to which his superior talents and conspicuous achievements gave him a just claim. During his reign, he was encaged in war with almost every poten- tate of Europe ; and, in most instances success- fully. At the same time, he was solicitous for the welfare of his subjects, and devoted a part of every dav to a redress of their grievance? T99 i^ FR lie encouraged commerce and the arts, invited literary men from all parts of Europe to his court, administered justice impartially, and re- lieved the unfortunate anddiBtpsstd, wherever to be found. In tlie midst of all Ills cares, lie found lime to devote to literary pursuits, and was himself a philosopher and an author, but of iniidcl principles; he died in 1*66, aijed 75. FREDERIC, surnamed the Wise, elector of Saiony, was the friend of the emperor Maxiiui- Han, and might have succeeded him had he not declined. He was the firm and zealous friend of Luther, and the reformation, and died in J526. FREDERIC v., elector of Palatine, married adau(;hter of Jann:s I., of England. He was; elected king of Bohemia by the protestanl.«, but opposed and defeated by Ferdinand, of Austria. The death of Gustavus, who had promised to assist him, put an end to his hopes, and he died aniiiiith afterwards, in 1632. FREDERIC, Colonel, son of the unfortunatf Theodore, king of Corsica, was engaged in tlie service of the elector of WIrteniberg, who ho- noured him with his friendship. He went to England as agent of tlie elector, and there com- mitted suicide, in 1706. FREEKE, William, born in 1C64. He wrote, among other things, " A Pialogue by way of question and answer, concerning the Deity," and " A brief and clear confutation of the Doc- trine of the Trinity :" which two pieces being laid before the house of commons, were voted to be burnt, as containing much blasphemy, and accordingly were so ; the author being after- wards fined 5001., and obliged to give security for his good behaviour for three years, and to make a recantation in tlie four courts in West- minster-hall. FREEMAN, John, an English painter, who iived in the reign of Charles II. FREGOSO, Baptist, doge of Genoa, was de- posed and banished for his haughtiness ; the lime of his death is unknown. FREUER, Marquaid, a German, who studied the civil law in France. He was counsellor to Casimir, prince Palatine, afterwards professor of law, at Heidleherg, and engaged in import- ant affairs by the elector, Frederfc IV. ; he died in 1614. FREIGIUS, John Thomas, a learned German, employed as a teacher, at Friburg, and at Basil, wa." afterwards chosen rector of the college of Altorf. He died in 1583. FRELND. John, an English physician, and elegant writer, born in 1675, died 1728. The most elaborate of his numerous works is "The History of Physic, from the time of Galen to the beginning of the 16th century, chiefly with regard to practice ," and this is justly deemed a masterly performance, both for use and ele- gance. FREIND, Robert, brother to the physician, and head master of Westminster scliool, born in 1667 ; he published an edition of Cicero's " Orator," and died in 1751. FREINSHEMII.'S, John, a most ingenious and learned man, born at Ulm, in Swabia, in 1608. He is said to have understood almost all the European languages, besides Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He was professor of eloquence, at Cpsal, librarian and historiographer to Chris- tina, of Sweden, and afterwards professor at Hcidlcberg, where he died in 16C0. FREIRE DE ANDRADE, Hyacinthe, a Por- ug^iose, abbot of St. Mary de Chans, and a ■\ 200 FR great favourite of John IV., of Portugal ; be died in lixyi. FRELINGHUYSEN, Theodorus Jacobus, minister of the Reformed Dutch Church, at Ra- rlton, New-Jersey ; was an able and successful preacher. KREMINET, Martin, an eminent French painter, died in 1619. FKE.MO.NT D'ABLANCOURT, Nicholas, a native of France, who fled to Holland, at the revocation of the edict of Names, and was his- torii>graplier to the prince of Orange ; he died ill 1693 FRENICLE DE BESSY, Bernard, a mathe- inatician, and author of a treatise on riglit-an- glid triangles, and other works ; he died in 1675. FRERES, Theodore, a painter, born in 1C43, at Eiikhuysen ; the best of his pieces are pre- served in Amsterdam. FRERET, Nicolas, of Paris, a hislorian and Inonologist, andopposer of Sir Isaac Newton's system of chronology, born at Paris, in 16rS, died 1749. He was a complete sceptic ; and Vol- taire, for the worst of purposes, revised two ot his works : viz. " The Letters of Tlnasybuliis to Leucippus," and" Examination of tlie Apo- logists for Christianity." FRERON, Elie Catherine, a French critic and journalist of considerable talents, and known as having been the constant object of the satire of Voltaire, was born at Uuiniper, in 1719, and died in 1776. His " Letters (Hi certain writings of the Times," he began in 1749, and published 13 volumes. In 1754, he began bis " Annee Lileraire," of which he published 7 volumes that year, and eight every year after, tiil his death ; and in that work, Freron, a.-< a zealous enemy of the modern philosophy, attacked Vol- taire with spirit. He represented him as a skil- ful plagiary ; as a poet, brilliunt, but inferior to Corneille, Racine, and Boiieau ; as an elegant, but inaccurate historian ; and rather the tyrant than the king of literature. FRESN AYE, John Vauguclin de la, an early French poet, king'sadvocate for Caen, and pre- sident of that city ; he died in 1(;06. FRESNE, Charles du Cange du, a learned Frenchman, born at Amiens, in 1010, died J668. His best works are a " Latin and Greek Glossa- ry," the " History of Constantinople under the French Emperors," &c. FRESNOY, Charles Alphonso du, an excel- lent French poet and painier, born at Paris, in 1611. After his death, his poem, " De Arte Graphica," was printed with a prose transla- tion and notes, by De Piles, and dedicated to Colbert. It was afterwards translated into En- glish, by Dryden, who prefixed to it an original Preface, containing a parallel between paint ing and poetry." This poem will keep his name alive as long as either poetry or paintiiig shall find any esteem. A later version of Du Fres- noy has been made by Mr. Mason, and enriched with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds. FRESNY, Charles Riviere du, a French poet, born at Paris, in 1G48. He bad a good natural taste for music, pamting, sculpture, architec- ture, and all the fine arts. He had also a taste for laying out gardens, which procured him the place of overseer of the king's gardens, whose valet de chambrc he likewise was. He died in 1724 ; and in 1731, liis works were collected and printed in 6 vols., consisting of " dramatic per- formances, songs, amusements serious and co- mical," &c. _ ,., . FRETEAU DE ST. JUST, Emmanuel Mane FR FU Michael Pliilip, a French nobleman, who, from ilissalisfaction with the court, eiiibrac«il the po- pular party, at the revolultoii ; but was con- demned by Robespierre, and executed in 1793. FREVVEN, Accepted, an English prfclale, educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, of which he became president, afterwards cha|)lain to Charles I., dean of Gloucester, bishop uf 1-itch- field and Coventry, and archbishop of York ; he died in 16C4. FRBY, John Cecil, an eminent German phy- sician, died in 1631. FREYT.\(;, Frederic Gottlehb, a burgomas- ter of Nuremberg, known as a writer, died in irrr.. FREZIER, Amadee Francis, a Frenchman, who travelled througliChili and Peru, an account of which he publislied ; he died in 177'2. i FRI.\RT, Rowland, an eminent architect, of! the 17ih century. FRICliE, or FRI.SCIIE, James de, a Rene dictine, who wrote tlie life of St. Augustine, and died in 1693. FRISBIE, Levi, minister of Ipswick, Mass., distinguished as a very faithful and successful preacher ; he published sonic sermons, and died in ISOti. FRISBIE, Levi, professor of the Latin lan- guage, and afterwards of moral pliilogo|)liy, of Harvard college, Mass., was dLstinguished for his talents and learning ; he died in VSi-i. [ FRISCIl, John Leonard, distinguished as the founder of the silk nianufacluries of Rrandcn-. burg, and as the first encourager of the cultiva- tion of tlie mulberry tree in Pru.ssia ; he died inl74:j. I FRISCIILIN, Nicoderans, a learned Ger-| man, professor at Tubin;?en, known as a dra-i matic writer, and as a translator ; he died inl 1590. I FRISCHXrUTH, John, rector of the universi- ty of Jena, died in 11)87. FRISIUS, John, principal of the college atj Zurich, into wliich he introduced the study of the Hebrew and other oriental languages ; he died in 13Cj. His three sons were professors at Zurich. I FRITH, John. See PRYTH. ! FROILA II., king of Spain, in 923, died of a leprosv. FROISSARD, or FROISS ART, John, born at Valenciennes, about 1337. His thief work is a hist.iry, which ci>mprises what happened in Fran, c, .Sp.tin, and England, from 1326 to 140a He was also a ixn't, as well as a liisioiian. Ho died in 1102. His historv wai traTislated re- cently by .Mr. Johnes, ot Havod, Wales. FRtJM.VGE, Peter, a superior of the Jesuits, who died in Syria, ni 1740. FRt •NTE.'VU, John, a native of Angers, chan- cellor of Paris uni\er«ity, and afterwards prior of Benay. in Anglers; he died in 1CC2. FRO.\TE\.\(', Louis count, governor-gene- ral of Canada, wiio.se e.xertions conduced to the protection and property of Canada; he died in KiilB. FRO.NTrXUS, Sextus Julius, a Roman writer, I in high repute under Vespasian, Titus, Domi- ' lian, IVirva, and Trajan. Ncrva made him cu- rator 01' the aqueducts, which occasioned liiiu to write his treati.se " De Aquxduciibus Irbis Roniie." He wrote also, "TreK Libros Sirata- gematum," or, couceruing the stratagems used in war by the most eminent Greek and Aoniaii connnainlcrs ; and afterwards addcdafouriU cuniaining examples of tiiose arts and maxims dis .\n!.'lican.T. He likewise wrote two tra- gedies, " The Fall of Saguntum," and " Philo- ta-s." He died in 1738. FRUGON'I, Charles Innocent, an Italian poet, bom at Genoa, died in 17G8. FRCMENTirs, a Romish saint, consecrated bi.shop of the Ethiopians, by Athanasius, died in 3(30. FK YE, Thomas, a painter, who acquired some eminence in London, where he died, in 1762. FRYTH, John, an English martyr, who was converted to Liitlieranism, at Oxford. He preached his doctrines so boldly, that he wa* FRIZON,Peter,niasterof tlie jesnif9College,'isent to the Tower, and, on his "refusing to re of Navarre,and author ofa history of the French] cant, was burnt at Sniitliheld, in 1533. cardinals. &c., died in 1651. FUCHSIUS, or FUCHS, Leonard, an emi- FROBE.N'IUS, John, an eminent and leanied<|neni physician and liotanist, of Munich and In- German printer. He was the first of the Ger- goldstadt, died in 156t). mans who brought the art to any pertection : and the great character of this printer was the principal motive which led Erasmus to fix his quarters at Basil, in order to have his owai works printed by him. He died at Basil, in| fS27, lamented by all, but by none more than FUESSLI, John Gaspnrd, an eminent artist of Zurich, author of the history of the artists of Switzerland, died in 1782. FIJGGER, Hiildric, bom at Augsburgh, in 1526, was eminent for his affection to learning and learned men. He laid out great sums in Erasmus, who wrote liis epitaph in Greek aiid|| purchasing good manuscripts of ancient authors, Latin. hand i.'etiina them printed ; and for this purpose, FROBISHER, Sir Martin, an eminent navt-|jhe allowed for some time a salary to the famous gator, and the first Englishman that atti-inptedi Henry Stephens. His relations were so in- to find out a north-west passage to China. IIel|cenM.d at him for the moneys lie expended in was born in Yorkshire, and was killed in battle ; this way, that they brought an action acainst in 15(.4 FROELICH, Erasmus, a Jesuit, eminent for bis knowledge of mathematics and medallic hi^ torv, died in 175^. FROIDMO.NT.Libert. a native of Liege, dean of St. P«!lers, and prolessor of philosophy, at Louvain, died in 1CJ3 him for it, and got liiin to be declared incapable lof managing his affnirs. He died in 1.W4. liav- iing bequeathed his library to the elector Pala- tine, and a fund for the maintenance of six scholars. FULBFRT, an Italian, who acquired great celebrity as a preacher in France, and was made FROILA L, king of Spain, is known for al bishop of (^harlres; he died in 1028 victory gained over tho Saracens, in 71X1. He! FCLD \, Charles Frederic, • native of Swa- caused his brother to be murdered, and was hnn->jhia. eminent a.= a Lutheran divine, and as a me* •elf killed bv another bnnhcr, in 76^. Ilcbanic ; he died in Kbri. *- C 201 -<:*,•' ^-rr ^^ FIT FULGENTIUS, Sl, ao ecclesiastical writer and bishop of Ruspa, in Africa, born in 464, died Jh 529. FULGINAS, Sigismund, a historian of the Idth century, in the service of pope Julius II. FULKE,' William. D. D., an English /ivine, eminent for his learning. ma<>ter of Pcifibroke- ball, O.vfurd, and a professor there; he died in 1589. FI'LLER, Nicola!i, a distiaguisiied English icboltiremd critic, prebendary ol'Salisburv, died in 1U22. FULLER, Thomas, an English historian and divine, born in U>08, died in lf>t)l. He is cele brated particularly as aulhur of a " History of tliu War," "The Church Hi.story of Britain, ironi the birth of Jesus Christ, to Ihe year 1048;" ',' The History of the L?niversity of Cambridge /•ince the Conquest," &c. &c. He hadame- »,mory so tenacious and comprehensive, that it enabled him to do things which arc hardly cre- dible. He could repeal 500 strange words after twice hearing ; and could:niaKe useof a sermon, verbatim, if he once heard it. FULLER, Isaac, a celebrated English pain- ter, in the reign of Charles II., died in London. FULLO, Peter, a heretical bishop of Antioch, in the 5th century. FULTON, Robert, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in 1765. Heearly evinced a genius fo.' mechanics and painting, and went to England to improve himself in the latter. His attention, however, was soon turned to mechanics, and he became a civil engineer. From that time, his discoveries and inventions were numerous and important. But that which will continue his name to posterity, and associate him with the benefactors of mankind, was the successful ap- plication of steam to the propelling of boats. The di.^covery was made, and the first experi- ment tried at Paris, in 1803 ; after which he re- turned to America and exhibited a boat in suc- cessful operation on the waters of New- York. Vessels propelled by his machinery are now in common use throughout the United Slates, and in Europe. He died suddenly, in the midst of his career, in Feb., 1815. FULVIA, an extraordinary Roman lady, and wife of Mark Antony, who had no mure of her sex than her body ; for her temper and courage breathed nothing but policy and war. Tliis lady v.'as an admirable coadjutor to her cruel hus- band during the massacres of the triumvirate. She put several persons to death of her own head, either out of avarice or a spirit of re- venge ; and even people whom her husbai"." did not know. Antony caused the heads of t. jse whom he had proscribed to be brought to a ta- ble, and fed his eyes a long while witli these un- happy spectacles. The head of Cicero was one of them, which he ordered to be fixed on the rostrum from whence Cicero had niade so many speeches ajainst him ; but, before that order was executed, Fnlvia took the liead and spit upon it, and placing it on her lap, drew out the tongue, which she pierced several limes with licr bodkin, uttering all the while the most op- probrious language against Cicero. FiT.VCClUS, or PUNCK, John Nicholas, a celebrated critic, born at .Marpurg, in 1693, died in 1778. FURETIERE, Anthony, an ingenious and earned Freucninan, born at Paris, in 1620, was eminent in the civil and canon law ; but he is chiefly known by, and valued for, his " Univet- cal Dictionary of the French Tongue," in which 202 ^ ^ be explains the terms of art in all sciences, tit died in 16.SS. FURINl, Francesco, a painter, of Florence, admired Ibr the elegance displayed in hisligures; he died in 1646. FL'RIUS, called Bihaculus, perhaps from liis cvcc-sive drinking, an ancient Latin poet, born at Cremona, alwui the year of Rome 650, or 100 B. C. He wrote annuls, of which Macrobius ha-i preserved somi; fragments. FURNEAUX, Phihp, D. I)., an EnglUh dls- ienting clergyman, diinl in 1783. PURST, or FURSTIUS, Waller, rever^ by his countrymen as one of the founders of Swiss libertv, livvd about 1307. FURSTE.MBURG. Ferdinardde, a native of Westphalia, promoted in the church by pope .\lexandi!r VII., and made bishop of Munster, and apostolical vicar of northern Europe, died in 1683. FUSI, .\nthony, a doctor of the Sorbonne, ifturwards became a protestant at Geneva, died in 1630. FUST, or FAUSTUS, John, a citizen of .Mentz, and one of the earliest printers. He had the policy to conceal his art; and to this policy we are indebted for the tradition of " The Devil and Dr. Faustus," handed down to the present times. About 1460, he associated with John of Guttemburgh; their types were cut in wood, and fixed, not moveable as at present. Having printed off a considerable number of copies of the Oibli!, to imitate those which were com- monly sold in MS., Fust undertook the sale of them at Paris, where the art of printing wiis then unknown. As he sold his printed copies for 60 crowns, while the scribes demanded 500, this created universal astonishment ; but, when he produced copies as fast as they were wanted, and lowered the price to 30 crowns, all Paris was agitated. The uniformity of the copies in- creased the wonder; informations were given in to the police against him as a magician; his lodgings were searched, and a great number of copies being found, they were seized ; the red ink witii which they were embellished was said to be his blood ; it was seriously adjudged tha^. he was in league with the devil ; and, if he had not fled, most probably he would have sharea the fate of those whom ignorant and supersti- tious judges condemned, in those days, for witoll- craft. Fust died at Mentz, in 1466." FUZELIER, Lewis, a dramatic writer, of Pa- ris, and the conductor of a periodical paper, call- ed the Mercury, died in 175-2. FYOT DE LA MARCHE, Claude, count of Bosjam, a favourite of Lewis XIV., and coun sellor of state, and afterwards prior of Notre Dame; he died in 17-21. a GAAL, Barent, a Dutch landscape painter, of some celebrity, born about 16.")0 G.A.BBIANI, Antonio Dorainico, a painter, of Florence, patronised by the duke Cosmo HI., died in 17-26. GABINIUS, Aulu.s, a Roman consul, employ- ed against Alexander, king of Judea, died in 40 B.C. GABRIEL, Severu9,aGreek bishop; he wrote various theological tracts, and died after 1577. G.\BRIEL, Slonite. a Maronite, who assisted le Jav in the polyglot Bible ; he died in 1648. G.VBRIEL, James, a distinguished French GA architect, and inspector general of buildings in France, died in 1T42. GABIIJLLE, de Bourbon, a lady of groal virtue, wife of Lewis de laTreniorille ; sIk' dird in 13!25. GAURINO, Augustine, a fanatic, of Brcssin who called hiniBelf monarch of the Triuiiy , &.<■,. his followers W'ere about 80 ; he was coufnied ii a inad-hoiise, and his seel was dispersed. GABRINO. See RIENZI. GABURET, Nicholas, an eminent French surgeon, under Lewis XIII., died in 16t)2. GAC^ON, Francis, a French poet, known for his severe satires against Bossuet, Rousseau, &c., died in 1727. GADBI'RY, John, an astrologer, and pupil of LtHv, born in 1G27, ditd by shipwreck, on a voy- age to Jamaica. I'ariridge put forth a book in ]f)'J3, entitled, " The Black Life of Jnlm nadbury." GADDESDEN, John of, an Englishman, llie first employed as physician at the court ; author of "Rosa Anjilica GADT)I,Gaddo, a Mosaic painter, of Florence, died in 1:112. GADUI, Taddeo, son of the preceding, died in 1350. GADDI, Agnolo, son and pupil of Taddeo died in 1387. GAJJSDEN, Christopher, lieutenant governor of South-Carolina, was an early friend aiuli advocate of the righis of the colonic.';, ami tnok a decided part in farour of their separation ami independence ; he died in 1H((5. GAELEN, Alexander, Van, a Dutch painter, who painted three battles, brtwecn Charles I and Cromwell ; ho died in 1728. GAERTNER, Joseph, a native of Cain, in Swabia, a distin in solitude his mornings, in niak ing a sketch of an old tree, a marshy brook, a l< u cattle, Q sheplK'id aiui his Hock, or any oilier accidental objects that were preseiueji. Fruni delineation he proceeded to colonrine ■ and after painting several landscapes from the age of 10 to 12, he quitted Pmlbury lor London, where he commenced portiait painter. Hi>< Inndsrapes will establish hie name on the record of fine arts with honours such as never befor« atleiiili'd a native of England. These subjects he painted with a faitiifiil adherence to nature : indeed, the brilliancy of f^laudc, and the fimpli- city crt'Ruysdael, appear combined in Mr. (i'.s romantic s';enes. While we lament him as an artist, let us not pass over those virtues which were an honour to human nature, that gene- rous heart, wliHse strongest propensities were to relieve the genuine claims of poverty. If he selected, for the exercise of his pencil, an infant from a cottage, nil the tenants of the humble roof generally participated in the profits of the picture ; and some of them frequently found in Ills habitation a peimancnt alwde. His libera- lity was not confined to this alone ; needy rela- tives, and unfortunate friends, were further in- cumbrances on a spirit that could not deny ; and, owing to this generosity of temper, that aliiuence was not left to his family which so much merit might promise, and such real worth deserve. He died in 1788. G,\L.\DIN, Mahomet, a popular emperor of the Moguls, died'.inlf.!).'). GALANTINI, Hippolito, a delicate miniature painter, of Genoa, died in 1700. GALANUS, Clement, an Italian, missionary to America, wrote a grammar oi that language, about ItriO. GALAS, Matthew, a general, who, from being a page, rose to high standing : he was if the service of the emperor Frederic II., and Montreal, he was exceedingly odious to thel Ph' ip IV.. of Spain ; hediedinl647 .Americans, and died in England, in 17S7. • - ■ 'ELATED, Ferrari Antonio, a scholar and G.AGER, William, a civilian and poet, wasllpiiysician, born at Galatinia ; he was auihor of entered of Christ church, O.tford, in 1574, wheie he arrived at the degree of LI<. O. He defend «d ibesiageagainstlh" attacks of Dr. Rainolds ho wrote in L.ttin, " Meleager" and "Ulysseb Redux," tragedies; and " RUales," a coinet^. G AGNIER, John, an eminent orientalist, who in 1723, published Abulftda's "Life of Mo hammed," in .Arabic, with a Latin translation and notes ; he was born at Paris, and died in 1725 G.ACNY, John, lust almoner to Francis I. and author ot commentaries on the New Testa- ment ; he died in 15-10. G AGLTNI.'S, Robert, a French historian, died in l.'iCl. He was the author of several works the principal of which is a history in 11 books " De Gostis Prancoriiin, from 120(5 to KIOO." G.MCHES, John, priest of the oratory, and canon of Soissons, diud in 17T?0 aevcral works, and died in 1517 G.AI-i.^TIN, Peter, author of tJie valuable work " De Arcanis Catholics Verilatis ;" he died about 1.5U0. GALEA, ServiusSulpicius, emperor of Rome after Nero : he was slain by the guards, who raised Otho to the throne, A. D. 69. GALE, John, a learned divine, among the baptists, horn at Li'don, in 1680. His lather was a citizen of pood repute. He is chiefly known for his writings against " Wall's De- fence of Infant Paptism," and died in 1721. GALE, Theoiihiliis, a learned divine, among the non-conformists, born in 1628, died in 1C78. He wrote a large and laborious work, called " The Court of the Gentiies." GALE, Thomas, dean of York, formerly head-master of St. Paul's school, and celebra 203 GA ted for liis kiiowl«(l(!e of the (Jieek laiifiiiago, and nmiquitjos, was born in ISriti, died in i'ltti. GALE. Ko^er, F. K. and A. S?., son of Ihp dpaTi, first vice-president of the society of anli- qnaries, nnd treasurer to llic royal society, born 167i, was considered ns one of the most learned men of bis age, and most highly skilleil in the aniiquitlefi of hi^ country. He died In 1744. gAIjK, Saninel, tlie ynnncest of the dean's cnns, bortiin IfiKi. He wajonoof the reviver? of tiie society of antiquaries, in 1717, and their lirsi treasurer. He wa." a man of great learn- ing and uncDtninon aliiMtte?, and well versed in the anliquitii'K of F,n;;land, for which he left manvvaiuahle collectionb behind him. He died in 1754. GAI,E.\N<"). Joseph, a physician of great ro- pHie, at Palermo. We owe to him a collection of little pieces of the Sicilian poets. lie was bor'i in ll>05, and died in IriTo. j:rcat!v reiretted : for he was a kind of oracle with his country- men. ri4. | tlaving observed some folar spots, in lfil2. he! brinted that discovery the follnvving yep.r, at' ftrtme ; in wliicb. and in some olSier piece.?, hel Ventured to assert tbfe truth Of f!)c tJnperrtlt.tii Ij §04 GA s system, and brought seveial new arguments to ronfirni it. This startled the .iesuits, who there- ui'on procured a citation for him to apjiear bc- lore the holv o(fic«, at Home, in 1615, where lie was charged with heresy, for niaiulaining these two pro|iosiiioiis ; 1 . That the sun is in the cen- tre of Die world, and imniovenble by a local motion ; and, 2. That the earth is not tbeceiiire of the world, nor inunuveable, but actually mov("< by a diurnal motion. The first of these positions «\'as declared (o be absurd, false in phi- losophy, and forni.illy heretical, being contrary to the express word of (Jod ; the second was al- so alleged to be philosophically false, and. in a theological view at liiisi, erroneous in point of faith. The itiquisiiioii pronounced sentence against him and his bc-nks. They obliged him to abjure his errors in the most solenm manner, committfjd biin to the prison of their oflicc dtir- inu plpjisure. which was till ir)34. nnd bis " Uia- loguis of the System of the World" were burnt at Rome, (iaiilei died Jan. 8. I(i42. He wag the author of several noble and useful in- ventions and discoveries in asironomy, geome- try and mechanic* ; the principal of which, be- sides thfisc already mentioned, are, in the first of those sciences, the trepidation or vibration of the moon, as also the inequalities or moun- tains In its surface. In geometry, he invented the cycloid or trochoid, ; and. in mechanics, firiit found thee.\act degree of celerity in the descent of bodies by the force of gravity : to which may be added the machine with which the Vniutiaiis render their Laeiina fluid and navisable ; the invention whert-of was his. G.^LISSONNIERE, Kolland .Michael Barria, marquis, a French admiral ; after ser\'ing with distinction in the navy, was made governor of Canada. He died in 17.5fi. GAIiLAND, Antony, a learned antiquary, of France, and professor of Arabic in the royal collece at Paris, born in ir>46. died in 17l.'