EVISED AND ENLARGED, 1916 THE POCKET CYCLOPEDIA == ~ of* I — ^ ' = TEMPERANCE Published by the Tem lerwAce Society of the Methodist Epi fi'^opal Church Shawnee Buildin'|:, Topeka, Kansas Twenty- ve Cents THE PEOHIBITION SITTJATiOK ON JANTXAET 1, 1916 If you want information that is not in this book call on the Research Department Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church Shawnee Bldg., Topeka, Kansas The Temperzuice Society works every doll€U‘ to death — But it always dies happy! /^//f/3 / /^•^.Cir.*na.>iREVISED*AND ENLARGED. 1916 The Pocket Cyclopedia of Temperance CLARENCE TRUE WILSON, D.D., Editor DEETS PICKETT, Managing Editor HARRY G. McCain, Associate Editor Copyright 1916, by the Temperance Society of the M. E. Church Shawnee Building, Topeka, Kansas First printing, 20,000 copies PRICE 25 CENTS i THE BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE TEMPERANCE SOCIETY Bishop W. O. Shepard, LL.D., President, Kan- sas City; Hon. James M. Miller, Vice-President, Council Grove, Kansas; Edwin Locke, D.D., Be- cording Secretary, Topeka, Kansas; E. H. An- derson, Treasurer, Topeka, Kansas; Hon. Man- ford Schoonover; John MacLean, B.D.; Hon. Alonzo E. Wilson; Claudius B. Spencer, DJ5.; H. E. Wolfe, D.D.; J. A. Stavely, D.D.; Ex- Governor E. W. Hoch; Hon. Jacob C. Eup- penthal; Wm. H. Anderson; L. 0. Jones; Hon. H. A. Larson; Chas. M. Shepherd, D.D.; J. E. Lankard; Chas. Strader; W. A. Eankin; S. K. Warrick; Dr. John Punton. THE PROHIBITION SITUATION UP TO r JANUARY 1, 1916 Prohibition states prior to September 1, 1914: Maine, Kan- sas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Okla- homa, Tennessee, West Virginia. Prohibition advance since September 1, 1914: Virginia — September 22, 1914, Virginia voted for state-wide Prohibition, effective November 1, 1916. Colorado — November 3, 1914, Colorado voters adopted state- wide constitutional Prohibition, effective January 1, 1916. Arizona — November 3, 1914, Arizona voters adopted state- wide constitutional Prohibition, effective January 1, 1915. Washington — November 3, 1914, Washington voters adopted state-wide constitutional Prohibition, effective January 1, 1916. Oregon — November 3, 1914, Oregon voted for Prohibition; the law to become effective January 1, 1916. Alabama — January 21, 1915, the legislature of Alabama en- acted a state-wide Prohibition measure, effective July 1, 1915. Arkansas — February 5, 1915, the Arkansas legislature en- acted a state-wide Prohibition law, effective July 1, 1915, but the law was later amended to become effective Jan. 1, 1916. Iowa — In February, 1915, the Iowa legislature voted to submit to the people a constitutional state-wide Prohibition amendment, to be voted on at the general election in 1917, provided the legislature of 1917 ratifies; Prohibition to be- come effective January 1, 1918. Then the legislature repealed the - Mulct law, effective January 1, 1916, thereby making Iowa dry under statute after that date. Idaho — In February, 1915, the Idaho legislature passed a statutory Prohibition law, making the state dry January 1, 1916. It also voted to submit to popular vote, to be taken at the election in November, 1916, on the question of constitu- tional amendment, effective January 1, 1917. Montana — In February, 1915, the Montana legislature voted to submit to the people at the November, 1916, election, a statutory measure, which, if adopted, makes Montana a Pro- hibition state December 31, 1918. South Carolina — On September 14, 1915, South Carolina voted for state-wide Prohibition by 41,735 votes to 16,809. The law becomes effective December 31, 1915. New Jersey — On March 2, 1915, the senate of New Jersey passed a bill granting to municipalities the right to vote on the liquor question. Utah — In March, 1915, the legislature of Utah passed the Wootten bill providing statutory prohibition for Utah after June 1, 1916. The bill was vetoed by the Governor after holding for many days. The sentiment of the state very strongly disapproved the veto. Vermont — In February, 1915, the Vermont legislature voted to submit to popular vote on March 7, 1916, the question of statutory prohibition to go into effect May 1, 1916. Minnesota — On February 25, 1915, the legislature of Minne- sota passed a county option law, effective immediately. Under this law, fifty-six county elections were held in eight months. Forty-five were dry victories. 3 South Dakota — On March 2, 1915, the legislature of South Dakota voted to submit to popular vote at the election in November, 1916, a constitutional amendment, effective Janu- ary 1, 1917. Florida — In the spring of 1915 the legislature passed the Davis package law, abolishing the treating system and free lunch, closing saloons at 6 p. m. until 7 a. m., and imposing other restrictions so drastic that the character of the saloon in Florida is totally altered. The act closed over 200 saloons, leaving only about seventy-five wholesale, mail-order and retail liquor houses. Georgia — In the fall of 1915 a special session of the legis- lature passed new laws for rigid Prohibition and strict law enforcement. Before the passage of these laws, which will go into effect May 1, 1916, Prohibition in Georgia was very lax, but it now bids fair to be as strict as that of any other state in the Union. Nebraska — This state will vote on state-wide prohibition in 1916. In various states laws prohibiting liquor advertising and otherwise increasing the strictness of liquor regulation have been numerous. Full detailed information of the exact situation in each state is given in this book under state subject-heads. ★ 4 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK This book has been prepared with selection rather than collection in mind. There is a vast deal that isn’t here, but it can be truthfully said that there is a vast deal that is here. Doubtless there are errors, but we have tried to make the book more reliable than any- thing else now in print. Where comparisons are involved, for instance, as regards “Pauperism,” “Insanity,” etc., the figures used are from the census of 1910. Later figures would be available in the case of some states, but if these were used it would not be possible to make a comparison which would embrace all of the states. It is a favorite trick of the liquor interests to challenge authentic state figures by referring to the last previous federal figures, and this frequently confuses our own people. The figures in regard to the drink bill are from the pre- liminary report of the Commissioner of Internal Rev- enue. Great help has been derived from the publications of scores of writers of former days and of such con- temporary writers as Mr. Fred D. L. Squires, Mr. W. E. Johnson, Mr. Finley Hendrickson, Mr. Wm. P. F. Ferguson, Mr. Henry Carter of England, and others. This revised and enlarged edition published for the year 1916 has a large number of corrections, elimina- tions, and additions. The following subjects have been added, revised to bring them down to date, cut, or en- larged : Advertising Liquor in Magazines; Advertising Liquor in Newspapers; Alabama; Alcohol, Effects of; Amendments, Constitutional ; Anti-Prohibition ; Ari- zona ; Arkansas ; Army ; Arrests for Drunkenness ; Asia ; Austria-Hungary; Balkan Countries; Beer; Belgium; Blind Pigs; Blue Laws; Booze; Brewers; Bryan, Wil- liam Jennings; Bulgaria; California; Canada; Child Welfare; Cities; Colorado; Compensation; Connecti- cut; Consumption of Liquors; Crime; Delaware; Den- mark; District of Columbia; Divorce; Drinking Cus- toms; Drugs; England; Epworth League; Europe; Finland; Florida; Flying Squadron of America; France; Georgia; Germany; Great Britain; Heredity; Heroes and Martyrs ; Holland ; Idaho ; Illicit Distil- leries; Illinois; Indiana; Industry; Iowa; Ireland; Italy; Juvenile Delinquency; Kansas; Kentucky; 5 2G0478 Koran; Labor; Legislative History of Prohibition; Lincoln, Abraham; Louisiana; Maine; Maryland; Massachusetts; Medical Practice; Michigan; Minne- sota ; Mississippi ; Missouri ; Montana ; Montenegro ; Moonshine Whisky; Navy; Nebraska; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New Mexico; New York; North Caro- lina; North Dakota; Norway; Objections to Prohibi- tion; Ohio; Oklahoma; Oregon; Pauperism; Pennsyl- vania ; Pledges ; Political Action ; Portugal ; Prohibition, General Principles of; Revenue; Rhode Island; Roose- velt, Theodore; Roumania; Scotland; South Carolina; South Dakota; Statutory Prohibition; Sumptuarj- Laws; Sunday Schools; Sweden; Switzerland; Taxes as Affected by Prohibition; Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Tennessee; Texas; Tur- key; Utah; Vermont; Virginia; War; Washington; West Virginia; Whisky; Willard, Frances E. ; Wine; Wisconsin; Wyoming. The index has been constructed to serve as a guide to the student. Each subject has cross-references to many other related subjects in the book. The credit for the editorial work and the writing of nine tenths of the sections of this book belongs to my colleague, Mr. Deets Pickett, who is a walking en- cyclopedia of all that pertains to the temperance reform and kindred issues. Mr. McCain and I contributed what we could as we rushed hither and yon making between us an average of more than 100,000 miles a year in our broad field, and two or three valuable con- tributions have been made by Mr. E. H. Anderson of Topeka, Kansas, who from a busy life in his own pro- fession takes time to serve the Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church as its treasurer and to do anything else that will promote the work which is committed to our care. ★ 6 If you want speakers — Consult the Temperance Society. [You’ll get the best] If you want the best books on the liquor problem — Write to the Temperance Society’s Book Store. If you want information— Ask the Temperance Society. [That’s what the Research Department is for] If you want leaflets — Order from the Temperance Society. [The Society is the greatest leaflet distributing agency] Printed by THE ABINGDON PRESS CHICAGO for the TEMPERANCE SOCIETY OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH TOPEKA. KANSAS The Pocket Cyclopedia of Temperance ABSINTHE — A liqueur brought from North Africa to France in 1847 and widely used in that country until prohibited by the government upon the outbreak of war with Germany. Its consumption in contiguous countries rapidly spread. Belgium prohibited its sale in 1905, Switzerland in 1908, and Holland in 1910. Introduction into the United States is prohibited by law. Absinthe is derived from wormwood (artemisia absinthium). Aromatics and poisonous drugs of vari- ous kinds are usually added. The liqueur is green in color and is the most poisonous of all alcoholic bever- ages. ABSTINENCE — The principle of total abstinence from alcoholic drinks has been of gradual growth in Great Britain and America. (See Pledges.) In the United States the agitation which resulted in the pres- ent total abstinence movement began about 1785. The doctrine has been advanced by societies or lead- ing individuals of practically every period of the world’s history. It was a cardinal teaching of Mohammed and of the founders of the Buddhist religion. At the present time it has become practically synonymous with “temperance.” As the great German scholar, Ford, has made clear, the man who takes an occasional glass of wine or beer becomes inevitably a defender of the whole drink sys- tem, a part of the bulwark of the saloon, a defender and abettor of the whole infamous liquor traffic sys- tem which curses America. There are no two sides to the question. A national enemy should be faced by the hostility of every patriotic citizen. ACCIDENTS—See Industry. ADULTERATION — Nothing prepared for internal consumption is more subject to adulteration than alco- holic beverages. “The use of coloring matter and pre- servatives (in the preparation of beer) is rapidly and steadily increasing,” recently said the National Food Magazine, while the National Consumers’ League de- clared that “beer is often made of glucose, sugar, rice, 9 10 Cyclopedia of Temperance rotten corn, starch, preservatives, beer color, etc.” The American Society of Equity, composed of three million farmers, in a resolution denounced the prepar- ing of beer from “deleterious ingredients,” asserting that such beer was sold as a pure barley and hops product. The Committee on Food Standards at the Mackinac Island Convention of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments de- clared : “Malt beer has become extinct in America.” Mr. J. R. Mauff of the American Society of Equity charges that one of the leading American corn roasters came into his office inquiring where he could buy some “rotten corn” which he admitted was to be used as a malt substitute. Among the popular substitutes for malt in the preparation of beer are “Quick Malt.” “Frumentum,” “Beer Color,” “Porterine,” etc. “Lager” beer is supposed to be beer stored or aged until “ripened.” As a matter of fact, the ripening is often done with a dose of chemicals. Champagne, Port, Madeira, Sherry, Tokay, Rhine Wine, Sauterne, Moselle, and other wines are frequently prepared in America with the aid of chemicals. Cyclopedia of Temperance 11 No Government Guarantee There is no government guarantee of the purity of whisky. Practically anything may be sold as whisky now. Four, ten, or fifteen-year-old whisky may be made in a day by being treated with different chemi- cals, and much of the “Bourbon” and “Rye” which is supposed to come from Kentucky is prepared in Peoria, 111 . The liquor press makes no secret of the truth of this. For instance. Barrels and Bottles recently said: “What, ah what, will happen to our Louisville and Cincinnati rectifiers if the day ever comes when the United States pure food regulations are tuned up to the Venezuelan standard of requiring labels indicating the actual ingredients of alcoholic beverages?” This is not an American trouble alone. Dr. O’Gor- man, before the British Medical Association, in 1900, said: “The markets of the world are incredibly flooded with imitations, adulterations, and chemical trade mix- tures (particularly in wines), so much so that even eminent wine merchants have declared the impossibility of the large majority of drinkers, especially outside the countries of their manufacture, ever tasting even tolerably pure liquor.” And Dr. Lethaby, in the Encyclopedia Brittanica, says : “A great part of the wine of France and Ger- many has ceased to be the juice of the grape at all. It is hardly possible to obtain a sample of genuine wine, even at first hand.” ADVERTISING LIQUOR IN MAGAZINES— In accordance with the action of the Board of Man- agers of the Temperance Society in recommending that Methodist pastors call upon publishers of periodicals which Come to their homes to eliminate liquor adver- tising, a letter was sent to every magazine listed in the American Newspaper Directory, excepting publications for women, which it was presumed are all dry. Those not replying received a second letter. The number of magazines queried was 120, the number replying eighty- three, and the number which say they decline liquor advertising, sixty-three. In the autumn of 1908 the Sunday School Times pub- lished a list of forty magazines declining liquor adver- tising, but this included a number of ladies’ periodicals. The list now published is greater by twenty-three. 