■>--. *t*v A* 1 t^,^f^' >s> 1 . '* '' : ^ •< *T Y ^A / ^ ■~C3^4 M > *a p-q 1 "V * J^ v« COL.GEORG1 \V.\sMI\GTON FLOWI &S Ml MORIAL COLLECTION W/ TRINITY COLLEG1 1 IHRARY DURHAM I AWSE AND' CONTRAST: I a :; ay ••. \\i [CAN CRISIS. T. W. MacMAHON, / ■ >\; v t a. > N V <■ V K % \ \ \ \ % V, •*- i X \ % . I Y % \ X >f§*> . • !*\ €mm anb Contrast, CAUSE AND CONTRAST: AN ESSAY AMEEIOAN CRISIS. BY T. \V. MacMAHON RICHMOND, V\. \\ BS T A JOHNS TO N 1862. . in tho year 1801, by WEST ft J0HN8T0N, la the Distriot ('curt of the Confederate States for the t of Virginia. C1IAS. 11 wynm:, mi Mill. 3 "2. /A I t' her prayers and Bop- ■ be first and oi oist ; 1 Union, and trampled under foot the I tituUon, which was the bond of Union; ai h, let In r stand arraigned before the bar oi and unh justi I do not olaim anything like pure originality I 1, much of its matter may have been already familiar to the r ler. Bui tl irrangement, design, and mod tn atmi at, are wholly my own. I ihould not "iiiit t'> mention here, that it has been my good fortune t.> 1. acquainted with a dis- ished gentleman, whom I an proud to call my friend — II n \i DlBUTRT. ( )f him I can truly add, that lie Domplished oritio, s profound thinker, and a tine scholar a man of Athenian acumen, and gifted with a Ireek mind. I am indebted to him for important stions, as well as fir the reading and con of my i Di Bow, whose fruitful labors have PREFACE. 51 peculiarly associated him with the industrial growth and development of the South, I am also obliged for kind atten- tions, and for having been instrumental in materially adding to my knowledge of cotton culture. I must not, and should not, conclude, without offering sincere and unaffected thanks to my publishers — Messrs. West & Johnston. They have promptly responded to every wish of mine, in the face of difficulties and expense, during the publication of this work. Indeed, Mr. Johnston, par- ticularly, — Mr. 'West being absent in the military service of his country — has been to me, not only a business, but a personal, friend — always cheerful, courteous, generous and obliging; and if my first book meets with popular favor, it is merely designed to form, a general introduction to a history of the present war — which shall bear the imprint of my first publishers. ERRATA, Tngp 02 — line 25 — for "carnival feast," read cannibal feast. Page 124 — Hue \b — for '-Fugitive Slaw Law," read Fugitive Slave Law. % CONTENTS. XV xvr. • PAGE Characteristics of Tyrants and Tyranny — The modern Ty- rant and Tyranny without historic parallels — Overthrow of Americanism — Perversions and Subversion of the Federal Constitution — rerjury 139 XVII. Iniquity of the Present War — Duplicity of its Authors — Confederate Victories and Successes — Humbling of the Vaunted— The God of Hosts our Ally 1G8 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. "The whole conduct of Cambyses," says Herodotus, the father of history, " towards the Egyptian gods, sanctu- aries and priests, convinces me that this King was in the highest degree insane ; for otherwise he would not have insulted the worship and holy things of a people." The coincidence between the conduct of Cambyses, one of the earliest rulers of men, and that of Mr. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, one of the latest rulers in Time, is singularly striking and remarkable. This King, Lincoln, has been, and now i?, endeavoring to overthrow the institutions and ruin the prosperity of fifteen sovereign and independent Southern States: first, by insult, vilification, and contumelious abuse of their social system ; then, by direct assault, or gradual encroachment upon their constitutional rights ; and lastly, by seeking to slaughter their liberties beneath the iron heel of armed mercenary invaders. Instead of ruling in accordance with the eternal principles of rectitude and benevolence, he has chosen to inaugurate discord, hatred, and civil war, between thirty millions of brothers, and to convert a country smiling with love- liness and beauty, and teeming with wealth and pros- perity, into a great Golgotha. He has violated that Constitution which he has sworn to observe and protect ; he has made war without right or authority ; he 1 2 OAUSH AND CONTRAST. has converted free institutions into instruments of des- | mi: he has prepared armed men for the sack and Carnage of great commercial cities, and the waste and desolation of harvest fields — peaceful and happy homes; and the Ocean, which should be the natural bond of love and amity between the Nations, he has changed into a high road of terror for the merchant, and a barracks for his ships of war. II. The historians of future ages, in philosophising upon the unaccountable events of the past, will have to record how the greatest and most favored country upon earth, with the most liberal code of laws that the world had yet witnessed, growing out of the rational theory of individual self-government, was destroyed by the per- yerse fanaticism of a certain political organization, the chosen chief of which is Abraham Lincoln. The ethics, or doctrines rather, of this party arc founded upon the allegation, that negro subordination is contrary to Divine law and revolting to the moral sense of mankind, and that >] ivcry is the creature of local or municipal codes and at war with Nature. Such assumptions are unten- able, fictitious, and iniquitous. And before passing over to a review of that cruel question, which more immediately destroys the peace and happiness of the American '•■. we will proceed with a refutation of these funda- mental errors: establishing that slavery is coeval with the dawn of history and civilization, and existed ante- cedent to all written codes; showing that the subordina- tion of the negro to the Caucasian is not slavery, but, that being of physical and intellectual inferiority of organism, SLAVERY UNIVERSAL. 3 this is his normal condition ; and, finally, proving beyond cavil, that such a relation, in social economy, is wise, providential, and beneficent — having elevated the negro to a standard of civilization which he never attained before, and having furnished with labor millions of the superior race, and clothed more than one-half of civilized mankind. III. Slavery, at the commencement and formation of social and political societies, was universal as civilization ; permanent as the free autonomy of nationalities ; and constituted an integral element in the progress and greatness of the most remarkable governments that ever existed. It was an Egyptian institution before the Pyramids were built or hieroglyphics invented ; so in Syria and Assyria, before Babylon or Nineveh arose in splendor and beauty ; and in Palestine long before Abra- ham first went into Egypt. It was an institution of the Indians and the Chinese — of the Medes and Persians — of the Greeks and the Phocnicans — of the Romans and the several European nations ; certainly as universal as law or order, and continuing down to the application, or substitution, of the mechanic arts for the performance of that brute labor formerly exacted of man. And this economical and political element of order and civilization in society, was slavery per sc — the subjection or con- strained obedience of white men, made dependent upon rulers of the same caste and race with themselves : but RADICALLY AND TOTALLY IN CONTRADISTINCTION TO THE SUBORDINATE RELATIONS OF THE NEGRO IN THE SOUTH- ERN States of America. 