h ; THE 
 
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 CONFEDERATE STATES 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 ■ rr 
 
 
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 <nAi;'rr.i-n \M) PUBLISHED BY n '' ''^ ^i'^- 
 
 \ Tr>K<Tn-T?r,, ATTS8I8SIPPT. 
 
 ALL BOuKrjELLEES IN Tll^' 
 
 
THE 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES 
 
 miL'^ta 
 
 AND 
 
 1^) 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ifjjosnori) ot 
 
 r ^'\ jt I '^' 
 
 
 :f^o:fil xoos. 
 
 ■*»«»- 
 
 C031PILED AND PUBLISHED BY H. C. CLAKKE, 
 
 VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 ^^ FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS IX THE CONFEDERACY. -=S.a 
 
Eiitorod. arconllng to act of Congress, in ilu' your isoi. liv 
 
 H.. C. CLARKE, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the I»ihtriot Court of tho Confoilcrate SintoM for the District of 
 
 MiHr>tsHippi. 
 
THE FLOWERS COLLECTION ^^^ 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The first volume of the Confederate States Almanac is introduced 
 to the people of the South. The work is designed to be published 
 yearly. The leading- object of the publication is to make it the 
 repository of the largest possible amount of useful information ; 
 embracing annual statistics from all States in the Confederacy, 
 showing our progress in population, manufactures, commerce, wealth, 
 and all the elements of prosperity. We intend to be able to make 
 the work from year to year a complete manual of reference and general 
 information. 
 
 This first edition of the Almanac is not near so complete as the 
 publisher could wish From the short time in which the work was 
 compiled, and the impossibility (owing to the present state of the 
 country) of obtaining the exact information, much valuable matter 
 intended for this edition was left out. The contents of this volume 
 have been gathered from authentic sources, and compiled with great 
 care. 
 
 TuE Compiler. 
 
 ■b\^\'^n 
 
CONTEiXTS. 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Taleudftr 5 
 
 History of the Formnlion of the Confcdor.ito States 17 
 
 Gorernnicnt of the Confederate States 22 
 
 ropulation. Resources, Dates of Secession, etc., of tlie Confederate States 
 
 and Territories 23 
 
 ropulation of the Confederate States, 18G0 31 
 
 Topulation of the Southern States and Territories, not yet in the Con- 
 federacy 01 
 
 The Oripin of Secession 32 
 
 Pay of Volunteer Officers and Private? 33 
 
 State Government of the Confederate States 34 
 
 Confederate States Army 35 
 
 Representation and Electoral Vote of the Confederate States 36 
 
 Constitution of the Confederate States 38 
 
 ^lessage of President Davis r»2 
 
 Cotton and its Supply 70 
 
 Cotton Crop 72 
 
 Supply and Consumption of Cotton in Europe and the United States 75 
 
 Sugar Crop of Louisiana for 1800 7f) 
 
 Kxtent of the Tobacco Interest 70 
 
 Tlie Tobacco Trade of Virginia fiS 
 
 llatcH of Postage in the Confederate Stales 86 
 
 Diary of the Present Revolution 88 
 
 The Battle of Manasf-as 105 
 
 AlTENUIX 115 
 
 V # / 
 
jBBBittW 
 
 KMi am i a amacM 
 
 Ib't Month 
 
 » 
 
 JANUARY, 
 
 
 
 1862. 
 
 
 
 NASIIVIIil.K. 
 
 SUN TC N T K K S 
 
 CIIARI.KS- 
 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 Teiiii., JVorMi 
 
 /b»«-»V 
 
 TON, .SoutU 
 
 
 
 
 Carol inn. Vli- 
 
 /^jiiv. 
 
 C'iir«>lliin, 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 ^iiiin, ]v(>ii- 
 
 /0'^v \\ 
 
 G(M>ri(ia, Aln- 
 
 hJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;?; 
 
 fitcky, J>Iin- 
 
 //fV^-iY il^''l| 
 
 l>aiii:t,Fioi-i(ta, 
 
 h 
 
 Uw 
 
 sotii'i. A rkaii* 
 
 .^ t&iS^'J^ L 
 
 31 i.ssi.s.sippi, 
 
 •Ji 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 sns, Ivniisns, 
 
 A-^^SS^S^rl^S. 
 
 Lioiilsinitn, 
 
 •A 
 
 
 
 Califoi-itia. 
 
 20 d. 1 h., inc. 
 
 Texns. 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 rs 
 
 W^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SUN 
 
 SUN 
 
 Ml ION 
 
 MISCIcr-LANKA. 
 
 scf* 
 
 SUN 
 
 MOON 
 
 
 
 
 RISKS. 
 
 
 
 
 KISKV. 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 SKtS. 
 
 
 
 
 II. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 
 M. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 s 3 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 7 13 
 
 4 55 
 
 G -Jl; 
 
 Circumckion. 
 
 7 4 
 
 5 3 
 
 6 35 
 
 >^ 24 
 
 T 
 
 O 
 
 7 13 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 31 
 
 
 7 4 
 
 5 4 
 
 7 3<; 
 
 F 
 
 3 
 
 7 13 
 
 4 5(i 
 
 8 34 
 
 Fort. Pulaski taken, 1801. 
 
 7 5 
 
 5 5 
 
 8 37 
 
 20 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 7 13 
 
 4 57 
 
 It 34 
 
 Fort Morirau taken, 18G1.| 
 
 7 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 35 
 
 X -i 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 7 13 
 
 4 58 
 
 10 32: 
 
 M 
 
 6 
 
 7 13 
 
 4 59 
 
 11 33 
 
 T 
 
 'i 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 
 
 luorn.i 
 
 W 
 
 si 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 
 
 3() 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 1 
 
 1 30 1 
 
 F 
 
 10 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 2 
 
 2 20 1 
 
 S 
 
 11 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 18:1 
 
 Id Sunday afler Christmas. \,7 
 Epij)han;/. j|7 
 
 '^iis First Quarter, [taken. 7 
 v|i''Fts..Tohnson&Caswell'l7 
 Mississippi seceiled. 1801 
 Ft. Jackson, etc., taken, '01 
 Ala. and Fla. .seceded. '01 
 
 
 
 o 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 10 
 5 11 
 
 6110 311 
 7! 11 30 
 
 17 
 
 2'.) 
 
 8;morn. i'Y' 12 
 
 9 
 
 5'5 12 
 
 301 
 
 1 30 « 
 
 2 19 
 8 91 
 
 24 
 
 (; 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 S 
 M 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 F 
 S 
 
 S 
 M 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 F 
 S 
 
 12: i7 
 IS;!? 
 147 
 15!f7 
 10 17 
 
 I'll' ¥• 
 18 7 n 
 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 4 I2i|l5i Sun. after Epiphany. 
 
 5 4 iPensacola Navy - Van 
 5 52 I [taken, 1861, 
 34,|,/;r^sFun Moon. 
 
 ri.ses. '" ^ 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 13 
 
 4 8| 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 13 
 
 4 55 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 5 14 
 
 5 44 
 
 ~ 
 
 4 
 
 5 15 
 
 6 20 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 16 
 
 rises. 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 5 17 
 
 7 7 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 5 18 
 
 8 6 
 
 8in 11 
 
 25 
 
 a 
 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 19ii7 
 
 20 17 
 
 21 i7 
 
 22: 17 
 2317 
 24 7 
 
 25; |7 
 
 II 
 5 12 
 o 13 
 5 14 
 5 15 
 5 10 
 5 17 
 
 9 6]l2r/ Sun. after Epiphany. 
 
 10 12/:Georgia seceded, ISoi. 
 
 11 19||J. C. Breckinridgeb., 1821 
 morn. 
 
 28 I /^ Last Quarter. 
 
 1 38 
 
 2 45 
 
 iConversion of St. Paul. 
 
 '1' 
 
 3 
 
 5 19 
 
 9 6 
 
 |i7 
 
 3 
 
 5 20 
 
 10 10 
 
 t 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 11 15 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 22 
 
 morn. 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 5 23 
 
 22, 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 5 23 
 
 1 30 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 2 361 
 
 njj 10 
 24 
 
 ^ 8 
 
 )\l 
 
 20 
 
 / ^ 
 
 s 
 
 20 
 
 !7 
 
 7 
 
 5 18 
 
 3 48; 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 27 
 
 :7 
 
 6 
 
 5 20 
 
 4 47 
 
 
 T 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 5 21 
 
 h 40: 
 
 
 W 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 22 
 
 •: • 
 
 
 T 
 
 30 
 
 / 
 
 4 
 
 5 23 
 
 80 1 
 
 
 F 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 5 24 
 
 7 8, 
 
 iN 
 
 Louisiana seceded, 1861. 
 
 ^'«'W Moon. 
 
 [House taken, 61 
 Mint a 
 
 0. Mint and Custom- 
 
 7 
 
 5 25 
 
 3 391 
 
 7 
 
 5 26 
 
 4 38 
 
 6 59 
 
 5 27 
 
 5 32 
 
 n 59 
 
 5 28 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 
 5 29 
 
 sets. 
 
 6 57 
 
 5 30 
 
 7 10 
 
 19 
 
 >J 
 
 MooH'j rHJkKKS. 
 
 3 First Quar. 
 O ^''^ll Moon. 
 ([^ La«J| Qiiar. 
 A New Moon. 
 
 CHAKLUroN. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 «) cv. 
 8 lOcv. 
 1 15 mo. 
 10 33 ev. 
 
 NahHvim.k. 
 
 4 39 ov. 
 7 43 ev. 
 48 mo. 
 10 6ev. 
 
 * 22d day. 
 
 N>W OBLKANIt. 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 PV. 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 ev. 
 
 
 
 85 mo. 1 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 ev. 1 
 
 S. FitAwrwco. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 2 16 cv. 
 
 5 20 cv. 
 
 10 25 ev* 
 
 7 43 ov. 
 
 8uu nb 
 or Ntx 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 -._.?» i 
 
 Jferi.tViiD ' 
 III mark. 
 
 17 12 
 25 12 
 
 3 51 
 
 7 25 
 
 10 24 
 
 12 38 
 
2d Month, 
 
 Pl^BRUARY, 
 
 UG2 
 
 
 
 NASHVII.LK, 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 
 CHAUL.ES- 
 
 
 
 -■ ■ 
 
 Tenn., \or« li 
 
 i ^ ,.^aferw« 
 
 '!'<)>. Soutli 
 
 b: 
 
 ui 
 
 (^ 
 
 Cnrnllnn. Vli-- 
 
 m^s^ 
 
 (lii-oliiia, 
 
 <^ 
 
 rr 
 
 
 islitin, K< II- 
 
 pm;as^> 
 
 Ci«-<sr;;Sn, Aln- 
 
 h3 
 
 i 
 
 y 
 
 , iirk> . .'»lls- 
 
 (^V^ooTt^^ 
 
 ll>ninii.)-'l(>rifln, 
 
 P< 
 
 _ 
 
 ;^ 
 
 NOiivl. ArJtsMi- 
 
 ^B^jjgfciy 
 
 I Mi^^i. >ipi>i, 
 
 05 
 
 - 
 
 c 
 
 ^H^, Kl«l)Mt>. 
 
 
 1 Lioiiisinxia, 
 
 K 
 
 iH 
 
 < 
 1 
 
 1 C'uliffM'uin. 
 
 1 
 
 IS .1. y ii., cv. 
 
 j 'IVxitti. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 *r>i ntnt 
 : ;-K«. urr*. 
 
 MOOS 
 IIKTC. 
 
 MISCELIiANEA. 
 
 1 HON 
 
 PIN 
 ItfTS. 
 
 MOCfS 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 
 
 
 .. M. If. M. 1 H. M. 
 
 
 B. M. 
 
 U. M. 
 
 tl. M. 
 
 s. ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 h 
 
 ,7 8 5 25 
 
 8 lOj 
 
 JTexas seceded, 1861. 
 
 G 67 
 
 5 ai 
 
 8 VI 
 
 X 1^ 
 
 a 7 IjS 
 4 7 5 
 
 r> ''. 59,5 
 ' ', .-,8 5 
 7 <» 5715 
 8,0 5715 
 
 2H| 9 WW PurifiCi.ii ion of Vir. Jfan/. 
 27 10 10 i ' [1801. 
 
 JRev. cutter Cass taken, 
 
 28111 8 
 
 29 j morn. 
 
 30 5 
 ai 1 
 32 1'65 
 
 First Quarter. 
 
 '0 
 
 50 
 
 iG 
 
 55 
 
 ' 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 ti 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 5 32! 9 9 
 
 5 3ailO 7 <^ 
 
 5 34|ll 3 
 
 5 35111 59 
 
 5 3()jriiorn. 
 
 5 37 52 
 
 5 38 I 1 47 
 
 25 
 20 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 s 
 
 OnO 56 1 5 33 
 
 2 4S 
 
 MjlOlO 55 i5 34 
 
 3 38 
 
 T 
 
 11 6 54] 5 35 
 
 4 23 
 
 W 
 
 12 6 53! 5 30 
 
 5 3 
 
 T 
 
 13,6 51,5 38 
 
 rises. 
 
 V 
 
 I4i 6 50 5 39 
 
 5 48 
 
 s 
 
 15,6 4915 40 
 
 6 54, 
 
 \Fifth Sun. after Epiphany. 
 
 <nsFull Moon. 
 
 50 5 39 
 
 2 391 
 
 50 5 39 
 
 3 30 ' 
 
 49|5 4(' 
 
 4 15, 
 
 4815 41 
 
 4 56 
 
 47! 5 42 
 
 rises 
 
 46 15 43 
 
 5 50 
 
 4515 44 
 
 6 54 
 
 19 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 S 16 6 J8|5 41 [ 8 0\\Sep(uagesima. 16 44 5 451 7 591 21 
 
 M 17 <; 17 5 421 9 7j| [IJelM.., 1797.!i6 43 5 46! 9 4 U= 5 
 
 T IS <; 16 .'i ^3 10 ir,| Davis inaug., 1861. John, '6 42 5 47 10 1 1 1 19 
 
 W !V >; loo 44 11 27' 6 4115 47111 21 IT^ 3 
 
 T 2<i •'• 4^ 5 45 morn.! 
 V 21 6 42 5 4(; 37 
 
 S 1 22. 16 41 15 47 i 1 42l 
 
 'Last Quart or 
 
 G 40 5 48{inorn. j 17 
 Ig 3915 49 29j/ 1 
 
 Washington b.. 1732. ||G 38|5 50l 1 341 15 
 
 S 
 .M 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 
 23|:6 4015 48| 2 m\Srxa!/PHiin.i. 
 
 6 395 48 3 31|!.<?/. Mntthla.^. 
 6 37 5 49I 4 17'|W. rinkncy dicl, Is-Ji'. 
 5 50 1 4 57' I 
 
 ) 30' ^e- Mnrion (lio<l, 1795. 
 \('\v Moon. 
 
 24 
 
 26||G 36 
 
 6 36 
 
 5 51 
 
 2 31 
 
 6 35 
 
 5 52 
 
 3 23 
 
 6 34 
 
 5 52 
 
 4 10 
 
 G 33 
 
 5 53 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 31 
 
 5 54 
 
 5 27 
 
 IG 80 
 
 5 55 
 
 .sets. 
 
 MCMJ.N a IllXSl-^. 
 
 Cujia.L-sio.1. 
 
 ^ First Qunr. i 6! 2 50 ov, 
 
 O F'llI Moon. 114 11 4(hnn. 
 
 C 1-vsi Qiiiir. !21 ' 9 10 mo. 
 
 O New Moon. 128 11 44 nio. 
 
 NiiSHVIIXK. 
 
 II. 
 
 M. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 ev. 1 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 uio. 
 
 8 
 
 43 
 
 nio. 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 mo. 
 
 Xkm 
 
 Ori.rank. 
 
 H. 
 
 II. 
 
 '> 
 
 10 ev. 
 
 11 
 
 mo. 
 
 8 
 
 30 mo. 
 
 11 
 
 4 mo. 
 
 S. FBANCIbCO. 
 H. M. 
 
 12 On'n. 
 8 50 mo. 
 (■) 20 mo. 
 8 54 mo. 
 
 Run nil 
 or Noi 
 
 29 
 
 27 
 CJJ 11 
 
 24 
 
 .^(eridian 
 III iiinrk. 
 
 II. 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 i2 
 
 1 3 53 
 
 14 29 
 14 17 
 13 18 
 
 Re.\son and cxporience both forbid u.s to expect that national moralitj- can prevail 
 in exclusion of religious principles.— George W.\shington. 
 
 •>t 
 
3d Month, 
 
 1B62. 
 
 H I 
 
 TeJiii., NortU i| 
 
 Carolina, Vii'-'| 
 ^iiiin., Iv<*iii- li 
 tncky, Mis- |! 
 soiii'i, ArIiaTii-i| 
 sas, K.a.ii.sas, | 
 Caliloiisia. 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 
 20 d. 3 h., ev, 
 
 SUN 
 KISES. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 lilG 32 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 53 
 
 MOON 
 SKTS. 
 
 G 58 
 
 MISCELLANEA. 
 
 charl.es- 
 
 TOiV, Sonili 
 Caroliiia, 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 bama, Florida. 
 Mississippi, 
 licfiiisiaiia, 
 Texas. 
 
 SUN 
 RISES. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 G 29 
 
 SUN 
 sr.:T.«. 
 
 U. M. 
 
 5 5G 
 
 MOON 
 SKTS. 
 
 G 5^ 
 
 X 2>) 
 
 s 
 u 
 
 T 
 i W 
 
 i T 
 
 !f 
 ; s 
 
 2 6 31 
 SJJ 29 
 4::g 28 
 5:;g 2G 
 
 6hG 25 
 TiIg 24 
 8l!6 22 
 
 54 
 55 
 5G 
 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 59 
 
 7 67\\Qumrjuaffc8i»ia. S. IIous- 
 
 8 5g|| [ton b., 1793, 
 
 9 54\\Shrove Tucedaji. 
 
 10 51i,LlLfA Wednesday. 
 
 11 47|jD. Crockett died, 1830. 
 
 41 i I vjf First Quarter. 
 
 6 28 
 
 5 56 
 
 7 56 
 
 G 27 
 
 5 57 
 
 8 56 
 
 6 26 
 
 5 58 
 
 9 5(1 
 
 6 25 
 
 5 59 
 
 10 43 
 
 G 23 
 
 G 
 
 11 39 
 
 6 22 
 
 6 
 
 morn. 
 
 16 21 
 
 6 1 
 
 32 
 
 T 
 
 « 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 10 
 22 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 15 
 
 l«i 
 
 9 
 
 jG 21 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 1 32r 
 
 INI 
 
 10 
 
 6 19 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 2 181 
 
 T 
 
 11 
 
 16 18 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 W 
 
 12|i6 17 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 39 
 
 T 
 
 13iiG 15 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 15 
 
 F 
 
 14 
 
 6 14 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 48 
 
 S 
 
 15 
 
 6 12 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 5 18 
 
 Is;; Smidai; in Lent. 
 
 \IcDuffic died, 1851. 
 Fort Brown taken, 18G1. 
 
 r<r^. [born, 1767. 
 
 V^yFull Moon. Jackson 
 
 G 20 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 23 
 
 G 18 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 2 10 
 
 ;G 17 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 2 53 
 
 16 16 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 33 
 
 6 14 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 11 
 
 6 13 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 46 
 
 6 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 18 
 
 gz 10 
 
 22 
 ^ ^4 
 
 18 
 n^ 1 
 
 15 
 
 M 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 
 ;f 
 is 
 
 16!|6 
 
 17 6 
 ISJlG 
 19' 
 
 22i6 2 
 
 rises. 
 
 8 71 
 
 9 19| 
 
 10 30| 
 
 11 38 
 morn. 
 
 42! 
 
 2d Sun. in Lent. Madison 
 [b., 1751. 
 Calhoun born, 1782. 
 Jas. Jackson died, 1S06. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 VVi^Last Quarter. 
 
 6 11 
 
 6 7 
 
 rises. 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 9 
 
 G 8 
 
 8 2 
 
 14 
 
 16 8 
 
 6 9 
 
 9 13 
 
 29 
 
 16 7 
 
 6 9 
 
 10 22 
 
 ni, 14 
 
 G 5 
 
 G 10 
 
 11 30 
 
 28 
 
 6 4 
 
 6 11 
 
 morn. 
 
 / 12 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 11 
 
 33 
 
 26 
 
 ! S |23j|6 1 
 
 i Mi24i5 59 
 
 T 25 |o 58 
 
 i W 26i!5 56 
 
 o-li- r- 
 
 2<:]-.) 0-) 
 
 28|[5 53 
 
 29l!5 52 
 
 T 
 F 
 
 1 S 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 
 381 
 24 
 
 3' 
 38| 
 
 9| 
 38' 
 
 6 
 
 'id Sunday in Lent. 
 Annun. of Virgin Mary. 
 
 j6 1 
 
 6 12 
 
 1 30 
 
 6 
 
 6 13 
 
 2 17 
 
 5 59 
 
 6 14 
 
 2 58 
 
 5 67 
 
 6 14 
 
 3 34 
 
 5 56 
 
 6 15 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 55 
 
 6 16 
 
 4 38 
 
 5 54 
 
 G 16 
 
 5 7 
 
 V? 10 
 24 
 
 wv I 
 
 21 
 
 K 4 
 
 16 
 
 29 
 
 s 
 
 30(1) 
 311 5 
 
 51 G 
 
 18 
 
 se 
 
 ts. 
 
 M 
 
 49 6 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 54 
 
 ipll^ New Moon. 4tk Sun. in\ jS 
 l|!l'l'Calhound.,'50. [Lewit.lls 
 
 5316 17 
 5ll6 18 
 
 sets. 
 7 48 
 
 ^ 11 
 24 
 
 moon's phases. 
 
 CHAni-KSTON. 
 
 Nasiivu-le. 
 
 Nkw Okleanr. 
 
 S. Fkancisco. 
 
 Sun ou .Meridian 
 or Noon mark. 
 
 
 i>. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 11. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 11. M. 
 
 i>. 
 
 M. M. 8. 
 
 D First Quar. 
 
 8 
 
 1 1 ev. 
 
 1 1 44 mo. 
 
 11 31 mo. 
 
 9 2 1 mo. 
 
 1 
 
 12 12 35 
 
 O Full Moon. 
 
 15 11 16 ev. 
 
 10 49 ev. 
 
 10 36 ev. 
 
 8 26 mo. 
 
 9 
 
 12 10 44 
 
 (T Last Quar. 
 
 22 4 34 ev. 
 
 4 7 mo. 
 
 3 54 ev. 
 
 1 44 ev. 
 
 17 
 
 12 832 
 
 © New Moon. 
 
 30 5 41 ev. 
 
 2 14 mo. 
 
 2 1 mo. 
 
 11 51 ev.* 
 
 25 
 
 12 6 7 
 
 *20th day, 
 
4tli Month, APEIL, 1862. j 
 
 
 XASHVIT.I.K. KIN KSTKF« | ClIAKt.KS- 
 3 T«iM».. \o,ili _ II TO\. ^imlli 
 
 1 
 
 
 w i 
 
 u 
 
 H ( nrolUta. \ ti- ^ fw^^ Ciiiolliin, 
 
 o 1 
 
 
 '<: Kliil.-^. Kmi- ').' 'A'V <;« (•!»;•». Aln- 
 
 t 
 
 — tlli-k\. .'>I1«>» ' '- *^"sJ ^y buinn. h lorUla, 
 
 ^ I 
 
 
 • oiiil. \i knit- vs.'Vv^^^ >IUsUsi,,p|, 
 
 00 
 
 ^ 
 
 I •llforula. 20 «l. 3 h., mo. i Texas. 
 
 O 1 
 
 < 
 
 5 1 ♦ 
 
 . 
 
 S 1 
 
 O 
 
 .,v ..* unM 1 MI8CKU.AKKA. 
 
 
 ■on 
 •■ta. 
 
 MOOW 
 
 »rr». 
 
 1 
 
 ""~ 
 
 ...V Ij 
 
 II. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 «. o , 
 
 T 
 
 1 :.•(. H 50 5 4^»r. 18 
 
 8 43 
 
 « 6 
 
 W 
 
 jT •« 40 .IcffiM-son l)nrn. 1743. ,5 4H r. 10 
 
 38 
 
 18: 
 
 T 
 
 :' J2 10 40, 
 
 6 47 6 20 
 
 10 32 
 
 n 
 
 F 
 
 4 1 •■■ -. J-'5 11 32, 
 
 5 46 21 
 
 11 23 
 
 Hi 
 
 8 
 
 '5 42|0 23 morii.l 
 
 5 44|6 21 
 
 morn. 
 
 23 1 
 
 S 1 r. 5 41 C 24 1 20 5//i Sundaj/ in Lent. \]b 48 
 
 6 22 11 
 
 25 51 
 
 M 
 
 7 5 30 n 25 
 
 1 3 ^c, FirM Quarter. nG 42 
 
 6 23 
 
 55 
 
 17; 
 
 T 
 
 H 5 :<« fl 2(\ 
 
 1 41^^ 1 
 
 15 40 23 
 
 1 35 
 
 a 0, 
 
 W 
 
 •J7 2 If, 
 
 |5 89 6 24 
 
 2 11 
 
 12 
 
 T 
 
 1(» . JS, 2 4'.t 
 
 6 88|6 25 
 
 2 46 
 
 20 
 
 F 
 
 n 5 34 <i 28| 8 22 I \lr\. Sumter. IBr.l. ,5 87!G 25 
 
 3 21 
 
 nj! 9, 
 
 8 112,5 82i6 2«| 8 o4 II. Clay b., 1777. IJat. ol* .5 35|G 2<) 
 
 3 54 
 
 23! 
 
 S 13 .'» ni]6 80| 4 26 Palm Sundap, \]b Si\t 27 1 
 
 4 28 
 
 =0: 81 
 
 M 
 
 14 5 20 3lIriscM. /^~.Fnll Moon. 'ift 8316 28 
 
 rises. 
 
 — ' 1 
 
 T 
 
 15 5 28 6 82 
 
 8 21 'r:) 
 
 Ft. lUiss tukon, 1801.16 826 28 
 
 8 14 
 
 nt 7 
 
 W 
 
 10 5 27 6 83 
 
 35 S.C.fes.&arHMi«Ucn.l801..'5 81 |G 20 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 
 T 
 
 17.5 25:6 83 
 
 10 41 Vircinift sccodcd, IbOl. 1 6 20,0 30 
 
 10 82 
 
 / "7 
 
 F 
 
 18 5 24 'O 34 11 38 iio„d Frid.nj. ;;5 28|6 30 
 
 11 29 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 1015 28l6 35 morn. 1, Baltimore massncrc. 1801.1 16 27|6 81 
 
 morn. 
 
 KT "ej 
 
 H 
 
 2(»;5 22 80| 27 Knulrr. Ilur. Fy..^ Sorf-lk ' ' "'1\ 
 
 10 
 
 20 1 
 
 M 
 
 21 5 20,0 87 
 
 1 '.t /;;,pLtistt»Mi:ir- [I'VHC, til -- 
 
 1 3 
 
 AM. .1 
 
 T 
 
 22 '5 10 38 
 
 1 41 
 
 18 
 
 W 
 
 23 5 18 30 
 
 1» IH 5 23 34 
 
 2 It) 
 
 K 1 
 
 T 
 
 24 5 17 6 30 
 
 2 48 1 •') 21 35 
 
 2 47 
 
 14 
 
 F 
 
 25 5 IGiO 40 
 
 8 10,5/. Mark. i5 20,0 3r, 
 3 44 1 lio 10!0 30 
 
 8 10 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 201.5 14 i6 41 
 
 3 40 
 
 T 8i 
 
 1 
 
 S^ 
 
 i2T Siitidm/ after Kitster. 
 
 5 18 
 
 37 
 
 4 10 
 
 21 
 
 M T-S » 1- ■» ••■ -'I- . ''-'■^v .Moon. 
 
 6 17 
 
 88 
 
 sets. 
 
 8 3 
 
 T 2'.» 5 lllfi 44l 7 4« .|6 Hi 
 
 6 88 
 
 7 38 
 
 15 
 
 w :;n r, i- ^ •- ■■ r '^-^ " - -'• 
 
 8 85 
 
 26! 
 
 >i.„,«,, 1',,.,,, 
 
 
 Sun on Meridian 1 
 or Noou mark. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p. M. M. 
 
 M. M. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 r>. 
 
 II. M. S. 
 
 j) First Qimi-. 7 41 cv. 
 
 14 mo. 
 
 6 1 mo. 
 
 8 51 mo. 
 
 1 
 
 12 3 57 
 
 O K»n Mnon. 14 10 8 mo. 
 ([ Last (,Minr. 21 51 mo. 
 
 30 mo. 
 
 9 23 mo. 
 
 7 13 mo. 
 
 
 
 12 1 87 
 
 24 mo. 
 
 11 mo. 
 
 10 Icv.^ 
 
 17 
 
 1 1 50 32 
 
 ©New Moon. ;28 6 7 cv. 
 
 5 40 cv. 
 
 5 27 ev. 
 
 3 17 ev. 
 
 25 
 
 11 57 52 
 
 
 
 
 • 20ih day. 1 
 
tia8!!aMtia«Wfi8tg «ja'aaiaatm atgaagr s!iyjLgitiij* ! ^j e ^^ 
 
 5th Month, 
 
 MAY, 
 
 
 
 1862. 
 
 
 
 NASHVILLE, 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 
 CHARLES- 
 
 
 
 --* 
 
 Teuii., Nortli 
 
 xft» 
 
 TON, Soum 
 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 Carolina, Vir- 
 
 J^^^^ 
 
 Carolina, 
 
 
 r. 
 
 ginia, K;<en- 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Georg^ia, Ala- 
 
 
 is 
 
 rt 
 
 tucky. Mis- 
 
 bania, Florida. 
 
 pH 
 
 b 
 
 souri, Arlcnn- 
 
 ^v^^^mS*- 
 
 Mi8.si8si{)|ii, 
 
 tn 
 
 O 
 
 
 sns, Kansas, 
 
 «-.*, ■ fTP^Si. 
 
 Lionfslnna, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 < 
 
 'California. 
 
 21 d. 3 h., mo. 
 
 Texa«. 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 tH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 SUN 
 KIRKR. 
 
 StTN 
 SKTS. 
 
 MOON 
 SKTS. 
 
 MISCELLANEA. 
 
 KUJt 
 RISES. 
 
 «. M. 
 
 SFTS. 
 
 MOON 
 SKTS. 
 
 
 
 n. M. 
 
 n. M. 
 
 M. M. 
 
 
 H. M. 
 
 «■. M. 
 
 R. O 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 45 
 
 9 35 
 
 Sts. Philip and James. 
 
 5 14 
 
 6 40 
 
 9 2f; 
 
 n 8 
 
 F 
 
 2 
 
 5 7 
 
 (3 46 
 
 10 22 
 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 41 
 
 10 13 
 
 20 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 5 6 
 
 G 47 
 
 11 
 
 
 5 12 
 
 6 41 
 
 10 58 
 
 05 2 
 
 8 
 
 4; 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 48 
 
 11 4Gj 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 5 4 
 
 6 49 
 
 morn. 
 
 T 
 
 6 
 
 5 3 
 
 6 50 
 
 22 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 5 2 
 
 6 50 
 
 55 
 
 T 
 
 8 
 
 5 1 
 
 G 51 
 
 1 25 
 
 F 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 G 52 
 
 1 57 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 4 59 
 
 6 53 
 
 2 30 
 
 2d Sunday after Easter. 
 IjK [and Ark. sec, 18G1. 
 p First Quarter. Tenn. 
 
 BlocMe of Va. begun, '61, 
 St. Louis massacre, 1861. 
 
 5 11 
 
 6 42 
 
 11 39 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 43 
 
 morn. 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 43 
 
 16 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 44 
 
 51 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 45 
 
 1 23 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 46 
 
 1 57 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 46 
 
 2 32 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 19 
 
 s 
 
 111 
 
 4 59 
 
 6 54 
 
 3 3 
 
 M 
 
 12i 
 
 4 58 
 
 6 55 
 
 3 36 
 
 T 
 
 ?3i 
 
 4 57 
 
 6 55 
 
 rises. 
 
 W 
 
 14 
 
 4 56 
 
 6 56 
 
 8 24 
 
 T 
 
 15 
 
 4 55 
 
 6 57 
 
 9 26 
 
 F 
 
 16 
 
 4 54 
 
 6 58 
 
 10 21 
 
 .3 
 
 17 
 
 4 54 
 
 6 59 
 
 11 9 
 
 3c? Sun. ajter Easter. Block- 
 [adeofCharlest'n, 1861. 
 j-^^FuIl Moon. 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 47 
 
 3 7 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 48 
 
 3 42 
 
 5 4 
 
 6 48 
 
 rises 
 
 5 3 
 
 6 49 
 
 8 15 
 
 5 2 
 
 6 50 
 
 9 17 
 
 |5 2 
 
 6 51 
 
 10 13 
 
 15 1 
 
 6 51 
 
 11 3 
 
 16 
 1 
 
 16 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 s 
 
 18 
 
 4 53 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 11 4911 
 
 M 
 
 19 
 
 4 52 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 morn. 1 
 
 T 
 
 20 |4 51 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 W 
 
 21 
 
 4 51 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 
 T 
 
 22 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 21 
 
 F 
 
 23 !4 50 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 49 
 
 S 
 
 24! 
 
 l4 49 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 17 
 
 Ml Simday after Easter. 
 /^^ [seceded, 1861, 
 
 ^Vi^Last Quarter. N. C. 
 
 J [Federals, 1861. 
 
 Alexandria occupied by 
 
 15 
 
 6 52 
 
 11 44 
 
 !5 
 
 6 53 
 
 morn. 
 
 j 4 59 
 
 6 53 
 
 20 
 
 4 59 
 
 6 54 
 
 52 
 
 4 58 
 
 6 55 
 
 1 21 
 
 4 58 
 
 6 55 
 
 1 51 
 
 4 57 
 
 6 56 
 
 2 20 
 
 cj? o: 
 
 14 
 27 
 
 r 
 
 17 
 
 s 
 
 25 
 
 4 48 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 2 47 
 
 M 
 
 26 
 
 4 48 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 20 
 
 T 
 
 27 
 
 4 47 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 56 
 
 W 
 
 2HI4 47 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 sets. 
 
 T 
 
 29; |4 47 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 22 
 
 F 
 
 30 |4 46 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 5] 
 
 S 
 
 31 
 
 4 46 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 44! 
 
 hth Su7\day after Easter. 
 
 [1861. 
 N. 0. & Mobile blockaded, 
 
 .,'!£!E\"N'ew Moon. 
 
 8 22. \^^ Ascension Day. 
 
 [1861. 
 Bat tie a4. Fairfax C. H.,Va., 
 
 4 56 
 
 6 57 
 
 2 52 
 
 4 56 
 
 6 57 
 
 3 26 
 
 4 56 
 
 6 58 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 55 
 
 6 59 
 
 sets. 
 
 4 55 
 
 6 59 
 
 8 13 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 
 
 8 57 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 
 
 9 37 
 
 29 
 
 « 11 
 23 
 
 n 5 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 05 11 
 
 MooK^ rRAsn. 
 
 CHitOLBSrON. 
 
 KASBrnxB. 
 
 Nkw Orlbans 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 Sonon Meridian 
 «r Noon mark. 
 
 
 n. 
 
 K. M. 
 
 K. M. 
 
 n, M. 
 
 a. M. 
 
 D. 
 
 H. M. R. 1 
 
 3) First Qnar, 
 
 6 
 
 10 3 CT. 
 
 9 36 ev. 
 
 9 23 ev. 
 
 7 13 ev. 
 
 1 
 
 11 56 57 i 
 
 F"^' Moon. 
 
 13 5 39 ev. 
 
 5 12 ev. 
 
 4 59 cv. 
 
 2 49 ev. 
 
 9 
 
 11 56 13 ! 
 
 ({^ Lasf Quar. 
 
 20 10 20 mo. 
 
 9 53 mo. 
 
 9 40 mo. 
 
 7 30 mo. 
 
 17 
 
 ] 1 56 7 1 
 
 ^ New Moon, 
 
 28 11 13 mo. 
 
 10 46 mo. 
 
 10 33 mo. 
 
 8 23 mo. 
 
 25 
 
 n 56 36 1 
 
6tli Month, 
 
 JUNE, 
 
 1862. 
 
 M 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 F 
 S 
 
 NASHVlI^liK, 
 
 Teiiii.. Nort U 
 Cnrnliiin, Vir- 
 ginia, Ivcii* 
 tiicky, .Mis- 
 souri, Arkan- 
 sas, Ivaiisas; 
 California. 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 
 RfSKR. 
 
 45 
 45 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 
 44 7 
 
 MOON 
 
 h/|10 19 
 
 10 10 49i 
 
 11 11 151 
 
 12 11 43- 
 12 morn. 
 
 18' 
 
 54' 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 21 d. 12 h. 
 
 MISCELLANEA. 
 
 CHARLES- 
 TON, Sontlx 
 Caroliitn, 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 bama, Florida, 
 Mississippi, 
 LiOiiisiana, 
 Texas. 
 
 SON 
 KISKn. 
 
 Battle of Aquia Creek be- 
 
 [gun, 18G1. 
 
 Jeff. Davis b., 1808. Bat. at 
 
 [Phillippa, W. Va.,'61. 
 
 ^$,x First Q. Bat. at Pig's 
 
 ^iJPat.Henry [Pt./61, 
 
 [d., 1799. 
 
 4 53 
 
 9UN I MOON 
 9KTS. ] SKTS. 
 
 10 13 
 
 10 44 
 
 11 12 
 11 42 
 morn. 
 
 19 
 57 
 
 23 
 6 
 18 
 
 13 
 27 
 10 
 
 s 
 
 8|4 44 
 
 7 14 
 
 1 29] 
 
 M 
 
 9 4 44 
 
 7 14 
 
 2 6l 
 
 T 
 
 10 4 43 
 
 7 15 
 
 2 52' 
 
 W 
 
 11 [4 43 
 
 7 15 
 
 3 49 
 
 T 
 
 12! 4 43 
 
 7 16 
 
 rises. 
 
 F 
 
 13 4 43 
 
 7 10 
 
 8 55 
 
 S 
 
 14 4 43 
 
 7 16 
 
 9 38 
 
 Whit-Sunday. Jackson d., 
 [1845. 
 Bat. of Great Bethel, '61. 
 Si. Barnabas. 
 Gov. Jackson, of Mo., issues 
 [his proclamation, '61. 
 
 1 331 25 
 
 2 12hi\, 10 
 
 2 59 - 25 
 
 3 58 / 10 
 
 rises. 25 
 
 8 48JVJ 9 
 
 9 33 23 
 
 s 
 
 15[;4 43 
 
 7 17 
 
 10 161 
 
 I\I 
 
 16! 14 43 
 
 7 17 
 
 10 50 
 
 T 
 
 \7\k 44 
 
 7 17 
 
 11 21 
 
 W 
 
 18 4 44 
 
 7 18 
 
 11 49 
 
 T 
 
 19 4 44 
 
 7 18 
 
 morn. 
 
 F 
 
 20' 4 44 
 
 7 18 
 
 15 
 
 S 
 
 2i;l4 44 
 
 7 19 
 
 43 
 
 Trinitj/ Sun. Polk d., '51 
 Battle at Vienna, 1861. 
 
 /^^ Last Quarter. 
 Ui^R. II. Leed., 18G1. 
 U. S. Legarc d., 1843. 
 
 4 53 
 4 53 
 4 53 
 4 53 
 4 53 
 
 10 12 
 
 10 48 
 
 11 21 
 11 50 
 morn. 
 
 18 
 47 
 
 X 6 
 19 
 
 <Y* 2 
 15 
 26 
 
 S 1122 
 
 |4 44 
 
 7 19 
 
 1 15i 
 
 M!23 
 
 14 45 
 
 7 19 
 
 1 50 
 
 T ||24 
 
 14 45 
 
 7 19 
 
 2 30 
 
 W i25 
 
 |4 45 
 
 7 19 
 
 3 15 
 
 T !26 
 
 [4 46 
 
 7 19 
 
 4 8 
 
 F j27 
 
 ■4 46 
 
 7 19 
 
 sets. 
 
 S !28 
 
 i4 46 
 
 7 19 
 
 8 14 
 
 \st Sunday afler Trinity. 
 Nativity of St. John Baptist. 
 
 .(^ifc') New Moon. 
 
 i.m 
 
 Madison d., 1836. 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 9 
 
 1 21 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 10 
 
 1 57 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 10 
 
 2 38 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 10 
 
 3 28 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 10 
 
 4 17 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 10 
 
 sets. 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 10 
 
 8 7 
 
 « 8 
 21 
 
 n 2 
 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 S 8 
 
 20 
 
 S i29ii4 47 
 Ml 30! 14 47 
 
 7 19| 
 7 19i 
 
 8 50il 
 
 9 22 
 
 St. Peter. Clay d., 1852. 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 8 45 
 
 9 19 
 
 SI 2 
 15 
 
 Moon's Phasbs. 
 
 3) First Quar. 
 O Full Moon. 
 ([ Last Quar. 
 # New Moon. 
 
 Charlehton. 
 
 9 22 mo. 
 
 57 mo. 
 9 47 ev. 
 
 1 34 mo. 
 
 b 'ob mo. 
 
 30 mo. 
 9 20 ev, 
 
 1 7 mo. 
 
 New Orlkans. 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 8 
 
 42 mo. 
 
 
 
 17 mo. 
 
 9 
 
 7 ev. 
 
 
 
 54 mo. 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 6 32 mo. 
 10 7ev.^- 
 
 6 57 ev. 
 10 44 ev.f 
 
 Sun on Meridian 
 or Noon mark. 
 
 11 57 27 
 
 11 58 50 
 
 12 029 
 12 2 12 
 
 * nth day. 
 
 t 2Gth day. 
 
nil Month, 
 
 JULY, 
 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 F 
 
 S 
 
 Teiiii.. JVor< (t 
 C'ai-oliitn, A'ir- 
 
 Muhy, flli!<- 
 sniiii, A c-k:iik~ 
 
 California. 
 
 S II X E N '1' 10 7! S 
 
 SUN 
 RISI..M, 
 
 MOON 
 NKT«. 
 
 4 47|7 19 9 5] 
 
 4 4817 19 10 20 
 
 4 4817 19ll0 50 
 
 4 49|7 IDlll 22 
 
 4 49 7 19 II 58 
 
 22 a. 11 h., ev. 
 
 Ml so KM, am: A. 
 
 ['20. :Monroed.,'3]. 
 [ence. Jefferson d., 
 
 fJiK First Q. liidepeud 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^J' 
 
 CIIART.ES- 
 
 TON, SouJli 
 
 Cai'oliitn, 
 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 
 l>aiiia.l<'iorl<la, 
 
 Mis!!iBssip]»i, 
 
 Lioiiisiaiia, 
 
 Texas. 
 
 UISKS. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 4 57 
 
 SUN 
 
 MOON 
 
 StiTS. 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 7 10 
 
 9 50 
 
 7 10 
 
 10 20 
 
 7 10 
 
 10 52 
 
 7 10 
 
 11 20 
 
 7 10 
 
 inorn. 
 
 S 
 
 6i 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 19 
 
 morn.ji 
 
 M 
 
 7 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 19 
 
 40 1 
 
 T 
 
 8 
 
 4 51 
 
 7 18 
 
 1 29 
 
 W 
 
 9 
 
 4 52 
 
 7 18 
 
 2 27 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 4 52 
 
 7 18 
 
 3 39 
 
 F 
 
 111 
 
 4 53 
 
 7 17 
 
 rises. 
 
 S 
 
 12 
 
 4 53 
 
 7 17 
 
 7 41 
 
 \od Sun. after Trinity. J. 
 [Marshall d.,' 1835. 
 
 Z. Taylor died, 1850. 
 
 ,':^,Full Moon. 
 
 !4 59 
 
 4 59 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 47 
 
 1 37 
 
 2 36 
 
 3 48 
 rises. 
 
 7 38 
 
 SI 27 
 n^ 10 
 
 23 
 d^ 7 
 
 20 
 
 111 5 
 
 19 
 
 / 4 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 s 
 
 131 
 
 14 54 
 
 7 17 
 
 8 34 , 
 
 i\I 
 
 14 
 
 14 55 
 
 7 16 
 
 9 14 
 
 T 
 
 15 
 
 14 55 
 
 7 16 
 
 9 44 
 
 W 
 
 10 
 
 4 56 
 
 7 15 
 
 10 12 
 
 T 
 
 17 
 
 4 57 
 
 7 15 
 
 10 42 
 
 F 
 
 18 
 
 !4 57 
 
 7 14 
 
 11 13 
 
 S 
 
 19 
 
 l4 58 
 
 7 14 
 
 11 47ii 
 
 Atk Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 .'^ Last Quarter. Battle 
 ^•^ [at Bull Ihin, 1861. 
 
 |5 2 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 32 
 
 5 3 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 13 
 
 5 4 
 
 
 9 Ah 
 
 5 4 
 
 7 7 
 
 10 15 
 
 5 5 
 
 7 7 
 
 10 A{j 
 
 5 5 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 19 
 
 5 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 54 
 
 X 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 ^ 11 
 
 23 
 
 8 5 
 
 20 
 
 4 59 
 
 7 13 
 
 morn. 
 
 21 
 
 4 59 
 
 7 13 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 7 12 
 
 1 7 
 
 23 
 
 5 1 
 
 7 11 
 
 1 56 
 
 24 
 
 5 2 
 
 7 11 
 
 2 50 
 
 25 
 
 5 2 
 
 7 10 
 
 3 49 
 
 26 
 
 5 3 
 
 7 9 
 
 sets. 
 
 \bth Sunday after Trinity. 
 Battle of Manass.as, '61. 
 
 t^ St. James. 
 
 
 ||il!i New Moon. 
 
 5 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 morn. 
 
 5 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 5 8 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 1 15 
 
 5 9 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 5 
 
 5 9 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 69 
 
 5 10 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 57 
 
 5 11 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 sets. 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 n 11 
 
 23 
 93 5 
 17 
 29 
 
 s 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 7 8 
 
 7 21 
 
 M 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 8 
 
 7 55 
 
 T 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 25 
 
 ^V 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 53 
 
 T 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 5 
 
 9 231 
 
 21|j6^/t Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 5 11 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 17 
 
 5 12 
 
 7 
 
 7 53 
 
 5 13 
 
 7 
 
 8 2J 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 59 
 
 8 51 
 
 5 14 
 
 6 58 
 
 9 26 
 
 SI 11 
 24 
 
 ttJJ 7 
 20 
 
 -i= 4 
 
 Moon's Phasks. 
 