12 Cyclopedia oi Temperance In addition to the magazines given below, Outing and Golfers announce that they will not continue to carry liquor advertising after current contracts expire, and the advertising manager of the Strand Magazine says, “If I get my way we will have no more liquor adver- tising in the future.” Later, Scribner's wrote that they canceled all liquor advertising. Below we give the names of the magazines whose columns are clean: Argosy, New York City. All-Story Magazine, New York City. Associated Sunday Magazine, New York City. American Boy, Detroit, Midi. American Homes and Gardens, New York City. American Review of Reviews, New York City. Arts and Decoration, New York City. American Magazine, New York City. American Sunday Monthly Magazine, New York City. All Outdoors, New York City. Black Cat, Salem, Mass. Boys’ Magazine, Smithport, Pa. Book News Monthly, Philadelphia, Pa. Business, Detroit, Mich. Countryside Magazine, New York City. Cavalier, New York City. Christian Herald, New York City. Century, New York City. Collier’s Weekly, New York City. Current Opinion, New York City. Country Life in America, Garden City, N. Y. Country Gentleman, Philadelphia, Pa. Everybody’s Magazine, New York City. Fra, East Aurora, N. Y. Garden Magazine, Garden City, N. Y. Good Health, Battle Creek, Mich. House and Garden, New York City. Harper’s Magazine, New York City. Hearst’s Magazine, New York City. (Beer not an- swered.) Independent, New York City. (No cigarettes either.) Illustrated Sunday Magazine, New York City. Lippincott’s, New York City. Little Folks Magazine, Salem, Mass. Leslie’s Weekly, New York City. Cyclopedia of Temperance 13 Literary Digest, New York City. Munsey’s Magazine, New York City. Metropolitan Magazine, New York City. McClure’s Magazine, New York City. (Accepts ad- vertising of malt tonics.) Physical Culture, New York City. Philistine, East Aurora, N. Y. Popular Science Monthly, Garrison, N. Y. Railroad Man’s Magazine, New York City. St. Nicholas, New York City. Scientific American, New York City. Suburban Life, New York City. Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, Pa. Sunset Magazine, San Francisco, Cal. Short Stories, Garden City, N. Y. System, Chicago, 111. Technical World, Chicago, 111. 10 Story Book, Chicago, 111. Watson’s Magazine, Thomson, Ga. Wide-World Magazine, New York City. World’s Work, &rden City, N. Y. World’s Advance, New York City. West Coast Magazine, Los Angeles, Cal. Youth’s Companion, Boston, Mass. Yachting Magazine, New York City. This investigation was made early in 1915. In Janu- ary, 1916, another query will be sent out and the list will probably be supplemented. ADVERTISING LIQUOR IN NEWSPAPERS — The present attitude of the daily newspapers of the United States toward liquor advertising and prohibi- tion, as revealed by an inquiry of the Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is inspiring. The investigation conducted by the Temperance Society was made on January 1, 1915, and reached every daily newspaper in the United States. Six hundred and seventy-nine replies were received to 2,160 letters. Five hundred and twenty of the daily newspapers reply- ing reported that they accept no liquor advertising. Three hundred and sixty of them announced that they advocate national prohibition in their editorial columns, while of the remainder only two hundred are willing to say that they oppose. Three hundred and sixty-nine favor state prohibition, with only 193 opposing; 397 favor local prohibition, with only 176 in opposition. 14 Cyclopedia of Temperance Ten years ago no one could name a half dozen daily newspapers in the United States which favored national prohibition. Generally, they treated it as a joke, and it was a common plaint of the temperance people, “If we only had one great newspaper !” To-day, such great dailies as the Republican of Springfield, Mass.; the Philadelphia North American, the Chicago Herald, the Tennessean and Banner of Nashville, the Times of Detroit, the Times of Indianapolis, the Journal of Lincoln, the Gazette-Times of Pittsburgh, the Intelli- gencer of Wheeling, and scores of other papers that are representative of power and influence absolutely decline liquor advertising on any terms. The letters to the Society from the daily papers con- tained some most interesting statements. One New York paper says, “We are constantly being offered liquor propaganda matter to be run as straight editorial or news stuff, but we always decline it.” The Grand Rapids Press declares, “There is an erroneous impres- sion on the part of temperance people regarding the amount of money the newspapers receive for liquor advertisements. The total amount of money received by this paper for the year 1914 from all liquor adver- tisements was six tenths of one per cent of the whole amount received for advertising.” The letter from this paper is illuminating, especially to Methodist pastors who are sometimes inclined to judge quickly and deal harshly instead of using methods of sweet suasion. The Press further says : “If the immediate monetary gain were the only consideration in accepting beer advertising, we would wipe out the whole business without a qualm. Taken altogether, it does not represent the value to us of the advertising for one year of one good retail drygoods house. But if the Press were a prohibition organ its standing and influence would be curtailed. In following the course that it believes to be fair and sane on the liquor problem its influence for good on all other questions is better than it would be otherwise” “We Await Sentiment” Still another paper which accepts beer advertise- ments says: “We feel very keenly that liquor is the greatest single evil in the world, but in this city as a practical policy to be applied in an effective way there Cyclopedia of Temperance 15 does not appear even a possibility of enforcing prohi- bition.” These quotations are given to show how many papers need only a little encouragement, a little friendly in- sistence, to induce them to come out for the right. A very large number of newspapers had recently taken their stand against liquor advertisements when this inquiry was made. Quite a number say that they are taking no new liquor advertising, but are filling old contracts. Many others declare that they never solicit whisky or beer advertising, but accept it if the A surprising number of these editors declare that while they are at present unfriendly to prohibition and are recipients of liquor advertising, they are only wait- ing until local sentiment will back them up to take the other side. There is no doubt that papers can be brought to see the good in an antiliquor policy. When the Pittsburgh Gazette-Times announced that it would accept no more liquor advertising one issue of the paper had two entire pages filled with fine print paragraphic expressions of 16 Cyclopedia of Temperance approval, and it announced that it was literally over- whelmed with its laudatory mail. The Chicago Herald added three thousand columns of advertising within a short time after taking its stand. The Coshocton (O.) Tribune gives a detailed report of wonderful prosperity under its dry policy, although they were “dead enough to drag out” when they were wet. A cheering feature of the correspondence elicited by this inquiry was the practically unanimous sentiment of the papers that pro- hibition is coming. “What are you worrying about? You’ll get your pro- hibition even if we do get our liquor advertising,” writes one paper. Only forty-six of the papers replying were located south of Mason and Dixon’s line. The rest were all Northern papers, and in view of the fact that a large majority of the Southern papers are known to be dry, the showing made is all the more imposing. The American press is no longer a guardian angel, but is a specter to the liquor interests. • A Diabolical Brand of Advertising The kind of advertising Methodists are protesting against is typified by the ad quoted below : “For All Folks Who Want To Stay Young. “No Home Should Be Without This Wonderful Youth and Health-Preserving Stimulant. “ ’s Pure Malt Whisky is a wonderful health-preserving stimulant, strengthening the liver, kid- neys and bladder, enriching the blood, toning and upbuilding the entire system, promoting a good appe- tite, keeping you young and vigorous. INVALUABLE FOR OVERWORKED MEN, NERVOUS. ‘RUN- DOWN’ WOMEN, AND DELICATE, UNDEVEL- OPED CHILDREN.” Notice that this “ad” especially recommends this whisky for “run-down women and delicate children !” Another advertisement which appears in many differ- ent newspapers says that “Beer is Liquid Bread.” and expands the statement by many deliberate falsehoods. This advertisement, appearing over no name, is not inserted by boards of health or the Bureau of Pure Foods, or by philanthropists or physicians. Dr. Alfred Gordon, one of Philadelphia’s best-known scientists and physicians, says: Cyclopedia of Temperance 17 “Such advertisements are a national calamity.” Dr. Chas. B. Davenport of Washington, another emi- nent scientist and author, says: “Such advertising is obviously fraudulent.” The Board of Managers of the Temperance Society, in its meeting at Lincoln, Neb., directed the General Secretary to call upon every Methodist pastor to do his utmost to encourage newspapers and magazines to come out against liquor advertising and in favor of prohibition, and if this suggestion is followed, much can be done during 1915 and 1916 to clean up American columns. The states of Georgia, Maine, Oklahoma, Alabama, and West Virginia prohibit such advertising, and there is a tendency shown to extend this kind of legislation. (See, also, Advertising, Magazine, and Publicity.) In January, 1916, the society will send out another query. Undoubtedly the list of “abstaining newspapers” will be greatly lengthened. On January 1, 1916, all advertisements of liquor will be eliminated from the billboards of the United States and Canada. The board of directors of the Poster Ad- vertising Association, which controls the boards in 4,000 towns, has so decided. No liquor contracts will be accepted after May 1, 1915, and all contracts now in existence must terminate by December 31, 1915. AFRICA — In 1890 Sir George Goldie, founder of Nigeria, stated that only absolute prohibition could prevent the ultimate necessity of abandoning vast regions of tropical Africa. The previous year an inter- national conference had been held at Brussels, at which representatives of seventeen countries, including the United States, had effected an international agreement to check the liquor evil in the territory lying between South and North Africa. The articles agreed upon at that conference were ratified by all the governments and came into force in 1901. These provisions estab- lished prohibition in territory where “religious belief or other motives” had not permitted the development of a liquor trade at that time. In all other territory, excise and tariff duties were provided. Notwithstanding this, so vigorous has been the greed of European and American manufacturers of liquor, 18 Cyclopedia of Temperance and so complicating has been the development of Africa by railroads, that in Nigeria the consumption of liquors in the years 1909-11 was sixty-one per cent greater than the consumption in 1900-02. Despite the sentiment manifested by the international agreement, various civilized countries have disgraced themselves repeatedly by their attitude toward the Afri- can liquor trade. Representatives of the United States Government were responsible at one time for the reduc- tion of the tariff on importations of liquor into Mada- gascar, and in North Africa those countries under French control have been exploited by wine and spirit makers to a lamentable degree. Entire prohibition has been favored by various native rulers and by leading African authorities. Sir H. H. Johnston, the famous African traveler, says : “I should like to see a prohibition policy similar to that in force over such a large proportion of the United States applied to the whole of Africa.” The Emperor Mene- lik, ruler of Abyssinia, at one time prohibited the importation of alcoholic beverages. In South Africa absolute prohibition is being urged as the only guarantee of safety for women against what is known as “the black peril.” The Johannesburg Star of May 11, 1912, asserted that “ninety per cent of seri- ous native crime is traceable to the illicit liquor traffic.” The sale of liquor to natives is already prohibited, but the presence of the traffic among the whites has pre- vented that prohibition from having anything like a full effect. ALABAMA — Under state-wide prohibition, enacted in January, 1915. The law went into effect July 1, 1915. The advertising of liquor in newspapers or on billboards within the state is prohibited. An antiship- ping law prohibits the importation of liquor except for personal use. ALASKA — In 1887 President Cleveland, through the Secretary of the Treasury, imposed what practically amounted to prohibition upon the territo^ of Alaska. At the present time, however, it has practically no pro- Cyclopedia of Temperance 19 hibition territory. In 1914 Sitka, a pioneer Alaskan town, went dry by twenty-five votes. “It is the most amazing news,” said the Seattle Times, “which ever came out of the Northern territory.” ALCOHOL — A habit-forming, irritant, narcotic drug. Ethyl alcohol is that found in the ordinary intox- icating beverages, such as beer, wine, and whisky. Other alcohols, which are not suitable for beverage purposes, are methyl, or wood alcohol, propylic, butylic, and amylic. Ethyl alcohol contains 52.67 parts of carbon, 12.90 parts of hydrogen, and 32.43 parts of oxygen. It can only be procured by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter. When the proportion of pure alcohol in fermented liquors becomes 13.5 per cent, its poison- ous quality kills the yeast plant which produces it and stronger liquors must be produced by distillation. (See Fermentation; also Distillation.) Ethyl alcohol is colorless and has a burning taste. The word “alcohol” is derived from the Arabic al ghole, meaning the “evil spirit.” History of Alcohol The date of the discovery of alcohol, obtained by distillation from grain, is unknown, but the popularity of distilled liquors in Great Britain did not begin until in the reign of William and Mary. Paul Richter, in a recent number of the Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, shows that a knowledge of aqua ardens, that is, “strong water,” may be traced back as far as the second cen- tury, anno Domini, to Hippolytus. The New York Medical Record says the ancients knew of this strong spirit, but met with but little success in extracting it. There is assurance that some of the ancient wines could be ignited, but it was to the ancients a mystery that they should respond to the flame. It has been taught that distillation began with the Arabians in the tenth century, but it is now known that the process was. known somewhat earlier by the Italians. ALCOHOL, EFFECTS OF— This poison has a peculiar affinity for the more important cells of the body. In all of its effects it is the direct negation of' water. While both are colorless, it will be noticed thatt 20 Cyclopedia of Temperance Water Will not burn. Has no taste. Cools and refreshes the skin. Necessary to healthy life. Makes a seed grow. Softens all foods. Is itself a food. Will not dissolve resin. Does not intoxicate. Benefits the body. A constituent of every living body cell. Aids decomposition. Quenches thirst. Alcohol is not a food. . in its nature from foods : Food 1. The same quantity pro- duces the same effect. 