OROGRAPHY ASIATIC YJEW BY WILLIAM WARREN r- R ! S C 1 P A l. OF TX 1 .N D H A M .'-t l 'i 1 l SOtfOOJ. vnvrvT PORTLX. i-.. ME m HYDK, LORD &• DTJREN , f ALSO FOR SA/JR BY . ' £ ^OOoS, 5T. LOriS,~nF m PERKI^S/PHILADELPHI A , t CO., .NEW YOR£..-GOUL!i. KEN.DAUU S LINCOLN, BOSTON. WM. H. MOORE L CO., CINCINNAT t, OfPO. ANO, THE BOOKLET ,TJEHS GENERALLY MARTIN ROWAN CHAFFIN COLLECTION OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS PRESENTED TO Duke University Library Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/systematicviewof01warr A SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF G E 0 Gr R A P H Y, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ARRANGEMENT, CLASSIFICATION, CONCISENESS, ASSOCIATION, AND REVIEWS; CONTAINED IN THREE PARTS; INCLUDING A GENERAL, PARTICULAR, AND MISCELLANEOUS VIEW OE THE WOULD. B V WILLIAM WARREN, PRINCIPAL OF THE WINDHAM HIGH SCHOOL TENTH EDITION. PORTLAND: HYDE, LORD & I.)U R E N . Entered according to Act of Congress, A. D. 1842, By E. F. Dureh, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Maine. STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. Thurston, & Co., Printers, Portland Me. ''A p Hi o' W ,:U> ' I 4*6 Chaffin Collection INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. A school book, to gain the confidence of the public, must not only possess excellences, but such as no other work of the kind possesses. Our country is already flooded with school books, and greatly to the perplexity of committees, teachers, and schol- ars. Therefore each new book ought to diminish, rather than increase, the number of the kind already in use. The design of this work is to spread before the minds of the young, in as condensed and simple a manner as possible, the gen- eral outlines of the earth, and the particular points of interest per- taining to each country. A comprehensive view, or kind of pan- orama of the earth in its natural form of continents, oceans, islands, mountains, seas, gulfs, rivers, & c., is first presented to the eye, and then a particular view of the prominent features of each country and state, — upon the following plan: — (1.) We have selected the most important points of interest be- longing to each country, and treated of those points exclusively in each case, and in order. They embrace the physical , civil, and moral aspects of the country. The points selected are these: — L- Boundaries. 2. Rivers and other Waters. 3. Mountains or Deserts. 4. Productions. 5. Capital and Chief Towns. 6. Gov- ernment. 7. Religion. 8. State of Education and Morals. 9. Re- marks — touching the peculiarities of the country. (2.) We have aimed at brevity, and yet explicitness of defini- tion and perspicuity of expression throughout (3.) We have made use, when we could, of the law of associa- tion, to aid the memory and abbreviate the labor of the pupil. (4.) We have observed order and system in reference to the questions. (5.) We have introduced a system of reviewing, by which the pupil is enabled to retain what he has learned. (6.) We have annexed to each lesson miscellaneous remarks and questions, to be attended to by those who go through the work a second time. 4 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. We are aware that authors differ as to what appropriately be- longs to the study of geography. They differ still more in respect to the best method of communicating the knowledge per- taining to this science. To confine ourselves to what is merely physical , or pure geography, would be to present a very meagre view of the subject. And to consign the civil and moral features of the different countries to tables or columns of statistics, is to shut out from the regular course of study a great amount of use- ful information. And yet there is danger of throwing together such a confused mass of facts, as to render the study wearisome and perplexing. We have endeavored to strike a medium be- tween these two extremes. And as to the best way of communicating the facts properly belonging to this science, we remark that in this, as in every subject, general principles and truths should first be presented, and then the more particular and minute. To begin the study of geography with a particular country, river, or rill, and close it with a general view of the earth, seems like commencing the study of grammar with a case or tense, and closing it with the noun or verb ; or like commencing the study of chemistry with the atomic theory, and closing it with a general discussion of the elements. There is nothing like it in fact, but the blowing of a trumpet, for which this theory seems to have been started. Upon the present plan, we have the advantage of simplicity, order, association, and system in questioning and reviewing. The subject of geography is often so presented, that the pupil, when he has been through it, feels like one that has been through a wilderness. He has seen a great many objects, but all is con- fusion and darkness behind. But it may be presented so that the scholar, when he has been through it, will feel that he has been through a park! He can see back the whole distance, and review distinctly all the objects he has passed. Said an indi- vidual who had been through this study upon an improved plan, “My knowledge of geography was once like the straws in a stack of hay — confusion; it is now like the straws in a shock of rye.” The illustration, though not in very good taste, meets the point precisely. This system had been put to the test of several years’ expe- rience, by the author and others, before its publication ; and it has been found to awaken an interest in the study altogether unusual. The amount of geographical knowledge is increased, the memory strengthened, and general mental discipline promoted, by the plan here presented. It is hoped that this work will facilitate the acquisition of a branch of knowledge that has hitherto been difficult to acquire, and still more difficult -to retain. The third INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 5 part, or Miscellaneous View, embraces a brief historical sketch of the different countries and states, and also a glance at the dif- ferent missionary stations, with questions. The study can be extended to these subjects, if it is desired. The Author acknowledges the aid derived from other authors in the compilation of this work — especially from Goodrich and Balbi. SECOND EDITION. The first edition of this work was thrown out hastily, as an ex- periment, to test the general plan, and elicit information and criticism. The present edition is thoroughly revised and rewrit- ten ; and a more accurate definition is given of each country, and a different method of association, in some respects, assumed. This edition is accompanied with an Atlas, adapted to the plan. We have taken a medium between the scantiness of Field’s Atlas and the fulness of Smith’s and Olney’s. It will be noticed that, in the Atlas accompanying this work, the length of rivers, length and height of mountains, and the dimensions of bodies of water, are generally given. Moreover, the missionary stations of the different religious denominations are referred to by a symbol. The form of government in each country is indicated by the char- acter standing for its capital, and the religion by the coloring upon the border of the country. W. W. Windham, April 20 , 1843. I* DIRECTIONS. In giving the boundaries of countries, I have given only a plan, or skeleton, to guide the scholar, while he is to refer to the maps for the particular facts. The scholar should be questioned in reference to the climate of each country, to be inferred from its latitude and its proximity to bodies of water, and to deserts or mountains. For young classes, these lessons will be found too long. When this is the case, they may be conveniently divided. And when there are members in the class that cannot advance as fast as the rest of the class, a part of the questions in each lesson may be conveniently omitted, as the questions in each lesson are nearly similar. Teachers will explain the meaning of words which the pupils may not understand, and ask additional questions when they think proper. If the teacher should prefer not to connect the civil and moral aspects of countries with the physical and topical, he may omit, in all cases, the three last questions pertaining to each country. The Second Course — not to be attended to the first time going through the work — contains a very minute and extensive view of the subject, and must be made familiar, before the study is completed. GEOGRAPHY PART I. GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. jESSON s. Geography is a description of the earth and its inhabitants. The form of the earth is round, like a ball or globe. The Axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through its centre, from north to south, around which it turns. 8 GENERAL VIEW. The earth turns around its axis once in 24 hours. This motion is called its diurnal or daily revolution. It is this that gives us day and night, sunrise, noonday, and sunset. The Poles are the ends of the axis. The Equator is an imaginary circle, passing around the earth from east to west, at an equal distance from the poles. The Tropics are two circles, parallel with the equator, and distant from it nearly 23J degrees. That north of the equator is the Tropic of Cancer ; that south of it, the Tropic of Capricorn. The Polar Circles are parallel with the tropics, and are at the same distance from the poles that the tropics are from the equator. The circle around the north pole is the Arctic Circle ; that around the south pole is the Antarctic Circle. QUESTIONS. 1. What ia geography ? 2. What is the form of the earth ? 3. What is the axis of the earth? 4. How often does the earth turn round its axis ? 5. What is this motion called ? 6. What does it give us ? 7. What are the poles ? .8. What is the equator? 9. What are the tropics? 10. Name them. 11. Where are the polar circles ? 12. How far are they from the poles ? 13. Which is the arctic circle ? 14. Which is the antarctic circle ? CIRCLES. DEFINITIONS. 9 LESSON II. The earth belongs to a system of planets, or worlds, that revolve around the sun. The earth revolves around the sun once in 365J days. This motion is called its annual or yearly revolution. It is this that gives us winter and summer, spring and autumn, seed-time and harvest. The Sun is a vast luminous body, situated iu the centre of the solar system. It is the source of light, heat, and attraction to all the planets. The earth is ninety-six million miles from the sun. The greatest distance through a globe, or a straight line through its centre, is called its diameter ; the greatest dis- tance round a globe is called its circumference. The diameter of the earth is eight thousand miles. Its circumference is nearly twenty-five thousand miles. The sun is more than a million times larger than our earth. The parts of the earth are usually represented on flat surfaces, called maps. In studying a map, the part towards you is south,’ the part from you is north, the part at the right hand is east, the part at the left hand is west. The Lines of Latitude, are circles round the earth, paral- lel with the equator and the tropics. 10 GENERAL VIEW. PARALLELS. The Meridian Lines are circles round the earth, crossing the equator at right angles, and crossing each other at the poles. MERIDIANS. Latitude is distance reckoned north and south, from the equator. Longitude is distance reckoned east and west, from some fixed meridian. The principal one is Greenwich, in England. All circles are divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees. Degrees are divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes. Minutes are also divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds. QUESTIONS. 1. To what does the earth belong ? 2. How often does the earth revolve around the sun ? 3. What does this give us? 4 What is the sun? 5. Of what is it the source? 6. How far is HEMISPHERES AND ZONES. 11 the earth from the sun ? 7. What is diameter ? 8. What is circum- ference ? 9. What is the diameter of the earth? 10. What is its cir- cumference ? 11. How much larger is the sun than the earth ? 12. How are the parts of the earth usually represented ? (Open to the Map of the World.) 13. The part of the map towards you is what ? 14. The part from you is what ? 15. The part at the right hand ? 16. The part at the left ? 17. What are lines of latitude ? 18. What are meridian lines ? 19. What is latitude ? 20. What is longitude ? 21. How are all circles divided ? 22. How are degrees divided ? 23. How are minutes divided ? Review Lesson I. (The teacher will explain to the pupil the meaning of the terms unexplained in the lessons. He will require the scholar to point out upon the map, the equator, poles, and the different circles, lines, &c.) .V J\ LESSON III. HEMISPHERES AND ZONES. HEMISPHERES. A Hemisphere is half of the globe. The half of the earth north of the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere. The half of the earth south of the equator is called the Southern Hemisphere. The half of the earth including Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, nearly in a circle, is called the Eastern Hemisphere. The half including North and South America, in the same manner, the Western Hemisphere. ZONES. Zones are imaginary belts, surrounding the earth. There are five — the Torrid, two Temperate, and two Frio-id Zones. The Torrid Zone may be styled the red belt, because it encircles the hottest parts of the earth. 12 GENERAL VIEW. The Temperate Zones may be styled green belts, because they encircle the more fertile parts. The Frigid Zones may be styled white belts, or caps, because they cover the extreme ends of the earth, whitened by snow. The Torrid Zone encircles the centre of the earth, and extends each way from the equator to the tropics. The Temperate Zones lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The Frigid Zones extend from the polar circles to the poles. The zones may be bounded by the sun, as follows: — The Torrid Zone encircles those parts of the earth where the sun is sometimes in the year vertical, or directly overhead. The Temperate Zones encircle those parts of the earth where the sun is never vertical, and never hidden. The Frigid Zones cover those parts of the earth where the sun, for a season, is hidden, that is, not seen, during the 24 hours. QUESTIONS. 3. What is a hemisphere ? 2. Which is the north- ern hemisphere ? 3. Which is the southern hemisphere ? 4. What portion of the earth is called the eastern hemisphere ? 5. What is called the western hemisphere ? 6. What are zones ? 7. Name them. 8. What may the torrid zone be styled? 9. Why? 10. What may the temperate zones be styled? 11. Why? 32. What may the frigid zones be styled? 13. Why? 14. Where is the torrid zone? 15. Where the temperate zones? 16. Where the frigid zones? 17. How else may the zones be bounded ? 18. What part of the arth does the torrid zone encircle ? 19. The two temperate zones ? 20. What parts do the two frigid zones cover ? CONTINENTS. 13 Review the preceding lessons. (The teacher will explain the words temperate , torrid , frigid , fertile, &c. &c., and do the same in each lesson. He will ask also additional questions, as his judgment may dictate.) LESSON IV. CONTINENTS. Continents are the largest surfaces of land on the globe. There are six — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia. (Map of the World.) Europe, mostly in one zone, is situated between the A. Ocean on the north and the M. Sea on the south, arid between A. on the east and the A. Ocean on the west. Asia, principally in one zone, is situated between the A. Ocean on the north and the 1. Ocean on the south, and between the P. Ocean on the east and E. on the west. Africa lies mostly in one zone. It is situated between the M. Sea on the north and the S. Ocean on the south, and between the I. Ocean and R. Sea on the east and the A. Ocean on the west. North America, mostly in one zone, is situated between the A. Ocean on the north and the Gulf of M. on the south, and between the A. Ocean on the east and the P. Ocean on the west. South America lies in two zones. It is situated between the C. Sea on the north and the S. Ocean on the south, and between the A. Ocean on the east and the P. Ocean on the west. Australia, lies also in two zones. It is situated be- tween the Archipelago, separating the I. and the P. Oceans, on the north, and the S. Ocean on the south, and between the P. Ocean on the east and the I. Ocean on the west. The edge of land bordering on the water is called a coast or shore. 2 14 GENERAL VIEW. A point of land extending into a sea, or ocean, if level, is called a cape; if elevated, a promontory . QUESTIONS, t. What are continents ? 2. Name the continents on the globe. 3. In what zone and hemispheres is Europe ? 4. How is it situated ? 5. Ln what zone and hemispheres is Asia ? 6. How situated ? 7. In what zones and hemispheres is Africa ? 8. How is it situated ? 9. In what zone and hemispheres is North America ? 10. How situated ? 11. In what zones and hemispheres does South America lie ? 12. How is it situated ? 13. In what zones and hem- ispheres is Australia? 14. How situated ? 15. What is a coast ? 16. What are points of land extending into the ocean, when level, called ? 17. What are they called when elevated ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON V . (The pupil, in these lessons, must rely principally on the maps.) OCEANS. Oceans are the largest surfaces of water on the globe. There are five — the Pacific, Atlantic, Southern, In- dian, and Arctic Oceans. (Map of the World.) The Pacific Ocean lies in three zones, extending from Behring’s Strait on the north to the S. Ocean on the south, and from A. on the east to A. and Aust. on the west. The Atlantic Ocean lies also in three zones. It ex- tends from the A. Ocean on the north to the S. Ocean on the south, and from E. and A. on the east to N. and S. A. on the west. The Southern Ocean lies in two zones. If has only a northern boundary — the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and the continents of S. America, Africa, and Aus- tralia. The Indian Ocean lies mostly in one zone — between A. ISLANDS, PENINSULAS, &C. 15 on the north and the S. Ocean on the south, and between Aust. on the east and A. on the west. The Arctic Ocean lies wholly in one zone. It has only a southern boundary, which is Europe, Asia, N. America, and the A. Ocean. QUESTIONS. 1. What is an ocean? 2. Name the oceans on the globe. 3. Where is the Pacific Ocean situated ? (Mention the zones in which it lies, and give its boundaries ; or tell what lies north, east, south, and west of it.) 4. Where is the Atlantic Ocean situ- ated ? 5. Where is the Southern Ocean situated ? 6. Where is the Indian Ocean situated ? 7. Where is the Arctic Ocean situated ? (Mention its zone and the countries and oceans that lie south of it.) (The teacher will question the scholars in reference to the climate of the oceans, continents, seas, &c., to be inferred from their latitude, or situation in respect to mountains or deserts. He will also question them, in all cases, in respect to the latitude and longitude of bodies of water and countries ; not as to the precise degrees, but their general latitude and longitude.) Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON VI. ISLANDS, PENINSULAS, &c. An Island is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water. A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water. An Isthmus is a neck of land uniting a peninsula with the main land. The Japan Islands lie between the Sea of J. and the P. Q., near A. (Map of Asia.) The Philippine Islands lie between the C. Sea and the P. Ocean, near A. Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea, lie between Aust. and A. and the I. and P. Oceans. 16 GENERAL VIEW. New Zealand lies in the Pacific Ocean, near Aust (Map of the World.) The Island of Madagascar lies in the Indian Ocean, near Africa. The British Islands lie between the N. Sea and the A. Ocean, near the continent of E. (Map of Europe.) Iceland lies in the A. Ocean, between E. and N. America. Nova Zembla lies in the A. Ocean, near E. and A. Greenland, supposed to be an island, lies between the A. and A. Oceans, near N. A. (Map of N. America.) Newfoundland lies between the Gulf of St. L. and the A. Ocean, near N. A. The West India Islands lie between the C. Sea and the A. Ocean, between N. and S. America. Spain and Portugal are a peninsula lying between the A. Ocean and the M. Sea. (Map of Europe.) Noricay and Sweden are a peninsula, lying between the B. Sea and the N. Sea. Labrador is a peninsula, lying between H.’s Bay and the A. Ocean. (Map of N. A.) The Isthmus of Suez lies between A. and A. and the M. and R. Seas. (Map of Africa.) The Isthmus of Darien lies between N. and S. America and the P. Ocean and the C. Sea. (Map of S. A.) QUESTIONS. 1. What is an island ? 2. What is a peninsula ? 3. What is an isthmus? 4 . Where are the Japan Isles? (Tell in what hemisphere, zone, ocean, or waters, and near what con- tinent, they are ; so in each case.) 5. Where are the Philippine Islands? 6. Where are Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea? 7. Where is New Zealand ? 8. Where is Madagascar? 9. Where are the British Islands ? 10. Where is Iceland ? 11. Where is Nova Zembla ? 12. Where is Greenland ? 13. Where is Newfoundland ? 14. Where are the West Indies ? 15. Mention all the countries in Asia that are peninsulas. 16. In Europe. 17. In N. America. 18. Where is the Isthmus of Suez ? 1 9. Where is the Isthmus of Darien ? Review the three preceding lessons. MOUNTAINS AND PLAINS. 17 LESSON VII. MOUNTAINS AND PLAINS. A Mountain is a vast elevation of land. When a mountain emits smoke and flame, it is called a volcano. Plains are large surfaces of level land. When these lands are covered with grass, and fed by vast herds of cattle, they are called, in N. America, prairies ; in S. America, pampas ; in Siberia, steppes. When they are barren, or covered with sand, they are called deserts. An Oasis is a fertile spot in a desert, like an island in an ocean. The Altai Mountains are in A., between the C. empire and Siberia. (Map of Asia.) The Himmaleh Mountains are in Asia, between the C. empire and H. The Mountains of the Moon are in Central Africa, and run parallel with the equator. (Map of Africa.) The Ural Mountains are between E. and A. (Map of Europe.) The Alps are in E., near the M. Sea. The Rocky Mountains are in N. America, and run parallel with the P. Ocean. The Andes are in S. America, and run parallel with the P. Ocean. (Map of S. America.) The Sandy Desert and Desert of Shamo are in the C. empire. (Map of Asia.) The Arabian Desert is in Arabia. The Desert of Sahara, or Great Desert, is in A., between the R. Sea and the A. Ocean. (Map of Africa.) QUESTIONS. 1. What is a mountain ? 2. When is a mountain a volcano? 3. What is a plain ? 4. When plains are covered with grass, what are they called ? 5. What are they called when they are covered with sand ? 6. What is an oasis ? 7. Where are the Altai 2 * 18 GENERAL VIEW. Mountains ? (Tell in what hemisphere, zone, continent, and country, or countries, they are situated.) 8. Where are the Himmaleh Moun- tains ? 9. Where are the Mountains of the Moon ? 10. Where are the Ural Mountains? 11. Where are the Alps? 12. Where are the Rocky Mountains ? 13. Where are the Andes ? 14. Where are the Sandy Desert and Desert of Shamo ? 15. Where is the Arabian Desert? 16. Where is the Desert of Sahara? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON VIII. THE PRINCIPAL SEAS. Seas are surfaces of salt water smaller than oceans. An Archipelago is a sea interspersed with islands. The Sea of Olcotsh lies north-east of A., and is connected with the P. Ocean. (Map of the World.) The Chinese Sea lies south-east of A., between the P. and I. Oceans. The Arabian Sea lies south of A., and is connected with the I. Ocean. The Red Sea lies between A. and A., and is connected with the Indian Ocean. The Caspian Sea lies in A., and is connected with no other waters. The Blade Sea lies between A. and E., and is connected with the M. Sea. The Mediterranean Sea lies between E. and A., and is connected with the A. Ocean. The North Sea lies west of Europe, and is connected with the A. Ocean. The Baltic Sea lies in E., and is connected with the N. Sea and A. Ocean. The Caribbean Sea lies between N. and S. A., and is connected with the Atlantic Ocean. THE PRINCIPAL GULFS AND BATS. 19 QUESTIONS. 1. What are seas? 2. What is an archipelago? 3. Where is the Sea of Okotsk ? (Tell the hemisphere, zone, conti- nent, and ocean, or seas, with which it is connected, in each case.) 4. Where is the Chinese Sea ? 5. Where is the Sea of Arabia ? 6. Where is the Red Sea ? 7. Where is the Caspian Sea ? 8. Where is the Black Sea ? 9. Where is the Mediterranean Sea ? 10. Where is the North Sea? 11. Where is the Baltic Sea? 12. Where is the Caribbean Sea ? 13. In what hemisphere are all the seas ? 14. In what zone are nearly all ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON IX. THE PRINCIPAL GULFS AND BAYS. Gulfs or Bays are parts of an ocean or sea extending into the main land. There is no well-defined distinction between a gulf and a bay. The Bay of Bengal lies south of A., and is connected with the I. Ocean. (Map of Asia.) The Persian Gulf lies between P. and A., and is con- nected with the A. Sea. The Gulf of Guinea lies south-west of A., and is con- nected with the A. Ocean. (Map of Africa.) The Gulf of Venice lies between A. and I., and is con- nected with the M. Sea. (Map of Europe.) The Bay of Biscay lies between F. and S., and is con- nected with the A. Ocean. The Gulf of Bothnia lies between S. and R., and is connected with the Baltic Sea. Baffin’s Bay lies between G. and B. A., and is connected with the A. Ocean. (Map of N. America.) Hudson’s Bay lies in B. A., and is connected with the A. Ocean. 20 GENERAL VIEW. The Gulf of St. Laiorcncc lies east of B. A., and is con- nected with the A. Ocean. The Gulf of Mexico lies south of the U. S., and is con- nected with the A. Ocean. The Gulf of California lies south-west of M., and is connected with the P. Ocean. QUESTIONS. 1. What is a gulf or bay ? 2. Where is the Bay of Bengal ? (Describe each, as you did the seas.) 3. Where is the Persian Gulf? 4. Where is the Gulf of Guinea? 5. Where is the Gulf of Venice? 6. Where is the Bay of Biscay? 7. Where is the Gulf of Bothnia? 8. Where is Baffin’s Bay? 9. Where is Hudson’s Bay ? 10. Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 11. Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? 12. Where is the Gulf of California ? 13. In what hemisphere are all the gulfs and bays on the globe ? 14. In what zone are nearly all ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON X . PRINCIPAL SOUNDS, STRAITS, AND CHANNELS. A Sound is a shallow portion of an ocean or sea. A Strait is a narrow passage of water, connecting larger bodies. A Channel is a passage of water wider than a strait. Long Island Sound lies between Long Island and the N. E. States, and is connected with the A. Ocean. (Map of the U. States.) Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds lie east of N. C., and are connected with the A. Ocean. Torres Strait separates New G. from Aust., and con- nects the P. and the I. Oceans. (Map of Asia.) The Strait of Malacca separates S. from M., and con- nects the C. Sea with the Bay of Bengal. SOUNDS, STRAITS, AND CHANNELS. 21 The Strait of Babelmandel separates A. from A., and connects the R. Sea with the I. Ocean. The Mozambique Channel separates M. from A., and connects different parts of the I. Ocean. (Map of Africa.) The Strait of Gibraltar separates A. from E., and con- nects the M. Sea with the A. Ocean. The Strait of Dover and British Channel separate E. from F., and connect the N. Sea with the A. Ocean. (Map of Europe.) The Straits of Skager Rack and Cattegat separate S. and N. from D., and connect the B. and N. Seas. Behring Strait separates A. from N. A., and connects the A. and P. Oceans. (Map of N. America.) Davis’s Strait separates G. from B. A., and connects B.’s Bay with the A. Ocean. Hudson’s Strait separates James’s Island from L., and connects Hudson’s Bay with the A. Ocean. The Strait of Bellisle separates Newfoundland from B. A., and connects the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the A. Ocean. The Strait of Magellan separates T. from P., and con- nects the A. and P. Oceans. (Map of S. America.) QUESTIONS. 1. What is a sound? 2. What is a strait? 3. What is a channel ? 4. Where is Long Island Sound ? (De- scribe as before.) 5. Where are Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds ? 6. Where is Torres Strait? (Tell the hemisphere and zone ; also the lands they separate, and the waters they connect.) 7. Where is the Strait of Malacca ? 8. Where is the Strait of Babelmandel ? 9. Where is the Mozambique Channel ? 10. Where is the Strait of Gibraltar? 11. Where are the Strait of Dover and the British Channel ? 12. Where are the Straits of Skager Rack and Catte- gat? 13. Where is Behring’s Strait ? 14. Where is Davis’s Strait? 15. Where is Hudson’s Strait? 16. Where is the Strait of Bellisle ? 17. Where is the Strait of Magellan ? Review the three preceding lessons. 22 GENERAL VIEW. LESSON XI. THE PRINCIPAL LAKES. Lakes are the largest collections of fresh water on the globe. Ponds are smaller collections of fresh water. Lake Baikal lies in A. near the A. mountains. Lake Wener and Lake Wetter lie in S., west of the B. Sea. (Map of Europe.) Lakes Ladoga and Onega lie in R., east of the B. Sea. Lake Constance and Lake Geneva lie in S., near the M. Sea. Lake Winnipeg and Slave Lake lie in B. A. (Map of N. A.) Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie between B. A. and the U. S. (Map of the U. States.) Lake Maracayho lies in Yen. near the C. Sea. (Map of S. America.) Lake Titicaca lies between B. and P., near the P. Ocean. QUESTIONS. 1. What is a lake? 2. What is a pond ? 3. Where is LakeBaikal ?(Describe, as in case of the seas.) 4. Where are Lakes Wener and Wetter? 5. Where are Lakes Ladoga and Onega? 6. Where are Lakes Constance and Geneva ? 7. Where are Lake Winnipeg and Slave Lake ? 8. Where are the Great Lakes ? 9. Where is Lake Maracaybo ? 10. Where is Lake Titicaca ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XII. THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS. A River is a stream of water that flows from the main land into an ocean, or other bodies of water. THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS. 23 The Branches of a river are the side streams that flow into it. A Cascade is a sudden fall in a small river. A Cataract is a sudden fall in a large river. A Frith is the widening of a river near its mouth. The Rivers Obi, Yenisei, and Lena, rise in the Altai Moun- tains, and run north into the A. Ocean. (Map of Asia.) The Hoang-Ho and the Kiang-Ku rise near the deserts in the C. empire, and run E. into the P. Ocean. The River Indus rises in the H. Mountains, and flows south into the A. Sea. The River Niger rises in S., and runs south-east into the Gulf of G. (Map of Africa.) The River Nile rises in the Mountains of the Moon, and runs north into the M. Sea. The Volga River rises in the Ural Mountains, and runs south into the C. Sea. (Map of Europe.) The River Danube rises in G., and runs east into the B. Sea. The St. Lawrence River flows from the Great Lakes, north-east, into the Gulf of St. L. (Map of N. A.) The Mississippi River rises near Lake Superior, and runs south into the Gulf of M. The Missouri River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and runs south-east into the M. River. The River Amazon rises in the Andes, and flows east into the Atlantic Ocean. (Map of S. America.) The River La Plata rises in B., and runs south into the A. Ocean. QUESTIONS. 1. What is a river ? 2. What is the branch of a river? 3. What is a cascade ? 4. What is a cataract ? 5. What is a frith ? 6. Describe the Rivers Obi, Yenisei, and Lena. (Tell where they rise, which way they run, and into what they empty.) 7. Describe the Rivers Hoang-Ho and Kiang-Ku. 8. The Indus. 9. The Niger. 10. The Nile. 11. The Volga. 12. The Danube. 13. The St. Lawrence. 14. The Mississippi. 15. The Missouri. 16. The Amazon. 17. The La Plata. Review Part I. GEOGRAPHY PART II. PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE EARTH. WORTH AHURICA. LESSON XIII. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Boundaries. N. America is bounded north by the A. Ocean; east by the A. Ocean; south by the Gulf of M. and the P. Ocean ; west by the P. Ocean. Islands. Greenland, (supposed to be an island,) Ice- land, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Long Island, and the West Indies. Capes. Capes Farewell and St. Lucas, and Cape Sable. Peninsulas. Labrador, Nova Scotia, Guatimala, Yuca- tan, and California. Mountains. Rocky Mountains, Alleghany, and White Mountains. Plains. The vast valley of the Mississippi, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. Gulfs and Bays. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gulf of Mex- ico, Gulf of California, — Baffin’s, Hudson’s, and James’s Bay, Bay ofFundy, Honduras, and Campeachy. Straits. Behring’s, Davis’s, Hudson’s Straits, and Strait of Bell isle. NORTH AMERICA. 25 Lakes. Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg, Lake of the Hills, Lakes S., M., H., E., O., and Lake Nicaragua. Rivers. Mackenzie’s, St. Lawrence, Ottawa, Mississippi, Red, Arkansas, Ohio, Missouri, Rio Del Norte, Colorado, and Columbia. Minerals. Gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, quicksilver, iron, salt, coal, and excellent quarries of marble, granite, and limestone. Divisions. N. America is divided into Russian Posses- sions, British America, United States, Texas, Mexico, and Guatimala. Inhabitants. N. America is inhabited by Indians of vari- ous races in an uncivilized state, and by European races. QUESTIONS. 1. How is N. America bounded? 2. What islands near? 3. What capes? 4 . Peninsulas? 5. Mountains? 6. Plains ? 7. What gulfs and bays in N. A. ? 8. What straits ? 9. Lakes? 10. Rivers? 11. Minerals? 