>. He is chiefly known as the translator or author of " Arabian Nights' Entertainments." GALLANIl, Augustus, a French counsellor of state, wrote some memoirs, &c., and died in 1644. GALLE, or GALLil^I'S, Servatius, pastor of tlie church at Haerleni, died in 1709. GALLET, N., a French spice merchant, known for some comic pieces, died in 1757. G.ALLIENT'S, a Roman eiuperor. He was assassinated in 2r>S. GALLIGAI, Eleonora, wasthe daughter of a j»iner. and Mary de Mcdicis' nurse. That prin- cess carried her with her Into France, when she went thither, in 1006, to be married to Henry IV. : andGallieai, under tlie titl» ',<" h'-d eeii tl;c fir.sl who published llie Journal des Savans, . GA in conjunction witli M. lie Sallo, wlio had form- ed thu design of that work. Ht died in 1707. GALLOIS, Julian .lean Ca-sar le, a Freiitli pliybiologist, wIk) distinjiuislicd liiniself by lii.s " ExperiiUL'iits on the Principle of Life, parti cularly on tliatof tin- Mntiim of llie Heart, and the Seal of tliis rrinciple ;" ho died in 1818. GALLONIO, Ant(niio, an ccclc!;ia.siic at Rome, died in 1G05. GALLOWAY, .loseph, an eminent lawyer, of Pennsylvania, was a member of the (\r>A ton- prefcs, in 1774, but afterwards deserted llie American cause. lie died in En^'land, in 180:t. GALLUCCI, Tarquinio, an Italian Jesuit died in 1049. GALLUCCI, Giovanni Paulo, an Ttalian a.s- Ironomer, wrote " on the Instruments of Astro- nomy." GALU'CCI, Angrlo, an Italian, Jesuit, author of " Coinmentarii do I?ello lielgieo," died in J674. GALLUS, C. Vibius. a Roman emperor, was assassinated by his soldiers, in 053. G.ALLUS, Flaviue CInudius Constanllus, bro- ther of the emperor Julian, was put to death on suspicion of cruelty, in Xii. GALLUS, Cornelius, an ancient Roman poet, the particular favourite of Aufrustus Cnsar,| wlioinade him siovernorofriiypt after the death' of Antony and I'leopatra : but he was puilly of | iiuch mal-adniinistration inhisg(ivcrnmeiil,lliat| he was condenined to banishnuMii, and to lose his estate. This disgrace grieved him ^o, that! he put an end to his life, when he was about 43 years of ace, in the year of Rome 728. G.\LLY, Henry, an Kuglishman, jiromotcd to several benefices, wrote some sermons, &c., died in 17(1!). GALVANI, Lewis, an Italian philosopher,)-^ from whom (Jalvinism, which has made so much noise in the philosophical world, lo;(rilKd for his wife soup made of boiled frogs, (Jalvani prepared them himself; and having ac- cidentally touched a frog after he had skinned it, be observed it in an involuntary motion, which induced him to make some experiments that conducted liim to the discovery. He was born at liolouna, in 1737, died 1798. I GALVANfJ, Antony, a native of the Fast In-' dies, governor of the Moluccas. Became poor; by his liberality, and died in a hospital, at Lis- bon, in ]5.'>7, GAM, David, a brave Welchman, who fell in battle nolly defending Menry V. He was knight- ed by bis sovcreicn just as he expired. GAMA.Vnsco de, a celebrated Portuguese na- vigiiior, who discovered the course to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, was born at Sines, in Portugal, and died in 152.">. G.\MACII1',S, Stepln'u Simon, author of Phy- sical .Vslrononiy, &c.,died in 17.W. (J.AMACHl'S, Philip de, author of f'omnien- larics on the Siiinnia of AipiiiiaR, died in H'liV (i.AM.ALII'L, a Jewish doctor of the law, ami a secret disciple of our Saviour. »J.\MHAi;.\, Lorenzo, an Italian poet, author of a Latin poem on I'oliimbus ; lie died in l.VO. GAMB.\R.\, Veioniea, an Italian lady, who devoted herself to literature, and published soniej poems ; she died ir, I.mO. GAMBOT.n, John, a tnilv primitive Chr 10 GA tiau, and a bishop among the Moravian brethren, lie was not only a good scholar, but a man of great parts, and of singular mechanical ingenui- ty ; he died universally respected, in 1771. GANDY, James, a painter, who came to Ire- land with tlie duke of Ormond, and died there I in ll')89, when lie assumed the name of Clement XIV. Thus be- coming sovereign poiilifl' in the most critical and tempestuous times, in his comiiieice with the world, he practised the humility of a I'ran- |ciscan monk; Lul,on occasion of splendour, he jsnstaiiied the papal grandeur with appropriate ,niagiiltii eiicc. 1'he most striking iiieideiit of his [life was his beiiis.' tlif instrument, under Provj- idence, of aiinihilaiing the mighty order of tlie jesniis. To the itseiitmcnt of that order it is supposed lie at last fell a sacrifice, iiis robust constitution and legulaiiiy of life seemii g to proinisi' him aiiMHli ioicer period 'h*n t'liyears; for he died in 1774. poisoned, as is siipiio?ed, in the sacrament ; he biniseii declaring bis suspi- cions before he died, and all the after symploms strongly confirming the same. G AiNCt, John, collected the first baptist society in New- York, and was its minister ; he distin- guished himself in the American war, and died ill 18t>4. (iANSEVOORT, Peter, a distinguished offi- cer of the American ainiy during the revolii tion. He rendered his couiitr\ essiiilial service by defending fori Stanwix, when bcsiigtd by St. Leger: and afterwards, by preventing the' co- opi lation of that olficer with Uurgoyne, lie con- tributed e-,seiitiallv to the surrender of the lat ter. lie died in I'sii. G.M{.\.AIOAT, Claude, a French engraver and letter founder, \\ ;is a native of Paris, and begai- to distingiiisli himself about 1510. He brought his types to so great a degree of [lerfeclion, that he can neither be denied the glory of having surpassed whatever had been done in this way before, nor that of not being excelled by any of his successors in this useful mechanic art. Ga ramont died in l.ifjl ; and all his fine typescame into the hands of Foiirnler the Elder, an emi- nent letter toiiiider_at Paris. GARASSF,, Francis, a Jesuitical W'ritcr, and autiior of tlie enmity bi'l ween the Jesuits and the jaiisenistb, in the church of Rome, w as born at Angouleine. in i^:85, and died in 1G3I. GARIMEN, Lorenzo, a painter, of Bologna, and pupil of Ludovici Caraeci, died in 1654. GAhMJO, Rapli;iel del, a historical painter, of Florence, ditd in ].>:)4, GARCIAS 11., king of Navarre after Sanciio II., died in 1000, G ARCILASSO. Garcias Lapso de la Veca. a celebrated Spanish poet, born at Toledo, in 1500, died l.")3ii, by a stone tlirown by a countryman from a turret, falling upon his head. G.XRPEN, .Mexander, a distinguished episco- pal clerHvinan, of Charleston, South-Carolina. Re came from Scotland to f'harleston. in 1720, and resided Uicre until his death, in 175<1, GARDEN, Alexander, M. D , ascicntific phy- sician, of South-Carolina, who introduced into medical nsi: the Virainiau snake root; he died about 1771. GAR DIE, PontP? de la, a French adventurer, siicce.-sivi'ly ill the nnploynient of marshal Bri- sac, lilt Dane?, and bweiles; be died In 15c5. CO.'') GA GAKDI.V DUMESML, N., professor of rlieto- ric at Paris, and an eminent scliolar ; he wrote on Jjaiiii synonyniHS. and died in 1802. GARDiXER, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, and chancellor of Kn^Jand. was born at Bury .St. Edtmind's, in Suffolk, 1W3. His character as a minister i.s to be drawn from tlic general liis torifrf ; he had a large portion of h:tiightines.s, boundless ambition, and dcepdi^.-^imiilulion ; for lie looked on relisjion as an encine of slate, and made use of it as such. He died in 1555. G.-\RD1NKR, Jamcf , a colonel in llio army of George II., btjrn in Scotland, IG88, was equally admirable for the virtues of piety and personal rourage, and died bravely fighting against the reb<;l.< at Preston-pans, near Edinburgh, in 1745. f; ARE.\GEOT,Rcne, Jacques, Croissant de, a French surgeon of great reputation ; he wrote several valuable works, and died in 1759. GARESSOLES, Anthony, a native of Mon- laubaii, who wrote several tlieological works, died it) IGoO. GARF.T^John, a Benedictine of St. Maur, born at Havre dc Grace, died in 1C94. G.ARLAN'DE. Jean de, a grammarian, ob t.iined somecelebrity by hispoein on the " Cr tempt of the World," &c. ; he was living IWii. G \RNET, Henry, a person memorable in English history, for having been privy to, and aiding in, the celebrated conspiracy called " The Gunpowder Plot," was executed at the west end of St. Paul's, May 3, 1G06. GARXETT, Dr. Thomas, an English physi- cian and natural philosopher, was born in 1766. After having studied medicine and chymistry, and graduated at Edinburgh, he delivered seve- ral courses of lectures on chymistry and e.tpe- riraental philosophy, at Manchester, Liverpool, fee. He was soon after elected professor of piiilosophy, in Anderson's Institution at Glas- gow; and his leisure hours in Scotland were employed in collecting materials for his " Tour through the Highlands, and part of the Western Isles." Dr. Garnett afterwards accepted an in- vitation from the new royal institution, in Lon- don ; where, for one season, he was profe.-isor of natural philosophy and chymistry, and deli- vf;red the whole of the lectures. On retiring froin this situation, as being too laborious for tlie state of his health, he commenced a course of lectures at his house, on Zoonomia, or the Laws of Animal Life, arranged according to t::e Brunonian theory. From a patient, whom he attended in a fever, he caught the infection, and died in 1802. GARXIER. Robert, a French tragic poet, b.irn in 15:^4, died 1590. G \R\IER, John, a Jesuit, professor of rhe- toric and philosophy, died in 1681. G.AR.MER, Julian, a Benedictine monk, died in 1723. GAROSALO, Bonvenuto, an Italian painter, born alFerrara, died in 1695. GABR.\RD, Mark, an eminent painter, born at Bruges, in Flanders, in 1561. He was prin- cipal painter to queen Elizabeth, and died in 1635. G\RR.\RD, James, was an officer of the re- volutionary army, and mie of the fir.'it settlers of Kentucky, of which state he was afterwards governor : lie died in 1822. G.\RRICK. David, an excellent Engli-sh actor, horn at Hereford, and baptized there, Feb. 28, 1716. Having performed a noviciate at Ipswich, ne made his appearance at Goodman's Fields; 206 GA fl and, Oct. 1741, acted Richard 111. for the lirst time. His acting wa» attended with the loudest acclamations of applause ; and his fame was ^o quickly propagated through the town, that the more established theatres of Drury Lane ami Covent Garden wer« deserted. These patentees, alarmed at the great deficiency in the receipt." of their houses, and at the crowds which constanlly filled the theatre of Goodman's Fields, united their clTorls to destroy the new-raised seal of theatrical empire; in consequence of which, Garrick entered into an agreement with Fleet wood, patentee of Drury Lane, for 500^ a year The fame of our English Roscius was now so e.xtondcd, that an invitation from Ireland, upon very profitable conditions, was sent him to art in Dublin during the months of June, July, and August, 1742 ; which invitation he accepted. His success there exceeded all imagination ; he was carcs.scd by all ranks as a prodigy of thea- trical accomplishments ; and the play-house way so crowded during this hot season, that a very mortal fever was produced, which was called Garrick"s fever. He returned to London before 'le winter, and now attended closely to his the ical profession, in which he was irrevocably d. April, 1747, he became joint patentee of »>rury Lane theatre with Mr. Lacy ; and in iJulv 1749, married Mademoiselle Violetti. In jl7(5, h. - - ibenefii [gave l^e<, ifor he [translbrn. ' comic, and sion of the took a journey into Italy for the caltli ; and during his travels, iroofs of his theatrical talents; vithout the least preparation, elf into any character, tragic ot ■^ instantaneously upon any pas- uan mind. After he had been abroad about a year and a half, he turned his ihoughts homewards, and arrived in London April ,1765. In 1760 he projected and conducted the memorable Jubilee at Stratford, in honour of Shakspeare, so much admired by some, an(f .'io much ridiculed by others. On the death of Mr. Lacy in 1773, the whole management of the theatre devolved on him ; but, being !«) vanced in years, and much afilicted with chroni- cal disorders, he finally left it in June, 1770, and jdisposed of his moiety of the patent to Mes:;ienr9 ^'lleridan, Linley, and Ford, for 35,000/. He died Jan. 20, 1779. Notwithstanding his con- stant employ as both actor and manager, he was perpetually producing various little thingj in the dramatic way ; some of which are origi nals ; others translations or alterations from other authors, adapted to the taste of the present times. GARRIEL, Peter, he wrote an account of Montpelie: cathedral, in 1631. GARS.\TJLT, Francis .\lexandcr, a learned Frenchman ; he wrote theanatomy of the horse, and died at Paris, in 1778. GARTH, Sir Samuel, an excellent poet and physician, and authorof amost admirable satire, called "The Dispensary," was born in York- shire. After having eminently distinguished himself, as well by his various poetical produc- 'tions as by his professional merit, he died Jan. 18, 1718-19. GARTHSHORE, Maxwell, a physician and an accoucheur, who practised in London, with Igreat reputation, near fifty years, was a Fellow !of the Royal Society ; born in 1732, in Scotland, died in London, in 1812. Some papers of hi.s |will be found in "The Phirosophical Transac itions." I G ARZI, Lewis, a painter, considered the suc- cessful nval of Carlo Marat, died in 1721. GA GATAKER, Cliail.s, son ol tin- iiiiCKli.'i.'. and a writer on controversial liivinilv, boii' in Uil4, diedin ItirO. GATES, Sir Thonins!, one of the lirst pnvcni- ois of the colony of Viiginia, ahout Km, ai il I again, on returning from England, in IGll; lie died in the East- Indies. GATES, lioratio, a major general, and a riis- tintiuisiied otiiccr of the American army duiing the revolution. He was a major in the British .'•■prvice, at :he defeat of general Uraddock ; at the declaration of independence, he was made adjniant general, afterwards commander of the northern army, to wiiich general Buigoyne snr rendered in 1777; in 17eO, he was apiioiiutd eomniandcr of the southern army ; alter the wnr he returned tohis farm, from which he removed to New-York, where lie died in 180(j. GATIJIOSIN, the last of the Mexican kins.i. He was cruelly tortured in a fiery ordeal liy C'ortez, and three years after was hanged in his carital in 1520. (JAUHIL, Anthony, a French missionary in China, where he resided :JU years; lie died' in tli May 1810, Mr. Wilson was honoured wiih the gold medal, by the Society of Arts, for his G.ti'rtions in Stereotype printing. Mr. Ged died in 1749. GED ALIA, a famous rabbi, who died in 1418. GEDDES, Michael, a learned divine, received the degree of LL D., from the university of Ox- ford ; he died in 1715. GEDDES, James, born in Scotland, in 1710, died in 1748-9, leaving behind him " An Essay on the Composition and Manner of Writing of the Ancients, particularly Plato," which lia.s great merit. GEDDES, Dr. Alexander, a man of very pro- found research in biblical literature, was born tn 1737, and died near London, in 1802. Dr. Gertdes was a Roman Catholic, and had em- 208 GE ployed himself many years in a new translation of ilie Bible ; owing, however, to various causes, It was left untinished ; only llic lirst twelve books of the Old Testament being printed. I GEDOViN, Nicolas, a Fniich writer. He [studied at Paris, was a Jesuit 10 years ; he wrote some ingenious essays, and died in 1744. I GEE, John, a dislinguislied minister in Bos- 'ton, died in 1748. I GEEK, Charles de, a native of Sweden, much (respected as a man of stience, and tynefactor of tlie poor ; he died in 1778. j GEINOZ, Francis, a learned Swibb abbe, au- jthor of some valuable dissertauous on Ancieut .Medals ; he died in 1752. I G EJKR, Martin, a native of Leipsic, and pro- 'fessor of Hibr< w. died in lt'81 GELASirs the Elder, bishop of Cssarca, in Palestine, in the 4th century. GELASIUS of Cyzitus, bishop of Ca;sarca, in 47G. GELASIUS I., bishop of Rome after Felix H., in 492, some of his works are extant ; he died in 4'Jti. GELASIUS II., a Campanian by birili, raised to the poniilicate in 1118, died in 1119. GELDEiXH.'VUR, Gerard Eobanus, a German, well skilled in poetry, died in 1542. GELDER, Arnold de, a Dutch painter, of Dort, died in 1727. GELDORP, Gualdorp, a painter, of Louvain, excelled iu portraits and history ; he died in 1608. GEI,EE, Claude, commonly called Claude of Lorraine. See CLAUDE. GELEXIUS, Sigisinund, a learned man, bom at Prague. His disregard for honours was very uncommon ; he died at Basil, in 1555. GELLERT, Christian Fauchtegott, a German comic poet, born in Misnia, in 1715, died in 17li9. GELLI, John Baptist, an eminent Italian com- ic poet, born at Florence, in 1498, died in 1503. GELLIBERAND, Henry, an eminent mathe- matician, and professorof astronomy at Gresham College, born in London, in 1597, died in 1036. GELLIUS, Aulus, a celebrated grammarian, who lived in the 2d century, under Marcus Au- relius and some succeeding emperors, and is now known by his " Noctes Attica;," a collec- tion of observations on authors, which he gather- ed up from reading or conversation, and put together lor the use of his children. He called them "Noctes Atticae," because they were com posed in the evenings of a winter which he spent at Athens. The chief value of it is, that it has preserved many tacts and nionumeut£ of anti- quity, which are not to be found elsewhere. GELON, king of Syracuse, in 4H4 B. C, was universally respected by his subjects. GEMELLI-CARRERI, Francis, an Italian writer, author of an interesting account of a voyage round the world, between 1093 and 1098. GEMIGN.VGXO, Ovinentio de St., a Tuscan painter, died in 1530. GEMIGNANO, Giacinto, a painter, born at Pistoie, died in 1681. GEMINI.\NI, Francisco, a fine performer on the violin, and composer for that instrument, born at Lucca, in Italy, about 1080, died in 1702. GEMISTUS, George, he lived to above the ane of 100, distinguished for his learning and virtues. GEMMA, Reinier, a Dutch physician, of Doc- kum, was also an astronomer and mathemati- cian ; he died in 1555. GENDRE, Lewis le, a French historian GE GE wrote a history of France, from tho coniiucnce- ment of the monarchy to the death of Lewis Xlll., oiauuc-rs and customs of thu French, &c., and died in 1733. GEMJKE, Gilbert Charles le, marquis of St. Aubiii, died at Paris, in 174G. GiCNDRK, Nicholas lo, a French sculptor, died al Paris, in 1070. GKNDKE, Lewis le, a deputy in the national convention, ditd in 1797. GKNEl!K.\KD, Gilbert, a Benedictine monk, born at Kioiu, died in 1397. GKAESIL'S, JuKcphiii>, one of the Byzantine hislorianti, flourished in 940. GKNEST, Charles Claude, a French poet, and author of tragedies, died in 1719. GEXET, Francis, bishop of Vaison, born at Avignon, in 1G40, isitnown for tho Theology of Grenoble. GENGA, Gorome, an Italian painter and architect, died in 1551. GE.NGA, Bartholomew, son of the preceding, an eminent architect, died in l.WS GKNGIS KUAN, or ZIiNGiS KHAN, a most illustrious Mojul prince, who beinR obliged to fly from Delhi, on account of a seneral revolt of his subjects, took shelter at the cou rt of A venti khan, Cham of the Tartars, and married his daughter ; but the jealousy of Aventi obliged him to e.scape a second time ; and being pursued by Aventi and his son, he defeated lliem both ; and, their army revolting to him, he soon in- creased It. From this event hi: became as re- nowned a conqueror as .Mexander the Great. In the space of 2^ years he subdurd the greater part of Asia, and rendered himself as famous for his skill in government, as lor the valour of his arms. lie was born in 1JC3, and died in 12V!7, leaving his dominions (which extended IfeOO Icugui^H from ea=t to west, and 1000 from north to soulli,) properly divided to l)is four sons. GF.NN.XDIUS, a patriarch of Constantinople, after Analolius, in 43c', died in 471. (JEN'N.XDirs, an ecclesiastical writer of Marseilles, died 493. There are two works of bis remaining : " De DopmatibusEcclesiasticis," and " l)i: Illustribus Ecclesiac Scriptorilms." GENNAliIl'S, a patriarch of Constantinople, wrote the Christian faith in Greek, Latin, and Turkish ; he died in a monastery, in 14G0 GENNAUI, Benedetto, a painter, of Bologna, was patronised by Lewis XIV., Charles II., &c., and died in 1715. GENN.'VRl, Caesare, son of the preceding, a pamter, was eminent in historical pieces; he died in 1G88. GENNARO, Joseph Aurelius, a native of Naples, was a respectable author ; he died in 1760 GRNOELS, Abraham, a painter, of Antwerp, born in 1G40. GENOVESI, Anthony, celebrated as a lecturer in philosophy, died in 1769. GENSEUiC, kins of the Vandals, a conqueror and tyrant, who captured Koine in 433, and sul •ered his soldiers during 14 days to pillage it, and massacre the defenceless inhabitants ; he died in 477. GENSONNE, Armand, an advocate of Bour- dcaux, was guillotined in 1793. GENTILE, Ludovico, a painter, of Brussels. His portrait of Alexander VII. is admired ; he died in ir.TO. GENTILIS DEFOLIGNO, a physician, and an aulhiir, died in 1349. GENTILESCHI. Horatio, an Italian painter, P d who adorned the ceilings oi Greenwich and York house, England, where he died GEN'TILEtH III, Artemisia, daughter of the preceding, eminent as a historical painter. GENTILIS, Siipio, a native of Ancona, pro- fessor of civil law, died in 161G. GENTILIS, John Valentine, was condemned to lose his liead at Berne, for the violence of his religious opinions, in 1567. GENTILIS, Alberico, a native of Ancona, ;ind professor of law, at Oxford, died in 1608. GENTILLET, Valentine, a native of Dau- phine, and syndic of the city of Geneva, lived about 1578. GENTLEMAN, Francis, an actor and dra niatic writer, born in Ireland, 1708, died 1784. lie was author of < luvou dramatic pieces; and f " The hraniatic Censor." (JEUFFUEY, of Monmouth. See JEFFERY. GEOFFRUI, Stephen Francis, a French phy- sician, who wrote a Materia Medica, died in 1731 GEORGE, St., the patron of England, sup- posed to hare surtered in the reign of Dioclesiau. GEORGE of Trebizond, a native of Candia, and secretary to iwpe Nicolas V., published se- veral works, and died in 1434. GEORGE the Cappadocian, Arian bishop of Mexandria ; was assassinated, in consequence of liis oppression, in 361. GEORGE, surnanied Amira, a learned Ma- roiiitc, who published a eranmiar of the Syriac and Chaldcc ; he died in 1641. GEORGE, duke of Clarence, brother of Ed- ward IV., of England, condemned to death for conspiring against his brother, in 1478. GEORGE, iirince of Servia, died in conse- quence of a wound received in 1457, in a battle against the Hungarians. GEORGE LEWIS I., son of Ernest Augustus, of Brunswick, called to the throne of England on the death of queen .\nnf, in 1714. GEORGE AUGUSTUS II., son of the preced- ing, succeeded to the throne, in 1727. His reign was more splendid than useful. GEORGE III., king of Great Britain and Ire- land, .succeeded his grandfather George II., on tho throne, in 1760. His reign was of 60 years duration, and was rendered pioiiiiiient by the loss of the American colonies, by the acquisition of India, and by long and sanguinary wars, with the different powers of Europe. During the latter part of his roign, the kingdom was go- verned by a regency, in consequence of his men- tal derangement. lie died in 1820. GERARD, Tom, or Tung, was the instltu- tor and first grand master of the knights hospi- talers of Jerusalem, at'terwards of Malta; he died in Il'JO. GERARD, Balthazar, the assassin of William I., prince of Orangt!, whom he shot through the head with a pi.>tol as he was going out of his pa- lace at DeJft. His sentence was the same as that of Damien ; and this fanatic died, in his own conceit, a martjT of the church of Rome, 1584. (JER.ARD, John, a learned protcstant divine, of Quedlimburg, died in 1638. GERARD, John, a native of Jena, professor and rector of tlie university, author of several works, died in 1668. His son, John Ernest, died professor of divinity at Geissen, in 1707. GER.ARD, John, a native of England, cml- Inent as a botanist, published a work on plants, and died in 1607. I GERARD, Dr. Alexander, professor of divi- nity in the university of Aberdeen, and author lof several esteemed works, died in 179S. J 8* - S09 GE as- I (iERV/MSE, Nicholas, ini!>sioiiary to Siaiii. at- and afti;nvards to Guiana, where be was mur- dered by the natives, in 1729. GHSNEH, Conrad, an eminent physician and natural phiJosoplicr, called the Pliny of Ger- niuMV, born at Zurich, in 151G, died 154i5. GESNER, Solomon, bookseller at Zurich, in .Switzerland, and author 01° many elegant and admired poems, in the German language, born in 1730, was for several years before his death • member of the seiiutc of his iiutive city, lie was an admirable landscape paiii:er as well as a poet. Of his writings, the best known in Eng- land is " The Death of Abel." He died in 17«j. GESNEll, John Mattliew, a German, much known as the author of some valuable editions of the classics; he died at Gotlin^en, in 1761. GEr^NER, John James, professor in the uni- versity at Zurich, published some works, and died in 1787. GESXER, Solomon, a native of Silesia, be- came divinity professor atWittcniberg ; he wrote several works, and died in 1G05. GETA, Septiniius, brother of Caracalla, by whom he was slain through jealousy, A. D. 012. GETHIN, lady Grace, an English lady, wife of sir Richard Getlun, distinguished for her ta- lents : her works were published after her death, in 1700. GETHFNG, Richard, an Englishman, distin- guished for his penmanship ; settled in London about 1615. GHUSS, John Michael, of Holstein, professoi of mathematics at Copenhagen, and an author, died in 1786. GEV.ARTIUS, John Gasper, an eminent cri- tic, and author of several works, died at Ant- werp, in 1666. GHELEN, or GELENIUS, Sigismund. See GELENIUS. GHEZZI, Peter Leone, a painter, knighted b> Francis I., duke of Parma, died in 1755. OHILINI, Jerome, an Italian writer, born at Milan, in 1589, lived to be 80 years old, andwa* I the author of several works ; the most consider- able of which is his "Theatre of Learned Men." GHIRLANDAIO, or GHIRLANDEXI, Do- menico, a Florentine painter, born in 1449, died 1493. GHISOLFI, Giovanni, a painter of Milan, died in 1683. His perspective views are much I admired. GIAPAR, or SADEK the Just, a Mussulman doctor, who wrote a book on prophecies, &<;., died at Medina, in 761. GIAHEDH, or LARGE EYED, the head of the Motazalcs, a sect who united religion and philosophv. GfAXNONI, Peter, an esteemed historian, born at Naples, in 1630, died 1748. GIAROINT, Felix, an eminent performer on the violin, and a composer of music, wa< born a1 Pieiliuont. In ll-M he went to England, where be met with great encouragement, and had a joint interest in the opera. He died in Russia, 1793. GIBBON, Edward, an eminent historian, born at Putney, in 1737. In 1774, Mr. Gibbon %vas elected to a seat in parliament, which ho vacat ed in 1780 ; in the course of which period, how- ever, he was some time a lori of trade His cc lebrated " History of the Declme and Fall of the Roman Empire," will probably last as lime as the language in which it is written. It aho'.'nd^ in proofs of unexampled learning, of a mind p'- netrating am' sagacious, and of talents for ridi- GERARD, Gilbert, was for many years pas- tor of the English church at Amsterdam, and terwards professor of Greek in King's college, and of divinity in the umveisily of .-Vberdecu. He died in 1815. GER.\RDI, Christofaro, an excellent land scape painter, of Florence, died in 1556. GERARDI, .Mark, an eminent painter, of Bruges, patrouised by queen Elizabeth, died in 1635. GERBAIS, John, a doctor of the Sorbonne. w ho wrote in support of the liberties of the Gal- Jican church, died in l()99. GERBELirS.Nicholaus, an eminent German lawyer, born at Pforzeim. died in 15r>0. GERBERON^.Gabrit^l, a French ecclesiastic, who wrote on the Jansenist controversy, and was imprisoned for it ; he died in prison, in 1711. GERBIER, Sir Balthazar, a celebrated pain- ter, of Antwerp, born in 159-2, died in 1601. GERBILLON, John Francis, a Jesuit mis- -ionary in China, inueh respected by the em- peror, for whom he wrote elements of geometry; he died in 1707. GERDES, Daniel, a native of Bremen, pro- •f.'