2. Its habitual use does not produce a desire for more in ever-in- creasing amounts. 3. All foods are oxidized slowly. 4. All foods are stored in the body. 5. Foods are wholesome and beneficial to the healthy body; they may injure the body in cer- tain phases of disease. Alcohol Burns easily. Has burning taste. Burns and inflames the skin. Unnecessary to healthy life. Kills the seed. Hardens all foods. Is a poison. Easily dissolves resin. Intoxicates. Injures the bodv. Is not a constituent of any living body cell. Prevents decomposition. Creates thirst. ; every point it is different Alcohol 1. More and more re- quired to produce a given effect on a per- son. 2. Its habitual use is likely to induce an uncon- trollable desire for more in ever-increasing quantities. 3. Alcohol is oxidized rapidly. 4. Alcohol is not stored in the body. 5. Alcohol is a poisonous excretion which may be beneficial in certain cases of diseases (though physicians use it far less than for- merly and many do not use it at all), but is never beneficial to the healthy body. Cyclopedia of Temperance 21 6. The young are advised to take plentifully of food. 7. The use of foods is not followed by reaction. 8. The use of foods is followed by an increase in the activity of the muscles and brain cells. 6. The young are always advised to abstain from alcohol. 7. The use of alcohol, as with narcotics in gen- eral, is followed by a reaction. 8. The use of alcohol is followed by a decrease in the activity of the muscles and brain cells. Upon entering the body, alcohol affects deleteriously the functioning power of every organ. It inflames the throat, hinders digestion by its power to coagulate foods and to precipitate solutions; it dilates the blood vessels, inflames the connective tissues of the liver, causing “hob-nail liver,” directly poisons the muscles of the heart, causing them to swell and permitting the accumulation of fatty particles between the fibrous tissue, prevents the proper nourishment of the muscles by interfering with the carrying of oxygen to them and the removal of waste matter, hinders the various functions of mind and paralyzes the delicate nerve and brain cells, thickens the speech and blunts the senses. Perhaps its most serious effect, however, is upon the defensive org^ization of the body. If ordinary air, containing twenty per cent oxygen, is mixed with pure blood, ten per cent of the oxygen will disappear, but with five per cent of alcohol added only four per cent of the oxygen will be taken up. The blood is the home of the red and white corpuscles. The red corpuscles, little, flattened disks, only one- thirty-two hundredths of an inch in diameter, cause waste matter in the blood to be burned up, producing heat. The white corpuscles, or leucocytes, one-twenty- five hundredth of an inch in diameter, clean the body of waste matter and disease germs. If a pneumonia germ enters the body, the white blood corpuscles sur- round it and swallow it. Hence, they are called phago- cytes, or cells which devour. They are assisted in fighting disease by substances in the blood which are poisonous to disease microbes. These substances are called opsonins. The amount of opsonins grows less in bad health. If the finger is cut, the “matter” which appears in time is composed of the dead bodies of the 22 Cyclopedia of Temperance white blood corpuscles which have been destroyed in fighting the germs of infection. The white blood cor- puscles do not like poison, and when even small quan- tities of alcohol are taken, they are repelled, driven out of the blood vessels, and if the finger is cut, they are unable to make their way through the flesh quickly, and if they make their way into the blood vessels again to fight disease germs, they are sluggish, unable to succeed, and sickness follows. What We Are Learning About Alcohol Experiments are constantly being carried forward by scientific and medical men in America and Europe to determine the effects of alcohol upon the body. This kind of work is largely increasing, and the result is that the people are being warned against alcohol from many different sources. Not long since in a copyrighted article appearing in a large number of daily news- papers Lillian Russell, whose name has long been a synonym for good looks, declares that drink will dis- figure the face with pimples and blotches, glaze the eyes with a criss-cross of fiery blood vessels, paint the nose an unlovely hue, make your cheeks pallid, write dark circles under the eyes, and will do a few other things besides inflicting upon the guilty ones such unim- portant consequences as indigestion, headaches, bilious- ness, Bright’s disease, nervousness, bad temper, loss of common sense, loss of power to work efficiently, loss of friends, family, and happiness. We suggest that Miss Russell be employed to write the advertisements of the brewing concerns who are decorating the pages of certain newspapers with pic- tures of fair young women guzzling beer. Miss Russell’s warning is really based upon scientific investigations. A great many of the experiments mentioned above disclose the effect of alcohol upon elementary life forms. Effect of Alcohol Upon Jelly-Fish For instance. Dr. Sir B. W. Richardson, F.R.S., tried a long series of interesting experiments on the little fresh-water medusae, or jelly fish, with the following results : He took two tubes, one containing tank water, the other alcohol in the proportion of one part in 1,000. Into each he placed a medusa, and observed the Cyclopedia of Temperance 23 results. Within two minutes the movements of the one in the tube containing alcohol were entirely stopped (though prior to immersion the movements were sev- enty-four per minute), and it began to sink to the bottom. At the end of five minutes it lay at the bot- tom of the tube a mere speck of matter. It was then put into plain tank water of the same temperature and left for two hours, but it showed no signs of life. The one in the other tube moved about unaffected. An- other was put into a tube containing one part alcohol in 2,000. It remained for about four minutes as though little affected, but at the end of another minute, sank to the bottom motionless. It was taken out and placed in tank water but did not recover. The same thing also occurred in a liquid made up of one part alcohol in 4,000 water. These experiments were made to determine the extent of alcohol’s poisoning power upon the physical struc- ture. Similar experiments were carried forward by Dr. J. J. Ridge of England to ascertain the effect of alcohol upon water fleas. He enclosed them in bottles containing alcohol in water varying from one part in 100 to one part in 20,000, and others in plain water, with the result that those placed in water containing alcohol died sooner or later, while those in plain water remained alive. It has been found that alcohol has a similar effect upon the constituent elements of human life. How Alcohol Prevents Recuperation The late Dr. George Harley, in order to determine whether alcohol assisted or hindered the work of the red corpuscles, carried out a series of experiments, the results of which he presented to the Royal Society. He mixed fresh blood with varying amounts of alcohol, and then determined whether its absorbing or giving off power was impaired or increased, as compared with a portion of the blood of the same animal without alcohol. He says: “When ordinary air containing twenty per cent of oxygen was mixed with pure blood and shaken with it, ten per cent of the oxygen disap- peared, but with five per cent of alcohol added only four per cent of oxygen disappeared. In pure blood there was 3.3 per cent of carbon dioxide formed; with blood plus five per cent of alcohol added, there was 24 Cyclopedia of Tempezance 2.3 per cent of carbon dioxide formed. The alcohol changed the blood’s color to a pale brick, and when added in the proportion of ten per cent it entirely lost its power of becoming oxidized.” That is, it was abso- lutely useless for the purpose of life. Alcohol’s Effect Upon Physical and Mental Efficiency The effect of the consumption of alcoholic beverages upon physical and mental efficiency has been absolutely determined by numerous experiments in Europe and America. Indeed, the Heidelberg experiments were the foundation for the antialcohol movement in Europe, and widening acquaintance with scientifically determined facts has influenced the attitude of the railroads and industrial corporations in America, and, indeed, may properly be said to have affected the progress of the prohibition movement. Some of the most famous of the European experi- ments are given below : Walking — In Germany a walking contest was con- ducted over a course of sixty-two miles. Eighty-one men entered the contest, of whom only twent>--four were abstainers, but the first four men who crossed the line were abstainers. Of the ten prize winners six were teetotalers and two had been abstaining for some time while in training. More than half of the nonab- stainers fell out by the way, but only two of the twenty- four abstainers. Endurance — During a campaign the late Field Mar- shal Wolseley tested the effect of alcohol upon en- durance. To some of the troops alcohol was given, to others none. The abstaining troops showed decidedly better endurance, better marching powers, were fresher and more alert. Mountain Climbing — Professor Durig. a famous mountain climber, conducted experiments upon himself, climbing in each case 8.000 feet to the top of !Mount Bilkencrat in the Alps. He recorded the height climbed, his personal weight and that of his pack, and carried instruments to measure exactly the bodily energj' put forth, the amount of muscle work done, and the length of time required. On certain daj's he took alcoholic Cyclopedia of Temperance 25 drink equivalent to two glasses of beer, and found that, while his instruments showed that he expended fifteen per cent more energy than on the days of abstinence, he took 21.7 per cent longer to reach the top of the moun- tain. Marksmanship — In Sweden three corporals and three privates were used in a test to determine the effect of alcohol upo.n precision. During the days of the first test the men were entirely abstaining, while during the second series of tests they were allowed two thirds of a wine glass of brandy a short time before the firing and an equal amount of alcohol in punch on the evening before. In the quick-firing tests, on the alcohol days, they hit the target on the average only three times out of thirty shots, but on the abstinent days the average was twenty-three and twenty-six hits. The men were found to be similarly affected by alcohol during tests for endurance of sustained firing. Typesetting and Typewriting — Four typesetters in a printing office in Heidelberg, Germany, were tested in their work to find out if alcohol helped or hindered them. The trials were carried on for an hour a day for four successive days. The first and third days no alcohol was taken; on the second and fourth days the work was done after drinking about three quarters of a tumbler of Greek wine (eighteen per cent alcohol). Alcohol, used in these amounts to which the men were accustomed, decreased the amount of work done about nine per cent on the average. This means that if the same loss held for a whole day’s work, if a man were capable of earning $15 a week when not drinking, he would only earn $13.65 if he drank as much alcohol daily as would be contained in a quart of beer. This typesetting test showed that the amount of skilled work done was diminished by alcohol. In a test by typewriting it was found that alcohol increased the number of errors from fourteen per cent to thirty-one per dent, although fatigue only increased the average of errors by two per cent. Memory and Scholarship — -Professor Vogt of the University of Christiania made tests upon himself to determine the effects of alcohol upon memory. He daily committed to memory twenty-five lines of Greek 26 Cyclopedia of Temperance poetry and recorded the number of minutes required to learn them. On the days when he took as much alcohol as one would get in from one and one half to three glasses of beer, it took him on the average eighteen per cent longer to learn the lines than when no alcohol was taken. Six months later, when he reviewed and relearned the same lines, he found that the lines learned on the alcohol days required more time for relearning. A school director in Vienna, E. Bayer, conducted an investigation among abstaining and drinking children to determine the effect upon scholarship. Almost half of the 134 abstaining children had “good” marks. Only twelve of them had poor marks. With the drinking children, the more frequently they used wine or beer, the more the good marks fell off and the poor marks increased. Four thousand Italian children in Brescia, Italy, were studied as to their use of alcohol. The following facts were discovered about their scholarship : 462 Abstainers. 