 Chaei.kston. 
 
 Nashviixk. 
 
 Nkw Oklbans. 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 Sun on .MeridiuD 
 or Noou mark. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 p. 
 
 H. M. S. 
 
 3 First Qnar. 
 
 4 
 
 5 29 ev. 
 
 5 2 ev. 
 
 4 4i) ev. 
 
 2 39 cv. 
 
 1 
 
 12 326 
 
 O F"ll 1^1 oon. 
 
 11 
 
 8 19 mo. 
 
 7 52 mo. 
 
 7 39 mo. 
 
 5 29 mo. 
 
 9 
 
 12 4 49 
 
 C Last Quar. 
 
 18 
 
 11 57 mo. 
 
 11 30 mo. 
 
 11 17 mo. 
 
 9 7 mo. 
 
 17 
 
 12 547 
 
 ® New Moon. 
 
 26 
 
 3 63 ev. 
 
 3 20 ev. 
 
 3 13 ev. 
 
 1 3ev. 
 
 25 
 
 12 6 11 
 
P-? 
 
 e mmKiaflm.A a 
 
 Sth Month, 
 
 niimmm wigB— ■daa 
 
 AUGUST, 
 
 
 
 NASHVIT.I.K. 
 
 S (I N K N T K W S 
 
 charl.es- 
 
 
 
 -4 
 
 1 Tchh., Aort 1» 
 
 ^ 
 
 TON, 8oiitli 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 c- 
 
 Cnroliiia, Vir- 
 
 C' ^£ 
 
 Carolina, 
 
 o 
 
 
 /. 
 
 1 ^inia, lien- ' 
 
 «).*^i*iQj^P 
 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 
 *A 
 
 J: 
 
 
 1 tucUy, 31 ix- 
 
 ^>l/'-;~/J^^_ 
 
 bam a. Florid a, 
 
 f^ 
 
 >< 
 
 
 1 soiii'i. Aikaii- 
 
 r^i.i.^"^^-«t. 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 gas, l^aiisns, 
 
 *■" ' '^^^^ 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 ?; 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 California. 
 
 23 d. 5 h., mo. 
 
 IVxas. 
 
 o 
 
 BUN 
 
 RUN 
 
 MOON 
 
 MISCKLLANKA. 
 
 .SUN 
 
 SUN 
 
 .M>"'N 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 RISES. 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 
 
 
 11. M. 
 
 
 
 II. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 
 II. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 s. ° 
 
 F 
 
 1 
 
 5 8 
 
 7 4 
 
 9 5G 
 
 v^l? First Quarter. 
 
 5 15 
 
 6 57 
 
 10 1 
 
 -. 17 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 j5 9 
 
 7 3 
 
 10 34 
 
 5 15 
 
 6 57 
 
 10 41j 
 
 ni 1 
 
 3115 9 
 
 7 2 
 
 11 19 
 
 4 5 10 
 
 7 1 
 
 morn. 
 
 6 5 11 
 
 7 
 
 15! 
 
 6 5 12 
 
 6 59 
 
 1 15 
 
 7! 5 12 
 
 6 58 
 
 2 21 
 
 8; 
 
 5 13 
 
 57 
 
 3 34 
 
 91 
 
 5 14 
 
 56 
 
 I'ises.j 
 
 lih Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 ^ yFuU Moon. 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 50 
 
 11 27 
 
 5 17 
 
 6 55 
 
 morn. 
 
 5 17 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 5 18 
 
 53 
 
 1 24 
 
 5 19 
 
 52 
 
 2 29 
 
 5 19 
 
 6 51 
 
 3 41 
 
 5 20 
 
 6 50 
 
 rises. 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 / 13 
 
 28 
 V5 12 
 
 20 
 
 I M 
 ! T 
 i W 
 
 iT 
 
 i F 
 S 
 
 U)i|5 15 
 ni:5 10 
 12 ,8 17 
 18 5 17 
 
 10 !5 20 
 
 6 55 
 
 7 12; 
 
 G 54 
 
 7 43 
 
 53 
 
 8 13 
 
 6 52 
 
 8 43! 
 
 51 
 
 9 13 
 
 49 
 
 9 45 
 
 48 
 
 10 22 
 
 ^th Sun. after Trinity. Bat. 
 [ofOakHill, Mo'.,180l. 
 
 |5 21 
 
 6 49 
 
 7 10 
 
 Is 22 
 
 48 
 
 7 43 
 
 5 22 
 
 6 47 
 
 8 15 
 
 5 23 
 
 40 
 
 8 40 
 
 5 24 
 
 45 
 
 9 18 
 
 5 24 
 
 44 
 
 9 51 
 
 5 25 
 
 6 43 
 
 10 30 
 
 25 
 9 
 
 22 
 5 
 
 19 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 s 
 
 17 
 
 l5 21 
 
 6 47 
 
 11 5| 
 
 M 
 
 18 15 21 
 
 G 40 
 
 11 53! 
 
 T 
 
 19 
 
 j5 22 
 
 6 45 
 
 morn. 
 
 VV 
 
 20 
 
 5 23 
 
 G 43 
 
 45 
 
 T 
 
 21 
 
 |5 24 
 
 42 
 
 1 41 
 
 F 
 
 22 
 
 5 25 
 
 G 41 
 
 2 41 
 
 s 
 
 23 
 
 5 25 
 
 G 39 
 
 3 42 
 
 /^^Last Quar. 9/A Sun. 
 vVi^ \after Trinity. 
 
 6 42 
 41 
 40 
 39 
 
 38 
 G 30 
 35 
 
 11 131 
 
 12 2n 
 
 morn. 
 
 54 05 
 
 1 49 
 
 2 48 
 
 3 47 St 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 s 
 
 24 
 
 5 20 
 
 38 
 
 4 43 
 
 M 
 
 2.") 
 
 5 27 
 
 6 37 
 
 sets. 
 
 T 
 
 2(i 
 
 5-28 
 
 6 35 
 
 59 
 
 W 
 
 27 
 
 !5 29 
 
 6 34 
 
 7 30 
 
 T 
 
 28ll5 29 
 
 G 33 
 
 8 4 
 
 F 
 
 29 :5 30 
 
 31 
 
 8 42 
 
 S 
 
 30 
 
 |5 31 
 
 6 30 
 
 9 25 
 
 •l^l^/S'^. Bartholomew. 
 'Ii# New Moon. 
 
 J. Laurens died, 1782. 
 
 5 30 
 
 34 
 
 4 47 
 
 5 31 
 
 33 
 
 sets. 
 
 5 32 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 5 32 
 
 30 
 
 7 33 
 
 5 33 
 
 29 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 34 
 
 28 
 
 8 48 
 
 5 34 
 
 27 
 
 9 33 
 
 20 
 
 11^ 3 
 
 17 
 
 .A, 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 ni 11 
 
 S 131115 32 6 29 10 15)llliA Sunday after Trinity. 1|5 35:0 25|10 23| 20 
 
 Suti on Meridian 
 or Noon mark. 
 
 Moon's I'harks. 
 
 Chahi.kston. 
 
 Nashvili.k. 
 
 
 n. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 3) First Quar. 
 
 2 
 
 11 33 ev. 
 
 11 Gov. 
 
 O Full ]\Ioon. 
 
 9 
 
 4 33 ev. 
 
 4 Oev. 
 
 ([ Last Quar. 
 
 17 
 
 4 27 mo. 
 
 4 Omo. 
 
 % New Moon. 
 
 25 
 
 4 17 mo. 
 
 3 50 mo. 
 
 Nkw Orleans. 
 
 H. 
 
 li) 
 
 3 
 
 M. 
 
 53 ev, 
 53 ev. 
 
 3 
 
 47 mo. 
 
 3 
 
 37 mo. 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 8 43 ev. 
 1 43 ev. 
 1 37 mo. 
 1 27 mo. 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 2 
 5 16 
 3 53 
 
 1 50 
 
 BBBBUtcaonca 
 
|III H r » 'i nr r»: T -" - ■■-"■"»» « «j«»«'JJ i » " - i uii» ' J«j i i« i .j».j i ij ii ji. - -J~pfr»fj«r' i ■ ».i. »B jii '««iirf«»T«» «».L mi.iii 
 
 ■ ■■i n iiii nma«u» 
 
 9tli Month, 
 
 SEPTEMBER, 
 
 1862. 
 
 Carolina, Vir- 
 ^iiiin, ICeii- 
 tucky, 31is- 
 soiiri, Arkan- 
 sas, I^au.sas, 
 California. 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 
 SUN 
 KISKS. 
 
 5 33 
 
 5 33 
 
 5 34 
 
 5 35 
 
 5 i5 3(j 
 
 6il5 37 
 
 II. M. 
 
 6 27 
 G 2G 
 G 24 
 G 23 
 G 21 
 G 20 
 
 MOON 
 S BTS. 
 
 11 13 
 nioni 
 
 17 
 
 1 2G 
 
 2 36 
 
 3 47 
 
 23 d. 2 h., mo. 
 
 MISCELLANEA. 
 
 CHARIiES- 
 TOX, Sontli 
 Carolina, 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 bama, Florida, 
 Mis^isstippi, 
 LiOniitiana, 
 Texas. 
 
 SUN 
 I i RISKS. 
 
 ^ First Quarter. 
 
 Bat. at Ft. Scott, Mo.,T)l. 
 [Columbus by Conled.,'Gl. 
 I'aducah seized by Feds. 
 
 |5 3G 
 5 3G 
 
 !5 
 J5 
 5 
 
 Is 
 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 
 RUN 
 SKTS. 
 
 G 24 
 
 G 23 
 G 22 
 G 20 
 G 19 
 G 18 
 
 MOON 
 SETS. 
 
 11 22 
 morn. 
 
 25 
 
 1 33 
 
 2 42 
 
 3 51 
 
 8115 
 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 12|j5 41 
 131 5 42 
 
 9 5 
 10|!5 
 lli5 
 
 6 19 
 6 17 
 G IG 
 G 14 
 G 13 
 G 11 
 G 10 
 
 Vlth Sundiif/ after Trinity. 
 '^T^FuU Moou. 
 
 [18G1. 
 Bat. at Carnifax Ferry, Va., 
 F. Grundy born, 1777. 
 legislators arrested 
 
 [18G1. 
 
 5 40 
 
 G IG 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 40 
 
 G 15 
 
 rises 
 
 15 41 
 
 G 14 
 
 G 52 
 
 15 41 
 
 G 12 
 
 7 25 
 
 5 42 
 
 G 11 
 
 8 
 
 5 43 
 
 G 10 
 
 8 37 
 
 5 43 
 
 G 8 
 
 9 18 
 
 / 10 
 24 
 
 22 
 CK- G 
 
 20 
 
 X~4 
 18 
 
 ^ 1 
 14 
 27 
 
 « 9 
 21 
 
 s 
 
 14 
 
 5 43 
 
 () 8 
 
 9 53 I 
 
 M 
 
 15 
 
 5 43 
 
 G 7 
 
 10 43 
 
 T 
 
 IG 
 
 5 44 
 
 G 5 
 
 11 38 
 
 W 
 
 17 
 
 5 45 
 
 (3 4 
 
 morn. 
 
 T 
 
 18 
 
 5 4fi 
 
 G 2 
 
 3G 
 
 F 
 
 19j|5 47 
 
 G 1 
 
 1 3G 
 
 S 
 
 20! 
 
 5 47 
 
 5 59 
 
 2 38 
 
 9 53:!l3//i Sunday after Trinity. 
 /<^Last Quarter. 
 
 C. Carroll born, 1737, 
 
 5 44 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 10 1 
 
 5 45 
 
 G 
 
 G 
 
 10 52 
 
 5 45 
 
 G 
 
 4 
 
 11 4G 
 
 5 4G 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 morn. 
 
 5 47 
 
 G 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 5 47 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 1 41 
 
 5 48 
 
 5 
 
 59 
 
 2 42 
 
 n 3 
 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 S 9 
 
 21 
 
 ^ 
 
 16 
 
 s 
 
 21j 
 
 5 48 
 
 5 58 
 
 3 41 
 
 M 
 
 22i 
 
 5 49 
 
 5 56 
 
 4 44 
 
 T 
 
 23|i5 50 
 
 5 55 
 
 sets. 
 
 W 
 
 24! 
 
 5 51 
 
 5 53 
 
 6 14 
 
 T 
 
 25 
 
 5 51 
 
 5 52 
 
 6 50 
 
 F 
 
 26 
 
 5 52 
 
 5 51 
 
 7 3'2i 
 
 S 
 
 27 
 
 5 53 
 
 5 49 
 
 8 2l| 
 
 St. Matthew. Lexington, 
 [Mo., captured, 1861, 
 (j^l^New Moon. 
 Iff J. Marshall b., 1755. 
 
 Moultrie d., 1805. 
 
 5 49 
 
 5 58 
 
 3 43 
 
 5 49 
 
 5 56 
 
 4 45 
 
 15 50 
 
 5 55 
 
 sets. 
 
 5 51 
 
 5 54 
 
 G 18 
 
 5 51 
 
 5 52 
 
 6 56 
 
 5 52 
 
 5 51 
 
 7 39 
 
 5 52 
 
 5 50 
 
 8 29 
 
 29 
 
 ^ 12 
 
 25 
 
 =i: 9 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 28115 54 
 
 29 15 55 
 30!!5 55 
 
 5 48 
 5 46 
 5 45 
 
 9 18|I15^A Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 10 21]|'^.S'^ Michael and All- 
 
 11 28||s3P^i'"st Quar. [Anyels. 
 
 15 53 
 
 5 48 
 
 9 27 
 
 5 54 
 
 5 47 
 
 10 29 
 
 5 55 
 
 5 46 
 
 11 36 
 
 / 6 
 21 
 
 MOON S PHASE.S. 
 
 J) First Quar. 
 O Full Moon. 
 ([ Last Quar. 
 fji NcwjMoon. 
 'J) First Quar. 
 
 Cn^imLKSTON. 
 
 4 44 mo. 
 
 2 48 mo. 
 11 3ev. 
 
 3 29 ev. 
 
 Nashtillb. 
 
 4 17 mo. 
 
 2 21 mo. 
 10 36 ev. 
 
 3 2 ev. 
 
 New Orlvans 
 
 10 46 mo. 10 19 mo 
 
 * 7th day. 
 
 4 4 mo. 
 
 2 .8 mo. 
 10 23 ev. 
 
 2 49 ev. 
 10 G mo. 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 1 54 mo. 
 
 11 58 ev.* 
 8 13 ev. 
 39 ev. 
 7 56 mo. 
 
 Sun on Movidiaa 
 or Noon mark. 
 
 1>. 
 
 H. M. S. 
 
 1 
 
 11 59 53 
 
 9 
 
 11 57 16 
 
 17 
 
 n 54 29 
 
 25 
 
 11 51 41 
 
lOtli Month, 
 
 OCTOBER, 
 
 1862. 
 
 ■V ASHVir.IiE, 
 
 Tfiin., IV<irt 11 
 Carolina, Vir- 
 ginia, Iveii- I 
 1 uck.> , 314s- 
 80iiri, Arltaii- 
 isn.s, ICiiiisas, 
 California. : 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 1. 
 
 su.v 
 
 KISKS. 
 H. M. 
 
 1 5 5(3 
 
 2 5 57 
 
 3 5 58 
 
 4 5 59 
 
 <! 
 
 15N 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 H 
 
 M. 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 •5 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 3i^ 
 
 MOON 
 SKTS. 
 
 morn I 
 
 37| 
 
 1 4(-; 
 
 2 58 
 
 28 a. 10 h., mo. 
 
 MISCELLANEA. 
 
 CHARIxES- 
 TOX, Soutli 
 Carolina, 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 bam a, !<' lor ill a, 
 ^lissifwappi, 
 LiOiiiifciana, 
 Texas. 
 
 [ISGl, 
 Battle at Greenbrier, Va., 
 
 SUN 
 
 RCN 
 
 RISKR. 
 
 SKTS. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 55 
 
 5 44 
 
 5 5() 
 
 5 48 
 
 5 57 
 
 5 42 
 
 5 57 
 
 5 40 
 
 MOON 
 SETS. 
 
 48 
 
 1 50 
 
 VJ 19 
 
 16 
 
 2 56IX 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 37 
 
 3 58 
 
 M 
 
 6 (j 
 
 
 
 5 30 
 
 5 
 
 T 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 5 35 
 
 rises. 
 
 W 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5 38 
 
 6 1| 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 32 
 
 351 
 
 F 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 30 
 
 7 14j 
 
 S 
 
 11 
 
 (3 
 
 5 
 
 5 29 
 
 7 58j 
 
 il6//i Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 X^'FuII Moon. 
 
 •Tasper & Pula?ki d., 1779. 
 Chas. Lewis d., 1774. 
 Meriwether Lewis d. 1809. 
 
 i5 58 
 
 5 39 
 
 3 59 
 
 5 59 
 
 5 38 
 
 4 59 
 
 5 59 
 
 5 36 
 
 rises 
 
 6 
 
 5 35 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 1 
 
 5 34 
 
 6 42 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 33 
 
 7 22 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 31 
 
 8 6 
 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 ^ 10 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 S il2 G 6:5 28 
 
 18 1 6 
 14, j6 
 
 15! i6 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 
 6 9 
 6 10 
 
 6 5 26 
 
 7 5 25 
 815 24 
 
 5 22 
 5 21 
 
 6 11 
 
 20 
 
 8 47 
 
 9 4(1 
 
 10 35 
 
 11 32 
 morn. 
 
 ;)0 
 
 1 30 
 
 17;^/t Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 /^^r^Last Quarter. 
 
 St. Luke the Evangelist. 
 
 (3 3 
 
 5 30 
 
 8 50 
 
 6 4 
 
 5 29 
 
 9 48 
 
 6 5 
 
 5 28 
 
 10 43 
 
 6 5 
 
 5 26 
 
 11 38 
 
 6 6 
 
 5 25 
 
 morn. 
 
 6 7 
 
 5 24 
 
 85 
 
 6 8 
 
 5 23 
 
 1 34 
 
 n n 
 
 28 
 
 o7^ 5 
 17 
 29 
 
 9S 
 
 s 
 
 19! :6 12 
 
 5 18 
 
 2 3211 
 
 M 
 
 20 6 13 
 
 5 17 
 
 3 35! 
 
 T 
 
 21i,6 14 
 
 5 16 
 
 4 40| 
 
 W 
 
 22: ;6 15 
 
 5 15 
 
 5 46 
 
 T 
 
 281 16 16 
 
 5 13 
 
 sets. 
 
 F 
 
 24' 6 16 
 
 5 12 
 
 6 23 
 
 S 
 
 25 16 17 
 
 5 11 
 
 7 251 
 
 S 
 
 26! 
 
 6 18 
 
 5 10 
 
 8 31 
 
 iM 
 
 27j 
 
 6 19 
 
 5 9 
 
 9 38 
 
 T 
 
 28 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 8 
 
 10 45 
 
 W 
 
 20 
 
 6 21 
 
 5 6 
 
 11 51 
 
 T 
 
 :50 
 
 6 22 
 
 5 5 
 
 nKM-n.! 
 
 F 
 
 31 |6 23 
 
 5 4 
 
 "0 54j 
 
 2 32]ll8/A Sundaii after Trinity. 
 
 Bats. ofLeesb'g:, Frederick- 
 [town, &Rock Castle, '61. 
 
 %|f New Moon. 
 
 Dixon H. Lewis d., 1848. 
 \S)th Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 Sis. Simon and Jude. 
 
 -^'^ First (inarter. 
 
 sjif [StatesandMo.,'61. 
 
 Alliance bet. Confederate 
 
 6 8 
 
 5 22 
 
 2 84 
 
 6 9 
 
 5 21 
 
 3 35 
 
 6 10 
 
 5 20 
 
 4 88 
 
 6 11 
 
 5 18 
 
 5 42 
 
 6 12 
 
 5 17 
 
 sets. 
 
 6 12 
 
 5 16 
 
 6 31 
 
 6 13 
 
 5 15 
 
 7 33 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 18 
 2 ' 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 6 14 
 
 5 14 
 
 8 40 
 
 6 15 
 
 5 13 
 
 9 4(5 
 
 6 16 
 
 5 12 
 
 10 51 
 
 6 17 
 
 5 11 
 
 11 56 
 
 6 17 
 
 5 10 
 
 morn. 
 
 6 18 
 
 5 9 
 
 57 
 
 ^ 
 
 17 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 MOON S I'lIASKS. 
 
 15 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 O Full :Moon. 
 ([_ Last (Iwiiv. 
 © New Moon. 
 3 First Quar. 
 
 Ch.uilesto.v. 
 
 11. 
 
 M. 
 
 •;> 
 
 29 ev. 
 
 6 
 
 20 ev. 
 
 2 
 
 15 mo. 
 
 6 
 
 84 ev. 
 
 8 2 ev. 
 5 58 ev. 
 
 48 mo. 
 7 ev. 
 
 * 22d day. 
 
 New Qp.r.EANS. 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 ev. 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 ev. 
 
 1 
 
 35 mo. 1 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 ev. 1 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 39 ev. 
 
 3 30 ev. 
 
 11 25 ev.* 
 
 3 44 ev. 
 
 Sun on Meridian 
 or Noon maris. 
 
 11 49 41 
 11 47 20 
 11 45 27 
 11 44 11 
 
nth Month, 
 
 NOVEMBER, 
 
 1862. 
 
 1VASHVIL.1.K, 
 Teiiii., North 
 Curoliiia, Vir- 
 ginia, Iveii- 
 f iK-ky, Mis- 
 souri. Ai'kaii- 
 isnsi, Ivaii.sas, 
 California. 
 
 6 24 
 
 M<><>N 
 8KTS. 
 
 1 54 
 
 22 d. 7 h., mo. 
 
 MISCELLANKA. 
 
 All Saints' Daij. 
 
 CHARLiES- 
 TON, Soiitlx 
 Carolinn, 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 bam a, Florid a, 
 Mississippi, 
 LiOiiisiama, 
 Texas. 
 
 
 
 SUN 
 
 SUN 
 SETS. 
 
 H. M, 
 
 6 19 
 
 H. M. 
 
 5 8 
 
 MOON 
 SKTS. 
 
 bo 
 
 K lo 
 
 21 {6 25 
 
 'ih 2() 
 
 4| 6 27 
 
 5 If) 28 
 
 f)|:(3 29 
 
 7ij(J 80 
 
 8; 16 31 
 
 2 54 
 
 3 53 
 
 4 52 
 
 5 5(1 
 rises. 
 
 5 58 
 
 6 43 
 
 |20i/i Sun. after Trmihj. Mo. 
 I [seceded, 1861. 
 
 |,<7^Full Moon. 
 jV^^Bat. Belmont, '61. Pt, 
 I [Royal cap. by Fed., '61, 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 2 54 
 
 G 21 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 3 51 
 
 6 22 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 48 
 
 6 23 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 54 
 
 6 24 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 rises. 
 
 6 24 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 25 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 51 
 
 n 
 
 23 
 6 
 
 19 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 S 
 INI 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 F 
 S 
 
 i6 32j4 56 
 6 33 4 55 
 6 34 4 54 
 6 35 1 4 53 
 53 
 
 6 36 
 6 37 
 
 6 38 
 
 / 
 
 ::/ 
 9 23 
 
 10 20 
 
 11 18 
 morn. 
 
 16 
 
 1\st Sunday after Trinity. 
 Robert. Y. Hayne b., 1791, 
 
 (^ [d , 1832. 
 
 ^Vi^ Last Qnar. C. Carroll 
 Bridges burned in E. Tenn. 
 
 6 26 
 
 5 2 
 
 7 41 
 
 6 27 
 
 5 'l 
 
 8 35 
 
 6 28 
 
 5 
 
 9 30 
 
 |6 29 
 
 5 
 
 10 26 
 
 6 30 
 
 4 59 
 
 11 22 
 
 6 31 
 
 4 59 
 
 morn. 
 
 16 32 
 
 4 58 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 25 1 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 a 7 
 
 19 
 
 m 2 
 
 s 
 
 16 
 
 16 39 
 
 4 50 
 
 1 15 
 
 M 
 
 17! j6 40 
 
 4 50 
 
 2 17 
 
 T 
 
 18||6 42 
 
 4 49 
 
 3 23 
 
 W 
 
 19 
 
 '6 43 
 
 4 49 
 
 4 29 
 
 T 
 
 20 
 
 6 44 
 
 4 48 
 
 5 36 
 
 F 
 
 21 
 
 6 45 
 
 4 47 
 
 sets. 
 
 S 
 
 22 
 
 6 46 
 
 4 47 
 
 5 59 
 
 22c? Sunday after Trinity. 
 
 ['61. Ky. Con. sec, '61. 
 Fed. raid into E. shore, Va., 
 ^feNew Moon. [1861. 
 i|(|i|!l Fight at Pensacola, 
 
 6 33 
 
 4 57 
 
 1 16 
 
 6 33 
 
 4 57 
 
 2 18 
 
 6 34 
 
 4 56 
 
 3 20 
 
 6 35 
 
 4 56 
 
 4 34 
 
 6 36 
 
 4 55 
 
 5 30 
 
 6 37 
 
 4 55 
 
 sets. 
 
 6 38 
 
 4 55 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 28 
 12 
 26 
 
 TTl 10 
 25 
 
 / 10 
 
 S 
 M 
 T 
 W 
 T 
 F 
 S 
 
 6 47 
 
 6 48 
 6 49 
 6 49 
 6 50 
 6 51 
 6 52 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 46 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 
 7 8 
 
 8 17 
 
 9 26 
 
 10 34 
 
 11 39 
 morn. 
 
 42 
 
 23(7 Sunday after Trinity. 
 Z. Taylor boi-n, 1784/ 
 
 , First Quarter. 
 
 6 39 
 
 4 54 
 
 7 16 
 
 6 40 
 
 4 54 
 
 8 24 
 
 6 41 
 
 4 54 
 
 9 32 
 
 6 42 
 
 4 58 
 
 10 38 
 
 6 43 
 
 4 53 
 
 11 43 
 
 6 43 
 
 4 58 
 
 morn. 
 
 6 44 
 
 4 68 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 VJ 10 
 
 24 
 
 wv '^' 
 
 23 
 20 
 
 S |80l|6 53 4 44| 1 A2\\St. Andrew. Advent. ]|6 45 4 58] 1 401^^ 3 
 
 Moon's Phasks. 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 Nashville. 
 
 Nkw Orleans. 
 
 S. FHANCISCO. 
 
 Sun on UeridiaD 
 or Koou mark. 
 
 
 o. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 D. 
 
 H. M. 8. 
 
 3) First Qnar. 
 
 6 
 
 7 34 mo. 
 
 7 7 mo. 
 
 6 54 mo. 
 
 4 44 mo. 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 43 42 
 
 O Full ]\Ioon. 
 
 14 
 
 44 ev. 
 
 17 ev. 
 
 4ev. 
 
 9 54 mo. 
 
 9 
 
 1 1 43 58 
 
 ([ Last Quar. 
 
 21 
 
 54 ev. 
 
 27 ev. 
 
 14 ev. 
 
 10 4 mo. 
 
 17 
 
 11 45 7 
 
 % New Moon. 
 
 28 
 
 4 39 mo. 
 
 4 12 mo. 
 
 3 59 mo. 
 
 1 49 mo. 
 
 25 
 
 11 47 9 
 
12tli Month, 
 
 DECEMBER, 
 
 M 
 
 T 
 VV 
 
 T 
 F 
 
 S 
 
 3VASH\ II.I.E, i 
 Tenn., Xort !» i 
 
 Carolina. Vir-J 
 ginia, lien- !l 
 lucky, Mis- ll 
 soiiri, Arkaii- , 
 sas, Ivsiiisas, 
 California* 
 
 SUN ENTERS 
 
 .<ri;5 
 KtSKS. 
 
 ». M. 
 
 l|iG 54 
 
 2j|6 55 
 
 31 16 56 
 
 4! [6 57 
 
 51 16 58 
 
 6116 59 
 
 auy 
 
 SETS. 
 
 H 
 
 M. 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 WOON 
 SETS. 
 
 21 d. 8 h., ev. 
 
 MISCELLANEA. 
 
 2 41 
 
 3 38 
 
 4 34 
 
 5 28 
 G 20 
 
 vises. 
 
 -^JFull Moon, 
 
 CHARLES- 
 TON, Soutli 
 Carolina, 
 Georgia, Ala- 
 bama, Florida, 
 Mii!>i!ii.ssii>])i, 
 Louisiana, 
 Texas. 
 
 sur» 
 
 BUN 
 
 RISES. 
 
 SF.TS. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 6 46 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 47 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 48 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 48 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 49 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 50 
 
 4 52 
 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 i6 59 
 
 4 44 
 
 6 13|| 
 
 M 
 
 8 
 
 i7 
 
 4 44 
 
 7 9 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 i7 1 
 
 4 44 
 
 8 5 
 
 W 
 
 10 
 
 \7 2 
 
 4 44 
 
 9 1 
 
 T 
 
 11 
 
 17 3 
 
 4 44 
 
 9 58 
 
 F 
 
 12 
 
 17 S 
 
 4 45 
 
 10 56 
 
 S 
 
 13 
 
 |7 4 
 
 4 45 
 
 11 57 
 
 6 13||lsi! Sunday in Advent. 
 H. Laurens d., 1792. 
 
 16 51 
 
 4 52 
 
 6. 21 
 
 6 52 
 
 4 5>3 
 
 7 16 
 
 6 52 
 
 4 53 
 
 8 11 
 
 6 53 
 
 4 53 
 
 9 6 
 
 6 54 
 
 4 53 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 55 
 
 4 53 
 
 10 57 
 
 6 55 
 
 4 54 
 
 11 57 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 14 
 
 i7 & 
 
 4 45 
 
 morn. 
 
 M 
 
 15 
 
 |7 5 
 
 4 45 
 
 57 
 
 T 
 
 16 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 46 
 
 1 58 
 
 W 
 
 17 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 46 
 
 3 2 
 
 T 
 
 18 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 46 
 
 4 9 
 
 F 
 
 19 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 47 
 
 5 18 
 
 S 
 
 20 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 47 
 
 6 28 
 
 /^q^ Last Quar. V/ashing- 
 ■^ [ton d., 1799. 
 
 ^H^ F.Grundy d., '40. ['60. 
 
 Iff New Moon. S.C.sec, 
 
 6 56 
 6 57 
 6 57 
 6 58 
 6 58 
 
 6 59 
 
 7 
 
 morn, i 
 
 55U= 
 
 1 54 
 
 2 57 TT\, 
 
 4 2 
 
 5 10 / 
 
 6 19! 
 
 4 
 
 Ki 
 28 
 10 
 
 24 
 7 
 
 21 
 4 
 
 19 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 s 
 
 21i|7 9 
 
 4 48 
 
 sets. 
 
 M 
 
 22117 9 
 
 4 48 
 
 6 49 
 
 T 
 
 231,7 10 
 
 4 49 
 
 8 2 
 
 W 
 
 24 17 10 
 
 4 49 
 
 9 13 
 
 T 
 
 25 17 11 
 
 4 50 
 
 10 21 
 
 F 
 
 26 j7 11 
 
 4 50 
 
 11 27 
 
 S 
 
 27 17 12 
 
 4 51 
 
 morn. 
 
 St. Thomas. 
 
 Sd Sunday in 
 [^Advent. 
 
 Christmas Day, 
 ^^:St. Stephen. \^Ev. 
 
 John 
 
 'First Quar. St. 
 
 7 
 
 4 57 
 
 sets. 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 57 
 
 55 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 58 
 
 8 7 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 58 
 
 9 16 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 59 
 
 10 22 
 
 17 2 
 
 4 59 
 
 11 26 
 
 17 3 
 
 5 
 
 morn. 
 
 ys 4 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 29 
 
 28! 17 12 4 52 
 
 28 
 
 29; J7 12 4 52 
 
 1 24 
 
 30117 13 4 53 
 
 2 17 
 
 31117 13 4 54 
 
 3 8 
 
 Innocents. 
 
 7 3 
 
 5 1 
 
 25 
 
 7 4 
 
 5 1 
 
 1 19 
 
 7 4 
 
 5 2 
 
 2 11 
 
 7 4 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 1 
 
 ^ 12 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hun ouMendiau 
 
 moon's pha.sks. 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 Nashville. 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 S. Francisco. 
 
 or Noon mark. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 u. 
 
 H. M. S. 
 
 O Full Moon. 
 
 6 
 
 2 17mo> 
 
 1 50 mo, 
 
 1 37 mo. 
 
 11 27 ev.* 
 
 1 
 
 11 49 12 
 
 (T Last Quar. 
 
 14 
 
 5 14 mo. 
 
 4 47 mo. 
 
 4 34 mo. 
 
 2 24 mo. 
 
 9 
 
 11 52 32 
 
 f]) New Moon. 
 
 20 
 
 11 44 ev. 
 
 11 17 ev. 
 
 11 4 ev. 
 
 8 54 ev. 
 
 17 
 
 11 56 20 
 
 5 First Quar. 
 
 27 
 
 6 24 ev. 
 
 5 57 ev. 
 
 5 44 ev. 
 
 3 34 ev. 
 
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 12 18 
 
 * 5th day. 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Jfflriudioii of ttjt Soutljtra Conftkrat^r. 
 
 The independence of the Southern Confederate States, 
 commenced by the withdrawal of the State of South Caro- 
 lina from the old Federal Union of the United States. The 
 ordinance -of secession was passed on December 20th, 1860, 
 by a unanimous vote. The withdrawal of South Carolina 
 from the old Union was followed successively by the States 
 of Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana. 
 A convention of delegates from the six seceding States 
 assembled in Congress at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize 
 a Provisional Government, on the 4th day of February, 
 1861. The Hon. li. M. Barnwell, of South Carolina, was 
 appointed temporary chairman. 
 
 A. R. Lamar, Esq., of Georgia, was then appointed tem- 
 porary Secretary, and the deputies from the several States 
 represented, presented their credentials in alphabetical order, 
 and si<!;ncd their names to the roll of the Convention. 
 
 The following is the list : 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 R. W. Walker, 
 R. H. Smith, 
 J. L. M. Curry, 
 W. P. Chilton, 
 S. F. Hale Colon, 
 J. McRac, 
 John Gill Shorter, 
 David P. Lewis, 
 Thomas Fearn. 
 9 
 
 Howell Cobb, 
 F. S. Bartow, 
 M. J. Crawford, 
 E. A. Nisbet, 
 B. H. Hill, 
 A. R. Wright, 
 Thomas R*^ R. Cobb, 
 A. H. Kenan, 
 A. H. Stephens. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 W. P. Harris, 
 AValter Brooke, 
 N. S. Wilson, 
 A. M. Clayton, 
 W. S. BaiTy, 
 J. T. Harrison. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 R. B. Rhett, 
 R. W. Barnwell, 
 (17) 
 
18 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 FLORIDA. LOUISIANA. SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 James B. Owens, John Perkins, Jr., L. M. Keitt, 
 
 J. Patten Anderson, A. Declonet, James Chesnut, Jr., 
 
 Jackson Morton, (not Charles M. Conrad, C. G. Memminger. 
 
 present.) D. F. Kenner, W. Porcher Miles, 
 
 GEORGIA. G. E, Sparrow, Thomas J. Withers, 
 
 Robert Toombs, Henry Marshall. W. W. Boyce. 
 
 The Constitution of the Confederate States was adopted 
 on Friday, February the 8th. On Saturday, February the 
 9th, Congress proceeded to the election of a President and 
 Vice-President. The Hon. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, 
 President, and the Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, 
 Vice-President, were elected by a unanimous vote. On 
 February the 18th, President Davis was inaugurated Presi- 
 dent of the Confederate States, and delivered the following 
 address : 
 
 Gentlemen of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, Friends 
 
 and Fellow-citizens : 
 
 Called to the difficult and responsible station of Chief Executive 
 of the Provisional Government which you have instituted, I approach 
 the discharge of the duties assigned me with an humble distrust of 
 my abilities, but with a sustaining confidence in the wisdom of those 
 "who are to guide and aid me in the administration of public affairs, 
 and an abiding faith in the virtue and patriotism of the people. 
 Looking forward to the speedy establishment of a permanent gov- 
 ernment to take the place of this, and which by its greater moral 
 and physical power will be better able to combat with the many 
 difficulties which arise from the conflicting interests of separate na- 
 tions, I enter upon the duties of the office to which I have been 
 chosen, with the hope that the beginning of our career as a confed- 
 eracy may not be obstructed by hostile opposition to our enjoyment 
 of the separate existence and independence which we have asserted, 
 and which, with the blessing of Providence, we intend to maintain. 
 
 Our present condition, achieved in a manner unprecedented in the 
 history of nations, illustrates the American idea that governments 
 rest upon the consent of the governed, and that it is the right of the 
 people to alter and abolish governments whenever they become de- 
 structive to the ends for which they were established. The declared 
 compact of the Union from which we have withdrawn, was to estab- 
 lish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common de- 
 fence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
 liberty to ourselves and our posterity ; and when, in the judgment 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 19 
 
 of the sovereign States now composing this confederacy, it has been 
 perverted from the purposes for which it was ordained, and ceased to 
 answer the ends for which it was established, a peaceful appeal to 
 the ballot-box declared that, so far as they were concerned, the o-ov- 
 ernment created by that compact should cease to exist. In this thev 
 merely asserted the right which the Declaration of Independence of 
 1776 defined to be inalienable. Of the time and occasion of its ex- 
 ercise, they as sovereigns were the final judges, each for itself The 
 impartial, enlightened verdict of mankind will vindicate the recti- 
 tude of our conduct ; and He who knows the hearts of men will 
 judge of the sincerity with which we labored to preserve the govern- 
 ment of our fathers in its spirit. 
 
 The right solemnly proclaimed at the birth of the States, and 
 which has been affirmed and reaffirmed in the bills of rights of the 
 States subsequently admitted into the Union of 1789, undeniably 
 recognizes in the people the power to resume the authority delegated 
 for the purposes of government. Thus the sovereign States here 
 represented, proceeded to form this confederacy; and it is by the 
 abuse of language that their act has been denominated revolution. 
 Ihey formed a new alliance, but within each State its government 
 has remained The rights of person and property have not been 
 disturbed. The agent through whom they communicated with for- 
 eign nations IS changed, but this does not necessarily interrupt their 
 international relations. Sustained by the consciousness that the 
 transition from the former Union to the present confederacy, has not 
 proceeded from a disregard on our part of our just obligations or 
 any failure to perform every constitutional duty, moved by no inte- 
 rest or passion to invade the rights of others, anxious to cultivate 
 peace and commerce with all nations, if we may not hope to avoid 
 war we may at least expect that posterity will acquit us of having 
 needlessly engaged in it. Doubly justified by the absence of wrong 
 on our part, and by wanton aggression on the part of others, there 
 ^J^u ^^^^ ^^^^^ *^ "^^^^^^ ^^^ courage and patriotism of the people 
 ot the Confederate States will be found equal to any measures of de- 
 fence which soon their security may require. 
 
 An agricultural people, whose chief interest is the export of a 
 commodity required in every manufacturing country, our true policy 
 IS peace, and the freest trade which our necessities will permit It 
 IS alike our interest and that of all those to whom we would sell and 
 from whom we would buy, that there should be the fewest practicable 
 restrictions upon the interchange of commodities. There can be but 
 little rivalry between ours and any manufacturing or navigating 
 community, such as the north-eastern States of the American Union 
 It must follow, therefore, that mutual interest would invite o-ood- 
 will and kind offices. If, however, passion or lust of dominion 
 snould cloud the judgment or inflame the ambition of those States 
 we must prepare to meet the emergency, and maintain by the final 
 arbitrament of the sword the position which we have assumed 
 among the nations of the earth. 
 
20 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 We have entered upon a career of independence, and it must be 
 inflexibly pursued through many years of controversy with our late 
 associates of the Northern States, We have vainly endeavored to 
 secure tranquillity and obtain respect for the rights to which we were 
 entitled. As a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the 
 remedy of separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed 
 to the conduct of our own afi'airs, and the perpetuity of the confed- 
 eracy which we have formed. If a just perceptien of mutual inte- 
 rest shall permit us peaceably to pursue our separate political career, 
 my most eai-nest desire will have been fulfilled. But if this be denied 
 us, and the integrity of our territory and jurisdiction be assailed, it 
 will but remain for us with firm resolve to appeal to arms, and invoke 
 the blessing of Providence on a just cause. 
 
 As a consequence of our new condition, and with a view to meet 
 anticipated wants, it will be necessary to provide a speedy and effi- 
 cient organization of the branches of the Executive department 
 having special charge of foreign intercourse, finance, military af- 
 fairs, and postal service. For purposes of defence, the Confederate 
 States may, under ordinary circumstances, rely mainly upon their 
 militia ; but it is deemed advisable in the present condition of affairs, 
 that there should be a well instructed, disciplined army, more nu- 
 merous than would usually be required on a peace establishment. I 
 also suggest that, for the protection of our harbors and commerce on 
 the high seas, a navy adapted to those objects Avill be required. 
 These necessities have, doubtless, engaged the attention of Congress. 
 
 With a Constitution differing only from that of our fathers in so 
 far as it is explanatory of their well known intent, freed from sec- 
 tional conflicts, which have interfered with the pursuit of the gen- 
 eral welfare, it is not unreasonable to expect that the States from 
 which we have recently parted may seek to unite their fortunes to 
 ours, under the government which we have instituted. For this 
 your Constitution makes adequate provision, but beyond this, if I 
 mistake not, the jvidgment and will of the people are, that union 
 with the States from which they have separated is neither practicable 
 nor desirable. To increase the power, develop the resources, and 
 promote the happiness of the Confederacy, it is requisite there 
 should be so much homogeneity that the welfare of every portion 
 would be the aim of the whole. Where this does not exist, antago- 
 nisms are engendered, which must and should result in separation. 
 
 Actuated solely by a desire to preserve our own rights, and to pro- 
 mote our own welfare, the separation of the Confederate States has 
 been marked by no aggression upon others, and followed by no do- 
 mestic convulsion. Our industrial pursuits have received no check, 
 the cultivation of our fields progresses as heretofore, and even 
 should we be involved in war, there would be no considerable dimin- 
 ution in the production of the staples which have constituted our 
 exports, in which the commercial world has an interest scarcely less 
 than our own. This common interest of producer and consumer, can 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 21 
 
 only be intercepted by an exterior force which should obstruct its 
 transmission to foreign markets, a course of conduct which would 
 be detrimental to manufacturing and commercial interests abroad. 
 
 Should reason guide tlie action of the government from which we 
 have separated, a policy so detrimental to the civilized world, the 
 Northern States included, could not be dictated by even a stronger 
 desire to inflict injury upon us ; but if it be otherwise, a terrible re- 
 sponsibility will rest upon it, and the suifering of millions will bear 
 testimony to the folly and wickedness of our aggressors. In the 
 meantime, there will remain to us, besides the ordinary remedies be- 
 fore suggested, the well known resources for retaliation upon the 
 commerce of an enemy. 
 
 Experience in public stations of a subordinate grade to this which 
 your kindness has conferred, has taught me that care and toil and 
 disappoiotments are the price of official elevation. You will see 
 maiiy errors to forgive, many deficiencies to tolerate ; but you shall 
 not find in me either want of zeal or fidelity to the cause that is to 
 me the highest in hope and of most enduring affection. Your gen- 
 erosity has bestowed upon me an undeserved distinction, one which 
 I neither sought nor desired. Upon the continuance of that senti- 
 ment, and upon your wisdom and patriotism, I rely to direct and 
 support me in the performance of tho duties required at my hands. 
 We have changed the constituent parts, but not the system, of our 
 government. The Constitution formed by our fathers is that of 
 these Confederate States. In their exposition of it, and in the judi- 
 cial construction it has received, we have a light whicli reveals its 
 true meaning. Thus instructed as to the just interpretation of that 
 instrument, and ever remembering that all offices are but trusts held 
 for the people, and that delegated powers are to be strictly construed, 
 I will hope by due diligence in the performance of my duties, though 
 I may disappoint your expectation, yet to retain, when retiring, 
 something of the good will and confidence which will welcome ray 
 entrance into office. 
 
 It is joyous, in the midst of perilous times, to look around upon a 
 people united in heart, when one purpose of high resolve animates 
 and actuates the whole, Avhere the sacrifices to be made are not 
 weighed in the balance, against honor, right, liberty, and equality. 
 Obstacles may retard, but they cannot long prevent the progress of 
 a movement sanctioned by its justice and sustained by a virtuous 
 people. Reverently let us invoke the God of our fathers to guide 
 and protect us in our efforts to perpetuate the principles which by 
 his blessing they were able to vindicate, establish, and transmit to 
 their posterity ; and with a continuance of His favor, ever gratefully 
 acknowledged, we may hopefully look forward to success, to peace, 
 to prosperity. 
 
 On February 1st, 1861, the State of Texas declared lier 
 independence, by withdrawing from the Union, and uniting 
 
22 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 her destinies with the new Confederacy. Virginia, Ten- 
 nessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Missouri, also resumed 
 their original sovereignty, and were admitted into the Con- 
 federacy. 
 
 The Provisional Government of the Confederate States is 
 now drawing to a close. On the 22d day of February, 1862, 
 the Southern Confederate States of America will throw oflf 
 the last vestige of its provisional character, and will stand 
 before the world in all the aspects and with all the attributes 
 of a distinct and sovereign Confederacy ; in outward form, a 
 nation — within, a league of independent and coequal sove- 
 reignties. Before that day, our right to admittance among 
 the recognized nationalities will have been conceded by the 
 principal European powers. 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The Presidential term of one year of the Provisional Gov- 
 ernment, under the Constitution, began on the 18th day of 
 February, 1861, and will expire on the 22d day of February, 
 1862. The first election, under the Confederate Constitu- 
 tion, for President and Vice President for the first regular 
 Presidential term of six years, was held on the 6th day of 
 November, 1861, in each State throughout the Confederacy. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. 
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS, of Miss., President. 
 
 ALEX. H. STEPHENS, of Ga., Vice-President. 
 
 Col. JOSEPH DAVIS, of Miss., Aid to the President. 
 
 Capt. R. JOSSELYN, of Miss., Private Secretary of the President. 
 