.ssor of divinity at Duisburg, died in 1765 (;RRDIL, Hyacinth Sigismond, a native of Pied.nont, professor of philosophy at Macerata, and tutor to the prince royal of Sardinia, was made a cardinal in 1777. He died at Rome, in 1802. His writings are chiefly on religious and philo.siphical subjects. GERHARD, Ephraira, professor of law at Altdorf, died in 1718. GERL.\CH, Stephen, a native of Swabia, and chaplain to the embassy to Constantinople ; he wrote ecclesiastical history, &c., and died in 1612. GERMAIN, Thomas, a native of Pans, emi- nent as a goldsmith, died in 17((3. GER.M.VNICITS, C>esa.r, in of '^r^siis, and paternal nephew to the emperor Tiberius, who adopted him; he was a renowned general, but still more illustrious for his virtues. He took the title of Germanicus from his conquests in that country ; and, though he had the moderation to refuse the empire offered to him by his army, Tiberius, jealous of his success, and of the uni- versal esteem he acquired, caused him to be poisoned, A. D. 29, aged 34. He was a protector of Iparning, and composed several Greek come- dies and Latin poems, some of which are still c.ttant. GERMANIC, Anastasio, a native of Pied- mont, and bishop of Tarentasia, died In 1627. GERMANUS, bishop of Cyzicum, made pa- triarch of Constantinople, and was degraded for suppurtins image worship; he died in 740. Or.llMYN, Simon, a Dutch painter, of Dort, whose landscapes are admired, died in 17i9. GERRY. Elbridge, a native of Massachusetts, was a member of congress in 1776, and a signer of the declaration of independence; minister to France, with Mr. Marshall and Mr. Pinkney; go- vernor of the state of Massachusetts, and after- wards vice-president of the United States. He died at Washington, i 1 1814. GERSON, John, an illustrious French theolo- gical and critical writer, born in 1363, died 1429. GERSTEN, Christian Lewis, mathematical professor at Giessen, was imprisoned 12 years for writing an offensive letter to his soverei(r> ' he was author of several works, and died in 1762 GERV.\IS, Armand Francis, a Carmelite ec clesiastic, was confined for writing against the Bernardines ; he died in prison, in 1741 210 Gl cule agreeable and exiniisiic. Upon the sulijeci of Christianity, however, he has indulged much latitude, which has justly raised liiui a great number of oppcienls. 'i'lic greater pari ol tlii ininiortal history was written at JLausanne, in Swilzirland. Mr. Giblion died in 1794. GIBBONS, Grinling, a famous sculptor em ployed hy Cliarles II.,'diid in 1721. GIBBONS, Orlando, a distiii^'uislied organist of the royal chapel in Kngland, died in 10-25, GIBBS, James, an architect, who designed se- veral of tlie principal buildings in England, died in 1754. GIDUS, Sir Vicary, an eminent English law yer, was bom at Exeter, and educated at Cam bridge. He was elected a member of parliament for that university, and was afterwards made king's attorney and eolicitor-general, a judge, and tlien chief-justice of the common pleas. He died in IWO. GIBEMN. SeeGEBELIN. GIHEHT, Balthasar, a native of Aix, who held the chair of rhetoric at Mazarin 5ll years he wrote several works, and died in 1771. GIBERT, John Feter, a native of Aix, and a professor, wrote several works on theology ; he dii'd at Paris, in 17.16. tJlHERTI, John Matthew, a native of Paler mo, who became governor of Tivoli, and bishop of Verona, died in 1543. GIBIEUF, William, a priest, who wrote a book on the liberty of God, and the Creator, a work of great merit ; he died in 1650. GIBSON, Thomas, an eminent painter, known at Oxford and London, died in 175J. GIBSON, Thomas, a physician in England, eminent as a botanist, &c., wrote several works: he died in 1.5C'J. (JIBSON, Edmund, bishop of London, born in 1(10(1, and eminent as an antiquarian, theologi- fical, political, and controversial writer, died in r4H. He published an edition of " Camden's Britannia," in English, and the posthumous tvorks of sir Henry Spchnan GIBSON, Richard, an eminent English pain ter, greatly in favour with Charles I., to whom he was page of the back stairs. He was a dwarf, and married one Mrs. Anne Shepherd, who was also a dwarf. Charles I. was pleased to honour their marriage with his presence, and to give the bride. Waller wrote a poem on this occasion, ' Of the Marriage of the Dwarfs," which begins thus : " Design or chance make others wive ; But nature did this match contrive ; Eve might as well have AJam fled, .^3 she denied her little bed To him, for whom Heav'ii seem'd to frame And measure out this only dame," &c. They appear to have been of an equal stature, each of them measuring three feet ten inches. They had, however, nine children : five of which attained to maturity, and were well proportion- ed to the usual standard of mankind. He died ill 1680, aged 75, and his wife died in 170D, at the age of 8!). GIBSON, William, nephew of Richard, be- came eminent as a painter ; he died in I70'2. GIBSON, William, a self-taught matliemati eian of the most wonderful powers, born in 1720, died 1791. GIBSON, Edward, kinsman to William, and instructed by him, died young. GIDEON, one of thti judges of Israel, died l>Ki n. C. Gl GIFAN 11 S, llnberlu!i, or Obertus, a critic anil civilian, died at Prague, in IHW. GIFFOKD, Dr. Andrew, an eminent English disstiiliiig di\ine and antiipiary, born in 170(i, died 17?4. He wa.^; assistant librarian at the Bri- tish Musciiin ; to which post he was remarkably suited, having a peculiar talent for receiving and communicuting knuwiedge. As a niinisier of the Go.spel, he was lively and evangelical ; he was inabler of the pathetic, and persuasion dwelt on his lips; his heart was in the work; and, upon some occasions particularly, it might have been said of iiini, as was said'of oneof the lilefsed reformers : " Vividus vultus, vividi ociili, vividiK nianus, denique omnia vivida." GIFFOHD, Richard, an English divine, an thor ofseveral learned works, died in 1807, much respected. GIFFORD, John, a political writer and histo- rian, (whose real name, however, is said to have been John Richard Green,) was bom in 175P. He embraced the law as a profession ; but, having dissipated his little fortune, he was obliged logo abroad under the assumed name which he ever after retained. He returned in 17t^{<; and, on the breaking out of the French revolution, devoted his pen to the defence of go. eminent in church and state. He contributed to the establishnKnl of the " British Critic ;" and compiled a " His- tory of France ;" and a " History of the Politi- cal Life of William Pitt." He died in 1818. GIGGEO, Anthony, an Italian divine, wno wrote " Thesaurus Lingua* Arabica;," in 4 vols, folio, besides other works, died in 1632. GILBERT, Sir Humphrey, an enterprising, but unfortunate navigator, related to sir Walter Raleigh. He took possegsion of Newfoundlaiui in the name of queen Elizabeth, wrote a book to prove the existence of a north-west passage to China, and died in 1583. GILBERT, Thomas, B. D., an Enclish divine, who made a convert of Dr. South to ins opinion of predesiinaiion ; he died in 1694. GILBERT, Sir JetTrey, chief baron of the ex- chequer, and a voluminous law writer, was ixjrn in 1674, and died at Bath, in 1726. GILBERT, William, aleamed physician, who first di-^covered sitvcral of the properties of the loadstone, born at Co'chester, in 1540, die:* 1603. GILDAS, surnaned tne Wise, a nti •* of Wales, and tin- most ancient British wriftr ex- tant : for his famous " Epistle" was written A. D. 560, and is a most severe censure of the de- pravity of the Britons at that time. GILDON, Charles, an English poet and critic, born in 1665. He is best known by hia " Com- plete Art of Poetry," and died in 1723, GILES of Viterbo, an Italian cardinal, favour- ite of popes Julius HI,, and LeoX., died In 1532. GILES, John, or A'.gidins, the first English man on record entered among the Dominicans : he lived in the 13th century. GILI.'MER.orGELIMER, was the last of the Vandal kings of At'rica. GILL, Alexander, an English sclular, mastet of Bt. Paul's school, who wrote some theologi- cal tracts, died in 16:^5. GILL, Alexander, son of the above, assisted his father in his school, was a good Latin poet ; he died in 1642. GILL, Dr. John, an eminent English Calvin- istic divine, a learned orientalist, and volunuu- 0U8 writer on theological subjects, born i697, and died in London, 1771. His greatest work is a " Commentary on the Bible." GILLES, Peter, a learned adventurer, who 211 Gl GL went into foreign coun'rics to learn their man- ners ; he died at Rome, in ^55. GILLESPIE, George, a lamous preacher of the church of Sooiland, died in lt>43. GILLOT, Claude, a French painter and en- graver, dis'-iple to Vaieau,died in 17:J2. GILLRAY, James, a celebrated caricature designer and engraver, died in 1815. GILPIN, Bernard, an eminent EngHsh divine and reformer, born in 1517, died 1583. GILPIN, Richard, a popular non-conformist minister in and about London ; he afterwards practised physic, and died in 1C57. GILPIN, William, an English divine, biogra- pher, and delineator of nature's picturesijue heautiee, was born in 1724, died 1804. His prin- cipal works are, " An Exposition of the New Testament;" " An Essay on Prints ;" and nu- merous Essays and Observations on Picturesque Scenery, &.C., in different parts of England. To these we should add, his " Sermons to a Country Congregation." GILPIN, Sawrey,R. A., a celebrated painter, particularly of horses and wild animals, was bf)rn in 1733, and was brother of the preceding. He went to London at the age of 14. and was ar- ticled to Mr. Scott, a ship-painter, who lived in Covcnt-Garden, where Mr. Gilpin caught his first relish lor animal painting, frequently amus- ing himself in sketching the carts and horses, market-jroups, &c. He was afterwards patron- teed by William, duke of Cumberland, at Wind- »or; and from liis royal highness' stud he ac- quired that knowledge of the horse which he has eo ably exhibited in his works. The historical compositions he has left, show that he might have claimed the palm in the first department of art. The Triumph of Camillus, Diomedes' Horses, his poetical subjects, and drawings of animals, possess SMSte peculiar to himself. His chef d'lKuvre is in the possession of S. Whit- bread, esq. M P. It consists of a group of tigers, and ia a noble and spirited composition. He ex- celled muth in giving an expression of terrible, hut majestic fierceness, to that noblest of all ani- mals, the hon. He died at Brompton, in 1807 GINN.'VNI, Francis, page to duke Anthony Farnese, wrote several works on agriculture ; iie died in 1760. GIOCONDOjFra Giovanni, a schoolmaster at Verona, who instructed Julius Ccesar Scali- ger : he died in 15^1. GIOI.X, Flavio, of Amalfi, in Naples, a cele- brated mathematician, who, from his knowledge of the magnetic powers, invented the mariner's compass, by which the navigation of Europeatis was extended to the most distant regions of the globe , before this in%'ention, navigation was confined to coasting It is said that the Chinese knew the compass long before ; be this as it may, he Europeans are indebted to Gioia for this in- valuable discovery. He was born about 1300. GIOLITO DEL FERRARI, a printer, of the IGth century, at Venice, ennobled by Charles V., I died in IM"?. ' j GIORDANf, Vital, a Neapolitan matbemati-i ;ian ; author of several works on the niathema-' ticv-, died in 1711. GIORD.\NO,Luca.apainterofNr.p]es, hewas knighted bvthe king of Spain, and died in 1705. (JIORGIANI, or AL.-^F,m ALSCIirRir A.riON HAS3.\N, orHOUS?AlN ,\LI, a na-i live of Georgia, author of Tlieologicul and Phi- losophical terms. GIORGIO N'F, an illustrious Venetian painter, bom in 1478, died in 1311. GIOSEPPINO, an emincntKeapoIitan painter, born in 15tKl, died in 1640. GIOT TING Tomaso, a painter, of Florence, died in 1.T5t;. GIOT'i'O, an eminent Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect, born in 1276, died iu 1336. GIRALDI, Lilio Gregorio, an ingenious critic, antiquary, and historian, and one of the mo.st learned men that modern Italy has produced, died in ]55!3. GIRALUI, John Paptist Cintio, an Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in ]50i, died in 1573. His works consist chiefly of tragedies ; and some make no scruple to rank him among the best tragic writers ilial Italy has produced. GIRALIJU.'^, Sylvester, a learned VNelchman, who wrote a History of Ireland, and other works of great erudition, died about 1215. GIRALDUS, Cambrensis, an ancient British historian, who died about the latter end of the 12th century, having written " A History of the World," in which his information res- pecting ecclesiastical affairs is extremely valu- able. GIRANDON, Francis, was inspector-general of sculpture to Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1715. GIR.\RD, John Baptist, a Jesuit, born at Dol. was tried by the parliament of Aix, for usin{ sorcery upon a young girl ; but was acquitted. GIR.VRI), Gabriel, a French ecclesLtstic, war almonei to the duchess of Berri, &.c. ; he died ii 1748. GIRON, D. Pierre, duke of C^suna, a Spaniard, who encouraged tlie famous conspiracy against Venice, which forms the subject of one of the finest pieces of English tragedy ; he died in prison in 1U24. GIR0N3T, James, of Anjou, known as a po- pular preacher : his sermons were published in 1704 ; he died in 16S9. GIRTIN, John, an English painter, whose views of London and Paris, are much admired ; he died in Ifm. GIRY, Lewis, one of the first members of the French academy, and author of several valuable works ; he died in 1U65. GIPBERT,John, a native of Cahors, professor of divinity at Toulouse, and author of Anti- Probalasimus, died in 1710. GISHERT, Blaise, a Jesuit of Cahors, wrote b work on Education, tc, died in 1731. GISEIilNUS, a physician, a native of Bruges, died in 1551. j GIST, Mordecai, a brigadier general in the American war; (was in the battle of Camden, died in 1792. GIULANO, Di-Majano, a Florentine, sculptor and architect, wUo died at Naples, in 1447. Se- veral buildings at Naples, are the monuments of his genius. GIUSTJ, Antonio, a painter, of Florence, of much excellence, died in 1705. GLAfN, N. Saint, a zealous Protestant, born at Limoges, about IG20, remarkable lor having been, by reading of Spinoza's book, changed into as zealous an Atheist. GLAN DOR, Mnttliias, a physician to the arch' bishop of Bremen, died in 1652. GL.ANVIL, Joseph, a distinguished philoso- phical and theological writer, born at Plyinouth, in 1630, di.'d in 1060. In "Some Philosophical (\nisiderntions, touching tlie Being of Wilclii s anil Witrhcraft," he defendrd the possibility (if witchcraft, wliich drew him into a contro- versy thnt ended only with his life. During l\itt -i* GL GO course of it, he endeavoured to confirm his opin- ci'ntlcnian was brouglit up in the mercantile ion Of (. collection of several narratives relativi'| line, and, by a remarkable speech tliat he dc to it. j'livcred in behalf of the mercliants of London GLANVILLE, Ranulph, chief justiciary of at the bar of tlie House of fommone, about the all England, and an eminent writer on jurispru-||year 1740, previous to the breaking out of the dence, wIk) first collected the Kiigll:-h laws iiito| r^panish war, acquired, and with gieat justice, one body, flourished toward the end of the laih'jilje character of an able and steady patriot; century. I which character he retained through life. In GljAPH yit A, a priestess of Ilcllona's temple, the belles lettres he also made no inconsiderable known foi her amours with Marc Antony. , figure, being the author of an epic poem of ver>' • iLAPTHOUN.y, Henry, a poet and dramatic high celebrity, entitled " Lconidas ;" the subject writer, who lived in the reign of t'harlis I, and' of which is, the gallant actions of that great Ilullli:^hed five plays. [{general, and his heroic defence of, and fall at, GLASEK, Christopher, apothecary to Louis'jtiie pass of Thermopyla- ; he wrote also, "Bo XIV., and author of n valuable treatise on chy- jadicca," " Medea," and " Jason," tragcdic; : mistry, died in lt>79. [and died in 1785, aged 74. GLASS, John, a Scotch divine, who, in 1727,!| GLUCK, Christopher, an eminent musical published a treatise to prove that the civil esta-]! composer, born in liohemia, in 1716. He intnv blishment of religion was inconsistent with duced a new style of music into I'aris, and died Christianity ; for this he was deposed, and he- 1 at Vienna, in 17«7. came the father of a new sect, called in Scot- GLYI^N, Robert, a native of Cambridge, au- land, Glussites, and in England, .'^ahdeiiinnians.i tlmr of the Pay of Judgment, a poem of great He was born at Dundee, in ICytf, and died in'Imerit; he obtained the prize of Cambridge, and 1773. OL.\SS, John, born at Pundi-e, traded to thei Brazils, whence returning in 1705, with great died in 1800. GMEMN, Dr. Samuel Gottleib, a celebrair il eastern traveller, who has left an account of hi* property, he was murdered by the seanien, who i travels in :! volumes. He was born in Swabia,in Will' allerwi.rds executed GLAS.sn S, Solomon, I). D., a German di- vine, superintendent of the schools and churches mSuie Gdtha, and author of several works ; he died in 16511. ! GL.AUDER, John, a painter, of I'trecht, whose pieces are nmch admired ; he died in 1720. GLAUBKR, John Gollief, a painter, whose pieces were in a finislied style, died in 1'03. GLAUBER, Diana, sister of the preceding painters, born in 16.S0, was also distinguished for the execution of her pencil ; she became blind in her old B[;e. GLAT'BER, John Rodolphus, a celebrated 1745, and died in 1774, at Achmct Kent, a village of Mount Caucasus. GMELIN, John George, born at Tubingen, published some works ; he died in 1755. GMELIN, John Frederic, a professor in the university of Gottingen, was bom at Tubingen, in 17-18. He was a voluminous and able writer on every part of natural history ; but is mo.>:t celebrated for his edition of lyinnrus' "System of Nature." The world is also indebted to him for the discovery of several excellent dyes, ex trnctfd t'rom different vecetable and mineral sulislances : he died in 1805. GOADBY, Robert, a printer and bookseller, of German chymist, and chyniical writer, of the Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, and author of several 17th century. useful iiublications, died in 1778. His " Illustra- GLEDITSCH, John Gottlieb, a native of tion of the Holy Scriptures," is a book that has been very generally read, and widely circu- lated. "The Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew, King of the Beggars," was likewise written by him. GOAR, Jame.«, a Dominican friar, of Parii", published " Gra-coruni Eucologium," &c. ; he died in IftiS, much respected. GOBBO, Tietro Paolo Cortonese, a much adniired painter, of Cortona, died in 1640. GOBDO, Andrea, an Italian historical painter died about 1527. GOBEL, John Baptist, a native of Hannc, bishop of Lydda : was accused by Robespierre, t^eipsic, and lecturer in botany, physiology, &c., divd ill 17Sfi. GI.EICIIEN, Frederic William Von, a noble- man, of Bayreuth, he constructed a curious mi- croscnpe, and died in 1783. GLEN, John, a painter and engraver on wood, of I.ieee, (if the Ifilh century. GLFTNDdWKR, Owen, a" celebrated Welch warrior, who for more than fourteen years op- po.sed the sovereignty of Henrj' IV. of England, by force of arms, declaring him to be a usurper, and the murderer of Richard II., born in 1354, died in 1415. (iM'NIE, James, a mathematician, engag-!jof atheism, and guillotined in 1793. fd in the military service of Great Britain, died j (JOIIELIN, Giles, a famous French dyer in 1817. Hewas the author of a History of [whose name has been sjiven ever since to the Gunnery, and several valuable mathematical finest French scarlets ; his house, and the small works. !; river that he made useof at Paris, are still cnlbd GIjEW, James, governor of the colony of jlthe Gobclinj ; an academy for drawinc, and a South-Carolina, was succeeded by Lyttleton, in 'manufactory of fine tapeslrie-s, were ended in 1755. He promoted the prosperity of the Colony, j this quarter, in lff)0, and for this reason the by an advantageous treaty with the Indians. |lapestries are called "Of the Gobelins." He GLIC.AS. a Byzantine historian, his "Annals flourished about 1630. from the Creation," were published in Greek GOBIEK.Charles, ajo8nit,ofSt.Malots. wroir and Latin in UifiO. | the " History of the Mariannes," &c. ; he died GI.ISSON, Francis, an English medical andi in 1708. anatnniiinl author. His Treatise on the Liver is! GOBRY.\S, one of the seven Persian nobles, his chcf-irn'uvre ; be died in 1677. jUvho conspired to dethrone the usurper Smeidi.*. CrLOrcESTER, Rolu-rt of, the most ancient I GncLEMI'S, Conrad, a German, esteemed port in the records of F.iigli.sh history, flourished (by ErasiMus for h."s virtues and learning; he in the ii?ne of Henrv II. Ijdied in 1539. GL'tVKR, Rti-tianl. Tliin very ingenioufl GOCLkNII'S. Ridolphns, considered as l.h« 21!} GO founder ol' modem magnelism: was boru al, Witlemberg, and died in 1621. GOCLKXIUt*, Rodolphus, a voluminous wri- ter, M vears professor of logic at Marpurg, died in IfiOS: GUDDARD, Jouaitian, an English physician and liiyinist, and one of the first promoters of the Uoval Society, born in 1017, died in 1074. GODEAU, Anthony, a French bishop, born in 1005. He was a very vohiminous autlior, both in prose and verse : but it may sutfice to mention one worit in each way, a.s chiefly worth notice : his "Ecclesiastical History," and a "Transla- tion of the Psalms into French verse ;" he died in 1072. GODEFROI, or GODFREY, of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine, a most celebrated crusader, and victorious general : he took Jeru- salem from the Turks in 1099, and was pro- claimed king ; but his piety, as historians relate, would not permit him to wear a diadem of gold in tlu- city where his Saviour had been crowned with thor.is ; he died in 1100. GODEFROI, Denys. a native of Paris, and author of Corpus Juris Civi!is,&c., died in 1022. GODEFROI, Theodore, counsellor of state, of France, died in 1042. His brother Jume.;, was law professor at Geneva, where he died in 1059. GODEFROI, Denys, son of Theodore, an au- thor ; tie died in Hj81. GODESCHALC, surnamed Fulgentiua, a monk, in Saxony, in the 9th century, known for liis controversy about predestination and grace; he died in 809. GODEVVyCK, Margarita, a female painter, of Don, much admired, died in 1077. GODFREY, of Viterbo, chaplain and secre- tary to king Conrad III., and the emperors Fre- deric and He'iry VI. He laboured 40 years in compiling a Chronicle from the Creation of the World to 1186. It is written in Latin prose and verse, and entitled " Pantheon." GODFREY, Sir Edmundbury, an able ma- vistvate, who exerted himself in the discovery of the popish plot, was found dead, pierced by his own sword, supposed to have been killed by the papists in 1078. GODFREY, Thomas, the inventor of Had- N;y's quadrant, died in Philadelphia, in 1749. GODFREY, Thomas, son of the preceding, a poet ; died at Wilmington, in 1763. GODIVA, the name of a beautiful lady, wife of Leofric earl of Mercia, in the reign of Edward the Confessor. Having an extraordinary affec- tion for Coventry, she solicited her husband to r(.'lease the inhabitants of that city from a grie- vous tax. To this he evasively consented, on condition that she would ride naked through^ the streets of Coventry; which she performed, riovering her body with her hair, and command- ing all persons to keep within doors and from tbe windows on pain of death. The pictures of Leofric and Godiva are in the window of Trinity Church ; and every year on the Fri- day after Trinity Sunday, there is a procession through the town, with a figure representing a naked woman on horseback. GODOLPIIIN, John, an eminent civiMan,of En^iand, born in 1617, died in 1078. He pub- lished several books which were held in much GODWIN, Earl, brother to Edward the Con- fessor, invaded England, in 1052. Being tried for the murder of prince .\lfrcd his brother, he was pardoned, but died at the king's table, while 214 GO ^ protu.itiii^ his innocence of the said murder ; sup|K>sed by the historian of those limes to have been choked with a piece of bread, as a judg- ment from heaven, having wished it might stick in his throat if he were guilty of the murder, which he certainly was. GODWIN, Thomas, an English prelate, who embraced the tenets of the protes:anis, but on the accession of Mary, was persecuted ; he was afterwards favoured by Elizabeth, who at length became displeased with him^ which hastened his death in 1590. GODWIN, Dr. Francis, an excellent maihe- matician, philosopher, and historian, born in 1501. In 1583, he wrote an entertaining piece, which came out about five years after his death, under tlie title of " The .Man in the Moon ; or a Discourse if a Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonsales," in 1038. T?ul his principal work is, " A Catalogue of the Bishops of England, since the first planting of the Christian Religion lin this Island; together with a brief History of their Lives and memorable .Actions, so neiU as can be gathered of Antiquity;" he died in 1633. GODWIN, Dr. Thomas, a learned English writer, and excellent schoolmaster, born in 1587, died in 1012. His chief work is, " Ronianir Historite .Anthologia," an English Exposition of the Roman .Antiquities, &c. GODWIN, Mary Wollstonecraft, aladyofvcry superior literary accomplishmenL';, who distin guished herself by many able productions, but chiefly by "A Vindication of the Rights of Women, with Strictures on Moral and Political Subjects." She also wrote well on female education and conduct, and her practical skill in education was even superior to her specula- tions on the subject. For soundness of under- standing, and sensibility of heart, she was, per- haps, never excelled; but there were certain pecuiiarities of system both in her writings and her conduct, against which every lover of reli- gion or morals must protest. She was born in 1708, and died in 1797. GOERCE, William, an eminent scholar, of Middlebury, author of Jewish Antiquities, &c., died in 1715. GOERING, Jacob, for many years minister of the German Lutheran church in New- York, died in 1807. GOERTZ, John baron of, a memorable Swede, who endeavoured to excite an insurrection in England in favour of the pretender ; ho was be- headed in 1719. GOES, Hugo Vander, a painter, of Bruges, flourished .ibout 1480. GOESIUS, William, a critic, of Leyden, au- thor of notes on Petronius, died in 1080. GOETZE, George Henry, a native of Leipsic ; he was superintendent of the churches of Lubec, and died in 1702. GOEZ, John A jgustus Ephraim, a native of .Asclierleben, eminent as a naturalist ; he died in 1786. GOEZ, Damian de, a Portuguese writer, and a great traveller, became acquainted with the learned men of Europe. GOFF, Thomas, born in Essex, 1.592, and died in 1027. He was a divine ; but wrote several pieces on different subjects, among which are four tragedies. GOFF, William, one of the judges of kin% Charles I., and major-ceneral under Cromwell, came to America in 1600; he hved in conceal- ' ment till his death, in 1079. if. GO GO and theological writer, hdrii 15ti7, died in l(i66. At the age of fiO, he published a larpe collection of " Kpigraiiis ;" and ^oIIle years after a trage- dy, callud " Daiiaides." GOMBERVILLE, Mariii he Roi, a French- man, niciuber of the academy, and author of Romances, Sec. ; hi- died in 1()74. (iOMERSAL, Robert, an English divine, po- et, and dramatic author, born ItiOO, died 1<>46. (JOM J7/. de Cividad Alvarez, a Latin poet, of Guadalaxara, died in 1558. GOMEZ, de Castro Alvare/., a learned Span- iard, author of the life of Cardinal Ximenca - he died in 1580. GOMEZ, Magdalene Angelica Poisson de, a French lady, who wrote some romances, tc, died in 1770. GONDEBAIJD, third king of Burgundy, be- came tributary to Clovis, king of the Franks; he illed in 510. GONDRiN, Iiewis Antony, a favourite of (-ouis XIV., who gratified that monarch by em- ploying l'.K)0 men to destroy a wood which was ollcnsive to him. GONDY, John Franci.