4 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. It is not, however, our intention either to justify or condemn the systems of labor in other nations, no matter whether remote or immediate in time. To jus- tifv them would be to pronounce opinion from imper- fect and superficial data ; and to condemn, would be to set our dicta above the authority of the wisest and best men that ever lived — above the Divine Saviour — above Moses and the Patriarchs — Solon and Thrasybulus — Pythagoras and Socrates — Flato and Aristotle — Seneca and Cicero — Athanasius and Augustine. If ancient slavery, however, as is now alleged, was barbarism, it was inevitable ; for it resulted from political and social exi- gencies, and the necessity of progressive life in public econom} r . The slaves who pastured flocks, herded cattle, and cultivated the soil, were, in return, protected from injury or invasion by their lords, standing ready •with arms in their hands. The benefits and hardships of master and servant were then mutual. And now even, it ■would not be an uninteresting investigation to contrast this constrained labor of the ancients with the " volun- tary " system of the moderns ; clearly defining in what essential, other than mere form, they differ. Certain it is, that the boasted "freedom " of the modern opera- tive is as much nominal as it is real ; since the poor de- pendent of the present, by an instinct of self-preservation and family affection, is compelled to labor. He is free not to work, it is true; but not being a self-sustaining machine, he must do so or starve. Being a creature of Nature, he is subject to her laws and despotism. She teaches the birds of the air and the beasts of the forest, respectively, to nurture their young ; and by a higher development of the emotional affections, she rules man in the same direction. He is her predestined slave, EGYPTIAN SERVITUDE. 5 in proportion to the delicacy of his organism, and the refinement of his intellectual culture. Often poor and without means, he hires his services for a fixed remune- ration, with which to purchase nourishment either for his parents or his offspring, or both ; considerations which devolved as imperative duty upon the masters of anti- quity. And thus the toiler of to-day is in reality a slave ; differing only in appearance and degree from his brother-slave of other systems and ages past. IV. At this remote period of time, and more especially in a brief and cursory view of the facts*, it will be found impossible to present either a full or minute account of the relations which existed between master and slave in ancient nations. What we can derive from her hiero- glyphic characters, and the paintings upon her tombs and monuments, is the principal means through which we can glance at Egypt's early domestic economy. The preponderance of Egyptian slaves was either purchased from barbarous nations or conquered in war. We behold in one place the king putting them to flight. In another, we see an officer registering and arranging them into separate classes — adults, women and minors. That they were generally foreigners we know, from the fact that it was the boast of the Pharaohs, that in the erection of the Pyramids and public monuments no Egyptian hands were employed. And Gesche (the Goshen of the Bible), of which Ileliopolis was the capi- tal, and Moses one of the priests, was the district allotted to the Israelitish bondsmen and their families. The slaves of Egypt were employed in all occupations, Mid dom< stic : i or '1" they Beem to ha\ e • 1 : although the mister, mistress and rally represented as wielding the lash while rintending them. This instrument, however, should led in the anexpreBsive language of pictorial his- . merely as the insignia of authority. For, on the contrary, upon a monument "f Thebes, there is a picture 1 by Sir Gardner Wilkinson, representing a lady enjoying the luxury of the bath ami attended by four female slaws; wheue kimlness on the part of the former, ami i 1 affection on that of the latter, are clearly delineated. And when the .lews planned their escape fr<'iu the land of bondage to the land of promise, did pi stations, in borrowing from their Egyptian masters precious vessels, jewelry ami gold) That system, if unjust, could not have been cruel, under which t! lent valuables toward tion of his cunning Blare. But srery Jews, at the time that they were trans- 1 from their home into Egypt, and indeed long before this term of their captivity, were slaveholders themselves. And when they returned from bondage under Nehemiah, one-sixth of the people were at once slaves and captives. Abraham had his male slaves and de slaves; and Sarah was the tyrannical and cruel mistress Of 11 agar. When Rebecca, married Isaac she carried to his hpme her slave-damsels ; as did Leah, the wife of Laban, and Rachel, the spouse of Jacob. The reduced the Gibeonites to "hewers of wood and drawers of water;" and whilst the Hebrew slave (unless elected the contrary) was entitled to release at the year .,(' Jubilee, and to be treated during his bondage as errant and sojourner," the heathen and the strait- HEBREW SYSTEM. 7 ger, on the other hand, became not only " a bond-man forever," but the "possession" and "the money" of his master and owner. Even Solomon, reputed to have been the wisest of men, a son of David (who was a man according to God's heart) and a direct ancestor of Christ — according to Matthew, the Evangelist — was, if judged by our modern international law, a common pirate ; for his ships on the sea of Tarsus exported all sorts of mer- chandise to exchange for " ivory, apes and Ethiopians." And when the Saviour of Mankind was upon earth, inculcating lessons of wisdom in the alleys and dark ways, on the mountains and highways, he not only acquiesced in, but approved of, such institutions, and healed the Centurion's slave ; even as the apostle Faul returned to his Christian master the fugitive, Oncsimus. But we feel that it is unnecessary to dwell farther upon this subject. The question of Hebrew slavery has re- cently been fully and thoroughly examined by the Rev. Dr. Van Dyke, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and by the Rabbi Raphall* of New York city ; each of them, in an elo- * The influence exercised by abolitionism upon the best minds of the* North, is peculiarly mournful. The "Bible View of Slavery," a sermon preached by Dr. Raphall, on the day of National fa^t, Jan. 4, 1861, is certainly the most scholarly and conclusive discourse written by any divine of his section. Yet, after invoking " the Father of Truth and Mercy to enlighten his mind," in his terror of the anti- slavery Moloch, he utters strange blasphemy. " My friends," says the sapient Rabbi, "I find, and I am sorry to find, that I am deliver- ing a pro slaTi ry dkeoorae. I am no Mend to slarery in the abstract, and still less friendly to the practical workings of slavery. But I stand here as a teacher in Israel ; not to place before you my own feelings and opinions, but to propound to yon (HI WOES of CONTRAST. qucnt sermon, clearly maintaining that the .Tows did not - contrary to the laws of Nature or of G I. And. indeed, their task was easy and utrovertible, since, in addition to the old Jewish too law, the laws given by Moses t<> the Jews drawn from the Egyptian Bystem of polity, but purified by the Hebrew Theogony. SLAVERY, assumed in India a religious as well as a politi- cal character. The labors of the slave were lightened and alleviated by a spiritual resignation «»f Faith. lie believed that at the creation, although Bprung from the Deity, his condition of life was immutably fixed. All men, according to Menu, are divided into four classes; the first of which sprang from the mouth of God and arc gifted to rule and to sacrifice. The second, born of His arm, are endued with the strength to fight in defence of the other classes. The third, or the children of His abdomen arc allotted to agriculture, traffic and trade. Tl fourth were the offspring of His feet, and naturally (loomed to servitude, T.ut this predestination of the r does not seem to have been regretted; for to serve a Brahmin was esteemed both laudable and honorable. Aside from this classification, however, there was a Hindoo code under which slaves were made by voluntary sale; by Bale of* children; by servile birth; by marriage to a slave; by sale for debt; and by captivity in war. 1. Like an obedient, but hypocritic.il Fervant, lie preaches abroad the «"!