1,516 Drink Wine 2,021 Drink Occasionally Wine Daily. Per cent Per cent Per cent Good Marks 42.66 30.5 29.8 Fair 53.49 41.8 39.7 Poor 3.85 27. 30.3 Tests to determine brain alertness of persons who had taken small quantities of alcohol as compared to the brain alertness of abstainers have also been con- ducted frequently under different circumstances. Professor Kraepelin, the eminent German scientist, found a person less able to perceive letters, syllables, etc., passed rapidly before his eyes after he had been given a very small quantity of alcohol, less able to read quickly and correctly, slower to determine the nature of signals, and much more given to making mistakes in determining colors shown him at rapid intervals. This is one reason railroads are especially averse to the use of even slight quantities of alcohol by their employ- ees, as it makes them much more likely to mistake sig- nals. Alcohol and the Touch Sense Another most interesting experiment made for the purpose of determining the effect of alcohol upon the Cyclopedia of Temperance 27 sense perceptions is reported by Dr. J. J. Ridge of England in these words : “Some years ago I constructed instruments to test the effect of small doses of alcohol on the sense of touch and muscular sense. The instrument for test- ing consisted of two fixed upright points, about half an inch apart, and between these a third point, which could be moved so as to approximate to one or the other. The individual tested was unable to see the points, but placed one finger upon them, and then moved the cen- ter point until he considered that it was midway between the two. The movement of the point was registered on a dial, also invisible. I adopted this plan in prefer- ence to the ordinary assthesiometer, because it is more easy to deceive one’s self with the assthesiometer and to imagine that one feels two points before one actually does so. The degrees on the dial were arbitrary, but fourteen experiments on five persons showed that, whereas the average divergence from the actual center, before taking alcohol, was represented by 115 degrees on the dial, after taking alcohol there were 189.8 degrees, and in no case was there any improvement. Hence the sensitiveness of the touch is clearly deteri- orated by small doses of alcohol, although the persons experimented on were quite unconscious of any altera- tion. The nature of the experiment is also to some extent a test of the judgment or power of perception, and it does not show which link or links in the chain of sensation were chiefly affected.” Alcohol is a food for the ferment of acetic acid or vinegar, and a poison for everything else. There is very little scientific opposition to this statement at the present time. Sickness and accident insurance companies are unani- mous in saying that the rates of sickness and accident are greatly increased by the most moderate use of alcohol. (Also in this connection see Diseases Caused by Drink, Mortality from Alcohol, Medical Practice, etc.) ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES — The alcoholic bev- erages most commonly used in the United States are 28 Cyclopedia of Temperance beer, wine, and whisky. (See Brewing, Distillation, and Wine.) The percentage of alcohol usually con- tained in the various kinds of these drinks are as fol- lows : Beer 4.0 Lisbon 18.5 Porter 4.5 Canary 19.0 Ale 7.0 Sherry 19.0 Cider 9.0 Vermouth 19.0 Moselle 10.0 Cape 19.0 Tokay 10.0 Malmsey 20.0 Rhine 11.0 Madeira 21.0 Bordeaux 11.5 Port 23.0 Hock 12.0 Chartreuse 43.0 Champagne 12.0 Gin 52.0 Claret 13.0 Brandy 53.0 Burgundy 14.0 Rum 54.0 Malaga 17.0 Whisky 54.0 ALCOHOLISM — The deaths from alcoholism in the federal registration area (eighteen states) in 1912 numbered 3,183. Alcoholism is acute alcoholic poison- ing. It usually occurs from large overdoses of alco- hol taken by habitual drunkards. Death is due to a paralysis of the nerve centers. The liquor press very frequently quotes the federal report of the number of deaths from alcoholism in the registration area as proof that the prohibitionists are incorrect in saying that alcoholic liquors cause the death of 66,000 adults annually. The drinking of alco- holic beverages is a factor in a verj' large number of diseases and causes of death of which alcoholism is only one. It should also be noticed that the federal registration area does not cover the entire United States. The federal reports do not include all deaths from alcoholism even in the registration area. A family physician is frequently very loath to ascribe the death of his patient to alcoholism, especially when that patient has been a personal friend, as there is a taint of dis- grace fixed upon the family by such a report. Conse- quently, he frequently reports that death was due to “heart failure,” or some similar cause. (See Mortality of Alcohol.) Reputable physicians now recognize a distinct disease called “subacute” alcoholism. The man who has become Cyclopedia of Temperance 29 careless of dress, to whom affection for his family means little, whose habits, desires, welfare, are all subordinated to a craving for drink induced by the habitual taking of “moderate” doses of alcoholic bever- ages, is suffering from subacute alcoholism. Such a man will frequently lie or even steal to secure liquor, although he may be struggling against his slavery for the greater part of the time. Understanding the Alcoholic Alcohol reaches beyond the physical into the moral and mental nature for its grip upon a man. “Getting alcohol out of one’s system is an easy matter,” writes Dr. Evans, in the Rocky Mountain News. “Cure up to that point is easily possible. Drunkards are usually poor, weak-willed neurasthenics, neurotics, or irregu- lars of one sort or another. To make matters worse they usually think themselves very strong. Keeping them cured will depend on the amount of help they get from religion, sympathetic friends, good home life, occupation, etc.” Lady Henry Somerset, writing in the British Journal of Inebriety, points out how the cure for the alcoholic must involve both physical and spiritual treatment in this way: “The reclamation of the inebriate is, to my mind, an absolutely hopeless task if it is undertaken without belief in the power of God, the love of God and the guidance of God.” The whole theory of the attitude of our city govern- ments toward the alcoholic is undoubtedly wrong. Is Smith a Criminal or a Victim? Smith is dragged into court, charged with public drunkenness. He is shame-faced but well dressed and efficient after his debauch. “Since this is your first offense, Mr. Smith,” says the Judge, “I will only fine you $5.00.” In a month Smith is back and is fined $10. Soon he is back again, then again and again. His punish- ment is steadily increased until finally, red-nosed, blear- eyed, filthy, he goes to the workhouse. Society proceeds upon a false understanding of Smith’s guilt in the several cases. Smith’s first intoxication deserved severe punishment, for he was entirely responsible for his condition, and 30 Cyclopedia of Temperance when he deliberately surrendered his will and intelli- gence to alcohol, the fool and murderer, he accepted the chance of grave crimes. But his culpability de- creases with each offense. He is more and more pos- sessed by the false ego of alcoholism and his power to determine whether or not he shall drink deteriorates rapidly. In the end his own responsibility vanishes — he is a victim of license and of the man who was lightly fined because of drinking at the dictation of his own healthy will. Justice might be better served, indeed, if the real offender — the license system — were punished once for all, but until that is done our courts should recognize the undoubted fact that the man who takes his first glass of beer is much more deserving of punishment than the poor drunken wretch who is dragged into court after years of progressive alcoholism under state sanction. Prohibition has uniformly had a good effect upon the death showing as relates to alcoholism. The pro- hibition state of North Carolina in 1912 had only six- teen such deaths. The license state of Massachusetts, with only one third more population, had 296, and sim- ilar figures are available from other sources. ALE — A malt liquor very similar to beer, but pro- duced with a smaller percentage of hops and having a somewhat different flavor. It contains, on the average, nearly twice as much alcohol as the beers ordinarily consumed in America. But little is produced in this country, most of it being secured from Great Britain. AMENDMENTS. CONSTITUTIONAL— (S t e also National Prohibition, Hobson-Sheppard Bill and Constitutional Prohibition.) The constitution is the only safe abiding place for a reform so fundamental as prohibition. The con- trol of the liquor traffic belongs to the unit of govern- ment possessing the powers of controlling it. and if that control is not recognized by constitutional law, the question is never considered settled, and there is small possibility of a consistent and peaceful policy. The Constitution is the people’s law, beyond the reach of professional lobbies and peanut politics. Statutory leg- islation is almost always partisan, and therefore tern- Cyclopedia of Temperance 31 porary, for a law that is passed by one party is prac- tically always opposed by the other. AMERICAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS e e American Temperance Society. AMERICAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY AND UNION — The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, the name by which it was first known, was organized at Boston, Mass., February 13, 1826. The promoters of this organization believed in total ab- stinence from all intoxicants, but were afraid to push such a propaganda because they thought it too far ahead of the prevailing sentiment. Their active propaganda consisted in teaching total abstinence from distilled liquors and extreme moderation in the use of light liquors. No pledge was used in connection with their work. There was at first only a state organization, but similar societies were soon established in other states, and at the first national convention, held at Philadel- phia in 1833, these state organizations effected organic union as “The United States Temperance Union,” which existed until it became the “American Temper- ance Union” at the second national convention held at Saratoga, N. Y., in 1836. The American Temperance Union had an existence and did a tremendous work down to 1861 when all antiliquor work was temporarily suspended. The work of this Society consisted mainly in the publication and circulation of standard temperance lit- erature. In 1865 the scattered ends of the work of this Society were gathered up and carried forward by the National Temperance Society and Publication House. ANTI-PROHIBITION — The opposition to prohibi- tion shifts so rapidly as to lay it open to the charge that it is based upon policy, not principle. If it is a question of national prohibition it is said that the states should control the traffic; if it is state prohibition, local option is valiantly defended by the liquor people; if it is a question of local option, high license is the remedy; if the reformers propose high license, Sunday closing, and fewer saloons, the saloons defy the law 32 Cyclopedia of Temperance and keep open on Sunday, sell to minors, and do as they please. Just at present the opposition to prohibition is on three general lines ; “It is a state question,” “Prohibi- tion does not prohibit,” “Strong liquors should be for- bidden, but beer and wine should be encouraged.” (See Objections to Prohibition.) (Dther arguments advanced by opponents of prohibi- tion are that: (a) It has been a failure, (b) The use of wine is sanctioned by the Bible, (c) It is contrary to liberty, (d) It is a matter for moral suasion only, (e) The evil lies only in excesses of the traffic or the drinker, (f) Only regulation allows control of the traffic, (g) Prohibition has never resulted in the bene- fits attributed to it by its friends. There is a strong tendency at the present time among the brewing interests to cut loose from the distilling interests and to promote the sale of beer among women and children as well as men under the contention that it is a “temperance beverage.” (See Beer, Brewers, Child Welfare, Heredity, and Women.) How They Fight The methods adopted by the liquor interests to fight the prohibition movement are unscrupulous to the high- est degree. “The whisky and beer trade ought to be on its knees begging for life. Instead, it is strutting around with a club in its hand, threatening decent people, trjdng to bulldoze the church and the home, and to dictate to politics and business,” said the Kansas City Star. Bonfort’s Wine and Spirit Circular candidly set forth one of these infamous methods when it said: “It may be well to consider, in passing, the actual strength of the opposition to the prohibition movement, as represented by Americans of foreign birth.” “According to the last census, the number of foreign- born males of voting age in the United States was 6,646,817. Of this number, 3,034,117 or 45.6 per cent were naturalized and entitled to vote. “We commend the movement now so rapidly shaping itself among our foreign-born citizens in organizing into a powerful body to assert their rights and preserve their constitutional freedom and individual liberty.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 33 There is no man living who can foresee the deplora- ble consequences of this effort to array against their best friends the men and women who have come to this country to realize better conditions of living. Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing Where their businesses attacked the last thing the liquor interests would ever think of would be to make a frank defense over their own signatures or through statements issued by their own trade organizations. Instead, they realize their only hope of even temporary preservation lies in masking their interests behind respectable names and legitimate business. By every unscrupulous means known to the expert in hypocrisy, the brewer now wages his hazardous defense under cover of made-to-order “Business Men’s Leagues,” “Commercial Associations,” “United Societies for Local Self-Government,” “Tax Payers’ Unions,” “Personal Liberty Alliances,” and “Manufacturers and Dealers’ Clubs.” Masquerading in this plausible and frequently pseudo- patriotic garb, the beer makers and their allies are fighting with desperation borne of despair in every one of the thousand local and state battles from one end of the country to the other. One singular development in this connection is the metamorphosis by which the Liquor Trade Press is being transformed in name. Instead of the Barroom Herald, the Dramshop Cour- ier, the Beer-Makers’ Review, the Whisky Exponent, the Cocktail News, the Alcohol World, the Fire Water Disseminator, the High License Advocate, the official organs of the traffic now include such journals as the Liberal Advocate, formerly the Wine and Spirit News; Liberty, formerly the Texas Liquor Dealer; the Amer- ican Beverage and Food Journal, formerly Bar and Buffet; Truth, the Patriot, Both Sides, Champion of Fair Play, the Free Press, and the Protector. In characterizing just exactly this sort of thing Col- lier’s some time ago remarked: “How extravagant, how footless — ^and how headless ! The great, stupid creature is hurt — he knows not which way to turn. For two generations the liquor interests have rested secure in the belief that they could beat 34 Cyclopedia of Temperance down all opposition, break all ordinances, through their alliance with bad politics, through the use of tainted money. And now that political alliance is struck from under their feet, they know no other way of fighting; they are both pathetic and comic in their futility.” “Watch Out for These Tricks” The propaganda matter of the liquor interests is usually prepared (1) with an absolute disregard of facts; (2) with a view to producing a wrong impres- sion while stating the truth; (3) by comparisons which are correct in the figures used, but which are utterly unfair and misleading. For instance, the wholesale liquor dealers have recently been making a great deal of use of the “fact” that Tennessee is “bankrupt,” “faced with an enormous deficit,” etc. The simple fact is that Tennessee has no deficit and is in no sense bankrupt, but this flagrant falsehood is used to convince some people that prohibi- tion is ruinous to a state’s finances. But the most freely used method of combatting the prohibition movement is to compare prohibition states with liquor states to the apparent disadvantage of the former. By turning to the subjects, “Pauperism,” “Crime,” “Divorce,” “Juvenile Delinquency,” etc., the reader may get some true comparisons that are exceed- ingly enlightening. Take the matter of comparing Kansas and Nebraska, for instance. Nebraska is a state of the highest class and in spite of the liquor traffic it may be compared to its own advantage in many particulars with almost any other state in the Union. The document issued by the liquor dealers which compares these two states calls attention to the fact that Kansas had on January I, IQ 10, 882 inmates of the state penitentiary^ while Nebraska had on that date only 481, which, if an allowance were made for the difference in population, would be 673. In 1910, and most comparisons must be of that date as that was the last census year, Kansas was only just entering upon its present era of strict enforcement. This alone makes the comparison very- nearly valueless, but during 1910. when the prohibitory' law in Kansas had begun to be well enforced, Kansas committed to her state penitentiary 262 prisoners, while Nebraska, with forty per cent less population, committed 197. This gives a rate of fifteen per 100,000 for Kan- Cyclopedia of Temperance 35 sas and sixteen for Nebraska. But, according to Bul- letin 121 of the Census Bureau, Kansas, during 1910, sent to all of her penitentiaries, reformatories, jails, industrial schools, etc., 3,598 people, while Nebraska sent to similar institutions 5,888. This is a prison rate per 100,000 for Kansas of 212 and for Nebraska 490. These few facts alone reveal the unfairness of these numerous comparisons. They carefully avoid going to the bottom for all of the facts. Let us take the Nebraska- Kansas comparison a little further. In this same document it is said that Kansas, on January 1, 1910, had 461 native white paupers, while Nebraska had only 263, which, even allowing for the difference in population, would give Nebraska a lower rate. As a matter of fact, the rate per 100,000 for all paupers in Nebraska was 46.2, while it was in Kansas only forty-three. The number of native white paupers in Kansas was larger simply because Kansas has a much larger population of native white people. The rate for native white people was thirty per 100,000 in Nebraska and only twenty-six in Kansas. It might also be said that on January 1, 1910, Kansas had only 196 foreign-born white paupers, while in Nebraska there were 258. But again taking the commitment rate of 1910 to show the benefits of prohibition in Kansas after it began to be well enforced, we find, by Bulletin 120, that Kansas committed only 490 prisoners to asylums, while Nebraska sent 1,101, a rate of twenty-four to the 100,- 000 for Kansas and ninety-two for Nebraska. But if we go back to the “native white” idea injected into the comparison by the liquor people, we find that the rate per 100,000 of native whites committed in 1910 was fifty-nine in Nebraska, while in Kansas during the same year it was only eighteen. This is typical of this whole comparison, which we select because of the fact that Nebraska and Kansas are the two states in the same territory which the liquor people can compare with the greatest advantage to themselves. Another Instance of Unfairness Dr. Huntington Williams prepared for the liquor interests a comparison of prohibition and license states which was widely used by them. The doctor’s compari- 36 Cyclopedia of Temperance son bore largely upon the use of drugs, etc. Beginning by showing his ignorance of the actual number of prohibition states at the time at which he writes, he ignores the fact that in most of the prohibition states he uses for his comparison the policy had been in force such a very short time that it was impossible to draw fair conclusions. He asserted that in Maine the rate of admissions to hospitals for the insane increased 21.4 per 100,000 between 1904 and 1910, but he failed to call attention to the fact that Maine had the lowest rate of admission into insane asylums in all New Eng- land, the rate in New Hampshire being 75.8; Vermont, 70.7; Massachusetts, 125.8; Rhode Island, 90.4; Con- necticut, 103.6; and Maine, 68.5. This case of flagrant dishonesty is typical of Dr. Williams’ statement throughout. (See also Drugs, Kansas, etc.) ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE — This organization has its headquarters at Westerville, O. Its general superin- tendent is Mr. Purley A. Baker. Mr. E. H. Cherring- ton and Mr. Wm. E. Johnson are in charge of its lit- erary work. The man who laid the corner stone of the mighty organization now called the Anti-Saloon League was Dr. Alpha J. Kynett, who was also the founder of the Church Extension work of the Alethodist Church. Dr. Kynett had been prominent in prohibition movements in Iowa and Pennsylvania and his experience had con- vinced him that there must be an organization of men from everj' church and every partj', bound together only by their hostility to the liquor traffic and meeting it with united forces on every political battlefield. He urged this upon the National Temperance Convention in Saratoga in 1891 and in the Methodist General Con- ference of 1892, secured the appointment of a Perma- nent Committee on Temperance. Dr. K 5 mett and Rev. Howard H. Russell were promi- nent in the organization of the Ohio Anti-Saloon League, of- which Dr. Russell was named as head. There had been previous organizations of more or less local character in both Ohio and Pennsjdvania. After its organization in Ohio the Anti-Saloon League entered the District of Columbia. A call for a conven- tion to effect a national organization was made Octo- Cyclopedia of Temperance 37 ber 18, 1895, from Washington, where the convention was held December 17, 18, 1895. The call drafted by Mr. Ewin, a Washington leader, and sent out from his office was finally issued on Octo- ber 18, 1895, and the convention met in Calvary Baptist Sunday School house in Washington, D. C., on Tuesday, December 17. On Wednesday, October 18, 1895, the American Anti-Saloon League was formed by _the_ coali- tion of the Anti-Saloon League of the District of Columbia, the Anti-Saloon League of Ohio, and forty- five other state, national, and local temperance organ- izations. Hon. Hiram Price of Washington, D. C., was elected president; Rev. Luther B. Wilson, D.D.. LL.D. (Bishop Wilson), first vice-president; Archbishop John Ireland of Minnesota, second vice-president ; Rev. John J. Beacom of Pennsylvania, third vice-president; Mr. James L. Ewin, recording secretary; Mr. F. W. Walsh, Jr., of Massachusetts, treasurer; Rev. Howard H. Rus- sell, superintendent of the Ohio League, was made national superintendent; and an executive committee was elected, consisting of the following members, in addition to the officers: Hon. Elijah A. Morse, M.C., of Massachusetts; Rev. A. J. Kynett, D.D., LL.D.. of Pennsylvania; Bishop C. B. Galloway of Mississippi, Rev. Harry B. White of Ohio, Bishop E. B. Kephart of Maryland, Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer of Pennsylvania, Rev. F. N. Lynch of West Virginia, and Rev. F. M. Ed- wards of Virginia. Dr. Kynett was elected president, and Rev. Alford Noon. Ph.D.. of Massachusetts secre- tary of the National Board of Direction. The death of Hon. Hiram Price in May, 1901, left the presidency of the National League vacant until the time of the National Convention, in December of the same year. At this convention, Rev. Luther B. Wilson, D.D. (Bishop Wilson), was elected to succeed Mr. Price as president, and has remained at the head of the League from that time. As early as 1892 an “Anti-Saloon League” had been formed in Massachusetts, but it was not successful. When, however, the national organization was per- fected, forty-seven similar organizations entered into the union for national work. The work of the Anti-Saloon League at the present time is peculiarly political, although omnipartisan. It 38 Cyclopedia of Temperance deals with Legislatures and legislators rather than with the people themselves, going to the people not to advo- cate total abstinence so much as the election of officials who will favor dry laws. The work of the Anti-Saloon League in influencing legislation has been remarkably successful. It is now represented in every state. APPETITE — Contrary to the general understand- ing, it is not now believed by many medical men that appetite for liquor is inherited. There is inherited, however, a predisposition to such weakness, so that if the child of drinking parents meddles with alcohol, its appetite for the drink is much more rapidly developed than would be the case with the child of abstaining parents. If, however, the man with the bad heritage abstains absolutely he will never be troubled by a crav- ing for liquors. The appetite for alcohol is not a natural demand. One who is not troubled with a predispostion to such appetite must cultivate it long before the appetite is fastened upon him. The physical being rebels against the first drink of any alcoholic beverage. This alone is a refutation of the “food value” contention of the liquor interests. How Appetite Pays Dividends The liquor trade must depend upon an insistent appe- tite for its continued patronage and all of its advertis- ing, all of its methods, are intended for the creation of that profit-paying appetite among the people. To this end the social instinct is appealed to and the nat- ural stimulation impulse. Special effort is made to encourage the beginning of the drink habit in youth. “It is during adolescence that the taste for alcohol declares itself. It is a noteworthy fact that in nearly ninety per cent of confirmed inebriates the addiction to drink began between fifteen and twenty-five years of age.” So says Robert R. Batty, the sociologist. The medical and surgical report of the Belle\Tie and allied hospitals of New York, published in 1904, reports the answers given by 246 patients to the question, “Why did you begin to drink?” The reasons assigned were: Sociability, 52.5 per cent; trouble, thirteen per cent; medical use 9.3 per cent; occupation, seven per cent; taught by elders, seven per cent; out of work, five per Cyclopedia of Temperance 39 cent; unknown, five per cent; to be thought sporty, 1.2 per cent. But whatever induced these people to begin to drink, it is exceedingly probable that they will continue in the practice to satisfy appetite. It is through the social instinct, through very natural and healthy impulses, that an appetite is engendered which pays dividends of gold to the brewer and of ruin to society. Illustrating how the habit of drinking liquor orig- inates in social pressure, and how the habit is a per- sistent cause of social temptation, Sam Blythe, the political writer, tells his experience in “Cutting it Out.” A little over three years ago, Blythe declared for the arid path. Between September 15, 1911, and June 23, 1913, 312 false friends bombarded him with 418 bottles of whisky. Blythe had a backbone, and it withstood the assault. Two of his companions who had given him up as hopeless, began to edge toward the bar, saying, “See you later.” “No,” said Blythe, “you may not care to have me, but I am going right along. I will drink water, buttermilk, or ginger ale, but I will not stay here by myself.” “Why, Sam, you are welcome,” said his friends, according to the Cincinnati Times-Star. “No, I am not. I can tell by the tone of your voices. I spent the best twenty years of my life making a col- lection of drunken friends, and now I have no one to play with. But I’m going along, anyway,” said Blythe. APPLETON, JAMES — To General James Appleton is usually attributed credit for the enactment of the famous Maine law in 1846, and the improved law of 1851. He was a member of the Maine Legislature in 1836 and was chairman of the legislative committee making the prohibition recommendation. Although born in Ipswich, Mass., in 1786, and dying there in 1862, he was a resident of Portland, Me., from 1833 to 1853. ARIZONA — November 3, 1914, Arizona voters adopted state-wide constitutional prohibition, effective January 1, 1915. The law is exceedingly drastic, pro- hibiting importation of liquors for any purpose what- ever. ARKANSAS — The Legislature, January 5, 1915, passed a prohibition law which will become effective January 1, 1916. 