« Paul, afterwards Car- dinal dc ReU, horn 1013, died 1679. This extraor- dinary man has dr::vvn his own character in his " Meniiiir«,"which are written with such an air ofgrandcur, impetuosity of geniuB, and inequali- ty, as give us a very strong representation of his conduct. He was a man who, from the greatest degree of di:bauchery, and still lan- guishing under its consequences, preached to the people, «nd made liinjsclf adored by them. Voltaire says, that " in his youth he lived like C^aialine, and like Atticns in his old age." Of his Memoirs, "several part?," says the same Voltaire, " are worthy of Sallust, but the whole Is not equal." They are supposed, however, to be written with impartiality ; the author having every where spoken with the same free- dom of his own infirmities and vices, as any oilier writer could have done. GONET, John Uaiitist, a Dominican friar, profr.s^or at Rourdeau.x, and author of a sys- tem of theology ; he died in 1091. GtTVGOR.V,' I,rwis dc, a Spanish poet, bom in li'i.V2, died in I()27. His works are all posthu mous, and consist of sonnets, elegies, a comedy, a tragedy, Sec. The Spaniards have a very high opinion of this poet, even so as to entitle Goldsmith, like SmoUet, Guthrie, and others, jlhim priiiei' of the poets of their own nation, who subsisted by their pens, is supposed some GONNELLI, John, a Tuscan sculptor and times to have sold his name to works in which painter, who lost his siglit at the age of 20; but he had Utile or no concern. |inodelled in clay; and by his exquisite sensa- GO[,ir^, James, a learned orientalist, l)ornl lion of feeling, wrought his statues to great per- at the Hague ; travelled into several counlrie.- ;l frction, and drew portrait.* with striking resem- he published several learned works, and died injlblnnce. He died at Rome in 1673. 1667. GONSALVA, or GOiNSALVO, Fernandez, GOLHJRjPetec, brother of the preceding, an duke of Terra Nuova, and called The Greal GOUAVA, Antonius Hennanius, a German physici. Ill, flourished about 1592. GOGUETjAntoiiy- Yves, a French writer, and author of a celebrated work, entitled, " L'Ori- giiie de Loix, des Arts, des Sciences, et de leur Progres ches les Anciens Peuples," born at Pa ris, in 1716, died 1758. GOLDAST, Melchior Haiminsfield, a learned civilian, of Switzerland, author of many valua- ble works, died in ItiUS. GOLDMAGEN, John Eustachius, of Magde burg, translated Herodotus, &.c. ; he died in 177-2 GOLDMAN, Nicholas, a native of Breslaw author of a treatise on military architecture. died in 1605. GOLDONI, Charles, a dramatic writer, born at Venice, in 1707, produced a number of come- dies, which were remarkably successful. He died in 1793. GOLDSMITH, Francis, a poet and translator, who lived in the reicn of Charles I. GOLDSMITH, Oliver, an eminent English hi."! toric, dramatic, and mifcellaneous writer, was born at KIphiii, in Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729. Quit- ting home to taste of foreign climes, he encoun- tered many dilficulties ; and having experienced all the vicissitudes to which a iJcniiyless wan- derer must neces-sarily be subject, arrived in England in 17.58. Shortly after, he betame an as- sistant at an academy at Peckham; then a writer In " The Munilily Review ;" and afterwards In " The Public Ledger," in which his " Citizen of the World" originally appeared, under the title of" Chinese Letters." Fortune .seemed now to take some notice of a man she had long neglect- ed The simplicity of his character, the integrity of his heart, and the merit if his productions, mad#his company acceptable to the better sort. He look handsome chambers in the temple, and lived in a genteel style. His "Traveller," hi.s "Vicar of Wakefield," his" Good-natured Man, a Comedy," raised him up, and ensured him suc- cess to any thing that should tbilow ; as " The Deserted Village," "She Stoops to Conquer," Sec. Notwithstanding the success of his works, by which he cleared vast sums, his circum- stances were by no means prosperous: and this has been imputed to two causes ; partly to tjie liberality of his disposition ; and partly to an un- fortunate habit of gaining, the arts of which he very little understood. He died April 4, 177-1.! excellent orientalist, assisted in the edition of the great Arabic Bible, printed at Rome, in 1671 ; he died in 1673 GOLTZIITS, Henry, a famous Dutch painter and engraver, born in 1558, died 161" GOLTZIUS, Hubert, a German writer on Ro- man antiquities, bom in 1.520. He was the au Ihor of several excellent works, in all which he applies medals to the clearing up of ancient his- torv. He died in 158.1. GOLYDDAN, a bard in the court of Cadwal- lader, in the beginning of the 8th century. QOM.AR, Francis, a native of Bruges, known for his strong defence of t^'alvin's principles against .\rrainius: he died in 1641. GOMBAULD. John Ogier de, a French poet Captain, a renowupd Spanish general under Ferdinand and Isabella, was born at Cordova in 1443, and died in 1515. GONTHIER, a Latin poet, author of a histo- rv of Constantinoplft, in 1203. GONTHIER, Leonard and John, Frenchmen and brothers, eminent in the art of painting or staining glass ; the time of their birth and death is uncertain. GO.\ZAG.\, Lucretia, an illustrious lady of the Kith century, as remarkable for wit, learn- ing, and style, as for high birth. She wrote such beautiful letters, that the utmost care was taken to preserve them ; and a collection of them was printed at Venice, in 1552. All that came from her pen was so much esteemed, ttia' 215 GO a collection was made even of the notes thai she wrote to her servants, several of which are to be met with in the edition of her letters. GONZAGA, Sciplo, a noble Italian, who wrote some poems, and left manuscript memoirs of himself: he died in 1593. GONZAGA, Vespasian, duks of Sabbtone ta, a city which be founded ; be died in 1501, much respected. GONZALEZ, Thyrsus, a Spaniard, general of the Jesuits, who died at Borne, in 1705. GOOCH, Sir William, a distinguished officer in the military service of Great-Britain, com niander of the Ibrces raised for the Spanish war, and afterwards a major-general, and governor cf the colony of Virginia, after Drysdale, in 17-!T. GOODALL, Walter, a Scotchman, known as a pliik)logist, and author of a vindication of Mary ; he died in 1758. GOODRICH, Elizur. D. D., minister of Dur- ham, Conn. ; was distinguished for his literary ajid scientific acquirements: he was well ver scd in the languages, and familiar with mathe- matical and philosophical investigation : he published several sermons, and died in 1797. GOODRICH, Chaiincey, son of the prece ding, was an eminent lawyer and statesman, of Hartford, Conn. He was a representative, and afterwards a senator in congress, a coun- sellor and lieutenant-governor of Connecticut, and mayor of the city of Hartford. For depth and solidity of judgment, great professional at- tainments, strict integrity, benevolence and pi- ety, he had few equals; and bis death, which happened in 1815, was lamented as a public ca- lamity. GOODWIN, Thomas, a puritanical divine, one of the members of the assemblyof divines at Westminster, and author of theological works; he died in 1679. GOODWIN, John, a most acute and subtle controversialist of the 17th century. He wrote a vindication of the death of Charles I., which at the Restoration was burnt by the common hangman. He was e.wepted out of the act of indemnity, and died soon after. His works are numerous, but mostly in support of Arminian doctrines. GOOKIN, Daniel, author of the historical collections of the Indians in New-England, and major-general of Massachusetts : died in 1087 GOOKIN, Nathaniel, minister of Hampton, N. H. ; much respected for bis faithfulness ; he died in 1734. GOOL, John, Van, a Dutch painter, born at the Hague, in 1G85. GOKDIAN I., emperor of Rome, invested with the purple in Africa, much against his will, in 237, in the reign of Maximinus, and soon after killed by a general of that monarch. GORDON, Robert, of Stralogh, author of " Thcatruin Scotia'," an excellent work, con- taining a description of the whole country of Scotland, with maps of every county. He died about the middle of the 17tli century. GORDON, Thomas, a native of Scotland, greatly distinguished by his writings on political and religious subjects. He was concerned with Mr. Trcnchard in the composition of " Cato's Letters," and "The Independent Whig;" and published English translations of Sallust and Tacitus, with additional discourses to each au- thor. He died in 1750. GORDON, James, a Jesuit, who taught phi- losoptiy and languages at Paris and Bourdeaux, 216 GO died in 1630. Another of that name, was au tlior of a commentary on the Bible. GORDON, Alexander, a learned Scotchman, an excellent draftsman and antiquary, and secretary to the Antiquarian Society, in 1740. He published a Journey through most parts of the counties of Scotland, with 66 copper-plates ; ' The Lives of Pope Alexander VI and his son Ca'sar Borgia;" "A Complete History of the Ancient Amphitheatres," &.C.&C. GORDON, Hon. George, commonly called Lord George Gordon, a man whose restless pirit has furnished too many materials for fu- ture history, to pass unmentioned in this collec- tion. He was son of Cosmo-George, duke of Gordon, and born in 1750. At an early period of life he entered into the royal navy, which he quitted during the American war, in conse- quence of an altercation with the earl of Sand- wich, relative to promotion. He afterwards re- presented the borough of Ludgcrshall in parlia- ment during several sessions; and, as he ani- madverted with great freedom, and often with great wit, on the proceedings of both sides of the House, it was usual at that period to say, that " there were three parties in parliament, the ministry, tlie opposition, and Lord George Gordon;" at length, however, taking a very vio- lent part in the House against a " Bill for the Relief of Papists from certain Penalties and Dis- abilities," lie beaded a popular association to oppose the measure ; which transaction gave rise to, though it certainly did not authorize, the dreadful riots by which the kingdom, and particularly the metropolis, was for some days devastated in 1780. For this Lord George wa% tried on a charge of high treason ; but acquit- ted, on the ground that his intentions in afpem- bling the people were not malicious and traitor- ous. May 4, 1786, he was excommunicated by the archbishop of Canterbury, for contempt, in not appearing in court as witness in a cause. Jan. 28, 1788, having received sentence on two convictions, for libelling the French ambassa- dor and qiu^en, and the criminal justice of Great Britain, he retired to Holland, but was sent back under a guard, and committed to New gate. In July, 1789, he presented a petition to the national assembly of France, for its inter ference in his behalf; but Lord Grenville in- formed the French ambassador that the applica- tion in his favour could not be admitted, and the ambassador acquainted him with it. He died in Newgate, in 1793 ; and his last moments were embittered by the knowledge that he couh^ not be buried among the Jews, whose religio he had embraced, during his imprisonment, ano to which he was warmly attached. GORDON, Andrew, a native of Aberdeen, professor and author ; he died in 1751. GORDON, Sir Adam, an Englisli divine, rector of Hinckworth, and prebendary at Bristol, au- thor of sermons and other works, died in 1817. GORDON, Patrick, succeeded Sir William Keith, as governor of Pennsylvania, in 1726. His administration was prudent, judicious, and advaiitaeeous to the colonists ; be died in 1736. GORDON, William, D. D., minister of Rox- bury, Jfass., and author of a history of the Re- volution of the United States, &c. ; be died in 1807. GORE, Thomas, a native of Alderton, and author of some Latin poems, died in 1684. GORELLI, an Italian poet, who wrote, after the manner of Dante, a history of his country from 1010 to 1384. GO G0RGIA3, Leontinus, a pliilosoplier, of Sici ly, of great eminence, 417 B. C. GORIIAM, Nathaniel, a member of concress 111 1784, and president of that body ; afterwards a dcieirate from Massachusetts to the conveiitinn whicii formed the constitution of the l^utci States ; he died in 1796. # ^^ GORIUS, or GORKI, Antonias Francisrus, a hislorliiii, critic, and antiquarian, oi" Florence, and author of »omft valuahle works, died in 1757, GORL.'FilJS. Abraham, an antiquarian, of Aniwi-rp ; died in 1(>U9. GORL.EITS, David, a native of Utrecht, in the 17th c.-ntury ; he wrote on philosophy, and advanced some new o))inions. UOROPILTS, John, a physician, of Brahant, who settled at Antwerp, and maintairied that Pk-mish was the language of Adam ; he died in loV'2. GORRA.V, Nicholas dc, an eloquent preach er. and confessor to 'Philip the Fair; be died in liyj. GORRF.US, a protcstant physician at Paris, who published a traaslation of Nicander, and di.id in 15T2. GouriCR, John, became medical lecturer and nubile physician al Harderwyck ; he wrote various works, and died in 17t>2. Ci tRTON, Samuel, the first settler of War- wick, Rhode Island, was persecuted for his re- ligious opinions in Massachusetts, and for a timr Iniprisiined : he died after the year 1676. tiO.sSiOM). Bartholomew, an Englishman, who first discovered and gave name to Cape Cod. in IfiO'J : he died in Virginia, in 1607. GOSSKMNI, Julian, a writer, born at Rome; he was ap|)ointed secretary to Ferdinand Gon- zasa, viceroy of Sicily, and died in 1587. GOS3F.MN, Antony, regius professor of his- tory and eloquence at Caen, and principal of (he colle^i- du Rois, published a " History of the .\ncient (Jreeks, in Latin, 1636." OOSS2. GOTTrSCHALO, vid. Godeschalc. GOTTI. Vincent Lewis, an Itali.in, made cardinal bv Benedict Xlll. ; he died in 1742. i: e 1 GO GOT TIGNIES, Giles Francis, professor of matheniatirs at Rome, and author of several niatliematual works ; he died in 1685. (iOTTLKBKR, John Christopher, an excel- lenl German critic ; he died in 1786. GOT'l'SCHED, John Christopher, a German poet of Koningsberg, who was the means of banishing buffoonery from the stage; he died in 1762. GOUDELIN, or GOITDOFLI, Peter, a poet of Gascony, so celebrated tha; he is called the Homer of Gascony ; he died in 1649. GOUDIMEL, Claudius, an excelle-it nmsi- cian ; he was put to death for setting the psalms of Maroi and Bcza to niusic. GOrniN'OT, John a native of Rheims, zeal- ously attached to the tenets of the Janseiiist* , he dinic ilic Hcciiaer olM. Silvaiius. (iliit.ME, John, a Scotch poet and miscel- laneoub writer of considerable merit, born in 1748, died 17;2. GRi^^VlUS, John George, a celebrated critic. SceGREVlUS. GRAFFIO, a Jesuit of Capua, in the 16lh cen- tury, author of two volumeii on moral subjects. GRAFIG.NY, Frances, a French iu)Vt;lisi and Idiamatic writer, born in 1694, died 1*58. GRAFTON, Richard, an English printer, in the Kith century. He compiled thegrealfr part of" Hall's Chronicle ;" and, in 1562, pubuslied "An Abridgment of the Chronicles of England." His large Chronicle appeared in IStJit. Gralloi was a great promoter of the reformation, b> printing Bibles. He was living in 1572. GRAFTON, Augustus Hen.y Fitzroy, duke of, was educated at Cambridge university, of which he was afterwards chancellor, and suc- eeded to the family honours, in 1757. He was made secretary of state, and afterwards first lord of the treasury, which office he held till 1770. From 1771 until 1775, he was lord privy seal, iiid, after that time, was an opponent of the mi- nistry till his death, in 1811. The celebrated let- ters of Junius, were many of them addressed to him, with a severity which must have been dic- laltKl by private hatred. GRAHAM, George, clock and watch maker, wan boin at Gratwick, a village in the north of Cumberland, in 1675 ; and, in 1088, went to Lon- don. He was not put apprentice to Tompion, as is generally said; but, :it,or ho had beensome- imie will) another master.Tompion received him into his family purely for his merit, and treated him with a kind of parental affection till Ilia death. That Graham was, without competition, the most eminent of his jirolession, is but a amall part of his th aracter ; he was the best iiie- ciianic of his timv, and had a complete know- lodge of practical astronomy ; so that he not only gave to various movements for the mensuration of time, a degree of perfection which had never before been attained, but invented several astro noinical instruments, by which considerable ad- vances have been made in that science ; h •■•"te great improvements in those whio,"!, hii been in use ; and, by a wonderf* , jnan terity, constructed them wli' eater pi.i. and accuracytl aianyol' jn intheworlu. He was many years a in if the royal so- ciety, to which he comraui. ed several iugeni- oiis and important discoveries, and died in 1751. GRAHAM, Catherine Macauley, a celebrated English historian. She began her literary career Willi the " History of England, from James I. to the Bninswirk line." Her other works were a " History of England from the Revolution tothe present time, in a series of Letters to a Friend;" "A Treatise on the Immutability of ftloral Truth ;" " An Address to the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland, on the present important Crisis of Affairs;" "Letters on Education," &c. She died in 1791. GRAHAM, James, a Scotch poet, and a cler gynian of the church of England ; lie died in uly life, in 1811. GRAHAM, Isabella, a native of Scotland, who 1i^: «^ aiiie, in 17(jy, to New-VorU, where slie esta- ■'lislieil a seminary for young ladies, which was etteiisively iiseful. She was a rare example ol' Tiiety and active buuevoloiicc. She died in I8I4. GRAIN, John Baptiste le, a French historian, born in 15C5, died in lti43. CJllAINDOKGE, Andrew, a physician and phi- losopher of the Epicurean soot ; he died in 167(5. GKAIiS'GER, Ur. James, a pliysicianand poet, born at Unnse, in Scotland, ahout 17:23, died a! St. Christopher's, in the West Indies, 17G7. He was author of several medical tractfj, wrote an excellent poem on (he " Sui!ar Cane," and ano- ther on " t<()lliude," and published a pood trans- lation of " Tibnllus." GR.VMAYE, Julm Baptist, provost of Arn- heim ; he wrote a history of Africa, and died in ll>:}5. GRAM.MOND, Gabriel, lord of, president of the parliament of Tmilouse, and author of the history of Lewis XIII. ; he died in J6.">4. GR AMONT. There were three Krcnch no hies of this name, who dlslin<;iiislied thcinselve! by " Memoirs of the reiens of Lewis XIII. and XIV.," and died at the laitcr end of the 17th, or hejiinninK of the I8th century GR.VNUY, Marquis of, a celebrated English general, li')rn in 17i0, died in 1770, G R A N COL.\S, Joh n, doctor of tlio Sorbonne, and author of some works ; he died in 17:i2 GR.\ND, Antony le, a Cartesian philosopher, of the I7th century, author of some historical treatises GRAND, Joachim le, a French political writer, much esteemed at the court of Lewis XIV. ; he died in 1733. GR.'\ND, Mark Antony le, a French actor, whose comedies wej'e received with applause ; tic died in 1728. GRAND, Lewis, a doctor of the Sorbonne, aorn at Luzigni, in Autun; he wrote some va- fuable theiilotjical works, and died in 17(-0. GR.\NI), Peter le, a captain of a Dieppe pri- vateer, famous for his courage. GRANDET, Joseph, a French priest, of An- gers, of great amiahiencss ; he wrote several volumes of biography, and died in 1724. GR AN'DI, Francis Lewis, a native of Cremo- na, professor of philosophy at Florence, Sec. , he wrote various mathematical works, and died in 1742. ••■^•1 ^\DIER,nrban, curate and canon of Lou- • 'f ra ■". famous as a martyr lo the super- " beln ■•'inagic; beiiis burnt alive ou a ^.irtrge of hav'V ■'■bewitched several Ursuline nuns of Lo'jd^' ' ^'as born 'tt Bouverc, near Bable. and suC, ' V 1634. GR.\NI>!N, iV ilH, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and author of a system of theology, died in 1091. GR .\\DII7S,Guido. a mathematician, of Cre- mona, translated Euclid into Italian, and died in 1742. GRAVDUET, Charles, a French actor, who! plavd with success. GKANET, Francis, a French writer, hi^rhly spoken of by .Xhbede Fontaine; he died in 1741. GRANGE, Joseph de Chancel, a French wri- ter, who was imprisoned and exiled r':r writing! against Philip, duke of Orleans; he died in 1758.1 GR.VNGG, Nicolas, an able writer, who trans- lated Lucretius, Seneca, &c. ; he died in 177;';.' GRANGER, James, a learned and ingeniousj Knslish divine, author of a very valuahin work' in 4 vols., 4(0, iir lor the tillf of " A Hiosraphi (»' Ilistiirv of England." When vicar of .Ship- l!a!l his powe GR ilako, in Oxford.-ihire, he was .sri/.cd with a .-liil ,den lit while administering tlie sarrnmeiir ai lUr. omnuinion-iable, by the bursting of a ves-sel in lis b.ain, in 177(i, and died the next luorninii. This death was similar to that of the cardinal de Berulle. GRANGER, Gideon, a native of Connecticut; he graduated at Vale college in 1787, and wits soon alter admitted to the bar of his nativa st.ite, where he practised law with considerable reputation, lie was appointed postmaster-ge- neral of the Uniteevonshire in 1667, died in 1735. Having vainly endea- voured to get employment in arms, fur the defence of James II., to whose cause he vva» warmly attached, lie passed the course of king William's reign in private life, enjoying the company of his muse, wliich he employed in (■elcbraiin!£ the reigning beauties of that age , as Waller, whom he strove to imitate, had done those of the preceding. We have also several dramatic pieces of his, whicli were all well re- ceived. GRAP.MjDI'S, Francis Marius, a native of Parma, so distinguished as an ambassador to the pope, that Julius II., crowned him with his own hand. GRAS, Anthony le, an ecclesia-stic of Paris who translated C. Nepos ; he died in 17(il. GR.AS, James le, an advocate of Rouen, who translated Hesiod into French verse, in the 17lh centurv GR.\SWINCKEL, Theodore, a native of Delft, eminent as a lawyer, and a man of Inters; he vindicaied the Venetians against the duke of Savoy, and died in KXiC. GR,\T \ROI>US, William, a learned physi- cian, of Basil, wrote many books, and died in 15()2. GR.\TIAN. one of the most virtuous of the Roman emperors, son of Valentinian, born in 359, was assassinated by rebels in 383 GR.ATIAN, a priv.ite soldier, raised to the throne of Britain, in 407 : he reigned 4 months. GRATIAN, a monk of Tuscany, in the IQth centuiT ; he was employe*! 24 years In recon- iliiig the contradictory canons one to another. GRATfANI, Jerome, an Italian of the 17ih century ; he wrote. Conquest of Grenada, &c. GR.\TIUS, Faliscus, an eminent Latin poet, supposed to have been coteiviiorary with Ovid. Wc have tJic fragment ol a poem of his on hunting, called " Cyneeetifon." GRATIf JS, Ortninus, a learned German, who wrote several works; he died in 1542. GRATTAN, Right Hon. Henr>', a statesman, and an orator, born in Dublin, alionf 1750. He was bred to the bar, but relinquished tliat pro- fession for the senate. He was elected into the Irish parliament in 1775, and by his powerful eloquence obtained for his country a participa- tion in the commerce of Brit.Tin : for which he was rewarded with a vote of 50.000/. lie was the active and vigilant leader of the opjinsjiini., till the Cnion, which measure he resisted wuli In (hb Brillsb parliaUKiit 219 GR thicfly exerted bU talents in advocating the Catholic claims, to which cause he fell a mar- tyr, by leaving Ireland In an exhausted Ktatc of hcalih, to carry to F^gland the petition willi wiiich he had been inirui^ted. lie died soon after his arrival, May 14, 1820, and was buried in WestminKter Abbey. GRAU>T, John, a well known author of "Observations on the Bills of Mortality," born in London, in 1620, died in 1674. GKAb'NT, I'Jward, a learned man, head of We.stminster school, died in 1601. GRAVELOT, Henry Francis Uourguignon, a very famous engraver, born at i'aris, iji 16UU, rtied in 1773. GRAVKKOL, Francis a French advocate, he wrote ?orlieriana, and died in 1094. GRAVES, Thomas Lord, a gallant British ad- miral, born at Tlianckes, ill Cornwall, died in I.S02. GR.WES, Richard, 52 years rector of Cla- vcrton, near Bath, was born at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1715 ; at the age of 16 he was chosen a scholar of Pembroke College, O.iford ; and in 1736 elected a fellow of All Souls. lie was presented to the living of Cla verioii, in 1750 ; and from that time to his death III 1804, never absented himself a .single inonili at any one lime : thus setting an example worthy the approbation and unitation of all clergynien Mr. Graves was the intimate friend and corres- pondent of Shenstone, as well asof many other literary characters, and was author of an inge- nious satirical novel, called " The Spiritual Uuixotte ;" besides a dramatic piece, essays, and many poems, translations, and sermons on vari- ous suujects. He always enjoyed good health, and but a few months before his death, when nearly 90 yr'ars of age, published " The Invalid, with the obvious Means of enjoying Life, by a Nonagenarian." There is an ease, and sprighi- liiicss, and an epigrammatic turn in his writ- ings, which was peculiar to himself, and will make tlieni he always read with pleasure. GRAVESAjNHB', William James, a cele hrated mathematician and moral pliilo.?opher, tiorn in 1088, at Cois-!e-Duc, in Holland, died i:. 1712. (;RAVINA, Peter, an Italian poet, whopub- lirihed a4io vol. of poems much admired. GRAVINA, John Vincent, an eminent dra- m'ltic poet, critic, antiquary, and lawyer, of Italy, born at Roggiano, in 1664, died in 1718. 'i'{;e greatest of all his works, and for which he will be ever memorable, is his three books, " De <.)rai et Progressu Juris Civilis." GU A Y , Thomas, eminent for a few poems that uf ha.>( Icff was born in London, in 1716, and dieii in 1771 He was perhaps the most learned iTian iu Eumpe, etjuaily acquainted with ttie e.egant and the profound parts of science. A ■i< >v arrangement of his poems, with notes and amiiiion:), was made and printed in 3vo., in 17911. (JR.^YSON, V\'illiam, a senator of the Uniie.l .-'.aes. from Virginia; of great abilities and ii.'iiiiipeacliable integrity ; he died in 1790. GRAZZl.N'l, Antony Fran.'^s.suniamed Lasca, roMcideied nearly oft qual merit as a writer with i!*, but it is Hot recorded in whai year he ilied. II living, linwi'vcr, ii: KiPI. GR GRE.^VES, John, an eminent mathematiciar and antiipiary, born at Coluiore. Hants, in lliU2, published several learned woikii, and died in 1652. GRECOURT, John Baptist Joseph Villartde, a French poei, who became a favourite ol men of wit and rank , he died in 1743. j^ GKEK.\, Robert, a ilraniutic author in qoRn Eli/.abeiirs reign, born in ITmO. He wa? a man of great wit and humour, but in the life thai Iu led prostitiiled great talents to the pur|K'ses of vice and obscenity ; and upon the whoie, both in theory and practice, seems to have been a most peri'ect libertine. His works of diliereni kinds are very nnmerous ; many of tlivin are pastoral romances in prose and verwi. His dia- matic pieces, amounting to lour or live, may be seen in the " Biographia Diamalica ;" he died in 1532. One of his biogiaphers says of him tliat his works contain the seedsof virtue, while his acts display the tares oi' folly. GREEN, Matthew, an inceniousEnglislj poet, born in 1606, of a good lainily among the dis- senters; held an office in the cusK.iii- house of London, and died in 1737. His poems were first collected and published in 12mo, in 17%. The most celelii ated oftliem is entiiltd ■' The S(ilcen," in which (says Mr. Mflmoutli) " there are moi-e original thoughts thrown together, than 1 have iver read in the same compass of lines. GREEN, Dr. Maurice, an eminent mnncian and composer, who was successively oiganift and comiioser to the Koyal Chapel, prolc.