<1 and will of bis Master; but he "is sorry" for doing it! [| nut this Abolition blasphemy? INDIAN SYSTEM. 9 So, also, 'were persons committing crimes against nature or society (entailing forfeiture of life in other nations), reduced to slavery. This continued until Mohamme- danism predominated, and, as usual with that power, introduced its own innovations ; recognizing but two sources of slavery — captive infidels and their descendants. Such slaves were subject to all the laws of sale and in- heritance. They could not marry without permission from their masters ; nor be parties to a suit ; nor bear testimony in Courts of Justice ; nor inherit or acquire property; nor be eligible to any office of trust or emolu- ment. But in 1793, British power, through the agency of the East India Company, modified all this, declaring that " Mohammedan law, with reference to Mohamme- dans, and Hindoo law with reference to Hindoos," were henceforward to be regarded as the general rules of Indian jurisprudence ; thus recognizing by one enactment two systems of slavery in the same country. VI. It would be difficult to name a people, no matter of what ethnic origin or affinity, who were not slave-owners; and with whom slavery was not one of the earliest institu- tions. It seems to have been the natural relation of the weak to the powerful — of the captive to the conqueror — of the dependent to the opulent. It is doubtful whether it was ever founded upon any statutory enactments, but existed rather by prescription ; since its origin was ante- cedent to history or tradition. Thus: It is almost cer- tain, and if not quite certain, decidedly probable, that the primitive inhabitants of Susiana — Elamites, doubtless — were conquered by llamitcs and reduced to a condition 10 0AV8I AND CONTRAST. rvitnje. T - Samite race wrested Babylonia from tin- M< dian Scyths — a mixture of Japhetic and Turaunian — twenty-three centuries before Chiist. According to B after a reign of -"> s Years, these Ilau.ite conquerors were in turn superseded in power by emigrants from Suaiana — the founders of the great Chaldean Em- - usual, became the servants of the lerors. It was at this period that the Exodus of Abraham took place — when the Hebrew patriarch, with hi> household, marched from Chaldea to Palestine — and when the Pho&nicana emigrated from the Persian Gulf to the shores of the Mediterranean ; each carrying with them the precious institution of slavery. It was at this period that Semitic tribes displaced the Cushite inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula; that Assyria was ming occupied by tin- Semitic settlers "f Babylonia; and that the eastern frontier of Syria was in course of occupation by Aramaeans— aft f the latter, and the greater Assyrian Empire, oontinued at least during six centuries; and the palaces and temples of Sardanapalus — the palace at Nineveh of Shalmanubar; he of the Black Obelisk — the palace "I" Sargon, at Khorsabad — the many and magnifi- cent palaces of Bsar-haddon ; the wonderful hunting palace of his successor — would be, (if we had not the ony "f the Bible even to guide us,) no silent wit- nesses to the wisdom, extent, importance, utility, skill ASSYRIAN SLAVERY. 11 and intelligence, of that system of labor which mainly contributed toward their execution. The slaves and cap- tives whom it was unnecessary to employ upon the public works were colonized abroad. Thus the Chaldeans were sent into Armenia ; the Jews and Israelites into Assyria and Media; and the Babylonians and Susianians, into Palestine. And yet these Assyrian slave-dealers and slave-owners — it will seem incredible to the unen- lightened — were in all the elements of civilization and advancement, if we except a barbarous religion and savage passions, very nearly, if not completely, upon a par with our own boasted progress. Out of the ruin of the Assyrian Empire, it was, that the later Babylonish Empire arose, in brilliant but brief splendor. When Saracus was betrayed by Nabopolassar, his General and the father of Nebuchadnezzar, Josiah, King of Judea, was tributary to the Assyrian ; and in the division of the empire between Cyaxares, the Mede, and Nabopolassar, Judea, Syria, Phoenicia, &c, fell to the lot or choice of the latter. Nineveh, of course, was taken and destroyed ; the bulk of the people became captives, and were equally divided. With these cap- tives, remarkably advanced in a knowledge of the fine arts, and especially of architecture, it was, that Nabo- polassar commenced the magnificent works which Nebu- chadnezzar completed. When, however, the Egyptian king, Necho, made war upon the former, defeated Josiah and put his elder brother Jchoiakim upon the throne, Nebuchadnezzar went out against him and drove him back into Egypt. During his absence Nabopolassar died, and Nebuchadnezzar, followed by captive Jews, Phocnicans, Syrians and Egyptians, returned to assume the government. These captives he distributed over U 0AT781 ANI> CONTRAST. B bylon; the great number of which, when added to the prisoners of his father, . him oommand of that power whiob enabled him to con- lammate those great works that wore then among the wonders of the world, and the ruins of which excite t lie mingled awe and admiration of the present generation. With this Blave labor he built the great outer wall which fortified his capital : it was 130 square miles, 80 feet wide, and from three to four hundred feet high — cmbrac- x( twi, hundred millions yards of solid tM90nry ! Inside of this, there Was another wall of nearly equal importance. He had built in seventeen splendid palace, the ruins of which are still extant. He had built or rebuilt all the cities of upper Babylonia, and Babylon itself. He had dug immense canals; formed aqueducts ; raised pyramidal temples and other saored shrines: made hum ervoirs J built quays and breakwaters; and constructed the wonderful . ing gardens of Babylon. But during the construc- tion of these work-, the •' Ited three times; and in t! of one of their kings, Zedekiah, Jerusalem was invested — destroyed — and the bulk of its inhabitants made to swell the captiv. - of Nebuchadnezzar. With this immense additional senile population, he continued mbellisfa his capital, and to prosecute the construc- tion of works for public utility. After a reign of forty- thne years, Nebuehadiie/./.ar died, leaving the crown to ESvil-Merodach. The successor of this prince witnessed, doubtless, the opening of that devolution, which, by the overthrow of Astyagcs, established the great P ao Empire under Cyrus. At any rate one of his successors, Nabonadius, entered into alliance with 118, the Lydian, which finally resulted in the capture LYDIAN SLAVERY. 