40 Cyclopedia of Temperance ARMY — Since the abolition of the canteen in the army by act of Congress approved February 2, 1901, the morals and health of the soldiers have shown a distinct advance, and at the present time it is probable that the sobriety of army men is considerably above the average of civilians. During the Spanish War the canteen was in full blast, soldiers were detailed, willingly or unwillingly, to act as bartenders, and disease ran riot. Conditions were so scandalous that various temperance organizations conducted a notable congres- sional fight, resulting in the abolition of the army bar. Annual appropriations aggregating more than $4,000,000 have been made since the canteen was abolished for the establishment of permanent recreation halls which have schools, libraries, lunch, amusement rooms, and gymnasium. Before that time no appropriations for this purpose had been made. Deaths due to alcoholism were nearly fifty per cent less in 1907 than in 1901, having declined from .26 per thousand to .14 per thousand. Admissions to hospitals for malarial diseases decreased from 113.33 per thou- sand in 1901 to 30.20 in 1907. A Pleasing Improvement Whether or not the abolition of the canteen has had a distinct effect upon army efficiency, it is undoubtedly true that it is vastly more efficient to-day without the canteen than it was with it. In 1898 a sudden call to arms found the army deplorably unprepared, with the rank and file at a low ebb of efficiency, and drinking rampant among officers of the staff and the line. A drinking bureaucracy set the army in motion and con- sumed sixty days in moving 18,000 soldiers to Chatta- nooga. Tampa, and the Cuban coast. A drinking soldiery fought its way to victory with the old-time courage, but succumbed in regiments to the onslaughts of fever and malaria. But in 1911, ten years after the canteen had been abolished, when President Taft found it necessary to throw troops on the Mexican border, a sober line and a sober staff moved the entire mobile army in seven days an aggregate of thousands of miles without a hitch, established a sanitary camp in a climate to which many of the regiments were strange, and, in all the time they were on the Texas line, the record was Cyclopedia of Temperance 41 hardly marred by a death from typhoid or malaria, and the hospitals were practically vacant. A great evil at the present time is the presence of saloons and disreputable women near army post ex- changes. There should be a remedy found for this without delay. Great Soldiers Favor Abstinence Almost without exception, the successful warriors of the present day are temperance advocates. The late Lord Roberts was earnest and persistent in his efforts to wipe out drinking in the British army. Lord Kitch- ener, who prohibited the carrying of liquor on the Sudan expedition, issued a statement to his troops at the beginning of the European war, asking them to beware of “women and drink.” Lord Methuen, General French, Admiral Beresford, Admiral Fisher, the late Field Marshal Lord Wolseley, the late General Fred- erick Dent Grant of the American Army, Surgeon- General Gorgas of the U. S. A., and hundreds of other eminent officers have expressed themselves against alco- hol. (See Navy; also War.) ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS— Arrests for drunkenness very frequently fall under other denom- inations, and because of this it is difficult to make com- parisons between prohibition and license territory. One city may have no arrests for intoxication or drunken- ness, grouping everything of this nature under the head, “Disorderly conduct.” In still another city the police department may use the term, “Disturbing the peace.” In some cities either the term drunkenness or intoxication is used. In 1914 there were 661 arrests for “drunkenness” in Topeka, Kan., and much was made of this by wet advertisements. A proper understand- ing of these figures is dependent upon a knowledge of what constitutes “drunkenness” in the various cities. In Chicago, to quote a United Press correspondent, the orders are not to arrest a drunken man until he has “tried to kiss the bartender good-night,” while in New York he must be in the gutter quarreling with the fire hydrant before he is considered “drunk.” Judge Huron of Topeka in defining the different standard in that prohibition city said : “My orders^ to the force are to bring in any man who gives evidence of having used liquor, no matter 42 Cyclopedia of Tempeiance of what station in life. I have seen only one man staggering drunk in the last year. He came from Kan- sas City in that condition. “ ‘Drunld in Topeka is different from in a saloon town. A community that receives the money of the saloon man must grant him certain liberties in return and not molest his customers. We are independent. A man is drunk in Topeka if he smells of whisky, if he shows by his voice, his walk, or his gestures that he has been drinking. He is drunk and disorderly if his tongue is so loosened by drink, if his legs are so affected by drink, or his appearance so changed that he attracts attention. If he attracts attention to the fact that he has been drinking, he disturbs the peace. “If I were judge in Kansas City, I probably would discharge nine tenths of all I fine here. The conditions are different. “Yet, with this interpretation of ‘drunld and ‘drunk and disorderly,’ we have fewer arrests per capita than scores of wet cities where a man may roll in the gutter and lie unnoticed by the police. I have seen more real drunks in three blocks in Kansas City in half an hour than I have seen in Topeka in thirty years.’’ Really Only Fifty-three “Drunks” There were really only fifty-three arrests in 1914 in Topeka for actual intoxication, instead of 661. In Chicago, in 1913, there were 54,738 arrests for “dis- orderly conduct,’’ a euphonious title for drunkenness. If Chicago had had the same rate as Topeka, the total number of arrests for gross intoxication would have been 2,650, instead of 54,738. If the number of her arrests for intoxication had even been as low as the total number of arrests in Topeka for drinking, she would have had 33,050, instead of 54,738. In Houston, Tex., just about twice the size of Topeka, during the same time, there were about sixty-five hun- dred arrests on the charge of drunkenness. Twice the population, about ten times the number of drunks, and Houston is a dry town compared to a great many others. Other Cities Show Similar Things Topeka has only twenty-nine policemen, whereas the average for twenty American cities with a population of 43,000 to 49,000 is forty-six policemen. There is just about the same discrepancy in the average arrests. Cyclopedia of Temperance 43 Dr. W. L- Treadway of the Russell Sage Foundation, in a report of the survey of Springfield, 111., says: “The exact number of arrests in 1913 in which drunk- enness was the direct contributing cause is not known. The records show 762 arrests for drunkenness, 126 for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, one each for ‘drunkenness and fighting,’ and for ‘drunkenness and threats,’ and two in which the charge was ‘drunk and demented.’ In all there were 856 arrests in which drunkenness was specifically charged. In addition to these, there were 842 arrests for disorderly conduct, eighty- four for vagrancy, and seventy-three for begging, in many of which cases drunkenness was probably the direct contributing cause of arrest.’’ During the year 1913, 802 cases were tried before the judge of police court in the city of Dogansport, Ind. Of this number 421 were for intoxication. During the same year, ninety out of 192 arrests at Seymour, and sixty out of 180 in Muncie were for intoxication. Judge James A. Collins of Indianapolis says that of 49,916 cases coming before him during the past four years, 9,610 were for intoxication, besides many more for crimes traceable to liquor. There were 30,649 arrests in New Orleans in 1913. About twenty-seven per cent of this number were ar- rested for drunkenness. An interesting comparison of Massachusetts cities, showing the relative number of arrests under license and under local prohibition gives the following results Brockton, Mass., 1898, under license, ar- rests for drunkenness 1,627 Same city, 1899, under no license 455 Waltham, Mass., 1900, under license, ar- rests for drunkenness 634 Same city, 1901, under no license 179 Lowell, Mass., 1902, under license, arrests for drunkenness 4,077 Same city, 1903, under no license 2,304 Salem, Mass., 1903, under license, arrests for drunkenness 1,432 Same city, 1904, under no license 503 Fitchburg, Mass., 1905, under license, ar- rests for drunkenness 1,160 Same city, 1906, under no license 359 44 Cyclopedia of Temperance The last legislative session in Massachusetts directed the governor to appoint a special commission to inves- tigate drunkenness and drinking in that state. This commission found that public drinking caused 63.4 per cent of all arrests and 67.6 of all commitments in 1913. The number of arrests in Topeka on all charges which involved drinking was only about thirty-five per cent. At Clarksburg, W. Va., in June, the last month of saloons, there were 261 arrests, of which 196 were for drunkenness. In July, the first month under prohibi- tion, there were but thirty-seven arrests, with only seven for drunkenness. After all, the young man drunk is very frequently simply his father’s vote staggering around. ARTMAN, SAMUEL R . — In 1906 Mr. Artman, judge of the Twentieth Judiciary Circuit of Indiana, in the case of Albert Soltau versus Schuyler Young and William J. Trefts, ruled that the state of Indiana had no right to authorize the licensing of a saloon and declared the saloon license statute of Indiana to be un- constitutional. The whole subject is discussed at length by Judge Artman in “The Legalized Outlaw.” ASZzl — The consumption of alcoholic liquors in Asia is very much less than in Europe and America, but these countries fail to reap the full advantage of their abstinence because of their addiction to other narcotic substances. The use of alcohol is also increasing rap- idly in India, China, Japan, and other Asiatic coun- tries which come under the influence of the Christian nations. (For Turkey, see “Koran.”) ATHLETICS — The use of liquor by a college ath- lete in America at the present day would be consid- ered by his fellows as nothing short of insanity or treason. Alcoholic beverages of no kind are permitted to a man in training and there is no difference of opinion among college athletes as to their lack of value at other times. In baseball probably fifty per cent of professional players never touch liquor in any form, although no other class of men are subjected to such temptation. Connie Mack, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, the baseball team which won the world’s championship Cyclopedia of Temperance 45 in 1910, 1911, and 1913, says: “Alcohol is practically eliminated from baseball. I have twenty-five players. Of that number fifteen do not know the taste of liquor.” He further says: “Baseball men are not now of the drinking class. The fact is that a big league player has to be in trim day in and day out, or he is sent to the minors. It’s the survival of the fittest.” The famous “million-dollar infield” of the Athletics is composed entirely of abstainers, and ninety per cent of the “stars” on other teams abstain. Mr. Hugh Ful- lerton, now with the United Press, the leading baseball writer of the United States, in conversation with the Research Secretary of the Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, said : “I was at a training camp in the South in the spring and became interested in a young fellow who seemed to have a bright baseball future. I found him drinking beer one day and warned him that it would send him back to the minors quicker than anything else. “ ‘O, a little beer won’t hurt me ; it’s good for me,’ he said. “I knew better and I wanted to prove what I knew, so I took a baseball guide of 1904, made a list of players, and followed them through the successive guides up to 1914. “From the major league roster of 1904 I selected the names of thirty players who drank intoxicants and thirty who did not drink, choosing only those who were known by me as drinkers or abstainers. I traced each one to see what has become of them. Here is a table: Drinkers. 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 30 26 20 15 *9 4 4 2 2 2 *2 *One quit drinking. Non-drinkers. 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 30 28 28 24 21 16 12 10 9 9 8 “Mind, these men are classed as ‘drinkers,’ not drunk- ards. Not more than four called drinkers ever were drunkards. They were ‘moderate’ drinkers. Several of the nondrinkers had occasionally taken a drink, but were not drinkers. The others were total abstainers. 46 Cyclopedia of Temperance “The figures interested me so much I investigated as to their present physical and financial welfare. This resulted in another table: Non- Drinkers. Drinkers. Down-and out 8 1 Medium 5 9 Prosperous 3* 16 Dead 9 2 Unaccounted for 5 2 *Two of them still in game. “Most of these statistics in the second table came from either talking with the players or from letters they wrote in reply to my queries. Five of the drinkers responded quickly and asked for a loan. “I could not ascertain all the causes of death. Here is the result of the effort in that direction: “Nondrinkers — Appendicitis, one; pneumonia, one. “Drinkers — Kidney disease, four; consumption, one; suicide, one; accident, one. “The other two dropped out of sight before they died; one a bum and the other reported in care of old friends. “My investigation did not stop there, however. I took up the matter of batting and I found that the abstainers showed much better records than the drink- ers, although the latter class included a few of the great stars of the game who tended to bring up the average greatly. “I have watched this matter of drinking in athletics for a long time and there are no two sides to it. One of the greatest baseball machines of the present genera- tion was shot to pieces by beer. The manager did not wish to be hard on his players, so when he found them with a glass of beer he’d say, ‘O, that’s all right, but don’t drink too much.’ Every year they drank a little more, and in the end it smashed the machine. “I remember a splendid player who had been with a losing team for a long time and who was very nearly discouraged because he had no chance to show what was in him. I arranged a trade by which he was brought to another team. I noticed that instead of shining, as I expected he would, his record got worse and worse. At the end of the season I saw him. He was forty pounds over weight. “What’s the matter with you,” I asked. Cyclopedia of Temperance 47 “ ‘As soon as I got here,’ he said, ‘I found a barrel of beer in the clubhouse and this is what it has done to me. This team would be the champion team to-day if it were not for booze.’ ” “Billy” Sunday, who was one of the greatest players of all time, himself shows what booze does for the athlete, when he says : “I was reading the other day of the passing of ‘Rube’ Waddell — only thirty-seven and gone. He was one of the brightest and brainiest men in baseball, but he couldn’t beat the booze game. The ‘Rube,’ Matty, Plank, and ‘Bugs’ Raymond started in baseball at the same time. All were pitchers. Two started on the wrong road and two on the right road. Two are dead, ‘Bugs’ and ‘Rube.’ Matty is as good as ever, the king in his line, and when he gets so he can’t put anything on the ball he’ll go to work training young pitchers at a dazzling salary. Plank, grand old man, is getting along, but he can pitch a great game. He and Matty are honored by men in every walk of life because they fol- lowed the right path. ‘Rube’ and ‘Bugs’ are dead. Does it pay?” The contest board of the American Automobile Asso- ciation now prohibits not only the use of liquors by drivers, mechanicians, and officials of races, but refuses to sanction any race at which liquor is sold on the grounds. AUSTRALASIA — Australia proper consists of six states — New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. Together with New Zealand, these constitute Australasia. The prohibition movement in Australia and New Zealand has very nearly paralleled the movement in .America. Almost every phase experienced in this country has been experienced there, and with similar results in every case. In New Zealand it is estimated that from sixty-nine to seventy-three per cent of the entire electorate has voted for prohibition in the local elections. The temperance movement is handicapped by a requirement of three-fifths majority before the saloons can be ousted. Naturally, the prohibitionists have bitterly fought this provision and point to the fact that the actual vote in favor of prohibition through- out the whole dominion has already exceeded fifty-five 48 Cyclopedia of Temperance per cent, although the law proposed was the most dras- tic ever put forward in any country. One election has been held since the outbreak of war, at which the pro- hibitionists barely held their own, due to the fact that the people were absorbed with military developments. “It is now nip and tuck between New Zealand and the United States as to which will be the first real prohibition country,” says Mr. Wesley Spragg, presi- dent of the New Zealand Temperance Alliance, in a letter written for the Temperance Society, and he adds, “We hope to lead, but if we are beaten, no country under the sun will less grudge the good fortune of the United States than New Zealand.” In both Queensland and South Australia there is steady progress. Regulation is becoming stricter con- stantly and there is a healthy growth in prohibition sentiment. In Tasmania full local option will come into force on January 1, 1917, and a similar measure is in prospect for Western Australia. In Victoria, in the six years, 1906-12, no less than 613 saloons were closed. The American people are quite justified in having a warm feeling of interest in the temperance movement of New Zealand and Australia, for in characteristics and customs the people are a happy mean between Americans and Englishmen, while the feeling of friend- ship is apparently very nearly as strong for the United States as for Great Britain. As an illustration of how rapidly sentiment is grow- ing, especially in New Zealand, we give below a table showing the vote by years for continuance of saloons; for a reduction in the number of saloons; and for no license: Year Continnance. Reduction. No-License. 1896 139,580 94,555 98,312 1899 143,962 109,449 120,542 1902 148,449 132,249 151,524 1905 182,884 151,057 198,765 1908 118,140 162,562 221,471 And to show that the effect of prohibition is the same wherever it is tried, at least among English-speak- ing peoples ; In twelve no-license electorates of Ne« Zealand, with a population of 160,996, the convictions for drunkenness for six months were 165 and in Tm- hape, a license community, with a population of 1,577. convictions for drunkenness during the same period of time were 143. Cyclopedia of Temperance 49 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY — (For development since the war, see “War.”) The present temperance movement of Austria-Hun- gary began about 1884 and has since won the allegiance of such eminent men as Professor Kassowitz, Dr. Gus- tav Rossler, and Dr. Holitscher. In 1902 a law was passed making provision for tem- perance instruction in primary schools and in 1912 the Minister of Education commanded such instruction for all the normal school pupils. A significant utterance of the Austrian war office in 1912 applied to the Third National Anti-Alcoholic Congress. This utterance reads : “In view of the importance of the influence of the prevalent drinking customs on the physical capacity and discipline of the troops, officers, and military offi- cials are allowed to attend the sessions of the Congress.” The growing sentiment of prominent men is indicated somewhat by the following statement by Dr. Victor Adler, the Austrian Socialist leader : “The alcohol question is, according to my inmost con- viction, a veritable life question. * * * Alcohol is a poison which destroys our most important organ, the brain, the instrument with which we, as a party, obtain all that we can obtain. * * * 'Po attain its end the working class must be intellectually and physically fitted for its struggle.” In Hungary, the government has especially applied itself to a consideration of the consumption of alcohol by children. An appeal to Hungarian women, signed by the daughter of the King of the Belgians, was also signed by such eminent women as Countess Elemer Lonvay, Princess Royal of Belgium ; Princess Clovis de Hohenlohe, nee Countess de Majlath; Countess Casky, Countess Apponyi, Countess Bissengen, Coun- tess Dominique Teleki, Countess Alexandre Teleki, Baroness Balintett, Etelka Kamenytzky (President Women’s Anti-Alcohol Union), and twenty others. BACCHUS — The Greek name was Dionysos, but in Latin he was called Bacchus. According to mythology, Bacchus was the son of Jupiter and Semele, daughter of Cadmus, king of Thebes. He is supposed to have been the originator of the art of wine-making. 50 Cyclopedia of Temperance The Greeks honored Dionysos, or Bacchus, by four annual feasts, which seem to have been the most debas- ing festivals the aesthetic Greeks ever countenanced. Immorality of the grossest kind was often permitted. In the year 186 B. C. the Roman Senate prohibited the rites of Bacchanalian worship. BALKAN COUNTRIES — The prowess of the Bul- garians and the inhabitants of the other Balkan coun- tries during the Turkish War was greatly due to the splendid physical condition of their men. In Bulgaria the consumption of alcohol per capita in 1906 was only 2.7 liters, as opposed to 172.3 in Bavaria. In Monte- negro chastity and temperance are national virtues. In Roumania the conditions are not so satisfactory, as the state monopoly of the liquor trade has been very detrimental to the sobriety of the people. In Servia a small temperance movement has gained a footing and seems to have an encouraging future. BANDS OF HOPE — These are temperance organ- izations for children, first organized in the United Kingdom. The first society by this name was formed in England in October, 1847. The origin of the first Band of Hope is attributed to the joint efforts of Mrs. Carlisle of Dublin and the Rev. Jabez Linnicliff, a Baptist minister of Leeds, in August, 1847. These organizations spread rapidly throughout England, Ire- land, Scotland, and Wales, and built up a large mem- bership of boys and girls who signed its total abstinence pledge. About the middle of the nineteenth century this name began to be used for juvenile temperance socie- ties in the United States, but the name has generally been changed to “Loyal Temperance Legion.” (See that subject.) BANK DEPOSITS — The relative effect of prohibi- tion and license upon bank deposits has been carefully studied by the Temperance Society, and the results of these investigations may be found under the heads Kansas, West Virginia, and Local Prohibition. BEER — In producing beer, the grain, probably bar- ley, is first soaked in water for about fifty hours, then spread out and allowed to get warm, causing the grain to sprout and form a ferment called diastase. In twenty hours the grain is spread out in thin layers and allowed Cyclopedia of Temperance 51 to continue its growth for ten to fourteen days. It is then roasted over a kiln and becomes malt. The sprouts are then rubbed off the grain which is crushed, placed in a mash tub with water, kept at a temperature of 160 degrees for six hours, hops added to give it a bitter taste, yeast added, and the whole allowed to ferment for six to eight days. It is then put into settling vats to clear, and barreled up for sale. The sprouting, soaking, and growth of the yeast plant in the liquid destroys practically all of the food value of the original grain. Frequently sulphuric acid, arsenic, and other virulent poisons enter into the manufacture of beer. When the amount of alcohol in the beer reaches thirteen and one-half per cent it poisons the yeast fungus which has produced it and stronger liquors must be made by the process of distillation. How Beer Consumption Has Grown The period of the greatest increase in the consump- tion of liquors has corresponded closely with the period of greatest growth in the use of beer. In 1850, when practically no beer was used in America, the consump- tion of spirituous liquors in the United States was 2.24 gallons per capita, and in 1910 this had been reduced to 1.42 gallons. But while beer has caused a decreased consumption of whisky and similar drinks, the per capita consumption of absolute alcohol has increased, since 1850, thirty-seven per cent. In other words, the amount of alcohol contributed to individual consump- tion by spirits decreased thirty-five per cent, but the amount contributed by beer increased 1,000 per cent, so that at the end of the period the average American was using thirty-seven per cent more of pure alcohol than before beer drinking became common in America. Beer is not in any sense to be considered a temper- ance agenc}'. Rather, our experience in America per- mits us to agree with Dr. Hugo Koppe, the famous nerve specialist of Koenigsburg, Germany, when he says ; “The result of extolling beer as the mightiest enemy of whisky and brandy has been that the consumption of the distilled liquors has changed very little, while to these liquors has been added beer, the use of which has led to a great and still-increasing beer alcoholism. Because the symptoms of chronic alcoholism appear 52 Cyclopedia of Temperance more slowly, and are less readily observable in the heavy beer drinker than in the whisky drinker, the former is by far more frequently met than the latter. But thousands and tens of thousands of men who take their daily pint are rendered stupid, silly, and dissolute by beer.” The Vast Production The growth of the beer habit is cursing the world with a very flood of poisonous liquor. It is estimated that the production of beer in the world in 1913 was 282,078,000 barrels, which is equiva- lent to approximately 8,750,000,000 gallons. The immen- sity of these figures is not intelligible until we begin to compare this volume of beer with other large aggre- gations of liquid. The world’s production of beer would make a river six feet deep, ten feet wide, and as long as the Missis- sippi. It would fill the Panama Canal, or keep Niagara Falls going for several hours. In Scotland it would fill Loch Lomond, or it would keep the many fountains of the city of Paris running six months. It required 27,648 breweries to manufacture this flood of liquid refreshment, producing on an average 10,200 barrels. The United States leads the world in the production of beer, being responsible for slightly more than one fifth of the world’s output. Every man, woman, and child in the United States was entitled to twenty-two gallons of beer as his share of the produc- tion, but this was far less than the average Bavarian was expected to get away with, his quota being sixty- one gallons, and the Belgian takes second rank as a hearty beer drinker, with fifty-eight gallons per capita. The Spaniard gets only half a gallon of beer in the course of a year, while the Japanese must content him- self with only a single glass. A Vice of the Cities The vice of beer drinking is peculiarly a city vice in the United States. “Probably nine tenths of the beer is consumed by the adult male population in urban communities,” said President Edward A. Schmidt of the United States Brewers’ Association, in speaking to its last convention in New Orleans. Inadvertently, in this statement President Schmidt admitted that nine tenths of the beer is consumed in license territory. Cyclopedia of Temperance 53 The most evil thing about beer is its apparent harm- lessness. Inevitably, the first drink isn’t whisky, it’s beer, and it is taken early in life. The saloon depends upon beer, not whisky, to win new customers. And yet both in Germany, which is generally considered the home of the drink, and in the United States, scientific and medical men well understand the harmful nature of this beverage. Long ago, Baron Justus von Liebig, the eminent German scientist, in his “Chemische Briefe,” said : “It is now possible to demonstrate with mathematical certainty that, so far as enriching the blood is con- cerned, the flour that will lie on the point of a knife affords more nourishment than four measures of the