 R. M. T. HUNTER, Va., Secretary of State. Wm. M. Browne, Assistant 
 Secretary of State. P. P. Dandrige, Chief Clerk. 
 
 C. G. MEMMINGER, S. C, Secretary of the Treasury. P. Clayton, Ga., As- 
 sistant Secretary of the Treasury. H. D. Capers, Chief Clerk of the Depart- 
 ment. Lewis Cruger, S. C, Comptroller and Solicitor. Boiling Baker, Ga., 1st 
 Auditor. W. H. S. Taylor, La., 2d Auditor. Robert Tyler, Va., Register. E. 
 C. Elmore, Ala., Treasurer. 
 
AND REPOSITORY CF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 23 
 
 J. P. BENJAMIN, La., Secretary of AVar. A. T. Bledsoe, Va., Chief Clerk 
 of the Department. S. Cooper, Va., Adjutant and Inspector General of the C 
 S. Army. Lieut. Col. B. Chilton and Capt. J. Withers, S. C, Assistants Adjutant 
 and Inspector General. Col. R.Taylor, Ky., Quartermaster General. Col. A. 
 C. Myers, S. C, Assistant Quartermaster General. Lieut. Col. Northrop, S. C, 
 Commissary General. Col. J. Gorgas, Va., Chief of Ordnance. Col. S. P. 
 Moore, (M.D.,) S. C, Surgeon General. Capt. C. H. Smith, (M.D..) Va.. Assistant 
 Surgeon General. Capt. Leg. G. Capers, (M.D.,) S. C, Chief Clerk of the Med- 
 ical Department. Maj. D. Hubbard, Ala., Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 
 
 S. R. MALLORY, Fia., Secretary of the Navy. Com. E. M. Tidball, Va., 
 Chief Clerk of the Department. Com. D. N. Ingraham, S. C, Chief of Ord- 
 nance, Con.struction, and Repair. Capt. George Minor, Va., Inspector of Ord- 
 nance. Com. L. Rosseau, La., Chiet of Equipment, Recruiting Orders, and 
 Detail. Capt. W. A. Spotswood, (M.D.,) Va., Chief of Medicine and Surgery. 
 Capt. John Debree, Chief of Clothing and Provisions. 
 
 Ex-Gov. BRAGG, N. C, Attornev General. Wade Kevs, Ala., Assistant At- 
 torney General. R. R. Rhodes, Miss., Commissioner of Patents. G. E. W. 
 Nelson, Ga., Superintendent of Public Printing. R. M. Smith, Va., Public 
 Printer. 
 
 JOHN H. REAGAN, Texas, Postmaster General. H. S. Offut, Va., Chief 
 Contract Bureau. B. N. Clements, Tenn., Chief Appointment Bureau. J. L. 
 Harrell, Ala., Chief Finance Bureau. W. D. Miller, Texas, Chief Clerk of De- 
 partment. 
 
 POPULATION, RESOURCES, DATES OF SECES- 
 SION, ETC., OF THE SOUTHERN STATES AND 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 South Carolina. — Area, 29,385 Square Miles. 
 
 The State was first settled by colonies of French, German, 
 and Irish, in 1670 ; adopted the Federal Constitution, 1780. 
 Population in 1850, 668,507, including 384,984 slaves. 
 Value of exports in 1850, $16,924,250 ; imports, $2,071,139. 
 Population in 1860, 715,371, including 407,185 slaves. 
 
 Passed ordinance of secession from the Federal Union, 
 December 20th, 1860. 
 
 Florida. — Area, 59,268 Square Miles. 
 
 This State was settled by Spain in 1516 ; was ceded to 
 G-reat Britain, by Spain, in 1763 ; retaken by the Spanish 
 in 1781, and ceded, by Spain, to the United States in 1819 ; 
 was admitted into the Union in 1845. The Seminole Indian 
 War commenced in 1818, and ended in 1842. Value of ex- 
 
24 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 ports for 1858, Sl,877,960 ; imports, $105,998. Population 
 in 1850, 87,445, including 39,310 slaves; population in 
 1860, 145,694, including 63,809 slaves. 
 
 Passed ordinance of secession, dissolving connection with 
 the Federal Union, Jannary 8th, 1861. 
 
 Mississippi. — Area, 47,156 Square Miles. 
 
 Was first settled by the French, at Natchez, in 1716. 
 This State, together with part of Georgia, Alabama, and 
 Florida, formed the " Mississippi Territory,'^ in 1816 j ad- 
 mitted into the Union as a State in 1817. Population in 
 1850,606,326, including 309,878 slaves; population in 1860, 
 887,158, including 479,647 slaves. Mississippi is now the 
 largest cotton-growing State in the South. The crop of 
 1850 amounted to 485,293 bales ; the crop of 1860 was es- 
 timated at 670,000 bales, valued at $27,000,000. 
 
 Ordinance of secession passed January 9th, 1861. 
 
 Alabama. — Area, 50,722 Square Miles. 
 
 This State was included in the Mississippi Territory in 
 1817 ; admitted into the Federal Union as a State in 1820. 
 The chief agricultural product of Alabama is cotton. Ex- 
 tensive canebrakes once existed, but they have been greatly 
 cleared away. Sugar-cane grows on the south-west neck, 
 between Mobile and the Mississippi. Many of the rich 
 alluvial tracts yield rice abundantly. Tobacco, also, is pro- 
 duced. Indian corn, oats, sweet potatoes, buckwheat, barley, 
 flax, and silk, are much cultivated, besides many other grains, 
 fruits, and vegetables, and large supplies of live stock of all 
 descriptions. 
 
 Mineral Products. — Alabama is rich in great deposits of 
 coal, iron, variegated marbles, limestone, and other mineral 
 treasures. Gold mines, too, have been found and worked. 
 Salt, sulphur, and chalybeate springs abound. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEPUL KNOWLEDGE. 25 
 
 Value of imports in 1850, $619,964; exports, $24,790,- 
 585. Population in 1850, 771,625, including 343,844 
 slaves; population in 1860, 935,917, including 435,473 
 slaves. 
 
 Passed ordinance of secession from the Ujiion, January 
 lltli, 1861. 
 
 G-EORQIA.—Arca, 58,000 Square Miles. 
 
 This State was settled by Gen. Oglethorpe in 1733; was 
 made a royal colony in 1752 ; adopted the Federal Constitution 
 in 1798. Population in 1850, 906,185, including 381,622 
 slaves; population in 1860, 1,082,797, including 467,461 
 slaves. Imports for 1850, $473,716 ; exports, $9,543,519. 
 
 The Comptroller-G eneral of the State of Georgia for the last 
 fiscal year, stated that the Western and Atlantic railroad, 
 owned exclusively by the State, paid into the State treasury, 
 of net earnings, in 1859, $420,000; in 1860, $450,000; 
 and in 1861, $438,000. Independent of the above valuable 
 property, Georgia owns in bank stock and bonds, the amount 
 of $958,400. 
 
 The income of the State, from its several sources of rev- 
 enue, including the cash balance in the treasury on the 21st 
 of October, 1861, $324,106, is $2,279,857. The disburse- 
 ments in the same time amount to $1,955,731. 
 
 The State withdrew from the Federal Union, January 
 19th, 1861. 
 
 Louisiana.— .4rea, 41,436 Square Miles. 
 
 This State was settled by the French in 1699; was ceded 
 to Spgiin in 1762 ; was purchased by the Federal Union in 
 1803 ; admitted into the Federal Union as a State in 1812. 
 Population in 1850, 517,762, including 244,809 slaves. 
 Value of exports in 1850, $88,367,962; imports, $22,900,- 
 821. Population in 1860, 666,431, including 312,186 slavea 
 
26 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 The wealth of Louisiana has rapidly augmented, and an 
 immense area of fertile land is annually taken into cultiva- 
 tion, reclaimed from the swamps and the prairies. New Or- 
 leans, meanwhile, has advanced with prodigious strides, and 
 will now, without a doubt, fulfil the destiny which seemed in 
 the past to belong to New York. We confidently expect and 
 predict this. Cotton and sugar-cane are the great products 
 of this State. 
 
 Passed ordinance of secession from the Federal Union, 
 January 26th, 1861. 
 
 Texas.— ^rm, 237,504 Square Miles— Acres, 152,002,560. 
 
 Was first settled by the Spaniards, in 1690 ; was made 
 part of the Mexican llepublic in 1826 ; war with Mexico for 
 independence commenced in 1833, and ended in 1836; as 
 an independent State, was admitted into the Federal Union 
 in 1845. ITer geological survey has developed the exist- 
 ence of iron ore, coal, lead, copper, lignite, gypsum, lime- 
 stone, marble, potters', pipe, and fire clay, etc. The iron 
 and coal promise to be of great future value. 
 
 The revenue of the State, by a recent statement, as de- 
 rived from the ad valorem and poll tax, was ^309,726. The 
 total school fund reached $3,426,168. Assessment statistics: 
 
 44,233,658 acres land, valued at $83,392,720 
 
 42,302 town lots, " 14,137,207 
 
 130,853 negroes, " 85,030,748 
 
 284,714 liorses, '' 14,320,103 
 
 2,017,122 cattle, " 10,057,242 
 
 A comparison will at once show the increase in the value 
 of each species of property, the aggregate increase of the 
 whole being over thirty millions of dollars, namely : the in- 
 crease in negroes, $12,774,820 ; increase inland, $9,477,542; 
 increase in cattle, 82,739,421 ; increase in horses, $2,617,502; 
 increase in town lots, $1,388,894; increase in money loaned. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 27 
 
 $513,047 : increase in miscellaneous property, $1,208,812. 
 Total increase of all taxable property, from 1858 to 1859, 
 $30,721,438. We should here remark that only one hun- 
 dred and eleven counties are returned, and that the nine 
 counties not returned would probably add several hundred 
 thousand to this total amount of increase. 
 
 Total taxable property for 1856, $161,304,025; for 1857, 
 $183,504,205; for 1858, $193,636,818; for 1859, 
 $224,353,266. 
 
 Total ad valorem and State tax for 1856, $265,382 ; for 
 1857, $301,126 54; for 1858, $269,755 95; for 1859, 
 $309,726 60. 
 
 Increase in taxable property from 1856 to 1857, 
 $22,200,180; from 1857 to 1858, $10,132,613; from 1858 
 to 1859, $30,716,448. 
 
 Average value of land per acre in 1856, $1 41 ; in 1857, 
 $1 47; in 1858, $1 65; in 1859, $1 88. 
 
 The total area of Texas is estimated at one hundred and 
 seventy-five millions acres of land, of which one hundred 
 millions are public domain, held by the State. 
 
 Population 212,592, including 58,161 slaves. Value of 
 exports in 1858, $2,428,475 ; imports, $120,095. Popula- 
 tion in 1860, 600,955, including 180,956 slaves. 
 
 Passed act of secession from the Federal Union February 
 1st, 1861. 
 
 Virginia. — Area, 61,352 Square Miles. 
 
 First settled in 1607. Adopted the Constitution of the 
 United States in 1776. Population in 1850 was 1,141,661, 
 including 472,528 slaves. Value of exports in 1858 was 
 $7,262,765; imports, $1,079,067. Population in 1860, 
 1,593,190, including 495,826 slaves. 
 
 Tobacco is the principal product of the State. 
 
28 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Passed an act of separation from the Federal Union April 
 18th, 1861. 
 
 Tennessee. — A7'ea, 45,600 Square 3IUes. 
 
 First settlement was made in 1757. The territory was ceded 
 to the United States in 1790. Admitted into the Union as 
 a State in 1796. Population in 1850 was 1,002,717, in- 
 cluding 239,459 slaves ; population in 1860, 1,146,640, in- 
 cluding 287,112 slaves. 
 
 Passed ordinance of separation from the Federal Union 
 May 2d, 1861. 
 
 Arkansas. — Area^ 52,198 Square Miles. 
 
 This State was part of the Louisiana purchase. Was 
 made into a separate Territory in 1819 ; joined the Federal 
 Union in 1836. Value of annual products for 1858, 
 $994,722. Population in 1850, 209,897, including 47,100 
 slaves. Population in 1860, 440,775, including 109,065 
 slaves. 
 
 The progress of this State has heen astounding in the 
 past few years, and she possesses so many resources, that 
 her position ere long will be among the first States of the 
 South. 
 
 Productions. — The rich, black alluvion of the river yields 
 Indian corn in great luxuriance. This product, with cotton, 
 tobacco, rice, many varieties of grain, wool, hops, hemp, flax, 
 and silk, are the staples. 
 
 The forest trees include great quantities of the cotton 
 wood, gum, ash, and cypress, in the bottom lands, and the 
 usual vegetation of the North in the uplands. The sugar 
 maple, yielding large supplies of sap, is found here. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal, iron, zinc, lead, gypsum, manganese, 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 29 
 
 salt, and other mineral products exist here. Gold, too, it is 
 said, has been found. " There is,'^ says a writer, ^^ manga- 
 nese enough in Arkansas to supply the world ; in zinc, it 
 exceeds every State except New Jersey, and has more gyp- 
 sum than all the other States put together; while it is 
 equally well supplied with marble and salt.^' 
 
 Dissolved connection with the Federal Union May 
 6th, 1861. 
 
 North Carolina. — Area, 50,704 Square Miles. 
 
 Was first settled by emigrants from Virginia, in 1660. The 
 country was divided into two Territories, in 1720, (North 
 and South Carolina.) North Carolina adopted the Federal 
 Constitution in 1790. Population in 1850, 869,039, includ- 
 ing 228,548 slaves. Value of exports in 1858, 116,955,057; 
 imports, $2,071,519. Population in 1860, 1,008,342, in- 
 cluding 328,377 slaves. 
 
 North Carolina possesses one million and a half acres of 
 swamp lands, which are at present uncultivated, and are 
 owned by the State. Professor Emmons, State geologist, in 
 his report now before us, does not hesitate to say that he 
 regards these lands as two-fold more valuable than the up- 
 land, and well adapted to the growth of cotton. Here is a 
 great future source of wealth. 
 
 Dissolved connection with the Federal Union May 
 21st, 1801. 
 
 Missouri. — Area, 67,380 Square Miles, 
 
 Settled by the French, in 1764. Territorial Government 
 was formed in 1804. Admitted into the Union as a State in 
 1821. Population in 1850, 682,044, including 87,422 
 slaves. Population in I860. 1,310,209, including 115,619 
 slaves. 
 
30 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Passed an act of separation from the Federal Union Oc- 
 tober 28tli, 1861. 
 
 Kentucky. — Area, 37,680 Square Miles. 
 
 First white settlement was made in 1775. Made into a 
 Territory in 1782. Admitted into the Union in 1796. 
 Population in 1850 was 982,405, including 210,981 slaves. 
 Population in 1860, 1,145,567, including 224,490 slaves. 
 
 Maryland. — Area, 11,121 Square Miles. 
 
 First settlement was made by Catholics, in 1634. Adopted 
 the Federal Constitution in 1776. Population in 1850 was 
 583,034, including 90,368 slaves. Value of exports in 
 1855 was ^10,395,984 ; imports, 17,788,949. Population in 
 1860, 731,565, including 85,826 slaves. 
 
 Delaware. — Area, 2,120 Square Miles. 
 
 The smallest of the Southern States, was first settled in 
 1630, by the Swedes and Fins. Adopted the United States 
 Constitution in 1787. Population in 1850, 71,169 white, and 
 2,290 slaves. Population in 1860, 112,363, including 1,805 
 slaves. 
 
 TERRITOPtlES. 
 
 New Mexico. — Area, 20^,000 ^Square Miles. 
 
 "Was ceded, by treaty with Mexico, to the United States 
 in 1848. Population in 1850 was 61,547 ; population in 
 1860, 93,024. 
 
 Arizona. — Area, 100,000 Square 3Iiles. 
 
 The Territory of Arizona is bounded west by the Rio 
 Colorado*; south by Sonora and Chihuahua, on the boundary 
 line between the United States and Mexico, and from the 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 31 
 
 Rio Grande, on the 32d parallel of latitude in Texas, to the 
 104° of longitude ; east by a line on the 104° of longitude 
 to the 34th parallel of latitude, thence north on the 34th 
 parallel to the Colorado Eiver. It has an area of about 
 100,000 square miles. The population is from 8,000 to 
 10,000. Nine-tenths are Mexicans, and they are chiefly in 
 the valley ^of the llio Grande. There is an abundance of 
 mineral wealth, but very little agricultural land. 
 
 Fajmlation of the Confederate States, according to the 
 
 census of 1860. 
 
 states. 
 
 ' Virginia 
 
 ' North Carolina 
 
 — Sonth Carolina 
 
 -^ Georgia 
 
 ' Florida 
 
 '--Alabama , 
 
 -Mississippi 
 
 —Louisiana , 
 
 ' Arkansas 
 
 - Texas 
 
 •^ Tennessee 
 
 /- Missouri 
 
 White. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,097,373 
 
 495,826 
 
 1,593,100 
 
 697,965 
 
 328,377 
 
 1,008,342 
 
 308,186 
 
 407,185 
 
 715,371 
 
 615,336 
 
 467,461 
 
 1,082,797 
 
 81,865 
 
 93,809 
 
 145,694 
 
 520,444 
 
 435,473 
 
 935,917 
 
 407,551 
 
 497,607 
 
 887,158 
 
 354,245 
 
 312,186 
 
 666,431 
 
 331,710 
 
 109,065 
 
 440,775 
 
 515.999 
 
 184,956 
 
 600,955 
 
 859,528 
 
 287,112 
 
 1.146,640 
 
 1,185,590 
 
 115,619 
 
 1,301,209 
 
 6,867,239 
 
 3,644,676 
 
 10,510,915 
 
 Poimlation of the Southern States and Territories, not yet 
 in the Confederacy . 
 
 states. 
 
 White. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 110,548 
 646,183 
 920,077 
 
 1,805 
 
 85,382 
 
 225,490 
 
 112,353 
 731 5ri5 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 1,145,567 
 
 
 
 1,676,808 
 
 312,677 
 
 1,989,485 
 
32 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Population of the Territories. 
 
 Territories. Population in 1850. 
 
 New INFcxico 61,547 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Population in 1860. 
 93,024 
 9,000 
 
 Population of some of the Principal Cities in the JSouth- 
 
 em States. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 States. 
 
 1850. 
 
 I860. 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Misssouri. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 S. Carolina. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 N. Carolina. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 169,054 
 
 116,375 
 
 77,860 
 
 43,194 
 
 37,989 
 
 27,570 
 
 15,312 
 
 20,515 
 
 18,478 
 
 10,841 
 
 8,728 
 
 8,225 
 
 4,439 
 
 14,610 
 
 14,336 
 
 7,268 
 
 5,210 
 
 238,645 
 137,245 
 
 123,262 
 69,630 
 58,320 
 
 39,800 
 28 739 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Nashville 
 
 24,720 
 
 32 872 
 
 Memphis 
 
 29,830 
 12,243 
 16,490 
 7,321 
 18,213 
 18,965 
 12,362 
 10,112 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Natchez 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Galveston 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF SECESSION. 
 
 At the late Pilgrim Landing Anniversary, held in the 
 Astor House, New York, Mr. Seward declared in his speech, 
 that the men of New England invented the greatest political 
 discovery in the world — the confederation of Republican 
 States ; and that the people of South Carolina invented the 
 doctrine of secession. Mr. Seward, in his eager efforts to 
 attach blame to South Carolina, falls into a great error con- 
 cerning the origin of secession. The first disunion speech 
 ever made in the United States House of Representatives, 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 33 
 
 was by Josiali Quincy, of Massachusetts, in regard to the 
 Louisiana Enabling Act, January 14, 1811. He said : 
 
 I am compelled to declare it as my deliberate opinion, that if this 
 bill passes, the bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved; that the 
 States which compose it are free from their moral obligations, and 
 that, as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some, to 
 prepare definitely for a separation — amicably, if they can ; violently, 
 if they must. 
 
 A Southern member of the Senate, Mr. Poindexter, of 
 Mississippi, considered this declaration of " the right of all, 
 as it was the duty of some, to prepare for separation — peace- 
 ably, if they could ; forcibly, if they must," as very nearly 
 akin to treason, and called the New England inventor to order. 
 
 The inventor of disunion repeated his assertion, committed 
 it to writing, and left the matter to the Speaker, who deci- 
 ded it out of order. Mr. Quincy appealed from the deci- 
 sion of the Speaker, and was sustained by a vote of 56 to 63 
 in his right, as the Representative of New England, to in- 
 vent disunion. — See Abridgment of Debates of Congress, 
 vol. iv., p. 237. 
 
 PAY OF VOLUNTEER OFFICERS AND PRIVATES. 
 
 Pay, per mouth, of officers and privates, accepted into the 
 Confederate States Army : 
 
 Colonel $175 00 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 170 00 
 
 Major 150 00 
 
 Captain 108 00 
 
 First Lieutenant 90 00 
 
 Second Lieutenant $80 00 
 
 First Sergeants 21 00 
 
 Other Sergeants 17 00 
 
 Corporals and Artificers 13 00 
 
 Privates 11 00 
 
 They have a yearly allowance for clothing, also, and one 
 ration per day. 
 
 The volunteers are expected to furnish their own uniforms, 
 and will be paid for the same in money by the Confederate 
 States Government, when mustered into service. Each regi- 
 ment has a Quartermaster, with the rank of Captain, and a 
 Commissary, with equal rank, a Surgeon and Assistant 
 Surgeon. 
 
34 
 
 TBE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
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AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 35 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES ARMY, AS NOW ORGAN- 
 IZED. NOVEMBER, 1861. 
 
 The army in Virginia lias been reorganized by the War 
 Department. The army of the Potomac is under the su- 
 preme command of Gen. J. E. Johnston. It embraces 
 three grand divisions : the largest and most important, at 
 Manassas, being commanded by Gen. P. T. G. Beauregard, 
 and those at Aquia Creek and Shenandoah Valley, by Briga- 
 diers General T. II. Holmes, of North Carolina, and Thomas 
 J. Jackson, of Stone Wall Bridge, respectively. General 
 Beauregard's command is subdivided into four divisions, 
 commanded respectively by General Gustavus W. Smith, 
 Major General Edmund Kirby Smith, Earl Van Dorn, and 
 James Longstreet. Under these officers are the numerous 
 brigades composing the army, each composed as nearly as 
 possible of regiments belonging to the same State, and com- 
 manded by their own Brigadiers General. The Department 
 of the Northwest remains under command of Gen. Lee ; 
 that of the Yorktown Peninsula, under Major General Ma- 
 gruder; that of Norfolk, under Major General linger; that 
 of Eastern Virginia, South of the James river, under Briga- 
 dier General Pemberton ; and that of Richmond, under 
 BHgadiej General Winder. The coast defenses of North 
 Carolina are under command of Brigadier General Gatlin, 
 assisted by Brigadiers General J. R. Anderson and D. H. 
 Hill. Those of South Carolina arc in charge of Brigadier 
 General Ripley; those of Georgia, of Brigadier General 
 Lawton; those of Alabama, of Brigadier General Withers; 
 those of Louisiana, of Major General Lovcll; and those of 
 Texas, of Brigadier General Hcbert. Until his death. Brig- 
 adier General Grayson commanded in East Florida. The 
 supreme command in Kentucky, is vested in General A. S. 
 Johnston ; and in Tennessee, in Major General Polk. 
 
36 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 ARMY WAGES. 
 
 The following: is a statement of the monthly pay of officers 
 and privates in the service of the Confederate i^tates : 
 
 IJaxk. 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 liioutcnant-Coloncls 
 
 Majors 
 
 Capfftins 
 
 First Lieutenants 
 
 Second Lieutenants 
 
 Orderly Sor;!:cants 
 
 Other Sergeants 
 
 Corporals and Artificers.. 
 
 Musicians 
 
 Privates 
 
 Colonels $180 00 
 
 180 00 
 160 00 
 130 00 
 90 90 
 80 00 
 110 00 
 17 00 
 13 00 
 VI 00 
 11 00 
 
 Cavnlrv. 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 :f210 00 
 
 *185 00 
 
 1G2 00 
 
 140 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 00 00 
 
 20 00 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 12 00 
 11 00 
 
 $210 00 
 
 185 00 
 
 152 00 
 
 130 00 
 
 00 00 
 
 SO 00 
 
 20 0(J 
 
 17 00 
 
 13 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 11 00 
 
 The monthly pay of Generals of Divisions, or I>ri<rades, is 
 $301. Privates and non-commissioned officers receive one 
 ration a day, and a yearly allowance for clothini^. Commis- 
 sioned officers are not allowed to draw rations. 
 
 REPRESENTATION AND ELECTORAL VOTE OF 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES, IN THE I'lRST 
 CONGRESS. 
 
 The first Congress of the Confederate States, under the 
 permanent (Constitution, will be composed of twenty-two 
 Senators and eighty-seven Representatives. 
 
 The representation will be as follows, being in the ratio of 
 one member for every 1)0,000 of population, on the Federal 
 basis, counting three-fifths for slaves. 
 
 We add, in a separate column, the Electoral vote of each 
 State in the Confederacy : 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEPUL KNOWLEDGE. 37 
 
 Representation, Votes. 
 
 Virginia 16 18 
 
 North Carolina 10 12 
 
 South Carolina 6 8 
 
 Georgia 10 12 
 
 Florida 2 4 
 
 Alabama 9 11 
 
 Louisiana G 8 
 
 Texas 6 8 
 
 Arkansas 4 6 
 
 Mississippi 7 9 
 
 Tenuessee 11 13 
 
 87 109 
 
38 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 corvsxiTXJTioisr 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONFEDEEATE STATES OF AMEEICA. 
 
 We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its 
 sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent 
 federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity — 
 invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God — do ordain and 
 establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 All legislative powers herein delegated shall be vested in a Con- 
 gress of the Confederate States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
 chosen every second year, by the people of the several States ; and 
 the electors in each State shall be citizens of the Confederate States, 
 and have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most nume- 
 rous branch of the State Legislature ; but no person of foreign birth, 
 not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for 
 any officer, civil or political. State or Federal. 
 
 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
 the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of the Confederate 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and Direct Taxes shall be apportioned among 
 the several States, which may be included within this Confederacy, 
 according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined, by 
 adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound 
 to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, 
 three -fifths of all slaves. The actual enumeration shall be made 
 within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
 Confederate States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 39 
 
 in such manner as they shall, by law, direct. The number of Re- 
 presentatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand, but each 
 State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enume- 
 ration shall be made, the State of South Carolina shall be entitled 
 to choose six — the State of Georgia, ten — the State of Alabama, 
 nine — The State of Florida, two — the State of Mississippi, seven — 
 the State of Louisiana, six — and the State of Texas, six. 
 
 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, 
 the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
 such vacancies. 
 
 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and 
 other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment ; ex- 
 cept that any judicial or other federal officers resident and acting ' 
 solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of 
 two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. The Senate of the Confederate States shall be composed of two 
 Senators from each State, chosen for six years by the Legislature 
 thereof, at the regular session next immediately preceding the com- 
 mencement of the term of service ; and each Senator shall have one 
 vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of 
 the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into 
 three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
 vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second class, 
 at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the 
 expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third maybe chosen every 
 second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation, or otherwise, 
 during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive 
 thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of 
 the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the 
 age of thirty years, and be a citizen of the Confederate States ; and 
 who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the State for which 
 he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-President of the Confederate States shall be President 
 of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they shall be equally di- 
 vided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers; and also a Presi- 
 dent 2^'''o tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he 
 shall exercise the office of President of the Confederate States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
 When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
 When tlie President of the Confederate States is tried, the Chief Jus- 
 tice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the con- 
 currence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further 
 
40 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy- 
 any office of honor or profit, under tlie Confederate States ; but the 
 party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indict- 
 ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1. The time, place, and manner of holding elections for Senators 
 and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
 lature thereof, subject to the provisions of this Constitution; but the 
 Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, 
 except as to the times and places of choosing Senators. 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; and 
 such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
 shall, by law, appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
 qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
 stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn 
 from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
 absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each 
 House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
 its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of 
 two-thirds of the whole number, expel a member. 
 
 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
 time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in tlieir 
 judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members 
 of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of 
 those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without 
 the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to 
 any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation 
 for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
 treasury of the Confederate States. They shall, in all cases, except 
 treason, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 
 their attendance at the session of tlieir respective Houses, and in 
 going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate 
 in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which 
 he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 
 of the Confederate States, which shall have been created, or the 
 emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; 
 and no person holding any office under the Confederate States shall 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 41 
 
 be a member of either House during his continuance in office. But 
 Congress mn.j, by law, grant to the principal officer in each of the 
 Executive Departments a seat upon the floor of either House, with 
 the privilege of discussing any measures appertaining to his depart- 
 ment. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Re- 
 presentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
 ments, as on ather bills. 
 
 2. Every bill which shall have passed both Houses, shall, before it 
 becomes a law, be presented to the President of the Confederate 
 States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return 
 it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall have origina- 
 ted, who shall enter the objections at large on their journals, and 
 proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds 
 of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together 
 with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be 
 reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall 
 become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall 
 be detei'mined by yeas and nays, and the persons voting for or against 
 the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. 
 If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
 same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
 Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return ; in which case 
 it sliall not be a law. The President may approve any appropriation 
 and disapprove any other appropriation in the same bill. In such 
 case he shall, in signing the bill, designate the appropriations disap- 
 proved ; and shall return a copy of such appropriations, with his ob- 
 jections, to the House in which the bill shall have originated, and the 
 same proceedings shall then be had as in case of other bills disap- 
 proved by the President. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of 
 both Houses may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
 ment) shall be presented to the President of the Confederate States ; 
 and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him ; or, 
 being disapproved by him, may be repassed by two-thirds of both 
 Houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in case of 
 a bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power — 
 
 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, for reve- 
 nue necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defence, and 
 carry on the Government of the Confederate States ; but no bounties 
 shall be granted from the treasury ; nor shall any duties or taxes on 
 importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any 
 branch of industry ; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be 
 uniform tliroughout the Confederate States: 
 
42 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of the Confederate States : 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev- 
 eral States, and with the Indian tribes ; but neither this, nor any other 
 clause contained in the Constitution, shall ever be construed to del- 
 egate the power to Congress to appropriate money for any internal 
 improvement intended to facilitate commerce, except for the purpose 
 of furnishing lights, beacons, and buoys, and other aids to naviga- 
 tion upon the coasts, and the improvement of harbors, and the re- 
 moving of obstructions in river navigation, in all which cases, such 
 duties shall be laid on the navigation facilitated thereby, as may be 
 necessary to pay the costs and expenses thereof: 
 
 4. To establish uniform laws of naturalization, and uniform laws 
 on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the Confederate States ; 
 but no law of Congress shall discharge any debt contracted before 
 the passage of the same : 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
 and fix the standard of weights and measures : 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
 and current coin of the Confederate States : 
 
 7. To establish post offices and post routes ; but the expenses of 
 the Postoffice Department, after the first day of March, in the year 
 of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixty-three, shall be paid out of 
 its own revenues : 
 
 8. To pi'omote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing 
 for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their 
 respective writings and discoveries : 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court : 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the 
 high seas, and offences against the law of nations : 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
 make rules concerning captures on land and water : 
 
 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money 
 to that use shall be for a longer term than two years : 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy : 
 
 14. To make rules for government and the regulation of the land 
 and naval forces : 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of 
 the Confederate States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions : 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the mili- 
 tia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the 
 service of the Confederate States ; reserving to the States, respect- 
 ively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training 
 the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress: 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over 
 such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
 one or more States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the 
 seat of the Government of the Confederate States ; and to exercise 
 like authority over all the places purchased by the consent of the 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 43 
 
 legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection 
 of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- 
 ings ; and 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for car- 
 rying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
 vested by this Constitution in the Government of the Confederate 
 States, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1. The importation of negroes of the African race, from any for- 
 eign country, other than the slaveholding States or Territories of the 
 United States of America, is hereby forbidden ; and Congress is re- 
 quired to pass such laws as shall eifcctually prevent the same: 
 
 2. Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of 
 slaves from any State not a member of, or Territory not belonging 
 to, this Confederacy. 
 
 3. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public 
 safety may require it. 
 
 4. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, or law denying or im- 
 pairing the right of property in negro slaves, shall be passed. 
 
 5. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- 
 portion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be 
 taken. 
 
 6. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State, 
 except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses. 
 
 7. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 
 revenue to the ports of one State over those of another. 
 
 8. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in conse- 
 quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement 
 and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money 
 shall be published from time to time. 
 
 9. Congress shall appropriate no money from the Tre/isury, ex- 
 cept by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses, taken by yeas and nays, 
 unless it be asked and estimated for by some one of the heads of the 
 Department, and submitted to Congress by the President ; or for 
 the purpose of paying its own expenses and contingencies ; or for 
 the payment of claims against the Confederate States, the justice of 
 which shall hate been judicially declared by a tribunal for the in- 
 vestigation of claims against the Government, which it is hereby 
 made the duty of Congress to establish. 
 
 10. All bills appropriating money shall specify in Federal cur- 
 rency the exact amount of each appropriation, and the purposes for 
 which it is made ; and Congress shall grant no extra compensation 
 to any public contractor, officer, agent, or servant, after such con- 
 tract shall have been made or such service rendered. 
 
 11. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Confederate States; 
 and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, 
 
44 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolu- 
 ments, office, or titles of any kind -whatevei', from any king, prince, 
 or foreign State. 
 
 12. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
 freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peacea- 
 bly to assemble and petition the Government for a redress of 
 grievances. 
 
 13. A well-regulated militia being necessarj'- to the security of a 
 free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not 
 be infringed. 
 
 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a 
 manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
 not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, 
 supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the 
 place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 IG. No i^erson shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
 infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
 jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
 militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor 
 shall any person be subject for the same oflfence to be twice put in 
 jeopardy of life or limb ; nor be compelled, in any criminal case, to 
 be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or 
 property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
 taken for public use, without just copipensation. 
 
 17. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right 
 to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and 
 district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district 
 shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of 
 the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the 
 witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
 witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his 
 defence. 
 
 18. In suits at common law where the value in controversy shall 
 exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; 
 and no fact so tried by a juiy shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
 court of the Confederacy, than according to the rules of the common 
 law, 
 
 19. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines be im- 
 posed, nor cruel and unjust punishments be inflicted. 
 
 20. Every law, or resolution having the force of law, shall relate 
 to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 45 
 
 grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; make anything 
 but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill 
 of attainder, or ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
 contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
 imposts, or duties on imposts or exports, except what may be abso- 
 lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net pro- 
 duce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or 
 exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Confederate 
 States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control 
 of Congress. 
 
 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
 of tonnage, except on sea-going vessels, for the improvement of its 
 rivers and harbors navigated by the said vessels ; but such duties 
 shall not conflict with any treaties of the Confederate States with 
 foreign nations ; and any surplus or revenue, thus derived, shall, 
 after making such improvements, be paid into the common treasury; 
 nor shall any State keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, 
 enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a 
 foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such 
 imminent danger as will not admit of delay. But when any river 
 divides or flows through two or more States, they may enter into 
 compacts with each other to improve the navigation thereof. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Con- 
 federate States of America. He and the Vice-President shall hold 
 their offices for the term of six years ; but the President shall not be 
 re-eligible. The President and Vice-President shall be elected as 
 follows : 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
 thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number 
 of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
 in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding 
 an office of trust or profit under the Confederate States, shall be ap- 
 pointed an elector. 
 
 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by 
 ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall 
 not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall 
 name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in dis- 
 tinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall 
 make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all 
 persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for 
 each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to 
 the government of the Confcdei-ate States, directed to the President 
 of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
 
46 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
 and the vote shall tlien be counted ; the person having the greatest 
 number of votes for President shall be tlie President, if such number 
 be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
 person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
 numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as Pres- 
 ident, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by 
 ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall 
 be taken b}"- States, the representation from each State having one 
 vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- 
 bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
 shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- 
 tives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall 
 devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
 then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the 
 death or other Constitutional disability of the President. 
 
 4. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-Presi- 
 dent shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
 majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list of the Sen- 
 ate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall 
 consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a major- 
 ity of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 5. No person constitutionally ineligible to the ofl&ce of President, 
 shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the Confederate 
 States. 
 
 6. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, 
 and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall 
 be the same throughout the Confederate States. 
 
 7. No person except a natural born citizen of the Confederate 
 States, or a citizen thereof, at the time of the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution, or a citizen thereof born in the United States prior to the 
 20th of December, 18G0, shall be eligible to the office of President ; 
 neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
 attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resi- 
 dent within the limits of the Confederate States, as they may exist 
 at the time of his election. 
 
 8. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
 death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 
 the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and 
 the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, 
 resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, 
 declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer 
 shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President 
 shall be elected. 
 
 9. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
 compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during 
 the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he shall not 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 47 
 
 receive within that period any other emolument from the Confede- 
 rate States, or any of them. 
 
 10. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take 
 the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear — or affirm — that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of President of the Confederate States, and will, to the best 
 of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution thereof." 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and 
 navy of the Confederate States, and of the militia of the several 
 States, when called into the actual service of the Confederate States; 
 he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in 
 each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices : and he shall have power to grant 
 reprieves and pardons for oftences against the Confederate States, 
 except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 
 the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
 present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public 
 ministers and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
 officers of the Confederate States, whose appointments are not herein 
 otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but 
 the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior offi- 
 cers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of 
 Law, or in the heads of Departments. 
 
 3. The principal in each of the Executive Departments, and all 
 persons connected with the diplomatic service, may be removed from 
 office at the pleasure of the President. All other civil officers of the 
 Executive Department, may be removed at any time by the Presi- 
 dent, or other appointing power, when their services are unneces- 
 sary, or for dishonesty, incapacity, inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect 
 of duty ; and when so removed, the removal shall be reported to the 
 Senate, together with the reasons therefor. 
 
 4. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may 
 happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
 which shall expire at the end of their next session ; but no person 
 rejected by the Senate shall be re-appointed to the same office during 
 their ensuing recess. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress 
 information of the state of the Confederacy, and recommend to their 
 consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expe- 
 dient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or 
 either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with 
 respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
 
48 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and 
 other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
 executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Confederate 
 States. 
 
 SECTIOK IV. 
 
 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the Con- 
 federate States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, 
 and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- 
 meanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1. The judicial power of the Confederate States shall be vested in 
 one Superior Court, and in such Inferior Courts as the Congress may 
 from time to time order and establish. The judges, both of the Su- 
 perior and Inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good be- 
 havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a com- 
 pensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in 
 office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under this 
 Constitution, the laws of the Confederate States, and treaties made, 
 or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases 
 aifectiug ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all 
 cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
 which the Confederate States shall be a party ; to controversies be- 
 tween two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another 
 State, where the State is plaintiif ; between citizens claiming lands 
 under grants from diiferent States ; and between the State, or the 
 citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects; but no 
 State shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign State. 
 
 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and 
 consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
 Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before- 
 mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
 as to law and facts, with such exceptions, and under such regula- 
 tions, as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall 
 be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said 
 crime shall have been committed ; but when not committed within 
 any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress 
 may by law have directed, 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. Treasan against the Confederate States shall consist only in 
 levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 
 them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason un- 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 49 
 
 less on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
 confession in open court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
 treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, 
 or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public 
 acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And 
 the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which 
 such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
 thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges 
 and immunities of citizens in the several States, and shall have the 
 right of transit and sojourn in any State of the Confederacy, with 
 their slaves and other property ; and the right of property in said 
 slaves shall not be thereby impaired. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
 crime against the laws of such State, shall, on the demand of the 
 Executive ^authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered 
 up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No slave, or other person held to service or labor, in any State 
 or Territory of the Confederate States, under the laws thereof, 
 escaping or lawfully carried into another, shall, in consequence of 
 any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or 
 labor ; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
 slave belongs, or to whom such labor or service may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. other States may be admitted into this Confederacy by a vote 
 of two-thirds of the whole House of Representatives, and two-thirds 
 of the Senate, the Senate voting by States ; hut no new State shall 
 be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor 
 any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or 'parts 
 of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States con- 
 cerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all need- 
 ful rules and regulations concerning the property of the Confederate 
 States, including the lands thereof. 
 
 3. The Confederate States may acquire new territory ; and Congress 
 shall have power to legislate and provide governments for the inliab- 
 itants of all territory belonging to the Confederate States, lying 
 without the limits of the several States ; and may permit them, at 
 
 3 
 
50 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 such times, and in such manner, as it may by law provide, to form 
 States to be admitted into the Confederacy. In all such territory, 
 the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate 
 States, shall be recoguized and protected by Congress, and by the 
 Territorial Government ; and the inhabitants of the several Confed- 
 erate States and Territories shall have the right to take to such ter- 
 ritory any slaves, lawfully held by them in any of the States or Ter- 
 ritories of the Confederate States. 
 
 4. The Confederate States shall guarantee to every State that 
 is or hereafter may become a member of this Confederacy, a republican 
 form of government, and shall protect each of them against inva- 
 sion ; and on application of the Legislature (or of the Executive, 
 when the Legislature is in session,) against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1. Upon the demand of any three States, legally assembled in 
 their several conventions, the Congress shall summon a convention 
 of all the States, to take into consideration such amendments to the 
 Constitution as the said States all concur in suggesting at the time 
 when the said demand is made ; and should any of the proposed 
 amendments to the Constitution be agreed on by the said conven- 
 tion — voting by States — and the same be ratified by the Legislatures 
 of two-thirds of the several States, or by conventions in two-thirds 
 thereof — as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
 posed by the general convention — they shall thenceforward form a 
 part of this Constitution. But no State shall, without its consent, be 
 deprived of its equal representation in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1. The Government established by this Constitution is the succes- 
 sor of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of 
 America, and all the laws passed by the latter shall continue in force 
 until the same shall be repealed or modified; and all the officers ap- 
 pointed by the same shall remain in office until their successors are 
 appointed and qualified, or the offices abolished. 
 
 2. All debts contracted, and engascements entered into, before the 
 adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the Confeder- 
 ate States under this Constitution as under the Provisional Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 3. This Constitution, and the laws of the Confederate States, made 
 in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
 under the authority of the Confederate States, shall be the supreme 
 law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound there- 
 by, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 51 
 
 4. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
 members of the several State LegisLatures, and all executive and ju- 
 dicial officers, both of the Confederate States and of the several 
 States, shall be bound by oatli or affirmation to support this Consti- 
 tution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification 
 to any office of public trust under the Confederate States. 
 
 5. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall 
 not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people 
 of the several States. 
 
 6. The powers not delegated to the Confederate States by the Con- 
 stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
 States, respectively, or to the people thereof. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 1. The ratification of the conventions of five States shall be suffi- 
 cient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so 
 ratifying the same. 
 
 2. When five States shall have ratified this Constitution in the 
 manner before specified, the Congress under the Provisional Consti- 
 tution shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President 
 and Vice-President, and for the meeting of the Electoral College, and 
 for counting the votes, and inaugurating the President. They shall, 
 also, prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of 
 Congress under this Constitution, and the time for assembling the 
 same. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Congress under 
 tlie Provisional Constitution shall continue to exercise the legislative 
 powers granted them ; not extending beyond the time limited by 
 the Constitution of the Provisional Government. 
 
 Adopted, unanimously, March 11, 18GL 
 
52 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT DAVIS. 
 
 DELIVERED AT MONTGOMERY, APRIL 29, 1861. 
 
 Montgomery, April 30. — The Congress of the Confederate 
 States of America assembled at noon yesterday, Hon. Howell 
 Cobb, of Georgia, President, in the Chair. 
 
 After the usual preliminaries of organization had been gone 
 through -with, the following Message of his Excellency, Jefferson 
 Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, was re- 
 ceived and read : 
 
 Gentlemen of Congress: — It is my pleasing duty to announce 
 to you that the Constitution framed for the establishment of a 
 permanent Government of the Confederate States of America, has 
 been ratified by the several conventions of each of those States 
 which were referred to inaugurate the said Government in its full 
 proportions and upon its own substantial basis of the popular 
 will. 
 
 It only remains that an election should be held for the designa- 
 tion of the oflScers to administer it. 
 
 There is every reason to believe that at no distant day other 
 States, identified in political principles and community of inter- 
 ests with those which you represent, will join tliis Confederacy, 
 giving to its typical constellation increased splendor, to its gov- 
 ernment of free, equal, and sovereign States, a wider sphere of 
 usefulness, and to the friends of constitutional liberty a greater 
 security for its harmonious and perpetual existence. 
 
 It was not, however, for the purpose of making this announce- 
 ment that I have deemed it my duty to convoke you at an earlier 
 day than that fixed by yourselves for your meeting. 
 
 The declaration of war made against this Confederacy, by 
 Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, in his procla- 
 mation, issued on the 15th day of the present month, renders it 
 necessary, in my judgment, that you should convene at the ear- 
 liest practicable moment to devise the measures necessary for the 
 defence of the country. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 53 
 
 The occasion is, indeed, an extraordinary one Tf incfifl. 
 
 on'^f h7.''l*^f' "^f "^^^'^ ^Sainst Great Britain by her colonies 
 ,..P? ^It^' *^ ^."S;"^ '^S^'"''^ '''":^ misconstruction of their com 
 
 o1fI':',*;-f' '"'"' "'' "^^f^deration contained a clause wliereliv all 
 alterations were prohibited, unless confirmed by the Le"Ts?a?ure, 
 
 diencel^ '"■ ''^''- '''""^ "^'"'^ *» ^^ «>« Cong,-e^s, and n be- 
 tZTYZXrTs^' "the"' "" P^^*'™ °^ Con«ress'7tt 
 
 It was by the delegates chosen by the several Stitoo ..^^i^ *i. 
 resolution just nuoted, that the Conititutiorof the United Sh^^^^^ 
 
54 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 caution -with which the States endeavored, in every possible form, 
 to exclude the idea that the separate and independent sovereignty 
 of each State was merged into one common government or nation ; 
 and the earnest desire they evinced to impress on the Constitu- 
 tion its true character — that of a compact between independent 
 States — the Constitution of 1787, however, admitting the clause 
 already recited from the articles of confederation, which pro- 
 vided in explicit terms that each State reclaimed its sovereignty 
 and independence. 
 
 Some alarm was felt in the States, when invited to ratify the 
 Constitution, lest this omission should be construed into an aban- 
 donment of their cherished principles, and they refused to be 
 satisfied until amendments were added to the Constitution, plac- 
 ing beyond any pretence of doubt the reservation by the States 
 of their sovereign rights and powers not expressly delegated to 
 the United States by the Constitution. 
 