12. What are the civil divisions? 13. By whom is N. America inhabited? Review Part I. LESSON XIV. UNITED STATES. Boundaries. The United States are bounded north by British America, east by the A. Ocean, south by the Gulf of M., and by T. and M., and west by the Western Territories. Waters. Massachusetts, Delaware, and Chesapeake Bays; the Gulf of Mexico; Long Island, Albemarle, and Pamlico Sounds ; the Great Lakes on the northern border, Lake Champlain, east of N. Y. ; the St. Lawrence, Mis- sissippi, Arkansas, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers. Mountains. Alleghany, Ozark, and White Mountains. Productions. These vary with the latitude. In the Northern, Middle, and Western States, grain of all kinds is raised ; and the extensive pastures sustain a great num- 26 PARTICULAR VIEW her of cattle and sheep , from which butter, cheese, beef, hides, and wool, are produced. In the Southern States, cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar, are cultivated. Capitals and Chief Towns. The City of Washington is the capital. It is situated upon the Potomac River, in the District of Columbia, of which it is also the capital. The United States Capitol, built of elegant freestone, and the other public buildings, are splendid. The population of ..his city is 30,000. Capitol at Washington. The District of Columbia is a tract of land 10 miles square, ceded to the nation by Virginia and Maryland. It lies on both sides of the Potomac River. It is under the government of the United States. Alexandria and Georgetown are the other principal towns in this District. Each has considerable trade, and about 9,000 inhabitants. New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, New Or- leans, and Cincinnati are the principal cities in theU. S Government. A confederated republic. NORTH AMERICA. 27 These states declared themselves independent of Great Britain in 1776. The Federal Constitution was adopted in 1789. A Republic is a form of government where the people elect their rulers ; or where all the power proceeds directly from the people, through their representatives. A Confederacy is several distinct governments, united in one general government. A Confederated Republic is a government formed by the union of several smaller republics. In a confederacy, the different governments may be united in a single point, and for a single purpose ; or they may be united in several points, and for a variety of purposes, which is the case in the United States. Governments of different kinds are sometimes united into a confederacy. Religion. Protestant. The Protestant religion includes all those religious sects that are distinct from the Roman Catholic church. The Protestants are so called from the fact that they protested against the Catholic church, in the time of the reformation. The Roman Catholics believe in the supremacy and in- fallibility of the pope, and adhere to certain doctrines and forms that are rejected by the Protestants. They are also called Papists. State of Education and Morals. In the New England, Middle, and W estern States, it is comparatively good. A common school system prevails here to a considerable extent. In the Southern States, the existence of Slavery exerts an unfavorable influence upon society. QUESTIONS. 1. How are the United States bounded . 5 2. What waters in the U. S. ? 3. Mountains? 4. What are the produc- tions ? 5. What is the capital ? 6. What is said of the District of Columbia? 7. What are the chief towns in this District? 8. Men- tion some of the principal cities in the U. S. 9. What is the form of government ? 10. What took place in 1776 ? 11. What in 1789? 12. What is a republic ? 13. What is a confederacy ? 14. How are governments united in a confederacy? 15. What is the religion of the U. S. ? 16. What does the Protestant religion include? 17. Why are the Protestants so called ? 18. What is said of the Roman Catholics ? 19. What is the state of education and morals ? Review the six preceding lessons. 28 Particular view. Second Course. (The questions not numbered are to be omitted the first time going through the work. They are to be answered, in addition to the stated questions, by those only who go through the book a second time. Mention all the bays and gulfs that touch the U. S. Mention all the lakes, sounds, capes, mountains, and prin- cipal rivers. How is the District of Columbia situated ? Which way from Chesapeake Bay ? Which way from Lake Erie ? Which way from tbs Gulf of Mexico f) LESSON XV. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, are called the New England Stales. The early inhabitants originated mostly from England. MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. MAINE. State House in Maine. Boundaries. Maine is bounded north by C., east by N. B., south by the A. Ocean, west by N. II., and C. NORTH AMERICA. 29 Rivers. St.John, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androseoggin, and Saco. Mountains. Katahdin, Saddleback and Mars Hill. Productions. Corn and grain of various kinds, includ ing wheat, rye, oats, barley ; the products of the pasture, including beef, wool, butter, cheese, &,c. ; and timbers, including boards, staves, shingles, clapboards, and ship- timber. Capital and Chief Towns. The capital is Augusta. It is situated at the head of navigation, on the Kennebec River. It is a neat and flourishing place. The State House is a beautiful granite edifice. An Arsenal and Insane Hos- pital are located here. Population, 6,000. Portland, on Casco Bay, is a pleasant and beautiful city. It has a fine harbor and good commercial advantages. The Exchange is one of the handsomest erections in New England. Population, 17000. Bangor, at the head of navigation on the PeuGbscot, is a growing city. A Theological Seminary is established here. The trade of this city equals, perhaps exceeds, that of any other town in the state. Population, 10,000. Other principal towns are Bath, Hallowell, Gardiner, Saco, Thomaston, Calais and Eastport. Government. Republican. The executive department is vested in a Governor and council ; the Legislative, in a Senate and House of Representives ; the Judiciary in a Supreme and a lower Court. Religion. Protestant. Most of the different denomi- nations of Christians are found in this state, and the in- stitutions of Religion are generally regarded. Theolog- ical schools at Bangor and Readfield. State of Education and Morals. Good. A common school system is established here by law, which affords equal advantages to all. Colleges at Brunswick and Waterville. Remarks. Maine has a long line of sea-coast, upon which are many fine harbors and flourishing villages. In the hack parts of the state there are vast timber forests. In ship-building, Maine ranks first in the United States : in the value of its shipping, it ranks fourth. There are several valuable mines, and quarries of granite and limestone, in the state. Remnants of the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy tribes of Indians still exist here,. 30 PARTICULAR VIEW. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Boundaries. N. H. is bounded north by C., east by M. f south by M., west by V. Rivers. Connecticut and Merrimack. Mountains. The White Mountains. Productions. Same as in Maine. Capital and Chief Towns. Concord, on the Merrimack, is the capital. It has a beautiful location. A State House, State Prison, and other important buildings, are here, Population, 4,600. Portsmouth, on the Piscataqua, has a fine harbor, a Navy-Yard, and a Lunatic Asylum. A splendid bridge connects this town with Maine. Population, 9,000. Dover, the oldest town in the state, is a large manufac- turing place. Ponulation, 6,800. Manchester is a thriving manufacturing town. Pop- illation, 11,000. Exeter, Keene, Amherst and Hanover are considerable towns. Government. (See Maine.) Religion. Similar to Maine. Theological schools at Gilmanton and N. Hampton. State of Education and Morals. Same as in Maine Dartmouth College, at Hanover. Remarks. N. Hampshire spreads out, from the ocean, like a fan. Upon the northern border of the state are the White Moun tains. The “ Notch Road,” through these mountains, is a great curiosity. From Mount Washington, the highest peak, and the highest mountain east of the Mississippi River, the ocean is dis tinctly seen. The view here is grand beyond description. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Maine bounded ? 2. What are the riv ers ? (Mention two or three of the longest; so in each case.) 3. Moun tains? 4. What are the productions? 5. The capital and chief towns? (Mention two chief towns in each case.) 6. What is the gov eminent? 7. What is said of the religious sects? 8. Of the state of education and morals ? 9. How is N. Hampshire bounded ? 10. Wha are the rivers ? 11. Mountains ? 12. What are the capital and chief NORTH AMERICA. 31 towns? 13. What is the government? 14. What is said of the religious sects ? 15. Of the state of education and morals ? Review the first six lessons of Part I. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Me. ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital? Describe the waters. ( Waters include rivers, gulfs, lakes, &c. To describe a river, tell where it rises, which way it runs, through what, and into what, it flows, its length, &c. Mention, in each case, the size, situation, &c., of gulfs, lakes, and the like.) What else of interest ? ( Here the j udgment of the scholar and teacher is to be exercised. The answer will refer to peculiarities , such as mountains, canals, railroads, cataracts, &c. &c.) What was said of N. H. ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Augusta to Rome ? LESSON XVI. MASSACHUSETTS AND VERMONT. MASSACHUSETTS. Boundaries. Massachusetts is bounded north by V. and N. H., east by the A. Ocean, south by the A. Ocean, R. I., and C., west by N. Y. Rivers. Connecticut and Merrimack. Mountains. The Green Mountains extend through this state, from Vermont. Productions. Same as in Maine, generally, excepting timber. Capital and Chief Towns. Boston, the capital, is the emporium of N. England. It is a rich and beautiful city. It has an extensive commerce. The State House, Market House, Exchange, and several of the churches and hotels, are elegant structures. The Common, covering nearly 50 acres, forms a splendid park. Population, 130,000. Lowell, on the Merrimack, is a large manufacturing place. The capital invested here is §9,000,000. This city has had a very rapid growth. Population, 20,000. Salem is a quiet and pleasm-t city. It has some fine 32 PARTICULAR VIEW. buildings. The Museum of the East India Marine Society contains rich collections from all parts of the world. The Boston and Portsmouth Railroad is tunnelled under the centre of this city. The work is a great curiosity. Pop- ulation, 15,000. The other principal towns are Newburyport, Lynn, Plymouth, New Bedford, Charlestown, Worcester, and Andover. Government. (See Maine.) Trinity Church , Boston. Religion. Nearly Similar to Maine. Religious institutions have uniformly received a liberal sup- port in this state. There are Theological Schools NORTH AMERICA. 33 at Cambridge, Andover, Newton and Wilbraham. State of Education and Morals. (See Maine, in general.) There are colleges at Cambridge, Amherst, and Wil- li amstown. Remarks. Massachusetts is the oldest, richest, and most popu- lous, of the N. E. States. It is distinguished for its manufactures and commerce, and for the intelligence, enterprise, and steadfast- ness, of its inhabitants. The western part of the state is mountain- ous. The valley of tire Connecticut has a fertile soil and a beau- tiful scenery. There are remnants of several Indian tribes around Buzzard’s Bay and Martha’s Vineyard. The most elegant granite and marble are wrought in this state. Coal, iron, mag- netic ore, and copper, are also found. VERMONT. Boundaries. Vermont is bounded north by C., east by N. H., south by M., west by N. Y. Rivers. The Connecticut, Onion, and Otter Creek. Lake. Champlain. Mountains. The Green Mountains. Productions. (See Maine, generally.) Large quantities of live stock are raised in this state. Capital and Chief Towns. Montpelier, on the Onion, is the capital. It is a romantic village. It has an elegant State House, a Court House, and several factories. Popu- lation, 2,500. Burlington, on Lake Champlain, has a tine location, and a beautiful scenery. Vermont University is located here. Population, 4,500. Middlebury has a college and several factories. Popu- lation, 4,000. Government. Very similar to Maine. Religion. See Maine. Churches are established and public worship sustained by the different denomina- tions of Christians, pretty generally throughout the state. A State of Education and Morals. Some as in Maine. There are colleges at Burlington and Middlebury. 34 Particular view. Remarks. Vermont is an inland state. The land is uneven , but generally productive. On the eastern side of the state is the valley of the Connecticut ; on the western, the valley of Lake Champlain ; and between these are the lofty ridges of the Green Mountains. The scenery around these mountains is grand. Quar- ries of excellent marble, and also iron, lead, copper, and zinc, are found in the state. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Massachusetts bounded? 2. What are its rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Capital and chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. What is said of the reli- gious sects? 8. State of education and morals? 9. How is Ver- mont bounded ? 10. What rivers and lake? 11. What mountains? 12. What are the productions? 13. Capital and chief towns? 14. What is the government? 15. What of the religion? 16. The state of education and morals? (When reference is made to another state, the same answer is to be given that was given for that state.) Review from the sixth lesson, in Part I., to Part II. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Massa- chusetts ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Vermont ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Boston to Hague ? LESSON XVII. RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. RHODE ISLAND. Boundaries. Rhode Island is bounded north and east by M., south by the A. Ocean, west by C. Rivers. Pawtucket and Pawtuxet. These are small streams; but they afford fine mill seats. Narragansett Bay. Productions. (See Massachusetts, in general.) Capital and Chief Towns. Providence, at the head of Narragansett Bay, is considered the capital, though the legislature often meets at other places. It is built on both NORTH AMERICA. 35 sides of the Pawtucket. There are many beautiful edifices in the town, among which is a splendid Arcade. The population is 23,000. Newport is a place of some business, but is considered on the decline. Population, 8,090. Pawtucket is a flourishing manufacturing village, built on Pawtucket Falls. It is partly in Massachusetts. Popula- tion, 8,500. Other towns are Bristol and Warwick. Government. Similar to the other New England states. A new Constitution has been recently adopted, instead of the old Charter of 1683, from Charles II. king of England. O O Religion. Like Maine in its general features. Education and Morals. Nearly the same as in Maine. Brown University is at Providence. The Friends have a flourishing institution here Remarks. This is a small state, and the last of the “thirteen ” that adopted the Federal Constitution. The soil is good, the trade 36 PARTICULAR VIEW. extensive. It has large manufacturing interests, and much wealth, for its size. The Narragansett tribe ot Indians still exist here, and are in a civilized state. Coal, iron, and limestone, are found in large quantities. CONNECTICUT. Boundaries. Connecticut is bounded north by M., east by R. I., south by L. I. Sound, west by N. Y. Rivers. The Connecticut, Thames, and Housatonic. Mountains. A continuation of the Green Mountain ridges. They take various names in this state. Productions. (See Massachusetts, in general.) v Distant View of Hartford. Capital and Chief Towns. Hartford and New Haven are alternately the capitals. Hartford is pleasantly situ- ated on the Connecticut River. It has an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, one for the Insane, and several factories. The trade is large. Population, 11,000. NORTH AMERICA. 37 New Haven is a beautiful city. It is richly ornamented with trees. It has considerable trade. It is the seat of Yale College. Population, 13,000. New London is a place of increasing interest and trade. Population, 5,700. The other towns of note are Middletown, Fairfield, Litchfield, and Norwich. Government. (See Maine.) Religion. This state ranks high for the religious character of its inhabitants and its support of religious institutions. There are Theological Schools at New Haven and East Windsor. State of Education and Morals. (See N. E. States, in general.) Yale College at N. Haygn, Washington College at Hartford, Wesleyan University at ‘Middletown. Remarks. This state is distinguished for the richness of its Boil and the beauty of its scenery. It is noted also for its manu- factures and wealth, for the value of its institutions, and for the intelligence of the people. It has a fund of $2,000,000 for com- mon schools. There are remnants of the Mohegan and Pequot tribes of Indians in this state. Iron, copper, lead, and marble, are found here. QUESTIONS. I. How is Rhode Island bounded ? 2. What are its rivers and bay ? 3. Its productions ? 4. Capital and chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. What is said of the reli- gious sects? 7. Of the state of education and morals? 8. How is Connecticut bounded ? 9. What are its rivers ? 10. Mountains ? 11. Productions? 12. Capital and chief towns? 13. What is the government? 14. What is said of the religious sects ? 15. State of education and morals ? Review the three preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Rhode Island? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ^ What was said of Connecticut? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from N. London to Aberdeen ? 4 38 PARTICULAR VIEW. LESSON XVIII. The five following states are called Middle States: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. City Hall at JYew York. Boundaries. New York is bounded north-west and north by Lakes E. and O , and by C., east by V., M., and C., south by N. J. and P. Rivers. The St. Lawrence, Hudson, and Mohawk Mountains. The Appalachian and Catskill. Productions. Wheat is the staple; fruits of various kinds. In other respects, see Massachusetts. Capital and Chief Towns. Albany, on the Hudson, is the capital. It is a place of much wealth and trade. It has many fine buildings, and 30,000 inhabitants. NORTH AMERICA. 39 New York is the first city in America for size, wealth, and trade. The City Hall, Exchange, Custom House, and University, are splendid buildings. Many of the churches and hotels are elegant. The water-works, just completed, add great interest and convenience to the place. Popula- tion, 380,000. Troy has an extensive trade. Population, 20,000. West Point, Auburn, Hudson, Schenectady, Buffalo, and Rochester, are places of note. Government. Much like the N. E. States. Religion. See N. E. States. There are about 40 so- cieties for the various objects of religious benevolence, whose business location is in the Cpy of N. Y. Theo- logical SchoclSfcin^the City of N Y- 3 Auburn, Hamil- ton, Hartwich, Newburgh, and Whi jn, i n State of Education and Morals. (See N. E. States.) The University of N. York, and Columbia College, at New York city; Union College at Schenectady, Hamilton Col- lege at Clinton, and Geneva College. Remarks. New York has a fine climate and a rich soil. Its advantages for commerce are great For internal improvements, wealth, and trade, New York stands unrivalled among the states. Its territory touches the waters of the Atlantic and the lakes. These waters are united by canals and railroads, running through the heart df the state. The Salt Springs here are of great value. The Mineral Springs at Saratoga and Ballstown are places of resort for invalids and the fashionable from all parts of the country. There are views from the Catskill Mountains of unsurpassed beauty. The Falls of Niagara are among the wonders of the world. The waters of nearly half the continent make a plunge of over 160 feet. There are the remains of several Indian nations in this state. Iron, lead, limestone, freestone, and marble, are fbund here in abundance. NEW JERSEY. Boundaries. New Jersey is bounded north by N. Y., east by the A. Ocean, south by D. Bay, west by D. and P. Rivers. The Delaware and Hudson. Delaware Bay. Mountains. (See New York.) An extension of the Appalachian chain. Productions. (See New York.) PARTICULAR VIEW. 4ft Capital and Chief Towns. Trenton, on the Delaware, is the capital. It has a State House and several elegant buildings. Population, 4,000. Newark is well laid out, has an elegant public square, and several factories. Population, 22,000. Paterson is a flourishing manufacturing place. Popu- lation, 13,0110. Government. See New England States. Religion. Very similar to the New England States, The Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed church was established at New Brunswick, in 1784. That of the Presbyterian church, at Princeton, in 1812. Education and Morals. (See N. E. States, in general.) Colleges are N ass)fa Hall at Princeton, Rutgers College at New Brunswick Remarks. Some parts of this state are hilly, others, level. Some parts are fertile, others, barren. It has large manufacturing interests. Sandstone and limestone arc found here. QUESTIONS. 1. How is N. Y. bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 15. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and the chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. What is said of the religious sects? 8. Of the state of education and morals? 9. How is New Jersey bounded ? 10. What are the rivers of N. J.? 11. Mountains? 12. Productions? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 14. What is the government? 15. What is said of the religious sects? 16. Of the state of education and morals? Review the three preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to New York? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of New Jersey? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Albany to Naples? NORTH AMERICA. 41 LESSON XIX. DELAWARE AND MARYLAND, DELAWARE. Boundaries. Delaware is bounded north by P., east by D. Bay and the A. Ocean, south and west by M. River. Delaware River, and Bay. Productions. (See New York.) Capital and Chief Towns. Dover is the capital. It is a neat and flourishing town. Population, 1,800. Wilmington is a place of considerable trade. Its loca- tion is pleasant, and its plan good. Population, 12,000. Newcastle was once the capital. t Government. (See New England States.) A General Assembly of representatives and senators, chosen by the people, compose the legislature. The Governor is chos- en once in four years. Religion. Similar in its general aspects, to the New England states. State of Education and Morals Middling; or on an average with the whole country. College at Newark. Remarks. Delaware is a small and thinly-inhabited state. In the southern part, the soil is sandy and barren ; in the northern, it is more hilly and productive. The best flour in the country ia manufactured here. MARYLAND. Boundaries. Maryland is bounded north by P., east by D. and the A. Ocean, and south-west by V, Rivers, The Potomac and Susquehanna. Chesapeake Bay. Mountains. The same as in New York— » the Appalachian. 4* 42 PARTICULAR VIEW. Productions. Wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, some rice, and cotton. Capital and Chief Towns. Annapolis, on the Chesa- peake, is the capital. The streets diverge from a common, upon which stands the State House. Population, 3,500. View of Baltimore. Baltimore is distinguished for its monuments, its splen- did cathedral, its commerce, beauty, and thrift. Popula- tion, 110,000, Frederick is very pleasantly situated, and has considerable trade. Population, 7,000. Hagerstown and Cumberland are flourishing villages. Government. (See New England States, in general.) The Senate and House of Delegates compose the legislature. Suffrage is limited to the white population. Religion. Generally similar to the New England states. The Roman Catholics are more numerous in this state, in proportion to its population. State of Education and Morals, Poor, if the colored population are taken into the account. They have no com mon school system ; and slavery exists here. There is a university and a Catholic college at Baltimore. St. John’s College is at Annapolis. NORTH AMERICA. 43 Remarks. The soil in this state is generally good. The part east of the bay is level ; the part west of the bay is moun- tainous. The commerce and manufactures of this state are ex- tensive. Iron, coal, copper, and limestone, are found here. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Delaware bounded ? 2. What river and bay? 3. What are the productions? 4. What are the capital and the chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. What is said of the religious sects ? 7. What is the state of education and morals ? 8. How is Maryland bounded ? 9. What rivers and bay ? 10. What mountains ? 11. Productions? 12. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 13. What is the government ? 14. What is said of the religious sects ? 15. Of the state of education and morals ? Review the three preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Dela- ware ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Maryland? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Baltimore to London ? « LESSON XX. PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA. Boundaries. Pennsylvania is bounded north by Lake E. *and N. Y., east by N. Y. and N. J., south by D., M., and V., west by V. and O. Rivers. The Delaware, Susquehanna, and Ohio, formed by a union of the Alleghany and Monongahela. Mountains. The Appalachian, here called the Alle- ghany, Mountains. (See New York.) Productions. (See New York, in general.) Some hemp and flax are raised. Capital and Chief Towns. Harrisburg is the capital. Its plan is regular ; the scenery around, romantic. Pod- ulation, 5,200. 41 ARTICULAR VIEW, Philadelphia is a large and elegant city. The streets, crossing each other at right angles, are beautiful. It ha? air extensive commerce. The public buildings are Girard College, the Exchange, and Asylum. The water-works are a great curiosity. They, cost $500,000. Population, 200,000. Pittsburg is an extensive manufacturing place. Popu- lation, 45,000. The other principal towns are Lancaster, Reading, and York. Government. (See New England States.) The Senate and House of Representatives, elected by the people, compose the legislature, called the General Assembly. Religion. See the N. E. states. Pa. was fiVst settled by 3 colony of Friends under Win. Penn, and this sect is still numerous in this state. There are Theol. Schools at Gettys- burg, York, Alleghany Town, Canonsburg and Pittsburg. Education and Moral's. (See Delaware.) The colleges are Girard College and the university at Philadelphia. Dickinson College at Carlisle, also Jefferson, Washington, Lafayette, Marshall, Pennsylvania, Alleghany, and Pitts burg Colleges, NORTH AMERICA, 45 Remarks. Pennsylvania vies with New York in agriculture, manufactures, and internal improvements. The climate is agree-’ able, and the soil good. This state is divided by ridges of the Alleghany Mountains. The part east of the mountains is smooth and fertile. The part west is rough and hilly. Great quantities of pit coal are found in this state ; also iron ore, and marble of a fine quality. The following states are called Western States : Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa and Wisconsin. OHIO. Boundaries. Ohio is bounded north by M. and Lake E., east by P. and V., south by V. and K., west by I. Rivers. The Ohio, Scioto, and Muskingum. Productions. Indian corn, grains, tobacco, hemp, pork, and wool. Capital and Chief Towns. Columbus is the capital. It is pleasantly situated. It has a Penitentiary, an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and a Lunatic Hospital. Popula- tion, 6,000. Cincinnati, on the Ohio, is a large manufacturing city Its plan is regular, its growth rapid, and its trade extensive. Population, 60,000. Cleveland is a pleasant and flourishing place. Popula- tion, 8,000. Chillicothe, Marietta, Zanesville, are growing places. Government. (See N. E. States.) The General Assem- bly is chosen by the people. • Religion. See New England states, in general. The Roman Catholics are considerably numerous. There are Theological Schools at Cincinnati, and at Ober- lin. Education and Morals. (See Pennsylvania and Delaware, in general.) Their system of common school education has not gone generally into practice. There are colleges at Athens and Oxford, the Western Reserve at Hudson, also Kenyon, Franklin Granville, Marietta, and Cincinnati Colleges. 46 PARTICULAR VIEW. Remarks. This state is comparatively new. Its growth has been rapid. It is intersected by canals and railroads, commu- nicating between the waters of the lakes and the Ohio River. The soil is excellent, the climate healthy. There are extensive coal mines and salt springs in this state. Its commerce and manufactures are rapidly increasing. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Pennsylvania bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Capital, and the chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. What is said of the religious sects ? 8. Of the state of education and morals ? 9. How is Ohio bounded? 10. What are the rivers? 11. Productions? 12. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 13. What is the gov- ernment? 14. What is said of the religious denominations ? 15. Of the state of education and morals ? Review the first four lessons of Part II. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Penn- sylvania? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Ohio ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Harrisburg to Paris ? LESSON XXI. MICHIGAN AND INDIANA. MICHIGAN. Boundaries. Michigan is bounded north by Lake S., east by Lake H. and C., south by O., I., and W., west by Lakes M. and S. Rivers. The St. Clair, Detroit, and Grand Rivers. Productions. (See Ohio.) Capital and Chief Toicns. Detroit is the capital. The streets are regular ; some of its edifices beautiful. Popu lation, 12,000. NORTH AMERICA. 47 Munroe City is a flourishing manufacturing place. Pop- ulation, 4,000. Government. (See the other states.) Suffrage is un- limited. Religion. Same as Ohio. Education and Morals. (See Ohio.) Colleges at Ann Arbor, Spring Arbor, and Marchal. Remarks. This state is remarkable for the purity of its cli- mate and the richness of its soil. Its surface is generally level ; on the margin of the lakes, flat Some parts are heavily timbered,! Great interest is taken in internal improvements. Iron, lead, and coal, are abundant. INDIANA. Boundaries. Indiana is bounded north by Lake M. and M., east by O., south by K., west by I. Rivers. The Ohio, Wabash, and White Rivers. Productions. (See Ohio, generally.) Capital and Chief Towns. Indianapolis, the capital, is a flourishing town. Population, 3,000. Vincennes, once the capital, is beautifully situated upon tbe margin of a prairie. Population, 3,000. New Albany is a place where steamboat building is largely carried on. Population, 4,000. Jeffersonville, Madison, and Harmony, are growing places. Government. (See N. E. States.) The legispjftre, called the General Assembly, is compsiSjgd of representa- tives and senators, chosen by the people. Suffrage is unlimited. Religion. Same as Ohio, in general. This, and the other western states, are inadequately supplied with means c.t religious instruction. Indiana Theological Seminary at South Hanover. Education and Morals. (See Ohio.) There are col- leges at Bloomington, South Hanover, and Crawfordsville. Remarks. This state abounds in extensive prairies. (Prairies are tracts of level land, destitute of trees, and covered with rank 48 Particular View. grass.) More than ten millions of dollars have recently been appropriated by the state for the construction of railroads and canals. The climate and soil in this state are good. Iron, cop- per, and coal, are found here. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Michigan bounded ? 2. What waters nearly surround it ? 3. What are the productions? 4. The capital and chief towns ? 5. What is the government? 6. What is said of the religious sects ? 7. Of the state of education and morals ? 8. How is Indiana bounded ? 9. What are the rivers ? 10. Produc- tions? 11. Capital and chief towns ? 12. What is the government? 13. Describe the religious sects. 14. The state of education and morals. Review the four preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Michi- gan ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? What was said of Indiana ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Detroit to Geneva? - — — LESSON XXII. ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI. ILLINOIS. Boundaries. Illinois is bounded north by W., east by ]., south by K. and M., west by M. and I., separated by the M. River. Rivers. The Mississippi, Ohio, Wabash, and Illinois. Productions. (See Ohio.) Capital and Chief Towns. Springfield is the capital. It is a busy and beautiful town, upon the margin of an ex- tensive prairie. Population, 4,000. Alton has an extensive trade, and is a growing place Population, 5,000. NORTH AMERICA. 49 Chicago has grown up within a few years. It is now the principal depot for imported merchandise. Population. -, 000 . ‘ Government. (See the preceding states.) The General Assembly is composed of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, chosen by the people. Religion. Very similar to Ohio. Public worship, Sabbath Schools, and the institutions of religion gener- ally, are sustained to a considerable extent at the west by means of Missionaries from the older churches in the N. E. and Middle States. State of Education and Morals. (See Del.) No school sys- tem exists here. There are colleges at Jacksonville, Alton, and Lebanon. Remarks. The surface of this state is flat; and it contains immense prairies, fed by numerous wild cattle and horses. Illi- nois is nearly surrounded by navigable -rivers and waters, which afford abundant facilities for internal navigation and improvements. Coal, lead, copper, and iron, are found in various places. There are also valuable salt springs in the state. MISSOURI. Scene on the Missouri. Boundaries. Missouri is bounded north by I., east by I. and K., south by A. west by the I. Territory. 