«soi of music in the univer.sity of Caniiiridge, and master of the royal band. About 1750, he con- ved a project of reforming church-music, and had made a con.-iiderable progress in tin- work; but, hishealili failing him, he tiansmitt(r. Green was bom in London, and died in 1755 GKEEN, John Richard, hee GIFFOIU), John. GREEN, John, bishop of Lincoln, and an eminent controversial and miscrllaneous writer, born at Hull, about 1798, died in 1779. GREF.N, Samuel, the first printer in North America, who printed first the freeman's oath then an almanac; he died after lt.85. GREEN, Edward Burnaby. a gentlemar; well known in the regions of Parnassus, By " Trans- lations of Anacreon and Piiida., and many single iioems and essays ; he died in 17?8. GREENE, William, deputy governor and go- vernor of the colony of Rhode-Island, died in 1758. GKEENE, William, chief justice and aller- vv;ir«ls coveinor of the slate of Rhi>de-Islaiiii, died in 1H09 GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general in the army of the I'nited Stales, dnrinfr the revolu- tion j distinguished himself in the battiesofl'ren ton and Princeton, and afterwards, in that of Germantown, where he commanded the left, and of Monmouth, w here he commanded the rijiht wing of the army. He w«s appointed qnarler master general, in 1778, and in 1780 to the command of the southern army, witli which he gained the victory at the Eufaw Springs. His bravery, skill, and services, were such us to merit the express apprubation of congress, and of his connlrv ; he died in Georgia, i!i 1786. (tREF.NHILIj, John, a very ingenions En glish painter, the most excellent of all the disci pies of Hir Peter Lely, Who is said to have con- sidered him so inm.li a rival, that In never I GR GR •utfered him to see liiiu paint; he was bom uticoiiimendc'd by Dr. llailey as very proper lor Salisbury, and died in ItiTtj. praciiit;. GREENUP, Cliristopher, a soidior of ihp re-l| GKKGORV, Uavid, a disliiicuislied iiiathe- volutioi), and a representative in rongrtst;, iVonil niaiiciaii, wlio lirsimtroducfi! Nc-wion'.'^ I'rinci- Keninoky, was governor of that sia;c, in 1^0-t lie died in 1(^18. GUKK^VILLE, Sir Richard, ciandlallier, of the well known Sir Bevil Grcenvifie, cnin- inandeda fleet in America, in ioSj, a^iainst the (Spaniard!!, but was taken, and died of his wouiuls. GKEENVILLE, Sir Bevil, distinguished in the civil wars for det'twiding his sovcrei;;n ; he fell at the battle of Lansdawne, in lli43. GIIKKNVVOOD, Isaac, professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy, in Harvard col- lege, from 172« to 1738. GREGORirS, GeorgiusFloreiilinus, a learn- ed bishop of Tours, in the tlih century ; he was an able writer, but censured by Ginbon ; he died aboiii 5((5. - GREGORY, George, D. D., an Englich divine, and miscellaneous writer, was settled in Lon- don, where he supported and defended the iiii- nislry by his writings ; he di"?«l in l'*08. GKi:t;ORY, St., surnanied the (ircat, a mild and benevolent pontiff, died in ti04. GREGORY II., an enlightened and virtiiou poniiir, di- d in 731. GREGORY III., a charitable, hut mai^nificenl pontilf, who added splendour to the holy sec he died in 1741. GREGORY IV., who visite wliich he is beit known |are, " A Comparative View of the stale of M.in jaiid oilier .Animals;" " A Father's Legacy lo his 1 laughters; and " An Essay on the Oihcderic, an eminent ci vilian, historian, and critic, born at Hamburgh, in 1013, died in 1072. GRONOVirs, James, son of the preceding, and a writer tm the belles lettres, born at Oe venter, in Ui>.3, and died in 1716. His chef d'tEuvre is, " Thesaurus Antiquitatuin Graca rum," 13 vols, tbiio. GROPPER, Joliii, an able polemic, of West phalia, who had a great abhorrence of women he died in I.5.W. GROS, Peter, .in able sculptor, who cmbel- li.slied the capital of France witli his art ; he died in 1710. GROS, iNicholas, a theologian, of Rheims, whose opposition to the bull unicenilus obliged him to flee from France to England ; he was au thor of several works, and died in 1751. GROSE, Francis, F.B. A., who, after having illustrated the " Antiquities of England, Wal and Scotland," in a series of views of monastic and ntlier ruins, was on the point of completing his design by those of " Ireland," where In; had been employed about a month before his death, whicli happened in 1701, in the ."jSd yearof his age. He published also " A Treatise on ancient yVrtnoiir and Weapons;" "A Classical Dic- tionary of the Vulgar Tongue ;" " A provincial Glossary, with a Collection of local Proverbs and popular Superstitions;" and "Rules for GR drawing Caricatures; the t-ubject illusiraied with four Copperplates ; with au Essay on Co- mic Painting." GROSLEY, Peter John, a Frenchman, mem- ber of the academy of belles letters, &c., and author of several works; he died in 1765. GROSSETESTE, Robert, an English prelatR who wrote commentaries on Aristotle, &.C. Dr. Pegge wrote hi.* life ; he died in 1'2!>3. GROSTESTE, Claude, a minister of Savoy, who went to London on the revocallim of the edict of .\antcs ; he wrote several works, and died in 1713. GROSVEN'OR, Benjamin, a native of Lon- don, and minister of a dissenting congregation there ; he wrote an Essay on Health, &c., and died in 1758. GROTIUS, Hugo, or Hugo de Groot, born at Delft, in 1.5815, died in 1645. He was eminent as a lawyer, philosopher, mathematician, historian, political and |)oetical writer ; but his chief works are "Treatise of the Truth of the Christian Religion;" and, which, singly, is sufficient to render his name immortal, his " Treatise of the Rights of War and Peace," " De Jure Belli el Paris " GROTIUS, William, brother of Hugo, wasa distinguished lawyer and a writer on law ; he died in 1662. GROVE, Henry, a learned divine among the English dissenters, Iwrn nt Taunton, in 1683,died in 1738, leaving some very excellent theological treatises. GROVE. Joseph, an English historical and critical writer, died in 17t34. His best work is a " Life of cardinal W'olsey." GRUBER, Gabriel, a very distinguished Je- suit, born at Vienna, who at an early age made great proticienry in the arts and sciences. He practised and taught successively, rhetoric, his- tory, niathematirs. hydraulirs, chymistry, archi- tecture, and medicine, in which lie obtained the degree of doctor. His recreations were physi- cal and chymical cxperiiiients, drawing and painting. On the suppression of the society of jfsnits, the empress Maria Theresa took him into her service, and intrusted to him the su- perintendence of shi|i-building at Trieste, as well as the draining of the Sclavonian and Hun- garian morasses. As soon as he learned that the society continued to exist in the Russian em- pire under thi' protectiim of the government, he joined the society at Polocz, where he applied himself to his tavourile studies for several years. Being sent to St. Petersburgh several times on the business of the society, he gained the esteem of their imperial majes;ies. In 1802 he was elected general of the society, andshowed much tranquillity and perseverance in very arduous and trying circumstances. By his exertions, the order increased in Russia, and was restored in the kingdom of Naples. His amiable and phi- lanthropic behaviour, and the variety and ex- tent of his knowledge, procured him many friends, as well as the confidence and goodwill of men of the highest rank. With thoee abili- ties and information which form a great mind, he united the piety and virtue of a true member of a religious order. He died in 1805. GRUCIHUS, Nicolas, of Rouen, was the first who explained Aristotle in Greek ; he died in 1572. GRUDIUS, Nicolas Everard, treasurer of Brabant ; he wrote sacred and profane history in Latin, and died in ],'>71. GRUE, Thomas, a Frenchman, in the latter 223 GU part of the )7tli cfiitury, wlio traii-lated Koisn' Jllstory of all Reli(;ons into Fr< ncli, &.c. GRUET, N., a yuuiif; [loel (if promising abili- ties ; tie was killed by the dischargi of a fowling piece, in 1778. GRUGET, Claude, a Parisian, of Uic 16th century, who translated Spanish and Italian works into French. GRUNER, John Frederic, an able theologian and scholar, of Cobourg, and aullinr of several works on language ; hi- died in 177t<. GRUTERUy, Janus, a celebratod pliilolnger, antiquary and historian, born al Antwerp, in J560, died in 1627. GRIJTERI'S, Peter, a practitioner of physic, in Flanders, who published " A Centuiy ol' J..atin Letters," &c. ; he died in 1634. GRYLLUS, son of Xenophon, slew Epami- liondas, and fell himself at the battle of Ma tinea. 3t;3 B. C. GRYNAH'S, Simon, a learned German, Greek professor at Vienna, and afterwards at lleidel- berg, became a proti^tant, for which hcsullercil much ; he died in \!>41. GVLYN/EVS, John James, a native of Perne, and uiinisler and professor at Babil ; he died in 1617. GUYNJEVS, Thomas, was professor of Greek and Latin, at Berne and Basil ; lie left four »ons, all eminent in literature. GRYPHIARDER, John, professor of history and poetry, at Jena, died in 1612. GRYP'HIUS, Sebastian, a very celebrated printer, of Lyons, in France, born in Germany, in 1493. The books printed by him are highl) valued by the connoisseurs, being no less accu- rate than beautiful ; he died in 1556. GEYPHIUS, Andrew, the Coineille of Ger- many, died in 1664. GRYPIllUS, Christian, son of Andrew, was professor of eloquence al Breslaw ; he w as a man of extensive erudition, &c., and died in 1706. GUA DE MALVES, John Paul de, a French ecclesiislic, who tirst conceived the idea of an fiicyclopc'lia, which was executed by d'Alem- bert ; he died in 1786. GU A D AGNOLO, Philip, a learned orientalist, hotn at "Magliano, and author of several works lie died in 1656. GUAGUIN, Alexander, an author, who wrote some topographiciil works ; lie died at Cracow, after 1581. GUALCERT, St. John, a Florentine, who founded a monxstery at Vallombrosa, which spot is immorialixed by Milton ; he died in 1073 GUALDUS, Prioratus, an Italian, historio- grapher to the emperor ; he wrote the hisioiies of Ferdinard II. and III., &c., and died in 1678 GUALTERUS, Rodolphus, author of Coni- meiilarii-s on the Bible, &c., died in 1586. (JtJARIN, Peter, an execlleiit Hebrew scholar, of Rouen : he died in 1729. GUARINI, an eniinentKCholar,of a noble Ve- ronese family, professor of languages at Ferrara, and author of some works; lie died in 1460. GUARINI, John Baptist, a celebrated Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1537, died in 1612. The '- Pastor Fido" has immortalized the name of tluarini. GUARINI, Guarino, a well known arcliitect, s\ lio embellished Turin and Paris ; he died in l'W3. (;UASro, Octavian, a native of Turin, who •iistingiiislied himself by his writings ; he died ii; 1783. 224 GU GI.AY TRiM IN, Uenedu, afami aadmiral. t^ce DU-GRAY. <;l"AZ7.I, Stephen, an Italian, author of some poems, dialogues, &.C., much esteemed ; he died in 1565. GL'AZZI, Mark, of Padua, eminent in arras and literature; he wrote a History of Charles rVIII., and died in 1556. } GUUIN DE LA BRENELLERIE Paul Philip 8 French writer, author of tragedies, essays on various subjects, tc, died in 1812. GlPirs, Marquard, an able critic, of IIol- stein, who owed his elevation, being counsellor Ito the duke of Hoistein, to tlie friends of his 'pupil Schas, who left him bis property ; he died in Hi!-'9. Gl'DIUS, Gottlob Frederic, a Lutheran niinia- ter, author of some valuable works. GUEDRIER UE ST AUSTIN, Henry Mi- chael, a doctor of the Sorbonne, disthiguished a8 a casuist ; he died in 1742. GUER.'\RD, Robert, of Rouen, who wrote an abridgment of the Bible in questions and an- swers, &c. ; he died in 1715. GUERART, Benjamin, governor of the stale of Soutli Carolina, died at Charleston, in 1789. GUKRCHEVILLE, Antoinette de Pons, mar- chioness of, a French lady, who, when Henry IV. meditated ;ui attack on her virtue, replied that she was not noble enough to be his wile, but too noble to be his mistress. C-t'ERCHI, Claude Lewis de Regnier, count de, .1 French general, whodistinguislied himself in the wars of Italy and Flanders; he died in 1768. GUERCINO, (so called from a cast that he had in one of his eyes, for his true name was Francesco Barbieri da Cento,) a celebratea Italian painter, born near Bologna, in 1590, died in ]tw>6. GUERKT, Gabriel, eminent as an advocate at the bar, and as an author; liediedatParis,inl688. GUERK'K, dino, a Prussian, and the most rekbrated niaiheniatician of his time, born in lti02, died in 1686. He was inventor of the air- pump, and wrote largely on natural philosophy. GL'ERIN, Francis, professor of the college of Beauvais, translated Tacitus and Livy into French. GUERINIERE, Francis Robichon, author of " I'Ecole de Cavalerie," &;c. : he died in 1751. GUERRE, Martin, a Frenchman, whose wife, in his absence, received another man, as her husband ; but he returning, the impostor was hanged, in I65U. Gl^ESCLIN, Bertrand du, constable of France, a renowned gennral, who checked the victorious piogrees of Edward III., of England, after king John of France was taken prisoner ; he was born in Brittanv. in 1311, died in 1380. GUETTARD, John !3teplieii, a French physi- cian and botanist, whose application was the cause of his death, in 1786 ; lie wrote on plants. GUEULETTK,Thomas Simon, a French ad- vocate, author of some novels and comedies; be died in 1766. GUEV.ARA, Antony de a Spanish writer, whose life of M. A. Antonius lias been translat- ed into all the languages of Europe ; he died in 1544. GUKV.ARA, Lewis Veicz de, a Spanish poet, and author of several humorous comedies, born al Andalusia, and died in lti4(!. GUGLIELMINf, Dominic, a mathematician, patronised by IjCWia XIV., and author of st- veral valuable works, Jie died in 1710 GU GUIHEkT, author of Gesta Dei per Francos ; tin died in IVH. GUiBKlir.JainesAntlionyHippolite, a French writer nil military iillairs, born atMuiitauban, in 1743. lie acquired the ratili of colonel, and the cross of St. Kouis, by his active services in the i'rt'iicli army, and published, in 1770, his cele- briiied work, " EsMi general rte Tactiquc;" a work wliicli, though known and admired over all Europe, drew upon its author the envy too often attendant on merit, which embittered a great part of liis days, lie was also a dramatic writer, and produced three tragedies, " The Con- stable of Bourbon," " The Gracchi," and " An- na Bullen :" neither of which, however, was published ; he was admitted a member of the French academy ; and died of an almost broken heart, in 170U; cxclaiminL' on his death-bed, al- luding to his enemies, "They will one time know me, and do me jiisiice." GUICCIARUIM, Francisco, a celebrated his- torian, of Italy, was born at Florence, in 1482, smd died in 1540. GUICCIAIUJINI, Lewis, nephew of the pre- ceding, and a historiciil writer of the most a\y- proved lidelity. His principal work is a " Hi.s- tory of the Low Countries, and of the AfTair.i of Kurope," from 1530 to loliO. He was born at Flo- rence, in 15'2:i, and died in 1583. GUICHARU, Claude de, historiographer to the duke of Savoy, and author of" The Func lis of Uie Ancionls;" he died in 1607. GUICHBRON, Samuel, a FrencJi advocate and historian ; he wrote " History of the House of Savoy," and died in 16(>4. GUIDI, .Mexaiider, an eminent Italian poet, burn at I'avia, in IG.'iO, died in 1712. GU(DO,R(!ni,an Italian painter, born at Bolog- na, in 1575, died in ir>49. The heads of this pain- ter have been considered as not at all inferior to Raphael's. GUIDO,Cagnacci, ahittorical painter, of Bo- logna, of great merit, died in 1()80. GCIDOTTI, Paul, a painter and anatomist, who, in attempting to fly, fell and broke his limbs ; he died in l(i29. GU1GN.\RD, John, a Jesuit, who was execut- ed at Paris for high treason, in 15!)5. GUIGNES, Joseph de, a native of Pontoise; he became interpreter to the French king in 1741, and wrote many works ; he died in 1800. GUILD, William, D. D., a Scotch divine, pro- fessor of divinity and philosophy at Aberdeen ; he died in 106-.). GUILL.MN, Simon, asculptor, rector of the painting and sculpture academy at Paris ; he died in 1653. GUILLA.NDIUS, Melchior, an eminent pliy- sician and botanist in Prussia, wrote an excel- lent commentary ou the Papyrus, &c. ; he died in 1.589. GIJILLELMA, of Bohemia, the foundress of an iiitanioussect which started up in Italy in the KUli century, and which, under the mask of de- voiii)ii, used to pracli.-^e all manner of lewdness. Guilleliiia imposed so elfectnally upon the world by a show of extraordinary devotion all her life lime, that she was not only reputed holy at her death, but also revered as a saint a considerable time after it. However, her frauds, and the de- lusigns she had employed, were at last discover- ed; upon which her body was dug up, and burnt, in l^iOO. She died in 1281, and had been buried in Milan. GlIILLEMEAtJ, James, a French surgeon, author of some valuable work-i : he died in 1C12. F f i.V I GUILLET DE StT^EORGE, George, first historiographer to the academy of painting and [sculpture in Pans; he wrote the History of Ma- ihomet II., and other works, and died in 1705. GUILLI.MjD, Claude, doctor of the Sorbonne, autlior of comnieiuaiics on sonic of tlie Gospels, '&c. GLTLLIM, John, the 'cputcd author of a ce- lebrated book, entitled, " The Display of Heral- drie," was born in Herefordshire, in 1565, died in I(i21. See BARKHAM. GriLLOTIN,a physician, of Saintes, inventor of the guillotine ; he died ofgriefUjat this instru- ment was so much abused. GUISC.ARD, Robert, a famous Norman knight, who assisted in the contjucst of Naples from the Saracens; he died in 108.5. GUISCARD, Ch.-irlcs, a Prussian officer of distinction, author of " Military Memoirs of Ills Greeks and Rom.ins," &c. ; he died in 1775. GUISE, Claude de Lorraine, duke of, settled in France, and became founder of the family of Guis-j then-; he died in 1513. (JCISE, Francis, duke of, son of the precfltl- ing, a man of great talents ; in him began the factions of Conde and Guise ; he died in 1.503. GUISE, Henry, duke of, memorable in the his- tory of France a.s a gallant officer ; but an impe- jrious, turbulent, seditious subject, who placed |hiinsclf at the head of an armed force, and cal- tled his rebel band. The League; the plan was Ibrmed by the cardinal, his younger brother ; and, under the pretext of defending the Roman Icatholic religion, the king, Henry HI., and the freedom of the state, against the designs of the Huguenots, or French protostant!*, they carried [on a civil war, massacred the Huguenots, and [governed the king, who forbade his appearance at Paris ; but fJuise now became an open rebel, entered that city against the king's express or- der, and put to the sword all who opposed him ; the streets being barricadoed to prevent his pro- [gress, this fatal day is called in the French his- tory. The Day of the Barricades. Masters of Paris, the policy of the Guises failed them ; for they siitTered the king to escape to Blois, though he was deserted in his palace at Paris by his very guards. At Blois, Henry convened an as- sembly of the stateji of France ; the duke of Guise had the boldness to appear to a summons sent him for that purpose ; n forced reconcilia- tion took place between him and the king, by the advice of this assembly; but it being acci- dentally discovered, that Guise had foniieda plan to dethrone the king, that weak monarch, in stead of resolutely bringing him to justice, bad him privately assassinated, Dec. 23, 1558, in the 38th year of his age His brother, the cardinal, shared the .same fate the next dav. GUISE, Charles, duke of, eldest son of Henry, was arrested on his father's murder, but escap ed ; he w.is reconciled to the king, but the jea lousy of Richelieu drove him from the kingdom ; he died in 1640. GUISE, Lewis de Ixirraine. cardinal of, son of Henry, well known as illustrious in arms, and in the arts of peace ; he died in ICil. GUI.SE, Henry of Lorraine, duke of, grandson of Henry, w.is remarkable for his intrigues with the duke of Bouillon, &c. ; he died in 16C4. GUISE, William, an English divine, eminent for his translations from the oriental languages, born in Gloucestershire, in 1653. died in ^§^3. Fo- reigners have styled him " the immortal onia meiit of the universitv of Oxford." GUITTO.V, John, a citizen of Rorhcile, wa* GU elected mayor, captaiu-geiicrul, and governor, when that tity wag bisitged by cardinal liiclic- licu, in Jt)37. He would not accept the cumniand, unless it was agreed that a poignard, winch he produced, should lie on the table in the town- huusc, for him to put to death the tirst niaii who proposed to surrender. When he w as told tlial tainine had swept off the greatest part of the in- habitants, he coolly answered, " No matter, while there is one left to shut the gales." GUITTON, d'Arezzo, an early Italian poet, flourished in the middle of the 13th century. GULUEXSTAEDT, John Antony, a famous traveller, bom at Kiga ; visited Astracan, Cau- casus, &c. ; he died in 1781. GUXDLIXG, Nicolas Jerome, a native of Nu- remberg, professor at Halle, and author of some valuable woika, he died in 1739. GL'.NNEKUS, John Ernest, a native of Chris- tiana, founder of the royal Norwegian society at Uronlheim ; he died in 1773. GUNNING, Peter, an English prelate, born at Hoo, in Kent, was one of the committee ap- pointed to review the liturgy ; he died in 1684. GUNTER, Edmund, an English malljeiiia- tician.and professor of astronomy atGresham col- lege, burn in Herefordshire, in 1581, was bred for the church, and look orders ; but genius and in- I'lmalion leading him chiefly to mathematics, he applied eaily to that study, and distinguished himself by many important improvements in ma- thematical instruments for the use of naviga-J tion ; of those the most celebrated are, a new projection of the sector, the invention of a small portable quadrant, the discovery of a new varia-| tion in the mariner's compass, and of a scale, which, after him, is called " Gunter's Scale." He died in 1626. | GUNTHER, a German poet, in the beginning pf the 18th century, who was poisoned by a ri- val, when going to be presented to Augustus II., king of Poland. GURTLER, Nicolas, a native of Basil, author of a German and Freneh Lexicon, and other works ; he died in 1707. GUSM.'\N, Lewis, aSpanish Jesuit, author of the hi.'tory of his fraternity, in the Indies, &c. ; he died in lf)05. GUSSANVILLAN, Peter, a native of Char- tres, edited the works of Gregory the Great. GUSTAVUS VASA, who, having delivered Sweden from the Danish yoke, was, in 1533, elected king of that country. He was born in 1490, and died in 15TO. GCSTA VTJS ADOLPHUS, the greatest king that Sweden ever had. He conquered liigria, Livonia, T5remen,Venden,Wiesmar, Pomerania &c. He shook the throne of the emperor Fer- dinand II. He protected pie Lutherans in Ger many, and by his victories humbled the house of Austria. The glory of this action has beenj unjustly attributed to cardinal Richelieu, who! had the art of raising his reputation from the; victories which (Justavuswas content to gain. I He carried the war beyond the Danube, and! would perhaps have deilironed the emperor, had' lie not been slain at the battle of Lutzen, A. D., 1CG3, in the 37lh year of his ace, after ho had de- feated the imperial army commanded by Wal-l stein. Hecarried to his tomb the name of "The <;reat Gustavus," the love of his subjects, and the esteem of his enemies. GUSTAVrjS III., king of Sweden, came to the throne in 1771, was shot at a ninsked ball, and having languished some time, died in 179'2. GUTHIEREi?, James, a French advocate.! 2^6 GU known as an able antiquarian, and correct writ- er; he died in 1638. GUTHRIE, William, a very laborioue and vo- luminous writer on history, politics, and othei subjects, bornai Urcichen, in Angusshire,in 1701, died in 17t)'J. His principal works arc, "Historiei of the World," of " England," and of " Scot- laud." He was a " writer by profession," and is said to have lent his name to booksellers foi publications in which he had no concern. Such is asscrteil to have been the case with respect to the Geographical Grammar, called "Guthrie's;" which, however, is a work that, for its general utility and comparative perfection, confers cre- dit on the compiler, whoever he be. GUTTEMBERGH,Jolin of, a citizen of Stras- bourg, to whom is attributed the invention of the art of printing, in conjunction with Fn»t, or Faustus, and Peter Schoeli'er, or Schuffer, the servant, and afterwards the son-in-law, of Faus- tus, by whom it was further improved. He was born at Mentz, in 1408, and died there, in 1467. GUY, a monk of Arezzo, who invented Uie six syllables of the gamut, ul, re, mi, fa, sol, la, liv ed about 1026. GUY, Thomas, founder ofGuy's hospital, was the son of Thomas Guy, lighterman and coal- dealer in Horsley-down, Southwark. He was put apprentice, in 1660, to a bookseller, in the porch of Mercer's chapel, and set up trade with a slock of about 200/., in the house that forms the angle between Cornliill and Lombard-street. The English Bibles being at thai time very badly printed, Mr. Guy engaged, with others, in a scheme for printing them in Holland, and im porting them ; but this being put a stop to, he contracted with the university of Oxford for their privilegeof printing them, and carried on a great Bible trade for many years to considerable advantage. Thus he began to accumulate nioney, and his gains rested in his hands ; for, being a single man, and very penurious, his ex- penses were next to nothing. His custom was, ;to dine on his shop-counter, with no other table I cloth than an old newspaper: he was also as lit tie nice with regard to liis apparel. The bulk of his fortune, however, was acquired by purchas- ing seamen's tickets during queen Anne's war.«, and by South-sea stock, in the memorable year 172(1. He was 76 years of age when he formed the design of building the hospital, near St. Tho- mas', which bears his name. The charge of I'vectimr this vast pile amounted to 18,793/., be- sides 2!9,499Z. which he left to endow it : and he jn. C GYZEN, Peter, a landscape painter, whose views on the Rhine are much admired ; he was born at Antwerp, about 1636. H HAANSBERGEX, John Van, a painter, of Utrecht. The figures which he intpxiuced into his landscapes were very mucli admired ; he died in 1705. IIA.\S, William, a printer and type-founder, was the first who engraved French typo in the' style of Uaskerville : he invented a new print iiig press, and died at St. Urban monastery, in l.^lW. IIABAKKUK, the eighth of the minor pro- phets, supposed to be of the tribe of Simeon. His style is poetical, beautiful, and sublime. ll.VHKUT, Francis, a native of Berry, one of llie most ancient poets of France ; he wrote Kouie fables, &c., and died in 1.569 HABKUT DE CERISI, Germain, an eccle- .iiias'.ic, of Bayeux, who wrote some poems ; he died in lt;.55. IIABEIIT, Henry Lewis, the friend of Gas Bi^ndi, and \\u: puNisher of his works, with an eioaant L:itin preface, died in 167SI. ll.