 Strange indeed must it appear to the impartial observer, but it 
 is none the less true, that all these carefully worded clauses proved 
 unavailing to prevent the rise and growth in the Northern States 
 of a political school which has persistently claimed that the Gov- 
 ernment created by the States, to secure the blessings of liberty 
 and independence against foreign aggression, has been gradually 
 perverted into a machine for their control in their domestic 
 affairs. 
 
 The creature has been exalted above its Creator — the principals 
 have been made subordinate to the agent appointed by themselves. 
 
 The people of the Southern States, whose almost exclusive 
 occupation was agriculture, early perceived a tendency in the 
 Northern States to render a common Government subservient to 
 their own purposes by imposing burthens on commerce as a pro- 
 tection to their manutacturing and shipping interests. 
 
 Long and angry controversies grew out of these attempts, often 
 successful, to benefit one section of the country at the expense of 
 the other, and the danger of disruption arising from this cause, 
 was enhanced by the 'fact that the Northern population was in- 
 creating by immigration and other causes faster than the popula- 
 tion of the South. 
 
 By degrees, as the Northern States gained preponderance in 
 the National Congress, self-interest taught their people to yield 
 ready assent to any plausible advocacy of their right as a ma- 
 jority to govern the minority. Without control they learn to 
 listen with impatience to the suggestion of any constitutional 
 impediment to the exercise of their will, and so utterly have the 
 principles of the Constitution been corrupted in the Northern 
 mind that, in the inaugural address of President Lincoln in 
 March last, he asserts as a maxim, which he deems to be undeni- 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 55 
 
 able, that the theory of the Constitution requires, in all cases, 
 that the majority shall jrovern. And in another memorable in- 
 stance the same Chief Mai^istrate did not hesitate to liken the 
 relations between States and the United States to those which 
 exist between the county and the State in which it is situated, 
 and by which it was created. 
 
 This is the lamental)le and fundamental error in which rests 
 the policy that has culminated in his declaration of war a<z;ain8t 
 these Confederate States — in addition to the long continued and 
 deep-seated resentment felt by the Southern States at the per- 
 sistent abuse of the powers they had delegated to the Congress, 
 for the purpose of enriching the manufacturing and shipping 
 classes of the North at the expense of the South. 
 
 There has existed for nearly half a century another subject of 
 discord, involving interests of such transcendent magnitude as 
 at all times to create the apprehension in the minds of many 
 devoted lovers of tlie Union that its permanence was impossible. 
 
 AVhen the several States delegated certain powers to the United 
 States Congress, a large portion of the laboring population were 
 imported into the colonies by the mother countr3^ In twelve out 
 of the fifteen States, negro slavery existed, and the right of 
 property existing in slaves was protected by law ; this property 
 Avas recognized by the Constitution, and provision was made 
 against its loss by the escape of the slave. 
 
 The increase in the number of slaves by foreign importation 
 from Africa, was also secured by a clause forbidding Congress to 
 prohibit the slave trade anterior to a certain date, and in no 
 clause can there ])e found any delegation of power to the Con- 
 gress to authorize it in any manner to legislate to the prejudice, 
 detriment, or discouragement of the owners of that species of 
 property, or excluding it from the protection of the Government, 
 
 The climate and soil of the Northern States soon proved un- 
 propitious to the continuance of slave labor, while the reverse 
 being the case at the South made unrestricted free intercourse 
 between the two sections unfriendly. 
 
 The Northern States consulted their own interests by selling 
 their slaves to the South, and prohibiting slavery between their 
 limits. The South were willing purchasers of property suitable 
 to their wants, and paid the price of the acquisition without har- 
 boring a suspicion that their quiet possession was to be disturbed 
 l)y those who were not only in want of Constitutional authority, 
 but by good faith as vendors, from disquieting a title emanating 
 from themselves. 
 
 As soon, however, as the Northern States that prohibited Afri- 
 can slavery within their limits had reached a number sufficient 
 to give their representation a controlling vote in the Congress, a 
 
56 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 persistent and organized system of hostile measures against the 
 rights of the owners of slaves in the Southern States was inau- 
 gurated and gradually extended. A series of measures was 
 devised and prosecuted for the purpose of rendering insecure the 
 tenure of property in slaves. 
 
 Fanatical organizations, supplied with money by voluntary 
 subscriptions, were assiduously engaged in exciting amongst the 
 slaves a spirit of discontent and revolt. Means were furnished 
 for their escape from their owners, and agents secretly employed 
 to entice them to abscond. 
 
 The constitutional provision for their rendition to their owners 
 was first evaded, then openly denounced as a violation of con- 
 scientious obligation and religious duty. Men Avere taught that 
 it was a merit to elude, disobey, and violently oppose the execu- 
 tion of the laws enacted to secure the performance of the promise 
 contained in the constitutional compact. Often owners of slaves 
 were mobbed and even murdered in open day, solely for applying 
 to a magistrate for the arrest of a fugitive slave. 
 
 The dogmas of the voluntary organization soon obtained con- 
 trol of the Legislatures of many of the Northern States, and 
 laws were passed for the punishment, by ruinous fines and long 
 continued imprisonment in jails and penitentiaries, of citizens of 
 the Southern States who should dare ask aid of the officers of the 
 law for the recovery of their property. Emboldened by success, 
 on the theatre of agitation and aggression, against the clearly 
 expressed constitutional rights of the Congress, Senators and 
 Kepresentatives were sent to the common councils of the nation, 
 whoso chief title to this distinction consisted in the display of 
 ultra fanaticism, and whose business was not to promote the 
 general welfare, or ensure domestic tranquillity, but to awaken 
 the bitterest hatred against the citizens of sister States by violent 
 denunciation of their institutions. 
 
 The transaction of public affViirs was impeded by the repeated 
 efforts to usurp powers not delegated by the Constitution, for the 
 purpose of impairing the security pf the property in slaves, and 
 reducing those States which held slaves to a condition of in- 
 feriority. 
 
 Finally, a great party has organized for the purpose of obtain- 
 ing the administration of the Government, with the avowed object 
 of using its power for the total exclusion of the slave States from 
 all participation in the benefits of the public domain, acquired 
 by all the States in common, whether by conquest or purchase, 
 surrounding them entirely by States in which slavery should be 
 prohibited, thus rendering the property in slaves so insecure as 
 to be comparatively worthless, and thereby annihilating in efiect 
 property worth thousands of millions of dollars. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 57 
 
 This party, thus organized, succeeded in the month of Novcm- 
 Tjer last in the election of its candidate for the Presidency of the 
 United States. 
 
 In the meantime, under the mild and genial climate of the 
 Southern States, land the increasing care for the well-being and 
 comfort of the laboring classes, dictated alike by interest and 
 humanity, the African slaves had augmented in number from 
 about six hundred thousand, at the date of the adoption of the 
 constitutional compact, to upwards of four millions. 
 
 In a moral and social condition they had been elevated from 
 l)rutal savages into docile, intelligent, and civili2;cd agricultural 
 laborers, and supplied not only with bodily comforts, but with 
 careful religious instructions under the supervision of a superior 
 race. Their labor had been so directed as not only to allow a 
 gradual and marked amelioration of their own condition, but to 
 convert hundreds of thousands of square miles of the wilderness 
 into cultivated lands, covered with a prosperous people. Towns© 
 and cities had sprung into existence, and it rapidly increased in 
 wealth and population under the social system of the South. 
 
 The white population of the Southern slaveholding States had 
 augmented from about 1,250,000 at the date of the adoption of 
 the Constitution, to more than 8,500,000 in 18G0, and the produc- 
 tions of the South in cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, for the full 
 development and continuance of which the labor of African 
 slaves was and is indispensable, had swollen to the amount which 
 formed nearly three-fourths of tlie export of the whole United 
 States, and had become absolutely necessary to the wants of 
 civilized man. 
 
 With interests of such overwhelming magnitude imperiled, the 
 
 Seople of the Southern States were driven by the conduct of the 
 [orth to the adoption of some course of action to avoid the dan- 
 gers which were openly menaced. With this view the Legisla- 
 tures of the several States invited the people to' select delegates 
 to conventions, to be held for the purpose of determining for 
 themselves what measures were best to be adopted to meet so 
 alarming a crisis in their history. 
 
 Here it may be proper to observe that, from a period as early 
 as 1798, there had existed in all of the States of tlie Union a 
 party almost uninterruptedly in the majority, based upon tlie 
 creed that each State was, in the last resort, the sole judge as 
 well of its wrongs as the mode and measures of redress. Indeed, 
 it is obvious that under the law of nations this principle is an 
 axiom as applied to the relations of independent sovereign States, 
 such as those which had united themselves under the constitu- 
 tional compact. 
 
 The Democratic party of the United States repeated in its sue- 
 
58 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 cessful canvass in 183G, the deductions made in numerous pre- 
 vious political contests, that it would faithfully abide by, and 
 uphold the principles laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia 
 Legislatures in 1799, and that it adopts those principles as con- 
 Btituting one of the main foundations of its political creed. 
 
 The principles thus emphatically announced, embrace that to 
 which I have already adverted — the right of each State to judge 
 of and redress the wrongs of which it complains. Their princi- 
 ples were maintained by overwhelming majorities of the people 
 of ail the States of the Union at different elections, especially in 
 the election of Mr. Jefferson in 1805, Mr. Madison in 1809, and 
 Mr. Pierce in 1852. In the exercise of a right so ancient, so 
 well established, and so necessary for self-preservation, the people 
 of the Confederate States, in their conventions, determined that 
 the wrongs which they had suffered, and the evils with which they 
 were menaced, required that they should revoke the delegation of 
 j)0wer8 to the Federal Government which they had ratified in 
 their several conventions. They consequently passed ordinances 
 resuming all their rights as sovereign and independent States, 
 and dissolved their connection with the other States of the Union. 
 Having done this, they proceeded to form a new compact amongst 
 themselves by new articles of confederation, which have been also 
 ratified by conventions of the several States, with an approach to 
 unanimity far exceeding that of the conventions which adopted 
 the constitutions of 1787. They have organized their new Gov- 
 ernment in all its departments. The functions of the executive, 
 legislative, and judicial magistrates, are performed in accordance 
 with the will of the people, as displayed not merely in a cheerful 
 acquiescence, but in the enthusiastic support of the Government 
 thus established by themselves, and but for the interference of 
 the Government of the United States, this legitimate exercise of 
 a people to self-government has been manifested in every possible 
 form. 
 
 Scarce had you assembled in February last, when, prior even 
 to the inauguration of the Chief Magistrate you had elected, 
 you passed a resolution expressive of your desire for the appoint- 
 ment of commissioners, and for the settlement of all questions of 
 disagreement between the two Governments, upon principles of 
 right, justice, equity, and good faith. 
 
 It was my pleasure, as well as my duty, to cooperate with you 
 in this work of peace. Indeed, in my address to you on taking 
 the oath of office, and before receiving from you the communica- 
 tion of this resolution, I had said that " as a necessity, not as a 
 choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separating, and hence- 
 forth our energies must be directed to the conduct of our own 
 affairs, and the perpetuity of the Confederacy which we have 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 59 
 
 formed. If a just perception of mutual interest shall permit us 
 to peaceably pursue our separate political career, my most earnest 
 desire will then have been fulfilled.^' 
 
 It was in furtherance of these accordant views of the Congress 
 and Executive, that I made choice of three discreet, able, and 
 distinguished citizens, who repaired to Washington. Aided by 
 their cordial cooperation, and that of the Secretary of State, every 
 eifort compatible with self-respect and the dignity of the Con- 
 federacy, was exhausted before I allowed myself to yield to the 
 conviction that the government of the United States was deter- 
 mined to attempt the conquest of this people, and that our cher- 
 ished hopes of peace were unobtainable. 
 
 On the arrival of our Commissioners in Washington, on the 
 5th of March, they postponed, at the suggestion of a friendly 
 intermediator, doing more than giving informal notice of their 
 arrival. This was done with a view to afi'ord time to the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, who had just been inaugurated, for 
 the discharge of other pressing official duties in the organization 
 of hisadministration, before engaging his attention to the object 
 of their mission. 
 
 It was not until the 12th of the month that they officially 
 addressed the Secretary of State, informing him of the purpose 
 of their arrival, and stating, in the language of their instructions, 
 their wish to make to the government of the United States over- 
 tures for the opening of negotiations, assuring the govemment of 
 the United States that the President, Congress, and people of the 
 Confederate States, desired a peaceful solution of these great 
 questions — tliat it is neither thoir interest nor their wish to make 
 any demand which is not founded on the strictest principles of 
 justice, nor to do any act to injure tlieir late confederates. 
 
 To this communication no formal reply was received until the 
 8th of April. During the interval the Commissioners had con- 
 sented to waive all questions of form, with the firm resolve to 
 avoid war if possilile. They went so fiir even as to hold, during 
 that long period, unofficial intercourse through an intermediary, 
 whose high position and character inspired the hope of success, 
 and through whom constant assurances were received from the 
 Government of the United States of peaceful intentions — of its 
 determination to evacuate Fort Sumter; and further, that no 
 measure changing the existing status prejudicially to the Con- 
 federate States was in contemplation ; that in the event of any 
 change in regard to Fort Pickens, notice would be given to the 
 Commissioners. 
 
 The crooked path of diplomacy can scarcely furnish an exam- 
 ple so wanting in courtesy, in candor, and directness, as was the 
 course of the United States Government towards our Commis- 
 
60 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 sioners in Washinirton. For proof of this, I refer to the annexed 
 documents marked, taken in connection with further facts, which 
 I now proceed to rehite. 
 
 Early in April, the attention of the whole country was attracted 
 to extraordinary preparations for an extensive military and naval 
 expedition in New York and other Northern ports. These pre- 
 parations commenced in secrecy, for an expedition whose destina- 
 tion was concealed, and only became known when nearly com- 
 pleted; and on the 5th, 6th and 7th of April, transports and 
 vessels of war, with troops, munitions, and military supplies, 
 sailed from Northern ports bound Southward. 
 
 Alarmed by so extraordinary a demonstration, the Commis- 
 sioners requested th-e delivery of an answer to their official com- 
 munication of the 12th of March, and the reply dated on the 15th 
 of the previous month, from which it appears that during the 
 whole interval, whilst the Commissioners were receiving assur- 
 ances calculated to inspire hope of the success of their mission, 
 the Secretary of State and the President of the United States 
 had already determined to hold no intercourse with them what- 
 ever — to refuse even to listen to any proposals they had to make, 
 and had profited by the delay created by their own assurances, 
 in order to prepare secretly the means for effective hostile 
 operations. 
 
 That these assurances were given, has been virtually confessed 
 by the Government of the United States, by its act of sending a 
 messenger to Charleston to give notice of its purpose to use force 
 if opposed in its intentions of supplying Fort Sumter. 
 
 No more striking proof of the absence of good faith in the 
 confidence of the Government of the United States toAvards the 
 Confederacy can be required than is contained in the circum- 
 stances which accompanied this notice. 
 
 According to the usual course of navigation, the vessels com- 
 posing the expedition, and designed for the relief of Fort Sumter, 
 might he looked for in the Charleston harbor on the 9th of April. 
 Yet our Commissioners in Washington were detained under assur- 
 ances that notice should be given of any military movement. 
 
 The notice was not addressed to them, but a messenger was 
 sent to Charleston to give notice to the Governor of South 
 Carolina, and the notice was so given at a late hour on the 8th 
 of April, the eve of the very day on which the fleet might be 
 expected to arrive. 
 
 That this manoeuvre failed in its purpose was not the fault of 
 those who^ controlled it. A heavy tempest delayed the arrival of 
 the expedition, and gave time to the commander of our forces at 
 Cluirleston tej ask and receive instructions of the Government 
 Even then, under all the provocation incident to the contemptuous 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 61 
 
 refusal to listen to our Commissioners, and the treacherous course 
 of the Government of the United States, I was sincerely anxious 
 to avoid the effusion of blood, and directed a proposal to be made 
 to the commander of Fort Sumter, who had avowed himself to 
 be nearly out of provisions, that we would abstain from directin*^ 
 our fire on Fort Sumter if he would promise to not open fire on 
 our forces unless first attacked. This proposal was Refused. The 
 conclusion was that the design of the United States Avas to' place 
 the besieging force at Charleston between the simultaneous fire 
 of the fleet. The fort should, of course, be at once reduced. This 
 order was executed by Gen. Beauregard with skill and success 
 which were naturally to be expected from the well-known char- 
 acter of that gallant officer; and, although the bombardment 
 lasted some thirty-three hours, our flag did not wave over the 
 battered walls until after the appearance of the hostile fleet off 
 Charleston. 
 
 Fortunately not a life was lost on our side, and we were grati- 
 fied in being prepared. The necessity of a useless effusion of 
 blood by the prudent caution of the officers who commanded the 
 fleet in abstaining from the evidently futile effort to enter the 
 harbor for the relief of Major Anderson, Avas spared. 
 
 I refer to the report of the Secretary of War, and the papers 
 accompanying it, for further particulars of this brilliant affair. 
 
 In this connection I cannot refrain from a well-deserved tribute 
 to the noble State, the eminent soldier qualities of whose people 
 were conspicuously displayed. The people of Charleston for 
 months had l)oen irritated by the spectacle of a fortress held 
 within their principal harbor as a standing menace against their 
 
 peace and independence — built in part with their oaa^i money 
 
 its custody confided with their long consent to an agent who held 
 no power over them other than such as they had themselves dele- 
 gated for tlieir own benefit, intended to be used by that agent for 
 their own protection against foreign attack. IIow it was held 
 out with persistent tenacity as a means of offence against them 
 by the very Government which they had estal)lished for their 
 own protection, is well known. Tliey had beleaguered it for 
 months, and felt entire confidence in their power to capture it 
 yet yielded to the requirements of discipline, curbed their impa- 
 tience, submitted without complaint to the unaccustomed hard- 
 ships, labors, and privations of a protracted sieo-e, and when at 
 length their patience Avas relieved by the signal^for attack, and 
 success had crowned their steady and gallant conduct, even in 
 the very moment of triumpli, they evinced a chivalrous reo-ard 
 for the feelings of the brave but unfortunate officer who had been 
 compelled to lower his flag. 
 
 All manifest^itions of exultations were checked in his presence. 
 
62 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Their commandinjr General, with tholr cordial aitproval, and the 
 consent of his Gdverument, refrained from imposing any terms 
 that would wound the sensibility of the commander of the fort. 
 He was permitted to retire with the honors of war, to salute his 
 Hag, to depart freely, with all his command, and was escorted to 
 the vessel on which he em))arked, with the highest marks of 
 respect from those against whom his guns had so recently been 
 directed. 
 
 Not only does every event connected with the siege reflect the 
 highest honor on South Carolina, but the forbearance of her 
 people, and of this Government, from making any harangue of a 
 viet«)ry, obtained under circumstances of such peculiar provoca- 
 tion, attest tt) the fullest extent the absence of any purpose be- 
 yond securing their own tranquillity, and the sincere desire to 
 avoid the calamities of war. 
 
 Scarcely had the President of the United States received intelli- 
 gence of the failure of the scheme, which he had devised for the 
 reinforcement of Fort Sumter, when he issued the declaration of 
 war against this Confederacy, which has prompted me to convoke 
 you. In this extraordinary production, that high functionary 
 affects total ignorance of the existence of an independent Gov- 
 ernment, which, possessing the entire and enthusiastic devotion 
 of its people, is exercising its functions, without question, over 
 seven sovereign States — over more than five millions of people — 
 and over a territory whose area exceeds five hundred thousand 
 square miles. 
 
 He terms sovereign States "combinations too powerful to be 
 suppressed in the ordinary courts of judicial proceedings, or by 
 the powers vested in the marshals by law." 
 
 He calls for an army of seventy-five thousand men to act as the 
 posse comitatus in aid of the process of the courts of justice in 
 States, where no courts exist Avhose mandates and decrees are 
 not cheerfully obeyed and respected by a willing people. 
 
 He avows that the first service to be assigned to the forces 
 which have been called out, will not be to execute the processes 
 of courts, but to capture forts and strongholds, situated within 
 the admitted limits of this Confederacy, and garrisoned by its 
 tro()[)s, and declares that this effort is intended to maintain the 
 perpetuity of popular Government. 
 
 He concludes by commanding the persons composing the 
 "combinations" aforesaid, to wit: the five millions of inhabitants 
 of these States, to retire peaceably to their respective abodes 
 within twenty days. 
 
 Apparently contradictory, as are the terms of this singular 
 document, one point was unmistakably evident : The President- 
 of the United States calls for an army of 75,000 men, whose first 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 63 
 
 service was to capture our forts. It was a plain declaration of 
 war, which I was not at liberty to disrej^ard, because of my 
 knowledge that, under the Constitution of the United States, the 
 President was usurping a power granted exclusively to the 
 Congress. 
 
 lie is the sole organ of communication between that country 
 and foreign powers. The law of nations did not permit me to 
 (question the authority of the Executive of a foreign nation to 
 declare war against this Confederacy. Although I might have 
 refrained from taking active measures for our defence, if the ' 
 States of the Union had all imitated the action of Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, by 
 denouncing it as an unconstitutional usurpation of power, to 
 which they refused to respond, I was not at liberty to disre^-'ard 
 the iuct that many of the States seemed quite content to submit 
 to the exercise of the powers assumed by the President of the 
 United States, and were actively engaged in levying troops for 
 the purpose indicated in the proclamation. Deprived of the aid 
 of Congress at the moment, I was under the necessity of confin- 
 ing my action to a call on the States for volunteers, for the 
 common defence, in accordance with the authority you had con- 
 fided to me before your adjournment. 
 
 I deemed it proper, further, to issue a proclamation inviting 
 applications from persons disposed to aid in our defence, in 
 private armed vessels on the high seas, to the end that prepara- 
 tions might be made for the immediate issue of letters of marque 
 and reprisal, which you alone, under the Constitution, have the 
 power to grant. 
 
 I entertain no doubt that you will concur with me in the 
 opinion that, in the absence of an organized navy, it will be 
 eminently expedient to supply their place with private armed 
 vessels, so happily styled, by the publicists of the United States, 
 the militia of the sea, and so often and justly relied on by them 
 as an eflicient and admirable instrument of defensive warfare. 
 
 I earnestly reconnnend the immediate passage of a law author- 
 izing me to accept the numerous proposals already received. 
 
 I cannot close this review of the acts of the government of the 
 United States, without referring to a proclamation issued by their 
 President, under date of the 19th inst., in which, after declaring- 
 that an insurrection has broken out in this Confederacy, a^-ainst 
 the government of the United States, he ajinounces a blockade of 
 all the ports of these States, and threatens to punish as pirates 
 all persons who shall molest any vessels of the United States, 
 under letters of marque issued by this Government. Notwith- 
 standing the authenticity of this proclamation, you will concur 
 
64 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 •with mo that it is liard to hclievo that it could have emanated 
 from a President of the United States. 
 
 Its aunounccinent of a mere paper blockade is so manifestly a 
 violation of the law of nations, that it would soom incredible that 
 it could have been issued by authority : l>ut conceding this to be 
 the case, so far as the Executive is concerned, it will 1)0 difficult 
 to satisfy the people of these States that their late confederates 
 will sanction its declarations — will determine to ignore the 
 usages of civilized nations, and will inaugurate a war of exter- 
 mination on both sides, by treating as pirates open oncniics acting 
 under the authority of commissions issued by an organized 
 government. 
 
 If such a proclamation was issued, it could only have been 
 published under the sudden influence of passion, and we may 
 rest assured that mankind will be spared the horrors of the con- 
 flict it seems to invite. 
 
 For the details of the administration of the different depart- 
 ments, I refer to the reports of the Secretaries of each, which 
 accompany this message. 
 
 The State Department has furnished the necessary instructions 
 for those Commissioners who have been sent to England, France, 
 Ilussia, and Belgium, since 3'our adjournment, to ask our recogni- 
 tion as a member of the family of nations, and to make with 
 each of these powers treaties of amity and commerce. 
 
 Further steps will be taken to enter into like negotiations with 
 tlie other European Powers, in pursuance to resolutions passed at 
 your last session. 
 
 Sufficient time has not yet elapsed since the departure of these 
 Commissioners for the receipt of any intelligence from them. 
 
 As I deem it desirable that commissioners, or other diplomatic 
 agents, should also be sent at an early period to the independent 
 American Powers south of our Confederacy, with all of whom it 
 is our interest and earnest wish to maintain the most cordial 
 and friendly relations, I suggest the expediency of making the 
 necessary a])propriations for that purpose. 
 
 Having boon officially notifled by the public authorities of the 
 State of V'irginia, that she had withdrawn from the Union, and 
 desired to maintain the closest political relations with us wdiich 
 it was possible at this time to establish, I commissioned the Hon. 
 Alex. 11. Stephens, A^'ice-Presidont of the Confederate States, to 
 represent this (Jovornmont at llichmond. 
 
 I am ha]>i)y t(» inform you that he has concluded a convention 
 with the State of Virginia, by which thtit honored Connnonwealtli, 
 so long and justly distinguished among her sister States, and so 
 dear to the hearts of thousands of her children in the Confed- 
 erate States, has united her power and her fortunes with ours. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 65 
 
 and become one of us. This convention, together with the ordi- 
 nance of Virginia adopting the Provisional Constitution of the 
 Confederacy, will be laid l)ofore you for your constitutional action. 
 
 I have satisfactory assurances from otlicrs of our late confed- 
 erates, that they are on the point of adopting similar measures, 
 and I cannot doubt that ere you shall have been many Aveeks in 
 session, the whole of the slavcholding States of the late Union 
 will respond to the call of honor and affection, and by uniting 
 their fortunes with ours, promote our common interests and 
 secure our common safety. 
 
 In the Treasury Department, regulations have been devised 
 and put into execution for carrying out the policy indicated in 
 your legislaticm, on the subject of the navigation of the Missis- 
 sippi river, as well as for the collection of the revenue on the 
 frontier. 
 
 Free transit has been secured for vessels and merchandise pass- 
 ing through the Confederate States, and delay and inconvenience 
 have been avoided as far as possible. 
 
 In organizing the revenue services for the various railways 
 entering our territory, as fast as experience shall indicate the 
 possil)ility of improvement in these regulations, no effort will be 
 spared to free commerce from all unnecessary embarrassmtints 
 and o1)structions. 
 
 Under your act authorizing a loan, proposals were issued invit- 
 ing subscriptions for live millions of dollars, and the call was 
 answered by the prompt subscription of eight millions by our 
 own citizens, and not a single bid was made under par. 
 
 The rapid development of the purpose of the President of the 
 United States to invade our soil, capture our forts, blockade our 
 ports, and wage war against us, induced me to direct that the 
 entire subscription should be accepted. It will now become 
 necessary to raise means to a much larger amount, to defray the 
 expenses of maintaining our independence and repelling invasion. 
 
 I invite your special attention to this sulycct ; and the financial 
 condition of the Government, with the suggestion of ways and 
 means for the supply of the treasury, will be presented to you in 
 a separate communication. 
 
 To the department of Justice you have confided not only the 
 organization and supervision of all matters connected with the 
 courts of justice, but, also, those connected with patents and with 
 the bureau of the puldic printing. 
 
 Since the adj(^urnment, all the courts, with the exception of 
 those of Mississippi and Texas, have been orgjinized l)y the 
 appointment of marshals and district attorneys, and arc now 
 prepared for tlie exercise of their functions. In the two States 
 just named the gentlemen confirmed as judges declined to accept 
 
66 THE rONFf:DEIlATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 the appointmont, and no nominations have yet been made to fill 
 the vacancies. 
 
 I refer you to the report of the Attorney General, and concur 
 in his recommendation for immediate Icpslation, ef^tecially upon 
 the sul))oot of patent ri<!;hts. Early provision sliould be made to 
 secure to the sulijects of foreign nations the full enjoyment of 
 their ]»r<tperty in valuable inventions, and to extend to our own 
 citizens protection, not only for their ovrn inventi(ms, but for such 
 as may have been assigned to them, or may hereafter be assigned 
 by persons not alien enemies. 
 
 The patent office business is much more extensive an<l impor- 
 tant than liud l)een anticipated. The applications for patents, 
 ahhough confined under the laws exclusively to citizens of our 
 Confederacy, already average seventy per month, showing the 
 necessity for the prompt organization of a l)ureau of patents. 
 
 The Secretary of AVar, in his report and accompanying docu- 
 ments, conveys full information concerning the forces, regular, 
 volunteer, and provisional, raised and called for under the several 
 acts of Congress — their organization and distribution, also an 
 account of the expenditures already made, and the further esti- 
 mates for the fiscal 3'ear ending on the 18th of February, 1862, 
 rendered necessary by recent events. 
 
 I refer to the report, also, for a full history of the occurrences 
 in Charleston harljor, prior to, and including the boml)ardment 
 and reduction of Fort Sumter, and of the measures subsequently 
 taken fiyr common defence on receiving the intelligence of tlie 
 declaration of war against us, made by the President of the 
 United States. 
 
 There are now in the field at Charleston, Pensacola, Forts 
 ]\I()rgan, Jackson, St. Philip, and Pulaski, 19,000 men, and 10,000 
 are now en route for A'lrginia. It is proposed to organize and 
 huld in readiness for instant action, in view of the present 
 exigencies of the country, an army of 100,000 men. If further 
 force Ije needed, the wisdom and patriotism of the Congress will 
 be confidently appealed to for authority to call into the field addi- 
 tional numljers of our noble spirited volunteers, who are con- 
 stantly tendin'ing their services far in excess of our wants. 
 
 The (jjierations of the Navy Department have l)een necessarily 
 restricted l)y the fact that sufficient time has not yet elapsed for 
 the purchase or construction of more than a limited number of 
 vessels adapted to the public service. Two vessels liave been 
 purchased and manned, the Sumter and McRae, and are now 
 being }>re]iared for sea, at New Orleans, with all possiljle dis- 
 patch. Contracts have also been anade at that city, with two 
 difierent establishments, for the casting of ordnance — cannon, 
 shot, and shell — with the view to encourage the manufacture of 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 67 
 
 these articles, so indispensable for our defence, at as many points 
 within our territory as possible. I call your attention to the 
 recommendation of the Secretary, for the establishment of a 
 ma2;azine and laborntoi-y for the preparation of ordnance stores, 
 and the necessary appropriation required for that purpose. 
 
 Hitherto such stores have been prepared at the navy yards, and 
 no appropriation v^as made at your last session for this object. 
 
 The Secretary also calls attention to tlie fact that no provision 
 has been made for the payment of invalid pensions to our citizens. 
 Many of these persons are advanced in life — tliey have no means 
 of support— and by the secession of these States have been 
 deprived of their claim against the government of the United 
 States. 
 
 I recommend the appropriation of the sum necessary to pay 
 these pensioners, as well as those of the army, whose claim can 
 scarcely exceed $20,000 per annum. 
 
 The Postmaster-General has already succeeded in organizing 
 his Department to such an extent as to be in readiness to assume 
 the direction of our postal affairs on the occurrence of the con- 
 tingency contemplated by the act of 15th March, 1861, or even 
 sooner if desired by Congress. 
 
 The various books and circulars have been prepared, and 
 measures taken to secure supplies of blanks, postage stamps, 
 stamped envelopes, mail-bags, locks, keys, etc. 
 
 lie presents a detailed classification and arrangement of the 
 clerical force, and asks for its increase. 
 
 An Auditor of the Treasury for this department is necessary, 
 and a plan is submitted for the organization of his bureau. 
 
 The o;reat number and magnitude of the accounts of this 
 department, require an increase of the clerical force in the 
 accounting branch of the treasury. The revenues of this depart- 
 ment are collected and distributed in modes peculiar to itself, and 
 re([uire a special Inireau to secure a proper accountability in the 
 administration of its finances. 
 
 I call your attention to the additional legislation required for 
 tliis department — to the recommendation for changes in the law 
 fixing the rates of postage on newspapers, and sealed packages 
 of certain kinds, and specially to the recommendation of the 
 Secretary, in which I concur, that you provide at once for the 
 assviinptioii by him of the control of our entire postal service. 
 
 In the military organization of the States, provision is made 
 for Brigadier and Major-Generals, but in the army of the Con- 
 federate States the highest grade is that of Brigadier-General ; 
 hence it will no (loul)t sometimes occur that where troops of the 
 Confederacy do duty with the militia, tiie General selected for 
 the command, and [tosscsscd of tlie views and purposes of thia 
 
68 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Govornmcnt, \vill lie superseded by an officer of the militia not 
 having the same advanta^^es. 
 
 To avoid C(>ntinn;encics in the least objcctionahlo manner, I re- 
 commend that ailditional rank be given to the General of the Con- 
 federate army, and- concurring in the policy of having but one 
 grade of Generals'*fii the army of the Confederacy, I recommend 
 that the law of its (organization be amended, so that the grade be 
 that of General. 
 
 To secure thorough military education, it is deemed essential 
 that officers should enter upon the study of their profession at an 
 early period of life, and have elementary instruction in a military 
 school. 
 
 Until such school shall be established, it is recommended that 
 cadets be appointed and attached to companies, until they shall 
 have attained the age, and shall have acquired the knowledge to 
 fit them for the duties of lieutenants. 
 
 I also call' your attention to an omission in the law organizing 
 the army, in relation to military chaplains, and recommend that 
 provision be made for their appointment. 
 
 In conclusion, I congratulate you on the fact, that in every por- 
 tion of our country there has been exhibited the most patriotic 
 devotion to our common cause. Transportation companies have 
 freely tendered the use of their lines for troops and supplies. 
 
 The Presidents of the railroads of the Confederacy, in company 
 with others, who control lines of communication with the States 
 that we hope soon to greet as sisters, assembled in convention in 
 this city, have not only reduced largely the rates heretofore de- 
 manded for mail service, and conveyance of troops and munitions, 
 but have voluntarily proffered to receive their compensation at 
 their reduced rates in the bonds of the Confederacy, for the pur- 
 pose of leaving all the resources of the Government at its own dis- 
 posal for the common defence. 
 
 Kequisitions for troops have been met with such alacrity, that 
 the numbers tendering their service have in e\*ery instance greatly 
 exceeded the demand. Men of the highest official and social posi- 
 tion are serving as volunteers in the ranks. The gravity of age, 
 the z£al of youth, rival each other in the desire to be foremost in 
 the public defence ; and though alt no other point than the one 
 heretofore noticed have they been stimulated by the excitement 
 incident to actual engagement, and the hope of distinction for in- 
 dividual deportment, they have borne, what for new troops is the 
 most severe ordeal, patient toil, constant vigil, and all the exposure 
 and discomfort of active service with a resolution and fortitude 
 such as to command the approbation and justify tlie highest 
 expectation of their conduct, when active valor shall be required 
 in place of steady endurance. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 69 
 
 A people thus united and resolute cannot shrink from any sac- 
 rifice which they may be called on to make ; nor can there be a 
 reasonable doubt of their final success ; however lonp; and severe 
 may be the test of their determination to maintain their birthrij^ht 
 of freedom and equality as a trust which it is their first duty to 
 transmit unblemished to their posterity. 
 
 A bounteous Providence cheers us with the promise of abundant 
 crops. 
 
 The field of grain which will, within a few weeks, be ready for 
 the sickle, gives assurance of the amplest supply of food ; whilst 
 the corn, cotton, and other staple productions of our soil, afford 
 abundant proof that up to this period the season has been pro- 
 pitious. 
 
 We feel that our cause is just and holy. 
 
 We protest solemnly, in the face of mankind, that we desire 
 peace at any sacrifice, save that of honor. 
 
 In independence we seek no conquest, no aggrandizement, no 
 cession of any kind from the States with Avhich we have lately 
 confederated. All we ask is to be let alone — that those who never 
 held power over us, shall not now attempt our subjugation by 
 arms. This we will, we must resist, to the direst extremity. 
 
 The moment that this pretension is abandoned, the sword will 
 drop from our grasp, and we shall 1)0 ready to enter into treaties 
 of amity and commerce that cannot but be mutually beneficial. 
 
 So long as this pretension is maintained, with firm reliance on 
 that Divine Power which covers with its protection the just cause, 
 we will continue to struggle for our inherent rights to freedom, 
 independence, and self-government. 
 
 JEFFEKSON DAVIS. 
 
 Montgomery, April 29, 1S61. 
 
70 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 COTTON AND ITS SUPPLY. 
 
 The manufacturing and commercial communities arc deeply 
 exercised at present, respecting the supply of cotton for 
 manufjicturing purposes. Very large meetings have been 
 held recently in England, and active measures taken to en- 
 courage the cultivation and development of cotton in several 
 of the British colonies; and in private, as well as public, 
 cotton has been the universal theme of discussion. The 
 whole cotton crop of America, in 1860, was 4,675,770 bales; 
 and of this, 3,697,727 bales were exported, and 978,043 
 bales used at home. England alone took 2,582,000 bales, 
 which amounted to about four-fifths of her entire consump- 
 tion. It is no wonder that this question causes considerable 
 excitement at present, and especially in England, where four 
 millions of persons are stated to be connected with, and de- 
 pendent for support on, the cotton manufacture. 
 
 The great desire of cotton manufacturers is to increase the 
 supply of cotton in many different parts of the world, so 
 that they may not be so dependent upon one particular sec- 
 tion of the globe. Several erroneous views have lately been 
 propagated on this subject. The growers of any material 
 are just as dependent upon consumers as the latter are upon 
 the former. The laws of trade regulate these things, and 
 there is no earthly mode of controlling the influence of the 
 cotton-growing region of the Gulf of Florida but by raising 
 as good qualities of cotton, at lower prices, in other sections 
 of the world. Now the question arises : " Can this be ac- 
 complished ?" So far as we have knowledge of the various 
 
AND REPOSITORY CF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 71 
 
 climates, wc think it cannot, without new agencies being 
 brought into requisition. Cotton requires a warm, moist 
 climate j it is as sensitive to droughts as to frosts, and so far 
 as we know, the warm breezes of the Gulf of Florida supply 
 that moisture to the plant in America, which cannot be ob- 
 tained in any other warm climate without artificial irrigation. 
 Cotton is raised in Egypt, the land of no rain; but the 
 plants are watered by artificial agencies, from the Nile, at a 
 great cost for such labor. In India, Africa, and China, wet 
 and dry seasons prevail ; there are no gentle showers of fre- 
 quent recurrence, as in the Southern States ; therefore, the 
 droughts in those countries are unfavorable to the cultiva- 
 tion of cotton, as compared with AmeHca. The develop- 
 ment of the American cotton trade aff"ords evidence of great 
 natural advantages. The cotton fields of the Southern 
 States embrace an area of 500,000 square miles, and the 
 capital invested in the cultivation of the plant amounts to 
 $900,000,000. Seventy years ago, the exports of our cotton 
 were only 420 bales — not one-tenth of the amount furnished 
 by several countries to England. Now the South furnishes 
 five-sevenths of the surplus cotton product of the entire world; 
 it has increased, while other cotton countries have decreased. 
 There must be a reason for this, as the best American her- 
 baceous cotton is not indigenous to the soil ; the seed was 
 first imported. We can only attribute these results to great 
 care in its culture, and the natural advantages of climate, 
 which we have described. 
 
72 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 COTTON CROP OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Statement and Total Amount for the year ending 31s< 
 Avgnst, 18G1. 
 
 Bales. Total. 
 
 LOIISIANA. 
 
 Expnrt from New Orleans, 
 
 To Foreign ports 1,783,673 
 
 To Coastwise ports 132,179 
 
 Burnt at New Orleans 3,270 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1 801 10,118 
 
 1,929,240 
 
 Dc'luct, 
 
 Received from Mobile ., 48,270 
 
 Received from Montgomery, etc 11,551 
 
 Received from Florida 13,279 
 
 Received from Texas 30,613 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1860 73,934 
 
 177,047 1,751,599 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Export from Mobile, 
 
 To Foreign ports 450,421 
 
 To Coastwise ports 127,574 
 
 Manufactured in Mobile, (estimated) 2.000 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1801 2,481 
 
 588,470 
 
 Deduct, 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1800 41,082 510,794 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Export fi'om Galveston, etc., 
 
 To Foreign ports 03,209 
 
 To Coastwise ports 84,254 
 
 Stock, Ist September, 1801 452 
 
 147,015 
 
 Deduct, 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1860 3,108 144,747 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Export from Apalachicola, St. Mark, etc.,*} 
 
 To Foreign ports 28,073 
 
 To Coastwise ports 85,953 
 
 Burnt at St. Mark's 150 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1801 7,800 
 
 122,030 
 
 Deduct, 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1860 840 121,172 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 73 
 
 Bales. Total. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Export from Savannah, 
 
 To Foreign ports— 
 
 Uplands 293,746 
 
 Sea Islands 8,441 
 
 To Coastwise ports— 
 
 Uplands 1/0,5/2 
 
 Sea Islands 11,512 
 
 Stock in Savannah, 1st September, 1801 4,102 
 
 Stock in Augusta, etc., 1st August, 1801 5,991 
 
 Deduct, 
 Received from Florida — 
 
 Sea Islands ^'0^3 
 
 Uplands 6,188 
 
 Stock in Savannah, September 1st, 1800 4,307 
 
 Stock in Augusta, etc., 1st Sept., 1800 5,252 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 10,780 477,584 
 
 Export from Charleston and Georgetown, S. C, 
 
 To Foreign ports — „^^ 
 
 Uplands m345 
 
 Sea Islands I5,04:o 
 
 To Coastwise ports— ioi rrQ 
 
 Uplands ^^I'S-? 
 
 Sea Islands 8,ooo 
 
 Burnt at Charleston ^ ^nn 
 
 Stock in Charleston, 1st September, 1801 -,«JJ o.- o^n 
 
 — — £)4/,od'J 
 
 Deduct, 
 Received from Florida and Savannah— 
 
 Sea Islands ^ fj^ 
 
 Uplands -'^'2 
 
 Stock in Charleston, 1st September, 1800 «,«J/ 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 11,530 330,339 
 
 50,295 
 
 Export, , 
 
 To Foreign ports -'^ 
 
 To Coastwise ports ')0,n'u 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 870 
 
 To Foreign ports ^ 
 
 To Coastwise ports i/ooo 
 
 Manufactured, (taken from the ports,) 1<>,- •'v» 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1801 2__ 80 932 
 
 Ittl S.nfo..ber. 1860 2,800 78,132 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1860. 
 
74 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Bales. Total. 
 
 TENNKSSKE, KTO. 
 
 Shipments from Mcnii)his, Tonn 360,857 
 
 Shipments from Nashville, Tonn 10,471 
 
 Shipments from Columbus and Hickman, Ky. r),r)nO 
 
 Stock at Memphis, 1st September, 1801 1,071 
 
 393,499 
 
 Deduct, 
 
 Shipments to New Orloans r.M;,300 
 
 Manufactured on the Ohio, etc ol^,0()() 
 
 Stock, 1st September, 1800 1,709 
 
 250,075 143,424 
 
 Trade and Shlpj)mg of the Seceded Stafcfi, for the year 
 enduKj June 30, 1859. 
 
 Principal Ports. Reg. Tonnage. En. Tonnage. 
 
 Charleston, S. C 30,490 25.087 
 
 Savannah, Ga 25,080 12,757 
 
 Mobile, Ala 22,935 22,830 
 
 New Orleans, La 128,435 80,982 
 
 During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1858, the American and 
 foreign tonnage and number of vessels which entered all the ports 
 in the seceded States, including Texas, were as follows : 
 
 Cotton States. ", Vessels. Tonnage. 
 
 Alabama 227 149,415 
 
 Georgia 200 90,150 
 
 Louisiana 1,129 758,371 
 
 fMorida 290 58,038 
 
 North Carolina 288 42,735 
 
 Texas 39 17,728 
 
 South Carolina 395 153,834 
 
 Total 2,503 1,254,882 
 
 The value of exports and imports at the ports in the above States, 
 was as follows, for the years named : 
 
 Exports. Imports. 
 
 1858 .$141,207,372 1858 $23,105,457 
 
 1859 171,018,814 1859 29,124,538 
 
 Total $312,880,180 
 
 Total $52,289,905 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 75 
 
 The ports most prominent for their value of exports, were New 
 
 Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, and Charleston. For the year ending 
 June 30, 1859, they stand as follows: 
 
 Exports of Domestic Produce. Imports. 
 
 New Orleans $100,890,089 $18,109,510 
 
 Mobile 28,983,652 788,104 
 
 Savannah 15,372,690 624,599 
 
 Charleston 17,902,194 1,438,535 
 
 Total $103,099,031 $21,200,814 
 
 21,200,814 
 
 Excess of exports over imports.. $141,898,217 
 
 The total value of exports from the 
 
 United States for tlie year euding 
 
 June 30, 1859, of all kinds of 
 
 foreign and domestic produce, 
 
 with bullion and specie, ($63,- 
 
 887,411,) amounted to 338,763,130 
 
 Value of domestic produce from the 
 
 four ports above 103,099,031 
 
 Balance $175,669,109 
 
 Thus showing that the domestic exports of these four ports of the 
 seceding States alone, nearly equalled one-half of the entire exports 
 of the United States, of every description. 
 
 A Statement of the Supphj and Consumption of Cotton 
 in Europe and the United States, for the ten years 
 ending with 1860. 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 18.54 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 18.57 
 
 18.58 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 U. states 
 Crop. 
 
 2,355,000 
 3.015,000 
 
 3.26:!.()00 
 2.9.">O.0()(t 
 2.S47.00O 
 3.529.00(1 
 2,940.(100 
 3,114.000 
 3.851.000 
 4,676,(t00 
 
 Forc'if^n 
 Supply. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Cons'mp- 
 tiou in 
 Europe. 
 