5 50 PARTICULAR VIEW. Rivers. The Mississippi, Missouri, and Osage. Mountains. The Ozark. Productions. (See Ohio, in general.) Some cotton is raised. Capital, and Chief Towns. Jefferson City is the capital. It is a pleasant and growing place. St. Louis is the emporium of trade for all the Upper Mississippi. It has large manufacturing interests. Popu- lation, 20,000. St. Charles is a busy place, with 3,000 inhabitants. Government. (See N. E. States.) The right of suf- frage is general, among the whites. Religion. Baptists and Methodists are nearly equal. There are Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Catholics. State of Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are colleges at St. Louis, Perry, Palmyra, and Columbia. Remarks. In the back parts of the state, the land is hilly. On the rivers, it is rich, and often inundated. This state abounds in prairies. It is rapidly settling. It is subject to earthquakes. There are rich lead mines here, yielding more than 20,000,000 pounds of lead annually, and employing 1,000 persons. Slavery exists here, and in all the states now to be described. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Illinois bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Productions? 4. What are the capital and chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. What is said of the religious sects ? 7. Of the state of education and morals ? 8. How is Missouri bounded? 9. What rivers? 10. Mountains? 11. Pro- ductions? 12. What are the capital and chief towns? 13. What is the government ? 14. Mention the religious sects. 15. What is the state of education and morals ? Review the three preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Illinois ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Missouri ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Si . Louis to Pekin ? NORTH AMERICA. 51 LESSON XXIII. ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY. ARKANSAS. Boundaries. Arkansas is bounded north by M., east by T. and M., south by L. and T., west by the I. Territory. Rivers. The Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red Rivers. Mountains. (See Missouri.) Productions. Cotton is the staple. In other respects, see Ohio. Capital and Chief Towns. Little Rock is the capital. It is situated on the Arkansas. Its location is healthy and pleasant. Population, 2,000. Arkansas and Batesville are the principal towns. Government. (See N. E. States.) Suffrage, however, is limited to the whites. Religion. Baptists, Methodists, and other sects. State of Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) Remarks. The parts of this state bordering on the rivers are flat, and abound in prairies. The other parts are hilly and barren. The Hot Springs here are a great curiosity. Limestone, coal, and iron ore, are abundant. TENNESSEE. Boundaries. Tennessee is bounded north by K. and V., east by N. C., south by G., A., and M., west by A. Rivers. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland. Mountains. The Cumberland Mountains. Productions. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and tobacco. (See Arkansas.) Capital and Chief Towns. Nashville is the seat of gov- ernment. It is handsomely located on the Cumberland 52 PARTICULAR VIEW. River. The houses are neat, and the public buildings splendid. It has a large trade, and 6,500 inhabitants. Knoxville and Memphis have each considerable trade, and about 3,000 inhabitants. Government. (See N. E. States.) Slavery is established here by law. Suffrage is equal among the whites. Religion. Similar to the neighboring states, in most of which the Methodist and Baptist denominations are most numerous. The SouthWest Theological Seminary (Pres- byterian) is at Maysville. Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are colleges at Nashville, Greenville, Knoxville, and Columbia. Remarks. The part of the state east of the Cumberland Mountains' is hilly; the part west is even. There are several remarkable caverns in the state. Some are 8 or 10 miles in ex- tent, and are traversed by streams of water. Gold, iron, salt, and coal, are found in considerable quantities here KENTUCKY. Boundaries. Kentucky is bounded north by I., L, and O., east by V., south by T., west by M. Rivers. The Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Cum- berland. Mountains. (See Tennessee.) Productions. Wheat, hemp, tobacco, maize, grapes, and other fruit. Capital and Chief Towns. Frankfort is the capital. It is located in a deep valley. Its public buildings are a marble State House and a State Penitentiary. Popula- tion, 3,000. Louisville, on the Ohio, is a large manufacturing and com- mercial city. Business transactions amount to $30,000,000 annually. Population, 20,000. Lexington is the oldest town in the state. Its location is beautiful ; the streets are regular and spacious, and the public buildings elegant. Population, 7,000. Government. (See Tennessee.) NORTH AMERICA. 53 Religion. The Baptists and Methodists have each about 300 societies. The Presbyterians, of all classes, have about half that number. There are also Catholics, Epis- copalians, and Unitarians. Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are colleges at Lexington, Danville, Augusta, Princetown, and Bardstovvn. Remarks. This state compares, in most respects, with Ten- nessee. Some parts of it are mountainous, others level or undu- lating. There are several salt springs in the state. Mammoth Cave is a great curiosity. One of its apartments covers a surface of several acres, without a pillar to support the stupendous arch. Iron, coal, salt, and lime, are found here. QUESTIONS. 1. Mow is Arkansas bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and chief towns? 6. What is said of the government? 7. Religious seets ? 8. State of education and morals ? 9. How is Tennessee bounded ? 10. What are the rivers ? 11. Mountains ? 12. Productions ? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 14. What is said of the government ? 15. Religious sects ? 16. State of education and morals ? 17. How is Kentucky bounded ? 18. What are the rivers? 19. Mountains? 20. Productions? 21. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 22. What is said of the govern- ment ? 23. Religious sects ? 24. State of education and morals ? Review the four preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Tennes- see ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Kentucky? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Louisville to London ? LESSON XXIV. The following states are called Southern States : Vir- ginia, North and South Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mis- sissippi, Louisiana, Texas and Florida. 5* PARTICULAR VIEW. VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. VIRGINIA. University of Virginia. Boundaries. Virginia is bounded north by P. and M., east by M. and the A. Ocean, south by N. C. and T., west by K. and O. Rivers. The Potomac, James, and Roanoke. Chesa- peake Bay. Mountains. The Alleghany. Productions. Wheat, Indian corn, cotton, and tobacco. Capital and Chief Towns. Richmond, on the James, is the capital. It has a very picturesque appearance. Most of the houses are of brick, and are elegant. The public buildings are the Capitol, City Hall, State Prison, and State Armory. The trade is extensive. Population, 23 , 000 . Norfolk is a place of some note, but is now rather on the decline. Many of the streets are thoroughly paved and NORTH AMERICA. neat. A Theatre, -,u enaeum a nd Marine Hospital, are here. Population, 10, Petersburg is a handsome t ^ r i v i ng place, with con- siderable trade. Population, ll,o%n Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion. Similar to the other states in general, l'irere are three Theol. Seminaries; one of the Episcopal church, in Fairfax Co., Virginia Baptist Seminary at Richmond, and the Union Theol. Sem. in Prince Edward Co. Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) The col- leges are, William and Mary, Hampden Sidney, and the University of Virginia. Remarks. The land in Virginia is mountainous. East of the Blue Ridge it is owned by planters, and cultivated by slaves. There is a natural bridge over Cedar Creek, in this state, 70 feet long and 250 feet high. Blowing Cave is a great curi- osity. The air issues from it with such force, as to prostrate the grass at a distance of 50 feet. — Gold, iron, lead, and chalk, are found in this state. NORTH CAROLINA. Boundaries. North Carolina is bounded north by V., east by A. and P. Sounds, and the A. Ocean, south by S. C., west by T. Rivers. The Roanoke, Neuse, and Cape Fear Rivers. Mountains. The Alleghany. Productions. (See Virginia.) Capital and Chief Towns. Raleigh, on the Neuse, is the capital. The State House is a beautiful granite struc- ture. The town is regular and handsome, but not flourish- ing. Population, 2,500. Newbern, on the Neuse, is the largest town in the state. It is a place of considerable trade. Population, 4,200. Wilmington is the first town in the state in point of trade. Population, 4,000. Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion. The Methodists and Baptists have each about 20,000 church members. The Presbyterians have 56 p articular view. about half that number. There are -£» lsC0 P alians > Mora * vians, and Catholics, in the state Education and Moral ? ( ScG Maryland.) Davidson College and the University of North Carolina. Remarxs. The sea-coast is level and sandy. Back from the sea, the /and is hilly. In the western part, it is mountainous. The coast/s lined with sand-banks and sounds, which makes it very difficult to approach frem the sea. There are valuable gold mines in the state, yielding annually several millions of dollars. Tar and turpentine constitute a large part of the exports of the state. QUESTIONS. 1. Bound Virginia. 2. What are its rivers? 3. Mountains ? 4. Productions ? 5. What are the capital and the chief towns? 6. What is its government? 7. What is said of the religious sects ? 8. Of the state of education and morals ? 9. How is N. Carolina bounded ? 10. What are its rivers ? 11. Mountains? 12. Productions ? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 14. What is its government? 15. What was said of the religious sects? 16. Of tire state of education and morals ? Review. 1. Tell what you know of Maine. (First bound it, and then mention each particular.) 2. Of New Hampshire. 3. Massa- chusetts. 4. Vermont. 5. Rhode Island. 6. Connecticut. 7. New York. 8. New Jersey. 9. Delaware. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Vir- ginia? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of N. Carolina ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Richmond to London ? LESSON XXV. SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. SOUTH CAROLINA. Boundaries. South Carolina is bounded north by N. C.» south-east by the A. Ocean, south-west by G NORTH AMERICA. Rivers. The Santee, Great Pedee, and Savannah. Productions. Cotton, rice, tobacco, indigo, and differ- ent kinds of grain. Capital and Chief Towns. Columbia is the capital. It occupies an elevated plain. It has a college and 5,000 inhabitants. Charleston, once the seat of government, is a large, commercial city. It is regularly built. The view of it from the water is fine. The principal edifices are the Orphan Asylum, Circular Church, City Hall, and the Ex- change. Population, 30,000. Georgetown has considerable commerce, and a popula- tion of 3,000. Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion. Very similar to other states. There are three Theological Seminaries ; the Southern Theological Seminary, (Presbyterian,) at Columbia; Furman Co., (Baptist) at Fairfield District, and Theological Semi- nary, )Lutheran) at Lexington. Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are colleges at Columbia and Charleston. Remarks. The land gradually rises from a sandy coast to hilly, and thence to mountainous, regions. In the low countries, fevers prevail. In the mountainous parts, it is healthy. The lower sections of the state are inhabited by planters, who hold large possessions of slaves ; the western and mountainous portions, by a population who till their own land. GEORGIA. Boundaries. Georgia is bounded north by T. and N. C., east by S. C. and the A. Ocean, south by F., and west by A. Rivers. The Altamaha, Chatahoochee, and Savannah. Productions. (See South Carolina.) Capital and Chief Towns. Milledgeville is the seat of government. It has some trade, a Capitol, State Prison, and Arsenal. Population, 2,700. 58 particular view. Savannah, the largest town in the state, is situated on the Savannah River. It has an elevated and beautiful location. The streets and squares are spacious, the buildings splendid. It has a Theatre, Exchange, City Hall, and Hospital. Pop- ulation, 12,000. Augusta, above Savannah, corresponds with it in most respects. Population, 8,000. Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion , Similar to the neighboring states, in most of which the Methodist and Baptist denominations are most numerous. Education and Morals. (See Maryland, in general.) There is a university at Athens. Remarks. The face of the country resembles, in most respects, that of N. and S. Carolina. There are numerous islands on the coast, producing excellent cotton. In the southern parts of the state, there are extensive swamps, infested with a great variety of water animals. — Georgia has many valuable mines, and numerous mineral springs. QUESTIONS. 1. How is South Carolina bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Productions? 4. What are the capital and the chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. What is said of the religious sects? 7. Of the state of education and morals? 8. How is Georgia bounded? 9. What are the rivers? 10. Productions? 11 . What are the capital and the chief towns ? 12. What is the gov- ernment? 13. What is said of the religious sects? 14. State of education and morals? Review. Answer the questions in reference to, 1. Ohio. 2. Mich- igan. 3. Illinois. 4. Indiana. 5. Missouri. 6. Arkansas. 7. Ten- nessee. 8. Kentucky. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to S. Carolina? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Georgia ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Savannah to Cairo ? NORTH AMERICA. 59 LESSON XXVI. ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA. ALABAMA. Boundaries. Alabama is bounded north by T., east by G., south by F. and the Gulf of M., west by M. Rivers. The Mobile, Alabama, Tombigbee, and the Tennessee Rivers. Productions. (See Georgia.) Some sugar is manufac- tured here. Capital and Chief Towns. Tuscaloosa is the capital. Its advantages and prospects for trade are good. Popula- tion, 2,500. Mobile is the principal town in the state. Although its location is unhealthy, still its growth has been rapid. It is the chief cotton mart of the south. Population, 13,000. Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion. The Baptists and Methodists are nearly equal. There are also Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Catholics. Education and Morals. (See Maryland, in general.) There is a university at Tuscaloosa, and other colleges in the state. Remarks. A large portion of Alabama was once inhabited by Indian tribes. Some of them yet remain in the state. The soil is generally good, though much of it is flat and unhealthy. The lowlands produce rice. — Gold is found in some parts of the state. MISSISSIPPI. Boundaries. Mississippi is bounded north by T., east by A., south by the Gulf of M. and L., west by L. and A. R ivers. The Mississippi and the Pearl. Productions. (See Georgia.) Capital and Chief Towns. Jackson is the capital, Its 60 PARTICULAR VIEW. situation is central, healthy, and pleasant. The public build- ings are the Capitol and Penitentiary. Population, 2,000. Natchez, on the Mississippi, is the largest town in the state. The streets are spacious, and the public buildings beautiful. It was recently destroyed by a tornado. It has since been rebuilt. Population, 10,000. Vicksburg has had a rapid growth, and has a very pic- turesque scenery. The trade here is increasing. Popula- tion, 5,000. Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopa- lians, and some Catholics. Education and Morals. (See Maryland, in general.) Remarks. This state is level, healthy, and fertile. It is still inhabited, in part, by native tribes of Indians. It is rapidly settling. LOUISIANA. Boundaries. Louisiana is bounded north by A. and M., east by M. and the Gulf of M., south by the Gulf, west by T. Rivers. The Mississippi, Red, and Sabine. Productions. Cotton, rice, sugar, and grains. Capital and Chief Towns. New Orleans is the capital, and the commercial emporium of all the western country. The streets cross each other at right angles. Various nations and languages are found here. The Grand Cathedral, City Hall, Custom House, and Exchange, are splendid edifices. The location and climate are unhealthy. Population, 110 , 000 . Natchitoches is made up of a mixture of several nations. It is a place of fashion, and has some trade. Population, 14,000. Alexandria and Munroe are places of note. Government. (See Tennessee.) Religion. The Roman Catholics are the prevailing sect. Other sects are numerous. Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are col- leges at Jackson, St. James, and Opelousas. NORTH AMERICA. 61 Remarks. This state has almost every variety of soil. It abounds in swamps, marshes, prairies, plains, and forests. — The land is often lower than the Great River. It is protected from inundations by artificial banks. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Alabama bounded? 2. What are its rivers ? 3. Productions ? 4. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religious sects ? 7. State of education and morals ? 8. How is Mississippi bounded ? 9. What are the rivers ? 10. Productions ? 11. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 12. Government ? 13. Religion ? 14. State of edu- cation and morals ? 15. How is Louisiana bounded ? 16. What are its rivers ? 17. Productions? 18. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 19. What is the government ? 20. Religion ? 21. State of education and morals ? Review. 1. Tell what you know of Virginia. 2. Maryland. 3. North Carolina. 4. South Carolina. 5. Georgia. 6. Delaware. 7. Vermont. 8. Maine. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Alaba- ma? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? What was said of Louisiana ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from N. Orleans to Constantinople? LESSON XXVII. FLORIDA, IOWA, AND WISCONSIN. FLORIDA. Boundaries. Florida is bounded north by A. and G. } east by the A. Ocean, south by the Gulf of M., west by the Gulf of M. and A. Rivers. Apalachicola, Suwanee, and St. Johns. Productions. (See Louisiana.) Capital and Towns. Tallahassee is the capital. It has a healthy and commanding location Ponulation. 3,000. 6 62 PARTICULAR VIEW. St. Augustine, on the A. Ocean, is well built, has a Navy Yard and a fine harbor. Pensacola, St. Marks and St. Josephs are considerable towns. Government. Similar to the other Southern States, Religioti. Protestant and Roman Catholic. Education and Morals. (See Louisiana.) IOWA. Boundaries. Iowa is bounded west and north by M. Ter., east by W. and I., and south by M. Rivers. Mississippi, des Moines, and Iowa. Productions. (See Illinois.) Capital , and Towns. Burlington is the capital. Du- buque and Iowa City. Government. Same as the Western States generally. Religion. Protestant. Education and Morals. A large portion of the state is still inhabited by native Indians. For other parts, see Western States generally. WISCONSIN. Boundaries. Wisconsin is bounded north by M., east by Lake M., south by I., west by I. and M. Territories. Rivers. Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Fox. Mountains. Wisconsin or Porcupine. Productions. In the southern part, same as Michigan Capital and Towns. Madison is the capital. Mil waukie. Religion. (See Iowa.) Education and Morals. (See Iowa.) QUESTIONS. 1. How is Florida bounded? 2. Rivers? 3. Productions? 4. Capital and towns? 5. Government? 6 . Religion ? 7. Education and Morals ? — 8. Bound Iowa. 9. Rivers ? 10. Productions? 11. Capital and towns ? 12. Gov- ernment? 13. Religion? 14. Education and Morals? — 15 Bound Wisconsin. 16. Rivers? 17. Mountains? 18. Productions? 19. Capital and towns? 20. Government? 21. Religion' 1 22 Education and Morals? Review the first seven lessons of Part I. NORTH AMERICA. 63 LESSON XXVIII, TERRITORIES. The Territories are districts of country under the pro- tection and government of the United States. INDIAN TERRITORY. This region of country is assigned by government to Indian tribes, that have been removed from the Southern States. It lies west of Arkansas and Missouri, and be- tween the Red and Platte Rivers. The Indians inhabit- ing this territory are the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees, Senecas, Shawnees, Quapaws, and Osages. Some of them are native tribes. Considerable progress has been made towards their civilization. There are several missionary stations, and some trading posts, in this territory. MISSOURI TERRITORY. This territory is mostly included between the Indian Territory and British America. It abounds in rivers and mountains. Many native tribes of Indians are found here. They subsist mostly by fishing and hunting. They exist in an uncivilized state, and shun all intercourse with the whites. OREGON TERRITORY. Oregon Territory lies between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It is inhabited by various tribes of Indians, for the most part in an uncivilized state. Here are several important trading posts. The traffic is principally in fur. Astoria is the chief town. The prin- cipal river is the Columbia River. QUESTIONS. 1. What are territories ? 2 . Where is the In- dian Territory ? 3. To whom assigned ? 4. Mention the tribes that inhabit it. 5. What can you say-mf them ? 6. Where is Missouri Territory ? 7. By whom inhabited? 8. By what do they subsist? 9. What else is said of them ? 10. Where is Ore- gon Territory ? 11. By whom inhabited ? 12. What their con- dition ? 13. What article of traffic ? 14. Chief town ? 15. River? REVIEW. 1. How are the United States bounded? 2. Wha*. lakes, gulfs, and sounds ? 3. Mention the rivers. 4. The productions of the N. E. Slates. 5. Of the Middle and Western States. 6. Of the Southern States. 7. Mention the cap- ital of each stale. 8. The government of each state. 9 Mention the general state of education and morals in New England. 10. In the Middle States. 11. In the Southern Slates. 64 PARTICULAR VIEW. LESSON XXIX. BRITISH AMERICA. This region of country lies between the U. S. and the A. and A. Oceans. It is a region of bays, lakes, rivers, and forests. It is subject to the Gov. of England. CANADA. Canada is the portion of this vast territory that lies next to the United States. The St. Lawrence is the principal river. Productions. Substantially the same as in New Eng- land, except that Indian corn is not generally cultivated here. Capital and Chief Towns. Kingston is now the capital. It is well built, on the margin of Lake Ontario. It has 5,000 inhabitants. Montreal, on the St. Lawrence, is a place of great trade. The Grand Cathedral here is a splendid temple. It covers nearly an acre of ground. This city occupies an island in the river. The population is 40,000. Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, is built on a promontory at the confluence of St. Charles with the St. Lawrence Rivers. It is divided into Upper and Lower towns. Popu- lation, 30,000. Government. Canada is dependent on England. Religion. The Catholics are about three times as numer- ous as the Protestants. Education and Morals. Both are very much neglected here. All their common schools are supported by the English government. The Catholics have several colleges and seminaries. NORTH AMERICA. 63 NEW BRUNSWICK New Brunswick lies between the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence and Maine. Rivers. St. John and St. Francis. Productions. (See Maine, in general.) Capital and Chief Toivns. Fredericton is the capital, Population, 3,000. New Castle, St. John, and St. An- drew’s, are the principal towns. Government. (See Canada.) Religion. Protestant and Catholic. State of Education and 3Iorals. Poor ; better, however, than in Canada. NOVA SCOTIA Nova Scotia lies between the Bay of F. and the A. Ocean. Productions. (See Maine, in general.) Capital and Chief Towns. Halifax is the capital. Population, 10,000. Liverpool and Lunenburg are important places. Government . (See Canada.) Religion. About one third of the population are Cath- olics. The Protestants are Baptists, Presbyterians, Epis copalians, and Methodists. Education and Morals . (See New Brunswick.) NEWFOUNDLAND. Newfoundland lies between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the A. Ocean. The inhabitants are mostly employed in fishing, for which the Grand Banks, near the coast, afford a fine op portunity. The land is much neglected. Capital. St. John’s. It has a good harbor and somi trade. The houses are mostly low and mean. 6 * 66 PARTICULAR VIEW. Government, Religion, Education, and Morals. (See Nova Scotia.) QUESTIONS. 1. Where does British America lie? 2. With what does it abound ? 3. Mention some of them. 4. To what is it subject? 5. Where is Canada? 6. What is the principal river? 7. What are the productions ? 8. What are the capital and the chief towns? 9. What is said of the government? 10. Religion? 11. Of the state of education and morals? 12. Where is New Brunswick? 13. What river? 14. What are the productions ? 15. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 16. What is the government ? 17. What is the religion? 18. The state of education and morals? 19. Where does Nova Scotia lie? 20. What are the productions? 21. The capital and the chief towns? 22. What is the government? 23. Religion? 24. State of education and morals? 25. Where does Newfoundland lie ? 26. How are the inhabitants generally employed ? 27. What is the capital ? 28. What is the govern- ment ? 29. Religion ? 30. State of education and morals ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XXX. NEW BRITAIN. This is a large tract of territory, lying between Canada and the A. and A. Ocean. It is nominally owned by Eng- land. It is inhabited by numerous tribes of Indians. They subsist chiefly by fishing and hunting. There are, at sev- eral points, important trading posts. Fur is the principal article of traffic. This is a cold and broken region. The Esquimaux Indians inhabit the northern parts. RUSSIAN AMERICA. Russian America lies between the P. and A. Oceans, west of N. Britain. It is a broken and barren region. It belongs to the Russian empire. It is inhabited mostly by tribes of Indians. There are a few Russians in the country engaged in the fur trade. NORTH AMERICA. 67 GREENLAND. Greenland lies between Baffin’s Bay and the A. and A. Oceans. It is a cold and barren region. It belongs to the crown of Denmark. The inhabitants are dwarfish and stu- pid. They live mostly in subterranean huts, built by the women, without chimneys or furniture. They subsist on fish and oil, and live most of the time in idleness. They have, in general, no laws ; in fact, no government, except custom. The Moravians have important missionary establishments here. ICELAND. This is an island in the A. Ocean, near G. It is inhab- ited by an enlightened and a religious people. The religion is Lutheran, or the sentiments inculcated by the great reformer. The celebrated volcano, Mount Hecla, is in this island. The hot springs here are very remarkable. QUESTIONS. 1. Where does New Britain lie? 2. By whom is it owned? 3. By whom inhabited? 4. By what do they sub- sist? 5. What article of traffic? 6. What is said of this region? 7. What are the rivers? 8. Gulfs, bays, and lakes? 9. Where is Russian America? 10. To what empire does it belong? 11. By whom inhabited ? 12. What is the trade ? 13. Where is Green- land ? 14. To what crown does it belong? 15. What is said of the inhabitants ? 16. Of their government ? 17. Of the missionary stations ? 18. Where is Iceland ? 19. What is said of the inhab- itants ? 20. What is their religion? 21. What volcano there? 22. What other matters of interest ? Review the three preceding lessons. 68 PARTICULAR VIEW. LESSON XXXI. TEXAS, MEXICO, AND GUATEMALA. TEXAS. Now one of the U. S. (184.6) Boundaries. Texas is bounded north by the I. Territory, east by L. and the I. T., south by the Gulf of M., west by M. Rivers. The Colorado, Brazos, and Rio del Norte. Productions. Cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, and grain of various kinds. Capital and Chief Towns. Houston was the former cap- ital. It is a place of considerable trade. Population, 3,500. Austin is now the seat of government. Bexar, or Bejar, and Galveston, are the principal towns. Government. Republic. Religion. Protestant and Catholic. State of Education and Morals. Low. Society is here in a very confused state. MEXICO. Boundaries. Mexico is bounded north by the U. S., east by the U. S., T., and the Gulf of M., south by G. and the P. Ocean, west by the P. Ocean. Rivers. Colorado and Rio del Norte. Mountains. The Cordilleras of Mexico, called, as they pass into the United States, the Rocky Mountains. Productions. (See Texas.) Also indigo and cochineal. Capital and Chief Towns. Mexico, the capital, is one of the most splendid cities in the world. The streets are regular, spacious, and elegant. The houses are beautiful. The public edifices surpass those of any other American city. It is elevated 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. Population, 200,000. Puebla resembles Mexico in many respects. Popula- tion, 75,000. Guadalaxara has 60,000 inhabitants. Government. Republican. NORTH AMERICA. 69 Religion. Roman Catholic. State of Education and Morals. Poor. There is but little knowledge or correct principle diffused among the mass of the people. Remarks. On the eastern and western coasts, the land is low and level As you advance towards the interior, it gradually rises to an elevation of 7 or 8,000 feet above the sea. — The climate, soil, and productions, vary with the elevation of the country. — The gold and silver mines of Mexico are the richest in the world. The land often yields two crops a year. . GUATIMALA. Boundaries. Guatimala is bounded north by M. and the C. Sea, east by the C. Sea, and south-west by the P. Ocean. Lake. Lake Nicaragua. Mountains. (See Mexico.) Productions. (See Mexico.) Capital and Chief Towns. Guatimala is the capital. It has a delightful location and climate. The streets are neat and spacious : but the houses are low, on account of frequent earthquakes. Population, 50,000. Leon and Cartago are important places. Government. (See Mexico.) Religion. (See Mexico.) State of Education and Morals. (See Mexico.) Remarks. Guatimala resembles Mexico in many respects. It has the same peculiarities of climate, soil, and surface. This country has many volcanoes. In some parts, logwood and ma- hogany are produced, of the best quality. THE WEST INDIES. This is the name of a large group of islands situated between North and South America. When they were first discovered by Columbus, they were supposed to form a part of the East India Islands. The climate, in summer, is hot and unhealthy ; in winter, it is delightful. These islands 70 PARTICULAR VIEW. are subject to earthquakes, tempests, and tornadoes. With the exception of Hayti, they are owned by European powers. The productions of the West Indies are nearly the same as those of Mexico and Guatimala. The religion is Roman Catholic and Protestant. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Texas bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. What are the productions ? 4. What are the capital and the chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. Religion? 7. State of education and morals? 8. How is Mexico bounded? 9. What rivers? 10. Mountains? 11. What are the capital and the chief towns? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals ? 15. How is Guatimala bounded ? 16. What are the mountains? 17. What the productions? 18. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 19. Government ? 20. Reli- gion ? 21. State of education and morals? 22. Where are the West Indies? 23. To what kingdoms do they belong? 24. What are the productions? 25. What is the religion of these islands? Review the four preceding lessons. Second Course. (Mention the states that lie on the Atlantic Ocean. What river flows into the Atlantic ? What river flows into the Arctic Ocean ? What states lie on the Ohio River? What states lie on the Mississippi River? What states lie on the Gulf of Mexico? What bays, gulfs, and sounds, on the Atlantic coast? What capes ? What lakes in the United States? What ranges of mountains ? Mention the principal towns on the St. Lawrence. Hudson. Delaware. Potomac. Savannah. Ohio.) LESSON XXXII. SOUTH AMERICA. Boundaries. S. America is bounded north by the C. Sea, east by the A. Ocean, south by the S. Ocean, west by the P. Ocean. Islands. The West Indies, Falkland Isles, Terra del Fuego, and the Isle of Chiloe. SOUTH AMERICA. 71 Capes Cape Vela, Cape St. Roque, St. Maria, Cape Horn, Cape Blanco. Isthmus of Darien. Mountains. The Andes and Geral Mountains. Plains. There are immense plains or pampas in the region of the great rivers. Sea. The Caribbean. Bays. St. Matthew’s Bay and the Bay of Panama. Strait. Strait of Magellan. Lakes. Maracaybo and Titicaca. Rivers. Magdalena, Orinoco, Amazon and its branches, the St. Francisco, and Rio de la Plata. Minerals. Gold in great abundance, silver, copper, quicksilver, and diamonds. Divisions. South America is divided into N. G., V., E., G., B., P., B., P., U., U. P., C., and P. (The pupil need not commit these names.) Inhabitants. Native Indians, Negroes, and European races. QUESTIONS. 