13 of Babylon, then in charge of Belshazzar ; for Nabo- nadous was at Borsippa. This latter city soon shared the fate of the capital, and with it the old Chaldean Empire fell under the dominion of the victorious Per- sian ; and master and slave alike became the captive property of the victor. Lydia first arose to importance under the reign of Gyges. It was, however, once previously invaded and overrun by the Cimmerians, who reduced a portion of the inhabitants to a condition of servitude. These Cim- merians were themselves fugitives that fled from before the more victorious Scyths, leaving many of their breth- ren behind in captivity. But during the reign of Sadyattes, the Cimmerian power in Lydia began to de- cline ; and by Alyattes, his successor, they were either extirpated or reduced to slavery. A war of greater importance soon ensued ; Alyattes became engaged with Cyaxares, the Mode, by whom L} r dia was invaded. The war continued six years with doubtful issue; but always resulting in slavery to the respective captives. At length an eclipse — supposed to have been that of Thales — put an end to the war; and Alyattes spent the remainder of his reign in peace, or in the erection of his mammoth sepulchre — equal in grandeur to the best Egyptian pyra- mid — by the diands of his captives and " the tradesmen, handicraftsmen, and courtezans of Sardis." The conclusion of this war between the contending powers, was also the commencement of a strict alliance between the Lydians and the Medea. The latter was a branch of the great Arian family, and closely allied in language and lineage to the Persians. Their manners and customs, and still more their institutions, were not radically dissimilar. The Medcs under Cyaxares, it is 14 Si: AM' CONTRAST. libly conjectured, commenced tlicir migration by om Khorasan; passing along the mountain chain louthnf the Caspian Sea; entering Media; con- qnering the Scythe; blending with a portion of them, to servitude, and precipitating the nn- ible upon the Assyrians; which, finally, resulted in the overthrow and destruction of the empire of the latter. Within eight or nine years of the establishment of Ins I in Media, Cyaxares was master of Nineveh. In this enterprise he was assisted, as we have seen, by the rous General of Saracus, Nabopolassar. Babylon I me not only sovereign and independent, but aggres- iiid conquering — always in alliance with Media; and. by the peace <>f the latter with Lydia, a triple alliance followed, embracing the Babylonish power. This alliat cemented by royal intermarriages, and I about fifty years. The allied kingdoms, however, continued respectively to absorb some lesser surrounding powers, and to reduce their inhabitants to servitude. ,\ • length tl an irruption under Cyrus came. Babylon was leveled with the dust, and the pride of her allies subdued. Again the proud masters of Babylonia, Media and Lydia, in the uncertainty and vicissitudes of the times, became the captives of the Persian — the slaves, in fact, of the conquering Pasargaahu, Maraphii, and Achsemenidm ; for with them, as with all othefr domi- nant races, slavery was a civil and religious institution. 'J nus we sec, that during the greatest period of the world's history, so long dim and obscure to human knOW- , and only partially and imperfectly revealed to US HOW, by the light of modern research and criticism, ry wot th>- invariable and universal superstructure of all soriii and political systems. GREEK SERVITUDE.' 15 VII. The ground over ■which we have hitherto trodden, has been, until recently, deemed prc-historic ; but now sve are to enter that plastic region, where the light of history first begins to grandly shine — where man reached his highest development — "Where grew the arts of war and peace, Where Delos rose and Phoebus sprung;" — the renowned and lovely classic soil of Greece. Yet is the morning of her history but dimly revealed to us by her poetry and myths. Her noble songs and unrivalled epics and dramas are her earliest histories. Her poets — inspired men, who stood forth to reveal the past, to explain the present, and to make known the future — were her original historians. And their theme was usually divinely exalted — their gaze attracted by the heroic legend and the splendid action, rather than by the petty transactions of slaves ; excepting when it became necessary to illustrate noble deeds by little ones. Hence it is difficult to always arrive at a correct idea of the early"*econoray of her little States. In Greece lots of arable land were parcelled out to certain individuals, with carefully marked and jealously ■watched boundaries; but the greater portion of the country was devoted to pasturage. Cattle formed the main item of wealth. These were tended by bought slaves or poor hired freemen, called in Attica, The slaves upon whom this trust devolved ••> rally high in the confidence of their masters ; Eumaeus, the swine-herd of Ulysses, and himself the son of a king, 1G 0AU81 AND CONTRAST. a fair typo of his class. Indeed, those slavi under their control, as auxiliaries, sub- ordinate Blaves, who were treated in a manner neither h nor cruel. Their condition was little, if :it all, than that of the Thdtes; who, nominally free, but owning do land, wandered about from one temporary job to another; generally contented if during the harvest or other busy seasons they could give their labor in exchange for food and clothing; and not unfrequ ring away their freedom for the more permanent and seem'' pri t ction of a master. The Constitution of Sparta — ami especially the Code of Lycurgus — rendered slavery an absolute necessity to the Si By this ("ode all distinction of rank as be- n Spartan citizt nt was abolished. The design of rreat law giver was to elevate rather than dej his fellow-countrymen. Lacedaemonians, politically Bidered, were to be regarded upon a footing id' perfect and complete equality; they were to he as members of one family — as children of the same roof. The exeroise of mechanism, or even of agriculture, was imperatively prohibited to the free. Every Lacedsemonian was re- quired to live up Btrictly to the standard of a modern nobleman or aristocrat, and to cultivate the spirit of chivalry ami patriotism. Hence, -laves and slavery ary, general, and numerous. Thellelotisin of Sparta, however, Beems to have been the severest mi of ancient involuntary labor. It was peculiarly marked out for censure by many able Athenians; and its no1 only gio.-sly exaggerated, hut shamefully mis- represented. It would ho difficult, indeed, to name another rustic population which enjoyed greater immu- nities than the Spartan Helots. Their hearths were IONIANS AND DORIANS. 17 inviolate. Their social intercourse was free. They had a fixed and moderate rent-scale. They might acquire property by industrious exertions. And, were it not for the institution of the Krypteia — the existence of which is uncertain and doubtful — their condition was much superior to that enjoyed at the present day by the down- trodden peasantry of Europe. "Wherever the Ionians or Dorians — the two great branches of the Greek family — colonized, they carried along with them the parent institution of slavery. Thus, the Argives and slaves whom they denominated Gym- ncsii, and resembling in their condition the helots of Sparta. The Konipodes, or dusty feet, of the Epidau- rians, were a similar class. Regular slavery, upon the basis of the Athenian constitution, prevailed at Corinth and the Corynephori were the bondsmen of Sycion. In Crete — Crete of the " hundred citie3 " — there were two kinds of slaves — slaves that were the property of the State, and slaves that belonged to private individuals. In Syracuse their number was proverbial, and their labor caused the estates of the nobles to yield the richest harvests and to blossom like the rose. Megara had her slaves and slave constitution ; and the Megarian colony of Byzantium placed the Bithynians in a condition of Ilclotism. The Mariandynians were similarly held by the icleans; and Thera, with her colony of Cyrene, clung to the old Doric usage. Tarentum, the city of Archytcs, a virtuous Pythagorean, had her slaves and slave laws ; and Crotona, the home of Pythagoras — the great political work of his brain being her constitution — was precisely in the same relation. All of these consti- tute d the colonial