 Cons'mp- 
 
 tion in 
 U. States. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 680.000 
 7.39.000 
 
 S82.O00 
 
 6:iti.()(>o 
 7s;',.o0() 
 84:;.0(iO 
 
 l.oOi'i.dOO 
 925.000 
 
 1,018,(KM) 
 884,000 
 
 .3.035.000 
 3,754,000 
 4.145.000 
 3.56(i,(KX) 
 3.6.30.000 
 4,.37 2.000 
 4.03(i.(KX) 
 4,039,(H)0 
 4.869.000 
 5.560,000 
 
 2.618.000 
 .3.112.000 
 .",.013.000 
 .3,116.0(Xt 
 3.316,000 
 .3;673.000 
 3.079.000 
 3,516.000 
 3,651.000 
 4,321.000 
 
 404.000 
 603,000 
 671.000 
 610.000 
 .593.0011 
 694.00O 
 
 702.(MHI 
 596.6(M) 
 928.000 
 978.(KK) 
 
 3,022.0(10 
 3.715.(XK) 
 3.(^84.000 
 3.726.(K)0 
 .■;.909,(K>0 
 4..367.000 
 .3.781,000 
 4.112,000 
 4..579,000 
 5.2W,0(M) 
 
 32,520,000 
 
 8,480,000 
 
 41,000,000 
 
 33,415.000 
 
 6,779,000 
 
 40,194,000 
 
76 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 SUGAR CROP OF LOUISIANA FOR 1860. 
 
 And Annual Statement of the Sugar Market of N. Orleans, 
 The crop, according to Mr. Champonicr's annual sugar 
 statement, amounted to 228,753 hlids, averaging 1150 lbs, 
 and making an aggregate weight of 203,005,000 Hjs. This 
 embraced 105,490 hhds of Brown Sugar, made by the old 
 process, and 33,203 refined, clarified, etc., including cistern 
 bottoms, the whole being the product of 1292 Sugar Houses, 
 of which 1009 were worked by steam, and 283 by horse 
 power. The crop of the preceding year amounted to 221,840 
 hhds, weighing 255,115,750 lbs, showing an increase for the 
 last year ot over 6900 hhds, or about 7,950,000 lbs. 
 
 According to our calculations, the price of the entire crop 
 has averaged 5 J, against 7ic last year. At this average, and 
 taking the estimate of 1150 lbs to the hoo;shead, the aixirre- 
 gate value of the crop of 228,753 hhds is 814,408,027, 
 against §18,190,880, the product of 221,840 hhds last year; 
 or a decrease of S3, 722, 253. The receipts at the levee since 
 the 1st of September have been 174,037 hhds and 5970 
 tierces and bbls, against 175,770 hhds and 4808 tierces and 
 bbls last year. 
 
 The estimated stock on hand at tbe close of last season was 
 1000 hhds, and this amount, added to the crop, would make 
 a supply of 229,753 hhds, and including the exports from 
 Attakapas, 42,103 hhds; consumption of the city and 
 neighborhood, 30,000 hhds ] taken for refining, in the city 
 and other parts of the State, including cistern bottoms, 
 10,000 hhds ; estimated quantity taken to fill up hhds for 
 shipment, 1 5,000 hhds ; stock now on hand in the State, es- 
 timated at 5,000 hhds ; leaving as the quantity taken for the 
 West, etc., 127,590 hhds, against 133,423 hhds last year, or 
 a decrease of 5833 hhds. The quantity shipped to Atlantic 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 77 
 
 ports is 32,323 hlids, against 33,553 hlids last year ; showing 
 a decrease of 1230 hlids. 
 
 According to a statement annually made up by the New- 
 York Shipping and Commercial List, the total imports of 
 foreign Sugar, into the United States, for the year ended 
 December 31st, 18G0, were 341,532 tons, (equal to 637,526 
 hogsheads of 1200 lbs each,) against 262,829 tons, or 490,614 
 hogsheads in 1859 ; and the quantity of this description 
 taken for consumption in 1860, was 296,950 tons, against 
 239,034 tons in 1859; or an increase of about 24^ '^ ct. 
 The consumption of both foreign and domestic cane-Sugar 
 in 1860, was 415,281 tons, against 431,184 tons in 1859 ; or 
 a decrease in the total consumption of nearly 3f "^ ct. Be- 
 sides the above, it is estimated that there entered into the 
 consumption 13,392 tons of Sugar made from foreign and 
 domestic Molasses, which, with the consumption of California 
 and Oregon, estimated at 8000 tons, would give a grand total 
 for the consumption of the United States, in 1860, of 
 464,673 tons, against 478,737 in 1859. This amount is 
 equal to 1,040,867,520 lbs, or 867,389 hogsheads of 1200 
 lbs each, giving an average (estimating the whole population 
 at 80,000,000) of nearly 34f lbs to each man, woman, and 
 child, including slaves. 
 
 We have compiled from our records the annexed State- 
 ment of the Sugar l*roduct of Louisiana for the past twenty- 
 seven years, showing the amount of each year's crop in 
 hogsheads and pounds, with the gross average value "^ hogs- 
 head and total, the proportions taken by Atlantic ports and 
 Western States, and the date of the first receipt of each 
 crop. By this statement, it will be seen that the total pro- 
 duct of Louisiana, from 1834 to 1860, inclusive, a period of 
 twenty-seven years, was 5,005,302 hhds, valued at $280,- 
 789,767, and that of this quantity the Atlantic ports took 
 
78 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 1,551,529 lilids, and the Westorn States 2,575,41)7 hluls. 
 The crops from 1828 (which is as far back as our estimates 
 extend) to 18^33, summed up 281,000 liocshcads, which 
 would make the total product, in a period of thirty-two years, 
 5,340 302 liogsheads, or 5,718,847,450 pounds. Wo would 
 here remark, that up to 1848, the product in ]io:j:s]icads is 
 estimated, and 1000 pounds taken as the average weight '^ 
 hogshead ; but for the crops since that date, we have taken 
 the figures of Mr. P. A. Champonier, as we find them in his 
 Annual Statements. 
 
 
 TOTAL CROP. 
 
 Av. Price « 
 illid. 
 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Hhd.s. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 TiAa\ Value. 
 
 1834 
 
 100,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 05,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 115,000 
 
 87,000 
 
 00,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 180,050 
 
 140,000 
 
 240,000 
 
 220,000 
 
 247,023 
 
 211,303 
 
 230,547 
 
 321,031 
 
 440,324 
 
 340,035 
 
 231,427 
 
 73,070 
 
 270,(;',)7 
 
 3C)2,20G 
 
 221,840 
 
 228,753 
 
 100,000,000 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 70,000,000 
 
 05,000,000 
 
 70,000,000 
 
 115,000,000 
 
 87,000,000 
 
 00,000,000 
 
 140,000,000 
 
 100,000,000 
 
 200,000,000 
 
 180,050,000 
 
 140,000,000 
 
 240,000,000 
 
 220,000,000 
 
 200,700,000 
 
 231,l<t4,000 
 
 257,138,000 
 
 3(i8, 120,000 
 
 405,150,000 
 
 385,720,000 
 
 254,500,000 
 
 81,373,000 
 
 307,000,700 
 
 414,700,000 
 
 255,115,750 
 
 203,005,000 
 
 $i)0 00 
 90 00 
 GO GO 
 G2 50 
 
 02 50 
 50 00 
 55 00 
 40 00 
 42 50 
 GO 00 
 45 00 
 55 00 
 70 00 
 40 00 
 40 00 
 50 00 
 00 GO 
 50 00 
 48 00 
 85 GO 
 52 00 
 70 00 
 
 110 00 
 04 00 
 00 00 
 82 00 
 
 03 25 
 
 SO 000 000 
 
 1835 
 
 2,700,000 
 4,200,000 
 5,002,500 
 4,375,000 
 
 1830 
 
 1837...^ 
 
 1838 
 
 1830 
 
 1840 
 
 5.750,000 
 4,785 OOO 
 
 1841 
 
 8,()00,000 
 4,750,000 
 0,000,000 
 9,000,000 
 10,205 750 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 1845 
 
 1840 
 
 o,soo,ooo 
 
 1847 
 
 9,000 000 
 
 1848 
 
 8,800,000 
 12 300 150 
 
 1840 
 
 1850 
 
 12,078,180 
 11,827,350 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 15 452 088 
 
 1853 
 
 15 720 340 
 
 1854 
 
 18,025,020 
 
 10,109,890 
 
 8,137,300 
 
 17 90<l 008 
 
 1855 
 
 1850 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 24 998 4'M 
 
 1850 
 
 1800 
 
 18,190.880 
 14,408,027 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5,005,302 
 
 5,437,347,450 
 
 
 280,780,707 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 79 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 1834. 
 1835. 
 1836. 
 1837. 
 1838. 
 1839. 
 1840. 
 1841. 
 1842. 
 1843. 
 1844. 
 1845. 
 184G. 
 1847. 
 1848. 
 1849. 
 1850. 
 1851. 
 1852. 
 1853 . 
 1854. 
 1855. 
 1856. 
 1857. 
 1858. 
 1859. 
 1860. 
 
 Total 1,551,529 
 
 Exported to 
 
 Atlantic Ports. 
 
 llocshcads. 
 
 45,500 
 1,500 
 26,300 
 24,500 
 26,500 
 42,600 
 38,500 
 28,000 
 63,000 
 34,000 
 101,000 
 79,000 
 45,500 
 84,000 
 90,000 
 90,000 
 4-^,000 
 42,000 
 82,000 
 166,000 
 122,000 
 39,133 
 1,850 
 73,885 
 93,885 
 33,553 
 32,323 
 
 Exported to 
 
 First Receipts 
 
 Western States. 
 
 of 
 
 Hogsheads. 
 
 New Crop. 
 
 44,500 
 
 October 15. 
 
 23,500 
 
 November 5. 
 
 35,000 
 
 November 1. 
 
 32,500 
 
 November 1. 
 
 32,500 
 
 October 17. 
 
 58,000 
 
 October 13. 
 
 46,500 
 
 October 14. 
 
 50,000 
 
 October 13. 
 
 60,000 
 
 October 12. 
 
 52,000 
 
 October 22. 
 
 70,000 
 
 October 3. 
 
 75,000 
 
 October 4. 
 
 70,000 
 
 October 7. 
 
 115,000 
 
 October 2. 
 
 108,000 
 
 October 5. 
 
 125,000 
 
 October 11. 
 
 123,000 
 
 October 17. 
 
 149,000 
 
 October 19. 
 
 206,000 
 
 October 9. 
 
 185,000 
 
 October 6. 
 
 143,000 
 
 October 4. 
 
 131,027 
 
 October 10. 
 
 39,576 
 
 November 3. 
 
 153,012 
 
 September 29. 
 
 187,339 
 
 September 20. 
 
 133,423 
 
 October 8. 
 
 127,590 
 
 September 27. 
 
 2,575,467 
 
 EXTENT OF THE TOBACCO INTEREST. 
 
 An able memorial, addressed by a leading and well-known 
 citizen of Kichmond to the Macon Convention, furnishes 
 some valuable and interesting statistics on the tobacco inter- 
 est. We have been put at liberty to use some of these sta- 
 tistics, gathered from the manuscript of the writer. 
 
 The annual revenue from tobacco in England is about 
 twenty-five millions of dollars; the consumption being, for 
 
80 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 1858, 33,739,133 pounds; in 1859, 34,459,864 pounds; and 
 in 1860, 35,306,846 pounds. In 1858, our exports to 
 England and her colonies were twenty-three tliousand nine 
 hundred and ninety-four hop:;sheads, four tliousand two hun- 
 dred and twenty-three boxes, and one thousand four hundred 
 and fifty-seven bales — their whole value in dollars, as de- 
 clared at the custom-houses of tJlie United States, was four 
 inillions three hundred and ninety-nine thousand three hun- 
 dred and sixty-one dollars. In 1859, the official returns 
 make our exports 37,906 hogsheads, 2,008 boxes, 3,891 
 bales, valued at ^6,000,234; in other words, the value of 
 this article shipped to England by us, Avhen grown and 
 placed on shipboard, is, on an average, five millions ; and, 
 allowing the consumption of Great Britain to be four-fifths 
 of American tobacco, the crop«of our tobacco yields to her 
 exchequer four times as much as it does to our :planters, 
 without any enlarge for that which she exports, or for that 
 which goes to her colonies direct. The duty is three 
 shillings sterling on each pound of leaf tobacco, and five per 
 cent, on the manufactured, ;about nine shillings and six- 
 pence — say seventy-five cents on leaf, and two dollars and 
 twenty-five cents on the manufactured, per pound. 
 
 In France, in the year 1791, the Regie and Farmers Gen- 
 eral were abolished, and a duty of 20 francs on 100 pounds 
 imported by foreign vessels, and three-fourths of that sum, 
 if on French vessels, was substituted; and, in 1799, it was 
 increased to sixty-six francs on that in foreign vessels, and 
 on that in French vessels to forty-four francs, Avith an excise 
 tax of forty centimes (about eighty cents) on the kilogramme 
 (2 .20-100 pounds) was imposed on the manufacturer, and 
 twenty-four centimes (about five cents) the kilogramme on 
 leaf or smoking tobacco. Under this system the revenue 
 amounted to only $1,129,708. In 1804, the whole subject 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 81 
 
 was entrusted to the general administration of the customs, 
 the fullest rigor was exercised, and domiciliary visits were 
 made to both sellers and manufacturers. The revenue was 
 brought up to $12,600,000 ; the duties were doubled in 1804, 
 and again in 1806, with all possible appliances of the most 
 rigid surveillance. The revenue only reached, in 1811, 
 $16,000,000. From this period, the sale and manufacture 
 became a government monopoly. By this system, the revenue 
 was brought up to $25,000,000, in 1820. The sales that 
 year, by government, were 12,645,277 kilogrammes, produc- 
 ing $64,027,137. Deducting expenses of cost of tobacco, and 
 of the manufacture, the net revenue was 42,219,604 francs. 
 In 1830, the sales were 11,169,554 kilogrammes ; proceeds, 
 $81,366,947 ; the costs of tobacco, and manufacture, 
 $22,338,035; net revenue, $59,028,912. In 1838, tobacco, 
 purchased chiefly in America, was 6,520,569 kilogrammes, 
 valued at $14,497,309. The consumption of all tobacco in 
 France, in 1858, was 21,981,096 kilogrammes; in 1859, 
 24,099,837 kilogrammes. In 1826, the declared value of 
 American, and all other tobacco, per pound, was about nine- 
 teen cents, (or, to use French terms,) two francs thirty 
 centimes for the kilogramme. In 1859, $145 per kilo- 
 gramme, or about twelve cents per pound, was the declared 
 value of the tobacco, as received at the ports of France. Of 
 the receipts, American tobacco constituted 19,846,198 kilo- 
 grammes, say 43,661,635 pounds — about thirty thousand 
 hogsheads in all. The revenue for 1860 was the enormous 
 sum of $36,000,000, say 180,000,000 francs, and employed 
 thirty thousand persons in its culture, manufacture, and sale. 
 On this subject, an argument addressed to the French Gov- 
 ernment, through the Court de Vergennes, by Mr. Jefferson, 
 dated at Paris, August 15th, 1785, is full of argument, and 
 we may at once rccogni?e that it had produced its impres- 
 4 
 
82 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC^ 
 
 sion for six years afterwards. The ports were thrown open 
 to tobacco, at very low duties, comparatively. On the 22d 
 of June, 1848, M. Thouret laid a proposition before the 
 French Assembly, ''■ that the sale of tobacco and snuif 
 should no longer be exclusively in the hands of the Govern- 
 ment. The proposition did not receive twenty-jive votes of 
 an assembly of more than six hundred members, and thus fell 
 to the ground — that number of assenting votes being re- 
 quired before any proposition can come before the Chambers, 
 even for consideration. This vote would seem to show that 
 2)ublic opinion in France was in favor of the monopoly, 
 when we consider that the members have been so recently 
 chosen by universal suffrage throughout all parts of France.'^ 
 These extracts are from Mr. Rush's late work, page 481. 
 This is the care which the late Government bestowed on our 
 commercial interests. Mr. Jefferson not only wrote down 
 his conversations on the subject, but he submitted facts and 
 considerations worthy of the great interests at stake. The 
 indifferent memorandum by Mr. Rush was enough for him 
 and the interests he represented in France. The article of 
 tobacco is a monopoly in Sardinia, and all Italy, and in 
 Austria, and also in Spain. A very valuable note on the 
 last principle, page 179, taken from Jefferson's report in 
 1799, and a report on commercial relations of the United 
 States, 34th Congress, first session, will be used by those who 
 would wish to investigate the subject further. We may 
 affirm that, upon the export of two hundred millions of 
 pounds of manufactured and leaf tobacco, which is below the 
 average exports annually, the foreign governments of the 
 world collect, at the least, seventy-five to one hundred mil- 
 lions dollars of revenue. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 83 
 
 THE TOBACCO TRADE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Richmond, October 30, 1861. 
 The average value per hogshead of the tobacco and stems exported 
 each year, during the past four " tobacco years," was as follows : 
 
 In 1858-59 $128 00 
 
 In 1857-58 134 00 
 
 In 1860-61 $ 90 00 
 
 In 1859-60 100 00 
 
 The following tables will show, at a glance, the receipts, inspec 
 tions, exports, and stocks for five years past : 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Inspections. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Stocks, Oct. 1. 
 
 1860-'61 86,324 
 
 1859-'60 53,498 
 
 1858-'59 47,444 
 
 1857-58 61,868 
 
 31,676 
 46,633 
 41,797 
 44,616 
 30,534 
 
 19,469 
 26,474 
 22,713 
 33,153 
 20,143 
 
 16,300 
 
 17,331 
 
 9,711 
 
 7,900 
 
 1856-'57 38,718 
 
 3,924 
 
 The figures showing the exports in 1856-57 do not include coast- 
 wise shipments, no available record having been kept for that season. 
 
 Foreign — The exports of leaf tobacco from Richmond, direct to 
 foreign ports, from October 1st to June 1st, (when the blockade pre- 
 cluded further shipments,) are exhibited in the following table, in 
 connection with the exports for the full term of the preceding four 
 "tobacco years: " 
 
 
 ISGO-'l. 
 
 "ooo 
 
 2,962 
 
 230 
 
 47 
 
 i'i'io 
 "756 
 
 3,113 
 420 
 270 
 
 10,582 
 
 IS59-C0. 
 1V756 
 
 2,475 
 411 
 
 "526 
 2,913 
 
 • 2,166 
 
 361 
 
 2,389 
 
 2,461 
 
 690 
 
 l',13i 
 1,525 
 
 18,793 
 
 1858-'9. 
 
 "931 
 
 1,942 
 
 656 
 
 "45*8 
 
 765 
 
 352 
 
 5,811 
 
 3,754 
 
 2,543 
 
 835 
 
 "255 
 472 
 
 1857-'8. 
 
 1,847 
 1,145 
 
 4,685 
 937 
 
 "521 
 240 
 
 2,785 
 
 5',832 
 
 1,901 
 
 093 
 
 *58i 
 5,962 
 
 1856-'7. 
 
 To Antwerp 
 
 
 To Bordeaux 
 
 1,556 
 
 To Bremen 
 
 3,360 
 
 To Bristol 
 
 To Brit. Am. Prov.. 
 
 To Dublin 
 
 To Genoa 
 
 538 
 '706 
 
 To Gibraltar 
 
 
 To GlasgoAv 
 
 
 To Havre 
 
 2,162 
 
 To Leith 
 
 
 To Liverpool 
 
 4,253 
 
 To London 
 
 1,722 
 
 To Marseilles 
 
 To Porto Rico 
 
 To Rotterdam 
 
 To Venice 
 
 550 
 6 
 
 5,'296 
 
 
 
 Total hogsheads.. 
 
 18,774 
 
 27,129 
 
 20,143 
 
84 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 The exports to France in 1860-1, were only 1,620 hhds., against 
 4,612 hhds. in 1859-'60, and 7,577 hhds. in 1858-'9. The exports 
 to Great Britain and Ireland in 1860-'l were 3,763 hhds., aejainst 
 6,142 hhds. in 1859-'60, and 7,305 hhds. in 1858-'9. Th^e net 
 decrease of the shipments to all ports in 1800-1, as compared with 
 1849-'60, is 8,216 hhds. 
 
 The value of the tobacco and stems exported from Richmond, for 
 the past four years, is as follows : 
 
 Quarter Ending. 
 
 1857-8. 
 
 lS58-'9. 
 
 1859-'G0. 
 
 1860-'61. 
 
 December 31st 
 
 March 31st 
 
 553,694 
 
 68,182 
 
 812,943 
 
 2,913,511 
 
 533,071 
 
 53,917 
 
 576,999 
 
 1,900,493 
 
 762,632 
 
 193,714 
 
 171,942 
 
 1,553,401 
 
 2,681,489 
 
 620,557 
 148,468 
 347,551 
 
 June 30th 
 
 September 30th... 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $4,348,600 
 
 8,064,480 
 
 1,116,586 
 
 
 Coastwise. — Export of leaf tobacco to New York, Philadelphia, and 
 Baltimore, and of stems to Baltimore, for four years past, as follows : 
 
 
 To N. Y 
 
 1860-'l 
 
 2,047 
 
 1859_'60 
 
 1,645 
 
 1858-'9 
 
 1,172 
 
 1857-'8 
 
 2,115 
 
 To Pa. 
 
 46 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 115 
 
 To Bait. 
 
 4,267 
 2,539 
 1,006 
 2,192 
 
 Total. Stems to B, 
 
 6,360 
 4,216 
 2,222 
 4,522 
 
 1,418 
 2,937 
 4,208 
 1,952 
 
 In the registration of exports, by packets, from the dock, there is 
 no discrimination between leaf and stems. The combined coastwise 
 shipments during the past tAvelve months, were 2,927 hhds., against 
 4,660 hhds. the previous season, and 2,417 hhds. in 1858-9. The 
 shipments of the past season include 150 hhds. sent to City Point, in 
 July, to be forwarded (as was believed,) to the North Carolina coast 
 for shipment to Europe. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Exports from dock 
 
 Deduct stems (estimated) 
 
 Exports of leaf by steamers 
 
 Total coastwise exports of leaf 
 Total foreign exports of leaf... 
 
 Aggregate exports of leaf 
 
 lS58-'9. 
 
 2,417 
 700 
 
 1,717 
 
 2,222 
 
 3,939 
 18,774 
 
 22,713 
 
 1859-'60. 
 
 4,660 
 1,200 
 
 3,460 
 4,216 
 
 7,670 
 18,798 
 
 26,474 
 
 1860-'l. 
 
 2,927 
 400 
 
 2,527 
 6,360 
 
 8,887 
 10,582 
 
 19,469 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 85 
 
 MANUFACTURED TOBACCO. 
 
 We annex our annual statistics of the business in manufactured 
 tobacco : 
 
 Receipts. — The receipts at Richmond, during the past four sea- 
 sons, from the factories at Lynchburg, Danville, etc., were as follows : 
 
 Packao;es. 
 
 1857-8 119,290 
 
 1858-'9 154,896 
 
 Paokaees. 
 
 1859-'60 ,.. 159,035 
 
 1860-'61 50,251 
 
 Exports. — The exports from Richmond, by steamers, during the 
 past four seasons, were as follows : 
 
 1857-'58. 
 1858-'59. 
 1859-'60. 
 1860-'61. 
 
 To New-York. 
 
 108,352 
 
 149,945 
 
 114,041 
 
 33,112 
 
 To Philadel. 
 
 36,277 
 41,435 
 34,366 
 12,430 
 
 To Baltimore. 
 
 86,393 
 123,761 
 126,868 
 
 49,010 
 
 Total. 
 
 230,962 
 
 315,141 
 
 275,275 
 
 94,552 
 
 The exports from the dock, for the same four seasons, were as 
 follows : 
 
 Packages. Packages 
 
 1857-'8 49,493 
 
 1858-'9 59,858 
 
 1859-'60 60,820 
 
 1860-'61 -■ 24,856 
 
 The business of the year just closed compares with that of the 
 previous season, as follows : 
 
 
 1859-'60. 
 
 1860-61. 
 
 Total exports from dock, [packages] 
 
 Total exports by steamers, " 
 
 60,820 
 275,275 
 
 24,856 
 94,552 
 
 Aggregate coastwise exports 
 
 336,095 
 159,035 
 
 119,408 
 50,251 
 
 Receipts by railroad and canal 
 
 
 Products of city factories exported 
 
 175,060 
 
 69,157 
 
86 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE IN THE CONFEDERATE 
 STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 Rates of Postage between Places within the Con- 
 federate States of Amebjca. — On Letters. — Single let- 
 ters, not exceeding half an ounce in weight, for any distance 
 Tinder 500 miles, 5 cents ; for any distance over 500 miles, 
 10 cents ; an additional single rate for each additional half 
 ounce or less. Drop letters, 2 cents each. In the fore- 
 going cases, the postage to be prepaid by stamps or stamped 
 envelopes. Advertised letters, 2 cents each. 
 
 On Packages — Containing other than printed or written 
 jnatter — money packages are included in this class — to be 
 rated by weight, as letters are rated, and to be charged 
 double the rates of postage on letters, to wit : For any dis- 
 tance under 500 miles, 10 cents for each half ounce or less 3 
 for any distance over 500 miles, 20 cents for each half ounce 
 or less. In all cases to be prepaid by stamps or stamped en- 
 velopes. 
 
 On NeiDspajyers sent to regular and bona fide subscribers 
 from the office of publication, and not exceeding 3 ounces in 
 weight : 
 
 Within the State lohere Puhlished. — Weekly paper, 6^ 
 cents per quarter 3 semi-weekly paper, 13 cents per quarter ; 
 tri- weekly paper, 19i cents per quarter; daily paper, 39 cents 
 per quarter. In all cases the postage to be paid quarterly in 
 advance, at the offices of the subscribers. 
 
 Without the State uhere Puhlished. — Weekly paper, 13 
 cents per quarter; semi-weekly paper, 26 cents per quarter; 
 tri-weekly paper, 39 cents per quarter; daily paper, 78 cents 
 per quarter. In all cases the postage to be paid quarterly in 
 advance, at the offices of the subscribers. 
 
 On Periodicals sent to regular and bona fide subscribers 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 87 
 
 from the office of publication^ and not exceeding 1^ ounce iu 
 weight : 
 
 Within, the State ivliere Published. — Monthly, 3 cents 
 per quarter, or 1 cent for each number ; semi-monthly, 6 
 cents per quarter, or 1 cent for each number — an additional 
 cent each number for every additional ounce or less beyond 
 the first li ounce; bi-monthly, or quarterly, 1 cent an 
 ounce. In all cases, the postage to be paid quarterly in ad- 
 vance, at the offices of subscribers. 
 
 Without the State ichere Published. — Not exceeding 1^ 
 ounce in weight : 
 
 Monthly, 6 cents per quarter, or 2 cents for each number; 
 semi-monthly, 12 cents per quarter, or 2 cents for each 
 number — two cents additional for every additional ounce or 
 less beyond the first 1^ ounce; bi-monthly, or quarterly, 2 
 cents an ounce. In all cases the postage to be paid quar- 
 terly in advance at#tlie offices of the subscribers. 
 
 On Transient Printed Matter. — Every other newspaper, 
 pamphlet, periodical, and magazine, each circular not sealed, 
 hand-bill, and engraving, not exceeding three ounces in 
 weight, 2 cents, for any distance — two cents additional for 
 each additional ounce or less beyond the first 3 ounces. In 
 all cases, the postage to be prepaid by stamps or stamped 
 envelopes. 
 
 Franking Privilege. — The following persons only are en- 
 titled to the franking privilege, and in all cases strictly con- 
 fined to official business : Postmaster-General, his (^hief 
 Clerk, Auditor of the Treasury for the Postoffice Depart- 
 ment, and Deputy Postmasters. 
 
88 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 CHRONICLE OF EVENTS AND DIARY OF THE 
 PRESENT REVOLUTION. 
 
 December 20, 1860 Sudden evacuation of Fort Moul- 
 trie by Major Anderson, United States army. He spikes the 
 guns, burns the gun-carriages, and retreats to Fort Sumter, 
 which he occupies. 
 
 December 27 Capture of Fort Moultrie and Castle 
 
 Pinckney by the South Carolina troops. Captain Coste sur- 
 renders the revenue-cutter Aiken. 
 
 January 3, 1861 Capture of Fort Pulaski by the Sa- 
 vannah troops. 
 
 January 3 The arsenal at Mount Vernon, Ala., with 
 
 20,000 stand of arms, seized by the Alabama troops. 
 
 January 4 Fort Morgan, in Mobile Bay, taken by the 
 
 Alabama troops. 
 
 January 9 The steamship Star of the West fired into 
 
 and driven off by the South Carolina batteries on Morris' 
 Island. Failure of the attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter. 
 
 January 10 Forts Jackson, St. Philips and Pike, near 
 
 New Orleans, captured by the Louisiana troops. 
 
 January 13 Capture of the Pensacola Navy- Yard, and 
 
 Forts Barrancas and McRae. Major Chase shortly after- 
 wards takes command, and the siege of Fort Pickens com- 
 mences. 
 
 January 13 Surrender of the Baton Rouge arsenal to 
 
 the Louisiana troops. 
 
 January 31 The New Orleans Mint and Custom-House 
 
 taken. 
 
 February 2 Seizure of the Little Rock arsenal by the 
 
 Arkansas troops. 
 
 February 4 Surrender of the revenue-cutter Cass to 
 
 the Alabama authorities. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 89 
 
 February 16 General Twiggs transfers the public prop- 
 erty in Texas to the State authorities. Colonel Waite, U. S. 
 A., surrenders San Antonio to Colonel Ben. McCulloch and 
 his Texas Rangers. 
 
 February 18 Inauguration of President Davis at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama. 
 
 March 2 The revenue-cutter Dodge seized by the au- 
 thorities of Texas. 
 
 March 5 General Beauregard assumes command of the 
 
 troops besieging Fort Sumter. 
 
 March 12 Fort Brown, in Texas, surrendered by Cap- 
 tain Hill to the Texas Commissioners. 
 
 April 12-13 Battle of Fort Sumter. Brilliant vic- 
 tory gained by General Beauregard and the South Carolina 
 troops. After thirty-four hours' bombardment, the fort sur- 
 renders to the Confederate States. 
 
 April 14 Evacuation of Fort Sumter by Major Ander- 
 son and his command. 
 
 April 14 Abraham Lincoln, President of the United 
 
 States, issues a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers to 
 put down the " Southern rebellion.'* 
 
 April 15 Colonel Beeves, U. S. A., surrenders Fort 
 
 Bliss, near El Paso, to Colonel J. W. McGriffin, the Texas 
 Commissioner. 
 
 April 16 Seizure of the North Carolina forts and the 
 
 Fayetteville arsenal by the State troops. 
 
 April 17 Capture of the steamship Star of the West 
 
 by Colonel Van Dorn, C. S. A. 
 
 April 19 The Baltimore massacre. The citizens of 
 
 Baltimore attack with missiles the Northern mercenaries pas- 
 sing through their city en route for the South. The Massa- 
 chusetts regiment fires on the people, and many are killed. 
 Two mercenaries are also shot. Great excitement followS; 
 
90 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 and the Maryland people proceed to burn the railroad bridges 
 and tear up the track. 
 
 April 20 Capture of the Federal army at Indianola, 
 
 Texas, by Colonel Van Dorn, C. S. A. The Federal officers 
 released on parole. 
 
 April 20 Attempted destruction of Norfolk Navy-yard 
 
 by the Federal authorities. The works set on fire and several 
 ships scuttled and sunk. The Federal troops retreat to Fort- 
 ress Monroe. The Navy-yard subsequently occupied by the 
 Viro-iniaus. 
 
 April 20 Harper's Ferry evacuated by the Federal 
 
 troops under Lieutenant Jones, who attempts the destruction 
 of the armory by fire. The place occupied by Virginia troops. 
 
 April 28 Fort Smith, Arkansas, captured by the Ar- 
 kansas troops under Colonel Solon Borland. 
 
 May 9 The blockade of Virginia commenced. 
 
 May 10 Baltimore occupied by a large body of Federal 
 
 troops under General B. F. Butler. 
 
 May 10 A body of 5,000 Federal volunteers, under 
 
 Captain Lyon, U. S. A., surround the encampment of 800 
 Missouri State troops, near St. Louis, and oblige them to sur- 
 render. 
 
 May 10 The St. Louis massacre. The German volun- 
 teers, under Colonel Francis P. Blair, Jr., wantonly fire upon 
 the people in the streets of St. Louis, killing and w^ounding 
 a large number. 
 
 May 11 The St. Louis massacre: repetition of the ter- 
 rible scenes of May 10. The defenceless people again shot 
 down. Thirty-three citizens butchered in cold blood. 
 
 May 11 The blockade of Charleston harbor commenced 
 
 by the United States steamer Niagara. 
 
 May 19, 20, 21 Attack on the Virginia batteries at 
 
 Sewell's Point, near Norfolk, by the United States steamer 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 91 
 
 Monticello, aided by the steamer Minnesota. The assailants 
 driven off with loss. No one hurt on the Virginia side. 
 
 May 24 Alexandria, Virginia, occupied by 5,000 Fed- 
 eral troops, the Virginians having retreated. Killing of Col- 
 onel Ellsworth by the heroic Jackson. 
 
 May 25 Hampton, Va., near Fortress Monroe, taken 
 
 by the Federal troops. Newport News occupied. 
 
 May 27 New Orleans and Mobile blockaded. 
 
 May 29 President Davis arrives in Richmond. 
 
 May 31 Fight at Fairfax Court-House between a com- 
 pany of United States cavalry and a Virginia company. The 
 gallant Captain Marr killed; several Federal troops killed, 
 wounded, and taken prisoners. 
 
 June 1, 2, 3 Engagement at Aquia Creek, between 
 
 the Virginia batteries and the United States steamers Wa- 
 bash, Anacosta, and Thomas Freeborn. The enemy with- 
 drew, greatly damaged. 
 
 June 3 Battle of Phillippa, in Western Virginia. 
 
 Colonel Kelly, commanding a body of Federal troops and 
 Virginia tories, attacks an inferior force of Southerners at 
 Phillippa, under Col. Porterfifeld, and routes them. Colonel 
 Kelly severely wounded, and several on both sides reported 
 killed. 
 
 June 5 Fight at Pig's Point Battery, between the 
 
 Confederate troops and the United States steamer Harriet 
 Lane, resulting in the discomfiture of the enemy. The 
 Harriet Lane badly hulled. 
 
 June 10 Battle of Great Bethel, near Yorktown Va. 
 
 This splendid victory was gained by eleven hundred North 
 Carolinians and Virginians, commanded by Colonel J. Bank- 
 head Magruder, over four thousand five hundred troops, under 
 Brigadier General Pierce. The Federal troops attacked the 
 Southern entrenchments, and after a fight of four hours 
 
92 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 were driven back and pursued to Hampton. Southern loss, 
 one man killed and seven wounded. Federal loss believed 
 to be several hundred. They confess to thirty killed and 
 one hundred wounded. 
 
 June 12 Governor Jackson, of Missouri, issues a pro- 
 clamation, calling the people of that State to arms. He 
 commences to concentrate troops at Jefferson City, burning 
 the bridges on the route to St. Louis and the East, 
 
 June 15 Harper's Ferry evacuated by General Joseph 
 
 E. Johnston and the Confederate troops. 
 
 June 16 Skirmish at Vienna, Ya., between Colonel 
 
 Gregg's South Carolina regiment and the 5th Ohio regiment. 
 The enemy routed, with the loss of several killed. General 
 Robert Schenck, the Federal leader, unfortunately not among 
 the number. This was represented as a trivial affair, but 
 was important in the chain of events, and indicative of after 
 results. 
 
 June 17 Gen. Butler demanded 15,000 additional 
 
 troops at Fortress Monroe. The Southerners burn seventy 
 locomotives on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. An order 
 from Gov. Magofl&n that no Tennessee troops shall occupy 
 any portion of Kentucky. The thermometer at Alexandria 
 105° in the shade. Wise moving opposite McClellan's ad- 
 vance. Sawyer's cannon mounted at Rip Raps. 
 
 June 18 Scott boasts of the evacuation of Harper's 
 
 Ferry as in perfect accordance with his plans, and that no 
 Southern movements can in the slightest degree affect his 
 programme. Aquia Creek defenses increased. At St. 
 Louis, the Federal soldiers fire on the people, killing seven 
 and wounding a large number. The battle of Boonville, 
 where Gov. Jackson was compelled to retire before Gen. 
 Lyon. 
 
 June 19 Andy Johnson spoke three hours at Lexing- 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 93 
 
 ton, Ky. Frank Picrpont appointed Governor of Western 
 Virginia. The Virginia ordinance passed 73 to 3, and a 
 State seal ordered. 
 
 June 20 Glen. Lyon occupies Boonvillc. The Federal 
 
 force, 5000, at Vienna. Gen. McClellan and staff leave 
 Cincinnati for Viririnia. 
 
 June 21 Southerners erecting masked batteries oppo- 
 site Rip Raps. Rosseau has authority to raise two Kentucky 
 regiments, with blank commissions in his hands. Surveyor 
 Cotton orders that permits shall be obtained for freights over 
 the Louisville and Nashville railroad. A battle between 
 McDowell's division and Beauregard, at Vienna, anticipated 
 — the main blow, with 45,000 men, to be struck from "Wash- 
 ington, intending to effect a surprise. 
 
 June 23 Mississippi Sound blockaded by Federal war- 
 vessels. Coasting schooners fired on by the fleet : no damage 
 done. 
 
 June 24 Serious Bank riot in Milwaukie, Wis. Mili- 
 tary ordered out, and fire on the people, killing nearly 100. 
 
 June 25 Harper's Ferry evacuated by the Federals. 
 
 June 28 Skirmish near Cumberland, Va., in which 
 
 the Federals took to inglorious retreat. 
 
 June 29 The jury, with regard to the late bloody 
 
 tragedy in St. Louis, brought in a verdict that the shooting- 
 of citizens by the Federal troops was done without provoca- 
 tion. 
 
 July 1 Mouth of the Mississippi river blockaded by 
 
 the Federal fleet. The city authorities of Baltimore arrested 
 on charge of treason against the JFederal Government. Mar- 
 tial law proclaimed. 
 
 July 2 Ship St. Nicholas taken possession of by Com. 
 
 Ilollins, of Confederate Navy. 
 
 July 3 The Lincoln Cabinet decides a grand advance 
 
94 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 of the Federal army towards Riclimond, Ya. Fremont com- 
 missioned as Major General in the Federal army. 
 
 July 5 Battle of Carthage, Mo., between the State 
 
 troops, under command of Gov. Jackson, and the Federals, 
 under Gen. Siegel. The battle was a bloody one ; Siegel's 
 forces were nearly surrounded and cut to pieces. The Fed- 
 eral loss, 700 killed and wounded ; Southern loss, 270 killed 
 
 and wounded Federal forces, under Gen. Patterson, take 
 
 possession of Martinsburg, Ya. Patterson advances and at- 
 tacks the Confederate forces, under command of Gen. John- 
 ston. The Federals are defeated, with great slaughter, and 
 
 forced back to Martinsburg A heavy skirmish occurred 
 
 near Newport News, between a body of Federals and a Lou- 
 isiana battalion, under command of Lieut. Col. Drew. Col. 
 Drew was killed in leading the attack. The Federals were 
 forced to retreat, after suffering a loss of 50 killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 July 8 Gen. Johnston's army near Martinsburg was 
 
 reinforced, and he prepares to move his forces to effect a 
 
 junction with Gen. Beauregard, near Manassas General 
 
 Lyon marching towards Boonville, Mo. ; he compels the peo- 
 ple to take the oath of allegiance to the Federal Government, 
 as he advances. 
 
 July 10 McClellan marching on Beverly, Ya. ; con- 
 stant skirmishing occurring between the Federals and South- 
 erners. 
 
 July 11 Rich Mountain fight, between a regiment of 
 
 Yirginians, under command of Col. Pegrim, and a large 
 body of Federals. After a hard-fought battle. Col. Pegrim 
 was forced to retreat before a greatly superior number. Yir- 
 ginians lost 142 killed and wounded ; Federal loss, 110 killed 
 
 and wounded Laurel Hill evacuated by Gen. Garnett and 
 
 the Confederate forces. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 95 
 
 July 12 A peace petition, gotten up by the citizens of 
 
 New York City, is seized by the city marshal McClellan 
 
 pursues Gen. Garnett, and attacks the rear of his retreating 
 forces. Gen. Garnett, in covering the rear of his forces, was 
 killed. The forces under McClellan numbered 20,000 men; 
 Garnett's force was small. The main body of Garnett's 
 forces made a safe retreat. 
 
 July 17 Battle of Scary Creek, Kanawha Valley, be- 
 tween a body of Federals, 2800 strong, and a body of Vir- 
 ginians, (700,) under Gen. "Wise. The Virginians achieved 
 a signal victory over the Federals, and took many prisoners. 
 
 Loss not known The Federal Grand Army, under the 
 
 command of Gen. McDowell, advances in three divisions to- 
 wards Manassas. 
 
 July 18 Battle of Bull Ilun, Va. A great and de- 
 cisive victory was achieved, by Gen. Beauregard, over the 
 Federal forces. Federal loss, 450 killed and wounded; Con- 
 federate loss, 20 killed and 65 wounded. First defeat for 
 
 Grand Army Battle of Bull Creek, Va. The Grand 
 
 Army makes another advance toward Bull Creek, with a 
 force of 10,000 men, and attacks the Confederate forces, 
 (7000,) under Gen. Bonham. After four hours hard fighting, 
 the Federals were repulsed, with great 'slaughter. Federal 
 loss, 245 killed and wounded; Confederate loss, 68 killed 
 and wounded. 
 
 July 20 Provisional Congress (3d session) of the Con- 
 federate States met in Kichmond, Va. 
 
 July 21 Battle of Manassas, Va. — the largest and 
 
 most severe battle ever fought on the American Continent. 
 The battle began at 4 o'clock in the morning, and lasted 
 until nearly 9 o'clock at night. The Federal forces, under 
 command of Gen. McDowell, numbered 45,000 men. The 
 Confederate army, under Gen. Beauregard, Gen. Johnston, 
 
96 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 and President Davis, numbered 27,900, but only 20,000 of 
 tlie Confederates were actually engaged in the battle. The 
 Federals suifered a great and signal defeat; their army made 
 the most disgraceful and cowardly retreat that ever took 
 place in the annals of war. Federal loss, 3500 killed and 
 wounded, and 700 taken prisoners; Confederate loss, 393 
 killed, and 1300 wounded. 
 
 July 22 J. W. Tompkins was shot dead, while cheering 
 
 for Jeff. Davis, by a city officer of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 July 24 Battle of Mesilla, Arizonia Territory. The 
 
 Confederate forces, under Lieut. Col. Baylor, attacked a largo 
 body of the Federals at Fort Fillmore. After a desperate 
 fight, the Federals were severely defeated, and compelled to 
 evacuate the Fort. Federal loss, 32 killed and 600 taken 
 prisoners. 
 
 July 25.. Federal army retreats to Alexandria and 
 
 Washington City Gen. McClellan takes command of the 
 
 remnant of the Grand Army at Washington. 
 
 July 30 Gen. Pillow occupies New Madrid, Mo. The 
 
 Confederate army concentrating in Southern Missouri. 
 
 August 3 Skirmish near Cassville, Mo. A body of 75 
 
 Southrons, after a sharp contest, defeated and routed a de- 
 tachment of 123 "Federals The Federal war-steamer. 
 
 Dart, made an attempt to bombard the city of Galveston, 
 Texas. The attack was unsuccessful ; the steamer was com- 
 pelled to retire The Federal forces, under command of 
 
 Major Lynde, desert all the Federal forts in Arizonia, after 
 destroying property and provisions. The forts taken pos- 
 session of by Lieut. Col. Baylor, of the Confederate Army. 
 
 August 6 Fight at Dug Springs, Mo. An action took 
 
 place to-day, between the Southerners, under Gen. McCulloch, 
 and the Federals, under Gen. Lyon. The fight was brought 
 on by McCulloch endeavoring to draw out Gen. Lyon in open 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 97 
 
 field. The Federals lost 40 killed and wounded ; Confederate 
 loss, 43 killed and wounded. 
 
 August 8 The Southerners erecting batteries on the 
 
 Potomac river, at Aquia Creek Fight at Rich Spring, 
 
 Western Virginia. Another victory was achieved to-day. 
 The Southerners, under Gen. Lee, encountered a body of 
 the enemy, under Gen. llosencranz, which resulted in the 
 repulse and defeat of the Federals, who lost 50 killed and 
 wounded. Confederate loss very light. 
 
 August 10 Battle at Oak Hill, near Springfield, Mo. 
 
 The Federal forces, under Gens. Lyon and Siegel, attack the 
 Southerners, under Gen. McCulloch. After a desperate 
 fight, the Federals were completely routed, and suffered a se- 
 vere defeat in the death of Gen. Lyon. Federal loss, 2000 
 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, 365 killed, and 417 
 wounded. The Confederate forces amounted to 12,000 men; 
 the Federal forces amounted to 10,000. The battle was 
 fought under great disadvantages to the Southerners, only 
 one-half of whom were armed Fight at Edina, Mo., be- 
 tween a body of Southerners and the Home Guards. The 
 latter were completely routed. Loss, 50 killed and wounded, 
 
 on each side The newspaper-office of the Democratic 
 
 ^Standard, at Concord, N. H., demolished by a mob, for re- 
 flecting on the cowardice of the returning three-months' 
 volunteers. 
 
 August 12 Skirmish at Leesburg, Va. A large force 
 
 of Federals crossed the Potomac on a marauding expedition. 
 The Southerners attacked the expedition, and compelled the 
 Federals to make a cowardly retreat. 
 
 August 16 The Grand Jury of the Federal District of 
 
 New York, presented the following newspapers, for express- 
 ing sympathy with the Southern cause : Journal of Com- 
 merce. New York News, Day-Booh, Freeman^ Journal, and 
 Brooklyn Eagle. 
 
98 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 August 17 Lincoln's proclamation forbidding trade and 
 
 travel with the seceding States. 
 
 August 20 Gen. JefF. Thompson occupies Commerce, 
 
 Missouri, and erects batteries on the river. Steamers City of 
 Alton and Hannibal City fired on and sunk by the Confede- 
 rate batteries ; 400 Federals taken prisoners. Eiot in Phila- 
 delphia. The newspaper office of the Pennsylvania Sentinel 
 destroyed by the mob, for advocating a peace policy. JefFer- 
 sonian printing-office destroyed by the mob. A. S. Kimbal, 
 editor of the Essex County Democrat, is tarred and feathered 
 for opposing the war policy of the North. The Louisville 
 Courier suppressed by Federal authority for espousing the 
 cause of the South. 
 
 August 21 Fight at Charleston, Missouri; Confederates 
 
 defeated with a small loss. 
 
 August 25 Commencement of the Reign of Terror 
 
 throughout the Northern States. Men and women arrested 
 and imprisoned for sympathizing with the Southern cause. 
 Newspapers friendly to the South suppressed by order of the 
 Federal Government. Citizens compelled to take the oath 
 of allegiance to the Federal Government. 
 