\BlCTON, Jame?, first duke of, a distin- guished Wiinmaiider under Charles I. He main- lalned his master's cause in the North, after its ruin in England; was at length defeated at Preston, and beheaded in 1649. i HAailliTON, Count Antony, an elegant wri- Itcr, born in Ireland, in 1646, of a Scotch family. h His most celebrated work was " Mcinoirsof t^ie HA Count dc Graminont ," but lit; wroti; also somi- pcjcms and Fairy Talcs, wliicli aru excellent in tlieir kind, and died 17-20. HAMILTON, William, duke of, was secre- tary of stale for Scotland. He died in lOo? of| wounds received at the Itattle of Worcester. H.A MILTON, Williaju, an ingenious poet, distiuguislied by tlie liveliiiosa of his iniagina lion aiid the delicacy of his sentiments. He was boiu of an ancient and hmionrabli; family in 1704, and died m 1754. His poems were printed aiRlinburch, 1700. H.\MILtON, George, earl of Orkney, dis- tin|!uished himself at the battle of the lioyne, and at Ulenlieiin ; he died in 1737. HA.MILTON, sir William, thirty-seven years British ambassador at the court of Naples, was born in the year 170'J, and died in London, in 1803. The zealous and successful eiToris which he made during his long rc«ideiice in Italy, in brincinK to light the buried treasures of antiqui- ty need not here be enumerated ; indeed, his «h(ile life-was devoted.to studies eonneried Willi the lino arts. His " Observations on Mount Vesuvius, Mount .^Ktna, and other Volcanoee, in a Series of Letters to the Royal riociety," Were puhli!:b>!d with notes in 177J. H.VMILTO.V, EJizabelh, a distinguished mis- rellaiu.'ous writer, born at Belfast, in 1758. Miss the Navy of the United States under President Madison. He died in 181i>. HAMILTON, Hugh, a learned English pre- late, professor of natural philosophy at Trinity college, Dublin, afterwards dean of Armagh and bishop of Clonfert and of Ossorv- • he died 'inl-^O.'i. HAMILTON, William, an English historical Ipainter, and member of the royal academy, died I HAMLET, the name of a prince of Denmark, whose history, as related by Saxo Grammaticus, has furnished Shakspcarc with llie groundwork I of one of his liiie.-n plays. I H.\MMOND, .Vmhony, an English poet and I tin author, distinguished olan as a wit and as a I man of fashion ; he died-about 17.30. HAS^MO.MD, Dr. Henry, a learned English di- [vino and comineiitalor, born at Chertsy, in lOOo, died in lliOO. His ehicf works arc, a " I'rac- tic.il Caterliisin ;" a " Paraphrase ami .\nniita- tions on the New Testament;" and a " I'ara phr,-i3eand Commcntarv on the Old Testament ;"' of which he only published tlie Psalms, and went through a third pari of the book of Proverbs. 1I.\M.M< )ND, James, an elegant English poet, born in 1710, died in 1742. He was equerry to the prince of Wale^ ; and is said to have divided his life between jilcaiiiire and bioks; in hi« re- ciples of Education ;" and the " Lifeof .\giip pina, Wife of Germanicus." After her death, her "Memoirs," with a Selection from her Correspondence, were edited by Miss Henger, and published egies.' IIA.VION, John. a French physician, who wrote on religious subjects in an admired style ■ ho died in inS7. I HAMPDEN, Johh, a celebrated political cha- ,,■.,.,,,„„., , , . , ^.Tactci-intli^reignofCharlea I., famous for SU6- HAMIL TON, Andrew, an eminent lawyer of |ltaii ilg singly the weightof a royal prosecution, Philadelphia, and speaker of the house of as- Hon his refusing to pay the s<«fe-inonev in the scinbly ; he died in 1741. His son James Ha- j reign of Charlos I., was born twLondon',inl304 inilton was repeatedly governor of Pennsylva- PHa^inz in lii-25-(j obtained a seat in the house of "'?i'Wl'lT''2riv*^i"'j \'.l''„ ..» r .V. j commons, he soon grew to be one of the iiiont popular men in the nation ; and after he had I held the chief direction of his parly in the house airainst the king, he took up arms in the same cause, and was one of the first who opened the war by an action at a place called Brill, about 5 miles from Oxford ; but he was cut otT early by a mortal wound, which he received by a pistol bursting in his hand, in a skirmish with prince Kuperl, June 18, IMS, and of which he died the '24th. Clarendon Ikls given Hampden the cha- racter of a great, ratlK.T than a good man; but when passive obedience and non-resistance were disgraced by law, he came to be esteemed a good as well a."i a great man, and has conti nucd to be thought so from that time to this. H.VMPTON, James, translator of Polybiiis. died 1778. H.VMSA, a Mahometan doctor, known for hi attempt to eradicate the ter>cts of Maliotnet aiiu to establish his own. He flourished about lU2ii HANCOCK, John, minister of Lcxiiictiin. Ma.ssachusetls, respected and beloved ; he died in 1752. HANCOCK, John, minister of Braintree, sou of the precedine ; died in 1744. H.\NCOCK, Thomas, a benefactor of H.irxard college, died in 1764. HANCOt^K, John, LL. D.,one of Uie most conspicuous friends of the American revolution, was president of congress in 1776, and s= ned the declaration of independence in that ca, nci- ty. Ho w,-i.s afterwards governor of Mas=achu setts for s.veral years. He died in 17U3. 229 HAMILTON, Andrew, governor of the co lony of New-Jersey, and deputy governor of Pennsylvania, died in 1702 H.\ MILTON, John, a counsellor of the colony of New-Jersey, who was at the head of its go- vernment for se^fcral years ; he died in 174t>. HAMILTON, John, was several times gover- nor of Pennsylvania ; he died in New- York, in 178:<. HAMILTON, Alexander, secretaiy of tlw Treasury of the United Slates, under general Washington, and a major general intlie .-Ameri- can army, was bom in the island of St. Croix, in 1757, and came to New- York, in 1773. At the commencement of the revolution he joined the army, was aid-de-camp to the coininandcr in chief, and continued in the service until thcsur render of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, where the .'Vmericniis under his command stormed and look the British works. He afterwards com m- need the practice of the law in New- York, and rose to the hii^hest eminence in the pro- fession. He was killed in a duel with colonel Burr, in 1804. As a statesman and a financier, he revived the public credit, and placed the United States revenue on a permanent tbotini-. He always poSKessed the conlidenoeof Washing- ton, and his death was lamented by the whole community, as an irreparable loss to his coun- trv. H \ MILTON, Paul, was a firm and decided patriot of the revolution, governor of the state tsi doiiih t'arolina, and atter^vards ei\:ri'tary of 20 Z ^A — HANDEL, George Frederic, an illui>lriutis master in music, horn at Halle, in UpiterSaxuiiy, in 1684. His compositions, particularly liu ura- t'trios, have been repeatedly pcrforuitd, to the pvesent day, with uninterrupicit siucceH and un- rivalled glor}-. He died in 1759, and wan bu- lled in Westminster Abbey, where, by his own order, and at his own expense, a monuinenl is orccted to his nicuior>'. HANGE3T, Jerome do, a doctor of the Sar- bunnewno wrote against Luther; hedied in 1538. HAXn-'AH, asaint among the MuHsiilinana, the head of all tlnir sects; he died at Babylon. HANKLN'S, Martin, was professor of history, politics and eloquence at Breslaw, and an author ; he died in 170y. lL\NMEa, Meredith, D.D., treasurer of Tri- nity church, Dublin. Ho translated tlie eccltsi- aslical histories of Eusobius, Socrates; and Eva- griui, and died in 1604. HANMER, Jonathan, a non-conforuiist di- vine, lie is the author of ecclesiastical anti- quity and other works ; he died in 1037. HANJIEK, SirThoniaa, Ban.,a tlistinKuished statesman and polite writer, born in I6'.6. In 1713 he was chosen speaker of the house of commons ; which office, difficult at all limes, hut at that time more particularly 60, he dii^- charged with becoming dignity. He died in 1716. HANNECKEN', Mennon, a historian and di- vine, of Germany, was professor of morals, theology, &c. at Marpurg, and died in 1671. HANXECKEN, Philip Lewis, son of the preceding, was professor of Hebrew and elo- quence at Giessen. His works were chiefly on theological controversy ; lie died in 1706. HAN'NEM AN, John, a painter, at the IlaL'ue, and an excellenl cupyist of Vaudyck ; he died in lt)80. HANNIB.AL, a great Carthaginian general, was the Eon of Hatnilcar, who made him swear on the altar, that he would never be reconciled to the Romans. At 25 years of age, he took npun him tlie command of the army. After taking Salamanca and Saguntum, in Spain, lie deloated the Gauls, and passed the Alps in d- having mollified the rocks with vinegar, and cut through them with iron. He took Turin, and at Pavia defeated Cornelius Scipio. The follow- ing year he defeated Flaiiiiuins, and slew l.'j.OOO nun ; he next overthre\V Varro at Caniiffi, with 40,000 foot, and 2700 horse, tiie flower of the Roman youth, and sent to Caithage two or three baskets of gold rings taken from the hands of .Vi:)Q slain Roman gentlfiiiicn. And now had Hannibal gone straight lo Rome, he bad cer- laiiily ruined that commonwealth; bul going > Capiia, where he wintered, the delights of the place so debauched his whole army, that the Romans recovered themselves from the conster- nation into which the loss of live battles had I liiown them. Two years after, Maicellus gave him battle, and conquered, but was Imnself killed in an ambush. Hannibal was defeated afterwards by Sempronius Gracchus, and at last met with a total overthrow by Scipio ; wh-ii, falling (or fearing to fall) into the hands of the Uomans, he took poison, which lie had kept in a ring for that purpose, 16'2 B C, aged 70, HANNIBALIANUS, Flavins Claudius, was murdered by Constantius, in 338 HANNO, a Carthaginian, employed by his HA Some supposed voyages of Hanno are published ill the Oxford (icograpliprs. H.WNSACHS, a Gorman poet. His works, ill live volumes Iblin, arc inditlerent ; he died io io7ti. H.ANRIOT, Francis, an associate of Marat and Robespierre, and equally atrocious iti his character. He was guillotined. July, 1794, exe- crated for his cruelty and rapine. HA.N'SON', John, a distinguished member of Congress from Maryland, and lor two years president of that body ; he died in 1783. H.\.\\V.\Y, Jonas, was born at Portsmouth, in 1712. Being bred to coninicr.ce, he lett Kiig- laiid: and entered into biisinosg at Lisbon as a merchant ; from Lisbon he removed to Peters- burgh, where he was appointed agent to tlio British factory ; and, with the view of opening a trade through Russia into Persia, he undertook a laborious and dangerous course of travels, of which he aftei'wards publislied an interesting account at his return to England. To the cha- ritable disposition and benevolent exertions of Mr. Haiiway, London owes in a great measure the institution of tlie Marine Society, the sup- port of the Magdalen Hospital, the improvement of its streets and avenues ; and the poor of v» lious descrfptions, tiieir most etfectual couifor and support. He died in 1786. HARCOURT, Harriet Eusebia. an Ei^IIsft lady, who established a female monastery on liei- lands in Yorkshire, which was dissolved at lier dealli, in 1745. HARUE.NBURGH, Jacobus R., D. D., first president of dueen's College, New- Jersey, was iiuleiatigable in his labours, and much blessed, he died iu 1790. HARDER, John James, was professor of rhe- fcric, afterwards of medicine and anatomy, at Basil; a man highly esteemed for his learning and abilities; he died in 1711. His brother, .lames, vi'as professor of oricnial languages at Leyden, and a learned divine. HARDEBY, Geofl'rey, an Augustine monk, confessor to Henry II., professor at Oxford, and an author ; he died in 13G0. fiance of the snow, and of Publlus Cornelius ;(' HAfTDI, Alexander, a French .poet, who is said to have written 600 pieces for the theatre. Of these, however, no more remain than 41, which were published by himself in six vols, lie was the first French dramatiat who intro- duced the custom of being paid for his pieces, and died at Paris, in 1630. H,\RDIME, Peter, a painter, of Antwerp, died in 1748. His brother, Simon, e.xcelled as a flower painter, and died in 1737. HARDING, John, an old English chronicler, born in 1438, died after 1401. HARDING, Thomas, an English divine, and polemical writer, born in 151'2, died about 1570. HAUDINGE, Nicolas, an e:ninent English scholar, and author of some Latin, and other poems ; he died in 1759. H.'VRDINGE, George, an eminent English lawyer, a member of parliament, and attorney and solicitor general to the queen; he died in 1816. HARDION, James, a Frenchman, who pu'' lished " Universal History," 18 vols., and oti works ; he died in 1766. HARDOUIN, John, a French Jesuit, eminent 38 a critical, historical, and miscellaneous wri ter, born at Kimper, in Bretagne, in 1647, diwd countrymen to make the circuit of .Africa; in lin 17G9. consequence of which he explored various re- I HARDUIN, Aleiander Xavier, of Arras, gtons, and made great geographical discoveriei.llknown a^ a graminarian, di«id in 1783. 230 HA HARUWICKE. See YORKE, Pliilip! HARDY, Sir Cliarles, governor of the colony of New- York, aflerwarils au admiral in tlie British navy, and commander in chief of the western squadron, in 177:4, the year of his death. HARDY, Josiau, brother of the preceding, was governor of the province of New-Jersey, in 1761. HARR, Dr. Francis, bishop of Chichester, and author of some celebrated polemic tracts, died la 1740. HARGRA VE, Francis, one of the most emi- nent law-writers of his day, was born in 17.30, and died in 1921. He was many years one of his majesty's counsel, and recorder at Liverpool ; and among his mimerous publications may be mentioned, a "Collection of State Trials," 11 vols, folio, in 1781. In 1813, owing to ill health and other circumstances, he parted wi;h liis library, which was purchased by parliainent for 8UO0^, to be placed in the library of Lincoln's It-ii, for the public use. It contained 300 MSS. ; «ifj his law books were enriched with valuable notes. H.VRIOT, Thomas, an Enplish mathemati- cian. He accompanied Sir VValter Raloicli to .■Viuerica, and g.ive the public an account of Viri;inia: he died in 1621. II.-VRIRI, an Arabian author, lived in 1120 IIARLAY, .^Wiille de, a firm, disniticd, and learned president of the parliament of I'ari^, after He Thou ; he died in 1616. IIARLAY DE SANCY, Nicholas de, was ambassador of France to England, under Henry HI. : he died in 1629. H.VRL.\Y, Francis de, archbishop of Paris, lio favourite of Lewis XfV. ; he died in 16!I5. H.\RL.\Y, Achille de, lirst president of the larliameiitof Paris, was an upright inigislratc ; ltd died in 1712. HARLEY, Robert, afterwards earl of O.vford »iid earl .Mortimer, and lord high treasurer in the reign of queen Anne, was born in London, in 1661. On the bth of March, 1711, he w.is in great danger of his life ; the marquis of Guis- card, a French papist, then under examination of a committee of the privy council at VVhiiohall, stabbing him with a penknife, which he took np in the clerk's room, where he waited before he was examined. Guiscard was imprisoned and died in Newgate, the I7th of the sanir month ; whereupon an act of parliament passed, making it felony, without benefit offlergy, to attempt the life of a privy counsellor in the exe cution of hisolliee. After the death of queen Anne, viz. June 10, 171.5, Harley was impeaclied by the hoti.«e of commons of high treason, ami high crimes and misdemeanors ; and was com mitted to the Tower by the house of lord':, wJiere he suffered confinement till July 1, 1717, and then, after a public trial, was acquitted by liis peers; he died iu 1724, and Pope has cele brated hia memory in the following lines : " A soul supreme in each hard iiLstance tried, Above all pain, all anger, and all pride. The rage of power, the blast of public broath. The lust of lucre, and the dread of death." 'V ia nobleman laid the foundation of thp Hai- le»4n Collection of MSS now in the Britisli Museum ; which was enlarged by his son Ed- ward, who succeeded to his title and estates. and al whose death, it consisted ofSOOO volumes, and above 40,000 original rolls, charters, and other deedti and instruments of great antiquity. H.\RI.OW. un eminent English portrait and HA ihistorical painter, died in the oloom of life, in 1819. The admirable arrangement and pow- erful effect Willi, which he repreHented the scene from Henry VIM., in whiih Mrs. Siddons is the principal figure, and all the Kemble fami ly are introduced, is a masterly proof of hia taste, judgment, and skill, as a historical pain- ter ; as his portraits of West, Northcote, Fuseli, &.C., were of his fidelity in th.it branch of the art. As a copyist also he was entitled to high praise. His copy of a picture of Rubens miglit be taken for the original ; and his copy of Ka phael's famous picture of The Transfiguration, which he painted witii astoiiisliiii„' ra,ridity, u-as highly admired at Rome, wnore the origiiirii might be Ctnupared with it. H.VRMER. Thomas, an eminent dissenting divine, and critical writer on biblical liicraiure. born at Norwich, in 1715, was ,54 Vi ws pastor of a congregation at Watiesfiold, -ii Suffolk, and died in 1788. HARMODIUS. See ARI.STOOITON. H.VRO, Don Louis de, a favourite of Philip IV., prime minister, and a great diplomatist ; J)u died in 1661. H.-\RC)LD I., kiiigof England, »on of Canute; he died the .5th year of his reign, in 103<). H.\ROI,D M.", son of earl Godwin, took pos session of the English crown, on the death of Edward the Confessor. In repelling the inva sion of his kingdom, by William of Normandy, he was slain, Oct. 10^5, in the first year of his reign. H.\RP.'VLU3, a Grecian astronomer, inventor of the cycle, 480 B. C H.\RPALUS, an officer intru-stcd by Alex ander with the trcasuresof Babylon, with which he fled away. H.VRPE, Jean Francois la, an eminent French orator, critic, poet, and dramatJc writer, born at Paris, in 1740, died in 1802. HARPOCR.VTION, Valerius, an ancient rhe- torician of .Alexandria, who has left an excellent " Lexicon upon rtie Ten Orators of Greece. ' He flourished about 175. H ARP.SFIELD, Nicholas, archde.^con of Can- terbury, an English divine, attached to the po- pish religion : he died in 1.572. HARRINGTON, John loid, an English noble- man, distinguished by the talents and genius which he displayed at a very early age ; he died in 1613, agod 2-2. HARRINGTON, Sir John, an ingenious Eng- lish poet, and translator of Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso;" by which he gained a considerable reputation, and for which he is now principally known : lie was born at Helston, near Bath, in 151 !, and died in 1612. ll.\RRINGTO.N, James, an eminent political writer, born in Northamptonshire, in 1611, died in 1677. His chief work is called " Oceana," and is a kind of political romance, in imitation of Plato's " Atlantic Story," where, by Oceana. Harrington means England ; exhibiting a plan of republican government, which he would have erected, by forming the three kingdoms into b genuine commonwealth. HARRINtJTON, Henry, an omiii«nt English physician and poet, died at Bath, in 1816 HARRLS, Walter, an English physician, in the reign of William III. He wrote some es teemed books on the diseacee of children. H.\HRIS, Robert, was president of Trinitv college, O-Vt'ord, wrote some sermons, and died in 1658. H.\RRIS,John,an English divine.and a distin- 231 HA {(uished mathematician, iiccretary to the ruyal society, died in 1730. HARRIS, William, minister of a disseiitiii); con^iregatiuii in Londuii, ditd in 1740. HARRIS, William, a protcstant dissenting minister, of eminent abilities andcliaracler, and author of a historical and critical Acajunt of the Lives of James I., Cliarles I., and Oliver Cromwell, all tending to recommend repnblican- ism, in S vols., after the manner of Mr. Bayle. He died in 1770. HARRIS, James, an English gentleman, of 1 very uncommon parts and learning, bom in the! Close, at Salisbury, in 170'J, died in 17H0. He i? ' the author of " Three Treatises, concernin;; Art, Music, and Paintin;;, and Poetry, and Hap- piness ;" " Hermes , or, a Philosophical Inqni ry concerning Universal Grammar," (wliicli tnshop Lowth, in the preface to his " Enulisii Grammar," calls the most beautiful and perfect example of analysis that has been exhibited >ince the days of Aristotle;) " Philosophical .Vrrangc- ments ;" and " Philological Inquiries " HARRIS, James, earl of Malmesbury, an En- glish ambassador at the court of Berlin, St. Pe- tersburg, and afterwards at the Ha^ue, and a member of the privy council, was raised to the peerage in 1800vend died in 5820. H.\RRISO\, William, an eleyant poet, and secretary to the English ambassador at the Hague, died in London, iu 1713. HARRISON, William, an English wriicr, au- thor of the Pilgrim, a pastoral tragedy, 17011. H.VRRISON, John, a colonel in the parlia- inent army, and one of the judges of the un- ft)rtunate Charles; he was executed for hiaper- lidy, after the restoration. HARRISO.V, Robert Hansen, an eminent lawyer, of Maryland, was chief justice of the general court, and governor of that state. He was appointed a judge of the supreme courtof the United States, in 1789, but declined the of- fice, and died in 1790. HARRISON, John, a most accurate English mechanic, inventor and maker of the famous time-keeper, for ascertaining the longitude at sea, born at Foulby, near Pontefract, in York- shire, 1693, died 1776. After many experiments, he made a time-keeper in the form of a watch, with which two trials wej-e in voyages to the West Indies ; and, being found to answer, the discoverer received from parliament the sum of 'J4,000;. HARRISON, Benjamin, one of the delega- tion from Virginia, who sigru;d the declaration of Indepf;iidence. HART. Oliver, minister of Charleston, South Carolina, published several sermons, and died in 179.->. HART, Levi, D. D., minister of Preston, Conn., instructed u)any young men for the mi- nistry, and died in 1808. HART, John, a signer of the declaration of Independence, and an active and useful revo- lutionary patriot, he died in 1779. HARTE, Walter, a divine, poet and histori- an, born earlv in the 18th century, and educa- ted in the free-.scliool of Marlborough. Lord Chesterfield, to whose son Harte was tutor) describes him as a man of consummate erudi- tion. His greatest poetical work, called " The Amaranth," was published in 17fi7 ; his " His- tory of Gustavus Adolphus," in 17G5; and his ' Essays on Husbandry," in 1704. He died in 1773. HARTLEY, David, an English physician 23-2 HA ■ of eminence, born in Yorkshire, in 1705. His jtrincipal work is entitled " Observations on Man. his Frame, his Outy,andhia Expectations/ He died in 1757. H ARTMAN, John Adolphus, a convert from the Jesuits, to Calvinism, and professor of phr- losophy and poetry, at Castel, and afterwards of history, at Marpurg ; he died in 1744. HARTSOEKER, Nicolas, professor of phi- losophy, at Heidelberg, and mathematician to the elector palatine, died in 1725. H.\RTUN(iUS, John, professor of Greek at Heidelberg, for some time in arms against the Turks ; he died in 1579. HARVARD, John, an eminent American di- vine, founder of Harvard college, Massachu- etts, died in lfi38. HARVEY, (Gideon, an eminent English pliy- sician, attendant upon Charles II. in his exile, and after his restoration ; he died in 170O. H.\RVEY, William, an eminent English phy- sician who first discovered the circulation of i lie hlood and the motion of the heart, in animals, born at Folkstone, in Kent, in 1578, died iy 1C57. HARVEY, Sir John, governor of the colony of Virginia. His tyranny and rapacity caused his impeachment and removal, in 1635. HARWOOD, Dr. Edward, an English dm- senting divine, and excellent classical scholar, born in 17-29, ilied in 1794. His chief works are, " An Introduction to the Study of the New Testament," " A View of the various editions of the Greek and Roman Classics," and an edi- tion of the " New Testament in Greek, with 'Enelish notes." HASE, Theodore, professor of Hebrew at Bremen, his native town, died in 1731. HASE, James, brother ot the preceding, dis- tinguished for his learning and writings, died in 1723. ,HASSELaUIST, Frederic, a Swedish bota- nist and natural historian, born in East Goth- land, in 1722, died at Smyrna, in 1752. HASTED, Edward, a topographer, born at Hawley, in Kent, in 1732. His " History of Kent" is well known and esteemed. In the latter part of his life he was much reduced in circumstances, and was, by lord Radnor, pre- sented with the mastership of the hospital at Corsham, Wilts. He died there in 1812. H.\STL\GS, Elizabeth, daughter of the earl of Huntington, was celebrated for her acconi plishments, and for her public and private cha rity. She died in 1740, deservedly lamented. HASTINGS, Rt. Hon. Warren, was born near Daylesford, in Worcestershire, in 1733. Having been educated at Westminster school, he went out to the East Indies as a writer, and in course of time became governor of Bengal. He was removed from Madras to the presidency of Calcutta at a critical period, when the stale of Hiiidostan became perilous from the rapidly increasing power of Hyder Ally, the sovereign of Mysore, and the intrigues of the French, who were taking advantage of the rupture between Great Britain and her colonies. In this exigency, the governor-general had to rely solely upon liia own exertions; and he succeeded, beyond all expectation, in saving British India from a com- bination of enemies. Party spirit at home, how- ever, turned his merit into a crime, and charges were brought against him in jiarliamcnt. He returned in !78f), and an impeachment followed, the trial of which lasted nine years, and termi- nated In au acquittal. After this he led a re- HA tired life on the wreck of his fortune, and an annuity from ibe India company. He lired, however, to seu lus pians lor the security of India publicly applauded ; but received no other recompense for iiis sullerings, than thai of bein sworn of the privy-couiicii Sir Warren ditxl In 1818. H.\TSEL.L, John, clerk of the house of eoninions, from I'iiS to 1797, died in 18i0. H/VTTON, Sir Christopher, an eminent states- man, and lord chancellor under Uueen Eliza- oeth, died in IJ'Jl. HAUSTEAU, Peter, a clergyman and a comic writer, in the rtign of Cliarles 1. HAUTE-FEUIl-LE, labbe, a French gontic man, skilled in mechanics, who niadeconsldera ble unprovenients in the movements oi watches and invejiied a specular gnomon tor regulating 'locks and watches by the sun, &c., born in ?(>47, died in 17-24 HAUTKKOCHE, Noel le Breton cJe, a French 'Iramalic poet and actor, died at Paris, in 1707. HAUTETEKKE, Anthony Dadine de, profes- sor of law at Toulouse, author of a tieatise on monastic life, and other works, indicative of gr'-al alents and learning ; lie died in l(i8'2. H.VVARD, William, a respectable actor, and dramatic writer, of Dublin, died in 1778. HAVEN, Samuel, D. U., minister of Ports mouth, New Hampshire, published many ser- mons, and died in 180C. HAV'E.V, Jason, minister of Dedhara, Massa- ^hiusette, author of many published sermons, died, much respected, in 1803 HA have sunk into wretchedness, arising from the untimely loss of tlieir dearest relatives. H.AWEIS, Thomas, an Eiitjiishdivme, known as chaplain to the countess ot Huntington, and as piincipal of a scnunary whicli she founded for the education of students in divinity; he died in l»iO. I II.VWKE, Edward lord, a brav and intrepid English admiral, appointed rear ol the white, in 1747, being then styled by George II. " His own .Admiral;" and, by successive promotions, he became vice-admiral of Great Britain, in 1765. He was one of the greatest characters that evcf adorned the British navy ; but most of all re- markable for the daring courage, which induced him, 1)11 many occasions, todisregard those forms of conducting or sustaining an attack, which, by the rules and ceremonies of service, had be- fore been considered as indispensable. His de- I'.'at of the French armament, under marshal Conflaiis, oil' Belloi-le, will never be forgotten. He died in 1781. HAWKESWORTH, Dr. John, an English writer, of a very soft and pleasing cast, born at Bromley, in Kent, in 1715, died in 1773. As an author, "The Adventurer" is his capital work; the merits of which, it is said, procured him the degree of LL. D. from Dr. Herring, archbishop ot Cantorbuiy. When the design of compiling a narrative of the discoveries in the South Seas was on foot, he was recommendifd as a projicr person to be employed on ilie occasion ; bi:i the performance did not answer expectalion. Works f taste and elegance, where iroaginaMon and HAVEIICAMP, Sigibert, a celebrated Dutcli jilie passions were to be affected, were his pro- critic, and professor of history, elocpience, ai'J the Greek tongue, at Leyden. He was particu- larly skilled in the science of medals, and was ihe authorof some works in this way that were very much esteemed. He gave good editions. vince ; not works of dry, cold, accurate nurra- tive. However, he executed his task, and is said to have received for it tlie enormous sum of 60001. HAWKINS, Sir John, an Englinh admiral, as well as grand ones, of several Latin andnwho signaliz.ed himself, In the reii:n of Eliza- Greek authors; of Eutropiu3,Tertullian'3"Apa jbeih, by opposing the Spanish armada, and in his logetic," Josephus, Sallust, &c. ; and his edi-{,e.