glory of the Doric, and partially of the Ionic races. They, like the parent States, were great in 2 ■ 1^ CAUSE AND CONTRAST. War, great in peace, great in commerce, great in litera- ture and the fine arts, great in architecture; matchless in every intellectual development which advances pros- ; ivilization, and the glory of a people. They flourished and progressed through their own virtue and lent institutions, including that of slavery; which was among the primal elements of their happiness and security. Y t it has been confidently asserted upon the floor of the United States Senate, and upon the authority of one Gurowski, an itinerant Russian, that " slavery was the putrescent mass which ruined Greece." The early voca- .md limited advantages of the Senator who retailed this bold error, constitute the best apology for his igno- rance. "The Grecian States," says K. 0. Miiller — an author to whose profound erudition, great labors, and critical perspicacity, universal scholarship is infinitely indebted — "either contained a class of bondsmen, which can be traced in nearly all the Doric States, or they had slaves, who had been brought either by captivity or commerce from barbarous countries; or a class of slaves •was altogether wanting, as was the case with the Fho- cians and Locrians. Jiut these )iatio)is, scanty in re- sources, never attained to such grandeur and power as Sparta and Athens. SLAVERY WAS THE BASIS OF THE PBOSPBBITX Or ALL COMMERCIAL STATES, AND TVAS IN- TIMATELY CONNECTED WITH FOREIGN TRADE." "When Athens was at the zenith of her glory and power, she had only a population of 30,000 freemen, while her slave population was over 400,000. Her fall resulted from political demagogueisra, perfidy and treachery. And, in- deed, the decline and ruin of all Greek States are traced to similar causes — the factious contentions of heartless ROMAN SLAVERY. 19 politicians, who divided and distracted the people by means of dangerous and glittering abstractions. With the virtue and greatness of Greece, the institution of slavery was fostered and prospered ; but when the philo- sophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle — advocates of slavery — was forgotten ; when the moral political exam- ples of Solon, Aristidcs, and Pericles, were superseded, by the political expediencies of professional time-servers, tricksters, and place-hunters, Greece sank from liberty, splendor, and glory, into decrepitude, chains and ruin. VIII. As with early Greece, so with early Rome ; — her social and economical history is shrouded from our penetration in the thick haze of myths, poetry, and tradition. But this much is clear : that from the very foundation of her society — coeval with the regulation of family relations — and long before the birth of her poets and historians, slavery was one of Rome's most valued institutions ; and continued so, not only until the Cross was erected upon the ruins of Paganism, but long after the sceptre of Rome had passed beneath the triumphant banner of the stranger and barbarian. Indeed, the immutable princi- ples of justice were so clearly discerned by the inflexible rectitude of the Roman mind, and so sagaciously applied by the wisdom of Roman lawyers, that Christianity, when supreme even in the Empire, approvingly adopted the old Roman statutes. That sacred religion, whose sanctity was sealed by the death of the noblest martyrs, and whose triumph sprang from their blood, naturalized as its own civil ethics, the provisions of the Roman slave code ; founded as they were upon the experience and accumu- 20 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. latcd wisdom of ages. Throughout the "Code" of Justinian there is a full recognition of slavery — a broad antl unf the Mosaic law embodied in the Capitu- laries of Charlemagne; while, under Lothaire, the mur- derer <»f a slave was punished by penance and excommu- nication. The fugitive from labor and servitude became an [shmael on the face of the earth. It was criminal to seal him. As by our own common law the owner of BARBARIAN SYSTEMS. 25 property may recover it wherever he finds it, so the master might seize his slave anywhere, and punish him according, to pleasure. The churches and the monaste- ries were large slaveholders ; and to harbor or conceal the runaway slave of an ecclesiastic was doubly criminal. Yet fortunate was the fugitive that succeeded in seeking refuge at the altar. Before he was restored, a promise was exacted from the master to remit all punishment. When we add that the Anglo-Saxon Abbott, Alcuin, owned ten thousand slaves, some correct idea may be formed of the extent of ecclesiastical property in slaves. The countrymen of Alcuin furnished the slave market with many of the most precious specimens of that kind of merchandise. The beauty of some Anglo-Saxons, exhibited in the Roman slave mart, excited the compas- sion of Gregory the Great, and led to their conversion by the great missionary, Saint Augustine. The Irish bought Anglo-Saxon slaves extensively, but manumitted them by a decree of a National Council in 1172 — a principle of generous humanity, which England long afterward rewarded, by conquering and enslaving Ire- land. The people of Northumberland sold their nearest relatives, often — according to the venerable Bede and Williain of Malmesbury — their very children. But witli the sway of William the Conqueror came Norman vassal- age — when the native master and slave were alike com- pelled to do homage to new lords. At length, but slowly and gradually, the influence of the Latin Church — the amalgamation of races — the relations of different races to each other, growing out of conquest, intercourse and change of dynasties — the final establishment of the European political system — the attachment of the slave to the soil in the character of serf — and the change in 26 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. rendered slaves taxable property, ami, urco of oppression and expense ; all these inflr.. gether with the advances made w the dis- v ami application of the mechanic arts, modified the relations of master and servant. Slavery became villein- Y< t their condition WM one DO< much improved by change. In some cases, villeins might still be sold like cattle. In other instances, they could only be sold with the freehold. They could not always purchase their own liberty. The child followed the condition of the father. Like all other species of property, they were inheritable. They could not be admitted as witn< arts (if justice. The runaway could be reco\ by his master in the same manner as he would recover his horse or his ass. But the lord had not the power of life or limb over his vassal or serf. And when Henry \ III. and his characteristic daughter, Queen Elizabeth, commenced the work of manumission or emancipation) they did so through no philanthropic or religious motive imply to replenish their empty treasuries, hji telling freedoi/i to their enslaved vassals. Another reason was, that towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth, the utility of the negro was discovered ; and it is to this dis- covery that Enlgand is largely indebted for her present commercial wealth and ascendancy, as well as for the abolition of villeinage. Upon the negro question wc shall soon enter; but whether — if we accept the securi- ties conceded to his rights of person — the condition of the Caucasian vassal has been improved by his enfran- chisement may w«ll admit of some doubt. One country — one people rather — remain to be spoken of — the Moslems. Long before Mohammed was born, ry was in full force in distracted and divided Ara- MOHAMMEDAN SLAVERY. 