1. How is South America bounded? 2. What islands near ? 3. What capes? 4. What isthmus? 5. What moun- tains ? 6. Plains ? 7. What sea ? 8. Bays? 9. Strait? 10. Lakes? 11. Rivers? 12. Minerals? 13. Divisions' 1 14. Inhabitants? Review Lessons XIII. and XIV. LESSON XXXIII. NEW GRENADA, VENEZUELA, AND EQUADOR. NEW GRENADA. Boundaries. New Grenada is bounded north by the C. Sea, east by V., south by E., west by the P. Ocean. 7 2 PARTICULAR VIEW. Rivers. Magdalena, and the branches of the Orinoco. Mountains. The Andes. Productions. (See Mexico.) Also coffee and plantains. Capital and Chief Towns. Bogota is the capital. It has many elegant buildings and churches. The latter are resplendent with gold and jewels. Population, 40,000. The other principal towns are Carthagena and Panama. Government. Republican in form. Religion. Roman Catholic. State of Education and Morals. Poor. Education is confined principally to the higher classes. Remarks. This country is mountainous, and the climate various, corresponding with that of the hottest and coldest lat- itudes. The soil and productions are various as the climate. ■ Gold, silver, and emeralds, are found here in abundance. VENEZUELA. Boundaries. Venezuela is bounded north by the C. Sea, east by G. and B., south by B., west by N. G. Rivers. The Orinoco, and the branches of the Amazon. Mountains. Chains of the Andes extend into this country. Productions. (See New Grenada.) Capital and Chief Towns. Caraccas is the capital. Its location is elevated. Its commerce is extensive. It has been reduced in population about one half, by reason of earth- quakes. Population, 48,000. Maracaybo and Valencia have each about 18,000 inhab- itants. Government. (See New Grenada.) Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. Venezuela is a vast plain, covered with luxuriant grass and numerous herds of cattle. The soil is rich, and the jlimate.agreeable. SOUTH AMERICA. 73 EQUADOR. Boundaries. Equador is bounded north by N. G., east by B., south by B. and P., west by the P. Ocean. Rivers. The Amazon and its branches. Mountains. (See New Grenada.) Productions. (See New Grenada.) Capital and Chief Towns. Quito is the capital. Its elevation above the ocean is nearly 10,000 feet. It has perpetual spring. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are frequent. Population, 70,000. Guayaquil and Riobamba have each about 22,000 in- habitants. Government. (See New Grenada.) Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education ami Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. Equador is traversed by ridges of the Andes. The climate of the valleys is that of perpetual spring. Seed-time and harvest are always present. The hues of spring and of autumn are blended in the same landscape. Mines producing gold, silver, lead, quicksilver, copper, and precious stones, are found here. QUESTIONS. 1. How is New Grenada bounded ? 2. What are the rivers ? 3. What are the mountains? 4. Productions? What are the capital and towns? 5. What is the government? 6. Reli- gion? 7. State of education and morals? 8. How is Venezuela Sounded? 9. What are the rivers ? 10. What are the mountains? 11. Productions ? Capital and the chief towns ? 12. What is the gov- ernment? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals? 15. How is Equador bounded ? 16. What are its rivers ? 17. What are its mountains ? 18. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 19. What is the government? 20. Religion? 21. State of educa- tion and morals ? Review the first six lessons of Part I. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to New Grenada ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Venezuela? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in goincr from Carthagena to St. Petersburg ? 74 PARTICULAR VIEW. LESSON XXXIV. PERU, BRAZIL, AND GUIANA. PERU. Boundaries. Peru is bounded north by E., east by B. and B., south by B. and the P. Ocean, west by the P. Ocean. Rivers. (See EqUador.) Mountains. (See Equador.) Productions. (See Equador.) Also Peruvian bark. Capital and Chief Towns. Lima is the capital. The streets are handsome, but the houses are low. Like nearly all the Spanish cities, it has a square in the centre, where the streets terminate, and the public buildings are located. Population, 85,000. Cusco and Arequipa are places of considerable note. Government. (See New Grenada.) Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. Peru has almost every variety of climate and soil. In the low country, the climate is hot, and the land barren. In the elevated parts, the climate is temperate, and the soil good. The tops of the mountains are covered with perpetual snow. Peru is rich in mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, quicksilver, &c. BRAZIL. Boundaries. Brazil is bounded north-east by the A. Ocean, south-east by the A. Ocean, south-west by U., P., B., and P., north-west by E., V., and G. Rivers. Amazon and its branches, and St. Francisco. Mountains. This vast country is traversed by numerous ranges of mountains, that take different names in differ- ent parts. The principal ridge is called Serra do Mar. SOUTH AMERICA. 75 Productions. Cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and grains. (See New Grenada.) Capital and Chief Towns. Rio Janeiro, the capital, has a fine harbor, and is elegantly built, with broad, straight, and well-paved streets. The public buildings and squares are splendid. The population, made up of various nations, amounts to 155,000. San Salvador is a splendid city. Population, 120,000. Pernambuco has a population of 60,000. Government. A limited monarchy. Till recently, Bra- zil was subject to Portugal. Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. This vast country is remarkable for its mountains, plains, and forests. The woods abound in aromatic plants. The climate is healthy, the soil fertile, and the scenery grand. Nu- merous herds of wild cattle rove in these forests. Silver, gold, emeralds, crystal, and diamonds, are found here. GUIANA. Boundaries. Guiana is bounded north by the A. Ocean, east and south by B., west by V. This country is made up of provinces subject to Euro- pean powers. The English, Dutch, and French, have pos- sessions here. The productions are the same, substantially, as those of New Grenada. Religion is Catholic and pagan. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Peru bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? Capital and the chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of education and morals? 8. How is Brazil bounded ? 9. What are the rivers? 10. Mountains? 11. Productions? Capital and the chief towns? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals? 15. How is Guiana bounded? 16. By whom is it owned? 17. What are the productions? 18. What is the religion ? Review the remainder of Part I. 76 PARTICULAR VIEW. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Peru ? VVhere is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Brazil ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Rio Janeiro to Lisbon ? LESSON XXXV. BOLIVIA, UNITED PROVINCES, AND CHILL BOLIVIA. Boundaries. Bolivia is bounded north by P. and B., east by B., south by the U. P., west by the P. Ocean and P. Rivers. Branches of the Amazon and La Plata. Mountains. (See New Grenada.) Productions. (See New Grenada, in general.) Capital and Chief Toicns. La Plata is the capital. It is not a place of much note. Potosi is one of the largest towns in the country. The houses are externally neat, but internally filthy. The suburbs are mostly in ruins. La Paz lies in a deep ravine, environed by lofty moun- tains. It is a place of great commercial interest. Government. (See New Grenada.) Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. The surface of this country is mountainous, its soil and climate variable. The silver mines of Potosi are the richest in the world. UNITED PROVINCES. Boundaries. The United Provinces are bounded north by B., east by P., and bv U., south by the A. Ocean and P* west by C SOUTH AMERICA. 77 Rivers. The La Plata and Colorado. 3Iountains. The Andes. Productions. Wheat, corn, tobacco, sugar-cane, and all kinds of tropical fruits. Capital and Chief Towns. Buenos Ayres, on the La Plata, is the capital. Its location is healthy and command- ing, and the streets regular and well paved. The houses are low, and mostly of brick ; they are generally surrounded by a garden. The public squares and edifices are numer- ous and grand. Population, 80,000. Cordova is a commercial and manufacturing city. It has 12,000 inhabitants. San Juan has an extensive trade, and 16,000 inhabitants. Government. (See New Grenada.) Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and 3Iorals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. This country has a scattered population. Most of the inhabitants are native Indians. The southern parts spread out into prairies or pampas, covered with luxuriant grass and plants, fed by numerous herds of wild horses and cattle. Gold, gems, and emeralds, are found here. CHILI. Boundaries. Chili is bounded north by B., east by the U. P. and P., south and west by the P. Ocean. 3Iountains. (See New Grenada.) Productions. Cotton, sugar, hemp, grains, and tropical fruits. Capital and Chief Towns. Santiago is the capital. It is situated in an extensive valley. The houses are low, on account of earthquakes, that are common there. Popula- tion, 55,000. Valparaiso is the port of Santiago, and has 20,000 in- habitants. Conception has 14,000 inhabitants. Government. (See New Grenada.) 7 * 78 PARTICULAR VIEW. Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. Chili is situated between the Andes and the ocean. The climate is healthy and delightful. This country is subject to earthquakes and frequent volcanic eruptions. It has many rich Times of gold, silver, copper, and tin. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Bolivia bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. Education and morals? 9. How are the United Provinces bounded? 10. What are the rivers? 11. Mountains? 12. Pro- ductions ? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns? 14. What is the government? 15. Religion? 16. Education and morals? 17. How is Chili bounded? 18. What are the mountains? 19. Pro- ductions ? 20. What are the capital and the chief towns? 21. What is the government? 22. Religion ? 23. Education and morals ? Review. 1. Where do the United States lie? 2. What is the government of the United States? 3. What is the religion? 4. Describe the District of Columbia. 5. Name each particular, in respect to Maine. 6. New Hampshire. 7. Vermont. 8. Massa- chusetts. 9. Rhode Island. 10. Connecticut. 11. New York. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Bolivia ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of the United Provinces ? Where is each town sit- uated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail, in going from Buenos Ayres to Montreal ? LESSON XXXYI. PARAGUAY, URUGUAY, AND PATAGONIA. PARAGUAY. Boundaries. Paraguay is bounded north and east by B., south and west by the U. P. Rivers. The Paraguay and Parana. Productions. Tea, tobacco, grain, and cattle. SOUTH AMERICA. 79 Capital and Chief Towns. Assumption is the capital. Population, 7,000. Other towns are Villa Rica and Con- ception. Government. Absolute monarchy. Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. The soil here is good, the climate healthy. The plains abound in numerous herds of cattle. A gum is produced here, from which India rubber is made. URUGUAY. Boundaries. Uruguay is bounded north by B., east by the A. Ocean, south by the La Plata, west by the U. P. Rivers. The La Plata and Uruguay. Productions. (See United Provinces.) Capital and Chief Towns. Monte Video, on the La Plata, is the capital. It is badly built, but has some trade. Population, 11,000. Other towns are Rio Grande and Colonia. Government. (See New Grenada.) Religion. (See New Grenada.) Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) Remarks. This is a small republic, formerly a part of Brazil. The climate and soil are good. It exports a large quantity of hides. PATAGONIA. Patagonia lies at the southern extremity of South Ameri- ca, between the A. and P. Oceans. It is inhabited mostly by savage tribes. But little is known of them. They have been represented as of gigantic stature. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Paraguay bounded ? 2. What are the rivers ? 3. Productions ? 4. What are the capital and the chief ;owns ? 5 What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of Kiucation and morals? 8. How is Uruguay bounded? 9. What 80 PARTICULAR VIEW. are the rivers? iO. Productions? 11. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. Ed- ucation and morals? 15. Where is Patagonia? lb. What is said of it ? Review. Describe, 1. New Jersey. 2. Pennsylvania. 3. Dela- ware. 4. Maryland. 5. Virginia. 6. Ohio. 7. Michigan. 8. In- diana. 9. Illinois. 10. Missouri. 11. Arkansas. Second Course. (What countries border on the Atlantic Ocean ? What on the C. Sea ? What on the Pacific ? What lakes in South America? Mention the principal chains of mountains. What is the length of the principal rivers in South America ? What is their course ? Into what do they flow ?) -o~ LESSON XXXVII. SUSOPB. Boundaries. Europe is bounded north by the A. Ocean, east by A., south by the B., A., and M. Seas, west by the A. Ocean. Islands. Cyprus, Candia, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the British Isles, Iceland, and Nova Zembla. Capes. North Cape, Cape Clear, and Cape Ortegal. Peninsulas. Greece, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Mountains. Ural, Carpathian, Apennines, Alps, Pyrenees, Dofrafield. Seas. Azof, Black, Marmora, Archipelago, Mediterra- nean, Irish, North, Baltic, and White Seas. Gulfs and Bays. Gulf of Venice, Taranto, Genoa, Lyons, Bothnia, Finland, Bay of Biscay. Channels and Straits. Straits of Bosphorus, Gibraltar, Dover, Scager Rack, the British and St. George’s Channels. EUROPE. 81 Lakes. Constance, Geneva, Wener, Wetter, Ladoga, and Onega. Ri vers. Dwina, Volga, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, and the Danube. Minerals. Gold, silver, quicksilver, platina, and pre- cious stones. Divisions. Europe is divided into Turkey, G., A., S., I., S., P„ F., E., L, S., B., H., G., P., D„ N., S., and R. (The pupil need not commit these names, but simply ascer- tain where these places lie.) Inhabitants. Europe is inhabited almost entirely by civilized races of men. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Europe bounded ? 2. What islands near ? 3. What capes ? 4. Peninsulas ? 5. Mountains ? 6. Seas ? 7. Gulfs and bays ? 8. Channels and straits ? 9. What lakes ? 10. Rivers? 11. Minerals? 12. What are the civil divisions? 13. By whom is Europe inhabited ? Review. What is an island? Cape? Peninsula? Mountain? Plain? What is a sea? Gulf or bay? Channel? Sound? Strait? What is a lake ? A river ? LESSON XXXVIII, SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. SPAIN. Boundaries. Spain is bounded north by the Bay of B. and F., east by the M. Sea, south by the junction of the M. Sea and the A. Ocean, west by P. and the A. Ocean. Rivers. The Ebro, Duero, Tagus, and Guadiana. Mountains. The Pyrenees. Productions. Grain, cotton, rice, tropical fruits, oil, and wines. 82 P A R'f 1C C L A K VtfiRL Capital and Chief Towns. Madrid is the capital. it is a rich and beautiful city. The streets are regular, arid the public buildings magnificent. The new palace is one of the finest royal residences in Europe. Population, 220,000. Barcelona has 120,000 inhabitants, Seville, 92-000. Government. A limited monarchy. A monarchy is a government administered by one individual, who usually receives the crown by inheritance. If the power of the monarch is restrained by law, or other branches of govern- ment, it is a limited monarchy ; if the sovereign power is not restrained, it is an absolute monarchy. Religion. Roman Catholic. Education and Morals. Both are very much neglected. Learning and refinement are limited to the higher classes O O of society. Remarks. The face of the country in Spain is very much diversified. The scenery is generally picturesque and beautiful. The climate is mild ; the land good, but not well tilled. The in- habitants are tall, bold, tenacious of honor, and fond of amusement, Quicksilver, iron, coal, sulphur, and marble, are found here. PORTUGAL. Boundaries. Portugal is bounded north and east by S., south and west by the A. Ocean. Rivers. The Duero and TagUs. Productions. (See Spain, in general.) Capital and Chief Towns. Lisbon, on the Tagus, is the capital. It is a rich and splendid city. It abounds in magnifi- cent edifices. It has a large trade, and 262,000 inhabitants. Oporto, on the Duero River, has an extensive trade in wines and fruit. Population, 75,000. Coimbra has 20,000 inhabitants. Government. (See Spain.) Religion. (See Spain.) Education and Morals. (See Spain.) Remarks. The facts Stated in respect to Spain hold true, substantially, in respect to Portugal. The people are hospitable, EUROPE. 83 but Superstitious. They are passionately fond of amusement. Most of them are miserably poor. There is a large variety of mineral productions in this country. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Spain bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. What are the mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7 . What is a monarchy ? 8. A limited monarchy ? 9. An absolute monarchy? 10. What is the religion ? 11. What is the state of education and morals ? 12. How is Portugal bounded? 13. What are the rivers ? 14. The productions ? 15. What are the capital and chief towns? 16. What is the government? 17. Religion? 18. Education and morals ? Review. Answer each question in reference to, 1. Kentucky. 2. Tennessee. 3. North Carolina. 4. South Carolina. 5. Georgia. 6. Alabama. 7 . Mississippi. 8. Louisiana. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Spain ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Portugal? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Oporto to Quebec ? * LESSON XXXIX. ITALY AND GREECE. ITALY. Boundaries. Italy is bounded north by S. and A., east by the Gulf of V., south and west by the M. Sea. Rivers. The Po and Tiber. Mountains. Apennines, and Mount Vesuvius, a volcano. Productions. (See Spain, in general.) Capital and Chief Towns. Rome is the capital of the Papal Dominions, both civil and ecclesiastical. It is one of the most ancient and splendid cities on the globe. It is the seat of the pope and his court. St. Peter’s Church is a 84 PARTICULAR VIEW. splendid specimen of architecture, and the wonder of the world. Population of Rome, 150,000. The other principal cities are Naples, which has 360,000 inhabitants, Venice, and Milan. Cathedral at Milan. Government. (See Remarks, at the end of the lesson.) Religion. (See Spain.) Education and Morals. (See Spain.) Remarks. The peninsula of Italy is divided into several dis- tinct governments. Some of them are independent ; others are subject to foreign powers. Lombardy is dependent on Austria. It lies between the Po and the Alps. Tuscany is also depend- ent on Austria. It lies on the Mediterranean Sea. Parma, Mo- dena, and Lucca, lie in the northern part, and are dependent on Austria. The States of the Church, including San Marino, are in Central Italy. They are dependent on the pope. Sardinia, in- cluding Piedmont, Genoa, Savoy; and Naples, together with the Island of Sicily and several other contiguous islands, are independent. Italy is the seat of the ancient Roman empire. Its soil is rich, its scenery grand. It abounds in specimens of ancient and modern art, and architecture. EUROPE. 85 GREECE. Boundaries. Greece is bounded north by T., east by the Archipelago, south and west by the M. Sea. Mountains. There are several small mountains in Greece, among which is the celebrated Parnassus. Productions. (See Spain.) Capital and Chief Towns. Athens is the capital. It is a city, celebrated in ancient and modern history. It was once the seat of learning, refinement, and power. It is now but the shadow of what it once was. Present population, 14 , 000 . Navarino and Corinth are the other principal towns. Government. (See Spain.) Religion. Greek church. This form of religion resem- bles the Roman Catholic. Its adherents, however, do not acknowledge the supremacy of the pope. Education and Morals. Poor, but improving. Remarks. Greece, in many respects, resembles Italy. It is the seat of the ancient Grecian empire. It is rich in relics of former grandeur, among the most interesting of which is the Acropolis, crowned with a splendid temple, devoted to Minerva. The Ionian Republic consists of seven small islands, west of Greece. Corfu is the capital. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Italy bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Capital and chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. Religion? 8. Educa- tion and morals ? 9. How is Greece bounded ? 10. What are the mountains? 11. Productions? 12. What are the capital and chief towns? 13. What is the government? 14. Religion? 15. State of education and morals. Review Lessons XXVII., XXVIII., XXIX., and XXX. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Italy ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters What else of interest ? What was said of Greece ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Rome to New Orleans ? 8 PARTICULAR VIEW, 86 LESSON XL. TURKEY AND AUSTRIA. TURKEY Mosque of St. Sophia. Turkey lies partly in Europe and partly in Asia. Boundaries. Turkey in Europe is bounded north by A., east by R. and the B. Sea, south by the Sea of M. and A., and by G., west by the Gulf of V. and by A. Rivers. The Danube and its branches. Mountains. The Carpathian Mountains. The princi pal chain in this country is the Balkan chain. TURCTtf. 87 Productions. (See Spain, and the other countries of Southern Europe.) Capital and Chief Towns. Constantinople, the capital, is a splendid city. It has a large commerce, and many ele- gant edifices. Population, 600,000. Adrianople and Salonica are extensive cities. Government. An absolute monarchy. Religion. The religion is Mahometan. Other sects are tolerated. Mahometanism is a mixed religion, composed of the Jewish, Papal, and pagan. The Mahometans be- lieve in one God, and that Mahomet was his last and principal messenger to mankind. They believe in a paradise where all will be rewarded according to their valor in propagating their religion, and their faithfulness in its duties and aus- terities. Education and Morals. The state of education and morals is bad. The Koran is their principal text-book in science, literature, and morals. Remarks. The face of- the country in Turkey is diversified. The soil and climate are excellent. The advantages for commerce are good. Turkey produces alum and sulphur in abundance. Gold, copper, iron, lead, and quarries of excellent marble, are found here. Useful drugs, fine carpets, crapes, and gauzes, are manufactured in this country. AUSTRIA. Boundaries. Austria is bounded north by P. and P., east by R.. and T., south by T., the Gulf of V., and by I., west by S. and G. Rivers. The Danube and its branches. (See Turkey.) Mountains. (See Turkey.) Productions. Grain of various kinds, including wheat, rye, oats, corn, &c., fruits, and the products of their ex- tensive pastures and forests. Capital and Chief Towns. Vienna is the capital of tlii- empire. It is pleasantly situated in the midst of a fertih region. It has many public squares, monasteries, theatres churches, and splendid palaces. Population, 300,000. ss PARTICULAR VIEW. Prague and Buda are each places of note. Government. An absolute monarchy. In its bearings upon some of the states, it is limited. Austria is an em- pire ; the sovereign is styled emperor. An empire is a government that includes several distinct states or kingdoms. Religion. Roman Catholic. Other sects are tolerated. Education and Morals. GenerSJ education is more at- tended to than in most Catholic countries ; and yet the state of education and morals is, upon the whole, low. Remarks. Austria embraces the kingdom of Hungary, a part of the kingdom of Poland, and a portion of the German domin- ions. The soil and climate are excellent. The mineral produc- tions are copper, iron, silver, gold, lead, and quicksilver. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Turkey bounded? 2. What are the ■ivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. State of education and morals ? 9. How is Austria bounded ? 10. What are the rivers? 11. Mountains? 12. Productions 3 13. What are the capital and chief towns ? 14. What is the govern- ment? 15. What is an empire ? 16. What is the religion of Aus- tria ? 17. What is the general state of education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. Texas. 2. Mexico. 3. Guatimala. 4. The West Indies. 5. New Grenada. 6. Venezuela. 7. Guiana. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Turkey ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Austria ? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Vienna to St. Louis? EUROPE 89 LESSON X L I . RUSSIA AND POLAND. RUSSIA. Admiralty. The Russian empire is the largest territorial empire on the globe. Boundaries. Russia is bounded north by the A. Ocean, east by Asiatic Russia, south by the A. and B. Seas, and by T. and A., west by P., the B. Sea, and by S. and N. Rivers. The Dwina, Volga, Don, and Dnieper, are among the largest. Mountains. The Ural Mountains. Productions. These are various. In Southern Russia, they correspond with those of Austria. In the northern regions, they are furs, timbers, and minerals. Capital and Chief Towns. St. Petersburg is the capital. Its site is low. Parts of the spot on which it stands were 8 * 90 PAHTICULAK VIEW. once islands, marsh, or water. It is one of the most ex- posed, hut beautiful cities on the globe. Its temples, palaces, and artificial works, are splendid. Population, 500,000. Moscow, the ancient capital of Russia, was mostly destroyed by fire, at the French invasion under Napoleon, in 1812. The great bell of Moscow is 21 feet in circum- ference. It is the largest in the world. This city contains many magnificent buddings. The trade, however, is small. Present population, 250,000. Cronstadt, Riga, Orel, and Tula, are important places. Government. An absolute monarchy. The emperor is the supreme head of church and state. Religion. (See Greece.) Other sects are tolerated, and are numerous. Education and Morals. Both are in a low condition. Religion and government exert but little influence over the majority of the people. Heathenism prevails over a large part of the empire. The lower class, or serfs, are in a state of vassalage to the lords. Remarks. This country is generally level. In the northern parts, the soil is barren and the climate cold. In the southern parts, the climate is mild and the soil good. The land is culti- vated mostly by the serfs. Mines of gold, silver, and copper, are found here. POLAND. Boundaries. Poland is bounded north and east by R., south by A., west by P. Rivers. Vistula and Niemen. Productions. Corn, grain, hemp, and the products of the pastures and forests. Large numbers of cattle and sheep are raised here. Capital and Chief Towns. Warsaw is considered the capital. This city, though irregularly built, abounds in splendid palaces and works of art. Population, 150,000. Kalisch and Lublin are the chief towns. They have each about 12,000 inhabitants. EUROPE. 91 Government. Poland is subject to Russia. The em- peror of Russia is also king of Poland. Religion. The Roman Catholic religion prevails here. Education and Morals. Poor, but improving. (See Greece.) Remarks. The land in Poland is level, and the soil excellent A species of manna falls by night, and is collected in sieves in the morning. It is a great luxury. — Poland was formerly one of the largest kingdoms in Europe. Only about one fifth of the ancient kingdom is now called Poland. — The inhabitants are tall, athletic, and handsome in their persons, and courteous and hos- pitable to strangers. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Russia bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. State of education and morals ? 9. How is Poland bounded ? 10. What are the rivers? 11. Productions ? 12. What are the cap- ital and chief towns ? 13. What is the government ? 14. Religion? 15. State of education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. Equador. 2. Brazil. 3. Peru. 4. Bolivia. 5. United Provinces. 6. Paraguay. 7 . Uruguay. 8. Chili. Second Course. Whatremarks were made in respect to Russia ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Poland ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from St. Petersburg to Bangor ? LESSON XLII. SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY. SWITZERLAND. Boundaries. Switzerland is bounded north by G., east by A., south by I., west by F. Rivers. The Rhine and Rhone have their source in this country. 92 PARTICULAR VIEW. Mountains. The Alps. Productions. Grains, and the products of the pasture, which are cattle, wool, butter, and cheese. (See Austria, in general.) Capital and Chief Towns. Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne, are alternately the capitals. Berne is a beautiful city, with extensive trade and manufactures. It is the seat of many important seminaries. Population, 18,000. Geneva is the most flourishing city in Switzerland. It is situated on Lake Geneva, which renders its scenery beauti- ful. It was the residence of Calvin, the great reformer. Population, 27,000. Basle is noted for its trade, commerce, and literary insti- tutions. Population, 16,000. Government. A confederacy, made up of over twenty distinct states, differing somewhat in the character of their government. Religion. Protestant. There are also Roman Catholics and Jews. State of Education and Morals. Good, in general. There are many flourishing literary institutions here. Remarks. Switzerland is a land of wonders. It is noted for its mountains, glaciers, and cataracts. The glaciers are tracts of glittering ice, that have been accumulating for ages. They sometimes take the shape of cities of crystal, with spires and tur- rets blazing in the sun. Avalanches of snow and ice from these mountains are frequent, and often disastrous. Over the Alps Buonaparte constructed a military road, more than a mile high. There are several beautiful lakes in this country, the largest of which are Lakes Constance and Geneva ; the former of which may be styled the “Lake of the Clouds.” GERMANY. Boundaries. Germany is bounded north by the N. Sea, D., and the B. Sea, east by P. and A., south by A. and S., west by F., B., and H. Rivers. The Rhine, Elbe, and Danube. EUROPE. 93 Mountains. The Alps and Carpathian Mountains ex- tend into this country. Productions. (See Austria.) Grains, fruits, and the products of the pasture and forest. Capital and Chief Towns. Frankfort is the seat of the “ German Diet.” It is a place of extensive commerce. It has much wealth and beauty. Population, 55,000. Munich is one of the handsomest cities in Germany. It is adorned with promenades and splendid buildings. The Royal Palace is one of the finest in Europe. Population, 80,000 Hanover is an ancient city. It has many elegant struc- tures of hewn stone. Population, 28,000. Hamburg has many elegant edifices, a thriving commerce, and many institutions and libraries. Population, 125,000. Government. A confederacy, made up of over 30 dif- ferent states and cities, having various forms of government. Education and Morals. In Protestant Germany, the state of education and morality is good. Germany abounds in universities. In the cultivation of music, the Germans rank next to the Italians. It is taught in the common schools, as a part of education. Remarks. Under the title of Germany are included parts of Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Wirtemburg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, and the cities of Hamburg, Frankfort, Bremen, and Lubec. There are about 20 other states of less note. These states and cities have entered into what is called the “ German Confederacy,” by which they are bound to defend each other in war, and to submit all their disputes to be settled by the Federative Diet. — This country abounds in fine cattle and sheep. Silver, copper, tin, and coal, are found here. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Switzerland bounded? 2. What are the rivers ? 3. Mountains ? 4. Productions ? 5. What are the capital and chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. Religion? 8. State of education and morals ? 9. How is Germany bounded ? 10. What are the rivers? 11. Mountains? 12. Productions' 1 13. What are the capital and chief towns ? 14. What is the govern- ment? 15. Religion ? 16. State of education and morals ? 17. What is said of the cultivation of music? Review Describe, 1. Spain. 2. Portugal. 3. Italy. 4. Greece. 5. Turkey. 6. Austria. 94 PARTICULAR VIEW. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Swit- zerland ? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Germany? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Frankfort to Washington? LESSON XLIII. FRANCE AND BELGIUM. FRANCE. Boundaries. France is bounded north by the B. Channel, Straits of D., and by B., east by G., S., and I., south by the M. Sea and S., west by the Bay of B. Rivers. The Loire, Garonne, Seine, and Rhone. Mountains. The Alps and Pyrenees. Productions. Same as in Central Europe, generally — EUROPE. 