 August 26 Battle of Cross-Lanes, Western Virginia. 
 
 The Confederate forces, under General Floyd, attacked and 
 surrounded a large body of Federals. The Federals were 
 repulsed and defeated after a severe fight; losses not known. 
 
 August 31 Capture of Fort Hatteras by the Federal 
 
 fleet under General Butler; after a gallant defence. Captain 
 Barron, who commanded the forts, had to surrender to an 
 overwhelming force of the enemy. General Butler's force 
 amounted to eight war frigates and several smaller vessels, 
 manned by 4,000 men. Captain Barron had only a defen- 
 sive force of 330 men. 
 
 August 31 Gen. Fremont, commander of the Federal 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 99 
 
 forces in St. Louis, issues his infamous proclamation, order- 
 ing all persons found in arms against the Federal Grovern- 
 ment, to be shot, and also declaring the slaves of persons 
 sympathizing with the Southern cause, to be manumitted. 
 
 September 4 Fight at Fort Scott, Mo. The Confed- 
 erate force, under Gen. Price, and the Federals, under Lane 
 and Montgomery; a severe battle was fought, which resulted 
 in a fine victory for the Southerners. Losses not known. 
 
 September 5 Gov. Magoffin proclaims the neutrality 
 
 of Kentucky. 
 
 September 6 Battle of Shuter's Hill. The Confede- 
 rate forces made a successful attack on Shuter's Hill ; the 
 Federal loss was 380 killed and wounded, and 300 taken 
 prisoners; Confederate loss, 120 killed and wounded. 
 
 September 6 Engagement at Hickman, Ky., between 
 
 two Federal gun-boats, and one Confederate steamer. After 
 firing several ineftectual shots, the Federals were forced to 
 retire. 
 
 September 7 The seizure and occupation of Paducah, 
 
 Ky., by the Federals under Gen. Grant. He fortifies the city. 
 
 September 8 The occupation of Columbus, Kentucky, 
 
 by the Confederate forces, under Generals Polk and Pillow. 
 
 September 10 The Confederate forces take possession 
 
 of Munson's Hill, Ya. Skirmishes constantly occuring in 
 the neighborhood of Arlington Heights, between Federals 
 and Southerners. 
 
 September 10 Fight at Carnifax Ferry, AVestern, Va. 
 
 The Federal forces, under Gen. Kosencrans, attacked a detach- 
 ment of Gen. Floyd's forces. After a severe and brisk 
 engagement, which lasted for several hqurs, Gen. Floyd fell 
 back. 
 
 September 12 The Dubuque (Iowa) Herald suppressed 
 
 for being friendly to the cause of the South. ■ 
 
100 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 September 18 Battle and siege of Lexington, Mo. 
 
 The Confederate forces, under Gen. Price, attacked the city 
 of Lexington, which was in possession of the Federals, under 
 Col. Mulligan ; the siege lasted three days, when the Fede- 
 rals were forced to surrender. Federal loss, 190 killed, 163 
 wounded, and 2,500 taken prisoners. Confederate loss, 145 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 September 21 Fight at Barboursville, Ky., between a 
 
 body of 900 Confederates and 1,700 Federals. The Federal 
 force suffered severely, and were forced to retreat. 
 
 September 25 Battle of La Mosa, Arizona Territory. 
 
 A splendid victory was gained by the Southerners at La 
 Mosa. The Federals were driven from the country. Losses 
 not known. 
 
 October 2 The Confederate forces, under Gen. Zolli- 
 
 coffer, take possession of Manchester, Kentucky. 
 
 October 3 Battle of Green-Brier River, Virginia. A 
 
 splendid victory was gained by the Confederates. The Fede- 
 rals, under Gen. Reynolds, attacked the Confederate forces, 
 under Gen. Jackson. After a close fight, the enemy fell back 
 repulsed with a heavy loss. 
 
 October 4 The Potomac river effectually blockaded by 
 
 the Confederates. 
 
 October 8 Expedition to Chicamahcomico Creek, coast 
 
 of North Carolina. Three Confederate steamers, under com- 
 mand of Commodore Lynch, made a successful attack on the 
 Federal defences, and captured one Federal steamer, and took 
 a large quantity of arms and ammunition. 
 
 October 8 Fight on Santa Rosa Island, Gulf o^ 
 
 Mexico. A small body of Confederates, under the com- 
 mand of General Anderson, planned and executed a suc- 
 cessful attack on a large encampment of Federal " roughs," 
 under the notorious ''Billy Wilson." The Federals were 
 completely routed, and cut to pieces. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 101 
 
 October 12 Expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi 
 
 River. Commodore Hollins, of the Confederate Navy, ac- 
 complished a splendid victory, by attacking the Federal 
 blockading fleet, at the head of the Passes, sinking one Fed- 
 eral steamer, and driving the remainder of the fleet out of 
 the river. 
 
 October 16 Fight at Bolivar, near Harper's Ferry. 
 
 Colonel Ashby, with a small body of Virginians, succeeded 
 in repelling an attack of the Federals, in large force. 
 
 October 21 Battle at Leesburg, Virginia. The Con- 
 federate forces, under command of General Lee, attacked the 
 Federals, under General Baker. The Federals were severely 
 defeated, with great loss. General Baker was killed, and 
 immense numbers of the Federals were drowned in retreat- 
 ing across the Potomac River. Federal loss, 732 killed and 
 wounded, and 659 taken prisoners; Confederate loss, 147 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 October 22 Fight in Carroll county, Missouri. A 
 
 large body of Federals made an attack on a small force of 
 Confederates. The Federals were severely repulsed. 
 
 October 24 Fight at Romney, Western Virginia. The 
 
 Federal forces, under General Kelly, made an attack on the 
 Confederate defences at Romney. The Federals were forced 
 to retire several times, and finally returned with a superior 
 force. The Confederate forces, under Colonel McDonald, 
 were compelled to withdraw from their defences. Losses 
 unknown. 
 
 October 24 Fight at Rock Castle Ford, Tennessee. 
 
 The Confederate forces, under General Zollicofi'er, attacked 
 the Federals, and drove them from their entrenchments. 
 Federal loss not known; Confederate loss, 30 killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 October 29 Fight at Fredericktown, Missouri. The 
 
102 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Confederate forces, under Greneral Jeff, Thompson, were at- 
 tacked by a large force of Federals. The Confederates gal- 
 lantly defended their positions for several hours, when they 
 were forced to retire before a superior force. 
 
 October 29 The great Federal armada sails for the 
 
 Southern coast. 
 
 October 29 Fight on the Centreville road, near Lees- 
 burg. A Mississippi regiment, under Colonel Barksdale, 
 encountered a large body of Federals; after a spirited fight, 
 the Federals were badly repulsed. 
 
 November 2 Skirmish near Springfield, Missouri. A 
 
 Federal force of mounted men attacked a body of Confed- 
 erate cavalry; after a sharp encounter, the Federals were 
 completely routed, with a severe loss. 
 
 November 5 Naval attack on Port Koyal. Fifteen war 
 
 vessels, from the Federal armada, attacked Forts Walker and 
 Bay Point. The Confederate forces, after gallantly defend 
 ing the forts, were forced to evacuate their positions befora 
 a greatly overwhelming force. 
 
 November 7 Battle of Belmont, Missouri, one of the 
 
 /' hardest fought battles of the present war. The Federal 
 ' forces, under Generals McClernand and Bowlin, attacked the 
 Confederates, under General Pillow and General Polk. 
 After a hard fought battle, the Federals were defeated, with 
 I heavy losses. Federal loss, 695 killed and wounded ; Con- 
 federate loss, 465 killed and wounded, and 117 missing. 
 
 November 8 Battle of Pikeville, Kentucky. The Fed- 
 eral forces, under General Nelson, attacked the Confederates, 
 under Colonel Williams. After a close fight, the Federals 
 were repulsed, with a heavy loss Mason and Slidell, Con- 
 federate States Ministers, arrested on the high seas, by 
 Lieut. Wilkes, of the Federal Navy. 
 
 November 10 Fight at Guyandotte, Va. Resulted in 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 103 
 
 a complete victory for the Southerners. The Federal forces 
 
 were surrounded and cut to pieces Several skirmishes 
 
 occurred at Bristol, Tenn., between the Union men and the 
 Southerners. The Union men were completely routed, and 
 great numbers of them captured. 
 
 November 13 The Great Northern Expedition ("The 
 
 Wildcat Brigade,") to the Cumberland Gap, meets with a 
 signal failure. The expedition, after accomplishing nearly 
 one-half of their journey, took fright, when commenced a 
 retreat which ended in a disgraceful stampede. 
 
 November 14 Fight at McCoy's Mill, Western Vir- 
 ginia, between the Federal forces, under Gen. Bcnham, and 
 a detached force of Gen. Floyd's Brigade. The Federals 
 had every advantage, in numbers, artillery, and position. 
 The Confederates had no artillery. After a gallant fight, 
 the Confederates were compelled to fall back. The most se- 
 rious loss to the Confederates was in the death of Col. 
 Croghan. 
 
 November 18 Skirmish at Fairfax Court House. A 
 
 heavy skirmish took place at Fairfax Court House, between 
 a large force of Yankees and a detachment of Virginians. 
 The Yankees were driven from the field, after losing 10 men 
 
 killed, and 8 wounded Fight at Jacksonboro', Tennessee 
 
 River. Two Federal gun-boats attacked the Confederate 
 battery. After a brisk engagement, the boats withdrew; 
 quite a number of the enemy were killed, and one boat dis- 
 abled A force of Federals, 8000 strong, invades and 
 
 takes possession of Accomac county. Eastern Virginia. The 
 Confederate forces, being small, and nearly without arms and 
 ammunition, were compelled to give way to an overwhelming 
 
 force Skirmish near Falls Church, Va., between advanced 
 
 forces of the Federals and Southerners. A brisk fight took 
 place, which ended in a total rout of the Federals. 
 
104 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 November 20 Kentucky prepares to seek admission 
 
 into the Confederate States. Provisional Constitution 
 formed ; G. W. Johnson elected G-overnor. 
 
 November 22 Fight at Pensacola, Fla. The Federals in 
 
 command at Fort Pickens opened their batteries on two small 
 Confederate steamers in the bay. Gen. Bragg, of the Con- 
 federate forces, promptly replied by opening his batteries. 
 A general engagement commenced between the Federals and 
 Confederates. Incessant firing was kept up by both parties 
 for nearly two days, when the Federal batteries suddenly 
 ceased firing. Little or no damage was sustained by the 
 Confederate forts or batteries. The Federals must have suf- 
 fered very seriously, as they have not since been able to renew 
 their unfinished attack. The Confederate loss was 16 killed 
 and wounded. 
 
 November 26 Missouri admitted into the Confederacy. 
 
 November 30 Crisis at hand. Keasons now exist 
 
 which go to show that the last remnants of the old Federal 
 Union are preparing their final and most desperate efi"orts, to 
 crush out of existence our young giant Confederacy. The 
 Federal Grand Army, under Gen. McClellan, is preparing 
 for its second onward march toward Manassas. The long 
 talked of expedition down the Mississippi river is nearly 
 ready to start. Two new naval expeditions are about starting 
 for the Southern coast. Another attack is looked for at Co- 
 lumbus, Ky. A heavy force is expected to attack Bowling 
 Green, Ky. All of the above contemplated raids are the 
 last death-throes of the expiring enemy of the South. ^ 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 105 
 
 THE BATTLE OF MANASSAS. 
 
 The Muse of History, as she writes the record of the past 
 month, will incorporate therein one chapter, devoted to 
 American Annals, more intensely interesting in its revela- 
 tions, than any that has ever yet chronicled the changeful 
 doom of empire. That glowing chapter might be fitly 
 headed, after the picturesque fashion of olden illuminated 
 titles, 
 
 ^^THE BATTLE OF MANASSAS,'' 
 
 in letters of crimson and gold, as indicative, at once, of the 
 gory fate of Northern vandalism, and the brilliant blazonry 
 of Southern prowess, on the eventful 21st. 
 
 As our present recital of facts will quite probably be re- 
 ferred to by the future historiographer of our noble Confed- 
 eracy, we must not omit to mention the very important and 
 successful engagement of Bull Run, on the 18th July, which 
 was so inspiriting a prelude to the splendid achievement of 
 Stone Bridge; and in order that the (perhaps unborn) 
 explorer among the now formative archives of our separate 
 Nationality may have accurate data upon which to proceed, 
 it may not be amiss to specify the distinct localities, which 
 will, for all time to come, invest Prince William county with 
 an interest not surpassed, if equaled, by that of any battle- 
 field of the first American Revolution. 
 
 Bull Run constitutes the northern boundary of that county, 
 which it divides from Fairfax ; and on its now classic banks, 
 about three miles to the northwest of the junction of the 
 Manassas Grap with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, was 
 fought the gallant action of the 18th July; in which the 
 
106 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Confederate troops, under the intrepid Beauregard, in a fierce 
 contest which lasted several hours, and extended throughout 
 the length of our line, three times triumphantly repulsed the 
 enemy, who had advanced in full force from Fairfax Court 
 House and attempted to cross the stream, but were com- 
 pelled, at last, to retreat in great confusion. 
 
 About four miles from this memorable spot, and, of course, 
 one mile from the junction of the two railroads above men- 
 tioned, is Manassas, recently a mere station on the latter 
 named road, but which, since its occupation by the Confed- 
 erate troops, has almost grown into the proportions of a village; 
 while its name has become hallowed in the affections of eight 
 million Southrons, in whose ears the exultant shouts of an 
 unparalleled victory yet ring; although it must be confessed, 
 with strict regard to historic truth, that the event we are 
 now recording, might be more appropriately termed the 
 battle of Stone Bridge, where was posted the main body of 
 the Confederate Army; the line, however, extending between 
 six and seven miles up and down the Run, and minor engage- 
 ments occurring at various fords. 
 
 General Joseph E. Johnston, Commander of the army of 
 the Shenandoah, who had been watching, with a lynx's eye, 
 the movements of the cowardly Patterson, had no sooner 
 ascertained the night retreat of the latter from the vicinity 
 of Winchester across the Potomac, with the rightly conjec- 
 tured design of uniting his forces with those of McDowell, 
 than he hastened his own march from Winchester, with four 
 thousand of his division, to Manassas Junction, to reinforce 
 G-eneral Beauregard. Leaving the remainder of his troops, 
 except a sufficient force to hold the town, to join him on the 
 following day, he reached the Junction on Friday the 19th, 
 and immediately assumed chief command, as he was entitled 
 to do by superior rank ; although, with the amiable modesty 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 107 
 
 characteristic of the man, he assured General Beauregard 
 that his plans, which had been admirably devised and well 
 matured, would, in the main, be followed. 
 
 Early in the morning of the ever-memorable 21st, the 
 advancing column of the "Grand Army" of the North, com- 
 prising not only twenty-five thousand volunteers, but also all 
 the regulars east of the Rocky Mountains, to the number of 
 ten thousand, collected since February last in the city of 
 Washington, from Jefi"erson Barracks, from St. Louis, and 
 from Fortress Monroe, together with a body of marines, was 
 brought in one precipitate charge upon our left flank, which, 
 under command of General Johnston in person, was posted 
 at the Stone Bridge and protected by almost impregnable 
 works. This distinguished chieftain was not to be deceived 
 by the numerous active feints against the right wing, but, at 
 once penetrating the flanking design of the foe, completely 
 frustrated the movement by a bold march from his strong 
 position at the Bridge directly to the front, where he met, in 
 open field and fair encounter, the heavy odds of the invading 
 forces. Against this fearful odds of nearly double his own 
 numbers, did he make good his determined resistance for 
 seven well-fought hours, and maintained his advanced posi- 
 tion, although his loss of men was terrific. Seizing the 
 colors of a Georgia regiment, the hero of Manassas rallied 
 them to the charge, throwing himself into the very thickest 
 of the fight. Opportunely, the centre of the column, under 
 General Beauregard, who chivalrously led the Hampton 
 Legion into action, after the gallant Colonel Hampton had 
 been severely wounded in the eye, and Lieut. Col. Johnson 
 had been killed, advanced to the support of General John- 
 ston's division. The tide of battle was at length turned in 
 our favor by the arrival on the ground — as if in Providential 
 answer to the wishful exclamation of General Johnston to 
 
108 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 G-eneral Cocke, at this critical juncture, ^'0, for four regi- 
 ments !" — of the four thousand men he had left in Win- 
 chester. 
 
 General Kirby Smith, who was in command of the rein- 
 forcement, heard the din of battle above the clatter of the 
 cars on the Manassas Gap railroad, over which he was hur- 
 rying to the scene of conflict ; and stopping the train, 
 marched his eager troops at "double-quick'' across the 
 fields, and came into the action at the precise spot where his 
 aid was most needed. Their arrival at that point of the 
 field was wholly unexpected, and at first they were supposed 
 to be a portion of the Northern reserve; but their prompt 
 alignment with the almost exhausted division of General 
 Johnston speedily dissipating the error, the now hurried col- 
 umns of the enemy gave way, and a sudden panic seized 
 them, which rendered their defeat a perfect rout. 
 
 Such a battle has never been waged upon the American 
 continent; nor do we think it likely another ever will be, at 
 least during the present war. Say what they may, in exten- 
 uation of their disgraceful flight before the magnificent body 
 of cavalry commanded, in the galling pursuit, by Lieut. Col. 
 Stuart, and joined by President Davis, who had barely time 
 to gallop to the field from the train that bore him to its 
 vicinage, the proverbial phrase, "a Waterloo defeat," but 
 illy serves to express the total discomfiture of the " Grand 
 Army" on the really re<:Z-letter day, July 21, 1861. To say 
 it was panic-stricken — ^routed — demoralized — but half con- 
 veys an idea of that long, toilsome, phrensied stampede to- 
 wards Washington, among the mined walls of whose dese- 
 crated Capitol, Presidential mansion, and departmental offices, 
 hundreds of the horrified fugitives sought refuge from the 
 valorous foe, whose nearing footfall they imagined was heard, 
 like the clattering tramp of the " Pale Horse and his Rider," 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 109 
 
 close upon their rear ; while the less agile, or the more un- 
 fortunate wounded, were crushed down among the mass of 
 train-wagons, gun-carriages, well-munitioned caissons, sump- 
 tuous ambulances, and spectators' vehicles, all either driven 
 with loosened reins and cracking whips, by terrified Jehus, 
 or deserted by their former occupants and teamsters to the 
 greed of the captors ; the roadways and footpaths — nay, the 
 trampled plains and wooded hills being strewn for miles with 
 cast-away arms, cartridge-boxes, canteens, haversacks, caps, 
 knapsacks, over-coats, blankets, etc.; but the sight most 
 piteous of all, was the heaps of mangled dead, apparently 
 straining their glazed eyes to catch the farewell beams of the 
 setting Sabbath sun ; and the most appalling sounds that 
 voiced the ruin of that fatal day, were the gurgling prayers 
 of the dying for a single draught of water. 
 
 Is it too much to hazard the belief, that, after such havoc 
 made in an army numbering over 90,000, of whom 35,000 were 
 at one time in the engagement, by a force not exceeding 
 50,000, of whom not more than 15,000 participated in the 
 brilliant action, another such battle will hardly ever again 
 lend thrilling interest to the pages of American history? 
 France, it is true, on the field of Waterloo, lost the day and 
 the prestige of empire } but even then her Marshals main- 
 tained the dignity of their rank, and her veteran soldiery the 
 honor of their military character; but on the disastrous 
 Plains of Manassas, ofiicers and privates, regulars and volun- 
 teers, foi'got alike discipline and chivalry, and gave them- 
 selves over, as with a lust of ignominy, to a demoralization 
 almost utterly beyond the power of military redemption ; their 
 vaunted stripes and stars, once the honored flag of the brave, 
 now trailed in the dust beneath the feet of their victors, or 
 raised in the blood-tainted breeze only to signal the flight of 
 abject fear. 
 
110 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 While recording the heroic deeds of other chieftains, we 
 must not neglect the name of General Jackson, who, with 
 indomitable courage, for three mortal hours, sustained the 
 deadly assaults of the enemy, and thus proved one of the 
 main agents in achieving the triumph of our arms. Although 
 narrators of the startling events we are recounting studiously 
 avoid, or carelessly omit, special mention of his invincible 
 prowess, the late lamented General Bee, who fell at the head 
 of his column, mortally wounded, just as victory was about 
 to crown the lofty emprise of the Confederates, cordially ac- 
 knowledged his gallant bearing, even at the very instant of 
 the charge which cost him his own valuable life. A moment 
 before, General Bee had been well-nigh overwhelmed by su- 
 perior numbers, who kept up a fire that swept everything 
 in its range ; and when his brigade was reduced to a mere 
 handful, every field ofiicer being either killed or disabled, he 
 approached General Jackson with the pathetic exclamation, 
 ^' General, they are beating us back ;^' to which the latter 
 promptly replied, '^ Sir, we'll give them the bayonet." Gen- 
 eral Bee immediately rallied his overtasked troops to the 
 charge, with the words, '^ There is Jackson standing like a 
 stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will con- 
 quer. Follow me !" Nor was the noble South Carolinian 
 the only leader on that field of carnage and of fame, who 
 pointed to the bright example of General Jackson as an in- 
 centive to further deeds of bravery; and it is but sheer jus- 
 tice to the patriot and the hero, that his illustrious name 
 should be registered with the annals of that glorious day. 
 
 While we mourn the loss of from three to four hundred 
 killed, and assiduously apply all our therapeutic resourses for 
 the relief of the six or seven hundred of our wounded, it was 
 befitting the occasion — the fearful, but successful, birth- 
 struggle of our new Nationality — that the Confederate Con- 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. Ill 
 
 gress, at the pious suggestion of Secretary Memminger, 
 should recommend the observance of the succeeding Sab- 
 bath as a season of thanksgiving and praise to Ahnighty Grod, 
 for the interposition of His Providence in our behalf. Not 
 all the wise strategy of our skillful commanders, nor the 
 daring courage and unflinching fortitude of our patriotic sol- 
 diery, could have saved us from the ruin of defeat by the 
 overwhelming array, disciplined troops, formidable batteries, 
 and well-arranged tactics of the "Grand Army," which left 
 between seven and eight thousand of its slain upon the field, 
 and counts among its wounded and missing near ten thousand 
 more — without the special benison of the Supreme Ruler of 
 the Universe upon our self-defensive efforts. With His pro- 
 tection afforded us, not all the satanic sophistry of Seward's 
 statesmanship — not all the flagrant falsehoods of Lincoln's 
 lying messages — not all the studied programmes of Scott's 
 traitorous experience — not all the batteries and bayonets, 
 balls and bombs, of regulars or volunteers, marines or militia, 
 though hurtling never so thick, swift, and near, could scare 
 or scatter our valiant ranks : nay, nor handcuffs, nor halters — 
 woe betide the baseness and barbarity that necessitate their 
 mention in this connection ! — deprive us of liberty or life. 
 To God, therefore, be all the glory that is written in the 
 blood of Manassas ! 
 
^PPEISTDIX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Confederate States Almanac. 
 
 ABOLITIONISM FROM 1787 TO 1861: 
 
 A COMrENDIUM OF HISTOmCAL FACTS, SHOWING 
 
 Wit &msi^ tlriit \\\k It^ k i\ $mMm 0f tlje liU0u» 
 
 STATE SOVEKEIGNTY, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE RIGHT OF SECESSION, 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED THE FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL INDEPEND- 
 ENCE OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. 
 
 By A. O. p. NICHOLSON, Esa. 
 
 COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY H. C. CLARKE, 
 
 VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 POLITICAL REVIEW OF THE OLD UNION. 
 
 The movement that tlirew oif the rule of the mother 
 country, began in the New England Colonics. These were 
 settled by those Puritans who effected the Revolution of 
 1620, and decapitated Charles I. The Southern Colonies 
 were occupied by a more loyal class. To the noble family of 
 Baltimore was granted, by Royal Charter, the province of 
 Maryland. To other staunch adherents of the crown were 
 accorded grants and privileges in Virginia, North and South 
 Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 With antecedents so opposite, both North and South joined 
 heartily in the War of Independence, making equal sacri- 
 fices and dividing fairly its triumphs. In 1781, the strug- 
 gling States formed a Confederation, and essayed self-govern- 
 ment. The written Charter of 1789 followed the form and 
 usages of the British Constitution. Supreme power was 
 divided between the executive and legislative branches ; but 
 all were elective. The executive power was vested in one 
 person for a term of four years, with special duties assigned. 
 The Legislature was divided, as in England, into two Houses, 
 with separate prerogatives. All power not positively dele- 
 gated to this Federal Government was reserved to the States. 
 
 George Washington was the first Federal magistrate, chosen 
 from a list of twelve candidates. 
 
 Up to this period, the politicians of the country had, first, 
 contended in a body against the supremacy of the mother 
 
 115 
 
116 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 country ; and, next, had united their energies in the struc- 
 ture of a Republican Constitution. 
 
 During President Washington's term, they divided into 
 two hostile parties, each striving for office through the pro- 
 fession of opposite principles. The New England States, led 
 by John Adams, advocated the power of the Federal Govern- 
 ment, even to straining the Constitution. This was the Fed- 
 eral party. The Southern States, led by Thomas Jefferson, 
 maintained State rights against Federal encroachment. This 
 was the Democratic party. 
 
 In 1797, John Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected Pres- 
 ident of the Confederacy. During his term, the Alien* and 
 Seditionf laws were passed by the Federal Congress. These 
 enactments were opposed by the statesmen of the South, 
 since, in their opinion, they invested the Executive with 
 powers not conferred by the Constitution and inimical to 
 popular rights. The creation of a National Bank was also a 
 subject of keen controversy. The public men of the North 
 sustained it with energy, while those of the South opposed 
 it as unconstitutional and of doubtful expediency. 
 
 In 1801, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was elected Pres- 
 ident. During this term, the New England States displayed 
 a bitter animosity to the South, which arose, chiefly, from the 
 South having put a limit to the slave-trade, in which these 
 States were profitably engaged. When, therefore. President 
 Jefferson proposed the purchase of Louisiana from France, 
 the Eastern States violently resisted, because it increased the 
 
 * By the Alien law, June, 1800, the President might order all such 
 aliens as he deemed dangerous to quit the country, on pain of three 
 years' imprisonment and civil disability. 
 
 ■f By the Sedition law, any person who should libel the President, 
 or either House of Congress, should be fined $2,000, and be impri- 
 soned for two years. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 117 
 
 territory and power of tlie South. Congress empowered the 
 purchase, April, I8O0. 
 
 In 1805, Thomas Jefferson was reelected to the Presi- 
 dency. His second term was troubled by the war between 
 England and France. The Berlin and Milan decrees of Napo- 
 leon, and the Orders in Council of the British Government, 
 equally assailed American interests. Our vessels, bound either 
 to English or French ports, incurred capture and confiscation. 
 This left but one alternative, either to abandon our trade 
 with Europe, or go to war to protect it. To escape the latter, 
 President Jefferson recommended an Embargo Act, to Dut a 
 temporary stop to all our foreign trade. This was vehemently 
 opposed by the New England States, because their interests, 
 being chiefly commercial, were seriously damaged. The 
 Embargo Act was passed by Congress in December, 1807 j 
 whereupon the Eastern States threatened to secede from the 
 Union, and form a Northern Coofederacy. 
 
 In 1809, James Madison, of Virginia, was elected Presi- 
 dent. Soon after his accession, March, 1809, the Embargo 
 Act was repealed, to appease the New England States; and 
 a less stringent law, the Non-intercourse Act, was passed by 
 Congress, May, 1809, which prohibited trade with England 
 and France. New England, however, carried on an indirect 
 trade with Europe, through Canada. In spite of all these 
 precautious by the (xovernmcnt, our interests and dignity 
 were incessantly outraged by England. Finally, the indig- 
 nation of the country compelled Congress to declare war, 
 May, 1812. 
 
 In 1813, James Madison was reelected President. During 
 the war, the Government was supported by direct taxes and 
 requisitions upon the States; but the New England States 
 refused, for the most part, to contribute.'^ The war closed, 
 
 ^" Niles' Register. 
 
118 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 January, 1815. To resuscitate the Federal treasury, a new 
 financial policy was inaugurated. A tariff of high duties 
 was passed by Congress, April, 1816, New England advo- 
 cated this law, because, during the war, she had transferred 
 her capital from commerce to manufactures, for which she 
 desired protection. The South was injured by the tariff, but 
 she supported it from patriotic motives. John C. Calhoun, 
 of South Carolina, went so far as to introduce a minimum 
 rate for ad valorem duties, that is, a rate below which the 
 duties should not fall. A new National Bank act was also 
 passed, April, 1816; the old one having expired in 1811. 
 
 In 1817, James Monroe, of Virginia, was elected Presi- 
 dent. During this terra, the interests of the country pros- 
 pered. No struggle occurred between the politicians of New 
 England and the South, till 1820, when Missouri applied for 
 admission into the Union as a Slave State. The Eastern 
 States opposed it violently, on the ground of extending 
 slavery. The Union was in danger of dissolution, when, 
 finally, Missouri was admitted by Congress as a Slave State, 
 on the compromise that thereafter no Slave States should be 
 created north of 36° 30' parallel of latitude. 
 
 In 1821, James Monroe was reelected President. During 
 this term, a new conflict arose between the politicians of New 
 England and those of the South, on the subject of the Tariff 
 poUcy inaugurated at the peace. New England demanded 
 more protection for her manufactures. This the South op- 
 posed, on the ground that her manufactures had protection 
 enough, and next, because an increase of the Tarifi" was se- 
 riously detrimental to the interests of the South. 
 
 In 1825, John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was 
 elected President.* During this term, a heated contest was 
 
 * This election was made by the House of Representatives, as pro- 
 vided in the Constitution, in default of an election by the people. 
 
AND REPOSITORY CF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 119 
 
 carried on between New England and the South, on the 
 Tariff poh'cy. In 1828, a new act was passed by Congress, 
 which raised the duties to an almost prohibitory standard. 
 The average was 40 per cent, on imports. The South de- 
 signated this act as the " Black Tariff. 
 
 In 1829, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, became Presi- 
 dent. During this term, the extreme Tariff policy of New 
 England led to violent remonstrance in South Carolina, 
 whose interests were seriously injured. She alleged that a 
 policy to enrich one section of the country at the expense of 
 another was unjust and unconstitutional. She threatened to 
 resist this policy by force. A compromise was effected, 
 March, 1833, by which the obnoxious Tariff was modified by 
 Congress. 
 
 In 1833, Andrew Jackson was reelected President. 
 During this term, an acrimonious struggle was carried on 
 between the politicians of the North* and South, on the Na- 
 tional Bank, created at the peace. The former maintained 
 it was necessary to their trade and commerce ; the latter, 
 while denying its constitutionality and expediency, also 
 avowed their fears of its becoming a political machine, that 
 might, in the hands of unscrupulous politicians, do much 
 harm. The charter was allowed to expire in 1836. A policy 
 known under the name of '^Internal Improvements," was 
 also discussed in this term. It had tlie support of the 
 North, but the South opposed it, as favoring one section at 
 the cost of the others. 
 
 In 1837, Martin Van Buren, of New York, was elected 
 President. During this term, great financial disorder pre- 
 vailed in the country. The Northern politicians proposed, 
 as a panacea, a new National Bank, a higher Tariff, and a 
 
 * The Northern politicians dropped the title of "Federalist" in 
 1824, and assumed that of "Whig" in 1828. 
 
120 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Bankrupt Law. The South opposed them all, as unnecessary 
 and sectional in their tendency. 
 
 In 1841, William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, was elected 
 President. He died soon after his accession to ofl&ce. The 
 Presidency was then administered by the Vice-President, 
 John Tyler, of Virginia, as provided by the Constitution. 
 During this term. Northern policy mostly prevailed. The 
 Tariff was augmented, September, 1841, and August, 1842. 
 A Bankrupt Law was passed, August, 1841.* A law was 
 carried through Congress, July, 1841, dividing the public 
 domain among the respective States, in proportion to their 
 population. The effect of this was favorable to the manu- 
 facturing States of New England; for, by cutting off from 
 the Federal treasury the receipts from the public lands, it 
 made a higher Tariff imperative, to insure a sufficient reve- 
 nue. The new bank charter failed. At the end of eighteen 
 months, the Bankrupt Act was repealed, 1843. A new 
 Slave State, Texas, was admitted to the Union, March 3, 
 
 1845. The act for dividing the public lands was repealed, 
 January, 1842, as it was found necessary to retain them as 
 security for Federal loans. 
 
 In 1845, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, was inaugurated 
 President. During his term, the Tariff, which was pressing 
 heavily on the interests of the South, was modified, July, 
 
 1846. The President, in a special message to Congress, 
 May, 1846, announced that the Government of Mexico had 
 committed an act of war against the Confederacy. On this' 
 occasion, all sections of the country. North and South and 
 West, united in declaring war against Mexico. The war 
 closed, February, 1848. The treaty of Gaudalupe-Hidalgo, 
 
 * By this act, private debts to the amount of $440,000,000, (£88,- 
 000,000) were cancelled. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 121 
 
 which followed, ceded California and New Mexico to the 
 United States. 
 
 In 1849, Zachary Taylor, of Mississippi, became Presi- 
 dent. During this term, the old issues between the politi- 
 cians of the North and South were abandoned, to wit: the 
 Tariff policy, a National Bank, a system of Internal Im- 
 provements, a Division of the Public Lands. The recent 
 acquisitions of territory, however, afforded the public men 
 of both sections a fertile field of discussion. The North 
 contended against admitting slavery into the new territory. 
 The South declared that its right to joint occupation was 
 incontestible, both in law and equity, and proposed that the 
 compromise of 1820 should be renewed, by extending the 
 Missouri line of 36° 30' to the Pacific Ocean. This the 
 politicians of the North refused. The controversy became 
 so violent, that a separation of the North and South seemed 
 imminent. A compromise, however, took place in 1850, 
 which stopped the discussion, but did not settle the main 
 point in dispute, namely : the right of the South to joint 
 occupation of all new territory. 
 
 In 1853, Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, became 
 President. During this term, the discussion on slavery was 
 renewed. A portion of western territory, named Nebraska, 
 was divided into two territories. One of these was called 
 Kansas, and the other Nebraska. The compromise line of 
 36° 30' ran to the south of these territories, which would 
 have given Kansas as well as Nebraska, the largest, to the 
 North. On the proposition of the Senator from Illinois, 
 Stephen A. Douglas, the compromise line was repealed by 
 Congress. Emigrant societies were established in Massachu- 
 setts and Connecticut, in 1854, to furnish pecuniary aid to 
 settlers in Kansas. In consequence, a hostile population 
 from the North poured into Kansas. Uands of armed men 
 
122 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 from the Nortli paraded the territory. The Federal Govern- 
 ment, whose jurisdiction extended over this distant country, 
 was finally forced to interfere. The leaders of the anti- 
 slavery propaganda, having violated the Federal prerogative 
 by passing a constitution* and electing a Grovernor, were in- 
 dicted for treason, and obliged to take flight. "j" 
 
 In 1857, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was inaugu- 
 rated President. The whole of this term was disturbed by 
 a heated contest between the politicians of the North, on 
 the subject of slavery in the territories. Towards the close 
 of this Presidency, the prolonged strife between the politi- 
 cians, on the topic of slavery, was taken up by the people of 
 the two sections, in an election for a new President, Novem- 
 ber, 1860. The Northern States, being in the majority, 
 pronounced in favor of Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, the 
 exponent of their sectional views. Under these circum- 
 stances, the Southern States have dissolved their connection 
 with the Union. The civil compact they made with the 
 Northern States, in 1789, guaranteeing equal rights to both, 
 and equal protection to all, had been violated. Being in a 
 minority in the Confederacy, they could oppose no legal 
 barrier to the anti-slavery sentiments of the North, which, 
 carried into legislation, would confiscate their property, and 
 even involve their lives. 
 
 * Called the Topeka Constitution, after the village where the Con- 
 vention met. 
 
 f The Northern politicians, during this term, dropped the appel- 
 lation of " Whig," and assumed that of " Republican," better known 
 as " Black Republican." 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 123 
 
 History of 
 ABOLITIONISM IN THE NOETHERN STATES. 
 
 AGGRESSIONS OF THE ABOLITIONISTS AND FANATICS OF THE 
 NORTH ON THE RIGHTS AND PROPERTY OF THE SOUTH. 
 
 Abolitionism, under the guise of pliilantliropic reform, has 
 pursued its course with energy, boldness, and unrelenting 
 bitterness, until it has grown from '^a cloud no bigger than 
 a man's hand'' into the dimensions of the tempest which is 
 to-day lowering over the land, charged with the elements of 
 destruction. Commencing with a pretended love for the 
 black race, it has arrived at a stage of restless, uncompro- 
 mising fanaticism, which will be satisfied with nothing short 
 of the consummation of its wildest hopes. It has become 
 the grand question of the day at the North — of politics, of 
 ethics, of expediency, of justice, of conscience, and of law, 
 covering the whole field of human society and divine govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In this view of the subject, and in view also of the sur- 
 rounding circumstances of the country, which have their 
 origin in this agitation, we give below a history of abolition- 
 ism, from the period it commenced to exist, as an active 
 element in the affairs of the nation, down to the present 
 moment. 
 
 ABOLITIONISTS AND THEIR OBJECTS. 
 
 The real ultra abolitionists, who comprise the larger body 
 of the people of the North — the ^^ reformers," in the lau- 
 
124 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 guage of Henry Clay, are '' resolved to persevere at all 
 hazards, and without regard to any consequences, however 
 calamitous they may be. With them, the rights of property 
 are nothing; the deficiency of the powers of the general 
 government is nothing ; the acknowledged and incontestable 
 powers of the States are nothing -, civil war, a dissolution of 
 the Union, and the overthrow of a government, in which are 
 concentrated the fondest hopes of the civilized world, are 
 nothing. They are for the immediate abolition of slavery, 
 the prohibition of the removal of slaves from State to State, 
 and the refusal to admit any new State comprising within its 
 limits the institution of domestic slavery — all these being 
 but so many means conducive to the accomplishment of the 
 ultimate end at which they avowedly and boldly aim — so 
 many short stages, as it were, in the long and bloody road to 
 the distant goal at which they would ultimately arrive. 
 Their purpose is abolition, ' peaceably if it can, forcibly if it 
 must.' " 
 
 Utterly destitute of Constitutional, or other rightful power; 
 living in totally distinct communities, as alien to the com- 
 munities in which the subject on which they would operate 
 resides, as far as concerns political power over that subject, 
 as if they lived in Asia or Africa, they nevertheless promul- 
 gate to the world their purpose to immediately convert, 
 without compensation, four millions of profitable and con- 
 tented slaves into four millions of burdensome and discon- 
 tented negroes. 
 
 This idea, which originated, and still generall}'- prevails, in 
 New England, is the result of that puritanical frenzy which 
 has always characterized that section of the country, and 
 made it the natural breeding-ground of the most absurd 
 ^' isms " ever concocted. The Puritans of to-day are not 
 less fanatical than were the Puritans of two centuries ago. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 125 
 
 In fact, they have progressed, rather than retrograded. 
 Their god then was the angry, wrathful, jealous god of the 
 Jews — the Supreme Being, now, is the creation of their own 
 intellects, proportioned in dimensions to the depth and fervor 
 of their individual understandings. Then, the Old Testa- 
 ment was their rule of faith. Now, neither old nor new, 
 except in so far as it accords with their consciences, is worth 
 the paper upon which it is written. Their creeds are 
 begotten of themselves, and their high-priests are those who 
 best represent their peculiar '' notions.'^ The same spirit 
 which, in the days of Robespierre and Marat, abolished the 
 Lord's day and worshipped Reason, in the person of a harlot, 
 yet survives to work other horrors. In this age, however, 
 and in a community like the present, a disguise must be 
 worn ; but it is the old threadbare advocacy of human rights, 
 which the enlightenment of the age condemns as impracti- 
 cable. The decree has gone forth which strikes at God, by 
 striking at all subordination and law, and under the specious 
 cry of reform, it is demanded that every pretended evil shall 
 be corrected, or society become a wreck — that the sun must 
 be stricken from the heavens if a spot is found upon his disc. 
 The abolitionist is a practical atheist. In the language of 
 one of their congregational ministers — Rev. Henry Wright, 
 of Massachusetts : 
 
 "The God of humanity is not the God of slavery. If so, shame 
 upon such a God. I scorn him. I will never bow to his shrine ; my 
 head shall go off with my hat when I take it off to such a God as 
 that. If the Bible sanctions slavery, the Bible is a self-evident 
 falsehood. And, if God should declare it to be right, I would fasten 
 the chain upon the heel of such a God, and let the man go free. 
 Such a God is a phantom." 
 
 The religion of the people of New England is a peculiar 
 morality, around which the minor matters of society arrange 
 
126 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 themselves like ferruginous particles around a loadstone. 
 All the elements obey this general law. Accustomed to 
 doing as it j^leases, New England ''morality" has usually 
 accomplished what it has undertaken. Itr has attacked the 
 Sunday mails, assaulted Free Masonry, triumphed over the 
 intemperate use of ardent spirits, and finally engaged in an 
 onslaught upon the slavery of the South. Its channels have 
 been societies, meetings, papers, lectures, sermons, resolu- 
 tions, memorials, protests, legislation, private discussion, pub- 
 lic addresses ; in a word, every conceivable method whereby 
 appeal may be brought to mind. Its spirit has been agita- 
 tion I — and its language, fruits, and measures, have partaken 
 throughout of a character that is thoroughly warlike. 
 
 '' In language no element ever flung out more defiance of 
 authority, contempt of religion, or authority to man. As to 
 agency, no element on earth has broken up more friendships 
 and families, societies and parties, churches and denomina- 
 tions, or ruptured more organizations, political, social, or do- 
 mestic. And as to measures ! What spirit of man ever 
 stood upon earth with bolder front and wielded fiercer 
 weapons ? Stirring harangues ! Stern resolutions ! Fretful 
 memorials ! Angry protests ! Incendiary pamphlets at the 
 South ! Hostile legislation at the North ! Underground 
 railroads at the West ! Resistance to the Constitution ! 
 Division of the Union ! Military contribution ! Sharpe's 
 rifles ! Higher law ! If this is not belligerence enough, 
 Mohammed's work and the old Crusades were an appeal to 
 argument and not to arms." 
 
 It is a very common error that the Puritans persecuted 
 themselves for opinion's sake, sought liberty of conscience in 
 the wilderness of America, and there erected its altar. To 
 Sir George Calvert belongs the imperishable glory of first 
 establishing a government of which universal toleration and 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 127 
 
 religious freedom were the chief foundation stones. It is a 
 remarkable fact that the same spot — the shores of Maryland 
 — which was thus embalmed in the affections of freemen, 
 should, after the lapse of a little more than two centuries 
 and a quarter, be the first territory of the great republic de- 
 secrated by the foot of the tyrant, and the extinction of 
 political and civil liberty. 
 
 It is true that the Puritans fled from England on account 
 of violent opposition, amounting to persecution. In thus 
 expatriating these schismatics, the English of that day, as 
 subsequent developments have demonstrated, exhibited a 
 thorough insight into the nature and tendencies of their 
 principles and character. One of their first acts, after their 
 colony had assumed some form and substance, was the estab- 
 lishment of a spiritual despotism and religious intolerance as 
 cruel and relentless as the Roman Inquisition in Spain. 
 Professing to be themselves religious refugees, they de- 
 nounced a dreary banishment against all heretics and non- 
 conformists. Every student of American history is familiar 
 with the sad but ever-glorious story of Roger Williams. He 
 was a fugitive from the persecutions of the old world, but, 
 unlike his fellow-sufi'erers, comprehended the nature and 
 wrong of intolerance, and proposed the true remedy. He 
 taught that 'Hhe civil magistrate should restrain crime, but 
 never control opinion ; should punish guilt, but never violate 
 the freedom of the soul.'' He contended for the abolition 
 of all laws punishing non-conformists, requiring the perform- 
 ance of religious duties, enforcing pecuniary contributions to 
 the support of the church; and that equal protection should 
 be extended to every religious belief — the peace of the State, 
 like the vital fluid we breathe, surroundino- and o-atherinc: 
 alike over mosque, synagogue, cathedral, and the humble 
 "house of God" of the Protestant, securing to their re- 
 
128 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 spective worshippers unmolested sanctity of conscience. For 
 holding and advocating these just and truly sublime doc- 
 trines, now fully recognized and enforced by the free Consti- 
 tution of the Confederate States, this "young minister, 
 godly and zealous, having precious gifts,^' and whose opinions 
 and teachings we have given in almost the identical language 
 of a Yankee historian, was most cruelly persecuted by the 
 Puritans, and forced to hide himself in the recesses of the 
 howling wilderness ^' in winter snow and inclement weather, 
 of which he remembered the severity even in his late old 
 age." " Often,'^ says Bancroft, " in the stormy night he had 
 neither fire, nor food, nor company ; often he wandered with- 
 out a guide, and had no house but a hollow tree." The 
 savage of the forest, more tolerant than these narrow bigots, 
 and who knew not his God at all, kindly rescued him from 
 the dread doom to which he had been consigned, to find a 
 new home, and found a new State, by the undisturbed waters 
 of the Narragansett. Mrs. Hutchinson, a most pure and 
 excellent woman, for the same crime, suffered the same mis- 
 erable persecutions. There is no more infallible criterion of 
 the tone of a people than the position occupied by the weaker 
 sex. Gallantry was the guiding-star of returning light in the 
 mediasval ao-es. Devotion to women makes gentlemen. And 
 where gentlemen inhabit, there woman " rules the court, the 
 camp, the grove ;" her refined presence elevates him above 
 his more grovelling nature; and in return he is in very 
 truth her slave, and with life and limb and manly honor de- 
 voted to her service. The historical fact which we last men- 
 tioned, therefore, truly illustrates Yankee character. Heavens ! 
 what a spectacle ! A horde of mean-spirited, whining Yan- 
 kees pelting a shivering, defenceless woman into a rigorous 
 exile, for entertaining a peculiar opinion, or not conforming 
 to some rite of public worship. And with what unutterable 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 129 
 
 indignation does the Southern blood boil at the hanging of 
 Mary Dyer, simply because she was a Quaker. This was her 
 only offence. She died, and died upon the gallows, because 
 she held a faith different from those people lolio had devoted 
 themselves a sacrifice on the altar of religious liberty. The 
 ferocious and bloody fanaticism of the witchcraft persecutions 
 is too revoltinc; for statement. It is enoucrh to recur to it. 
 