27 bia — under all of her petty kings and chiefs. But united by Islamism — when the prophet of Allah gave to her the laws of Divine revelation — slavery became firmly fixed, perpetual and sanctified. It was one of the ordinary conditions of society, and it so continues to the present day. The Koran is, when regarded in its religious authoritativeness amongst the people, an eternal edict of servitude. At the time, however, that Mohammed lived, wrote and fought, slavery was an universal institution; founded upon the principles of universal laws ; and hence, in the wars of Christian against Moor, many cen- turies afterward, which were inspired by dogmatic zeal, the system became not only increased, but debased. France and Italy were filled with Saracen slaves. In turn, the Saracen markets were overflowing with Chris- tian captives, offered for sale by Jewish traders. And this example was copied during the German and Sla- vonic wars. So, Venetian ships were the carriers of slaves; slavery existed in Poland while Poland had life; and when nationally dead, Russia — where serfdom ex- isted from the foundation of the Muscovite Empire — revived the system upon her corpse. X. It was not a sentiment of doctrinal or moral humanity which impelled the masters and owners of men to eman- cipate the slaves of their own race and lineage. For while villeinage prevailed in England — while feudalism, the maxims of the old Saxon Constitution, and Danish and Norman customs, were yet the law of the land, the Church, her holy fathers, monks and friars — according to the secretary of Edward VI., Sir Thomas Smith — 28 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. interpose! at the confessional, and in the ministry of extreme unction, for the amelioration of the condition of the servile. But on behalf of -whom did these holy- men so interpose ? Was it for a heterogeneous race ? ^ afl it in the cause of savages or unreclaimed heathens? Was it on behalf of a people morally and physically repulsive, and intellectually degraded and inferior, whoso normal and characteristic condition was that of servitude and subordination J No. It was on behalf of English- men who were of the same caste and race with their mas- ters — descendants of Britons, Danes, Saxons, Angles, Pictfl and Normans — men who were of the same com- plexion and anatomical structure as their lords, and in whose veins coursed the kindred blood of a kindred lineage — men whose only inferiority was artificial and accidental, resulting from inherited poverty — and men whose progeny were destined in time to develop the most brilliant intellectual faculties in every department that sheds glory, or fame, or immortality, around intel- lectual life. Yet when emancipation gradually, bm tematically commenced, it was founded upon principles of political economy purely. As we have seen, the monarchs sold freedom to their vassals. In the posses- sion of the lord they wore taxable property, and, conse- quently, a source of enormous expense. Philosophy and mechanism were advancing; the policy and necessity of exacting brute labor from man was receding. Each new discovery in science and the mechanic arts gave a fresh impetus to the progress and elevation of the serf, until at length the ethics of public economy found the inge- nious susceptibilities, refined mental organism, and in- ventive genius of the Caucasian, more profitable in guiding the helm of the ship and directing the steam KEVOLUTIONS OF PROGRESS. 29 engine through the tunnel and down the rapid grade, than in rudely squandering away his power in a patri- archal manner, whereby the fruit of his labor would sink into comparative infinitesimal insignificance. The Sun of Civilization was rapidly reaching its meridian orbit. The progress made in useful inventions was considerable. The Spanish armada was destroyed. The Dutch broom, was soon to be swept from the English channel. Bacon was writing his Novum Organum. Shakespeare was producing his noblest tragedies. Soon the Principia of Newton would produce a revolution in mathematics and astronomy. The Spirit of the Age was marching for- ward — onward rolled the wheels of progress. A few more years, and the Caucasian will remove the burden from off the shoulders of his brother — the steam engine will perform the labor of a million of toilers — the reap- ing machine will substitute the harvest hand in the har- vest field — the cotton-gin and cotton jenny will daily do the work of hundreds — the sewing machine will strip of half its tragic pathos the "Song of the Shirt" — and international codes will loose their former stern aspect, and appear more gentle and benign. No more shall the captive in war remain the captor's slave; because equality of intellect and race among the peoples of Europe must become a recognized fact of international law ; and because the improvement made in war engines and instruments of destruction renders the chances of war alike equal and uncertain. It will no more appear wise or rational to retain and support a captured enemy upon an already over-populated soil. Public and politi- cal economy alike forbid it. Nevertheless, the physical condition of the European hirelings and servants of the present day, is but little, 30 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. if anything, in advance of that of the ancient Villein. of them, ragged or barefoot, toil daily for a pit- tance, not sufficient to provide their half-starved and half- famished families with the scantiest and coarsest food. I nmstanees have altered, indeed, the relation of mas- ter and servant; hut the nature and characteristics of the task-master are still the same. The distance of sym- pathy, mutual dependence and kindliness, which sepa- rates the cotton-spinners of New England and the iron masters of Pennsylvania, from their operatives, is as great as that which separates the lord from his vassal — iNri.MTEiA' greater than that which separates the South- ern planter from his negro slave. And it is quite natural that this should be so. Property is precious. It is better and cheaper for the employer to hire for a pittance the daily laborer, than risk the life of his val- uable slave in the performance of menial or dangerous serviee. Hence we find the Roman freemen ; the Athe- nian Thetes, the Spartan Perio'ikoi, frequently exchang- ing their liberties for the protection and security of a master. And, indeed, fortunate would it be for the Wretched operatives of the manufacturing towns of Eng- land ; the COal-minen of Cornwall ; and the stone- breaking, ditch-digging, dung-carrying, half-starved, semi-nude, bare-headed, and bare-footed peasantry of In land, if such a source of refuge were still left open to them. But no : the condition of the modern laborer differs only in degree, not in effect, from that of the vassal or the slave. He is still a craven dependent. And whatever little advantages he may possess, are the fruits of science and philosophy, rather than of religion or philanthropy in the heart of his master. This will, and indeed must, continue so, until labor is placed, if it POPULAR ERRORS. 31 ever can be, upon a level with capital. Perhaps, by the observation of particular facts in the general law of physics, some future evangel of science may discover some principle of mechanism, that will place the toiler, socially and politically, upon an equality with the capi- talist; but until that day arrives, surely the Caucasian has room enough to exercise his philanthropy on behalf of his crushed and down-trodden brother, without Quix- otically spending his power and his pity on the side of that marked and debased slave of nature and circum- stances — the negro. Yet this is one of the crying errors of the present generation of would-be liberators and philanthropists. They build their arguments upon the false thesis, that all species of mankind had a common origin ; and, in- deed, were or are the children and lineal descendants of a single pair.