95 various kinds of grain, the products of the pasture, fruits, wines, and oil. Capital and Chief Towns. Paris is the capital. It is enclosed by a wall 17 miles in circuit. It is a splendid and fashionable city. It abounds in magnificent edifices, prom- enades, fountains, and places of amusement. Population, nearly 1,000,000. Lyons, Marseilles, and Bourdeaux, have each great wealth, beauty, and commercial advantages, and each has a popu- lation of over 100,000. Government. A limited monarchy. It secures to the people, in effect, nearly the whole political power. The crown only is hereditary, and this in the male line. Religion. (See Spain.) All sects are tolerated here, and have equal rights. Protestantism is advancing. Education and Morals. The general state of education and morals is low. Literary advantages are restricted mostly to the higher classes of society. Remarks. France presents a diversity of surface and scenery. The soil and climate are excellent. The French hold a high rank in the scientific world. Amusement and dissipation abound in France, especially in the large cities. Coal, lead, manganese, and some other minerals, abound in this country. BELGIUM. Boundaries. Belgium is bounded north by H., east by G., south by F., west by the N. Sea. Rivers. The Scheldt and Rhine. Productions. (See Austria.) The land is in a high stale of cultivation, and yields various kinds of grain and fruit. Capital and Chief Towns. Brussels is the capital. It is a large manufacturing city. It has many fine squares and palaces. Its location is beautiful ; its suburbs extensive. Population, 100,000. Antwerp contains one of the most elegant cathedrals in the world. Its spire is 440 feet high. This city is now on the decline ; has less than half its former inhabitants. Once it had 200,000 inhabitants, and was one of the richest cities in the world. Now the population is only 70,000. 90 PARTICULAR VIEW. Government. (See France.) Religion. (See France.) Education and Morals. (See France.) Remarks. The land is low, but fertile. Great attention is paid to agriculture and manufactures. The fine arts, especially that of painting, are carried to great perfection here. The country is intersected by numerous canals and small streams of water. — The celebrated battle of Waterloo was fought in Bel- gium. QUESTIONS. J. How is France bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. Religion? 8. What is the state of education and morals ? 9. How is Bel- gium bounded? 10. What are the rivers? 11. The productions? 12. What are the capital and chief towns ? 13. What is the govern- ment? 14. Religion? 15. State of education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. Austria. 2. Switzerland. 3. Germany. 4. Poland. 5. Russia. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to France? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Belgium ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Paris to Lima ? LESSON XL IV. PRUSSIA AND DENMARK. PRUSSIA. Boundaries. Prussia is bounded north by the B. Sea. east by P., south by A. and G., west by G. Rivers. Elbe, Oder, Vistula, and Niemen. Productions. Grain, timber, the products of the pasture, viz., butter, cheese, cattle, sheep, &c. EUROPE. 97 squares are elegant. The public buildings are splendid. The Royal Palace is one of the most magnificent in Europe. The Arsenal is said to be the largest in the world. There are several universities and literary institutions here. Pop- ulation, 244,000. Cologne, on the Rhine, is a place of large trade, and has 66,000 inhabitants. Breslau, upon the Oder, is one of the largest cities in Prussia. It is celebrated for its trade and literary institu- tions. Population, 90,000. Government. Absolute monarchy. The power of the sovereign, however, is exercised mildly. Religion. Protestant, Lutheran. They hold to the opin- ions and forms inculcated by Luther, the great reformer. Education and Morals. Nowhere in the world are the blessings of education more generally enjoyed than in Prussia. As might be expected, the state of morality is good. Remarks. Prussia is distinguished for its excellent systems of education. All are required by law to furnish the means of education for their children. The surface of the country is gen- erally level, but the soil is poor. Amber is found here in large quantities. DENMARK. Boundaries. Denmark is bounded north by the Strait of S., east by the Straits of C. and the B. Sea, south by G., west by the N. Sea. Productions. Grains, and the proceeds of the pasture and flocks. (See Austria, and Central Europe, in general.) Capital and Chief Towns. Copenhagen is the seat of government. Its site is somewhat like that of St. Peters- burg. Its streets, squares, and public buildings, resem- ble those of Berlin. Population, 124,000. The chief towns are Altona and Flensburg : the former has 30,000, the latter 15,000 inhabitants. Government. Absolute monarchy, modified, however, by the intelligence of the people. (See Prussia.) 9 98 PARTICULAR VIEW. Religion. Protestant, Lutheran. (See Prussia.) Education and Morals. Gymnasiums and primary schools abound here. The general state of education and morality is good ; and yet the effects of the old feudal sys- tem are still felt. Whole territories, once subjected to mil- itary chieftains and conquerors, still remain, by a kind of entailment, in the line of their ancestors, and are in the same state of vassalage. Remarks. Denmark is a commercial country. The climate and soil are good. The atmosphere is generally hazy and moist. The Danes are a moral, enlightened, industrious, and courteous people. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Prussia bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Productions? 4. What are the capital and chief towns? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion? 7. What is the state of education and morals? 8. How is Denmark bounded? 9. What are the productions ? 10. What are the capital and chief towns ? 11. What is the government? 12. Religion? 13. State of educa- tion and morals ? Review the four preceding lessons. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Prussia ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Denmark ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Copenhagen to St. John? LESSON X L V . ENGLAND AND IRELAND. ENGLAND. Boundaries. England is bounded north by S., east by the N. Sea, south by the Straits of I), and the B. Channel, west by St. G.’s Channel and the I. Sea. Rivers. The Thames and Severn. Mountains . The Snowdon Mountains, in Wales. EUROPE. 99 Productions. The land in England is in a high state of cultivation. Almost every article is raised here that can be cultivated in this latitude. All kinds of grain and fruit are produced here. Westminster Abbey. Capital and Chief Towns. London, on the Thames, is the capital of the British empire. It is the largest, richest, and most splendid city on the globe. It abounds in parks, palaces, bridges, theatres, and colleges. Many of the churches are elegant. St. Paul’s Cathedral is one of the finest churches in the world. London has been denominated a “ forest of splendor.” Some parts of it, however, especially those included in the ancient city, are mean. Whole population, nearly 2,000,000. Next to London, in point of wealth and trade, is Liver- pool, situated on the Mersey. It is a great commercial town, having an extensive trade with the United States. Population, nearly 200,000. Manchester and Birmingham are large manufacturing places ; the former of cotton goods, the latter of iron ware of all kinds. Government. A limited monarchy. The king, or 100 PARTICULAR VIEW. queen, is head of the church and state. The royal power is limited by parliament. Religion. Protestant. Episcopacy is the established religion. It is incorporated with the government. Education and 3Iorals. The privileges of education are not universally enjoyed here. The poor are ignorant, but the higher classes enjoy every advantage for the cultivation of the mind and manners. Wales is a province of England, situated in the south- west part of the island. The people are poor, but con- tented, industrious, and happy. The land is hilly, but pro- ductive. Remarks. England is distinguished for its commerce, agri- culture, manufactures, and internal improvements. The soil is fine. The climate is less variable than in most European coun- tries. The mineral productions are coal, copper, tin, iron, and lead. England abounds in splendid cities, and monuments of wealth and power. The finest breeds of cattle are raised here. IRELAND. Boundaries. Ireland is bounded east by the I. Sea, north, south, and west, by the A. Ocean. River. The Shannon. Productions. Potatoes and flax are raised here in abun- dance. (See England, and Central Europe, generally.) Capital and Chief Towns. The capital is Dublin. It is a city of elegance and of poverty, of palaces and of hovels. Things are seen here in contrast. It has much wealth and trade, as well as poverty and wretchedness. Population, 270,000. Cork and Limerick stand next to Dublin in point of im- portance and population ; the former having over 100,000, and the latter over 00,000 inhabitants. Government. Ireland is subject to the Gov. of England. Religion. (See France.) Other denominations exist. All, however, are subject to the tithing system. Education and Morals. Both are in a low condition. EUROPE. 101 Remarks. The soil of Ireland is rich, the scenery beautiful. There are, however, numerous bogs and morasses, upon this island, that are unfit for cultivation. In Ireland there are many castles and churches in a dilapidated state. The Irish are a witty, hardy, hospitable, but passionate people. The Giants’ Cause- way is a great curiosity. It consists of more than 100,000 pillars or columns of basaltic rock, rising to a height of 300 or 400 feet above the water. QUESTIONS. 1. How is England bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. State of education and morals? 9. How is Ireland bounded? 10. What river? 11. What are the productions? 12. What are the capital and chief towns? 13. What is the government? 14. Re- ligion ? 15. State of education and morals ? Review each country in South America. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Eng- land ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? What was said of Ireland ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Liverpool to New York ? LESSON XLVI. HOLLAND AND SCOTLAND. HOLLAND. Boundaries . Holland is bounded north and west by the N. Sea, east by G., and south by B. River. The Rhine. Productions. (See Austria and Central Europe.) The land, much of which has been reclaimed from the ocean, is in a high state of improvement. The best of butter and cheese is made here. Capital and Chief Towns. Hague is the capital. It is 9* 102 PARTICULAR VIEW. remarkable for its canals, and is one of the best built cities in Europe. Population, 56,000. Amsterdam is a place of extensive commerce and wealth. It is intersected by the River Amstel, and by numerous canals, across which there are nearly 300 bridges. This city contains much that is splendid and attractive. It is the seat of many literary institutions. Population, 200,000. Government. A limited monarchy. Religion. (See Prussia.) Education and Morals. The general state of education and morality here is good. Remarks. Holland is a low and level country, and is subject to frequent inundations from the sea. To prevent these, immense dikes are raised along the shore. The soil is excellent, and in a high state of cultivation. Holland abounds in canals, which serve both as mediums of travel and conveyance. The Dutch are an industrious and moral people. SCOTLAND. Boundaries . Scotland is bounded west and north by the A. Ocean, east by the N. Sea, south by E. and the I. Sea. Rivers. There are a few inconsiderable streams, most of which widen near the ocean into friths. Mountains. The Grampian Mountains or Hills. Productions. The same as in Central Europe generally. Grain, grass, oats, and potatoes, are raised here in abun- dance. Capital and Chief Towns. Edinburgh is the capital. It is surrounded by rugged cliffs and precipices, giving it a romantic and picturesque appearance. It is a city of learn- ing, wealth, and trade. Population, 180,000. Glasgow is the largest and richest city in Scotland. J-X is a place of extensive trade and manufactures. PopulalEa, 200,000. Aberdeen has 60,000 inhabitants. Government. Scotland is united with England, and has a representation in parliament. Religion. Protestant. EUROPE. 103 Education and Morals. Both are in a high state of cul- tivation. Remarks. The Highlands are cold and barren, the Lowlands mild and productive. There are numerous lakes, or, as they are here called, “lochs,” interspersed among the Highlands, which often give the scenery a picturesque aspect. The Scotch are brave, hardy, and intelligent. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Holland bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. What are the productions ? 4. What are the capital and chief towns? 5. What is said of the government? 6. Religion? 7. State of education and morals ? 8. How is Scotland bounded ? 0. What are the mountains? 10. Productions? 11. What are the capital and chief towns ? 12. Government ? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. Spain. 2. Portugal. 3. Italy. 4. Greece. 5. Turkey. 6. Austria 7. Switzerland. 8. Germany. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Hol- land ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital? Describe the waters. What else of interest? What was said of Scotland ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Edinburgh to Mecca? LESSON XL VII. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. NORWAY. Boundaries. Norway is bounded north by the A. Ocean, east by L. and S., south by the Strait of S., west by the A. Ocean. Rivers. None of note. Mountains. The Dofrafield. Productions. Their fisheries are sources of large profit. Timber, fur, and mineral productions, abound here. Capital and Chief Towns. Christiana is the capital. It 104 PARTICULAR VIEW. is built in a valley. The streets are neat and regular. It has a fine harbor, and a population of 20,500. Bergen is similarly situated, and is about as large as Christiana. Drontheim has 13,000 inhabitants. Government. This kingdom is united with Sweden Religion. Protestant. Education and Morals. Learning is pretty extensively diffused. Itinerant teachers communicate instruction to the common people to great advantage. Remarks. Norway is a cold and barren region. The prin- cipal sources of wealth are the fisheries, forests of oaks, elm, fir, and pine. On the coast of Norway is the celebrated vortex called the Maelstrom. Large vessels have been drawn into this whirlpool. The Norwegians are an honest, courageous, and moral people. SWEDEN. Boundaries. Sweden is bounded north by N. and L. s east by the Gulf of B. and the B. Sea, south by the B. Sea, west by N. Lakes. Wener and Wetter. Mountains. (See Norway.) Productions. (See Norway.) Also grains, and the products of the pasture. Capital and Chief Towns. The capital is Stockholm It is built upon several islands and peninsulas. Its situation is beautiful, and its trade large. It has 80,000 inhabitants. Gottenburg is well fortified, and has a good harbor. Pop- ulation, 25,000. Carlscrona has 14,000 inhabitants. Government. A limited monarchy. Religion. Protestant, Lutheran. It has more of form than of spirit and power. Education and Morals. Most of the inhabitants can read and write. The general state of education and morals, however, is low. Remarks. Sweden abounds in lakes and small streams. It is a cold, barren country. Lapland is situated in the northern part of Europe. It is a ASIA. 105 dreary and barren region. The inhabitants are stupid and super- stitious. The reindeer afford them food and clothing. They are beasts of burden, and have great swiftness in travelling. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Norway bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. State of education and morals? 9. How is Sweden bounded? 10. What lakes there? 11. Mountains? 12. What are the pro- ductions? 13. What are the capital and chief towns? 14. What is the government? 15. What is the religion? 16. What is the state of education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. France. 2. England. 3. Ireland. 4. Scot- land. 5. Belgium. 6. Holland. 7. Germany. 8. Prussia. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Norway ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Sweden ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Stockholm to Savannah ? LESSON XLVIII. ASIA. Boundaries. Asia is bounded north by the A. Ocean, east by the seas bordering on the P. Ocean, south by the I. Ocean, west by the M. Sea and E. Islands. Nova Zembla, Japan Islands, Philippine Isles, Borneo, Sumatra, and Ceylon. Capes. Comorin, and Lopatka. Peninsulas. Kamtschatka, Corea, Malacca, and Arabia. Mountains. Himmaleh, Sinai, Ararat, and Altay (or Altai) Mountains. Deserts. Great Desert, Sandy Desert, Desert of Shamo. Seas. Okotsk, Japan, Yellow, Chinese, Arabian, Red, Mediterranean, Black, Caspian and Aral: Gidfs and Bays. Gulf of Tonquin, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Ormus ; Bay of Bengal. v a i it r c u ir a j t vfaw. iuti Straits. Strait of Malacca, Babelmandei, and Behring's Strait. Lakes. Aral and Baikal. Rivers. Cambodia, Irawaddy, Ganges, Indus, Eu- phrates, Obi, Yenisei, Lena, Kiang-Ku, Hoang-Ho. Minerals. Gold, silver, quicksilver, lead, tin, iron, copper, coal, salt, and precious stones. Divisions. Asia is divided into A., T., P., I. T., A., H., B., H., F. I., C., J., and S. Inhabitants. Asia is inhabited by a great variety of races. The general classification may be the white, the Indian, and Negro races. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Asia bounded? 2. What islands near? 3. What capes ? 4. Peninsulas ? 5. Mountains ? 6. Deserts ? 7. Seas? 8. Gulfs and bays? 9. Straits? 10. Lakes ? 11. Rivers? 12. What minerals are found there? 13. What are the civil divis- ions of Asia ? 14. By whom is it inhabited ? Review Lessons XIII., XXXII., and XXXVII, LESSON XLIX. ARABIA AND TURKEY. ARABIA. Boundaries. Arabia is bounded north by T., east by the P. and O. Gulfs, south by the A. Sea and Strait of B., west by the R. Sea. Rivers. None of note. Desert. The Great Desert. Productions. Aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gumarabic, coffee, pepper, and tropical fruits. Chief Towns. Mecca is celebrated as the birthplace of Mahomet. It is the principal resort for pilgrims from ali ASIA. 107 Mahometan nations. It has now only half its former num- ber of inhabitants. Population, 60,000. Jidda, on the Red Sea, is the port of Mecca. It is a well- fortified place. Population, 40,000. Medina contains the tomb of Mahomet. The inhabitants live mostly by gifts from the pilgrims. Population, 8,000. Government. The government is that of independent chiefs, called sheiks. Each tribe is ruled by its respective chief. Religion. Mahometanism. (See Turkey in Europe.) State of Education and Morals. Low. Learning and morality are almost entirely neglected. Remarks. Arabia is divided into Arabia Petrsea, Peserta, and Felix. This peninsula has many deserts, and is subject to a destructive wind, called the Simoom. The Arabians, during the middle ages, were called Saracens. They are an ignorant, bar- barous and warlike people. TURKEY IN ASIA. Boundaries. T urkey is bounded north by the B. Sea east by P., south by A., west by the M. Sea. Rivers. The Tigris and Euphrates. Mountains. Ararat and Taurus. Productions. Wines, oil, silks, some grain, and tropical fruit. Chief Towns. Jerusalem, the ancient capital of Pales- tine, is still a place of great interest. It is identified with the most sacred associations, and, in fact, with the religious history of our race. It contains some magnificent churches. The Mosque of Omar stands on the precise spot where the ancient Temple once stood. Bagdad, on the Tigris, was once a place of renown, but is now on the decline. Population, 100,000. Bassora, now going to decay, has 60,000 inhabitants. Smyrna, still a place of great interest, has a population of 130,000. Palmyra, once a splendid city, is now in ruins. 108 PARTICULAR VIEW. Government. (See Turkey in Europe.) It is a part of the same empire. Religion. (See Arabia.) The Greek, Armenian, and Nestorian churches still survive here. Education and Morals. Both are in a neglected state. Remarks. Syria, or the Holy Land, is included in this empire. Its possession has recently been contested between the Ottoman Porte and the Pacha of Egypt Many ancient cities of renown had their seat in this country ; among which were Nineveh, Troy, Babylon, Balbec, and Tyre. No trace of these cities now remains. Silver, copper, lead, and iron, are found in this country. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Arabia bounded? 2. What desert is here? 3. What are the productions? 4. Chief towns? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of education and morals ? 8. How is Turkey in Asia bounded ? 9. What are the rivers ? 10. Mountains? 11. Productions? 12. Chief towns? 13. What is the government? 14. Religion? 15. State of education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. Norway. 2. Sweden. 3. Russia. 4. Po- land. 5. Denmark. 6. Austria. 7. Switzerland. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Arabia ? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Turkey ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Smyrna to Hartford? LESSON L . PERSIA AND INDEPENDENT TARTARY. PERSIA. Boundaries. Persia is bounded north by R., the C. Sea, and I. T., east by H., A., and B„ south by the P. Gulf, west by T. River. The Tigris. ASIA. 109 Mountains. A continuation of the Taurus chain. Salt Desert. Productions. Grains, tropical fruit, cotton, rice, to- bacco, wines, silks, and drugs. Capital and Chief Towns. Teheran is the capital. It is situated on a dreary plain, but has some manufacturing interests. The Royal Palace is splendid. Population, 100 , 000 . Ispahan is but a shadow of its former splendor. It has still an extensive trade, and abounds in monuments of an- cient grandeur. Population, 180,000. Government. Absolute monarchy. (See Turkey.) Religion. (See Arabia.) Education and Morals. The state of general education is good, compared with most Eastern nations. Remarks. Persia was once the seat of powerful empires The surface is uneven, sandy, and barren. The Persians are fond of show, deceitful, gay, and polite. Mines of iron, copper, lead, and quarries of excellent marble, are found here. INDEPENDENT TARTARY. Boundaries. Independent Tartary is bounded north by R., east by the C. empire, south by H. and P., west by the C. Sea. Rivers. The Jihon and Sihon. Mountains. The Altai chain. Productions. But little attention is paid to agriculture. The inhabitants lead, for the most part, a wandering life. Chief Towns. Bukharia has 360 mosques and 60 col- leges. It is the seat of Mahometan learning. Its manu- factures and commerce are extensive. Population, 80,000. Samarcand, the former capital of the empire of Tamer- lane, is a place of great business and commerce. Popula- tion, 55,000. Government. (See Arabia.) Religion. (See Arabia.) 110 PARTICULAR VIEW. Education and Morals. (See Arabia.) The mass of the people are illiterate and vicious. Remarks. This country, as is well known, was once the seat of powerful empires. The climate is agreeable. The in- habitants lead a wandering and predatory life. Some parts of this country are described as being very fertile and populous. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Persia bounded? 2. What are the rivers ? 3. What are the mountains? 4. What are the capital and chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of education and morals ? 8. How is Independent Tartary bounded ? 9. What are its rivers? 10. Mountains? 11. Chief towns? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. Education and morals ? Review the first six lessons of Part I. Second Course, What remarks were made in respect to Persia? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Tartary ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Samarcand to Cape Town ? LESSON LI. AFGHANISTAN, HERAT, AND BELOOCHISTAN. AFGHANISTAN. Boundaries. Afghanistan is bounded north by H. and I. T., east by C. and H., south by B., west by P. River. The Indus. Mountains. The Himmaleh Mountains. Productions. (See Persia.) Capital and Chief Towns. Cabul is regarded as the capital. It is well built — has a fine climate and consider- able trade. Population, 70,000. ASIA. Ill Candahar has 100,000 inhabitants. Ghizni has about 8,000 inhabitants. Government. Each tribe maintains a separate govern- ment, which is substantially republican. The emperor or king of the Afghans exercises no power over the tribes, except to nominate their chiefs. Religion. (See Arabia.) Education and Morals. (See Persia.) Nearly all are taught to read and write. Remarks. Afghanistan resembles Persia in respect to its surface, soil, and climate. It is a new kingdom, comprising what was once called East Persia. The Afghans are bold, fond of sports, and of hunting. They are courteous and hospitable. HERAT. Boundaries. Herat is bounded north by I. T., south- east by A., west by P. Productions. (See Afghanistan.) Chief Towns. Herat is a commercial and flourishing town. Population, 100,000. Balk is an important place. Government. (See Afghanistan.) Religion. (See Arabia.) Education and Morals. (See Afghanistan.) EELOOCHISTAN. Boundaries. Beloochistan is bounded north by A., east by H., south by the A. Sea, west by P. River. The Indus. Productions. But little attention is paid lo agriculture. The inhabitants subsist partly by hunting and plunder. Chief Towns. Kelat is the seat of the sedar. It has 20,000 inhabitants. Gundava is well built, and has 17,000 inhabitants. 112 PARTICULAR VIEW. Government. (See Afghanistan.) Religion. (See Arabia.) Education and 3Iorals. (See Arabia.) QUESTIONS. 1 . How is Afghanistan bounded ? 2. Whatriver? 3. What are the mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. State of education and morals? 9. How is Herat bounded? 10. What are the productions? 11. Chief towns? 12. What is the govern- ment? 13. Religion? 14. Education and morals? 15. How is Beloochistan bounded ? 16. What river? 17. What are the chief towns ? 18. What is the government ? 19. Religion ? 20. State of education and morals ? Review the last six lessons of Part 1. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to Af- ghanistan ? Where is each principal town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Beloochistan? Where is each town situated? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Cabul to Boston ? LESSON Eli. HINDOOSTAN AND FARTHER INDIA. HINDOOSTAN. Boundaries. Hindoostan is bounded north-east by the C. empire, south-east by F. I. and the Bay of B., south-west by the A. Sea, north-west by B. and A. Rivers. The Indus and Ganges. Mountains. The Himmaleh Mountains. Productions. Cotton, cocoa, rice, sugar, opium, silks. Capital and Chief Towns. Calcutta, the capital of Ben- gal, is one of the largest commercial cities in Asia. It has great splendor. Population, 600,000. Delhi, once a splendid city, is now much reduced. Dacca has 200,000 inhabitants. Government. (See Arabia.) The chiefs possess des- ASIA. 113 potic power. The British East India Company has a commercial and political control over this vast territory. Its agents are responsible to the crown. Religion. The religion of the Hindoos is paganism. Their sacred books are called Shasters. Their priests are called Brahmins. They worship deified heroes, and a great variety of gods. Education and Morals. Poor. Society exists here in four distinct castes. The lowest caste are held in ignorance, poverty, and servitude. The next caste conduct the busi- ness and commercial transactions. The caste next higher hold the civil and military offices. The highest caste in- clude the learned men and the priests. Remarks. The soil here is good; the climate excellent. The banian tree is a great curiosity. The branches extend to the earth, to which they become attached by new roots, and from these other trunks are formed. One tree often forms a large grove. Iron, copper, and diamonds, are obtained here. FARTHER INDIA. Boundaries. Farther India is bounded north by the C. empire, east by the C. Sea, south by the C. Sea and the Strait of Malacca, west by the Bay of B. and H. Rivers. The Irawaddy and Cambodia. Productions. (See Hindoostan.) Chief Towns. Ava abounds in heathen temples. The population is 100,000. Hue has 100,000; Bankok, 90,000; Umerapoora, 30,000 inhabitants. Government. This vast country is divided into several provinces, each maintaining a separate government. The “ British East India Company ” holds possessions here Religion. (See Hindoostan.) Education and Morals. (See Hindoostan.) Remarks. This region includes the Birman empire, Siam, Malacca, Cambodia, Cochin-China, and other provinces. But little is known of this country. Its minerals are gold, silver, tin, iron, copper, and precious stones. 10 * 114 PARTICULAR VIEW. QUESTIONS. 1 . How is Hindoostan bounded ? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Productions? 4. Chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. Religion? 7. Education and morals? 8. How is Farther India bounded? 9. What are the rivers? 10. Produc- tions? 11. Chief towns? 12. What is the government? 13. Re- ligion? 14. Education and morals ? Review. Describe, 1. Maine. 2. New Hampshire. 3. Vermont. 4. Massachusetts. 5. Rhode Island. 6. Connecticut. 7. New York 8. New Jersey. 9. Delaware. 10. Maryland. 11. Penn- sylvania. 12. Ohio. 13. Michigan. Second Course. Whatremarks were made in respect to Hindos- tan ? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Farther India? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Calcutta to Philadelphia ? LESSON L I 1 1. CHINESE AND JAPAN EMPIRES. CHINESE EMPIRE. Thibet and Chinese Tartary are included in this empire. Boundaries. This empire is bounded north by S., east by the Sea of J., the Y. Sea, and the P. Ocean, south by F. I. and H., west by I. T. and A. Rivers. The Amour, Hoang-Ho, and the Kiang-Ku. Mountains. The Altai and Ilimmaleh. Productions. Tea, camphor, rice, and tropical fruits. Capital and Chief Towns. Pekin, the capital, is one of the largest cities on the globe. It has not, however, the beauty, splendor, and commerce, of most European cities. Population, 1,500,000. Canton is less populous, but more splendid, than Pekin. Population, 1,000,000. Nankin has 500,000 inhabitants. Government. A patriarchal or limited monarchy. ASIA. 115 The emperor is styled the “ Son of Heaven,” and exercises a sort of paternal control over his subjects. Religion. Boodhism, which is but another development of Hindooism, or the religion of the Bramins. The higher and better educated classes, however, profess the religion or philosophy of Confucius. Education and Morals. The arts and sciences are, to some extent, cultivated here. Poetry, geography, history, mathematics, and painting, are attended to by the higher classes ; but general education and morality are in a wretched state. Remarks. China is supposed to contain between 3 and 400,000,000 inhabitants. It contains over 4,000 walled cities. The “Chinese Wall” is one of the most stupendous works ever performed by man. It is 1,500 miles in length, 30 feet high, 15 broad. The Imperial Canal is 1,400 miles in length. JAPAN EMPIRE. Japan consists of several islands lying between the P. Ocean and the Sea of J. Productions. Rice, grain, tobacco, and tropical fruits. Capital and Chief Toions. Jeddo, the capital, is one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. The Imperial Palace is a magnificent structure. Population, 1,300,000. Meaco is noted for its literature and manufactures. Pop- ulation, 500,000. Government. Absolute monarchy. Religion. Various kinds of paganism. The religion of Sinto, the doctrines of Confucius, and Boodhism, have their devotees here. State of Education and Morals. Good. The children are well educated and governed. Remarks. The Japanese are the most civilized and refined nation in Asia. Their commercial intercourse is restricted to a very few nations. The soil and climate are good. 116 PARTICULAR VIEW. SIBERIA, OR ASIATIC RUSSIA. This vast region lies between the Chinese empire and the A. Ocean, embracing nearly one half of the territory of Asia. This region abounds in wild animals of almost all kinds. These animals yield fine furs. Almost all kinds of minerals and precious stones abound here. The inhab- itants are mostly uncivilized. They are subject to the Russian government. The religion is Mahometanism, Greek Church, and paganism. Rivers and mountains are numerous. QUESTIONS. 1. How is China bounded? 2. What are the rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. What are the capital and chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. Religion? 7. State of education and morals ? 8. Where does Japan lie ? 9. What are the produc- tions? 10. Capital and chief towns ? 11. What is the government ? 12. Religion? 13. State of education and morals ? 14. Where does Siberia lie ? 15. With what does it abound ? 16. What is said of the inhabitants ? Review. Describe, 1. Indiana. 2. Illinois. 3. Missouri. 4. Ar- kansas. 5. Kentucky. 6. Tennessee. 7. Virginia. 8. North Carolina. 9. South Carolina. 10. Georgia. Second Course. What remarks were made in respect to China? Where is each principal town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? What was said of Japan ? Where is each town situated ? Which way is each from the capital ? Describe the waters. What else of interest ? Which way, and through what, would you sail in going from Pekin to Dublin ? LESSON LIV. AFRICA. Boundaries. Africa is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by the R. Sea and I. Ocean, south by the S. Ocean, west by the A. Ocean. AFRICA. 117 Islands. Madagascar, St. Helena, St. Thomas, Canary Isles, and the islands of the M. Sea. Capes. Guardafui, Corrientes, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Palmas, and Cape Verd. Isthmus of Suez. Mountains. Mountains of the Moon, and Mt. Atlas. Desert. The Desert of Sahara. Seas. Red and Mediterranean Seas. Gulf of Guinea. Channel and Straits. Mozambique Channel, and the Straits of Babelmandel and Gibraltar. Rivers. The Nile and branches, Orange, Congo, Niger, Gambia, and Senegal. Minerals. Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and salt. Divisions. Africa is divided into B. S., E., N., A., Eastern A., Southern A.. Western A., Central A., and the Great Desert. Inhabitants. Africa is inhabited mostly by the Negro race. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Africa bounded? 2. What islands near? 3. Capes? 4. Isthmus? 5. Mountains? 6. Desert? 7. Seas? 8. Gulf? 9. Channel and straits? 10. What lakes? 11. Rivers? 12. What minerals? 13. What divisions? 14. By whom is Africa inhabited ? Review Lessons XIII., XXXIL, XXXVII., and XLVII. LESSON LV, EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. EGYPT. Boundaries. Egypt is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by A. and the R. Sea, south by N., west by B. and the Great Desert, 118 PARTICULAR VIEW. River. The Nile. Productions. Cotton, sugar, indigo, rice, grains. (See Mexico.) Capital and Chief Towns. Cairo is the capital. It is irregularly built. The houses are mostly small, and con- structed of mud. It has an extensive traffic with Asia and Africa by caravans. Population, 300,000. Alexandria is but a shadow of its former splendor. Here are Pompey’s Pillar, a splendid Obelisk, and the Catacombs. Population, once 600,000, is now but 25,000. Damietta has 25,000 inhabitants. Government. Egypt is nominally dependent on Turkey, Religion. (See Arabia.) State of Education and Morals. Low. The mass of the people are sunk in ignorance. Remarks. Egypt was anciently styled the birthplace of the sciences and the arts; but the scale has turned. The relics of ancient grandeur and power still remain. The Pyramids, Catacombs, and other works of art, are stupendous. The Nile is the source of fertility to this country. It overflows a wide region regularly every year. In the dry season, — for it seldom rains here, — the land is watered by canals from the Nile, and by heavy dews. NUBIA. Boundaries. Nubia is bounded north by E., east by the R. Sea, south by A., west by the Great Desert. Rivers. The Nile and its branches. Mountains. The Mountains of the Moon. Productions. Tropical fruits, gums, and some grain. Chief Towns. Sennaar was once a place of note. It is now a mass of huts and cabins. Population, 10,000. Suakim is one of the great slave marts, and has 8,000 inhabitants. Dongola, once the largest city in Nubia, is now reduced to a few hundred inhabitants. Government. (See Arabia.) Religion. Mahometan and Pagan AFRICA. 119 State of Education and Morals. Poor. Learning and refinement are generally neglected. Remarks. Sennaar and Dongola are the principal states into which this country is divided. A destructive wind from the desert, called the Simoom, is often felt here. When inhaled, it causes instant death. Nubia abounds in magnificent ruins. Gold and other metals are found here. ABYSSINIA. Boundaries. Abyssinia is bounded north by N., east by the R. Sea and Strait of B., south by A., west by the unexplored regions. J Rivers. The branches of the Nile. Mountains. The Mountains of the Moon. Productions. (See Nubia.) They manufacture iron and brass. Chief Towns. Gondar has over 30,000 inhabitants. Axum is a place of some note. Government. (See Arabia.) Religion. (See Greece.) Heathenism, in some parts, prevails. Education and Morals. (See Arabia.) Remarks. This country was anciently called Ethiopia. The Abyssinians are an ignorant and barbarous people. The country is rich in minerals. The soil and climate are good. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Egypt bounded? 2. What river? 3. What are the productions? 4. What are the capital and chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of education and morals ? 8. How is Nubia bounded ? 9. What rivers ? 10. Mountains? 11. What are the chief towns? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals? 15. How is Abyssinia bounded? 16. What river? 17. Productions? 18. Mountains? 191 What are the chief towns? 20. What is the government ? 21. Religion ? 22. State of education and morals ? Review each country in Asia. Second Course. (What was said of Egypt r Of Nubia? Abys- sinia ? What isthmus : oins Egypt with Asia ? What sea and strait 120 PARTICULAR VIEW. near Nubia? Which way is Cairo from New York ? Potosi? From Liverpool? From Pekin? What waters would you sail through in going from Dongola to Quebec? To Albany? Monte Video? London? St. Petersburg?) LESSON LVI. THE BARBARY STATES. These are several states lying upon the Mediterrane- an Sea. Barca is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by E., south by the Great Desert, and west by T. Tripoli is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by B., south by the G. D., west by T. Tunis is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by T., south by the G. D., west by A. Algiers is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by T., south by the G. D., west by M. Morocco is bounded north by the Strait of G., east by A., south by the G. D., west by the A. Ocean. Fez is a province of Morocco. Rivers. None of note. Mountains. The Atlas chain. Productions. Sugar, cotton, grain, beans, lentiles, and tropical fruits. Capitals. Derne is the capital of Barca. Tripoli is the capital of Tripoli. Tunis is the capital of Tunis. Algiers is the capital of Algiers. Morocco is the capital of Mo- rocco. Government. Each state has a separate government. The power of the prince is absolute, except in Algiers, which is subject to France. Religion. (See Arabia.) State of Education and Morals. These are in a wretch- ed condition. AFRICA. 121 Remarks. These states were anciently known as the seats of powerful empires. The climate here is very fine. The inhabit- ants are warlike and piratical. This coast is infested with fero- cious animals and numberless insects. The lion is found here. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Barca bounded? 2. How is Tripoli bounded? 3. Tunis? 4. Algiers? 5. Morocco? 6. What chain of mountains in these states ? 7. What are the productions of these states? 8. What are the capitals? 9. What is the government? 10. The religion? 11. State of education and morals ? Review each country in Europe. Second Course. (What is said of these states ? How are the capitals situated ? Mention the chief towns. Where are they sit- uated ?) LESSON L VII. THE GREAT DESERT, CENTRAL AND WESTERN AFRICA. THE GREAT DESERT. The Great Desert lies between the Barbary States and Central Africa. It is a vast sea of moving sand, inter- spersed with islands or oases of verdant lands. These deserts are traversed by caravans, and are inhabited by a fierce, predatory, and unsubdued race of men. Fezzan is an oasis that lies south of Tripoli. Mourzouk, the capital, is the centre of the caravan trade in Africa. CENTRAL AFRICA, OR N1GR1T1A. This country lies between the Great Desert and the Mountains of the Moon. It is divided into several distinct governments. Darfour is the most easterly, Bambarra the 11 122 PARTICULAR VIEW. most westerly. Between them are Tirnbuctoo, Bergoo, Houssa, Bornou, and other minor states. Rivers. The Niger and its branches. Mountains. The Mountains of the Moon. Productions. Cotton, lotus, sugar-cane, rice, grain, and tropical fruits. Towns. Sego, the capital of Bambarra, has 20,000 in- habitants. Tirnbuctoo, the capital of a state of this name, is a commercial place, situated on the desert. Population, 15,000. Sackatoo is a place of much business. Kouka, Kobbe, Kashna, are each considerable towns. Government. Independent chiefs. The princes exer- cise an arbitrary, though some of them a patriarchal, power over their subjects. Religion. Mahometan and pagan. Education and Morals. In a neglected state. Remarks. But little is known of this vast region. The un- healthiness of the climate, the barbarous character of the natives, together with the danger arising from ferocious animals and poisonous insects that infest this country, render it very haz- ardous for foreigners to traverse these regions. Important dis- coveries have, however, been made recently in this country, by which the source and mouth of the Niger, the situation of several cities, the quality of the soil, and the character of the inhabitants, are ascertained. The land is fertile, but much neglected. Ivory, gold, and other minerals, are found here. A large traffic in slaves is carried on. WESTERN AFRICA. This country lies on the coast, between the Great Desert and Southern Africa. It embraces Sene-Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela. Sierra Leone is an English colony, and Liberia an American colony. These colonies are made up mostly of emanci- pated slaves and free negroes from England and America. Rivers. The Niger and its branches, and the Senegal. Mountains. The Mountains of the Moon. AFRICA. 123 Productions. (See Nigritia.) Towns. Monrovia, Teemboo, Coomassic, Benin, and Dahomey. Government. (See Nigritia.) Religion. Paganism and Mahometanism. Education and 3Iorals. But very little attention is paid to either. The people are timid, supine, and indolent. Remarks. This country lies along upon the Atlantic coast, ex- tending from the Great Desert nearly to Cape Good Hope. It is the theatre of the African slave trade. Chiefs often wage war upon each other, for the purpose of obtaining captives to sell into slavery. Gold, ivory, and valuable gums, are abundant here. QUESTIONS. 1. Where does the Great Desert lie ? 2. What is said of it ? 3. What is said of Fezzan ? 4. What is the capital ? 5. Where does Central Africa lie ? 6. Mention the several prov- inces. 7. What rivers ? 8. What mountains ? 9. Productions ? 10. What are the towns? 11. What is the government? 12. Re- ligion? 13. Education and morals? 14. Where does Western Africa lie ? 15. What provinces does it embrace ? 16. What col onies ? 17. What is said of them? 18. What rivers? 19. What mountains? 20. Productions? 21. Towns? 22. What is the gov- ernment ? 23. Religion ? 24. Education and morals ? Review each country in Asia. Second Course. (What was said of Central Africa ? Of Western Africa? Mention the provinces of each, in course. The chief towns of each, in course.) LESSON LVIII. SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AFRICA. SOUTHERN AFRICA. South Africa lies between the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, in the southern extremity of Africa. In the north- west part of this region are Cimbebas and -the country of 124 PARTICULAR VIEW. the Hottentots ; in the southern extremity, Cape Colony ; and in the north-eastern, Caffraria. River. The Orange. Mountains. Table Mountains. Productions. Wheat, barley, corn, hemp, flax. Chief Towns. The principal towns are Lattakoo, Kur- reechane, and Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony. Government. Cape Colony is subject to the British crown. The other countries have no government except that of independent chiefs. Religion. Cape Colony is settled mostly by Europeans, who are Protestants. They have planted a number of missionary stations among the Hottentots, Caffres, and the surrounding people, who are sunk generally to the lowest degree of degradation. Education and Morals. These are very much neglected in the English province, and wholly so in the other parts. Remarks. Cape Colony is owned by the English. There are English and Dutch settlements here. It is a convenient stopping- place for ships on their voyages to the East Indies. The land is excellent, and the climate agreeable. The Hottentots are a de- graded race of beings, living in most respects like the brutes. Missionary efforts here, however, have met with remarkable success. EASTERN AFRICA. This country lies between South Africa and Abyssinia, upon the Indian Ocean. Monomotapa lies between South Africa and Mozambique, on the coast of the Indian Ocean. Mozambique lies farther north, on the channel of that name. Zanguebar lies still farther north, on the coast. Adel and Ajan lie between Abyssinia and the Indian Ocean. Productions. Drugs, oil, pepper, frankincense, and some grains. Towns. Magadoxo is the capital of the province of that name, which is, a part of Zanguebar. AFRICA. 125 Melinda, Mozambique, and Sofala, all situated on the coast, are the principal towns. Government. (See Nigritia.) Religion. In the northern part, the inhabitants are Ma- hometans; in the southern, they have no settled religion or law. Education and Morals. These are in a wretched state. Remarks. Very little is known of this portion of Africa. The inhabitants are exceedingly degraded. Valuable gums, feathers, ivory, gold, nuts, sugar, and slaves, are the principal articles of traffic. QUESTIONS. 1. Where does Southern Africa lie ? 2. What is the principal river ? 3. What are the mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Towns? 6. What is the government? 7. Religion? 8. State of education and morals ? 9. Where does Eastern Africa lie ? 10. Mention the countries in order. 11. What are the productions ? 12. Towns ? 13. What is the government? 14. Religion ? 15. State of education and morals ? Review each country in Africa. Second Course. (What was said of Southern Africa ? Of East- ern Africa ? What cape south of Africa ? Of Madagascar ? What lake in this region ?) LESSON LIX. OCEANICA. Under this head are included, 1 . Malaysia, embracing the islands between Asia and Australia ; 2. Austral- asia, embracing Australia and the contiguous islands ; 3. Polynesia, embracing the other groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These islands are for the most part in a state of uncivil- ization. The inhabitants generally lead a predatory and roving life, without the restraints of law or religion. As a 11 * 126 PARTICULAR VIEW. race, they are peculiar in form, features, and color. There are peculiarities even in the animal and vegetable king- doms. Nature seems to have changed her order in these vast islands. In some parts of Australia, civilization has commenced its work. England has possessions and colonies there, and a place of banishment for her crim- inals. The productions are valuable woods, spices, dye- stuffs, and the most excellent fruits. Schools and mission- ary stations have been established in some of these islands ; and great advancement has been made, especially in the Sandwich and Society Islands, in civilization and in moral and religious improvement. These islands abound in vol- canoes. QUESTIONS. 1. What islands does Oceanica embrace ? 2. What is said of the inhabitants ? 3. In what are they peculiar ? 4. What is said of New Holland ? 5. What interests have the English there ? 6. What are the productions ? 7. What is said of the schools and missionary stations ? 8. With what do these islands abound ? Review Africa. Second Course. (Which way is each island, embraced under this name, from New Holland ? What is the climate of New Zealand ? Of the Sandwich Islands ? What towns in New Holland ? What gulf and straits touch this island ?) LESSON Li X . QUESTIONS. 1. What is an empire ? 2 . A confederacy ? 3. A republic ? 4. A monarchy ? 5. A limited monarchy ? 6. An absolute monarchy ? 7. Describe Popery. 8. Protestantism. 9. The Greek Church. 10. Mahometanism. 11. Paganism. 12. Mention all those countries where the state of education and morals is good. 13. Middling. 14. Poor. 15. Neglected wholly. 16. Mention those countries whose productions are cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar, coffee, or that have, in general, this class of productions. 17. Men- tion those that produce wheat, grain, beef, butter, &c. 18. Furs, timber, &c. QUESTIONS. 127 LESSON L X I. QUESTIONS. 1. Mention those countries that are empires. 2. Confederacies. 3. Republics. 4. Monarchies. 5. Dependencies. 6. Those that are governed by chiefs. 7. Mention those countries whose religion is Protestant. 8. Roman Catholic. 9. Greek Church. 10. Mahometanism. 11. Paganism. 12. Mention the ten longest rivers in the world. 13. The ten next in length. 14. The ten next. 15. The next ten. 16. Mention the five principal chains of mountains. 17. The five next in importance. 18. The next five. — The teacher can extend questions of this kind to any length. GEOGRAPHY PART III. MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. LESSON I. THE DIFFERENT RACES OF MEN. The human family form, in fact, but one species. But custom, climate, or other circumstances and providences, have conspired to divide the human family into distinct races. These races of men have been variously classified. The most philosophical classification is, probably, the fol- lowing : — 1st. The Caucasian Race, having the head and the general form well proportioned, and the skin white. 2d. The Mongolian Race, having the head nearly square, the cheek bones prominent, the face broad and flattened, and the skin tawny. 3d. The American Race, having the cheek bones high, the forehead low, the face broad, the eyes sunken, and the skin a reddish yellow. 4th. The Malay Race, having the features of the two preceding races, with the forehead slightly arched, the upper jaw projecting, and the skin a deep brown. oth. The Negro Race, having the head narrow, the fore- head convex, the nostrils wide and flat, the jaws length* ened, the lips thick, and tire skin black. HISTORY. 129 The Caucasian or white race includes most of the Eu- ropean and American nations; also, the Turks, Arabians, Hindoos, Persians, Circassians, Georgians, Jews, Moors, and some other less important nations. The Mongolian race includes most of the inhabitants of Eastern Asia; viz., the Chinese, Japanese, Birmese, and some other nations in the north of Europe and America. The Malay race inhabits the peninsula of Malacca, Cey- lon, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The Ethiopian or Negro race is found mostly in Africa. The American race includes the aboriginal inhabitants of North and South America, and some others. QUESTIONS. What is said of the human family ? How do they now exist ? Describe the Caucasian race. The Mongolian race. The American race. The Malay race. The Negro race. What nations does the Caucasian race include ? What the Mongo- lian race ? What countries do the Malays inhabit? Where is the Ethiopian race found ? Where the American race ? LESSON II. CONDITIONS OF SOCIETY. The races of men are found in a savage, half-civilized, civilized, or enlightened state. Those in the savage state lead wandering lives, and sub- sist mostly upon fishing and hunting. In this state, society is found in its rudest elements. Education is neglected, morals are corrupt, and the salutary influences of social life are but little felt. Government, if it exists at all, is found in its loosest forms ; and the religion is that of hea- thenism. The half-civilized state is an advance from the savage toward the civilized state. Those who are found in this state attend somewhat to the cultivation of the land, to learning and the arts. Still, they are generally in a de- 130 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. graded state, without liberal forms of government or salu- tary systems of religion. Most of the Mongolian race may be said to be in this state ; also, the inhabitants of North Africa, Arabia, Hindoostan, and a large part of the Turkish and Russian empires. The civilized state is where government, education, and morals, are in an improved condition. In civilized society, the physical resources of the country are developed ; civil and social order prevails, and intellectual and moral culture are attended to. This state of Society exists sometimes where the inhabitants are in a state of heathenism. This was the condition of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. At present, France in general, Denmark, parts of Russia, Mexico, and Chili, are in this state. The enlightened state includes all that has been said in respect to the civilized state of society, and also the general prevalence of the Christian religion. In this state, religion controls, in a measure, all the other forms and influences of society. This state of things is mostly future. Commu- nities have, however, existed in this state. There is an ap- proximation toward it now in parts of North America and Europe, and even in the islands of the sea, where, but a few years ago, the savage state prevailed. It may be observed here that the Caucasian or white race stands decidedly at the head of the different races. They are superior in the arts of civilization, in physical enterprise, and in personal beauty and symmetry, and also in intellectual and moral improvement. LANGUAGES. The various races of men speak nearly 2,000 different languages and dialects. Attempts have been made to classify these numerous lan- guages ; those being made to form distinct classes whose roots, structure, and laws, have a resemblance to each other. The prevailing languages now in use are the Chinese, HISTORY. 131 Arabic, Persian, Turkish, French, German, English, Span* ish, Portuguese, Russian, Malay, Latin, and Greek. QUESTIONS. In what condition are the different races found ? Describe briefly the savage state. The half-civilized state. What nations are found in this state ? Describe the civilized state. What ancient- and modern nations in this condition ? Describe the enlight- ened state. Where have advances been made toward this condition ? What is said of the Caucasian race ? How many languages do the above races speak ? What principle of classification has been adopted? Mention the prevailing lan- guages. Review Lesson L A BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND STATES ON THE GLOBE, NORTH AMERICA. UNITED STATES. LESSON III. The United States were probably once inhabited by a partly-civilized race of men. This appears from the va* rious relics of civilization and art that are found in dif- ferent parts of the country. This race of men is now probably extinct, or lost in other races. When this conti- nent was discovered by Columbus, in 1492, it was inhabit- ed by the American race, generally in a savage state. It was soon visited and possessed by other European adventurers, before whom the natives fled, or were destroyed, till at length the country on the Atlantic side became British 132 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. colonies. This state of things remained, under various modifications, until the year 1776, when the colonies, hav- ing suffered much from British oppression, declared them- selves free and independent states. After a bloody war of about seven years, the independence of the states was acknowledged by Great Britain. After various attempts and difficulties, the confederated form of government, under which we now live, was established. Since that time, we have encountered another successful struggle with Great Britain, growing out of a denial of the “ right of search,” on our part, and depredations committed upon our commerce. We have also carried on several wars with the Indi ans. Our country, from the beginning, has had a rapid growth and unrivalled prosperity. MAINE. The first permanent settlement was made at Saco— -some say York — in 1623. This colony was placed under the ju- risdiction of Massachusetts about 1650. In 1.820, it became an independent state. NEW HAMPSHIRE- The first settlement of this state was made at Dover, in 1623. For more than a century, the jurisdiction of this province was fluctuating. Several times it was a province of Massachusetts, and as often an independent colony. Since 1741, it has been a separate government. QUESTIONS. What evidence is there that the United States were anciently inhabited ? What took place in 1492 ? What race then inhabited this country ? What took place soon after ? What did the provinces at leno-th become? What took place in 1776? What followed ? What form of government was finally established? What was the cause of the last war with Great Britain ? What other wars have been waged ? What else is said of our country ? When and where was Maine first settled? Under whose jurisdic- tion was it placed ? What took place in 1820 ? When and where was New Hampshire first settled ? What else is said of it ? What took place in 1741 ? Review the two preceding lessons. HISTORY. 133 LESSON IV. VERMONT. This state was first settled at Fort Dummer, on the Con- necticut, in 1724. The claim to the state was contested between New York and New Hampshire. This contest was not settled till after the revolutionary war, when the colony became independent. MASSACHUSETTS. This state was first settled by the Puritans, in 1620, at Plymouth. Massachusetts held a high rank among the colonies, took the lead in the revolutionary struggle, and has since held a prominent rank among the states. RHODE ISLAND, Rhode Island was first settled by Roger Williams, at Providence, in 1636. He was banished from Massachusetts for maintaining principles of toleration odious to the Puritans. Rhode Island received its former charter from Charles II., in 1663. Violent attempts having been recently made to change the form of government prescribed in that instru- ment, a new constitution has at length been adopted. CONNECTICUT. This state was first settled at Windsor, in 1633. It originally consisted of two colonies, but afterward became one. After a long contest, a charter was formed, under which the government was administered, until the year 1818. Since that time, a more liberal constitution has been adopted. 12 134 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. NEW YORK. New York was first settled at Albany, by the Dutch, in 1612. After various contests, it became an English colony. It remained such till the revolutionary war. New York exceeds either of the other states in population, wealth, commerce, and internal improvements. NEW JERSEY. This state was first settled by the Dutch, in 1624. Af- ter various and protracted contests between the Swedes and English, this state became an English colony. In 1776, the present constitution was formed QUESTIONS. When and where was Vermont first settled: Between whom was the claim to this state contested ? What took place during the war ? When, where, and by whom, was Massachusetts first settled ' What else is said of Massachusetts ? When, where, and by whom, was Rhode Island first settled ? Whj was he banished from Massachusetts ? What took place in 1663 What has recently taken place there? Where was Connecticut first settled ? What was its former state ? What then took place ? What more recently? When, where, and by whom, was New York first settled ? What did it afterward become ? What else is said of New York ? When and by whom was New Jersey first settled ? What after- ward took place ? When was the present constitution formed ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON V. PENNSYLVANIA. This state was settled by William Penn, a Friend, at Philadelphia, in 1681. He immediately entered into a HISTORY. 135 treaty with the Indians, and honorably purchased of them large tracts of land. For seventy years after, a state of un- interrupted harmony existed between this colony and the Indians. The present constitution was formed in 1790. Philadelphia was the capital of the United States for some time. The colonial, and afterward the United States congress, held its sessions here till the year 1800. DELAWARE. This state was first settled at Fort Christiana, in 1637, by the Swedes and Finns. It afterward became subject to New York ; and in 1682, it was united with Pennsylvania. In 1701, it became a separate government. The present con- stitution was formed in 1831. MARYLAND. This state was first settled by the Catholics, under Leon- ard Calvert, in 1633. This sect, being persecuted in Eng- land, like the Puritans, fled for an asylum to this then wil- derness country. Baltimore, like Penn, purchased his land of the Indians, and lived in peace with them. The Catho- lics, though tolerant to all other sects, soon became the victims of persecution. Their rights were restored by Charles II. Soon after this, the government was assumed by the crown of England; but in 1716, the rights were re- stored to the colony. At the revolution, it became inde- pendent, and the present constitution was formed. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. This District is now the seat of government for the United States, and is under its jurisdiction. It is ten miles square, and situated on both sides of the Potomac. It was ceded to the government by Maryland and Virginia in 1790, and became the capital in 1800. 136 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. VIRGINIA. This state was first permanently settled by the English, at Jamestown, 1607. This colony suffered much from famine and war with the Indians. In 1776, it became an independent state, and its present constitution, since re- vised, was then formed. This state has furnished some of the most prominent men of our country, and has filled the presidential chair nearly two thirds of the time since the government was formed. QUESTIONS. When, where, and by whom, was Pennsylvania settled? What course did he take with the Indians? What was the result of this course? What took place in 1790? What is said of Philadelphia ? When, where, and by whom, was Delaware settled ? What after- ward took place? What took place in 1682? What in 1701? What in 1831 ? When and by whom was Maryland first settled ? What is said of the Catholics here? What course did Baltimore take? What soon befell the Catholics ? What soon followed ? What then took place ? When were their rights restored ? Of what is the District of Columbia the seat of government? By what states was it ceded to the U. S. ? When did it become the capital ? When, where, and by whom, was Virginia settled ? What is said of this colony ? What is said of this state ? Review the three preceding lessons. I, ESSON VI. NORTH CAROLINA. After several unsuccessful attempts by the English, this state was first permanently settled about the year 1650. It afterward became a British colony. A constitution was formed in 1776, and revised in 1835. HISTORY. 137 SOUTH CAROLINA. This state was first settled at Fort Royal, in 1670. It was formerly united with North Carolina. In 1790, the present constitution was formed, and has been twice amended since. GEORGIA Georgia was settled by the English, at Savannah, in 1732. The colony suffered much from war with the Span- iards of Florida. The present constitution was formed in 1798. ALABAMA. This state, ceded to the United States by Spain and Georgia, became a territory in 1817, and in 1819 an inde- pendent state. Its growth has since been rapid. MISSISSIPPI. This state was first settled by the French, at Natchez, in 1716. Its possession was long disputed by the French, Spanish, and English. In 1763, it was ceded to England. In 1798, it became a territory, and in 1817 an independ- ent state. QUESTIONS. When and by whom was North Carolina first settled ? What did it afterward become ? What took place in 1776? When and by whom was South Carolina first settled? With what state was it united ? What took place in 1790 ? When and by whom was Georgia first settled? What is said of this colony ? What took place in 1798? By what states was Alabama ceded to this government ? What took place in 1817 ? What in 1819 ? What else is said of it ? When, where, and by whom, was Mississippi first settled ? What else is said of it ? What took place in 1763 ? What in 1798 ? What in 1817? Review the three preceding lessons. 12 * 138 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. LESSON VII. LOUISIANA. The first permanent settlement was made at Biloxi Bay, in the year 1698. It was afterward ceded to Spain, then to France again. In 1803, it was purchased, by the United Stated, of France. In 1812, it was erected into an inde- pendent state, and admitted into the Union. ARKANSAS. This state once formed a part of Louisiana. It was afterward included in the territory of Missouri. It be- came a separate territory in 1819, and an independent state in 1836. TENNESSEE. This state was settled by emigrants from North Carolina and Virginia, about the year 1765. It was included in North Carolina till 1790, when it became a separate terri- tory. In 1796, it was admitted into the Union as an inde- pendent state. KENTUCKY. This state was once a part of Virginia. It was first settled in 1769. It was admitted into the Union in 1792. The present constitution was formed in 1799. OHIO. This state was settled by the Ohio Company, at Mariet- ta, in 1786. The country was much annoyed, at first, by the Indians. They were at length subdued by General Wayne. It was admitted into the Union, as an independent state, in 1802. Its growth since has been rapid. HISTORY. 139 MICHIGAN. This state was first settled by the French, about the year 1650, at Detroit. Soon after, it fell into the hands of the British. In 1805, it became a territory, and in 1836, an independent state. QUESTIONS. When, where, and by whom, was Louisiana first settled? What changes afterward took place ? What took place in 1803? What in 1812? What is said of Arkansas? What took place in 1819? What in 1836 ? When and by whom was Tennessee first settled ? What is said of its state afterward ? What took place in 1796 ? What is said of Kentucky ? What took place in 1792? When, where, and by whom, was Ohio first settled ? By whom were the Indians subdued? What took place in 1802? What else is said of it ? When, where, and by whom, was Michigan first settled ? What soon took place ? In 1805? In 1836? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON VIII. INDIANA. This state was settled by the French, in the early part of the last century. About fifty years after, it was ceded to the British. In 1800, it became a territory. It after- ward suffered greatly from Indian depredations. The Indians were finally expelled by General Harrison, in 1811. It became a separate state in 1816. ILLINOIS. The first settlement was made at Kaskaskia, by the French, near the end of the seventeenth century. In 1763, 140 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. this province was ceded to Great Britain. In 1809, it be- came a territory, and in 1818, an independent state. MISSOURI. This state, once a part of Louisiana, was first settled in 1764, by the French. In 1804, it became a distinct terri- tory, and in 1820, an independent state. THE TERRITORIES. Florida was first settled by the Spaniards. The Indian Territory is occupied mostly by tribes of Indians, removed from the states by the general government. Iowa and Wisconsin are settled mostly by native Indians. The white population, however, is rapidly increasing. The Missouri and Oregon Territories are inhabited by native Indians. BRITISH AMERICA. This part of the American continent was very early dis- covered by the Europeans. Labrador was discovered by Cabot, in 1497. Afterward new adventurers discovered other portions. At length the Canadas were ceded by France to England, and afterward all the other French possessions. In the late war with Great Britain, the United States made several unsuccessful invasions upon Canada. In 1837, repeated insurrections took place in these prov- inces, but were soon checked. QUESTIONS. When and by whom was Indiana first settled ? What took place afterward? What in 1800? What is also said of it? By whom were they expelled ? What occurred in 1816 ? When, where, and by whom, was Illinois first settled ? What took place in 1763 ? In 1809 ? What in 1818 ? When, where, and by whom, was Missouri first settled ? What took place in 1804 ? In 1820 ? HISTORY. 141 By whom was Florida first settled ? By whom are the Indian Territories occupied ? By whom are Iowa and Wisconsin mostly settled ? By whom are the Missouri and Oregon Territories mostly in- habited ? When and by whom was British America first discovered ? What took place in 1497? What afterward ? What in the seventeenth century? What during the last war with England ? In 1837? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON IX ICELAND. Iceland was settled by emigrants from Norway, in the ninth century, and for a long time remained an independ- ent nation. About four hundred years after, it became subject to Norway. It is now a province of Denmark. TEXAS. Texas was first settled by the Spaniards, at Bejar, in 1681. About forty years after, a colony from the Canary Islands was established here. It was a scene of revolutions and changes for more than one hundred years. About twenty years since, after the province had been enlarged by the government of Mexico, and the population had been increased by immigrations from the United States, an at- tempt was made, by leading individuals in congress, to ac- quire this province ; to which many of the Texans warmly responded. But it ultimately failed. Subsequent- ly, an insurrection took place, and the Mexican yoke was thrown off, and an independent government was formed among themselves. They have since ( 1845) been admitted into the United States. 142 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. MEXICO. Mexico abounds in the precious metals. Attracted by its riches, the Spaniards made invasions upon the natives, and subdued them, under Cortes, in 1521. The natives were then somewhat advanced in civilization. The coun- try remained a Spanish province until 1810. After that, a revolution took place, and in 1822 Iturbide declared him- self emperor. Another revolution soon took place, which resulted in establishing a republican form of government. Every thing has since been in a confused and fluctuating state. GUATIMALA. This country also fell a prey to the Spaniards during the invasion by Cortes. It became a province of Spain, and remained so until 1821. A republican form of government has since been established. The present constitution was adopted in 1824. WEST INDIES. There are about forty islands between North and South America, that take the name of the West Indies. About two thirds of them are under the government of Great Britain. Nearly half of the rest belong to France. The Dutch have about half as many as the French. Denmark has three. Spain lias two, Cuba and Porto Rico: these are the largest colonial islands. Sweden has one. Hayti is an independent republic. Slavery exists in all these islands, except in the English and in Hayti. QUESTIONS. What is said of Iceland ? To what power did it become subject ? To what is it now ? When, where, and by whom, was Texas first settled ? What took place forty years after? During the next hundred years? What twenty years since? Did the project succeed? What followed? What have they attempted since ? With what does Mexico abound ? What occurred in 1521 ? What is said of the natives? How long did they remain a Spanish prov- HISTORY. 143 ince ? What took place afterward ? What more subsequently ? What has been their state since ? What is said of Guatimala ? Of what is the West Indies composed ? What proportion of them belong to the British ? To the French ? The Dutch ? How many belong to Denmark ? How many to Spain ? To Sweden ? What is Hayti ? What is said of slavery here ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON X. SOUTH AMERICA. NEW GRENADA. This country formerly belonged to Spain; but, after a long and bloody war, it became an independent govern- ment. In 1819, New Grenada formed a union with Vene- zuela, and since with Quito, under the title of the republic of Colombia. This union has since been dissolved, and New Grenada is now a distinct republic. VENEZUELA. This country, also, was formerly a Spanish province. Most of the inhabitants are native Americans. They are exceedingly ferocious. The present constitution of their government is similar to that of New Grenada. EQUADOR. This republic was once a Spanish colony. After a desperate struggle, and a most decisive victory over the 144 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. Spanish armies, the inhabitants gained their freedom, am united with the confederacy of Colombia. This union was dissolved in 1830. GUIANA. This country belongs to the English, Dutch, and French. It is inhabited mostly by Indians and Negroes. It was formerly a part of Venezuela and Brazil. PERU. This country was subdued, in the sixteenth century, by the Spaniards, under Pizarro. After a sharp contest, the Spanish yoke has finally been thrown off. The present republic was formed in the year 1821. BOLIVIA. This country was formerly a Spanish province. In 1824, the Spanish yoke was thrown off, and soon after- ward a republican form of government was established. QUESTIONS. To what country did New Grenada belong? What afterward took place? What in 1819? What has since taken place ? What was Venezuela formerly ? What is said of the inhabitants? What was Equador formerly ? What afterward took place ? What in 1830 ? To what powers does Guiana belong? By whom is it inhabited? What happened to Peru in the sixteenth century ? What took place in 1821 ? What was Bolivia formerly ? What took place in 1824 ? What followed ? Review the three preceding lessons. HISTORY. 14 5 LESSON XI. BRAZIL. Brazil was once a Portuguese colony. It afterward became a joint kingdom with Portugal. In 1825, it was erected into a separate empire, to be governed by a line of sovereigns from the ancient kingdom. This form of government has been variously modified since. The ten- dencies now are towards republicanism. PARAGUAY. After various fluctuations, this country declared itself independent, in 1813. Soon after this, the government fell into the hands of Francia, who claimed the title of dic- tator, and exercised arbitrary power. UNITED PROVINCES. This country was formerly a Spanish province. About the year 1808, a revolt took place, and the Spanish power was crushed. Several severe struggles have since been encountered, in which the Spaniards were defeated. The political condition of this country has since been fluctu- ating. It has had several severe contests with other powers. Its present form of government is republican. CHILI. Chili was once a colony of Spain. In 1810, a revolu- tion took place. Several years after, a declaration of in- dependence was made. In 1827, a republican form of government was established. 1 3 146 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. PATAGONIA. But little is known of this country. The inhabitants have hitherto resisted all attempts made to civilize them, or introduce among them the Christian religion. QUESTIONS. What was Brazil formerly ? What afterward took place? What followed in 1825? What else is said of this country ? What is said of Paraguay ? Of Doctor Frarxcia ? What were the United Provinces formerly ? What took place in 1808 ? What is said of their condition ? What was Chili formerly ? What took place in 1810? In 1827 ? What is said of Patagonia? Of its inhabitants? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XII. EUROPE. ENGLAND. The history of England is interwoven with the history of modern nations and times. Some have supposed that England was inhabited nearly 3,000 years ago. The abo- riginal inhabitants were Celts. Subsequently the Goths, from the continent, made an invasion upon the island, and drove the native Celts from their possessions to the then uninhabited parts. A little while previous to the Christian era, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain, and subjected it to the Roman empire. The Romans held possession of the island till about the year 400. It was then conquered by the Saxons, bnd districted out into ter- ritories. These districts were afterward consolidated into one kingdom, by Egbert, king of West Saxony. This HISTORY. 147 state of things remained, under various modifications, till about the middle of the eleventh century, when the whole country was subdued by William, duke of Normandy. The present line of British sovereigns take their descent from this new establishment of power, styled, in British history, the Conquest. A revolution took place about the middle of the seventeenth century, in the course of which parlia- ment condemned and executed Charles I. Out of this state of things a republican form of government was attempted by Cromwell. At his death, the government was changed back into its former state, and the succession of kings was renewed. Soon afterward, owing to the intolerance and tyranny of James II., a bigoted Prince, parliament again assumed the sovereign power, and placed William of Orange upon the throne. From this era may be dated the commencement of that dtgree of liberty and religious tol- eration that now exists in England. After the reformation, the English government vibrated between Popery and Prot- estantism. Each party, when in power, was often exceed- ingly intolerant and oppressive. Ultimately, a compromise was made between the two great parties, and a mixture of the Protestant and Catholic forms and faith became, and now continues to be, the established religion of England. The English have extended their conquests into all quarters of the globe. They have large possessions in Africa, Asia, New Holland, America, and the islands of the sea. England may now be regarded as the most power- ful nation in the world. Her agricultural, naval, and com- mercial interests are unrivalled by those of any other country. Her debt is $3,800,000,009. Her annual income, or revenue, is about $250,000,000. Her exports are annually about $270,000,000 ; imports, $250,000,000. Her ex- ports are mostly derived from her colonial territories. QUESTIONS. By whom was England early inhabited? What followed ? What took place just before the Christian era ? What is said of the Saxons ? What is recorded of Egbert ? What took place in the eleventh century ? What followed from this state of things? What took place in the seventeenth century? What was the result? 148 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. After Cromwell, what took place? What in the time of James II.? What may be dated from this era ? What followed for several cen- turies ? What was the final result ? What else is said of England ? Where have they possessions? In what do they excel? What are the debt, income, and revenue, of Great Britain? What are the exports and imports ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XIII. SCOTLAND. The history of Scotland is blended with that of England. This country fell into the hands of the British about the fourteenth century. Little is known of this country before that time. The British power was repelled by Wallace and Bruce, early in the fifteenth century ; and the independence of Scotland was reestablished. For a long time after- ward, Scotland was a scene of revolutions and tumults. The Stuarts, who were the reigning family, were unfortu- nate; and finally, the celebrated Mary, queen of the Scots, having been put to death by Elizabeth, queen of England, James, the son of Mary, was placed upon the throne of England, and the government of Scotland has, from that time, been under the sovereignty of England. IRELAND. The original inhabitants of this island were Celts. Their history is dated as far back as two hundred years before Christ. Their line of kings is reckoned from Kimboath. The Irish were early converted to Christianity by the see of Rome. From the ninth to the. eleventh century, the island was overrun by the Danes. They were finally ex- pelled. But the island soon fell into the hands of the British. The British yoke, however, sat hard upon the necks of the HISTORY. 149 free, proud sons of the Celtic race. They disdained their bondage, and frequent rebellions arose, by which Ireland was often made a field of blood. In order to keep the pa- triotic spirit of the Irish under, the most oppressive meas- ures were, from time to time, adopted by the English gov- ernment. Their goods were confiscated, the people sold into slavery, and the tithing system rigidly enforced. Ireland is a beautiful but disheartened country. With Scotland, it still remains a part of the British empire. SPAIN. The aboriginal inhabitants of Spain were Celts. It af- terward became a Roman province. It was subjected to the Romans, together with Carthage, in the second Punic war. But, when Rome fell, Spain fell also, and shared her fate. In 421, the empire of the Visigoths was founded. About three hundred years after, the Saracens, from Africa, took possession of the country. The African power was, by a long succession of wars, broken, and distinct king- doms were founded from the territory torn from the inva- ders. Ultimately, the different kingdoms were united into one government. Then were the days of Spanish glory. They had entirely expelled foreign invaders, and a new world, in the west, had been discovered, under their aus- pices, by Christopher Columbus. After this period, Spain began to decline. In 1808, she fell into the hands of the French, under Napoleon Buonaparte. Taking advantage of this, her foreign prov- inces revolted. Her subjugation to France, however, was but temporary. Spain has long been the theatre of civil and religious tyranny. The cruelties of the inquisition and the rack were long endured here. But, more recently, advances have been made towards general freedom. And though, at present, this kingdom is the scene of civil war, growing out of rival claims to the crown, yet it is hoped that this once wealthiest and most enterprising empire on the globe, will rise to that rank among the nations, and to the posses- sion of those civil rights, to which she has long been aspiring. 13 * 150 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. QUESTIONS. What took place, in respect to Scotland, in the fourteenth century ? In the fifteenth ? And what subsequently ? What was the result ? What is said of the ancient Irish? From whom were their kings reckoned? What else is said of this island? What took place be- tween the ninth and eleventh centuries? What afterward? Did they submit to this ? What course did England take? What more is said of them ? Who were the ancient Spaniards ? What afterward took place ? What in 421 ? What 300 years afterward ? What finally followed ? What has taken place since the days of Spanish glory ? What oc- curred in 1808 ? Of what has Spain long been the theatre? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XIV. PORTUGAL. The history of this country, up to the thirteenth century, is nearly identical with that of Spain. It was however early erected into a separate and independent kingdom. In the latter part of the sixteenth century, Philip, king of Spain, conquered this kingdom, and annexed it to his domin- ions. In 1640, the independence of Portugal was restored. In 1807, it was conquered by the French unoer Buonaparte, but it was soon restored to its former condition. It has since been the scene of bloody wars and revolutions. FRANCE. France was early subdued by the Roman power. The native Gauls were afterwards conquered by the Germans. The old race of kings became extinct in the year 754, and a new line was established. This dynasty continued about a century, when the Bourbon family assumed the throne. France, for a season, became subject to Eng- land, under Henry V. This subjection, at best but little HISTORY'. 151 inore than nominal, soon ceased, and France forthwith ex- tended her conquests far and wide, and rose to great politi- cal eminence in Europe. During the latter part of the last century, the prosperity and power of the French having declined, a bloody rev- olution broke out. A spirit of recklessness and anarchy, under the name of free, principles, prevailed. The reign- ing monarch was dethroned. Every thing was in a state of distraction. Out of this state of things, a directory was formed. At this period, Napoleon Buonaparte ap- peared upon the political stage. He established a sort of republic, and afterwards an empire. He extended his power and conquests over most of Europe. After various fortunes and reverses, the power and government of Napo- leon were crushed by the allied powers of Europe. The Bourbons were then reinstated upon the throne of France. But their reign was brief. For, assuming tyrannical and absolute power, another revolution took place in 1S30. The form of government was then entirely changed, and Louis Philippe placed upon the throne of France. The present government is liberal. Identified closely with the history of the French, for the last fifty years, is the name, ever dear to Americans, of Lafayette. He took a conspicu- ous part in both revolutions, as the champion of free prin- ciples, but as the unbending foe of the licentious, violent, lawless spirit that characterized his times. Pie never favored the schemes of Buonaparte. The prospects of France are now brightening. QUESTIONS. With that of what other country is the history of Portugal identified ? What occurred in the sixteenth century ? In 1640 ? In 1807 ? By whom was France early subdued ? What afterward took place ? What in 750 ? When did the Bourbon family take the throne ? To what power did France become subject ? What fol- lowed after this subjection ceased? What occurred during the last century ? What grew out of this state of things ? What conqueror then arose ? What did he establish ? By whom was he crushed ? What followed ? What took place in 1830 ? What is said of La- fayette ? Review the three preceding lessons. 152 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. LESSON XV. ITALY. Italy was once the seat of the most powerful empire on the globe. An extended history of this country cannot now be attempted. Little is known of this peninsula be- fore the landing of the Asiatic colonies. And the whole history of the Romans is so interwoven with mythology and fabulous tradition, that implicit reliance cannot be placed upon the early accounts of this nation. They rose gradually to civilization and eminence, by their enterprise and valor in arms. They finally subdued the Grecian em- pire, and with it the world. The golden period of litera- ture and refinement in Rome, was not, however, till her political and military power had begun to decline. Rome, at last, fell by its own weight and corruption. It was over- run by the Goths and Vandals, and other tribes from the north of Europe. About this time, the Christian religion was introduced into the empire, and soon became the established religion of the nation. The church and state were afterward united, and the government became a hierarchy, or ecclesiastical dynasty. This state of things remained, without much alteration, till the reformation, when the power of the pope was shaken. The advancement of liberal principles and of science has ever operated to weaken tyranical power, throughout the more enlight- ened nations where it has prevailed. During the latter part of the last century, Italy was conquered by Napo- leon, and the pope was made a prisoner of war. Since then, his civil power has been in a very fluctuating state. The country is, in fact, divided into distinct states, and the political dominion of the pope is exercised over but a few small provinces. GREECE. The history of Greece runs into that of Rome. The native tribes, as they rose to power and eminence, became ttisToxw. 1 **r* oo united into one empire. They afterward conquered the Trojans and Persians. Under Alexander the Great, their conquests were extended over nearly all the then known world. Greece was finally conquered by the Romans. Af- terward the condition of the Greeks was fluctuating. It ultimately fell into the hands of the Ottoman emperor. After having suffered great oppression from the Turkish power, a revolution took place in 1821, when the peninsula of Greece was drenched in blood. At length, the interpo- sition of several European powers ended the struggle, and the independence of Greece was acknowledged by the sul- tan of Turkey. QUESTIONS. What was Italy formerly? By whom was it first settled? What is said of the history of this people ? Of their con- quests, refinement, power ? What became of Rome ? What soon followed ? What form of government was established ? What took place at the reformation ? What during the last century ? What has been the state of the Popish power since Italy was conquered by Napoleon ? With the history of what other country is that of Greece connect- ed ? What nations did the early Greeks conquer? What took place under Alexander ? By whom were the Greeks conquered ? Finally, into whose hands did this empire fall? What took place in 1821? What powers assisted the Greeks ? What was the result of this struggle ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XVI. TURKEY. Little is known of the origin of the Turks. They were first known as a Scythian tribe, about the sixth century. About 800 years after, Osman, a Turkish chief, having ex- tended his conquests into Asia, assumed the title of sultan. Hence the origin of the Turkish or Ottoman empire. This empire soon became the seat of Mahometanism. i54 MISCELLANEOUS AIEvv, This provoked the Christian powers to what are called' crusades, instigated by Peter the Hermit, against the Ot- toman power, to rescue the Holy City from the hands of the Turks. This empire, during the last century, was greatly weakened and humbled by the Russian power, and more recently by civil wars, and the revolt of some of her most powerful provinces. SWITZERLAND. The Swiss are said to be descendants of the ancient Helvetii. They were long subject to Austria; but, having suffered much from long oppression, they rebelled, and ulti- mately became a separate and confederated government, Switzerland was conquered by Buonaparte; but her sub- jection was short. She is now an independent government. Calvin, the great reformer, flourished here. AUSTRIA. Austria began to attract’ notice in the thirteenth century. Having made large acquisitions of territory and strength, she assumed a rank among the European crowns in the sixteenth century. Austria became an empire early in the present century. PRUSSIA Prussia first assumed a rank among the kingdoms of Eu- rope in the eighteenth century. As a kingdom, Prussia grad- ually rose to power, and extended her territories, till finally they fell into the hands of Napoleon. Since then, this king- dom has been established upon a firm and independent basis, Prussia outdoes all other nations in her systems of education. QUESTIONS. Who were the Turks, when they were first known ? What can you say of Osman ? Of what did this empire soon become the seat ? To what did this lead ? Who instigated the crusades ? What took plaGe during the la3t century ? HISTORY. 155 What is said of the Swiss ? To what government were they sub- ject ? What at length took place ? By whom was Switzerland con- quered ? What is her political condition now ? What great reformer lived there ? What is said of Austria ? When did it become an empire ? How long has Prussia held a rank among the kingdoms of Europe ? Into whose hands did she fall? What has been her state since? What else is said of Prussia ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XVII. GERMANY. Ancient Germany was made up of independent prov- inces. It early fell into the hands of the Romans, and after- ward was brought under the dominion of Charlemagne. In the tenth century, it became an elective monarchy. It was crushed by the French power in 1806. In 1814, it was reestablished into a confederated form of government. BELGIUM. Belgium was formerly connected with Holland. When Holland revolted from the Spanish power, Belgium still re- mained a Spanish province. In the eighteenth century, it was subjected to Austria. In 1795, it was subjected to France. Afterward it was united with Holland. But they were oppressed by the Dutch, and in 1830 revolted, and became a separate government. HOLLAND. The early natives of this country fell into the hands of the Romans ; and in the ninth century, it was united with Germany. Subsequently, the provinces of the Netherlands 156 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. fell under the Spanish power. In 1581, they revolted, and waged a bloody war for freedom. They came off victori- ous, and formed a separate government. In 1794, this kingdom was conquered by France. With the fall of Na- poleon, the Dutch kingdom was established on its former basis. Since then, the Belgic provinces have revolted. DENMARK. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, were formerly called Scandinavia. After the Christian era, they were conquered and governed by the Goths. In the middle ages, the in- habitants of these countries were called Normans , or Northmen. After this time, they extended their conquests over Europe and the Atlantic islands bordering on the con- tinent. During the eleventh century, civilization and Chris- tianity were introduced. In the sixteenth century, Sweden was broken off from the empire, and in 1814, Norway was transferred by the allied powers to Sweden. QUESTIONS. What is said of ancient Germany? Into whose hands did it early fall ? Under whose dominion was it afterward ? What took place in the tenth century ? Afterward, in 1806 ? And then in 1814 ? What is said of Belgium ? Did Belgium revolt from Spain with Holland ? What took place in the eighteenth century ? What since, in 1795 ? What afterward ? What in 1830 ? What is said of the early natives of Holland ? What took place in the ninth century? What in 1581? What was the result of this contest ? What took place in 1795 ? What at the fall of Napoleon ? What since ? What were Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, formerly called ? What took place after the Christian era ? What were they called in the middle ages? What then took place? What in the eleventh century ? What in the sixteenth ? What in 1814 ? Review the three preceding lessons. HISTORY. 157 LESSON XVIII. NORWAY. The native Norwegians were Finns. They were at length expelled by the Goths. This country became subject to Denmark during the middle ages. It was arbitrarily wrestl- ed from Denmark, and ceded to Sweden, by the allied powers, in 1814. SWEDEN. Sweden also was first peopled by the Finns, and conquered by the Goths. In the fourteenth century, it was conquered ny the Danes. A few centuries afterwards, the Danish yoke was thrown off, under Gustavus Vasa, who was consti- tuted king. Their military career, for several centuries after this, was brilliant. Charles the Twelfth, after a brief career of prosperity and conquests, was finally crushed by the Russian power. It is now one of the most enlight- ened and free of the kingdoms of Europe. POLAND. The natives of this country were Sarmatians. They have suffered great reverses from the very first. In the ninth century, Poland became a kingdom. In the latter part of the last century, it was divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, at three different periods. Napoleon con- quered a portion of this country, but the French dominion ceased at his downfall. In 1830, the Poles rose in rebel- lion against the Russians. After several successful battles, they were finally conquered ; and the Russian power over them is now complete. Though the Poles are a hardy, war- like people, they have, from the beginning, been subject to heavy reverses and misfortunes. They have suffered great oppression from their conquerors ; which, while it has tended to dishearten and humble them, has, at the same time, roused them to rebellion to recover that frppdmn and 14 158 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. power for which they always had a strong passion. They are now a dejected and scattered people. RUSSIA. We know little of Russia before the fifteenth century, when it was subject to the empire of Tamerlane. But Peter the Great, early in the eighteenth century, laid the foundation of the Russian power and empire. His efforts and success in civilizing and elevating the Russian tribes were unparalleled. He gave existence and character to this empire. Catharine conquered the Poles and Turks. The empire rapidly rose in power and importance. The inva- sion of Napoleon, in 1812, was checked, and after his downfall, and the overthrow of the French empire, in which the Russian armies took a conspicuous part, the Russian conquests were widely extended over parts of Europe. The Russian empire is one of the largest and most power- ful on the globe, QUESTIONS. Who were the native Norwegians? By whom were they expelled ? What took place in the middle ages ? What in 1814 ? By whom was Sweden first settled ? By whom conquered ? What took place in the fourteenth century ? What then followed ? What is said of their military career? What of Charles XII. ? Who were the native Poles ? What has been their history ? What took place in the ninth century ? What in the last century ? What in 1830 ? What was the result of the contest with Russia ? What is said of the Poles ? What is their present condition ? When were the Russians first known ? Who was the father of this empire ? What is said of his efforts to civilize his countrymen ? What is said of Catharine ? What is said of the French invasion ? What has been the state of the Russian empire since ? Review the three preceding lessons HISTORY. 159 LESSON XIX. ASIA. TURKEY IN ASIA. This is the birthplace of civilization and of man. Man here first existed, and walked with God, and here fell. This was the theatre of the antediluvian world. Here the ark was made. Over these mountains and plains it floated, and on one of its summits rested. It was here that Abra- ham and the Jewish nation flourished, the prophets wrote and sung. Here stood Bethlehem and the Holy City, Here the Savior of the world was born, died, and ascend- ed. And this was the scene of most of the events recorded in the Bible. The ancient empires of Assyria and Babylon flourished here. But long before the Christian era, they were swal- lowed up in the Persian empire. Afterward, the Persian was lost in the Grecian empire ; and just before the Chris- tian era, this country, with all the Grecian dominions, fell into the vortex of Roman conquest. About 800 years after, the Saracens subjected this country to the Mahometan ca- liphs ; and 800 years after this, the Holy Land was sub- jected to the Ottoman or Turkish empire. A part of it, including the Holy City, is now claimed by the pacha of Egypt. ARABIA. This is the birthplace of Mahomet. He soon conquered Arabia and Syria. His empire and religion were spread over Europe, Asia, and Africa. Arabia has since been nominally subjected to the Porte, or Ottoman power. 160 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. PERSIA. Persia, after its union with Media, became a powerful empire. Under Cyrus, the ancient Assyrian empire was conquered, and annexed to the Persian empire. But during the reign of Xerxes, a weak and unfortunate prince, this empire was conquered by the Greeks, and became a part of the Grecian empire. The largest army, probably, that was ever led into the field, consisting of several millions, was checked and broken, though not conquered, by perhaps the smallest that ever appeared on the field of battle — the three hundred Lacedemonians. Afterward, Persia fell into the hands of the Saracens and Turks. In the middle ages, it was overrun by the Mongols, and in the fifteenth century, by the Turcomans. It is now an absolute monarchy. QUESTIONS. Of what is Turkey the birthplace ? Mention some events that took place here. Some of the cities. Of what was this country the scene ? What ancient empires flourished here ? What took place just before the Christian era? What 800 years after ? What 800 years after this ? Of what was Arabia the birthplace ? What is said of him ? To what power is Arabia now subjected ? What is said of Persia? What took place under Cyrus? What under Xerxes ? What is said of the battle ? What took place after- ward ? What in the middle ages ? What in the fifteenth century ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XX. INDEPENDENT TARTARY. The Tartars, like the ancient Scythians and Saracens, are invincible by civilization. They seem to possess a stereotyped character. In the thirteenth century, this HISTORY. 