 "And what man, seeing this, 
 And having human feelings, does not blush. 
 And hang his head, to think himself a man!" 
 
 Glance for a moment at the Puritans in power in the colony 
 of Maryland, in the year 1676. We have already alluded 
 to the fact that the Koman Catholics had there established 
 perfect freedom of conscience, and opened an asylum for the 
 persecuted and proscribed of every faith. Availing them- 
 selves of this liberality of religious jurisprudence, many 
 Puritans from New England entered the colony, and in the 
 course of a revolution, in the year we have named, mounted 
 into political power. The earliest exercise of sovereignty by 
 this new and godly rcgitne was an edict prohibiting the free- 
 dom of public worship to all papists and prelatists. Here 
 we see manifested the same despicable spirit that now ani- 
 mates the Lincoln government. Indeed, the Yankee is the 
 same animal in all ages, and in all situations. He is " uni- 
 versal." 
 
 The srreat fathers of the State were convinced that the 
 
 o 
 
 heterogeneous peoples, whom they had bound together, would 
 not long dwell in peace. Washiugton sincerely desired the 
 perpetuation of the Union, but he died in the belief that, 
 in the course of time, his tomb would become the exclusive 
 property of the South. And John Adams, perhaps the next 
 man to Alexander Hamilton, among the Northern patriots, 
 
130 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 had a clear and unclouded vision of the great rupture, 
 though he was somewhat deceived as to its proximity to his 
 own day. The following passage from Mr. Jefferson's diary, 
 presents the views of Mr. Adams upon this subject, and is 
 also interesting as another illustration of the supreme mean- 
 ness of Yankee sentiment, even in its most exalted type. 
 
 " December the 30th, 1803. The Rev. Mr. Coffin, of New Eng- 
 land, who is now here, soliciting donations for a college in Green 
 county, in Tennessee, tells me that when he first determined to en- 
 gage in this enterprise, he wrote a paper, recommendatory of the 
 enterprise, which he meant to get signed by clergymen, and a simi- 
 lar one for persons in a civil character, at the head of which he 
 wished Mr. Adams to put his name, he being then President, and the 
 application going only for his name, and not for a donation. Mr. 
 Adamsf after reading the paper and considering, said ' he saw no 
 possibility of continuing the union of the States ; that their dissolu- 
 tion must necessarily take place; that he, therefore, saw no pro- 
 priety in recommending to New England men to promote a literary 
 institution in the South; that it was, in fact, giving strength to 
 those who were to be their enemies, and therefore he would have 
 nothing to do with it.' " 
 
 What was philanthropy in our forefathers has become mis- 
 anthropy in their descendants, and compassion for the slave 
 has given way to malignity against the master. Conse- 
 quences are nothing. The one idea preeminent above all 
 others is abolition I 
 
 It is worthy of notice in this connection that most aboli- 
 tionists know little or nothing of slavery and slaveholders 
 beyond what they have learned from excited, caressed, and 
 tempted fugitives, or from a superficial, accidental, or preju- 
 diced observation. From distorted facts, gross misrepresen- 
 tations, and frequently malicious caricatures, they have come 
 to regard Southern slaveholders as the most unprincipled 
 men in the universe, with no incentive but avarice, no feel- 
 ing but selfishness, and no sentiment but cruelty. 
 
AND REPOSITORY Or USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 131 
 
 Their information is acquired from discharged seamen, 
 runaway slaves, agents, factious politicians, and scurrilous 
 tourists ', and no matter how exaggerated may be the facts, 
 they never fail to find willing believers among this class of 
 people. 
 
 In the Church, the missionary spirit with which the men 
 of other times and nobler hearts intended to embrace all, 
 both bond and free, has been crushed out. New methods of 
 Scriptural interpretation have been discovered, under which 
 the Bible brincrs to liaht thino;s of which Jesus Christ and 
 
 o o o 
 
 his disciples had no conception. Assemblings for divine 
 worship have been converted into occasions for the secret 
 dissemination of incendiary doctrines, and thus a common 
 suspicion has been generated of all Northern agency in the 
 diffusion of religious instruction among the slaves. Of the 
 five broad, beautiful bands of Christianity thrown around the 
 North and the South — Presbyterian, old school and new, 
 Episcopalian, Methodist, and Baptist, to say nothing of the 
 divisions of Bible, tract, and missionary societies — three are 
 already ruptured — and whenever an anniversary brings to- 
 gether the various delegates of these organizations, the sad 
 spectacle is presented of division, wrangling, vituperation, 
 and reproach, that gives to religion and its professors any 
 thing but that meekness of spirit with which it is wont to 
 be invested. 
 
 Politically, the course of abolition has been one of constant 
 aggression upon the South. 
 
 At the time of the Old Confederation, the amount of ter- 
 ritory owned by the Southern States was 647,202 square 
 miles; and the amount owned by the Northern States, 
 164,081. In 1783, Virginia ceded to the United States, for 
 the common benefit, all her immense territory northwest of 
 the river Ohio. In 1787, the Northern States appropriated 
 
182 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 it to their own exclusive use, by passing the celebrated ordi- 
 nance of that year, whereby Virginia and all her sister States 
 were excluded from the benefits of the territory. This was 
 the first in the series of aggressions. 
 
 Again, in April, 1803, the United States purchased from 
 France, for fifteen millions of dollars, the territory of Lou- 
 isiana, comprising an area of 1,189,112 square miles, the 
 whole of which was slaveholding territory. In 1821, by the 
 passage of the Missouri Compromise, 904,667 square miles 
 of this was converted into free territory. 
 
 Again, by the treaty with Spain, of February, 1819, the 
 United States gained the territory from which the present 
 State of Florida was formed, with an area of 59,268 square 
 miles, and also the Spanish title of Oregon, from which they 
 acquired an area of 341,463 square miles. Of this cession, 
 Florida only has been allowed to the Southern States, while 
 the balance — nearly six-sevenths of the whole — was appro- 
 priated by the North. 
 
 Again, by the Mexican cession, was acquired 526,078 
 square miles, which the North attempted to appropriate under 
 the pretence of the Mexican laws, but which was prevented 
 by the measures of the Compromise of 1850. Of slave ter- 
 ritory cut ofi" from Texas, there have been 44,662 square 
 miles. 
 
 To sum this up, the total amount of territory acquired 
 under the Constitution has been, by the 
 
 Northwest cession 286,681 square miles. 
 
 Louisiana cession 1,189,112 " " 
 
 Florida and Oregon cession 400,731 " " 
 
 Mexican cession 526,078 " " 
 
 Total 2,402,602 " *« 
 
 Of all this territory, the Southern States have been per- 
 mitted to enjoy only 283,713 square miles, while the Northern 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 133 
 
 States have been allowed 2,083,889 square miles, or between 
 seven and eight times more than has been allowed to the 
 South. 
 
 The following are some of the invasions that have been, 
 from time to time, proposed upon the Constitution, in the 
 halls of Congress, by these agitators : 
 
 1. That the clause allowing the representation of three- 
 lifths of the slaves shall be obliterated from the Constitution ; 
 or, in other words, that the South, already in a vast and in- 
 creasing minority, shall be still further reduced in the scale 
 of insignificance, and thus, on every attempted usurpation of 
 her rights, be far below the protection of even a Presidential 
 veto. 
 
 Nest has been demanded the abolition of slavery in the 
 District of Columbia, in the forts, arsenals, navy yards and 
 other public establishments of the United States. "What ob- 
 ject have the abolitionists had for raising all this clamor 
 about a little patch of soil ten miles square, and a few in- 
 considerable places, thinly scattered over the land — a mere 
 grain of sand upon the beach — unless it be to establish the 
 precedent of Congressional interference, which would enable 
 them to make a wholesale incursion upon the constitutional 
 rights of the South, and to drain from the vast ocean of al- 
 leged national guilt its last drop ? Does any one suppose 
 that a mere microscopic concession like this would alone ap- 
 pease a conscience wounded and lacerated by the ^^ sin of 
 slavery V 
 
 Another of these aggressions is tjiat which was proposed 
 under the pretext of regulating commerce between the 
 States — namely, that no slave, for any purpose and under any 
 circumstances whatever, shall be carried by his lawful owner 
 from one slavcholding State to another ; or, in other words, 
 that where slavery now is there it shall remain forever, until, 
 
134 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 by its own increase, the slave population sliall outnumber the 
 white race, and thus by a united combination of causes — the 
 fears of the master, the diminution in value of his property, 
 and the exhausted condition of the soil — the final purposes 
 of fanaticism may be accomplished. 
 
 Still another in the series of aggressions, was that at- 
 tempted by the Wilmot Proviso, by which Congress was 
 called upon to prohibit every slaveholder from removing with 
 his slaves into the territory acquired from Mexico — a terri- 
 tory as large as the old thirteen States originally composing 
 the Union. It appears to have been forgotten that whether 
 slavery be admitted upon one foot of territory or not, it can- 
 not affect the question of its sinfulness in the slightest de- 
 gree, and that if every nook and corner of the national fabric 
 were open to the institution, not a single slave would be 
 added to the present number, or that, if excluded, their 
 number would not be a" single one the less. 
 
 We might also refer to the armed and bloody opposition to 
 the Fugitive Slave Law, to the passage of Personal Liberty 
 Bills, to political schemes in Congress and out, and to sys- 
 tematic agitation everywhere, with a view to stay the progress 
 of the South, contract her political power, and eventually 
 lead, at her expense, if not of the Union itself, to the utter 
 expurgation of this "tremendous national sin." 
 
 In short, the abolitionists have contributed nothing to the 
 welfare of the slave or of the South. While over one hun- 
 dred and fifty millions have been expended by slaveholders 
 in emancipation, except in those sporadic cases where the 
 amount was capital invested in self-glorification, the aboli- 
 tionists have not expended one cent. 
 
 More than this : They have defeated the very objects at 
 which they have aimed. When Virginia, Maryland, Ken- 
 tucky, or some other border State has come so near to the 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 135 
 
 passage of gradual emancipation laws that the hopes of the 
 real friends of the movement seemed about to be realized, 
 abolitionism has stepped in, and, with frantic appeals to the 
 passions of the negroes, through incendiary publications, 
 dashed them to the ground, and producing a reaction through- 
 out the entire community that has crushed out every in- 
 cipient thought of future manumission. 
 
 Such have been the obvious fruits of abolition. Church, 
 State, and society ! — nothing has escaped it. Nowhere pure, 
 nor peaceable, nor gentle, nor easily entreated, nor full of 
 mercy and good fruits ; but everywhere forward, scowling, 
 uncompromising, and fierce, breaking peace, order, and struc- 
 ture, at every step, crushing with its foot what would not bow 
 to its will ; defying government, despising the Church, di- 
 viding the country, and striking Heaven itself, if it dared to 
 obstruct its progress ; purifying, pacifying, promising nothing, 
 but marking its entire pathway by disquiet, schism, and ruin. 
 
 We come now to the train of historical facts upon which 
 we rely in proof of the foregoing assertions. 
 
 From what I have already stated, it may be seen that 
 during the colonial existence of this country, African Slavery 
 had been introduced and overspread its whole surface. The 
 Southern Colonies had, from the fertility of the soil and 
 the value of their productions, become the most profitable 
 mart for Black labor ; but the influx gradually outstripped 
 their productive powers, and began, as elsewhere, to inspire 
 the leading men of this section with serious alarm.* They 
 devised what means they could to check it,, but commercial 
 rapacity eluded or overpowered their remonstrances. While 
 the Southern Colonies were thus sufi"ering, at this early date, 
 both inconvenience and detriment from the Blacks who were 
 
 * On account of the immense number of Slaves imported by the 
 North. 
 
136 THE CONrEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 forced upon them, the Northern, or New England Colonies, 
 were driving a brisk and profitable business upon the solitary 
 basis of the African Slave Trade. The principal occupa- 
 tions of these Colonies consisted of Commerce and the Fish- 
 eries. The New England ships made the voyage to England 
 with tobacco, rice, and other Southern products, and then 
 took in British manufactures for the Gold Coast, which ex- 
 changing for Blacks, they returned with them to the South- 
 ern Colonies, sold them, and reloaded with tobacco, etc., for 
 the North and Europe, as before, thus completing the round 
 voyage. The fisheries employed a considerable number of 
 persons, and the cured fish found sale chiefly in the Catholic 
 countries of Europe, mostly in exchange for coin,'^ which 
 was always in demand for England. Large quantities of 
 these fish were sold in the West Indies for sugar and mo- 
 lasses. The latter was distilled into rum, which, in the 
 changing character of ^he Slave Trade on the Coast under 
 the British Grovernors, rapidly became a favorite article of 
 barter for Blacks, greatly to the dissatisfaction of the English 
 manufacturers of coast-goods. Lord Sheffield, in his report 
 to the Parliamentary Committee of 1777, states, that ''out 
 of the Slavers which periodically left Boston, thirteen of 
 them were loaded with rum only, and that having exchanged 
 this for 2,888 Negroes with the governors of the Gold Coast, 
 they carried them thence to the Southern Colonics." The 
 same report mentions that during the three years ending with 
 1770, New England had sent 270,147 gallons of rum to the 
 Gold Coast. Thus, from what I have stated, the startling 
 fact will be elicited, that the Northern and Southern Colo- 
 nies, long before the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, 
 were engaged in a lively controversy on the subject of 
 
 * These were almost the only coins that cii'ciilated in those Colo- 
 nies at that time, and consisted of Joes, Ilalf-Joes, Pistoles, etc. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 1S7 
 
 slavery; the South resisting the excessive flow of Blacks 
 into their section, and New England persisting in the impor- 
 tation for the profits of the trade. The South was anxious 
 to stop the Slave Trade and manumit their Blacks, but New 
 England, like the mother country, was not disposed to listen 
 to them, and abandon so lucrative a traffic. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson, of Virginia, seems to have been one of the 
 most earnest advocates of the Southern sentiment. In 1777, 
 being then a member of the Virginia Legislature, he brought 
 in a bill which became a law, " to prevent the importation of 
 slaves." He also proposed a system of general emancipation, 
 as a preliminary to which he introduced a bill to authorize 
 manumission, and this became a law. In these efforts he had 
 the support and sympathy of the Slaveholding States, who 
 were overrun with slaves, that returned no ad^equate remu- 
 neration. At this period their numbers reached some 
 600,000, a part of whom were employed in raising tobacco 
 and rice. The majority of them, however, were occupied in 
 domestic farm-labor, producing no exportable values. Hence 
 there was no profit in slavery at the South, while at the North 
 it was even a greater burden. Massachusetts found it so un- 
 productive that, in 1780, she abolished it in her own borders, 
 but she did not cease for that reason to force it, by her im- 
 portations, on the South. 
 
 In the Congress of the Confederation, the views of the 
 North and South on the subject of slavery, founded on in- 
 terests so antagonistic, frequently came into collision. It 
 was at this epoch, too, that Virginia, Georgia, and other 
 Southern States, ceded to the Federal Government, for the 
 common benefit of all the States, their immense Western 
 Territories. All the States were then Slaveholding, and the 
 idea that a man could not hold his slaves in any part of the 
 territory of the United States, had never yet been broached. 
 
138 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 On the contrary, the right to carry them everywhere was un- 
 doubted. The policy of Virginia, however, was manumis- 
 sion ; and Mr. Jefferson, in 1784, prepared in the Congress 
 of the Confederation a clause preventing slaves being carried 
 into the said territories ceded to the United States, north of 
 the Ohio River. This was a part of the Southern scheme of 
 manumission, which was meant as a check to the tradins: in 
 Negro slaves, carried on by Massachusetts with unabated ac- 
 tivity. This clause did not pass at the time, but, in 1787, it 
 was renewed by Nathan Dane, in the Federal Convention. 
 The clause enjoining the restitution of fugitive slaves was 
 then added, and it passed unanimously. By a unanimous vote 
 it became a vital part of the Federal Constitution, and without 
 it this compact could never have gone into effect. The Slave 
 Trade carried on by the North became, also, the theme of 
 much sharp discussion in the Convention. The North was 
 not disposed, of course, to give it up, but with the South it 
 had become an intolerable grievance. They had long and 
 earnestly protested against it when carried on by the mother 
 country, but their minds were now made up to break with 
 the North rather than submit further to this traffic. The 
 North then demanded compensation for the loss of this very 
 thriving trade, and the South readily conceded it by granting 
 them the monopoly of the coasting and carrying trade 
 against all foreign tonnage. In this way it was settled that 
 the Slave Trade should be abolished after 1808.* Without 
 
 * In corroboration of the above, I append the following extract 
 from the sermon of Rev. Dr. N. Adams, of the Essex Street Church, 
 Boston, delivered on Fast Day, January 4, 1861 : 
 
 "We at the North are certainly responsible before God for the 
 existence of slavery in our land. The Committee of the Convention 
 which framed the Constitution of the United States consisted of 
 Messrs. Rutledge, of South Carolina, Randolph, of Virginia, and 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 139 
 
 this important clause, the South would never have consented 
 to enter into a Confederacy with the North. The Federal 
 Constitution, with these essential clauses, having passed into 
 operation, it became, henceforth, a certainty that the Slave 
 Trade would finally expire in the United States at the close of 
 1808. This left it still a duration of nineteen years, and the 
 North seemed determined to reap the utmost possible advantai^e 
 from the time remaining. The Duke de Rochefoucault- 
 Liancourt, in his work on the United States, 1795, states, 
 that ^' twenty vessels from the harbors of the North are en- 
 gaged in the importation of slaves into Georgia; they ship 
 one Negro for every ton burden." Thus we see, that while 
 New England was vigorously engaged in buying and selHng 
 Negro slaves, Virginia, on the other hand, was steadfastly 
 pursuing her theory of manumission. 
 
 In 1793, Congress, on the recommendation of President 
 Washington, passed an act to put in force the clause of the 
 Constitution enjoining the restoration of fugitive slaves. It 
 seems evident they were regarded by the Constitution in the 
 light of property only. It likewise provided for taxing them, 
 
 three from Free States, viz. : Messrs. Wilson of Pennsylvania, Gor- 
 ham, of Massachusetts, and Ellsworth, of Connecticut. They re- 
 ported as a section for the Constitution, that no tax or other duty 
 should be laid on the migration or importation of such persons as 
 the several States should think proper to admit ; not that such mi- 
 gration or importation should be prohibited. This was referred by 
 the Convention to a committee, a majority of whom being from the 
 Slave States, they reported that the Slave Trade be abolished after 
 1800, and that a tax be levied on imported slaves. But in the Con- 
 vention, the Free States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and 
 Connecticut, voted to extend the trade eight years, and it was accord- 
 ingly done ; by means of which it is estimated there are now at least 
 three hundred thousand more slaves in the country than there would 
 otherwise have been." 
 
140 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 and ordained that three-fifths of their number should be a 
 basis of representation. This was, certainly, the view taken 
 by the framers of the Constitution, in their intercourse with 
 foreign nations. John Adams, afterwards President, and 
 Doctor Franklin signed, in 1783, the Treaty of Peace with 
 Great Britain, which contained provision for payment of 
 ^' Slaves and other Property" carried away during the War. 
 These Treaties were examined and approved by the Govern- 
 ment, composed also of the very men who had taken the 
 leading part in drafting the Constitution. In the Treaty of 
 Peace at Ghent, in 1815, the same clause recurred, and the 
 British Government paid a million and a half of dollars for 
 Slaves that had been carried olF by the enemy. The ac- 
 counts of Hon. Richard Kush, when Secretary of the Trea- 
 sury, contain the various sums paid by the United States 
 Government to the '^ Owners of Slaves and other Property." 
 Our Government has also made frequent demands for the 
 payment of Slave-property since the Peace. Some twenty 
 years since, the American Minister, Mr. Andrew Stevenson, 
 conducted a negotiation with England for the payment of 
 sundry slaves that had been cast ashore from wrecked Amer- 
 ican vessels, and set free by the authorities of Bermuda. 
 The demand was finally acknowledged, and the sum of 
 £23,500 was paid as an indemnity. In a word, the action of 
 the Federal Government has been uniform and consistent 
 in asserting and protecting the rights of our Slave-owners 
 against all Foreign Powers. The right to this property has 
 been just as positively recognized in our domestic relations. 
 In all the State Conventions held to discuss the Federal 
 Constitution prior to adopting it, the right of property in 
 slaves was never contested. The law at that time for recov- 
 ering that property was of a summary nature. The owner 
 might seize his property wherever he found it, arid on making 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 141 
 
 an affidavit before a Federal Judge, a warrant was issued for 
 the removal of it. There was no provision for trial by jury, 
 or for writ of Habeas Corjms, which would be indispensable 
 if Black Slaves were considered as persons. 
 
 In 1797, John Adams, who signed the Treaty of Peace, 
 and was the leader of the New England or Federal Party, 
 succeeded Washington in the Presidential chair. At this 
 period, the Slavery question was frequently agitated by the'' 
 Democratic Party of the South, with a view to its modifica- 
 tion. In 1800, January 2, Mr. Wain, of Philadelphia, pre- 
 sented a petition to Congress, from the free Blacks of Phila- 
 delphia, praying for a revision of the Fugitive Slave Law. 
 On this occasion, Mr. Harrison Gray Otis, a leader of the 
 Federal party, thus expressed himself: ''Although he pos- 
 sessed no slaves himself," he said, ^^yet he saw no reason 
 why others might not ] and that their owners, and not Con- 
 gress, were the fittest persons to regulate that species of 
 propcrti/." Mr. Brown, of Rhode Island, on the same occa- 
 sion, declared " that the petition was not from Negroes, but 
 was the contrivance of a combination of Jacobins, (meaning 
 the Democratic party), who had troubled Congress for many 
 years, and he feared would never cease to do so. He there- 
 fore moved that the petition be taken away by those who had 
 brought it there." The motion being supported by Messrs. 
 Gallatin, Dana, and other Northern members, the petition 
 was withdrawn. In this debate, the Northern members who 
 represented the Slave-trading interests, naturally adhered to 
 the Property in Blacks, although the new doctrine of the 
 British Abolitionists began to make converts in this coun- 
 try, outside of the body of Quakers, who had always opposed 
 slavery. 
 
 It may be as well to remark here, that it does not appear 
 any laws were ever enacted in Great Britain authorizing the 
 
142 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 trading in, or possession of, Black Slaves as property. Nev- 
 ertheless, that they were so regarded, is evident from the 
 opinion of the Eleven Crown Judges, given in pursuance of 
 an Order in Council, and in consequence of which the Navi- 
 gation Act was extended to the Slave Trade, to the exclusion 
 of Aliens. The laws by which England allowed the holding 
 of slaves, extended, of course, to the Colonies; and all those 
 bf North America held slaves, without any special enact- 
 ments for that purpose. The right was inherent, like that 
 to any property; and when the separation of the Colonies 
 from the mother country took place, that legal right, like the 
 Common Law of England, survived the Kevolution, and re- 
 mained in. force in all parts of the country. 
 
 It is claimed by the Anti-slavery party that slavery exists 
 by local law only, and cannot exist out of the State sanc- 
 tioning it. Whereas, it is maintained by their opponents 
 that it originally existed all over the land, whether as Colo- 
 nies or States, and that it required a special law to exclude 
 it. This fact is beyond cavil.* It should be also recol- 
 lected that the Spanish and French Colonies, that after- 
 wards became a part of the United States, derived the right 
 to hold slaves from the head of the Church, as well as from 
 the State. 
 
 To return to the record of events. During Mr. Jeffer- 
 son's first term of office, the State of Virginia proposed to 
 the Federal Government that the proceeds of the public 
 lands that had been ceded to it should be appropriated to 
 the manumission and removal of slaves, with the sanction of 
 the respective States. This movement was not successful. 
 
 * Among other authorities on this question of the clay, may be 
 cited that of Chief Justice Parker, of Massachusetts, the leading Abo- 
 lition State. In 2 Pickering, he says: "We thus, in making the 
 Constitution, entered into an agreement that slaves should be con- 
 sidered as property," etc. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 143 
 
 It is necessary to notice two very important events that 
 occurred during the administration of Mr. Jefferson, which 
 wholly changed the destiny of Black Slavery in the United 
 States. The first was the invention of the cotton-crin * 
 which gave great additional value to this staj^le, and hence 
 opened a broader field to the employment of the Blacks. 
 The next was the purchase of Louisiana, which added new 
 and valuable territory to the South and its special products. 
 These two events revolutionized completely the value of 
 Slave labor at the South, and the Blacks, instead of contin- 
 uing a burden, as hitherto, became henceforward a source of 
 profit. 
 
 On the other hand, the approaching termination of the 
 Slave Trade, which had profitably employed for so many 
 years the commercial interests of New England, rendered 
 that section not only indifferent to the prolongation of 
 slavery, but even out of chagrin from having been forced by 
 the opposition of the South to give it up, they began to 
 nourish a species of spite against it, and which has since 
 manifested itself with uninterrupted bitterness. 
 
 The cessation of the Slave Trade, and the purchase of 
 Louisiana, both of which were so distasteful to the North, 
 were followed, as already stated by the Embargo Act, in Mr. 
 Jefferson's administration ; and all this together, gave nearly 
 a quietus to the commercial interests of New England. The 
 exasperation which followed these measures, that seemed to 
 threaten ruin to this section, led shortly to a desire to break up 
 the Confederacy. In February, 1809, the Governor-General 
 of Canada, Craig, deputed his agent, John Henry, to go to 
 Boston and treat with the leading Federalists there; and by the 
 
 •5^ This admirable machine for separating the seed from the cotton, 
 ■with extreme celerity, was the invention of Eli Whitney. 
 
144 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 arrangement tlien made, Massachusetts was to declare itself 
 independent, and inviie a Congress to erect a separate Gov- 
 ernment. Mr. John Q. Adams, Ex-President, in a letter to 
 Mr. Otis, 1828, states that the plan had been so far ma- 
 tured, that proposals had been made to a certain individual 
 to put himself at the head of the military organization. 
 These schemes went on until they resulted in the Hartford 
 Convention, 1814, where the subject of a Northern Confed- 
 eracy, in all its bearings, underwent discussion. The senti- 
 ment of the North at that time may be seen in the party cry : 
 ^' The Potomac for a boundary — The Negro States to them- 
 selves.'^ This was the favorite phrase of the day all over 
 the Eastern States. The peace with Great Britain soon 
 afterwards occurred, and the stimulus this gave to business of 
 all kinds, together with the conciliatory conduct, as stated of 
 Mr. Calhoun, of South Carolina, diverted New England from 
 her resolute menace to break up the Union. 
 
 While this irritation was still linc-erinfj; in the Northern 
 mind, a bill was introduced into Congress, 1818, to authorize 
 the people of Missouri to form a Constitution, preparatory 
 to admission into the Union. This territory was a portion 
 of that same Louisiana whose purchase had been so vehe- 
 mently resisted by New England. During its ownership by 
 Spain, and afterwards by France, slavery had existed in the 
 whole of this territory, and it remained undisturbed after its 
 purchase by the United States ; nevertheless its admission 
 into the Union as a Slave State, was violently opposed by the 
 Eastern States. An ardent political struggle ensued, that 
 threatened the safety of the Confederacy, but which was, 
 finally, allayed by admitting Missouri as a Slave State, but 
 on the condition that no more Slave States should exist north 
 of the 36° 30' parallel of latitude. This is the well-known 
 Missouri Compromise. It was at this time, also, that the 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 145 
 
 Slave Trade was declared^ to be Piracy,%nd punishable with 
 death. 
 
 Meanwhile, slavery had become so manifestly unprofitable 
 at the North, that most of these States abolished it. New 
 York did so in 1826, and many other States, even Delaware, 
 Maryland, and Virginia, were moving in the same direction. 
 New Jersey, Ohio, and Delaware, passed resolutions desiring 
 Congress to appropriate the proceeds of the Public Lands to 
 the manumission of slaves, with the consent of the Slave 
 States. In 1825, Rufus King, of New York, made the same 
 proposition in Congress, where it had been originally intro- 
 duced by Virginia. At this period, in the Southern States 
 the utmost favor was extended to Emancipation. Societies 
 for this purpose were formed to cooperate with the Coloniza- 
 tion Society, then in full vigor, and whose object was to free 
 Blacks and transport them to Liberia. In March, 1825, 
 Virginia passed an act to furnish the Colonists in Liberia, 
 under the direction of the ^'Richmond and Manchester 
 (England) Colonization Society,'' with implements of hus- 
 bandry, clothing, etc. The emancipation of Blacks to be 
 sent to Liberia, were frequent all over the Southern States, 
 and on a liberal scale. Alabama, Louisiana, and Missouri, 
 passed laws prohibiting slaves to be brought within their 
 borders for sale, and further enacting that those brought in 
 by settlers should not be sold under two years. 
 
 The sentiment of Emancipation was making steady pro- 
 gress ; but, at the same time, a decided repugnance to free 
 Blacks began to manifest itself. Ohio, Illinois, and other 
 Northwestern States, forbade by law free] Blacks coming into 
 the State, under any pretence; and a white person who 
 brought one in, was required to give bonds in $500. They 
 were not regarded as citizens of the United States, and from 
 their idle habits, were considered as a nuisance everywhere. 
 6 
 
14() THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 The Southern States also enacted that free Blacks arrivins; 
 there as seamen, should be under surveillance while in port. 
 In consequence of this general antipathy to free Blacks, and 
 in view of the difficulty of deporting them, Mr. Tucker, of 
 Virginia, proposed in Congress, 1825, to set off the territory 
 west of the Rocky Mountains as a Colony for free Blacks. 
 This effort failed ; but all the leading statesmen of the South, 
 Mr, Mangum, Mr. McDuffie, etc., urged the adoption of some 
 scheme of emancipation. 
 
 About this time, a new movement was initiated in New 
 England. The doctrine of Abolition was then at the zenith 
 of its popularity in England, where it was already proposed 
 to transplant it to our Southern States, which would then be 
 converted into a great free Black cotton-growing country. 
 This utterly impracticable idea was seized upon by various 
 individuals of the New England States, who forthwith began 
 to sow the seeds of agitation. It is impossible to attribute 
 to them any very philanthropic motive; for only twenty years 
 had elapsed since Massachusetts had been forced to give up 
 her slave-trading, and it is not at all credible that the tastes 
 thus acquired should, in so short a time, have been sup- 
 planted by so ardent a love for the Negro of the South as to 
 desire his manumission at the risk of breaking up the Con- 
 federacy. No ; it really looked more like the renewed ex- 
 pression of that old grudge which the Eastern States have 
 for so many years nourished against the South. 
 
 In 1828, a Mr. Arthur Tappan subscribed, with the aid of 
 friends in Boston, sufficient funds to establish a newspaper in 
 New York, called the "Journal of Commerce," whose object 
 was to promote the borrowed English theory of Abolition. 
 Its editor was a certain David Hale, an auctioneer of Boston, 
 and a teacher in the Presbyterian Sunday-school there. At 
 the same juncture, the Baltimore "Genius of Emancipation'' 
 fell into the hands of another Abolitionist, named W. Lloyd 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 147 
 
 Gi-arrison. This individual was the grandson of what was 
 known as a ''Tory" during our Revolutionary War, and who, 
 at the Peace, was compelled to fly the country to Nova Scotia, 
 whence his widowed daughter and her only son returned, 
 some years after, to Boston, to seek a livelihood. The young 
 Garrison readily caught up the doctrine of Abolition, as 
 most congenial to his English antecedents and education, and 
 set to work with baleful energy to urge its propagation, 
 fraught with so many dangers to the country of his adoption. 
 On assuming the editorship of the Baltimore paper, he 
 iustantl}'' assailed both Colonization and Emancipation as 
 only obstructions to Abolition, and openly avowed that the 
 Union of the States was equally an obstacle to Abolition. 
 By some it was supposed that tliis treasonable denunciation 
 of the Union was out of deference to the memory of his 
 Tory grandfather, who had done all lie could to prevent it. 
 
 It may easily be imagined that the startling proclamation 
 of such ultra views as these, led rapidly to a complete revo- 
 lution of feeling at the South. The excitement against 
 Garrison spread far and wide. The Manumission Society of 
 North Carolina demanded his imprisonment, and the State 
 of Georgia set a price upon his head. The emancipation 
 societies at the South began to suspend their operations and 
 to break up. The Baltimore journal mentioned, it was 
 necessary to suppress. The people of the South generally, 
 becoming more and more alarmed at the aggressive attitude 
 of the Abolitionists, began to ponder over some means of 
 defence. 
 
 In the year 1830, the same Garrison founded anew journal 
 in Boston, called "The Liberator," whence he propounded his 
 extreme views in the most extravagant language. In the fol- 
 lowing year, the ''New England Anti-slavery Society" was 
 formed. This was followed in due course by the "iVmerican 
 Anti-slavery Society," under the leadership of Messrs. Garri- 
 
148 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 son, Tappan, and Biruey. The Sunday-schools of the Eastern 
 States became active coadjutors in the same cause. These 
 societies adopted precisely the same tactics as their British 
 prototypes. They circulated tracts and books, full of inflam- 
 matory appeals. Highly-colored engravings too, representing 
 the Black undergoing every kind of torture, were distributed 
 for those who could not read. These were meant more espe- 
 cially to excite the Blacks at the South, and were sent 
 through the mails. These proceedings were considered, at 
 the time, so dangerous to the peace of the community and to 
 the integrity of the Union, that popular indignation fre- 
 quently broke out into riot. In New York, in 1832, the 
 dwelling of Arthur Tappan and the church of Dr. Cox were 
 both demolished by a mob. Many influential citizens sanc- 
 tioned these violent demonstrations of public feeling, and the 
 well-known Editor of the '^ Courier and Enquirer," Mr. 
 James Watson Webb, boasted of his share in this vindication 
 of Southern rights.* 
 
 The Abolitionists of Boston, meanwhile, continued their 
 operations with all the ardor of their puritanical descent. 
 Garrison was sent to England, to obtain funds, by the Anti- 
 slavery Societies ; and in 1834 he returned home with Mr. 
 George Thompson, a Member of Parliament at that time, 
 and an Abolition lecturer. This led to so violent an outcry, 
 that Thompson, alarmed for his safety, went back to Eng- 
 land. A new mode of excitement was then devised by the 
 Abolitionists, who got up a clamor against South Carolina 
 for detaining free Blacks who came into her ports. Massa- 
 chusetts claimed that free Blacks were her citizens, and that 
 as such they had a right to go to South Carolina ; but as she 
 made no complaint against Ohio, Illinois, and other States 
 who also excluded free Blacks, it was evident that she sought 
 
 * This gentleman has since changed his ground, and is now a pro- 
 minent leader of the Anti-slavery party. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 149 
 
 a quarrel with South Carolina, for the very purpose of 
 spreading the Abolition infection. 
 
 A Mr. Hoar was scut by Massachusetts as an agent to 
 Charleston to make a formal complaint of her alleged griev- 
 ance, and, as was anticipated, Mr. Hoar was summarily dis- 
 missed. Upon this the Abolitionists professed great indig- 
 nation, and the Legislature was appealed to for a measure of 
 retaliation, which was soon got up under the title of a "Per- 
 sonal Liberty Bill," which was designed, under a transparent 
 plea, to obstruct the restoration of fugitive Blacks. 
 
 Up to this time. Abolition had been discussed merely as a 
 moral question, but the agitatio]i had gained such strength 
 among its unsuspecting converts, that it was thought high 
 time by its designing leaders to carry it into the political 
 arena, where they anticipated making it a stepping-stone to 
 power and emolument. 
 
 It will be seen in the sequel that these ingenious schemers 
 were doomed to disappointment, and that the spoUa oj^twia 
 of the agitation they began were destined to be gathered by 
 the hand of the professional politician, leaving but "a barren 
 sceptre in their gripe." 
 
 In 1838, the Abolition party was too weak and too ignor- 
 ant of political strategy to dare to take the field in person ; 
 therefore, they began coquetting with the prominent politi- 
 cians of the day. Mr. Marcy and Mr. Seward were, at that 
 time, the candidates of the two rival parties for Governor of 
 the State of New York, and perhaps the two most influential 
 men of the North. The occasion was thought opportune by 
 Messrs. Smith and Jay, the New York sponsors for the un- 
 toward bantling of Abolition, to put these gentlemen to the 
 test. It happened that there existed a statute in New York, 
 called the "Sojournment Law," which allowed a slaveholder 
 to bring his Black servants with him, and remain there nine 
 months, without prejudice to his rights; for it had been de- 
 
150 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 cided in tlie Federal Courts that a slave taken voluntarily 
 into a Free State, could not be recovered. When Mr. 
 Seward was interrogated in relation to this law, he sustained 
 it as '^a becoming act of hospitality to Southern visitors.'' 
 Mr. Marcy made no reply. Mr. Seward, however, changed 
 his views afterwards on this subject, and refused, in 1840, 
 while Grovernor, to restore a fugitive slave, on the requisition 
 of Virginia. 
 
 The evil results of this sectional issue were foreseen by 
 many States; and among others Ohio, in 1840, passed reso- 
 lutions in her Legislsture to the effect that '■'■ Slavery was an 
 institution recognized by the Constitution," and that "the 
 unlawful, unwise, and unconstitutional interference of the 
 fanatical Abolitionists of the North with the institutions of 
 the South, were highly criminal." The violent proceedings 
 of the Northern Abolitionists did not escape the attention of 
 the South, where they created not only alarm, but aroused a 
 deep and natural feeling of indignation. The change of sen- 
 timent that had occurred may be seen in an act of the State 
 of Alabama, to the effect that "all free Blacks remaining in 
 the State after August 1, 1840, should be enslaved." 
 
 At the very close of 1839, a handful of Abolitionists met 
 in Warsaw, N. Y., and decided formally to transform their 
 doctrine from a moral into a political question ; and they set 
 to work at once, on a political organization. Determined to 
 eschew any affiliation with the parties of the day, they 
 selected one of their own band, Mr. Birney, as a candidate 
 for the Presidency of the United States. It was now evident 
 to all dispassionate observers, that the motives of the founders 
 of Abolition were not so much the emancipation of the Blacks, 
 as their own elevation to place and power. It is clear enough 
 the North regarded them with just suspicion at that day, 
 for in the Federal election of 1840, Birney received but 7000 
 votes 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 151 
 
 The agitation of the Slavery question received a new 
 stimulus at this period, from the discussions awakened by the 
 revolt of Texas. This fine country had once formed part of 
 Louisiana, but was ceded by France to Spain, and then 
 became a part of Mexico. In 183G, an insurrection, headed 
 by Americans, broke out, and was soon followed by the inde- 
 pendence of Texas. Speculations now ran high in the price 
 of her lands, and the project was broached of reannexing her 
 to the United States. The celebrated Daniel Webster, among 
 others, favored this scheme ', but he was afterwards induced 
 to change his views and oppose it. Just as in the case of 
 Louisiana, in 1805, the New England States resisted the 
 Annexation of Texas, during the Presidency of Mr. Tyler, 
 on the same pretext of extending slavery, but on the real 
 ground of jealousy of the South. The leading politicians of 
 the day were sorely embarrassed whether to support Annexa- 
 tion or not ; and by opposing it, Mr. Clay lost his election in 
 1844; and for the same reason, Mr. Van Buren failed 
 to obtain his renomination by the Democratic party. The 
 difficulty was terminated by the admission of Texas, March 
 3, 1845, but on the agreement that four States should be 
 formed out of the territory, besides the one existing, and 
 that the States so formed south of the line 36° 30' should be 
 admitted with or without slavery, as their inhabitants should 
 decide, but that slavery should not exist north of that line.* 
 
 A temporary lull followed ; but the Slavery question was 
 soon again evoked, to gratify a political grudge. The rejec- 
 tion'of Mr. Van Buren as the Democratic candidate in 1844, 
 by Southern influence, in consequence of his opposition to 
 Texas, led him, from motives of irritation, to raise up a new 
 
 ■^ The attempt, in 184G, to foist upon the country, to the injury of 
 the South, the infamous " Wilmot Proviso" — a Bill to prevent the 
 right of Southerners to carry tlieir slave property into the Territory 
 acquired from Mexico. The Bill passed the House, but was defeated 
 in the Senate. 
 
152 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 party in New York, on the cry of " Free Soil, or no more 
 Slave States.'^ This act was a violation of the agreement 
 made with the South on the admission of Texas, and was 
 frowned upon by the Democratic party j but the issue started 
 by Mr. Van Buren was successful enough to divide the party 
 in the State of New York, and to give the election to the 
 Northern party. This incensed and alarmed the South, who 
 were at last pacified by the Compromise measures of 1850, 
 which, however, were stoutly opposed by Mr. W. H. Seward, 
 who had become already the chosen and wily representative 
 of the Anti-slavery sentiments of the North. 
 
 I may as well observe here, what I have already stated 
 elsewhere, that the politicians of the North found themselves 
 in the sad predicament of having no political principles to 
 advocate. The settlement of the Tariif question in '46, on 
 the demand of the commercial ioterests of the North, left 
 them wholly destitute of any policy by which they might 
 hope to ride into power. Under these circumstances, it was 
 natural they should follow with a wistful eye the labors of 
 the Abolitionists, who had certainly succeeded in working up 
 the feelings of the North to a lively pitch of excitement on 
 Southern Slavery. They were not, of course, disposed to 
 borrow the extreme views of these zealots, which were wholly 
 incompatible with the existence of the Union ; but they 
 thought they might venture to utilize to their advantage the 
 Anti-slaveryrsentiments that had been so skilfully aroused. 
 They set about this very adroitly by raising a cry against 
 extending slave territory, which, it was supposed, would 
 please the susceptibilities of the North, and not too much 
 exasperate the South. Thus we find that eminent politician, 
 Mr. Seward, already at work in 1850, sowing the seeds of 
 the new Anti-slavery party of the North, by opposing the 
 healing policy of Mr. Clay, on the ground of its fostering 
 lavery and increasing its area. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OP USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 153 
 
 One of the prominent measures of the Compromise of 1850, 
 was the new Fugitive Slave Law, which Daniel AVebster 
 declared to be far more favorable to the Blacks than that 
 recommended by AVashington, in 1787. Yet it was seized 
 upon by the cunning of the Anti-slavery politicians to keep 
 up the subsiding agitation, and several of the Legislatures of 
 the Northern States were induced to pass ^' Personal Liberty 
 Bills," in imitation of the example set by Massachusetts. 
 
 I must not omit to remark that the Abolitionists still kept 
 on the even tenor of their way, and were as active as ever in 
 promulgating their impracticable theory by secretly circulat- 
 ing tracts, books and pictures, harping on slavery and all its 
 fancied horrors. They still kept possession of the political 
 field, and still hoped to make a ladder of their hobby by 
 which to ascend to power. In 1852, they dropped Mr. 
 Birney, and selected for their Presidential candidate Mr. 
 Hale, of New Hampshire. He received 157,000 votes, 
 against the 7000 thrown for Birney, in 1840. 
 
 Among other ingenious modes of excitement, a discussion 
 was regularly kept alive at the North as to the citizenship of 
 free Blacks. Several States bestowed the suffrage upon 
 them, as a practical proof of their right to rank as citizens. 
 This controversy was rather inflamed than otherwise, by a 
 decision of the Federal Supreme Court, in the Bred Scotfc 
 case, 1853, which settled that no Blacks are citizens of the 
 United States. In 1854, the Slavery question reappeared in 
 Congress, and the action of the North on this occasion was 
 pregnant with serious consequences. Two new territories of 
 the West were pronounced sufl&ciently occupied to render 
 legislation necessary, and a bill to create a territorial govern- 
 ment in Kansas and Nebraska, was reported by Mr. Douglas, 
 of Illinois. His bill contained a clause to repeal the fiimous 
 Missouri line of 36° 30', running south of the territories in 
 question. . This line was the basis of compromise in 1820, 
 
154 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 and was again a means of adjusting the dispute that arose on 
 the admission of Texas, in 1845. The constitutionality of 
 this line was, however, more than doubtful, for the reason 
 that Congress never had any power conferred on it by the 
 Constitution to legislate on slavery ] nor was it at all neces- 
 sary, since individual States could retain or exclude slavery, 
 according to their pleasure. Besides, the line in question 
 was really a nullity, because slavery was so unprofitable to 
 the north of it that it would never be carried there. It was 
 only to the south of this line that the cotton culture made 
 slavery a profit and a necessity. Hence the South made no 
 objection to its repeal, in 1854 ; but it is difficult to perceive 
 what motive Mr. Douglas could have had in proposing this 
 repeal, unless it was merely to fan the glowing embers of the 
 Slavery question. 
 
 No sooner was this Missouri line revoked, than a prompt 
 and significant movement was made in the New Ensfland 
 States. Emigrant Aid Societies were formed, as already 
 mentioned; and settlers for Kansas, one of the territories 
 just organized, were lustily summoned as recruits in the new 
 crusade against slavery, and funds in the way of bounty were 
 liberally distributed. This unusual means to stimulate emi- 
 gration was designed to secure Kansas as a Free State, by 
 obtaining a majority for the Northern people. Such an 
 attempt, made with demonstrations of vehement hostility to 
 the South, was sure to provoke anger and resistance. This, 
 of course, was calculated upon by the Anti-slavery propa- 
 ganda, and they were not disappointed. The Slave State of 
 Missouri, directly adjoining Kansas, was not disposed to be 
 forestalled, and, as it were, forced out of their legal share to 
 territory in such close proximity ; so they did their best to 
 encourage emigration too, but the slaveholders were naturally 
 chary to carry their Blacks with them, as they were sure to 
 be tempted away. As a matter of course, it was impossible 
 
AND REPOSITORY CF USEFUL KNOAVLEDGE. 155 
 
 for the people of the two opposite sections, in their intem- 
 perate state of mind, to live long in peace together. Colli- 
 sions occurred, and occasional loss of life ensued. The Abo- 
 litionists were eagerly waiting for some such news as this, for 
 it was rightly anticipated that a conflict, sooner or later, was 
 inevitable. 
 