* Because the Roman patriot who assas- * "But all this," the superficial thinker will exclaim, "is contrary to the Mosaic account." He must really pardon us for differing from him : we are no less Christian than he. Moses never intended to have the negro regarded as a child of Adam and Eve. The Mosaic view of our first parents, their aspect and characteristics, is our view ; and is fully and sublimely expressed by the inspired Christian poet — Milton: "Two of f:ir nobler shape, erect and tall, native honor clad In naked majesty) aeamed lorda of all, And worthy sicnied : for in their looks divine imagt of tMbr gtoriaut MaJur thont, Truth, It divine and pun, re, l>ut in true filial fieuduin placed; Wli ithority in man ; though both [dal, ai tln-iT For contemplation he and valor formed, He tor Sod only, and sin' Em (Sod In him. His fair large front and eye sublime declared CAUSE AND CONTRAST. siiia: . f"r his royal aspirations, could sacrifice a a of gladiators for dreaming of freedom — becaoM ror who boasted of Hampden, Sydney, and Locke, could ruthlessly and unscrupulously trample under foot the liberties of an Irish Celt — it has, by arguments which were hoped to appear analogous, been held squally wrong, oppressire, and tyrannical, in the Virginia planter, whose chief pride it is that he lives under a fi titution, to hold hifl African servant in subjection. But Lord Macaulay — who so reasoned — should not have forgotten that the Gladiator and the Celt equally with their masters children of Caucasian parents — that in their veins flowed the pure blood of a superior race — that it was by the laws of captivity or . rather than of conceded degradation and infe- riority, that they were held in subordination— and that they respectively belonged to as brilliant and creative branches of the great Arian family as any that migrated irard from the uplands of India. It is to the fami- of this Arian race — Scythe, Gauls, Franks, and Germans — from which the Gladiators of the Roman amphitheatre were drawn, (ami from which the Capuan SpartaCUS, Was a fair type), that we are largely indebted Absolute rule: and huarintliinc foekt I from hit pa Imanlf/kuag .i<:/. lut nut beneath his shoulders broad; sin-. :i^ ■ veil, down t<> the si> neb r imM ■ , i. imi In wanton rtn A- tin- vim' curls her tendrils." Now let the reader imagine, if he can conceive, this as a picture of ■ A 1 1 1 ii mi. I live; or lot him show how a negro race could pos- riblj spring rroa Mich parentage, inn the reason and philosophy of this question will be hereafter mudc apparent iu the text. CAUCASIAN GENIUS. 33 for much of all that is sublime and beautiful in poetry and the plastic arts — in our Gothic architecture and Gothic civilization. The contributions of the Irish branch of the Celtic family to history, are no less famous. The Senate of no other nation could boast of more illustrious statesmen than Burke, Grattan, Canning, Sheridan, and Palmerston ; while Curran, Plunkett, O'Connell, and Shiel, were among the brighest ornaments of legal eloquence in modern times. The writings of Swift, Berkeley, Goldsmith, and Moore, can perish but with the use of the English tongue ; and in the great drama of military skill and undoubted heroism, surely the Irish Celt has had his share. What analogy, then, can there be between the Celt and Gladiator, and the African negroes of Virginia ? None. The latter are destitute of genius, without glory, non-nesthetic, unprogressive, sensual, stolid, indifferent; not creative, not plastic, not homogeneous. The Cau- casian, from the humblest beginning, and with circum- stances and opportunity in his favor, will amount to the topmost step in the ladder of fame. Deprived of the tutelage of the white man, every future act of the most civilized negro will be an act of retrogression. The Athenian slaves brought up the rear under Miltiades at the battle of Marathon ; and they bore a no less distinguished part in the victory of Platrea.* The Roman slaves, under Tiberius Scmpronius Gracchus, beat a Carthaginian army, commanded by Hanno, at * " Ten thousand Lacedaemonian troops held the right win;- thousand of whom were S/mrtans ; and these five thousand were at- i by a body of thirty-five Ihouiand helots, who were only light- armed — seven to each Spartan." — Herodotus. 3 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. rentnm, near Cams, during the Campanian Mar. ]'. battle of Liberty or Civilization has never yet fought by the negro race, or by any portion of it. Under the most favorable circumstances, the negro rarely in distinction above being the keeper of a Becond rate saloon or livery stable ; nor does he often rank so high eveo as this. He is ever the servant, but never the ruler of men. One great man, a negro, the world has '■I see. Whatever may have been his advantages, he has never been able to lift himself up to common- place, but respectable, mediocrity. Not so the Cau- casian, even when contending against the grei obstacles. Many of the noblest men that ever lived sprang from the humblest grades of life. Demosthenes was the son of a cutler ; Epaminondas was born in pov- erty; the father of Halley was an humble soap boiler; Caius Marios was the child of poor parents ; Bunyan was the son of an itinerant tinker; D'Alembcrt, when an infant, was abandoned by his mother upon the steps of a Catholic Church; Columbus was son to a wool- oomber; the sire of De Foe was a butcher ; Erasmus :i 1 istard ; and Luther was son to a poor miner. The birth of Shakspeare was humble, indeed ; and hie ad- vantages of early education extremely limited. Even when he commenced to write his unrivalled plays, he had recourse to the crude Chronicles and Romances of other and indifferent authors, for their superstructure. Bat whenever the Angel of Creative Genius passed through the grand halls and corridors of his mind, B old books became subject to a new birth — there was thru born unto man a rich world of majestic and universal ideas, magically expressed in the purity and harmony of poetic grace — Minerva-like, springing beau- CAUCASIAN GENIUS. 35 tlful and immortal from that mind, where the bees of knowledge, love, and wisdom, seem to have deposited their honeyed stores. And the distinction which Shaks- pearc won in the Dramatic Art, was equally achieved in various departments of the True, the Beautiful, and the Good, by other noble and no less distinguished Caucasians. The same spirit of heavenly interposition which pervades Hamlet, is manifest in the supernal paintings of Raphael also ; in the sculpture and archi- tecture of Michel Angelo ; in the poetry of Dante ; in the Masses of Mozart, and in the Symphonies of Beet- hoven ; in the accumulated wisdom and graceful wri- tings of Goethe ; in the deep meditations of Pascal, and the copious eloquence of Bossuet ; in the exalted states- manship of Edmund Burke ; in the ineffable grandeur and beauties of Homer ; and in the self-sacrificing mag- nanimity and generous patriotism of Washington. Now, the loss of any of these Divine men would leave a vacant niche in the philosophy of mind and civiliza- tion; while, so far as intellect and its results are con- cerned, if the whole negro race were obliterated, — if, indeed, the acts of every one of that species of mankind, from the days of Cheops down to the dark reign of Lincoln, were erased or forgotten, Universal History — only in so far as they constitute a link in the perfect order of Nature — would remain the same. Let, then, no Caucasian debase himself by regarding the African negro as his equal. To do so is as great an iniquity, as if he were to seek the exaltation of an equality with angels. His natural place is that in which the Ruler of the heavenly and earthly dominions has placed him from the beginning — at the head of .