\pedititnis to the West Indies ; he died in 1595. tions of those authors are reckoned the best.i H.VWKINS, Sir John, to whom the public He died in 1742, aged 58. are indebted for a good edition, with notes, of H.WERS, Clopton, an English physician, "Walton's .\ngler," as well as a valuable" His- author of a treatise on the bones, died early in tory of Music," was born in 1719, and died in the 18ili century. 1789. Some short lime before his deaih, he HAWES. Stephen, an English poet, who Iwroie a " I-ife of Dr. Samuel Johnson," flourished about 1500. j which, though replete with literarj' aiifcdote H.VWES, Dr. William, an English physician, I! and entertainment, met with but an inditferent svho has immortalized his name by being the jj reception from the critics, founder of the Royal Humane Society, for thtil H.\WKINS, William, governor of the state recovery of persons apparently dead by drown- I of Georgia, died in 1819. Ing, suffocation, or strangulation, was born at | H.-\WKSMOOR, Nicolas, an English archt' Islington, In 1736, and died In 1808. Dr. Hawes tect, pupil to Sir Cliristopher Wren, died in 1736, was a truly amiable and benevolent man; and'l HAWKWOOD, Sir John, born in the reign gave a strong proof of his plillanihrophy in liisijof Edward II., died in 1394. Though bred a unwearied attention to the above-mentioned in- 1 tailor, having afterwards taken to arms, he iliuition, which has been found highly useful, 'Isignalized himself in the wars in Italy, by his and to establish which he employed many years Ivalour and conduct, which raised hvin to the of his life. So much, indeed, did this engros.^}| highest posts. He gained so great honour and bis mind, and engage his attention, that his owniireputation for having restored, in those paits, niimediace interests appeared to him to be very! militar>' discipline, which was almost lost, that, subordinate considerations ; yet he was always j after his death, the Floientincs erected, in their roAdy to afford his professional assistance tolicity, a black marble statue .is an acknotvlcdg distress. It would be difhcult for the eneiiiies|linent for the services he had done thern. of Dr. Hawes, (if such a truly benicnant clia-|| H.'WVLEY, Joseph, distinguishexi is a stales racier could have any enemies.) to say any thing to his disadvantage. There was a remarkable simplicity in his manners, tlie result of an inno- cent and unsuspecting heart : and his name eu!!ht to be recorded aninng the benefactors of llnfir country, lor tile esiablishnient of an iiisti lution, which has been a source of renewed happiness to thous;ind6, who mi;;hi uthcrwl: man and patriot, and re^nrdcd as having be,;n one of the ablest advocatco of American liberty ; he died in 17f<8. li.WVLEV. Gideon, many years a missionary to the Stockbridso. Monawk, and Oneida In dians, and eminently useful to Uieiu ; be died in 1807. IfAV. James- a Scotchman, who went to G ir 90* :33 IIA England with Jajnes 1., wlie/e he wab eiiiidliliil. anil employed on several enibasbir ■^, and lo in- gotiaic a marriage between rhe prince of VVal^^ and a prince&s oi Fiance ; be died in Ib'M. HAY, William, born in Sussex, in lti95, wa^ remarkable for his personal deformity ; on wliicli subject he wrote an excellent " Kssay," wherein be alluded to his own case with singular gcx.il humour. He was repres<'ntative in parliamejit for Seafiord, and dit^ in 1755; having written, beside the above essay, " R»ligio Phllnsoplii," *' Imitations of Martial," and some otlier pieces, which were collected and printed in 17'J4. HAYDN, Joseph, was born of low parentage, at Kliorau, in AuKTia. ill 1733. At an early age he was received into the choir of the caihedial In Vienna, He afterwards got his living by teaching music, and by composition. In 1791, be went to England, and publisht d several of his works ; in consequence oi wiiich the univcr- »ity of 0.vl"ord conferred upon him the degree ol doctor of music. In 1790, he returned to Ger- many, where he composed his sublime oratorio of "The Creation," and "The Seasons," and died in 18t>J. His works are very numerous and valuable. Wliile Haydn was in England, a ship captain entered his chamber one morning: " You are Mr. Haydn V " Yes." " Can you make me a march to enliven my crew ? You shall have thirty guineas ; but I must have it to- day, for to-morrow 1 start for Calcutta." Haydn agreed: the seaman left him; the composer opened his piano, and in a quarter of an hour the march was written. Haydn appears to have had a delicacy, rare among the musical birds of prey and passage, who go to feed on the un- wieldy wealth of England ; he thought so large a sum, for a labour eventually so slight, a spe- cies of plunder — came home early in the even- ing, and made two other marches, in order to allow the liberal seaman his choice, or to give them all to him. At daybreak the purchaser came — " Where is my march V " Here, try it on the piano." Haydn played it. The captain counted the thirty guineas on the piano, took up the inarch, and went down stairs. Haydn ran after him ; " I have made two others, both bel- ter, come up and hear them, and take your choice." " I am satisfied with the one I have." The captain still went down. " I will make you a present of them." The captain went down only the more rapidly, and left Haydn on the stairs. Haydn, from one of those motives not easily defined, determined on overcoming this singular self-denial. He immediately went to the exchange, ascertained the name of the ship, made a roU of his marches, and sent them, with a polite billet, to the captain on board. He was surprised at receiving, shortly after, his en- velope, unopened, from the Englishman, who had judged it to be Haydn's. The composer tore the whole in pieces on the spot. The anec- dote is of no great elevation ; but it expresses peculiarity of character ; and certainly neither the captain nor the composer could have been easily claused among the common, or the vulgar of men. Haydn soon adopted the custom of shopping, and frequently wandered in the morn- ing from house to house of the music-sellers. He used to mention his dialogue with one of those persons. He had inquired for any par- ticularly good music, " You are come exactly at the right tinte," vyas the shopkeeper's answer. " for I have just printed olf Haydn's siibliini music "Oh! as for that, 1 will have iiothii.i; 1r» do witli it." " How, sii, ootbiug to do witli 234 HE llavdn! what fault is to be tbuiid with itl" ' Uh : fault enough : but there is no use in ~pi aking about it now ; it do^s noi pirase me, >iiow me something else." The music seller, who was an enthusiast about Haydn's compo- ^iti^ns, looked at the iiiquiier, " No, sir, 1 have iiilier music, no doubt, but it is not fit for you," and tumid his bark upon him. Haydn was go- ing out of the shop, laughing, when he mei an acquaini.ince coming in, wjio pronounced bis name. The niusit seller, w hose vexation had revived willi the sound, turHed round and said, " Yes, sir, here is a gentleman who actually docs not likethat greai man's music " I'lie mis- take was of course soon cleared up, and the person was known who alone luiglit presume to object to Haydn's music. HAYEK DU PEKKON, Peter le, a native of Alencon, distinguished for his poems, odes, songs, kc. ; he was born in 1C03. HAYEK, John Nicholas Hubert, a French ecclesiastic, author of a work on the immortali- tv of the soul, and other valuable writings ; toe died at Paris, in 1780. HAYES, (Charles, an ingenious mathematical writer, author of a treatise on fluxions, and other works ; he died in London, in 1760. MAYES, Dr. William, an eminent musical composer, born in 1708. He became professol of music at Christ Church College, Oxford, and published a collection of English ballads; buti» best known by his cathedral music and catches. He defended Handel against Avison, with soma asperity, and died in 1777. HAYLEY, William, an English poet, and miscellaneous writer, died in ISiiO. HAYLEY, William, a poet, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer, born in 1745, was edu cated at Cambridge. On leaving the university he retired to his estate of Eartham, in Sussex , he died at Felpham, in 1820. HAYMAN, Francis, a painter, of some dis- tinction, born at Exeter, in 1708, became a loeni ber, and librarian of the royal academy, ano died in li /6. . . . - HAYRION, a native of the Tyrolese, in the loth century, of gigantic stature. He is said ta have been 16 feet in height, with strength pro- IKJrtionate to his size. - • H.'WNES, Hopton, assay master of the Eng- lish mini, known as the auiliorof a work on the attributes and worship of God, and the chaiac- ter and offices of Christ ; he died in 1749. HAYNES, Samuel, an English clergyman i he published a collection of state papers, and died in 1752. HAYNES, John, governor of Massachusetts and Connecticut, of which latter colony he waa one of the founders ; he died in IGS-l. HAYTER, Kev. John, an excellent Greek scholar, who was employed by ihe prince of Wales, (present king,) for many years, in un- rolling and deiyplieiing the MSS. found at Her- culaneum. He died at Paris, of apoplexy, in 1818, in his 03d year. HAYWOOD, Sir John, an eminent English historian, died in 1027. HAYWOOD, Elizabeth. See HEYWOOD. HAYWOOD, Henry, minister in Suuth Ca- rolina to the Socinian baptists, died in 1755. HAZAEL, servant of Benhadad, king of Sy- ria, was sent by his master to inquire of the prophet Elisha, the result of liis sickness. On his reinrn, he killed the king, and usurped his throne, ^R'J B. C. HEAD, Kichard, a native of Ireland, Iuiowm HE ns the autlior of " The Englipii Rogui'." a t o- medy, and several other dramatic pieces ; ttc died ill 1678. HKADLEY, Henry, an ingenious poet, and excellent young man, was born at Irslead, in Norfolk, in niifi, and, after pasi^ing under the tuition of Dr. Parr, was admitted to Trinity col- lege, f ixford. He died in 17?8. Before the agi- of 20 he puhlished a volume of " Poems ;" but lie is principally known tu the literary worhl l>y Hvo voluniKS of " Select Beauties of Ancieiii Englisli poetiy, with Remarks," 1787: a work very deservedly ill hiirli esteem ; and which was ele(;antly republished liy M.. Shaipe, in I?IO, with a biographical skeicli of the author, by (lie Rev. Hemy Kelt, B. D., Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Oxford. HE.ARNF., Thoma.s, an English antiquary, and iiidefali|;alile collector and editor of books and MSS. chiclly concerning English liisiory, born in 1G78, and died in 17.T5. HEATH, Nicholas, archbishop of York, and chancellor of England in the reign of Mary, died in 1.'>K0. HEATH, James, an Engliish historian, born in London, in 1G39, and died in IGIVI. HE.ATH, Tlioni.is, brother of the preceding, »nd a Jesuit : he was sent as a miasionary to England, where he died about 15t)8. HEATH, Benjamin, a lawyer of eminence, and town-clerk of Exeter, wiio wrote several works, but is best known by " A Revisal of Shakspeare's Text, wherein the alterations in- troduced into it by the more modern editors and critics are particularly considered, 17t(5. HEATH, William, a brigadier, and after wards a iiiajor-cencral in the Ainerican army during the revolution ; he was distinguished foi his palriotism and zeal, and died after the war at Boxlniry, Massachuselts HEATHCOTE, Dr. Ralph, a very learned di- vine and controversial writer, born in 1721, and died in 179.5. When very young, he published, at Cainbridae, " Historia Astronomln," which laid the foundation of that merit which he after- wards acijuired in the literary world. The doc- tor was deeply engaged in the Middlelonian controversy upon the miraculous powers. In 177.5 he published " A Sketch of Lord Boling- broke's Philosophy ;" and, in the latter end of the same year, came out, " The use of Reason asserted in Matters of Religion." The doctor slso was encaged in the compilation of the "Biographical Dictionary," 12 vols. 8vo, 1701, and had a considerable sum from the booksellers for several new articles in the edition of 1784. In 1771 apiieared •' The Ii-enarch ; or, Justice of Peace's Manual ;" and he then qualified himself for acting for the liberty of Southwell and Scrooby. The first volume of " Sylva ; or. The Wood," was published in 178G, and a se- cond edition in 1788. He had intended publish- ing a second volume of this work, but indisposi- tion prevented his accompllshins it. HKATIIFIELD, Lord. See ELIOT. linBF.iXSTRElT, Joh^ Ernest, a physician and writer educated at Jena ; he went afterwards tol.'i|i^I7 B.C. aged 464. The Jews derive tlie name of Hebrews from him. HKHERnEiV, Dr. William, an eminent Eng- lish physician and medical writer, born in 1710, died in 1801. HF.HF.RT, James Rene, a Frcncli revolution- Ut, disiiii)ruiiib»d for his abusiv* writincs and HE his bitterness against the queen. He was guil- lotined by order cf Robespierre, in 1794. HKC.\'T,i;i'i5. a biiitorian of Ahdera,at the court ot the Ptolemies, autlior of a history at the Jews, kc. HECHT, Christian, a minister, of Fesen, in East Friezland. died in 1743. IIFCK, Nicholas, an admired Dutch landscape and historical painter, born in ISfiO. HECK, Martin Heiniskirk, son of the preced- ing, was also an eminent landscape painter. HF/<.'K,John Van, a landscape painter, of Oa- denard, died in ]68!l. HECKEWELDER, John, a natiw of Eng- land, was formally years a Moravian mission- ary among the Delaware Indians, and author of an account of the manners and customa of the Indian tribes which once inliabited Penasylva- nia; he died in ]?S23. HECQUET, Philip, a French physician, who is immortalized in Gil Bias, under the nanie of Doctor Sangrado. He was a man of piely, and author of several nieUical works; tie died jests an; related of him ; but being good hu-1,411 B.C. moured, and aiwaj s llie first to joke on his own'! HELLOT, John, a French phHoeophical and ttgliness. 111- blunted every shaft of ridicule ; he iciiymical writer, and a distinguished chymist, died in Iti-l'J. l!died in ITiJfi. HEIL, Daniel Van, a painter, of Brussels,!! HELMBKEKER, Theodore, a Dutch land- bom about 1704. iscape and historical painter, of Haerlem, died at HEIL,, John Baptist, brother of the preceding,' Rome, in 1094. I Was an eminent hisiorital and portrait painter he was born in loOli. Leonard Van, another brother, was also distinguished as a painter, particularly of flowers and insecta. HEIN, Peter, a Dutcliman, who, from obscu rity. rose to the command of the fleets of his country, was killed in a battle with the French, in 1629. HElN'ECCrUS, John Gottlieb, a German law- professor and writer, born at Eiseinberg, in 1081, died 1741. HEIXRCKEN, Christian Henry, an extraor- dinary youth, born at Lubeck, in 1721. He spoke his maternal tongue fluently at ten months ; at one year old he knew the principal events of the Pentateuch : ir. two months more he was master of the entire histories of tlie Old and New Tes- tament ; at two years and a half he answered the principal questions in geography, and in an- cient and modern history. He spoke Latin and French, German and Low Dntch, with great fa- cility: before the coinniencement of his fourrii year, 172.1, in which he died. His constitution was so delicate, that he was not weaned till a few months before his death. HEINSIUS, Daniel, professor of politics and history, at Leyden, and librarian of the univer- sity tbejje, born at Ghent, in 1580, died 165.5. He disti.iguished himself a.'S a critic by his la Soars :jpon Theocritus, Hesiod, Seneca, Ho mer.Theophrastiis, Ovid, Li vy, Terence, Horace &c., and wrote poems in various laii^'uages, which have been often printed, and always admired. HEINSIUS, N., grand pensionary of Holland, Vvas an able statesman, and a man of stront; powers ('f,;pind. He died at the Haine, in 1720. HE1.J, • . JS, Nicholas, the son of Daniel, born at Leyubn, in 1620, became as greai a Latiii poet, and a gti. t critic, than his farhe;,and died in 1661. HEiSS, N., a German historical wr:ier, of the 17th century. HEtSTER. Lawrence, a physician, surgeon', and naturalist, born at Frankfort, in 1083, died in 175^. His principal works are, "Compendium Aii.itcrnicuitt," and " Institutions of Surgery." H KLE, Thomas, an Englishman, who, alter iacters of the Immorlal Shakespeare. His private life wasi exceedingly amiable. He was born in London, in 1747, Ruddied in 178j. HE.VnEUSOX, John, B. A.,of Pcmbrolcccol-I Wpe, O.vl'oid, born in Ireland, in 1757.riis|!|ayed, at a very early period of life, an iiiieonnnon thirst afier knowledge, which he gratilkd with unremitting ardour. The favourite subjects of his studies were metaphysics,diviiiity, morality, chymistry, and medicine ; and the virtues of his heart were snpenor eviMi to the astonishing powora of Ins niideistandiiig. He died, however, the victim of intemperance, in 1788. IIEXCJES T, a Saxon chief, who went to Eng- land to a.ssist in repelling the I'icts, and received the kingdom of Kent as a reward for bis Ber- vices ; lie died in 4f 9. lil'.N'l.EY, Anthony, a member of the BritiBh pa:li!inu'iit, (lislingnished for his eloquence, the wit and ea.-ie of his wrilings, the elegance of liis manners, and his patronage of literary men ; he! died in 1711. l; HENLEV, John, better known by the appe11a-i! tioii of " Orator Henley," was born at Melton,! Mowbray, in lieiceslershire, in 109-2. He publish-!! «d several pieces; as a Iranslstion of Pliny's " Epistles," of several works of Abbe Vertot, of Monlfaucon's " Italian Travels," in folio, and many other lucubrations ; but his celebrity he acquired asa popular oratoriiear Clare Mar- ket. He preached on Sundays upon theological niatters, and on Wednesdays upon all other sciences. He struck medals, which he dispersed as tickets to liis subscribers, a star rising to the rniddlc, v.'ltli tdis mono, "ad suinma," and HE below, " Invcniain viani, aut faciam." Each nuditur paid one sliilling. He w.'is also author of a weekly paper, called " The Hyp Doctor," for wliich he had 100^ a year given him. "This singular cliaiactcr died in 1750. IIEMLEV, Samuel, D. D., professor of moral phiiosHphy in the college of Williamsburg, Vir- ginia, alierwards head of the East India college, lat Ileiifnid. England; he died In 18lt>. HENMMiES, Jerome, a German hiEtoriao, {in the Ifith century. I HKiN'NUVER, John, a bishop of Lisieux, in {France, justly lueiiiorable for liis humanity at the itime of the dreadful massacre of St. Bartholo- linew, died in 1577. HENUION, Nicholas, a native of Tilyes, was engai;ed. at the liuic of his death, in 17120, in writing a work on weights and measures. IIEN'KY, of Huntingdon, an early Englishliis- {torlan, died in 11(38. i HENRY I., surnamed the Fowler, emperor of Germany, was elected to the throne in 919 He was a wise and piiliiic prince, was success- ful in his ware, strengthened his empire, and promoted harmony and union, among the Ger- man princes. He died in 936. HENRY II., surnained the Lame, was grand son of the preceding, and ascended the imperial throne in 1002. He died in 10-il. HENRY 111., emperor of Germany, succeed- ed to the throne in 1039. He made war with se- veral ot the popes, expelled three of them, and was crowned hy a fourth. lie died in 1056. HENRY IV., emperor of Germany, succeed- ed his father, Henry HI., wlien only six years old ; during his minority, the kingdom was go- verned by his mother. He was involved in wars with the popes, was dethroned by his children, and dieil in poverty and obscurity, in llOO! IIENKY v., son of the preceding, deposed his father in llOti. He died in 1125, leaving the character of an unnatural son, an impious hypo- crite, and an insidious and imperious master. HENHY VI., ascended the throne of the em- pire ill ll'.HI. He detained Richard of England, w iio had fallen into his hands, a pri.' r, and obtained a large sum, as his ransom. jdied iu 1 197. HENKY VII., was elected ■Vrtipeior in 1308. He entered Rome, sword in hand, and was crowned by the pope, 1312, and died the fol- ic wing >ear. HKNUV, Raspon, margrave of Tliuringia, was raised to the imperial throne in 124(}, but died tl.i' following year. HENRY I., king of France, succeeded to the throne in 1031. He died in lOfiO, with the reputa- tion of a brave warrior, n-^\i a benevoleni man. HENRY II., succeeded "its father, Francis I , as king of France, in 1547. He was cngasied in wars with England, and with Charles V., of Spain, and supported the glory of his arms, by his bravery and success. He died of a wound, accid(Mi(ally inflici(>d at a tournament, in 1559. HENRY in., w.iscliosen king of Poland, but quitted that throne, to succeed his brother, as king of France. At'tera reign, distracted by the quarrels between the protcstants and catholics, he was killed by a priest, named Clement, iir 1589. In his person, the house of Valois bccam* extinct. HENRY IV., king of France, was horn at Pau, in 15.53. His right to the throne was disputed, because he was a piotestant ; but, after the mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew, he 9ignali7.ed himself against the Irajuers : ami H'-nrv HI. dy!ng,lw BE succended liiin, in opposition to cardinal dc Hnur- bnn. In 138*.), with 4U0Umt;n, lie delcalcd 30,000, cuniinuiided by the duke ot° Muyciine, tec. lie al'teru-ui'd!! embraced the catholic relipioii, and wa-s crowned. He aUo del'eaied 18,000 Spani ardb, in Burgundy, and nductd tlie leaguers to their duty, whom he pardoned. A young scho- lar, John Chastel, would have struck hini in tl>e niouih with a knil'c, but mii-sed tuin ; the king eaid, •' And is it so, that the Jesuits must he con- denmed by my mouth?" and thereupon they Were hani:elf |lieadol the church, thus introducing tl;e relor- jmation into England. He was six times mar- jried ; two of his wives perished on the scalTo.d, ;and two others were divorced. Although beiie- ilits resulted from his reign, he must be detested I for Ills tyranny and oppression ; he died in 1547. H F.N RY, prince of Wales, oldest son of Jauirs II., died in 1012, aged 18, lamented by the nation, I who viewed in him their future friend and com- imon benefactor. I HENRY, of Huntingdon, an early English • historian, died in 1168. HENRY, Matthew, an eminent dlsscntin? teacher, and voluminous writer, born in Iti^iS, died in 1714. His best known work is bis " Ex- position of the Bibie. " i HENKY, Di. ROBERT, minister of one of the churches of Edinburgh, and author of the " Hisiorj' of Great Britain," in 5 vols., born at iSt. Ninian's, in 1718, died in 17t>0. A posthu- mous volume, being the Olh, has been published isince his death. I HENRY, Philip, an English dissenting clenjTj'- nian, eminent for his piety, benevr^lencc, and moderation, died about 1070. 1 HENRY, David, a printer, wasformoie than half aci-titury, an active manage? of the Gentle- man's Magazine, he was born in the neighbour- hood of Alierdeen, in 1710. A concurrence of circunistancrs placing him within the notice of I\Ir. Edward Cave, of St. Gate, he at length became related to his patron, by marrying his sister, in 1T36. Those useful and popular publi- cations which describe the curiosities in Weat- niinstcr .Abbey, St. Paul's Church, the Tower of London.&.c.printed for Newbury. wereoriglnally compiled by Mr. Henry, and were improved by him through many successive impressions. He published in 1772, "The Complete English Far- mer; o', A Practical System of Husbandry , in which is comprised a general V^iew ot the whole .\rt of Husbandry;" from this he withheld bis name, as he did also from "A Historical Account of all the Voyages round the World, performed by English Navigators," in 4 vols., in 1774 ; to which, in 1775, Mr. H. added a 5th, containing Captain Cook's Voyage in the Resolution ; and in 178G, a 6th, contoining the last Voyage of Captain Cook; introduced by an aiimiiablc summary of all the voyages niidertaken for dis- covery only, ill the Southern and Northern hem- ispheres, and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. He died in 1702. HENRY, Patrick, a native of Virginia, dis- tinguished for his commanding eloquence, was the first man who proposed to the colonU'S, hostile measures against Great Britain. He was the first governor of Virginia, after the de claration of Independence, and a member of the old congress ; he declined the appointments of secretary of state, under president Washington, and of minister to France, under his successor : he died in 1799. HE HE I WHO puhlislied some degaiit lyric and heroic poeiry, ab'iul 158J. UERlssSANT, Lewis Amiiony Prosper, an uiiiiiietit French poet and physician, ditd at Paris, in I70i). HERITIEK, Nicolas 1', a French poet, and draniaiic writer, and hisloriograpiicr of France, died in ICSO. UEIUTIF.R, Marie Jeanne 1'. deVillandon, a French poetess and novel writer, died at Paris^ in 1734. HERITIER DEBRUTELLE,Charlc« Lou- is r, a botanist, was born at I'aris, in 1740. In 1784 he pubhshed a splendid work, called "Stirpes Nova; ;" two years after which he went to Eng- land, and collected from the gardens the mate- rials of his " Hortuni Anglicuin," which he loft unfinis^hcd, being assassinated in August, 1801, as was suspected, by his son. HERLKMUS, David, a German astrologer, born in 1557 HERMAN, Paul a celebrated botanist, a na- tive of Haile, in Saxony, died in 1693. HERMAN,Janies,aii cmineiil niatliemntirian of Ba.sle, and the friend of Leibnitz. He was born in 167a, and died in 1733, leaving various works. HERMANT, Godefroi, a doctor of the Sor- bonne, and rector of the university of Paris, died in 1690. HERMAS, Pastor, or Shepherd, one of the fa- thers, supposed to have died at Rome, A. I>. SI. llERiVIES, an ERvptian legislator, priest, and philosopher, who lived, us some think, in the year of the world 2076, in the reign of NInus, aCier Moses; and was so skilled in all profound arts and .sciences, that he acquired the surname of 'I'risniegistus, or, "thrice great." Scmio writers think that Hermes Trtsniegisius was no other than Moses, and state that he flourished 1930 B. C. HERMIAS, 3 heretic, of Galatia, in the 2d century. HERMILLY,Vaquettcd', anative of France, author of the history of Majorca and Minorca, &c.,died al Paris, in 1778. IIER.M()(;E.