161 country was conquered by Genghis Khan ; but afterward Tamerlane threw off the Mongol yoke, subdued Persia, erected an empire, and, for a time, held in check the Turk- ish power in the west. It has latterly vibrated between the Russian and Chinese powers. The present government, however, is principally that of independent chiefs. AFGHANISTAN. This country rose from ancient barbarous tribes. It took the form of a kingdom in the eleventh century, and soon became the centre of an extensive empire. In the four- teenth century, it was subjected to the empire of Tamer- lane. Four hundred years after, the Afghans conquered Persia. Shortly after this, they were in turn conquered and subdued by the Persians. Since then, the Persian yoke has been thrown off. But the empire is broken up into provinces, governed mostly by independent chiefs. BELOOCHISTAN. Beloochistan compares, in most respects, with Afghanis- tan. This people have never risen to any political emi- nence in the world. They are still in a state of semi-civil- ization, and are governed mostly by independent chiefs. HINDOOSTAN. This country was invaded very early by the Egyptians, Persians, and Greeks, successively. The Mahometan power was established here in the eleventh century. Since then, the European powers have made discoveries and con- quests in this country. The English East India Company have established a commercial dynasty here, the effect of which has been to extend the English policy and power over nearly all the East Indies, and to subject the inhabit- ants to an oppressive vassalage. The English and Ameri- cans have established missionary stations here. 14 * 162 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. QUESTIONS. What is said of the Tartars? Of their character? What took place in the thirteenth century? What soon after? Wbat is their present state ? What is said of Afghanistan ? What took place in the fourteenth century ? What 400 years after ? What subsequently to that time ? What is its present state ? What is said of Beloochistan ? What is their present state? By whom was Hindoostan early invaded ? What took place in the eleventh century ? What is said of the East India Company ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XXI. FARTHER INDIA. The history of this country is nearly similar to that of Hindoostan. It has been the scene of wars and revolu- tions ever since its first discovery. Here, empires, like bubbles, have risen, broken, and fallen. It has finally shared the fate of Hindoostan, and a large portion of it is subjected to a British military despotism. CHINESE EMPIRE. The early history of this country is shrouded in dark- ness. It is, at best, confused and fabulous. The Chinese claim an antiquity almost as great as the geologists claim for the primitive earth. The rise of Confucius forms a new era in this empire. He flourished about 2,500 years since. He was of royal descent, but resigned his dignity, and betook himself to morals. He was the Socrates of his times. He enjoined universal benevolence, justice, virtue, and uprightness. As a teacher of morality, he gave char- acter to the nation. He made law and authority to be handmaids of morality, and parental government and in- fluence to involve and shape every other influence. Hence HISTORY. 63 originated the patriarchal form of government, which pre- vails in this empire. He led a quiet and abstemious life, and was distinguished for wisdom and mildness. Though, from disaffection, he had separated himself from the court, he did not attempt to overthrow the established form of government, but inculcated the duty of subordination to power, and the practice of all the private and public virtues. China has frequently been subdued by foreign conquer- ors, and has recently encountered a struggle with Great Britain. The Chinese have strenuously avoided all intercourse with other nations, and regard themselves as the “ Celestial Empire.” JAPAN. The first knowledge that the Europeans had of this country, was from Marco Polo, about 600 years ago. About two hundred years after, a Portuguese colony was founded there, and the celebrated Xavier, a Jesuit mission- ary, proceeded to Japan, to propagate Christianity. This he did with great success. About 40 years after, a revo- lution broke out, and a new line of kings began. The Jesuits and Portuguese suffered much from this new order of things, but they were exceedingly stubborn and refrac- tory. At length the Portuguese and the missionaries were expelled from the empire. Multitudes fell in the contest. But, before this, the Dutch had gained an influence with the natives, and had contributed not a little to the results just spoken of. They succeeded the Portuguese in influence and trade, but not in ecclesiastical affairs. The Japanese are exceedingly jealous of foreigners. They are a some- what refined and intelligent people. Their government is despotic. The Confucian philosophy has prevailed here extensively ; but paganism is now the prevalent religion. QUESTIONS. With what country does Farther India compare ? Of what has it been the scene ? What is now its condition ? What is said of the history of China ? What of the antiquity they >laim ? What of Confucius ? What did he enjoin ? What effect lad his teachings on the Chinese nation ? Give a brief view of his 164 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. sj'stem. What was his personal character? What else is said of China ? What do they style themselves ? How long ago was Japan known to the world ? What is said of Xavier ? What took place about 40 years after ? What befell the Portuguese and the missionaries ? What is said of the influence of the Dutch ? What are the feelings of the Japanese toward foreign- ers ? What else is said of them ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XXII. AFRICA, EGYPT. Egypt is a land famed in ancient history. It was once the home of the arts and sciences. Nowhere on earth can be found so many monuments of ancient power and splen- dor. Her labyrinths, catacombs, pyramids, and obelisks, artificial lakes and aqueducts, her cities and temples, now in ruins, are truly the wonders of the world. The political history of this country begins with the Pharaohs. For more than 1,000 years afterward, this coun- try presents an almost unbroken series of revolutions. About 400 years before Christ, it belonged to the Persian empire, and afterwards to the Grecian, till at length it be- came a Roman province. In the seventh century, it fell a prey to the Mahometan caliphs. In the middle ages, it became subject to the Turkish empire. About the year 1778, it was conquered by the French, under Buonaparte. Mohammed Pacha, though nominally a Turkish viceroy, exercises absolute power over this country. He is an en- terprising, ingenious, and powerful prince. HISTORY. 165 BARBARY STATES. These states occupy a conspicuous place in ancient and modern history. Ancient Carthage and Numidia were in- cluded in this territory. These states are inhabited by a fierce and warlike people, of the Saracenic race. They have been several times subjugated by foreign powers. During the last century, they threw off the Turkish yoke, to which they had turbulently submitted, and' erected them- selves into independent governments. They have since formed a line of piratical powers, to the great annoyance of most of the commercial nations. Their power has since been broken by the United States, by England, and by France. NUBIA. Nubia was anciently called Ethiopia. It was then a civil- ized and powerful people. Ethiopia gave arts, learning, and laws, to the Egyptians. They are black, but not of the Negro race. Neither the Persians, Romans, Saracens, nor T urks, could conquer them in their ancient glory. But their splendor and power are now gone. The country is broken up into weak and petty states, and governed by rival and tyrannical chiefs. ABYSSINIA. Little was known of this country till the fourth century, when it was converted to Christianity. About 1,000 years afterward, the Portuguese waged war upon the Abyssinians, in order to introduce among them the Catholic faith. They, however, failed, and the Abyssinians have always since been jealous of Europeans, and they are now sunk into a semi- barbaric state. QUESTIONS. What is said of Egypt ? Of what was it once the seat ? With what does Egypt abound ? What is said of the Pharaohs ? What took place during the thousand years subse- quent ? What changes afterward ? What took place in the seventh 166 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. century ? What in the middle ages ? What since ? What else is said of Mohammed Pacha ? What is said of the Barbary States? By whom are they inhabit- ed ? Have they ever been conquered ? What took place during the last century ? What is said of them since ? By what nations has their power been broken ? What was Nubia anciently called? What is said of Ethiopia? What is said of their complexion ? Were they conquered anciently ? What is said of them now ? What is said of Abyssinia? What afterward took place? What is said of the Abyssinians since ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XXIII. EASTERN AFRICA. Of the history of this vast region very little is known. Some trade is carried on with the Europeans. They often go naked. They believe in charms and divinations — are ignorant and stupid. SOUTHERN AFRICA. This region was visited by European adventurers a few centuries since, and colonies were established here. The Caffres and Hottentots inhabit the most of this country. Some of the tribes seem to be raised but a grade above the brute species, living in caves, or in the open air, sleeping often in the trees, and living upon grass, roots, toads, and insects. In other parts, they live more like human beings — have the semblance of huts or tents, and show a little more enterprise. Missionary efforts here have proved successful, and show the wonderful power of the gospel to elevate the mind and purify the heart. HISTORY. 167 WESTERN AFRICA. This vast circuit of country is a moral wilderness. It is the theatre of the foreign slave trade. The natives of this country have been seized and carried to almost all civilized countries. This has been a matter of legalized commerce ; but it is now forbidden by most of the govern- ments that have hitherto participated in it. Little was known of this country till recently. One impediment to gaining a knowledge of it is the sickliness of the climate. CENTRAL AFRICA. This region is settled by the Moors, or Negroes of an Arabic mixture. They are a timid and inoffensive people. What has been said of Western Africa is true, substan- tially, of them. Some advancement has been made in the arts and civilization. The land is very much neglected. In truth, Africa is an ill-fated country. It is situated mostly in the torrid zone. It is subjected to many unfavor- able physical influences ; among which are, a scorching sun and a pestilential atmosphere, rendered so in part by the deserts and swamps with which the interior abounds. These circumstances have conspired, with others, to debili- tate, and actually deform, the mental and physical constitu- tion of the inhabitants. The condition and complexion of the African people have tempted other nations to commit upon them cruelties and outrages which have hardly a parallel in the annals of human cruelty. The attention of the world, however, has been called, of late, to the condition of the African race. The slave trade is now legalized only by a few of the enlightened nations of the world ; and a sympathy, corresponding somewhat with the spirit of the Christian religion, is beginning to be felt for the African. QUESTIONS. What is said of Eastern Africa ? What of their trade, their superstitions, and character ? 168 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. What is said of Southern Africa ? Who inhabit this region What is said of them and their habits? What is said of the mis sionary efforts here ? What is said of Western Africa ? Of what is it the theatre ? What is said of the slave trade ? Was much known of this country till recently ? What impediment to discoveries in this country ? By whom is Central Africa settled ? What is said of them ? What is said of Africa in general ? To what is it subject ? What have these circumstances led to ? What have the Africans suffered in consequence ? What is now beginning to be the state of public feeling ? Review the three preceding lessons. A BRIEF HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE DIFFERENT MISSIONS AND MISSIONARY STATIONS OF THE SEVERAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. LESSON XXIV. The missionary enterprise is peculiar to the gospel dis- pensation. There was nothing essentially like it under the old dispensation. The progress of religion, anciently, was like that of a stream, confined close within its rock-bound banks. In the latter dispensation, it is like the same stream, swelling beyond its bounds, and fertilizing a world. Jesus Christ was in the highest sense of the word a Missionary. He was sent of the Father to a lost world; and he died a sacrifice for sin, and a martyr to his cause, upon the great field to which he was sent. MISSIONS. 169 His early disciples and apostles were missionaries. “ Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every crea- ture,” was the Savior’s command and their instructions ; “ and they went every where preaching the word.” The early Christians were missionaries. The action of the church, for the few first centuries, was a missionary action. The gospel was preached to most of the heathen nations then on the globe ; but it was not till since the dark ages of the church, that missionary operations took a systematic form. The first Protestant mission was undertaken about 300 years ago. Gustavus Vasa, of Sweden, when he had de- livered his own country from the Danish yoke, and had es- tablished the religion of the reformation among his subjects, sent a missionary to Lapland. About 100 years after this, John Eliot commenced a mission among the American Indians in Massachusetts. This movement gave rise to systematic operations to spread the gospel among the native tribes. Early in the last century, the Danes established a mission in Hindoostan. Its influence has been extensive and happy. About 20 years afterward, a mission was established at Madras, and, as a consequence, nearly 1,500 converts united with the church. The Moravians next appear upon the scene of mission- ary enterprise. They have had stations in the West Indies, in Greenland, among the North American Indians, in South America, Labrador, and in South Africa. Their operations have been very successful. The Mo- ravians are emphatically a missionary people. Their reli- gion has taken that cast ; and the zeal with which they have prosecuted their operations is worthy of all praise. QUESTIONS. What is said of the missionary enterprise ? What was Jesus Christ? What were his disciples and apostles ? What is said of the church during the first centuries ? Who es- tablished the first Protestant mission ? Mention the facts. What took place 100 years afterward ? To what did this give rise ? What took place early last century ? What is said of the mission at Ma- dras ? Where are the Moravian missionary stations ? What is said of their operations ? Review the three preceding lessons. 15 170 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. LESSON XXV. BRITISH MISSIONS. CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONS. The London Missionary Society was established in the latter part of the last century. They have established mis- sions in the South Sea islands, Hindoostan, Birmah, Caf- fraria, among the Hottentots, in the West Indies, in South America, in New Holland, and in the Mediterranean. These missions have been, from time to time, most signally blessed, especially those in the Pacific, and in the East Indies. THE ENGLISH BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY. This society has establishments in Bengal, Arracan, Hindoostan, in Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, the West Indies, in South America, and in South Africa. The missions at Bengal, in Hindoostan, and in the West Indies, have been greatly blessed. THE ENGLISH EPISCOPAL MISSIONS. The Church of England Missionary Society was formed about the commencement of the present century. They have stations in New Zealand, Hindoostan, Bombay, Cey- lon, North America, Abyssinia, Sierra Leone, and the West Indies. These missions have been blessed, especially the one at Sierra Leone, in Africa. ENGLISH METHODIST MISSIONS The Wesleyan Missionary Society was formed in 1817. The English Methodists had previously exerted great MISSIONS. 171 influence in spreading the gospel in America and else- where. This society has missions in the West Indies, in Brit- ish America nearly eighty different stations, several in Asia and Ceylon, about thirty in Africa, and in different parts of Europe about forty. These operations have been greatly blessed. QUESTIONS. When was the London Missionary Society es- tablished ? Where have they missions ? What is said of their suc- cess ? What establishments have the English Baptists ? What is said of their success ? When was the Church of England Mission- ary Society established? Where have they stations? What soci- ety was formed in 1817 ? What is said of them ? Where have they missions ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XXVI. AMERICAN MISSIONS. THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS. ^his board was formed in 1810. Application had pre- viously been made to a body of Congregational clergymen, by a few devoted individuals, who were in a course of prep- aration for the ministry, for assistance to enable them to prosecute their purpose to spend their lives among the heathen. This led to the formation of the board. It has four stations in Africa, two in Greece, six in Turkey, four in Syria, two in Persia, four among the Mahrattas, seven in Southern India, seven in Ceylon, two in Siam, one in China, one at Singapore, three in Borneo, seventeen at the Sandwich Islands, and twenty-five among the American Indians. Some of these missions have been greatly blessed, especially those at Ceylon and the Sandwich Islands. 172 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS. The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. This board is the channel of missionary operations for a large portion of the Presbyterian church in the United States. It has establishments in West Africa, the East Indies, and among the North American Indians. It has one sta- tion at Singapore, and several at Texas. AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONS. 'Flie American Baptist Board of Foreign Missions grew out of the American Board of Missions. This Board was formed through the influence, in part, of the Rev. A. Jud- son, one of the first missionaries of . the American Board, after having changed his opinions in respect to baptism. The Board has sixteen stations in Europe, two in Africa, (Liberia,) seventeen among the American Indians, thirty- seven in Asia. Birmah is the seat of their operations in Asia. The operations of this society, on the whole, have been very successful. AMERICAN METHODIST MISSIONS. The Methodist Episcopal Church Missionary Society was organized in 1819. They have establishments in Africa, South America, and in Texas. This society has. several stations among the American Indians. THE FREE-WILL BAPTIST MISSIONS. This denomination have not till recently taken the for- eign missionary field. They have one station at Orissa. QUESTIONS. Mention the circumstances that led to the forma- tion of the American Board. When was it formed 5 Where have MISSIONS. 173 they stations? What is said of their success? What is said of the Presbyterian Board ? Out of what did the American Baptist Board grow? Mention the circumstances. Where have they stations' 1 With what success have they met? What is said of the Methodist Episcopal mission ? Where was this society formed ? Where have they operations ? Where is the Free-will Baptist missionary station ? Review the three preceding lessons. LESSON XXVII. CATHOLIC MISSIONS. It has been remarked that the Roman Catholics, from the very first, have propagated their faith by missionary operations. In prosecuting their grand design of convert- ing the world to their religious views, they have, from time to time, exhibited a zeal that has had no parallel in the history of missions. Almost all of South America, by these operations, has been converted to their faith; and their influence has extended widely over North America. They have spread their faith throughout a large proportion of the countries of Europe, and are making the most strenuous exertions to propagate their religion in the East Indies and in Central Asia. They have recently made vigorous efforts to establish missions in the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The Jesuits hold the political and moral influence of the Papal hierarchy, and are the missionaries and mission- ary patrons of this vast establishment. The funds of the Catholic missionary establishments are derived mostly from France, Italy, Austria, and Great Britain. 15 * 174 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. OTHER MISSIONARY OPERATIONS. The German Missionary Society has stations in Siberia and in Liberia, and several in HindoOstan. The French Protestant Missionary Society was formed in 1822. They have several stations in South Africa. The Presbyterian Assembly of Scotland has stations at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, and in other places. The Scottish Episcopal Missionary Society has mission- ary establishments in the West Indies, and in various parts of Asia. The Glasgow Missionary Society was formed in 1796. It has missionary stations at South Africa, among the Calfres. The Netherland Missionary Society has establishments in the East Indies and in Siam. The Rhenish Missionary Society has several missionary stations in South Africa. The Jewish Missionary Society was formed in 1808. It has over fifty missionaries and assistants, employed in vari- ous parts of Europe and Asia. QUESTIONS. What is said of Catholic missions ? Where have they operations ? What is said of the Jesuits ? Whence do the Catholics derive their funds to carry on their operations ? Where has the German Missionary Society establishments ? When was the French Missionary Society formed, and where have they stations ? Where has the Presbyterian Assembly of Scotland missionary operations? Where the Scottish Episcopal Missionary Society? Where the Glasgow Missionary Society ? Where the Netherland Missionary Society ? The Rhenish Mis- sionary Society ? The Jewish Missionary Society ? Review the three preceding lessons. STATISTICS. 1 71 TABULAR VIEW OF MISSIONS. Missionary Societies. Stations. Mission- aries. Communi- cants. Moravian, 52 241 16,390 London, 562 158 7,100 English Baptist, 132 140 23,200 Church of England, ..... 92 183 2,947 Wesleyan Methodist, (Eng.) . . 219 643 72,690 American Board, 85 526 21,261 Presbyterian Board, 12 32 Unk’n. American Methodist, 50 100 3,510 American Baptist, ...... 67 112 2,100 Free-will Baptist, 1 3 Unk’n. German, 4 12 (C French, 8 13 117 Scottish, 5 7 1,196 Glasgow, 3 4 Unk’n. Netherland, 13 19 <( Jewish, 23 50 it Note. In the above table, the wives of missionaries, and also as- sistants, are in some cases included. POPULATION OF THE DIFFERENT NATIONS AND COUNTRIES ON THE GLOBE, AND THE SQUARE MILES THEY CONTAIN. America, North America, Population. 44,000,000 29,500,000 17,000,000 United States, Maine, 502,000 New Hampshire, 285,000 Vermont, Massachusetts, 293,000 738,000 Rhode Island, 109,000 Connecticut, 310,000 Square Miles. 15,000,000 8,500,000 2,000,000 35,000 9,500 8,000 7,750 1,250 4,760 176 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. New York, Papulation. 2,429,000 Square Mike. 46,000 New Jersey, 373,000 7,800 Pennsylvania, 1,724,000 78,000 47,000 Delaware, 2,100 Maryland, 469,000 10,000 District of Columbia, 44,000 100 Virginia, 1,240,000 68,000 North Carolina, 753,000 50,000 South Carolina, 594,000 32,000 Georgia, 691,000 61,000 Alabama, 591,000 52,000 Mississippi, 376,000 48,000 Louisiana, 352,000 49,000 Tennessee, 829,000 45,000 Kentucky, 780,000 40.000 45.000 Ohio, Michigan, 1,519,000 212,000 63,000 Indiana, 686,000 35,000 Illinois, 476,000 55,000 Missouri, 384,000 63,000 Arkansas, 98,000 54,000 British America, 2,000,000 2,500,000 Canada, 885,000 230,000 New Brunswick, 119,000 30,000 Nova Scotia, 120,000 14,000 Newfoundland, 80,000 30,000 Texas, 200,000 333,000 Mexico, 8,000,000 1,250,000 Guatimala, 2,000,000 200,000 West Indies, 3,000,000 100,000 South America, 14,200,000 6,500,000 New Grenada, 1,660,000 400,000 V enezuela, 1,000,000 400,000 Equador, 660,000 250,000 Guiana, 194,000 160,000 Brazil, 5,000,000 3,000,000 Peru, 1,500,000 500,000 Bolivia, 1,250,000 400,000 United Province®, 1,000,000 250,000 1,000,000 Paraguay, 84,000 Chili, 1,400,000 200,000 Europe, 230,000,000 3,500,000 Spain, 14,000,000 170,000 STATISTICS. 177 Portugal, Population. 3,500,000 Square Allies 40,000 Italy, 20,000,000 120,000 Greece, 600,000 20,000 Turkey, 9,000,000 200,000 Austria, 32,000,000 250,000 Switzerland, 2,000,000 15,000 Germany, 14,000,000 71,000 Prussia, 12,500,000 110,000 France, 32,000,000 200,000 Belgium, 4,000,000 13,000 Holland, 2,750,000 12,000 Denmark, 2,000,000 20,000 England, 14,000,000 42,000 Wales, 800,000 8,000 Ireland, 7,750,000 31.000 30.000 Scotland, 2,250,000 Norway, 1,000,000 120,000 Sweden, 3,750,000 170,000 Russia, 52,000,000 2,000,000 Asia, 420,000,000 16,000,000 Turkey, 9,000,000 500,000 Arabia, 12,000,000 1,000,000 Persia, 10,000,000 500,000 Afghanistan, 13,000,000 330,000 Beloochistan, 2,000,000 170,000 Herat, 1,500,000 170,000 Hindoostan, 140,000,000 1,400,000 Farther India, 30,000,000 750,000 Chinese Empire, 242,000,000 5,000,000 China Proper, 146,250,000 1,250,000 Thibet, 12,000,000 400,000 Tartary, 6,000,000 2,000,000 Japan, 25,000,000 250,000 Independent Tartary 7,000,000 750,000 Siberia, 7,000,000 4,750,000 Africa, 90,000,000 11,000,000 Egypt, 3,000,000 200,000 Tripoli, 910,000 190,000 Tunis, 1,750,000 55,000 Algiers, 1,500,000 91,000 Morocco, 3,000,000 1,500,000 100,000 Fez, Nubia, 70,000 500,000 325,000 Abyssinia, 3,500,000 300,000 178 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Population. 25.000 13.000 5 , 000,000 Square Miles. 20,000 5,000 4 , 000,000 The population of most of Africa has not yet been ascertained. Oceanica, Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia, 20,000,000 17 , 000,000 2 , 500,000 750,000 4 , 000,000 3 , 500,000 3 , 500,000 200,000 EXTENT OF THE SEVERAL OCEANS AND SEAS OCEANS. Oceans. Square Miles. Pacific, .... . 50,000,000 Southern, .... 30,000,000 Atlantic, .... . 25,000,000 Indian, .... 17,000,000 Arctic, .... . 1,000,000 SEAS. Seas. Square Miles. Chipese, .... . 1,000,000 Caribbean, 800,000 Mediterranean, 600,000 Okotsk, .... 500,000 Celebes, . 206,000 Corea, . . • . 206,000 Black, . 195,000 North, .... 159,000 Caspian, .... 120,000 Red, ..... 98,000 Baltic, 90,000 White, .... 35,000 Marmora, .... 6,000 Irish, 5,000 RAILROADS, 179 Some of the ISHED, OR principal Railroads, finished, unfin- CHARTERED, IN THE UNITED STATES. Names. Places united. Miles long. States. Bangor and Oldtown, Eastern, Boston and Concord, Boston and Providence, Boston and Worcester, Western, Providence and Stonington, Norwich and Worcester, Hartford and New Haven, Housatonic, Long Island, Utica and Schenectady, Mohawk, Saratoga and Schenectady, Troy and Ballston, Utica and Syracuse, Auburn and Syracuse, Lockport and Niagara, Buffalo and Niagara, Ithaca and Oswego, Rochester and Batavia, New York and Erie, Paterson, Camden and Amboy, Jersey City and Trenton, Philadelphia and Trenton, Philadelphia and Columbia, Philadelphia and Reading, Philadelphia and Baltimore, Columbia and Gettysburg, Danville and Pottsville, Mauch Chunk and Port Carbon, Johnstown and Hollidaysburg, Lancaster and Harrisburg, Baltimore and Susquehawnah, Williamsport and Elmyra, Carbcndale and Honesdale, Cumberland Valley, New Castle and Frenchtown, Baltimore and Ohio, Baltimore and Washington, Winchester, Richmond and Petersburg, Richmond and Potomac, Petersburg and Roanoke, Portsmouth and Roanoke, Raleigh and Gaston, Gaston and Belfield, Wilmington and Raleigh, Charleston, Central, Tuscumbia and Decatur, Montgomery and Chattahoochee, Vicksburg, Jackson and Brandon, Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, New Orleans and Nashville, West Feliciana, Memphis and La Grange, Tallahasse, Lexington and Ohio, Central, Detroit and Pontiac, Erie and Kalamazoo, Madison and Lafayette, Bangor and Oldtown, Boston and Portland, Boston and Concord, Boston and Providence, Boston and Worcester, Worcester and Albany, Providence and Stonington, Norwich and Worcester, Hartford and New Haven, Bridgeport and New Milford, Brooklyn and Greenport, Utica and Scheuectady, Albany and Schenectady, Saratoga and Schenectady , Troy and Ballston, Utica and Syracuse, Auburn and Syracuse, Lockport and Niagara Falls, Buffalo and Niagara Falls, Ithaca and Oswego, Rochester and Batavia, Hudson River and Lake Erie, Jersey City and Paterson, Camden and Amboy, Jersey City and Trenton, Philadelphia and Trenton, Philadelphia and Columbia, Philadelphia and Reading, Philadelphia and Baltimore, Columbia and Gettysburg, Danville and Pottsville, Mauch Chunk and Port Carbon, Johnstown and Hollidaysburg, Lancaster and Harrisburg, Baltimore and Susquehannah River, Williamsport and Elmyra, Carbondale and Honesdale, Chambersburg and Harrisburg, New Castle aud Frenchtown, Baltimore and Ohio River, Baltimore and Washington, Winchester and Harper’s Ferry, Richmond and Petersburg, Richmond and Potomac River, Petersburg and Blakeley, Portsmouth and Roanoke River, Raleigh and Gaston, Gaston and Belfield, Wilmington and Halifax, Charleston and Augusta, Savannah and Macon, Tuscumbia and Decatur, Montgomery and Chattahoochee River, Vicksburg and Jackson, Jackson and Brandon, Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, New Orleans and Nashville, St. Francisville and Woodville, Memphis and La Grange, Tallahasse and St. Marks, Lexington and Louisville, Detroit and Lake Michigan, Detroit and Pontiac, Toledo and Adrian, Madisou and Lafayette, 13 110 75 42 43 147 46 58 35 35 98 50 16 20 25 63 22 22 20 29 47 17 51 58 26 81 58 98 40 44 35 36 35 76 70 16 50 16 329 38 30 21 75 60 80 90 20 160 136 200 46 85 45 14 7 564 27 50 20 85 175 25 33 155 Maine. Mass, and Maine. Mass, and N. H. Mass, and R. I. Massachusetts. Mass, and N. Y. R. I. and Conn. Conn, and Mass. Connecticut. do. New York, do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. New Jersey, do. do. Penn, and N. Y. Pennsylvania, do. Penn, and Md. Pennsylvania. do. do. do. Md. and Penn. Penn, and N. Y. Pennsylvania, do. Delaware. Md. and Va. Md. and D. C. Virginia, do. do. Va. and N. C. do. do. North Carolina. N. C. and Va. North Carolina. S. C. and Georgia. Georgia . Alabama. do. Mississippi. do. do. La., Mi., and Tenn. La. and Miss. Tennessee. Florida. Kentucky. Michigan. do. do. Indiana. 18 MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. Some of the principal Canals, finished and unfin- ished, in the United States. Names. •' Places connected. Length . Stales. Cumberland and Oxford, Portland and Lake Sebago, 18 Maine. Middlesex, Boston and Lowell, 27 Massachusetts. Blackstone, Providence and Worcester, 45 Mass, and R. Isl. Farmington, New Haven and Northampton, 78 Conn, and Mass, Hudson and Delaware Honesdale and Hudson River, 88 N. Y. and Pern Erie, Albany and Bufl'ulo, 363 New York. Champlain, Lake Champlain and Hudson River, 63 do. Black River, Rome and Black River, 76 do. Rochester and Olean, Rochester and Olean, 107 do. Oswego, Syracuse and Oswego, 38 do. Chenango, Binghampton ami Utica, 37 do. ' Seneca, Seneca Lake and Erie Canal, 20 do. Cayuga, Geneva ami Montezuma, 20 do. Cliemung, Seneca Lake and Elmyra, 23 do. Ithaca and Oswego, Ithaca and Oswego, 27 do. Morris, Jersey City and Easton, Pa. 101 N. J. and Penn Delaware and Rariion, New Brunswick and Bordcntown, 42 New Jersey. Delaware, Bristol and Eastern, 60 Pennsylvania* Pittsburg and Erie, Franklin and Erie, 30 do. Lehigh, Easton and White Haven, 60 do. Schuylkill, Philadelphia and Port Carbon, 108 do. Little Schuylkill, Schuylkill River and Coal Mines, 24 do. Union, Reading and Middletown, 78 do. Penn. Railroad and Canal, Philadelphia and Pittsburg, 335 do. Northumberland, Penn. Canal to Northumberland, 39 do. West Branch, Northumberland and Sinnemehouin R. 125 do. North Branch, Northumberland and Elmyra, 150 Penn, and N. Y. Beaver, Beaver and Mercer City, 35 Pennsylvania. Sandy and Beaver, Beaver and Bolivar, 75 Penn, and Ohio. Delaware and Chesapeake, Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, 14 Delaware. Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. & C. Georgetown and Pittsburg, 342 Va. and Maryland Dismal Swamp, Chesapeake Bay and New Lebanon, 23 Va. and N. Caro* Welden, Welden and Blakely, 12 N. Carolina. Santee, Santee anti Cooper Rivers, 22 S. Carolina. Savannah and Ogeechee, Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers, 16 Georgia. Muscle Shoals, Round Muscle Shoal, 37 Alabama. New Orleans and Grand Lake, 75 Louisiana. Orleans, New Orleans and Lake Ponchartrain, 7 do. Miami, Cincinnati and Maumee, 265 Ohio. Ohio State, Portsmouth and Cleveland, 309 do. Wabash and Erie, Lafayette and Toledo, 214 Indiana and Olr-' Illinois, Peru and Chicago, 100 Illinois. end. __ < 4 * i Date Due ' v.irtfi- ] riot ii..’ q ■Jir'iB.ilui' l3<*hou,. ’j 1c IX Ord. . ! ho Oti»hoo Gfuedn. Brncklyn Swaii . in'.,. 'upper. Tli'V J.'ew Bart it., jus. Assrinbly’s Shorter ♦Jmjm.Su, Scripture i.roois inseijiM in fij] fe4.tlt) poi hu.idrep, Waft's U • i.. snu. Jloral'tiy,, < A Mutter's ft. -4. titt ttie swrio's m letters tiy up affseat s Erotil'I-cuonsorBioritiic. , muE/ Leai) & 1 : %)ok®c!U '. 'Pt. -iiolieis and Importers of Foreign Books and Station iry. Port* and, Me., keep constantly on hand ' an cr.teuSyo tno'ck of Theological, Law, Medical, Classi- 1 ogtl School, -inj-euile, Musical and Miscellaneous Books : I . with agtei ra' "sori nent of Stationary, and useful and f’uhc) a tcs, usually kept in a Bookstore. l 'a >Gree.<-icaf%' ,u mt , Defir of Israel — P by Dr. Pohc!.-- ftl dclctoa Letters from TV cation by Dr. Pand-rEpham’s Ratio Discip: !’ euborgLnism Reviewed, by Dr. Pond— Juryman -- Mousotmid Consecration — DR. PAYSOxN S i ) t iJETE WORKS, 3 vols. 8 vo. new stereotype 1. - Memoir of William R. Prince — Plato his Life amr-t, < j . . .<*,« |{ ( by Dr Pond. ; • ! . ... ! o' - L '.kip'. vvili supply thel'r.ide with '-their own [j j! >. cLoafion- <>n l>..t.r?f terms ; and the public 'generally j |{ w nit almost every article of Books and Stationary, ao | j? low as they a< e et7S66zi.oa sauejqn Aljsja/vjun 9>l n Q