-ill other branches of our species. Any other affinity than this, would, on CAUSE AND CONTRAST. his part, be strangely arbitrary and unnatural. For it would be a most difficult effort of the mind, even in an abandoned and confirmed white abolitionist, to imagine ll-lv Mary or St. Cecilia. Again, if equal to us in organism and intellectual nts, it is no less singular than remarkable} that God should have withheld the prophets of His \ 1 from being of their race; since no negro Saviour <>f Mankind — no Socrates, Isaiah, Brahma, or Mo- hammed, has yet condescended to enlighten the world with any civilized system of Theogony. Even in the favorite painting of Anti-Slavcryd<>m — Ary Schrcfer's " Christus Consolator " — the negro is represented as stretching forth his chained hands for deliverance to that Caucasian Christ, who taught " slaves to obey their masters;" the splendid fiction, of course, belonging to the French poet-painter rather than to the non-ivsthetic African. And, until that day when some future negro Solon, Lycurgus, Numa, or Alfred, may impart to his race a code of laws that will reclaim them, and give to them a moral, social, and political status, among the nations of the earth — until that race becomes actuated by an exalted principle of self-preservation and advance- ment, rendering its members plastic and homogeneous — we must certainly be excused for declining a participa- tion of equality and amalgamation with them. What- ever may have been the sins and defects of our own . its march has been ever forward, and its ambi- tiun directed heavenward. Our systems of slavery, even if unjust in the abstract, were often founded upon principles of humanity — always upon the exigen- cies of nationalities, social, political, and economical necessity — and finally resulted in the partial unification NEGRO CHARACTERISTICS. 37 of the various branches of the Caucasian family. And as a combination of the several parts in the machinery of a watch, is necessary to the perfect movement of the whole ; so it is that from the commingling of these elements of a common origin and a common destiny, alone, could spring that fine system of international polity, which, in the pride of our vocabulary, we term The Christian Civilization of Christendom. XI. The great sandy desert, called " Sahara," — joyless, soundless, lifeless — is not more barren of objects to instruct the naturalist, than is the negro race of inci- dents interesting to the historian or the philosopher. Having " never invented a reasoned theological sys- tem, discovered an alphabet, framed a grammatical lan- guage, nor made the least step in science or art" — as Hamilton Smith expresses it — we have to depend upon observation, and the writings of travellers, naturalists, and men of science, for information relative to it. This much, however, is clear, that in ancient Egypt, two thousand years before the birth of Christ, the negro was there as he is here — as he is and has been every Where — the servant of a Caucasian master. " Black people" — writes the eminent English Egyptologist, Sir G. Wilkinson — " designated as natives of the foreign land of Cush, are generally represented on the monu- ments as captives or bearers of tribute to the Pharaohs.*' This distinguished scholar and antiquary, describes also a painting in a catacomb of Thebes, in which Amunoph III. is represented seated on his throne, receiving the homage and tribute of various nations ; among them, the 38 QAUSl AND CONTRAST. black chiefs of Cush or Ethiopia, with presents of rings ,ious stones, " cameleopards, pan- and long horned cattle, whose heads art nted with ths hands and luads of («." This savage custom, of immolating innumer- able victims to turn away the wrath of Deity, or propi- tiate the anger of a barbarous monarch, as we shall soon Bee, still prevails in negro-land. As was natural, the contempt of the Egyptians for them was supreme and ineffable. Horus, a King of the nineteenth dynasty, is delineated standing on a platform Bupported by prostrate negroes; and in a Nubian temple, they are represented as flying in the most abject consternation from the ven- geance of Itamescs II. But the Egyptian artists were not contented with such displays as these; they chose other symbols to express their contempt for, and the degrada- tion of, the negro. In another Theban painting, he is portrayed in an attitude of servitude, with a salver in his hands; his dress, a seamy apron of the coarsest hide; and the ridiculousness of his tout enstmbU heightened by thr addition of a bob-tail. Nor was it his good fortune to be more highly esteemed by the Arabs. We know from that incomparably enchanting book, "The Thou- sand-and-one Nights," how the negro was regarded by the Moslems, and that he was their slave. "May Allah ace the blacks for their malice and villainy," ex- claims Gh&nim, the son of Eyoub, upon overhearing Bakheet tell his fellow-negroes, that they would " roast ami fit " any of the whites who might accidentally fall into their hands. To his inimitable translation, and in particular illustration of this incident, Mr. Lane ap- pended this note: "I am not sure that this is to be understood as a jest; for I have been assured by a slave- NEGRO INFERIORITY. 39 dealer and other persons in Cairo, that sometimes slaves brought to that city, are found to be cannibals ; and that a proof lately occurred there — an infant having been eaten by its black nurse. I was also told that these can- nibals are generally distinguished by an elongation of the os coccygis ; or, in other words, that they have tails." Thus we see that the negro was equally repul- sive to the ancient Egyptian and to the modern Arab — that his animality was sternly asserted by each — and that what the Theban painter pictorially represented, is matter of general belief in Cairo. In fact, the opinion that a certain branch of the negro family was adorned by an elongation and out- ward curvature of the os coccygis has been seriously entertained by some eminent sava?is, and denied by many others, among whom we may name the distin- guished Soemmerring. But, be this as it may — and passing the anatomical conformation of the negro over to the consideration of the subject in the succeeding section — the inferior light in which he was regarded by Arab and Egyptian, will be matter neither of wonder nor surprise, to the observer of the African in the Con- federate States. Although his social status is here in advance of any that he has ever before occupied in the history of the world, yet his moral and intellectual degra- dation, dependence, and subordination, are too patent and persistent to admit of doubt. It is not here, how- ever, — where he is comparatively an advanced and civil- ized being — that we are to search for the genuine charac- teristics of the typical negro. To properly understand him, he must be regarded as described by '^lightened travellers and naturalists; and the opinions of such, we will extract from quotations made by the great English 40 CAUSE AND CONTRAST. champion of aggro equality — Dr. Jas. Cowles Priehard. roes of the Gold Coast around the district of ording to this learned author, "are ever on the watch to seize the wives and children of the neigh- boring clans, and to sell them to strangers : many sell ilitir own. Every recess, and every retired corner of the land, has been the scene of hafeful rapine and daughter, not be excused or palliated by the spirit of warfare, but perpetrated in cold blood and for the love of gain." Now, this is the unwilling testimony of a friend against fro *