 AVhen the looked-for intelligence at last arrived, a wild and 
 furious shriek for ^^ bleeding Kansas" vibrated in a thou- 
 sand echoes through all the valleys of New England. The 
 organs of the Abolitionists teemed with the most discordant 
 appeals to the passions of the people, and nothing but im- 
 precations of the most startling description were launched 
 against the ^'Border Ruffians," as the settlers from Missouri 
 were forthwith christened. Public meetings were called in 
 the Eastern States, and the pulpit soon became a rostrum for 
 clerical agitators. Subscriptions were rapidly set on foot to 
 buy arms and ammunition for the sacred defenders of anti- 
 slavery in Kansas, whose brows were encircled with the halo 
 of martyrdom. Speculators in " Sharpe's rifles " joined in 
 the well-sustained chorus of the Abolitionists, and a consid- 
 erable profit was the result. At a public meeting in New 
 Haven, a well-known Abolitionist, Rev. II. Ward Beecher 
 of Brooklyn, and brother of the authoress of '' Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin," aided by his presence and language to swell the 
 clamor fast rising in the North. He desired his name to be 
 subscribed for " twenty-five Sharpe's rifles," and announced 
 he would collect the money to pay for them, in his church, 
 the following Sabbath, which was done. 
 
 Such ingenious modes as these, and so skilfully handled, 
 could not fail to excite the sympathies and stir the passions 
 of any community. Ever since 1828, the Abolition party 
 had been laboriously engaged in sapping the mind of the 
 North on the subject of Black Slavery; nor must it be for- 
 gotten that they appealed to something more than its philan- 
 
156 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 tliropy, when they raised the cry of '■'■ No more Slave Terri- 
 tory/^ which simply meant that all that vast extent of country 
 stretching from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, 
 should be given up to Northern emigration. It was natural, 
 certainly, that so palatable a doctrine should be acceptable at 
 the North; but just as natural that it should be unwelcome 
 at the South, whose equal claims were so unceremoniously 
 ignored. 
 
 The harvest so industriously tilled by the Abolitionists, 
 was now ripe ; and the leaders of the old Whig, or Northern 
 party, experienced, astute, and with an organization extend- 
 ing over the entire North, stepped forward, and brushing 
 from their path the noisy fanatics who had sown the seed, 
 they gathered for their own garners the luxuriant crop of 
 anti-slavery sentiment now sprouting all over the North. 
 They met in convention in Philadelphia, June, 1856, and 
 unfurling the flag of the '^ Republican Party," made, for the 
 first time, a sectional issue the basis of party action. They 
 selected for their Presidential candidate Mr. John C. Fre- 
 mont, known in the country as an officer of the army, but 
 without any political antecedents. It was thought judicious 
 not to nominate a politician too closely identified with the 
 anti-slavery movement, lest the possible consequences might 
 alarm the ^' sober second thought " of the North. Thus ac- 
 coutred, the Republican party went to the polls, November, 
 1856, and brought off a vote of 1,334,553. They were de- 
 feated by the Democratic party, which was now the only link 
 between North and South ; but the Republican leaders felt 
 quite sanguine that, with the tactics their experience would 
 suggest, they would carry off the Presidential prize in 1860. 
 It was thus that the moral question as to the sin of slavery, 
 borrowed from England by our Abolitionists, and kept alive 
 by their address till the North was thoroughly infected by it, 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 157 
 
 waSj at last, converted into a political question and made a 
 party issue. 
 
 The Kepublican politicians felt a dread, lest the Northern 
 masses, who had conscientiously imbibed the anti-slavery 
 poison, might force them reluctantly to carry their unconsti- 
 tutional theories into legislation. It is certain they had their 
 misgivings, but there was no alternative. Without a princi- 
 ple or a measure to brandish against their political opponents, 
 there was nothing but to abandon the hope of office, or to do 
 battle with the dangerous arm they had taken from the hands 
 of the Abolitionists. Ambition outweighed patriotism ; and 
 during the four years just elapsed, the country has been dis- 
 tracted with the din of the anti-slavery propaganda. Orators, 
 writers, lecturers, and preachers, have all joined in the meUey 
 and their united efforts were directed to the apotheosis of the 
 negro, and the excommunication of the slaveholder. Every 
 church, public hall, and hustings through the North, has 
 rung with anathemas against the vilified South ; and it is 
 not strange, therefore, that people accustomed to this un- 
 broken strain of vituperation, should begin to believe, at 
 last, that slavery was quite as hideous as it was painted. 
 
 In October, 1859, an event occurred which amazed the 
 whole country. We allude to the invasion of the State of 
 Virginia, by John Brown and his retinue of men. This man 
 Brown had fio;ured in ^'blcedins^ Kansas'' as a darincr rintr- 
 leader of the anti-slavery bands that had contended for the 
 mastery there. When these bloody contests subsided, he 
 was reduced to inaction ; and he chafed at the loss of the 
 stern excitement congenial to his fierce nature. Whether it 
 was fanaticism or ambition that inspired him, no one can 
 say; but he conceived the horrible project of setting on foot 
 a servile insurrection. Followed by a handful of desperate 
 men, he suddenly entered the State of Virginia, seized. the 
 arsenal of the Federal Government, to obtain the arms he 
 
158 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 needed, and raised the cry of " Freedom to Slaves." To his 
 astonishment, no doubt, the affrighted bhicks ran to their 
 masters for protection, and some were shot in seeking to es- 
 cape. This nefarious attempt was quelled bv the arrest of 
 Brown and his confederates, and their subsequent trial and 
 execution. 
 
 One thing -vvas proved by the utter failure of this daring 
 outrage, for it showed that the blacks were contented with 
 their homes, and desired not the emancipation of the sword. 
 Another thing, if not quite so clear, at least looked ominous. 
 This madman, Brown, had been known as an efficient instru- 
 ment in the hands of the anti-slavery party of New England ; 
 and it was, therefore, a matter of conjecture at the South 
 how far he was incited to this fearful attempt against their 
 very existence. Had they not some reason to think the act 
 met the approval of the Abolitionists of the North, when 
 300 bells tolled for the fate of Brown, and when the organs 
 of the party honored his memory, while affecting to disap- 
 prove his conduct ? 
 
 This event sank deep into the mind and heart of the 
 Southern States. They were led to believe, for the first time, 
 that the ultra wing of the Bepublican party contemplated 
 the confiscation of their property and the destruction of their 
 lives. 
 
 Another incident occurred in the summer of 1860, which 
 deepened their conviction that the Northern States had en- 
 tered into a dark conspiracy to desolate their land with fire 
 and sword. It was discovered that a book, called the "Im- 
 pending Crisis,'^ was being secretly circulated all over the 
 North as a " campaign document." The purport of this 
 volume was to show, by assertion, as well as by figures, that 
 the free labor of the North was more profitable than the 
 black labor of the South. The tone of the book was violent 
 in the extreme. We will add a few extracts, which will en- 
 able the reader to form a correct opinion of the character and 
 object of the work : 
 
 " Slavery is a great moral, social, civil, and political evil, to be 
 got rid of at the earliest practical period" — (page 1G8.) 
 
 "Three-quarters of a century hence, if the South retains slavery, 
 ■which God forbid ! she vn^IU be to the North what Poland is to Russia, 
 Cuba to Spain, and Ireland to England" — (p, 163.) 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 159 
 
 *'0n our banner is inscribed — No Cooperation with Slaveholders 
 in Politics; no Fellowship Avith them in Religion; no Aftiliation with 
 them in Society. No Recognition of Pro-slavery men, except as 
 Rufiians, Ontlaws, and Criminals" — (p. 156.) 
 
 " We believe it is, as it ought to be, the desire, the determination, 
 and the destiny of the Republican party to give the death-blow to 
 slavery."— (p. 234.) 
 
 " In any event, come what will, transpire what may, the institu- 
 tion of slavery must be abolished." — (p. 180.) 
 
 "We are determined to abolish slavery at all hazards — in defiance 
 of all the opposition, of whatever nature, it is possible for the 
 Slavocrats to bring against us. Of this they may take due notice, 
 and govern themselves accordingly." — (p. 149.) 
 
 "It is our honest conviction that all the Pro-slavery Slaveholders 
 deserve to be at once reduced to a parallel with the basest criminals 
 that lie fettered within the cells of our public prisons." — (p. 158.) 
 
 "Shall we pat the bloodhounds of slavery? Shall we fee the 
 curs of slavery ? Shall we pay the whelps of slavery ? No, never." — 
 (p. 329.) 
 
 "Our purpose is as firmly fixed as the eternal pillars of heaven; 
 we have determined to abolish slavery, and, so help us' God! abolish 
 it we will."— (p. 187.) 
 
 Tlic volume containing the above quotations, not by any 
 means the most bitter, was endorsed by G8 members of Con- 
 gress of the Republican party, whose names were given for 
 publication. The South, under manifestations like these, 
 felt they had a right to infer that, if a party making such 
 declarations of hostility were elected to power by the North, 
 they must either consent to the early abolition of Black 
 Slavery, or retain it by seceding from the Union. 
 
 When the British G-overnment emancipated the Blacks in 
 her colonies, she acted witli the strictest commercial equity ; 
 but the book in questiou repudiates any compensation to the 
 "curs and whelps of slavery.^' One more extract: 
 
 "The black god of slavery, which the South has worshipped for 
 
 237 years."— (p. 163.) 
 
 Now, the writer is ignorant that the South protested for 
 years, first, against the mother country, and, next, against 
 New England, importing slaves within her borders. How- 
 ever, the object of the book was to inflame the mind of the 
 North against the South, and therefore falsehood was just as 
 good as truth. 
 
 In April, 1860, the delegates of the Democratic party met 
 
160 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 in convention at Charleston, South Carolina, to make their 
 nomination for the Presidency. The Northern wing of the 
 party proposed Senator Douglas as the most eligible candi- 
 date at tiie North, from his doctrine of *' Popular Sov- 
 ereignty.''* The Southern wing objected, as they considered 
 said doctrine only a concession to the Anti-slavery dogma. 
 Mr. Douglas did not withdraw his name, and a rupture of 
 the party ensued. The Northern delegates nominated Mr. 
 Douglas, in Baltimore, June 18 ; and on the same occasion, 
 the Southern delegates nominated Vice-President Breck- 
 inridge. 
 
 This schism doubled the chances of the Republican party, 
 which met in convention to select their candidate at Chi- 
 cago, Illinois, May, 1860. It was generally supposed that 
 Mr. W. H. Seward, the acknowledged leader of the xVnti- 
 slavery party at the North, an able and wily statesman, would 
 be its chosen champion in the electoral lists about to open ; 
 but, to the surprise of all, an almost unknown politician of 
 the West, Mr. Abraham Lincoln, was selected as its standard- 
 bearer. 
 
 On the 6th of November, 1860, the long agitation on the 
 slavery question, that began in 1803, ended with the elec- 
 tion to the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, the representa- 
 tive of the Republican party, but which contained within 
 its bowels, like the Trojan horse of old, the armed men of 
 the Abolition party. Shortly after this event, Gov. Andrew, 
 of Massachusetts, declared at a public meeting, that " the 
 election of Mr. Lincoln was only the first step towards 
 forcible emancipation.'^ 
 
 ABSTRACT. 
 
 The whole territory of the States, North and South, was 
 originally slaveholding — English, Spanish, and French. Not 
 from any local law, but from the laws of the mother 
 country. 
 
 Slaves were regarded only as property in all the thirteen 
 
 * Mr. Douglas proposed giving the people of a Territory the right 
 to retain or exclude slavery, instead of reserving the decision till 
 the Territory was admitted as a State, the practice hitherto. 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 161 
 
 States that formed the Union ; since it would have been a 
 manifest absurdity for the Slaveholders who made the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, to deckirc '' all men were born free 
 and equal," had they not considered their slaves as property. 
 
 In forminii: the Union, the thirteen Slave States conferred 
 upon the Federal Government the power to tax slave prop- 
 erty ; to protect it from foreigners, as well on the national 
 territories as at sea, and also from domestic escape ; and con- 
 ferred no other power, either to prohibit or to extend it. 
 
 The North clung to the profits of the Slave Trade as long 
 as possible, and attacked the slave system when they were 
 deprived of those profits. 
 
 The territory that was once all slave, has become free ; — 
 1st, by the Ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slaves north of 
 the Ohio j 2d, by eight Northern States abolishing slavery in 
 their borders; 3d, by the Missouri Compromise of 1820, 
 prohibiting slaves north of 36° 30' ; 4th, the act admitting 
 Texas recnactiug that line. Thus the North has driven 
 slaves out of half the Territories of the United States, show- 
 ing a constant and large aggression upon the South. 
 
 The duty of the Government is undoubtedly to protect the 
 property upon the Territories, until people there settled form 
 their own laws. 
 
 The agitation of the slave question grew originally out of 
 the chagrin of New England, at being deprived of the Slave 
 Trade and its profits. It was prolonged by the mutual irri- 
 tation that the opposition of Massachusetts to the purchase 
 of Louisiana occasioned. 
 
 Emancipation made steady progress in all the States, until 
 Abolition forced the Slaveholders upon the defensive. 
 
 Abolition made little progress, until unscrupulous partisans 
 coquetted with it for party issues. 
 
 The question of the power of the Government to exclude 
 slavery from the Territories, has been blended with the moral 
 question as to the ''sin of slavery/' 
 
 The cry of " Free Soil " was raised in 1848, by ]Mr. Van 
 Buren, to avenge his non-nomination by the South, at Balti- 
 more. 
 
 The compromise measures of 1850, were carried by the 
 influence of llcury Clay. 
 
162 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 Violation of tlicse compromises, by the "Personal Liberty 
 Bills" of the Northern States, soon followed. 
 
 Kepeal of the Missouri roniprouiise, in 1854. 
 
 Attempt, by the Abolition party, to make Kansas a Free 
 State by force, which was resisted by the South. 
 
 llise of Republican party, under the lead of Mr. VI. II. 
 Seward, and its defeat in 1856. 
 
 Violent agitation of the slavery question at the North, fol- 
 lowed by the invasion of Virginia by John Brown, in 1859, 
 and the circulation of the Helper Book, in 18G0. 
 
 The theory of a "Higher Law'^ at the North, to justify 
 resistance to the Constitution and laws of Congress, has be- 
 gotten the Higher Law of Self-preservation at the South, to 
 justify resistance to a dominant party, which embraces the 
 "sin of slavery" among its tenets. 
 
 The Southern States have been for nearly sixty years the 
 object of political persecution by the North, which they have 
 borne wnth patience and returned with kindness. In 1820, 
 the North entered into a compromise, which has been broken. 
 In 1850 they made new agreements, which have since been 
 violated. In 1860 a legal majority elected a President on the 
 " Platform " that " Slavery must be restricted to its present 
 limits." Outraged in our rights, and threatened in our in- 
 terests, what course is left the South ? To fold their arms 
 and await more injury and endure more obloquy? Would 
 this check the aggressions of the North till both North and 
 South were swallowed up in the vortex of ruin ? It is clear 
 that the South have no alternative. Par better they should 
 have abandoned the Confederacy than remain only to engage 
 in bitter feuds that compromise the dignity of the country, 
 and sow the seeds of undying hatred. 
 
 Id 1789, according to our view, the South entered into a 
 civil compact with the North, on certain conditions and 
 guarantees. These have been broken, and the South re- 
 turns, in her opinion, to her original sovereignty.'"'' Even 
 
 ■''^' This principle of sovereignty was repeatedly asserted by New 
 England during the last Avar, and on January 4, 1815, a report of a 
 committee was raatle in the Hartford Convention, in favor of imme- 
 diate secession from the Union, on the plea that the Constitution had 
 been violated by the Embargo Act, and the ordering of the militia 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 163 
 
 were it otherwise— wore it true that the South owed alle- 
 giance to the Pedernl (Jovern.nent-still, she asserts our own 
 Declaration of Independence in 177G, and the present prac- 
 tice of Europe justify all people in repudiatino- a government 
 which assails their rig'hts and sacrifices their best interests, 
 it the Northern btates do not acknowledge these truths, 
 then are they faJse to their origin, and seek'to substitute for 
 a government of opinion the tyranny of force. The South 
 will adhere to its right of secession at all hazards, and at 
 every sacrifice. ' 
 
 A few general considerations, and we conclude our narra- 
 tive. Alter tracing the course of events recorded in the 
 foregoing pages the questions naturally arise-What has 
 heen the result ? What have the Abolitionists gained V The 
 answers may be briefly summed up as follows : 
 ^ 1. They have put an end to the emancipation which orig- 
 inated among the real philanthropists of the South In their 
 wild and fanatical attempts they have counteracted the verv 
 ol:^]ect at which they have aimed. In the languao'e of an- 
 other, ^' The worst foes of the black race are those who have 
 intermeddled in their behalf. By nature, the most affec- 
 tionate and loyal of races beneath the sun, they are also the 
 most helpless ; and no calamity can befal them greater than 
 tlie loss of that protection they enjoy under this patriarchal 
 system. Indeed, the experiment has been tried of precipi- 
 tating them upon a freedom which they know not how to 
 enjoy; and the dismal results are before the world in sta- 
 tistics that may well excite astonishment.''* 
 
 into the service of the United States. The report defended the right 
 ot secession as follows : *= 
 
 "That Acts of Congress, in violation of the Constitution, are a6- 
 
 W.././// Wis an undeniable position But in cases of 
 
 aehborate dangerous, and palpable infractions of the Constitution 
 attectiug the sovereignty of a State and liberties of the people it is not 
 only the right, but the duty, of such State to interpose its authoritu 
 lor their protection, m the manner best calculated to secure that end 
 When emergencies occur, which are either beyond the reach of the 
 juclicial tribunals ov too pressing to admit of the delay incident to their 
 101 ms, States which have no common umpire, must be their oxen judoes 
 nnii execute their own decisions. The States should so use their power 
 as ettectually to protect their own sovereignty and the rights and lib- 
 erties of their citizens." ^ b u 
 
 •^"Compared with European laborers, the Black lives like a 
 
164 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 In striking confirmation of tlie above, we extract from the 
 mortuary records of the last year the following cases of 
 Negro slaves who lived to over a hundred years : 
 
 1860 — February 2. Female slave, Virginia 105 
 
 I860— " 15. Milly Lamar, Georgia 135 
 
 I860— March 25. Sara, Georgia 140 
 
 I860— April 17. Glasgow, Kentucky 112 
 
 " With the fairest portions of the earth in their possession, 
 and with the advantage of a long discipline as the cultiva- 
 tors of the soil, their constitutional indolence has converted 
 the most beautiful islands of the sea into howling wastes. 
 It is not too much to say, that if the South should, at this 
 moment, surrender every slave, the wisdom of the entire 
 world, united in solemn council, could not solve the question 
 of their disposal. Freedom would be their doom. Every 
 Southern master knows this truth and feels its power.'' 
 
 2. Touch the negro, and you touch cotton — the mainspring 
 that keeps the machinery of the world in motion. In teach- 
 ing slaves to entertain wild and dangerous notions of liberty, 
 the Abolitionists have thus jeopardized the commerce of the 
 country and the manufacturing interests of the civilized 
 world. They have likewise destroyed confidence. In short, 
 all the kind relations that have ever existed between the 
 North and the South have been interrupted, and a barrier 
 erected, which, socially, commercially, and politically, has 
 separated the heretofore united interests of the two sections. 
 
 3. They have held out a Canadian Utopia, where they 
 have taught the slaves in their ignorance to believe they 
 could enjoy a life of ease and luxury, and having cut them 
 oiF from a race of kind masters, and separated them from 
 comfortable homes, left the deluded beings, incapable of self- 
 support, upon an uncongenial soil, to live in a state of 
 bestiality and misery, and die cursing the Abolitionists as 
 the authors of their wretchedness. 
 
 prince. He has his cabin generally neat and clean, and always 
 Aveather-proof. He has likewise his own garden-patcli, over which 
 he is lord paramount. He is well fed, well lodged, well clothed, and 
 never overworked. His holidays are niimerous, and enjoyed with 
 infinite gusto. Sleek, happy, and contented, the Black lives to a 
 great age. The Slaveholder finds it to his interest to treat his Ne- 
 groes liberally, and takes every means to make them healthy and 
 contented." 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 165 
 
 4. Thcj liave led a portion of the people of the North, as 
 well as of the South, to examiuc the question in all its 
 aspects, and to plant themselves upon the broad principle 
 that that form of government which recognizes the institu- 
 tion of slavery in the United States, is the best, the condi- 
 tion of the two races, white and black being considered, for 
 the development, progress, and happiness of each. In other 
 words, to regard servitude as a blessing to the negro, and, 
 under proper and philanthropic restrictions, necessary to their 
 preservation and the prosperity of the country. 
 
 5. Step by step they have built up a party upon an issue 
 which has led to a dissolution of the Union. They have 
 scattered the seeds of Abolitionism until a majority of the 
 voters of the Free States have become animated by a fixed 
 purpose to prevent the further growth of the slave power. 
 
 The power of the North has been consolidated, and, for 
 the first time in the history of the country, it is wielded as a 
 sectional weapon against the interests of the South. The 
 Government is now in the hands of men elected by Northern 
 votes, who regard slavery as a curse and a crime, and they 
 will have the means necessary to accomplish their purpose. 
 
 The utterances that have heretofore come from the rostrum, 
 or from irresponsible associations of individuals, now come 
 from the throne. '^ Clad with the sanctities of ofiice, with 
 the anointing oil poured upon the monarch's head, the decree 
 has gone forth that the institution of Southern slavery shall 
 be constrained within assigned limits. Though Nature and 
 Providence should send forth its branches like the banyan 
 tree, to take root in congenial soil, here is a power superior to 
 both, that says it shall wither and die within its own charmed 
 circle." 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, says : 
 
 "I believe this Government cannot endure permanently, half slave 
 and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved ; I do not 
 expect the house to fall, but I do expect that it will cease to be di- 
 vided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the 
 opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place 
 it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the 
 course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward 
 until it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new. 
 North as well as South." 
 
 " I have always hated slavery as much as any Abolitionist. I have 
 
166 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 always been an old line Whig. I have always hated it, and I always 
 believed it in a course of ultimate extinction. If I were in Congress, 
 and a vote should come up on a question whether slavery should be 
 prohibited in a new Territory, in spite of the Dred Scott decision, I 
 would vote that it should." 
 
 ^^ Abolitionism and fanaticism is a blood-liound that never 
 bolts its track when it has once lapped blood. The elevation 
 of their candidate is far from being the consummation of 
 their aims. It is only the beginning of that consummation ; 
 and if all history be not a lie^, there will be coercion enough 
 till the end of the beginning is reached, and the dreadful 
 banquet of slaughter and ruin shall glut the appetite. ^^ 
 
 And now the end has come. The divided house, which 
 Lincoln boastfully said would not fall, has fallen. The ruins 
 of the Union are at the feet as well of those who loved and 
 cherished it as of those who labored for its destruction. The 
 Constitution is at length a nullity. Fanaticism and Abolition 
 has its apotheosis in Abe Lincoln. 
 
 SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN COMMERCE. 
 
 The exports of merchandise from the United States, in 
 1859, were as follows : 
 
 Merchandise of Southern origin $198,389,351 
 
 " of Northern origin 78,217,202 
 
 Total Merchandise exported $270,606,553 
 
 This large amount, nearly $200,000,000, of Southern pro- 
 duce, may realize abroad, with freights and profits, some 
 $225,000,000, for which goods are taken in return ; and the 
 duty of 25 per cent, on these, amounts to $56,000,000, 
 which may be regarded as a bounty on Northern manufac- 
 tures as against those of England, where the Southern pro- 
 ducts are mostly sold. 
 
 That such a system should build up an immense manufac- 
 turing interest at the North, was inevitable. The Federal 
 census of 1850 gave the value of manufactures annually pro- 
 duced, as follows : 
 
 Capital in Manufactures. Production. 
 
 North $438,249,677 $854,526,679 
 
 South 94,995,674 164,579,937 
 
 Total Manufactures $533,245,351 $1,019,106,616 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 167 
 
 The Nortli also imports for the South, and the value of 
 the whole charged to the South is enhanced in the ratio of 
 the duty, viz., 25 per cent. The North may be said to take 
 all the Southern products, and pay in goods, at 25 per cent, 
 advance over the English prices. 
 
 The influx of emigrants from abroad, with large capital, 
 aided that development. 
 
 The financial operations of the agricultural South, where 
 $300,000,000 worth of crops are annually moved to market, 
 necessarily centred in New York, where the goods are mostly 
 imported, and Eastern manufactures are distributed. New 
 York has also become the chief point of connection with 
 Europe, and therefore all Southern travellers come there to 
 embark. These various causes draw a large Southern ex- 
 penditure to the North, which is not in any way reciprocated. 
 
 All the operations of Finance, Banking, Insurance, Bro- 
 kerage, Commissions, Profits on Imports, and on Domestic 
 Manufactures, etc., inure to the North, on the basis of the 
 agriculture of the South. These items have been estimated 
 at an aggregate of $231,000,000 per annum, drawn for 
 Northern account from Southern industry. It is not, there- 
 fore, a matter of surprise that the North has accumulated 
 wealth much faster than the South. But it is a matter of 
 surprise that the North, under these circumstances, should 
 upbraid the South with her comparative poverty. 
 
 The North takes of the South 750,000 bales of cotton, 
 worth $50,000,000, per annum; which it works up into 
 cotton goods, to send back to the South. That quantity of 
 cotton will make 1,035,000,000 yards of cotton cloth, for 
 which $100,000,000 is charged;' but England will sell the 
 same quantity for $75,000,000, and if the South makes it 
 herself, it may be done for $60,000,000. Southern econo- 
 mists can see that, to make this great saving, nothing else is 
 necessary than to keep at home the capital that has been 
 drained off to the Nortli. 
 
 The Southern States, including Virginia, Kentucky, 
 Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and most of South Caro- 
 lina, are the finest grain-growing countries in the world ; and 
 were not cotton, tobacco, and rice more profitable, those 
 States might export corn, wheat, and other cereals, in large 
 quantities. The slopes of the AUeghanies on both sides are 
 
168 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 as fertile, and as well suited for the production of breadstuffs 
 of all kinds, as any lands in the country. They are covered 
 with beautiful farms, the soil and the climate are alike favor- 
 able, and it is the height of absurdity to talk of the poverty 
 of the Southern States. To some extent, at present, they 
 cultivate other crops, which they exchange for food, because 
 they can do so with advantage to themselves; but throw them 
 on their own resources, and cut them off from Northern and 
 Western supplies, and they can produce not only enough for 
 themselves, but compete with the North in exportation. 
 
 In the interior of the Southern States, almost every de- 
 scription of food abounds, and is far cheaper than in the 
 Northern and Eastern States, It is only a strip of the sea- 
 board that forms the exception to the rule, and there the 
 production of cotton and rice amply compensates for the de- 
 ficiency of the cereals. It is only because the conveyance 
 by sea of food to the Southern ports from the North is 
 cheaper than the carriage by railroad, from the interior of 
 the Southern States, that wheat, corn, and other grain, are 
 shipped to any extent from the North, in exchange for cotton, 
 tobacco, and rice. But if the policy of non-intercourse 
 should prevail, the demand at the Southern seaboard would 
 soon produce the necessary supply from the interior. The 
 South will wholly withdraw its trade and its exchanges from 
 the North, and transfer them to England, France, and other 
 European countries. 
 
 But, after all, it is a very small proportion of the bread- 
 stuffs and other food, consumed by the Southern seaboard, 
 that comes from the North. For instance. Mobile derives its 
 chief supplies from New Orleans — one of the cheapest mar- 
 kets in the United States. The prices at New Orleans, 
 Savannah, Charleston, and New York, compare thus : 
 
 Article. 
 
 Flour 
 
 Wheat..., 
 
 Corn 
 
 Potatoes 
 Bacon... 
 Butter.... 
 Cheese... 
 Apples... 
 
 New Orleans, 
 Nov. 21. 
 
 $4 50 @ 7 50 
 
 25 &j 
 68 @ 
 GO (^ 
 12 m 
 10 @ 
 9 &, 
 GO @ 
 
 60 
 72 
 50 
 14 
 15 
 
 12M 
 00 
 
 Savannah, 
 Nov. 23. 
 
 $6 00 @ 7 50 
 
 75 @ 
 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 15 @, 
 
 10 (5), 
 GO @ 
 
 85 
 
 28 
 13 
 25 
 
 Charleston, 
 Nov. 23. 
 
 $6 00 @ 7 50 
 
 65 @ 
 50 @ 
 12i^@ 
 15 @ 
 
 10 m 
 
 85 
 00 
 13 
 28 
 13 
 
 New York, 
 Nov. 28. 
 
 $i 85 @ 
 
 1 10 @ 
 
 65>^@ 
 
 1 50 @ 
 
 914®. 
 
 14 @ 
 
 10 @ 
 
 1 37 @ 
 
 25 
 43 
 
 00 
 10 
 20 
 11 
 
 50 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 169 
 
 Here, then, it will be seen tliat the average cost of these 
 essential articles of food is less at New Orleans than it is at 
 New York ; and from New Orleans, which is supplied by the 
 Mississippi, all parts of the cotton Gulf States are accessible 
 either by water or by railroad. The Atlantic cotton States 
 are also connected with the interior Southern States, both 
 by water and railroad communication. 
 
 Then, the South produces food of better quality than the 
 North. Southern flour, for instance, commands the highest 
 price in the market of New York. The average daily sales 
 of Southern flour in this market are from 1200 to 1500 bar- 
 rels ; and if we take into account the quantity of flour and 
 other breadstuff's sent here from Virginia, Tennessee, Ken- 
 tucky, Missouri, North Carolina, and other slave States, per- 
 haps the balance against the South, on the score of food, 
 would be exceedingly small. 
 
 The South, moreover, excels the North in its water-power, 
 and teems with coal and other minerals. It has cheaper 
 labor, and a better climate, and therefore can successfully 
 compete with the North in manufactures. Owing to the 
 mildness of the weather in winter, its factories can work all 
 the year round ; and the South requires less clothing and 
 less fuel for its population, (two main items in the expendi- 
 ture of the Northern mechanic,) and therefore a higher de- 
 gree of comfort can be obtained for the same labor at the 
 South than at the North. 
 
 The Gulf of Mexico will become the Mediterranean of 
 the New World, surrounded by States more wealthy, more 
 advanced in civilization and in all the arts of government 
 than were those of Greece or Rome; and which occupy a 
 country around its shores more fertile and fruitful than the 
 land of the laurel and the olive, while a great river more 
 vast in its outstretched tributaries than the Nile, will cease- 
 lessly pour its tide of commerce into the city of its delta. 
 
170 THE CONFEl^ERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CONFEDERATE STATES, 
 
 The force of habit has constituted the chief obstacle to oui' political 
 independence — the habit of cherishing for the Union a cordial and 
 immovable attachment, of thinking and speaking of it as a palladium 
 of our political safety and prosperity, and of discountenancing what- 
 ever might suggest even a suspicion that it could, in any event, be 
 abandoned. This habit had acquired all the strength of second 
 nature, and never could have been changed except after a long train 
 of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object of 
 sectional domination, and tending inevitably' to absolute despotism. 
 Lo king to its aggregate results, it is difficult to over-estimate the 
 value of the Union, but looking to its results, in detail, -it is readily 
 seen that certain portions of the United States have enjoyed the lion's 
 share of its benefits. It is worse than that — certain portions have 
 grown rich and powerful by trading upon the capital produced by 
 other parties. The whole truth is still worse — certain portions have 
 for years been little more than colonial dependencies of other portions 
 — 30 far, at least, as their commercial and financial interests have 
 been concerned. In the progress of this communication, each one of 
 these positions will be fully established. 
 
 The growth of the commerce of our country, from 1764, when it 
 was interrupted by the growing difficulties between the colonies and 
 the mother country, to the present time, furnishes the strongest pos- 
 sible view of the prosperity of the Union as a whole. This growth is 
 exhibited by the following figures: 
 
 Imports. Exports. 
 
 In 1764 $ 5,502,860 $11,203,800 
 
 In 1860 362,166,254 373,189,274 
 
 In the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1860, the amount of our surplus 
 products of all kinds, exported to foreign countries, and exclianged 
 for their products, was three hundred and seventy-three millions of 
 dollars. The amount of foreign products so exchanged for was three 
 hundred and sixty-two millions. As the trade between nations con- 
 sists of an exchange of simple products, it is apparent that the 
 amount of our surplus products for export furnishes the best test of 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 171 
 
 our national prosperity. But this general exhibit of our wonderful 
 prosperity as a nation furnishes but an inadequate view of the real 
 pi'osperity of the diflFerent portions of the nation. The account must 
 be stated between the tAvo sections in order to have a correct view of 
 the subject. The exports of the Northern and Southern States stand 
 thus : 
 
 Exports of Northern products $ 07,346,973 
 
 Southern products 218,895,450 
 
 " gold find silver coin 26,033,578 
 
 " gold and silver bullion 30,913,173 
 
 Total exports for 18C0 $373,189,174 
 
 Viewing the North and South as two partners embai'ked in foreign 
 trade, it appears that whilst the North is twice as numerous as the 
 South, yet the South furnishes more than twice tlie capital of the 
 concern. 
 
 These exports are carried abroad and exchanged for goods, wares, 
 and mercliandise wliich constitute our imports. In 1860, they 
 amounted to $302,160,254. Of this amount the official tables show 
 that there was imported, 
 
 Into Southern ports ? 40.585.36S 
 
 Into Northern ports 321,580,886 
 
 Here is a great fact that ought to arrest Southern attention. Al- 
 though tlie South produces for exportation, and actually exports 
 from her ports largely over two hundred millions of dollars' worth of 
 produce, yet of the goods for which they are exchanged abroad \es9 
 than one-fifth of the amount comes back through our own ports; the 
 residue comes back tlirough Northern ports. 
 
 But it must be borne in mind, that whilst the South exports from 
 her own ports largely over two hundred millions worth of produce, 
 she does not export this produce in Southerfi vessels. Six-sevenths of 
 these exports go abroad in Northern vessels, thus furni.-^iiing the 
 Northern capital, vested in tonnage, the round profit of twenty mil- 
 lions a year made for freighting Southern produce to foreign markets. 
 Such has been our dependence on the North for the transportation 
 of our surplus products to foreign markets. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-eight millions of the goods imported in 
 exchange for Soutliern products are brought to us through Northern 
 ports, for the purpose of making it the subject of complaint against 
 the North. The fact, liowever, is important, inasmuch as it shows 
 how dependent we have heretofore been upon tlie North for most of 
 the necessaries and luxuries for which our products have been ex- 
 changed. We have been content to furnish the products, and then 
 to depend upon Northern capital and enterprise for converting it into 
 the goods wliich we require in exchange. We cannot complain if we 
 have consented to rely on Northern men as our factors and agents, 
 in carrying on our foreign trade, and iu furnishing us with goods. 
 
172 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 They have nmasscil immense fortunes in thus transacting our busi- 
 ness, and we have been satisfied with our dependent condition. 
 
 If thej^have made twenty millions annually, in tlie way of freights, 
 on our products to Evirope, and twenty millions more freights in 
 bringing back the goods for which they were exchanged, and thirty 
 millions more as profits on the goods thus brought back and sold to 
 our retail merchants, we have submitted to it without murmuring ; 
 and do not now bring it up for any other purpose than to show how 
 quietly and patiently we have acquiesced in the course of trade 
 which has enabled them to make annually seventy millions, in acting 
 as our agents and factors. It is too obvious to require comment, 
 that if the capital that Avorked this machinery of trade had been 
 owned in Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans, these immense 
 profits, instead of building up Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, 
 would have contributed to building up great Southern cities. It is 
 equally obvious that if we employ our own men and means hereafter, 
 in managing our foreign trade, we shall have Southern cities rivalling 
 those of the North. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that all of the surplus products of the 
 South are exported to foreign countries. Unfortunately for accuracy 
 of statement, we have not the official data on which to exhibit that 
 portion of our products which is sent directly to the Nortli for ex- 
 change for Northern products. We know that about 800,000 bales 
 of our cotton — worth about forty million dollars — are sent yearly 
 to New England, and Ave know of many other articles, worth millions 
 upon millions of dollars, that are sent and exchanged for Northern 
 products, but of the aggregate amount we can only form an estimate. 
 A very able and reliable Northern writer, T. P. Kettell, Esq., after 
 investigation, has expressed the opinion that the South sends annu- 
 ally to the North produce to the value of two hundred millions of 
 dollars. Assuming this sum to be reliable, the account will stand 
 thus ; 
 
 Goods imported through Northern ports in exchange for Southern 
 
 products $218,895,450 
 
 Produce sent directly North 200,000,000 
 
 Total $418,895,450 
 
 As we buy at least as much from the North as we sell there, the 
 trade between the two sections is double this, or $837,790,900, an- 
 nually. If this immense trade was carried on, on terms mutually 
 beneficial, it would indicate an amazing prosperity, not only in the 
 nation, as a whole, but in all of its parts. 
 
 I have shown some of the advantages enjoyed by the North, grow- 
 ing out of the peculiar course of trade between the two sections. It 
 falls in my way now to notice another advantage enjoyed by the 
 North, and, beyond all comparison, the most important and controll- 
 ing one. My allusion is to the influence of the tariff-laws on the 
 trade and commerce of the two sections. I am not now criticising 
 the policy of protective or prohibitory duties, as recently adopted 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 173 
 
 by the Congress of the United States, but I am following the lights 
 furnished by the official report for 1860, when the rerenue tariff was 
 
 in operation. tf>o-n o-o oot 
 
 In 1860, the dutiable goods imported amounted to $2<9,8/^,32i, 
 and the average tariff was 20 per cent. Of this amount, one hun- 
 dred and fifteen millions were imported in exchange for Northern 
 products, and one hundred and sixty-four millions in exchange for 
 Southern products— the former yielding twenty-three millions of 
 revenue, and the latter thirty-two millions. It thus appears that the 
 South contributes tliree-tifths of the revenue from imports, and yet 
 it is an undeniable fact that, in the disbursement of the revenues, at 
 least three-fifths are expended in the North. If such is the unequal 
 operation of a revenue tariff, it would be difficult to estimate the in- 
 justice of the protective tariff now in operation in the Northern 
 Government. , 
 
 But I do not note this inequality in the operation ot tlic tantt 
 policy in order to complain of it; the law gave this advantage to 
 the North, and the Soutli being a law-abiding people, submitted to 
 the injustice without complaint. The fact, however, is useful in 
 showing the independence of the Soutli of the North. 
 
 There is another feature in the operation of the tariff policy which 
 deserves special attention. 1 have shown that the South buys of the 
 North about two hundred millions of goods annually, in addition to 
 the amount received from abroad through Northern ports, in ex- 
 change for Southern products exported to foreign countries. The 
 operation of the tariff policy on the prices we have to pay for this 
 additional two hundred millions of Northern goods is exactly the 
 same as upon the like goods imported from abroad. It increases the 
 prices to the consumers of the goods at the rate of twenty per cent., 
 under the revenue tariff of 1857, and of thirty to forty per cent., 
 under the tariff of 1860. Under the revenue tariff, the additional 
 cost to the Southern consumers would be sixty millions annually, in- 
 cluding tariff and freights, and with the protective tariff, from eighty 
 to one hundred millions annually. As onerous and unjust as is this 
 annual imposition of sixty millions upon Southern consumption, we 
 cannot complain of it, because it is only the incidental protection 
 derived by the manufacturers of the North from a revenue tariff, 
 but when this amount is swelled to eighty or one hundred millions, 
 under a protective tariff, it becomes a subject for just complaint. 
 
 We may now recapitulate the substantial benefits derived by th& 
 North from the course of commercial dealings established between 
 the two sections. The following figures exhibit the annual profits 
 made by the North upon Southern products : 
 
 For freights to and from Europe ;-;';"' ^.HSono 
 
 For promts on foroi^'n imported poods sold to Southern morol ants.. .30,000,000 
 For increased tariff- prices on Northern manufactures sold to the ^^^^^^^^^ 
 South ' 
 
 Total profits ?130,000,000 
 
174 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC, 
 
 For opportunity of realizing annually this aggregate profit of one 
 hundred and thirty millions on Southern products, the North is in- 
 debted mainly to the Union. These profits result froin that peculiar 
 course of commercial trade, between the North and South, which 
 has been stimulated and fostered and protected by the legislation of 
 the Union from the beginning of the Government. As rich as the 
 North is now, she was once very poor. Before she was blessed by the 
 Union with the South, her people made a living by sending small 
 vessels to the West India Islands, laden with fish, beef, butter, pork, 
 poultry, cider, apples, cabbages, onions, etc. These articles sold for 
 money, which they carried to England, who bought their goods, re- 
 turning by the way of the African coast, catching or buying negroes, 
 and bringing them back for sale to the Southern colonies. They 
 had little or nothing to export, whilst the Southern colonies had a 
 large surplus of exports over their imports. 
 
 As long as Great Britain exercised dominion over her colonies, the 
 North could not compete vv^ith the mother country for this carrying 
 trade, but so soon as the Onion was formed, the restriction was re- 
 sumed, and laws were passed giving large encouragement to the col- 
 onists to embark in that trade. The North was not slow to take ad- 
 vantage of these laws. 
 
 Another field for profitable enterprise was at the same time opened 
 up, through the operations of the tariff laws, which attracted early 
 attention. The North saw that if manufactories could be built up 
 at home, the protection furnished by the tariff" law would give them 
 a virtual monopoly of the domestic trade in manufactures. They 
 had the vessels to bring the raw material from the South, where it 
 was produced — they had the water-power to drive the machinery — 
 they had accumulated capital in the African slave trade, and now the 
 tariff laws gave them large advantages in competing with foreign 
 manufactures. The North eagerly availed herself of every favorable 
 circumstance, and embarked largely in manufacturing. It was not 
 difficult to procure such protective legislation as the North claimed 
 to be necessary, and the Bank of the United States was more than 
 willing to contribute facilities for raising the capital needed, for en- 
 abling the North to do the manufacturing for the whole country. 
 This course of trade b came so firmly established before the Bank 
 was overthrown, and the high protective policy was modified, that 
 the North has since had but little difficulty in maintaining its ascend- 
 ency. 
 
 It is not in the power of figures to convoy to the mind a correct 
 idea of the advantage which the North has enjoyed over the South, 
 under the influence of the various laws Avhich have stimulated and 
 controlled the employment of capital. Many Southern men saw and 
 protested against the unequal and unjust operation of the system of 
 legislation, which was enriching one section at the expense of the 
 other. They struggled to resist the overwhelming power that was 
 combined against them, but they struggled in vain. All they got 
 
AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 175 
 
 for tlieir labors were the bitter denunciations of the North, as being 
 restless Disunionists. All they could do was to submit to the power 
 they could not control, and glide into the course of trade which had 
 been the fixed habit of the country. Tt is not surprising that, Avith 
 such advantages, the North became rich, but it is surprising that the 
 South was able to endure the heavy exactions without becoming ab- 
 solutely impoverished. Nothing can show more clearly the real ca- 
 pacity of the South to become the richest people in the world, than 
 the facts which we have detailed. 
 
 Hitherto the Sduth has done little else than produce capital for 
 the North to trade upon. We have produced annually over four 
 hundred millions of raw materials, which have passed immediately 
 into the hands of Northern capitalists, and constituted the basis of 
 the wealth which they have extracted from them. It has been 
 shown how they have made an annual profit of one hundred and 
 thirty millions in freighting our products, returning them to us in 
 foreign goods, and in the incidental protection derived from the tariff 
 law. " But this does not embrace the millions made in the way of 
 brokerage, interest, commission, etc., and in the management of our 
 produce. Nor does it embrace the millions which we spend yearly in 
 travel in the North. Mr. Kettell estimates that 50,000 Southerners 
 go North every year, and spend an average of $1000, making the 
 total annual expenditure for travel of fifty millions of dollars. Nor 
 does it embrace the millions that we spend in sending our sons and 
 daughters North to be educated. Nor does it embrace that incalcu- 
 lable amount derived by the North from the system of banking, ex- 
 changes, and credits which has made its as financially dependent on 
 the North as we have been commercially. It is impossible to esti- 
 mate with accuracy these amounts, and, therefore, I adopt the re- 
 sult of Mr. Kettell's investigations. He comes to the conclusion 
 that the South pays annually to the North, for interest, brokerage, 
 insurance, travel, etc., about one hundred and fifteen millions. If 
 this be added to the amount of one hundred and thirty millions, be- 
 fore estimated as the commercial profits of the North, it yields the 
 sum of two hundred and forty-five millions, derived annually by the 
 North from her union with the South. And then, speaking of the 
 consequences of separation from the South, lie says : 
 
 "From what has been detailed above, as revealed to us from the 
 returns of the census, it is quite apparent that the North, as distin- 
 guished from the South and West, would be alone permanently in- 
 jured. Its fortune depends upon manufacturing and shipping ; but 
 it neither raises its own food nor its own raw material, nor does it 
 furnish freights for its own shipping. The South, on the other 
 hand, raises a supply of food, and supplies the world with raw ma- 
 terials. Lumber, hides, cotton, wool, indigo— all that the manufac- 
 turer requii-es— is within its own circle. The requisite capital to put 
 them into action is rapidly accumulating, and in the long run it 
 would lose— after recovering from the first disasters— nothing by 
 separation." 
 
176 THE CONFEDERATE STATES ALMANAC. 
 
 Thus wrote a Northern author. He thus forcibly concludes his 
 remarks : 
 
 " The North has no future material resources ; in minerals, both 
 the other sections surpass it. In metals, it is comparatively desti- 
 tute; of raw materials, it has none. Its ability to feed itself is 
 questionable. Its commerce is to the whole country what that of 
 Holland was to the world, viz. : living on the trade of other people. 
 Its manufactures occupy the same position, awaiting only the time 
 when the other sections will do their own work. When that moment 
 arrives, Massachusetts, which now occupies the proudest rank in the 
 Union, will fall back upon her own resources, and still claim to be an 
 agricultural State, since her summer crop is granite, and her winter 
 crop is ice. This period the North supinely permits a few unscru- 
 pulous politicians, clerical agitators, and reprobate persons to 
 hasten, by the most wanton attacks upon institutions of their best 
 customers. They are forcing the Northern slave States to assume 
 to the South the same position that New England held to the South 
 on the formation of the Union. They are holding out to them 
 the bright prize of becoming the manufacturers, importers and car- 
 riers for the South, as the North has been. They oifer them this 
 brilliant premium to cut their connection with the North, in order to 
 enjoy those branches of industry in relation to the South which have 
 conferred such wealth and prosperity upon New England and the 
 Middle States. England became rich by the colonies — repelled 
 them. Her wealth fell on New England ; she has now be- 
 come rich, and in her turn repels the South in favor of the Northern 
 slave States. These latter see the prize falling to them, and may be- 
 come eager to grasp it before tho North shall have awakemed to its 
 danger," 
 
H. C. CLARKE, 
 
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