\ES,ofTarsus, a Greek rhetori- cian, flourished about the year 161. At 15 h» became a teacher; at 17 he wrote his " Art of Rhetoric;" but, at 2&, he lost his memory, and the faculty of speech. Of his works some por- tions remain, which were printed at Geneva, in 1614. HERMOGENES.a heretic.of theSd century, of the sect of stoics. n EROD, falsely called the Great, king and ty- rant of Judea, who, on the streie n of a misin- terpreted prophecy, caused all the inalecliiklren of Bethlehem, and its neighbourhood, to be mas- sacred by his soldiers, at the time of the birth of Christ, in the vain hope of destroying the Sa- viour of mankind. He dii'd A. D. 3. HEROD ANTIPAS, son and successor to He- rod the Great ; he put to death John the Baptist. Our Saviour was made to appear before him by Pilate. HERODIAN, a Greek historian, of Rome, who flnurishcd under the reigns of Severus, Cara- calia, Heliogabalus, Ale.vander, and Maximin. His history contains eight books, and is greatly admired. It comprises the events from A. D. 18(> to arid. Herodian died about 247, HEROnOTI)S,an ancient Greek historian, of Halicarnassus, in Caria, born about 484, and died in iV\ K. C. He is called " The Father of History :" his work is written in the Ionic diar- 23(> HE.MIY, John, a uieinber of congress, fioni Maryland, in 177.'^, afterwards elected a senator of the United Slates, and in 1797, governor of the state ol Maryland ; he died in 1798. HEUACLITUS, 3 celebrated Epacsian philo- sopher, who is said .0 liave continually bewail- ed the wicked lives of men, and ae often as lie came among them to have fallen a weeping . contrary to Democritus, who made the follies o mankind the subject of laughter; he flourished about 500 B C. HERACLIUS, son cf a governor of Africa dethroned Phocas, and ascendid the throne of Constantinople, in 610; he died in 641. HERACLIUS, patriarch of Jerusalem, about 1170. HERALDUS, Desiderius, a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, eminent for his writings on law and on the belles lettres,died in 1649. HERBELOT, Bartholomew d', an eminent orientalist, born at Pa/is, in 16-2o, died in 1695. His chief work is " Bibliothcque Orientale, or A Universal Dictionary, containing whatever relates to the Knowledge of the Eastern world." HERBERT, Thomas, an Englishman, author of " Travels in Asia and Africa," wasengagfd in the civil wars of his country, at first on the side of the parliament, afterwards for the king. At the restoration he was created a baronet, and died in 16«2 HERBliRT, Mary, countess of Pembroke, a (treat encourager of letters, and herself an in- genious poet. Her character may be highly judged of, from the epitaph written by Ben Jon- son, viz. " Underneath this sable hearse Lies the subject of all verse : Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother. Death ! ere thou lia.st kill'd another, Fair, and good, and leanrd a.^ she, Time shall throw a dart at thee." HERBERT, Edward, lord Herbert of Cher- bury, in Shropshire, an eminent English states- man, and writer on history, philosophy, and criticism, born in Montgomery Castle, in 1561, died in Iti4.'^ HERBERT, George, brother of the preceding, a divine and poet, of whose judgment the great Lord Bacon, had so high an opinion, that he would not suffer his works to be printed till they had passed Herbert's e.vainination ; he was bori in 1.593, and wrote a volume of devout poems called "The Temple." He also wrote a valuable work in prose, entitled " A Priest to the Temple ;" he died about 163,5. HERBERT, William, earl of Pembroke.born in Wiltshire, in 1580, died of apople.xy, in 1630. He was chancellor of Oxford, and made the oniversity a present of a large collection ol' manuscripts. Pembroke College was so named in honour of him. HERBERT, William, a topographical anti- quary, born in 1718, died at Cheshunt, in 1795, Bublished a new edition of " Atkyns's Historj' »f Gloucestershire ;" and a continuation of " Ames's Topographical ."Vntiquities." HERBIN, Augustus Francis Julian, a native of France, distinguished as an oriental scholar, died in 1806. IIRRHIXIUa, John a protcstant clergyman, of Poland, died in 1676. III;RI)1;R, John G, when tlie historian was living. These nine books are cal }ed the Nine Mus<», each of them being di:>lin guished by the name of a Mnse. HKKOFHILrs, a physician and able anato mist, of Chalcedon, 570 B. C. HEUREBA TORIIESILLAS, Antonio de. a celebrated Spanish historian, lie published a •' History of the World from 1*54 to 15'.t8;" and ; what is much more esteemed) a u'oncral " His »ory of the Indies from 1492 to 1554 ;" and also wrote a History of Spain. He was born in 15ti5, and died in 1025. HERRICK, Robert, a poet, bom in London, 1591, received his education at Cambridge ; aftei Which he obtained the vicarage of Dean Prior, Devonshire. At the time of the rebellion, he was deprived of this living ; but at the restora tion he recovered it, and died not long after- wards. His poetical works were printed in 1618 uikiir the title of " Hesperides-" HERRING, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of Can terbury, born in Norfolk, 16!)3. When the re- bellion broke out in Scotland, in 1745, and the Highlanders defeated the king's troops at Pre.s ton-pans, the archbishop (then of York) contii bated much to remove the general panic, and awaken the nation from its lethargy. He con- vened the nobility, gentry, and clergy, of his dio cese, and addressed them in a noble and aniniat cd speech, which had such an elTect upon his auditory, that a subscription ensued to the amou;it of 40,000/., and the example was sue cespfully followed by the nation in general. On the death of Dr. Potter, in 1747, he was translat- ed to the see of Canterbury, and died in 1757. HERSCHEL, Sir William, an eminent Eng lish astronomer, discoverer of the planet Geor gi»jm Sidus. or, as it is sometimes called Her schel, died in 1822, aged 84. HERSENT, Charles, or Hersan, a French di- vine, known as the author of a severe satire against Richelieu : he died in 16C0. HERSEY. Ezekiel, an eminent physician, of Hinghatn, Mass., who gave 1000?. sterling to wards founding a profesenrship of anatomy and surgery in Harvard college ; he died in 1770 HERSEY, Abner, brother of Ezekiel, gave 500^ to establish a professorship of the theory and practice of physic in Cambridge ; he died after 1770. HERTZBERG, Ewald Frederic, comfe de, a very eminent statesman, of Prussia, horn at Lot tin, in Pomerania. He became known in the literary world at the age of 17, and on leaving college, by a " Dissertation on History." On his rcmrn from the university, being known to Fre- deric II., who saw him possessed of merit, in 1745, he entered the diplomatic career as secre- tary of legation, and progressively rose to the highest point of rank and confidence in the state. The remembrance of liim will always be closely connected with that of the great king whom he had the honour to serve. He died in 1795. HERVEY, Augustus John, earl of Bristol. a captain of the royal navy, and a loid of the admivalty ; he died in 1779. HERVEY, James, an English divine, of ex- emplary virtue and piety, born at llarditigstone in Nortt.amptonshire, in 1714. died in 17.58. Hi? chief writings are, " Mediiaiions and Contem- lUations ;" '' Remarks on Lord flolin};hroke"s Letters on the Stuify and Use of History ;" and 240 HE " Theron and Asposio ; or, a Series of Dialogues and Letters on the most iiupoiiant subjects.". HERWART, or HERVART, John Frederic, of Augsburg, chancellor of Bavaria, lived at th« beginning of the )7th century. HESHL'.'t>.5. HEYWOOI), Jasper, son of the preceding, translated three tragedies of Seneca, and wrote various poems and devices, some of which are printed iu a book called "The Paradise of Dainty Devices," in 1573, 4to ; he was born in LVlTi, and died in 159T. HEYVV()t)n. Thomas, an actor, and most vohiiniiions play-writer, in the reigns of queen Eiizabi?th and James I. He is said to have been the author of 2iO plays, of which only 24 are now evtam. HEY\V'OOD,Eli7.a,a very voluminous writer, born in London, in 1693, died in 175G. Her latter and best writinL's are " The Female Spectator," 4 vols. " Epistles for the Ladies," 2 vols. " For- tunaie FoiiudUng," 1 vol. " Adventures of Na- ture," " FUstory of Betsy Thoughtless," 4 vols.. " Jennv and Jemmy Jessamv," 3 vols., " Invisi- ble Spy," 2 vols., "The Husband" and "The Wife," 2 vols ; all in 12mo. ; and a pamphlet, entitled, " A Prc.-sent for a Servant Maid." When young, she dabbled in dramatic poetry, but witli ro great SHccess : none of lier plays being eillier much approved at first, or revived afterwards. HEYWOOD, Oliver, an English non-confor- mist divine, and a writer on tlieologlcal sub- jects ; he died in 1702. HEYWOOD, Nathaninl, a native of Bolton, rjerted for non-conformily : died in 1677. HEYWOOD, Thomas, junior, one of the signers of the declaration of Independence ; he was from South Carolina. HIACOOMES, the first Indian in New-Eng- land, converted to Christianity, was minister ai Martha's vineyard ; he died in 'Iti'Jti. HICETAS, of Syracuse, an ancient philoso- plier, who flourished about 340 B. C. He taught that the sun and the stars were motionless, and that the earth moved round them ; this is men- tioned by Cicero, and probably gave the first hint of that system to Copernicus. HICKEL, a celebrated portrait and historical palmer, died at Hamburglk .April 1799. HICKES, John, jo' (I the duke of Mon- mouth's rebellion, in 1685, and for this disloyal act wa? execnttHj. in<;KES, George, an English divine, anti- .^iiary, critic, and polemical writer, of uncom- mon parts and learning, born in Yorkshire, in |t'>42, died in l"!.";. His " [Jnguanim Septen- tiioiKiIir.m Thosiauvu.--','' published iu 170.^, t.\- HI hihiis a splendid and durable monument of his industry. HICKMAN, Henry, ejected fornon-conformi- ty, minister of an English congregation at Lcy- den, and author of several works ; he died iu 1688. HIERO I., kingof Syracuse, 478 B. C, cele- brated by the pen of I'indar. HIERO H., kinf of Syracuse, 268 B. C, wes at one lime the enemy, and afterwards, the friend of the Komaiis. HIEROCLES, an enemy and persecutor of the Christians in the 4lh century. HIEROCLES, a Platonic philosopher of the .5th century, taught at Alexandria with great re- putation, and wrote seven books upon Provi- dence and Fate. These books, however, are lost, and all we know of f hem is by the extracts which are to be met with in Pbotins. Hieroclps wrote also •' A Commentary upon the (iolden Verses of Pythagoras," which is still eiiani, and has several times been published with lho.se \eise3. IHERON'TMUS, or, as he is commonly called, Jerome, a very celebrated father of the chnrcli, born on the confines of Dalmatia, about 329, died in 420. rilFFER.XAN, P.1UI, a native of Ireland, but chiefly resident in England, and known as a dramatic writer, translator, and compiler, was born iu Dublin, in 1719, and died in 1. /7. Some very curious and entertaining memoirs of this singular character, will be found in the Euro- pean Maga7,ine, vol. XXV. HIGDEiV, Ralph, an early English chronicler died in 1363. HIGDEN, Dr. William, an eminent poliiical writer in the time of queen Aniie, died iu 1715 HIGGENS, or HIGINS, John, an Engli.^'h, di vine, who instructed youth, and wrote several scliool-hooks ; he died after liKM. HIGGINSON, Francis, first minister of Sa- lem, Massachusetts, arrived from England ia 16'«), and died in 1630. IIIGGINSON, John, son of the preceding, much respected : died in 1708, aged 93 ; he was a minister 72 years. HIGGO.\S,"SirThoma8, a writer, and an am- barsador I'rom Eni^land to Sa.vony and Vienna ; lie was knighted for his services, and died iu 1691. HIGGONS, Bevil, a dramatic poet and histo ria;i ; died in l7:iS. HIGH.MORE, Nathaniel, an eminent English anatomist; liedudiu 16rt4. HIGHMORE, Joseph, an eminent English painter, born in London, in 16tt2, died in 1780.. Jlr. Higiimore was also a respectable writer, and, among several other things, published in 1766, two small volumes of " Essays, Moral, Religi- ous, and MLscellaneous.'' niLARION, a native of Gaza, founded a monastic order in Palestine, and died in 371. HILARIUS, an ancient father of the Christ tian church, and bishop of Poictiers, wiio tU)U- rished in the 4th century. HILARIUSE, Joseph, eminent as a medalist and antiquary, at Vienna ; died in 1798. HILARY, St. a native of Poictiers, in France, bishop of that town, in 355 ; was banished by Con.-tanlius. into Phrj'gia : and died in 357. HILDE8ERT, bishop of Mans, and then archbishop of Tours, disliuguished for piety, learninir, ice. ; died in the 12ih reiitiirv. HILDESLEY, Mark, an English bishopmuch ►•stccmed -. he died iu 1772. fl h 21 241 HI HILL, Aaron, a celebrated pciti and miscella Tie'tus writer, born in Londuii, in Iii85, died in 1750 His principal works are, '' Klfrid, or The Fair Inconstant," a tragedy ; " Uinaido," an ojiera ; another iracedy, called, " The Fatal Vision, or. The Failor Siani;'" and two trape dies, called, " Me^fte," and " Zara ;" which were brought upon the stage in Drury-lane, by Garrick. HILL, .loscph, an English puritan divine, who rled to Flolland; author of an improved edition of" iSchrevelii Lexicon," &.c. ; hediud in 1707. HILL, Sir John, an I'nplish writer, born about 171C, died in 1775. He was bred an apo Jhecarj", and^etup in St. Martin's lane, West- minster ; but, marrying early, and without a fortune, he was obliged to look round for other resources than his profession. Being possessed of quick natural parts, he soon made himself acquiiinted with the theoretical as well as |iiac- tical parts of botany : and being recommended to the duke of Richinoiid and lord Petre, lie, un- der their patronage, executed a scheme of travel ling over several parts of England, to gather «er!ain of the most rare and uncommon plants, which he afterwards published by subscription. .'\bout 1746, he translated from the Greek a small tract, written by Theophrastus, " On Geras ;" and this being well executed, pro- cured him friends, reputation, and money. En- couraged by this, he engaged in works of greater extent and importance. The first that he under- took was, " A General Natural History," 3 vols, folio He next engaged, in conjunction with George Lewis Scott, Esq., for a " Supplement to Chamber's Dictionaiy." Heat the same time «arted the " British Magazine ;", and, when engaged in a number of iliese aii(ft)ther works, some of which seemed to require a man's whole attention, carried on a daily essay, under the ti- tle of " The Inspectfl4 " He next applied himself to the preparation of certain simple medicines ; namely, the " Essenceof Water-dock, Tincture of Valeri:in, Pectoral Balsam of Honey, and Tincture of Bardana." The well known siiu- plicity of these medicines made the public judge favourably of their effects, insomuch that they had a rapid sale. Soon after tt-'; publication of the first of tliese medicines, , ; obtained the patronage of the earl of Bute ;' mider which he published a very pompous and voluminous bo- tanical work, entitled, " A System of Botany ;" and having, a year or tv>'o before his death, pre- sented an elegant set of his botanical works to the king of Sweden, that monarch invested him with one of the orders of his court. HILL, Robert, a man remarkable for his per- severance aiid talent in learning many languages by the aid of books alone, and that under every disadvantage of laborious occupation(as a tailor) and extreme poverty ; he was born at Miswell, near Tring, in Hertfordshire, in 1C99, and died in 1777. HILL, William, an English scholar, who pre- pared an edition of Dionysius Periegetis ; he died in 1667. HILL, George, ati eminent clergyman, of Scotland, professor of Greek, and afterwards of divinity at the college of St. Salvador, prin- cipal of St. Mary's College, and chaplain to the king ; he died in 1820. FULL, Thomas Ford, an eminent English an- tiquary and philologist, died Sept., 1705. HILLEL, tiie Elder, a Jewish doctor, of the Misrhna born about 30 B. C, he reduced the Jewisji traditions into six treatises. 242 HI HILLEL, the prince, great grandson of Judai Hakkadosh, was one ol the writers of IheGema- ra; hctlourished in the middle ofthe 4th century. HILLIAKU, Nicholiis, liiuner to queen Eh- zabi'th, whoee picture he drew several times, was born at Exeter, in 1547, died in 1619. He imitated the .style oi' Holbein ; and Isaac Oliver was his pupil. Ponne has celebrated this painter in apoem, called, " The Storm ;" where he says, " A hand, an eye, By Hilliard drawn, is worth a history." H I LLIARD,Timothy, minister of Cambridg«, Mass., died in 1790, much respected for his tal- ents and qualifications. HIM LRU'S, a Greek grammarian, who kept a scliuol at Athens, in the time of Julian. HINCKLEY, John, an English divine, wh» publi.'-lied some works; he died in 1691. IIINCMAR.orHINCMARUS, archbishop of Rlieiius, a zealous supporter of the Gallicaa chnreli ; he died in 882. HIPPARCHIA, a celebrated lady who flour- ished in the time of Alexander. She addicted herself to" philosophy, and wrote some things which have not been transmitted down to us; among wliich were "Tragedies; Philosophical Hypotheses, or Suppositions; some Reasoi.mgs and Uuesiions proposed toTheodorus, surnamed the .'\theist," &c. HIPPARCHUS, a great astronomer, born at Nice, in Bithynia, flourished between 160 and 125 B. C. He is reckoned to have been the first who from vague and scattered observations re- duced astronomy into a science, and prosecuted the stiidv of it Hvstematically. HirPAKCHL'S, son of Pisistratus, was slain by Harnudius and Aristogiton, 528 B. C. HIl'POCRATES, the father of physic and prince of physicians, born in the island of Cos, in tlieBUth Olympiad, flourished at the time of the Peloponnesian war. He was the first man that we know of, who laid down precepts con- cerning physic. On account of his wonderful skill and foresight in this art, he pa-ssed with the Grecians for a goj, and after his death had dMne honours paid him. He died at about 90 years of age. His works have often been printed. HIPPONAX, a satirist of Ephesus, as re- markable for his wit as the deformity of his person. Bupaliis and Anthermus, two emineut statuaries. ( aricaturcdhiin in a statue : on which he wiote such bitter invectives against them, that they both despatched themselves ; or (as others say) left Ephesus on the occasion. " Acer hostis Bupalo," says Horace. In the Aiithologia, there are some epigrams an Hipponax. HIRAM, king of Tyre ; he furnished Solomon with n:atcrials for the temple, and died 1000 B. C. HIRE, Laurence dc la, a much adi»>red French painter, died in 1656. HIRE, Philip de la, a celebrated French ma- thematician, son of Laurence ; his works are numerous and valuable; he died in 1718. HIRE, Philip de la, brother of the preceding, a painter, wiiose portraits are admired ; he died in 1719. II ISC AM, or HiaiAM, 15th caliph of the Ominiades, ascended the throne in 723, and dici2 in 74:5. HITCHCOCK, Euos, D. I)., minister of Pro HU HO vidfiico, Rhode Island, was sniiittitnc chaplain jTliere have been few persons whose writitigs m llie American army ; he died in IM'i. 'have had a inure pernicious influence in spreaa- HOAnijY, John, U. D., bishop of Leiu'hiini ing irreligion and infidelity than Hobbcg; and and Femes, archbishop of Dublin and of Armagh,! Vft none of his treatises are directly levelled and primate of Ireland; lie died in 1740. i|a!ialnst revealed religion. HOADI.Y, Benjamin, bishop of Winchester, I| HoBKIMA, Minderhout, an eminent Dutch born at Westerham, in Kent, ItiTG, died in 17G1 Preaching .igain^t what he coni^idered as the inveterate errors of the clergy, among other dis- conrsf s one was upon these wmds, " My king- dom is not of tills world:" which producing the famous Bangorian controversy, as it w;ih called, employed the press lor many years. Hoadly contended, that tho([er';yliad no preten- sions to any temporal jnri-idictions ; but that tern poral princes had a richt togovi'rn iii tcciesiasli- nal politics ; and by this mrans he drrw on him- self the indignation of almost all the clergy. These disputes, however, have long since snbsidi'd. IIOVDhY, Dr. Benjamin, eldest son of the bishop of Winchester, born in Loudon, in l~05-(i. 11" was appointed physician to his majesty's hniisi'liold, in 1742, and to that of the prince of Wales, in 1746. This, being at a lime wlien till' lainilies were not upon the best terms, is a proof that Dr. Floadly was a most nne.vcfpiion- uhli' man ; and he is said to have filled ilie post will) sinuular honour. He published some me di( :al and pliilosopliical works, and " The Sns picioMs Husband, " a coitu'dy, which, whenever represented, continually affords fresh pleasure to I he aiiilieiice; he died in 17.^7. MO \1)LY, Dr. John. ThisgentlemM,, young est ^pii of the bishop of Winclnsii'r, was born 111 London, in 1711, and died in 177(i ; and wiili hipi the name of Hoadly became extinct. He revised Lillo's " Anien of Feversham," wrote the .1th act of Miller's " Mahomet," and left behind hiin several dramatic works in MSS.i aniimc the rest, "The Housekeeper," a farce, en the plan of High Life below Stairs, and a tragedv on the slorv of lord Cromwell. HO.\R, Leonard, M. D., president of Har- vard College, res,()ected as a scholar and n , Chrisiian : he died in ir>75. HOB \RT, Peter, first minister of Hiiighavi, Mass., died in Ifi79. HOB AKT, \chemiah, son of Peter, ami min- ister of Newton ; he was humble, pious, and I learned, and died in 171'2. j HOB ART, Noah, minister of F.iirfield, Conn., ' was a man of creat talents and e.xtensive ac- 1 qnirements : he wrote in favour of presbyteriaii ordination, and died in 177.3. HOBART, .lohn Sloss. judL'e of the district court of New York, and a senator ofthe United States; he died in 1805, HORBES, Thom.is, horn at Malmsbnry, in J.">88, died in 1H75). He published, among other things, an " English translation of Tluicydidrs, " Unman Nature," and a treatise " De(^orpore Politico, or, of the Elements of the Law," This latter piece w.is presented to Gassendns, all(^Yead bv him a few months before his death ; whorls said lirst to have kissed it, and then to have deliverod his opinion of I' In these words : "This treatise is indeed small in bulk, but, in my judemeni, the very marrow of science." In lfi.il, he published his religious, political, and moral principles in a complete system, which he called the " Leviathan ;" and caused a copy of it, very fairly written on vellum, to he pre- fented to Charles II. He also, in his 88ih year, published in English verse, the whole " Iliad" and "Odyssey" of Homer; but his poetry is below criticism, and has lon£ been exploded. landscape painter, boin at ,\ntwerp, about 16IL HOCHE, Lazarus, a native of Versailles, di> tinguished as a brave and intrepid general in the French army, during the revolution ; he diod in Austria, in 1797. HOCHSTET TER, Andrew Adam, a German divine, historian, and political writer, born at Tubingen, in ICfw), died in 1717. HODiiES, Nathaniel, an eminent English physician, settled in London, where he died in lii8-} He wrote an account of the plague in London, and other medical works. HtJDY, Humphrey, an eminent English di vine, and controversial writer, regiiis prol'essor of Greek at Oxford, and an archdeacon; he dieil in 17(Mi. HOE, Matthias de Hocnegg, a distinguished Gernmn Lutheran divine, and preacher to th« elector of SH.\;ony ; he died in lfi45. HOECK, Robert Van, an eminent painter, of .Vntwerp, died in the middle of the 17th century. HOK.t^K, John Van, a distinguished portrait and historical painter, born at Antwerp, in 1600, and dii-d in Ili5l). HOKL, Gerard, a distinguished historical and landsrape painter, of Utrecht, died in 173:1. IIORL'I'ZLINUS, Jereniias, a learned phi- lolosist, of Nuremberg, settled at Leydcn, where liedii'd in 1041. HOESCHKLlUa, David, a learned and inde- fatigable scholar, of Aiig.sburg, and librarian and teacher in the college theie, died In 1617. HOFFMAN, Daniel, an eminent Lutheran ivine, and professor, at Helmstadt, toward the close of the I6th century. HOFFM,\N, Maurice, a German medical, anatomical, and botanical writer, born at Bran- ienbnr2, in Ifi'Jl, and died in 16518. HOFFMVN, John Maurice, son of the pre- eediim, a physician, and medical writer, born at VIrdorf. in 16,^ nd died in 1727 HOFF.M.'VNt >hu James, the laborious com- piler of a " Lexicon Universale Historico-Geo- raphico- Poetico-Philopophico- Politico- Phi lolo- eicum,"2 vols, folio, Geneva, 1077, Ithasbeen nee enlarged and published in 4 vols, folio, and tinds a place in every learned library. He wan horn at Basle, in 16^5, and died iliere in 1706. HOFF.M.V.N, Gasper, professor of physic. It .\lidorf, and author of some medical works; he di. (1 in 164!). H'1FFM\N, Frederic, born at Hall, near MaL'deburg, in IfitiO, was professor of physic at thai place, and died in 1742. His works were collected at Geneva, in six large folios, 1748, and 17.54 ; and he has deservedly been reckon- ed among th« best writers on physic. HOGARTH, William, a truly great and ori- ginal genius in painting and engraving, was born in 1697, in the parish of St. Martin, Lud- gate, and bound apprentice to Mr. Ellis Gam- ble, a silversmith of eminence, in Cranboum street, Leicester Fields. In this profession it is not unusual to bind apprentices to the single branch of engraving arms and cyphers on every species of metal ; and in that particular depart- ment, young Hogarth was placed. He began business on his own account about 1720 ; and his first employment seems to have been the engraving of arms and ahop-bills. The ntn »13 ^J HO step was tn design and fiiriiish plaies lor book- esllersi ; ot' wliich, liioSB best known are 17 for aduddi'cinio edilionof " Hudibras," (witliHut- ler's bead,) in 1726. The first piere in which he distin;!uished bimseif as a painicr. was a it- presciitalion of Wansttad assnubly, tlie por- trails Ironi life, wittiout builesque, and Ihe co- louring rather better than ■^nnie of his later aiid more highly flnifihed perlorinances. ll wa^ Hogarth's custom to sketch out on the spot any remarkable face which particularly struck him, and of wliich he wished to preserve the renipnt- brance ; and this he fr*?i]nently did with a pen- cil on his nail. In ITM), Mr. Hogarth married the only daughter of Sir James ThornliiM : and soon alter, having summer lodgings at t^oulll l.aiiibelli, and being intimate with Mr. Tyers, he contributed to the improvement of the Spring Gardens, at Vauxhall, by the hint of embellis.i- ing llieiii with painting, some of which were tlic proiliictionsof liis own truly coi^ic pencil. In 1733 his genius became conspicuously known. His " Harlot's Progress" introduced him to the notice of the great, an^l Hogarth rose complete- ly into fame. Soon after the peace of Ai.\-la- (.'hapelle, he went over to France, and was ta- ken into custody at Calais, while lie was draw- ing the gale of the town ; a circumstance which he has recorded in his picture, entitled " O tlie Koast Beef of Old England!" published 1749. He was actually carried before the ;^overnor as a spy, and alter a strict examination, commit- ted H prisoner toGrandsire, his landlord, on his promising that Hogarth should not go o,it of his house, till he was to embark for England. In 1753, he appeared to the world in the character of an author, and published a 4to volume, en- tilled " The Analysis of Heauty, written with a view of fixing tiie fluctuating Ideas of Taste." In this performance, he shows, by a variety of examples, tha« a curve is the line of bnanty, and that round >welling figures are most pleas- ing to the eye ; aiul the truth of his opinion has been countf uanced by subsequent writera on the subject. Hogarth was one of the most absent of men. Soon after he set up iiis carriage he had occasion to pay a visit to tlie lord-mayor, (Mr. Beckford.) VVhen he went, the weather tvas fine ; but business detained him till a vio- lent shower of rain came on. He was let out of the niansi