best Bavarian beer; and that anybody who drinks a measure of beer daily would thus imbibe in one year about as much nourishment as is contained in a pound of bread.” Similar opinions are held in other countries where they consume beer and “light liquors.” Sully-Prud- homme is responsible for this statement, which hardly jibes with what the brewers tell us : “All in all my opinion as to alcohol in all its forms is, that it is fitted, thanks to the devastation it brings about in the nervous system, to animalize people in all grades of society and, sooner or later, to annihilate the superiority which man has slowly acquired over the anthropoid ape.” And Professor Nothnagel of Vienna says : “It is a sin to give children wine or beer. It is criminal to teach that wine nourishes. The dreadful neurasthenia of our day is due just to this early use of alcohol. Those who say that alcohol is a poison are wholly right.” Neither do many scientific men or sociologists in Germany agree with the brewers that beer drives out stronger liquors. Professor Strumpel of Breslau, Ger- many, says “Nothing is more erroneous than to think of diminishing the destructive effects of alcoholism by substituting beer for other alcoholic drinks.” Why Beer is Stupefying Beer derives from hops a bitter-tasting, sticky substance which forms the active element of the Oriental narcotic — hasheesh. This discovery, credited to Professor Reinitzer of the Polytechnic at Graz, is 54 Cyclopedia of Temperance declared by other European scientists to account for the “undoubted stupefying effects of beer.” Judge Lang of Zurich says : “Brandy makes a man sick, but beer makes him stupid” ; and Dr. Delbrueck de- clares that all civilization must send forth the slogan, “War on Beer.” Hasheesh is a narcotic made by the natives of India, Turkey, and other countries from the leaves, flowers, and stocks of the hemp plant. Long ago it was the custom of Eastern despots, when assigning to servants the duty of assassination, to intoxicate them with hasheesh, and from the similar sound we are said to derive our word, “assassin.” The drug has a peculiar, brutalizing effect. It pulls in the nerves from the finger tips to the inner recesses as a cat draws in its claws. The victim is left unperceptive, unresponsive, and in time is degraded to the level of the grunting hog. Hops is very closely related to hemp. Says Professor Reinitzer, “In the female blossom of the Indian plant as in the female blossom of the hops we find glands holding a narcotic, bitter-tasting, sticl^ substance which forms the active element of the hasheesh from Indian hemp. This is used by the various Mohammedan peo- ple of South and West Africa, as opium elsewhere for narcotic purposes.” The “Philistinism” of the Beer-Drinker To the hops rather than to alcohol Professor Rein- itzer attributes “that stupefaction which marks the ‘Beer Philistine.’ ” He further says, “Such an expres- sion as wine or whisky Philistine is inconceivable. Beer drinking has apparently a special action on the nervous system which leads to that clumsy, provincial heaviness of mind one can observe most strikingly in the beer drinker. Also, the hops contributes to the pathological, burning thirst of the beer drinker and to the injurious effects on the kidneys.” The few benighted ones who still imagine that in Europe, and especially in Germany, there is no preju- dice against the use of “light drinks” may read with very great profit the above expressions from eminent Germans. American medical opinion is well expressed by Dr. Howard A. Kelly of Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Kelly is one of the most eminent surgeons of the Cyclopedia of Temperance 55 United States, and he makes this statement: “I con- sider with eminent German authorities of enormous experience that beer is exceedingly injurious and dan- gerous as a beverage. It has no scientific medical en- dorsements of which I know.” The Program of Moderation The brewers and saloon keepers tell us that beer will make Americans a “moderate-drinking people.” The St. Louis Star has located a saloon advertisement in that city which tells how they intend to do it. Here it is : “Free! Free! Free! To introduce our Large Beers we will give one free to anyone who buys and drinks four Bar Beers in ten minutes. Our Beers hold forty ounces or three five-cent bottles. No glasses are large enough to hold one of our Beers. The capacity of the human stomach is one gallon. You can have your capacity filled best at the New Home Liquor Store, 1525 Market Street.” The editor of the Northwestern Christian Advocate says that recently while sitting beside a police judge whose court was in session, he asked that each one appearing on the charge of drunkenness, or assault due to drunkenness, should be questioned as to what he had been drinking. Out of eighteen cases fifteen said they had been drinking beer. Three old topers had been using whisky. About half of the beer cases involved assault and battery or destruction of property. It is suggested that the next time anyone points to beer-drinking in Germany as a solution of the liquor problem this quotation from Dr. Von Bunge of the University of Basel, Switzerland, be submitted for further discussion : “Such horrors as a great modern joint-stock brewery perpetrates are unrivaled in the whole world’s history. Men in past centuries were made chattel slaves. But the slaves kept their health. Men have been killed by thousands; but the children of the murdered remained strong. Now they make slaves of them and murder them at the same time. They kill them together with their children and children’s children. They kill them slowly; they torture them slowly to death.” 56 Cyclopedia of Temperance The quotation is from “Alkoholvergiftung und De- generation,” and seems to evidence a lack of apprecia- tion of this “temperance” beverage. (See Brewers, Brewing, and Light Drinks.) BELGIUM — Before the outbreak of war Belgium was, excepting Bavaria, the greatest consumer of beer. The temperance movement was principally championed by the Socialists. Professor Emile Vandervelde, who was made premier at the beginning of hostilities, de- clared : “Frankly I see no reason for waiting for the morrow of the social revolution before we stop poisoning our- selves. We should prohibit the manufacture of alcohol du bouche and turn the power of darkness into the power of light, by making distilleries producers of industrial alcohol.” The appeal made by the Princess Stephanie to the Hungarian women had a profound effect upon the Bel- gians. The prevailing drunkenness in Belgium and the lack of control of the liquor traffic had much to do with the failure of the military program to include a suffi- cient proportion of the Belgian population. The stupe- faction which results from beer drinking was to a considerable degree responsible for the failure of the people to appreciate their position in Europe. Greater alertness might have provided a possible army of one million men on call. In the latter part of 1912 the Socialists of Belgium conducted a general strike in order to force the govern- ment to grant universal suffrage. The strike was conducted along total abstinence lines. Great dis- turbances were expected, but none resulted. “The most wonderful feature of the strike is its teetotalism,” said the Daily Mirror of London. BENEFITS OF PROHIBITION— (See Local Prohibition, West Virginia, Kansas, North Carolina, and similar topics.) The benefits of prohibition are those induced by: (a) The removal of crime and Hce centers; (b) the diversion of much expended money from channels in which its expenditure involves no production of value into legitimate trade channels; Cyclopedia of Temperance 57 (c) a higher standard of living, induced by sobriety, in the community. BIBLE AND DRINK — In the Hebrew Scriptures different words are employed to represent different kinds of wine. The Greek language, on the other hand, makes little or no attempt to indicate quality or varie- ties of wine, but passes every kind under one name. Thus, like our English language, it obliterates distinc- tions which the Hebrew protects. So the Hebrew Bible must ever remain our final standard of appeal upon the Bible wine question. Hebrew Synonyms The Hebrew is a small language, yet surprisingly rich in synonyms. It has more than sixty different words for “break,” a still larger number for “go,” more than one hundred for “take,” thirteen for “man,” and eleven words which we translate "wine.” Such a language must delight in fine distinctions; and a translation which makes one English word stand for a dozen or a hundred Hebrew words must certainly obliterate many important shades of meaning. There are forty-five words which we translate “destroy,” a treatment which no doubt destroys many fine distinc- tions of the original tongue ! The eleven words which we render “wine” cannot all mean wine, much less intox- icating wine, but stand probably for other products of the vine. Sixteen of these products have been enu- merated, and we have at least thirteen Hebrew words to represent them. It is not necessary, however, to enter into an extensive canvass of all these Hebrew words, since the testimony of the Hebrew Bible turns mainly upon three of these words and their meaning. And to these three words attention will now be directed. Yayin This word is found 140 times in the Hebrew Scrip- tures, and in such various connections as to leave no doubt that it is a generic word and stands for wine in general, for all the beverage products of the vine, without any reference to their quality whether intox- icating or unintoxicating. Exactly this is the chief source of all the confusion upon the Bible wine ques- tion. 58 Cyclopedia of Temperance If this word always stood for one specific kind of product there would be no equivocation in its testimony, but such is not the fact. It stands for everything that is obtained from the vine as a beverage. It is not necessary here to quote all the 140 texts where the word yayin occurs ; following are a few of them, a careful examination of which will suffice to support the proposition just now made: Gen. 9:21, “Noah drank of the wine and was drunken." 1 Sam. 1:14, “How long wilt thou be drunken! Put away thy wine.’ ’ Isa. 5:11, “Woe to them that continue till wine inflame them.” 1 Sam. 1:24, “Hannah took little Samuel and a bottle of wine to Shiloh.” Neh. 5:15, “The former governors had taken bread and wine of them.” Isa. 55:1, “Buy wine and milk without money” (figura- tively). Esth. 1:7, “And they drank the royal wine in abundance.” Zeph. 1:13, “Shall plant vineyards, but shall not drink of the wine.” 2 Sam. 16:2, “Wine for such as be faint in the wilderness.” These texts are sufficient to show that the word yayin is used in the Scripture both with the Divine favor and with the Divine disfavor, and that is precisely the source of nearly all the confusion upon the wine question as it appears in the sacred records. The only possible explanation of this apparent inconsistency is that the word is a general term for all kinds of beverages that are produced from the vine, whether fermented or unfermented. Whenever the sacred writers seek to make a dis- tinction and specify yayin that is intoxicating or yayin that is unintoxicating, they are obliged to resort to other and specific terms. For such purpose two other words are almost invariably used, as what follows will clearly indicate; and that makes it certain that there are two kinds of yayin or wine mentioned in the Bible. We will now furnish a complete canvass of these two specific terms, quoting every text where they occur. Tirosh This is the term for unfermented, unintoxicating wine. It is always found in good company, and for- ever enjoys the Divine commendation. Always the Divine smile and never the Divine frown rests upon it. It is constantly associated with wheat and corn and Cyclopedia of Temperance 59 oil, and keeps its place among the special blessings of God. It is never the cause of, nor is it ever asso- ciated with, drunkenness ; and its use is never prohib- ited but everywhere and always commended. It oc- curs thirty-eight times in the Hebrew Bible and in the following places : Gen. 27:28, “Therefore God give thee plenty of corn and wine.’ ’ Gen. 27:37, “With corn and wine have I sustained thee.” Num. 18:12, “The best of the oil and the wine and the wheat.” Dent. 7:13, “He will bless thy land, thy corn, thine oil, thy wine.’ ’ Deut. 11:14, “That thou mayest gather thy corn, thine oil and thy wine.” Deut. 12:17, “Eat the tithe of thy corn, thine oil and thy wine.” Deut. 14:23, “Thou shalt eat the tithe of thy corn, thine oil and thy wine,” etc. Deut. 18:4, “Give the first fruits of thy com, of thy wine and of thine oil.” Deut. 28:51, “Shall not leave thee either corn, wine or oil.” Deut. 33:28, “Fountain of Jacob upon a land of corn and wine.’ ’ Judges 9:12, “Wine which cheereth God and man.” 2 Kings 18:32, “Will take you to a land of corn and wine.” 2 Chron. 31:5, “First fruit of corn, wine, oil and honey.” 2 Chron. 32:28, “Storehouses for the increase of corn and wine and oil.” Neh. 5:11, “And of the corn, the wine and the oil.” Neh. 10:37, “Fruit of all manner of trees, of wine and of oil.” Neh. 10:39, “Of the corn, of the new wine and of the oil.” Neh. 13:5, “The tithes of the corn, the new wine and the oil.” Neh. 13:12, “Tithes of the corn, the new wine and the oil.” Psa. 4:7, “Gladness more than when corn and wine in- creased.” Prov. 3:10, “Thy presses shall burst out with new wine.” Isa. 24:7, “The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth.” Isa. 36:17, “Land of corn and wine, of bread and vine- yards.” Isa. 62:8, “Give thy corn and thy wine to thine enemies.” Isa. 62:8, “The new wine is found in the cluster a bless- ing.” Jer. 31:12, “For wheat, for oil and for wine.” Hos. 2:8, “I gave her corn and wine and oil.” Hos. 2:9, “I will take away thy corn and thy wine.” Hos. 2:22, “Earth shall bear the corn, the wine and the oil.” Hos. 7:14, “Assembled themselves for corn and wine.” Hos. 9:2, “The new wine shall fall.” Joel 1:10, “Corn wasted, wine dried up, oil languisheth.” Joel 2:24, “The fats shall overflow with wine and oil.” Joel 12:19, “Behold I send you corn and wine and oil.” 60 Cyclopedia of Temperance Mic. 6:15, “Shall sow but not reap; tread sweet wiue but shall not drink.’’ Hag. 1:11, “Drouth upon the com, wine and oil.” Zech 9.: 17, “Whoredom and wine (yayin) and new wine (tirosh) take away the heart.” This speaks of the imbmting influence of appetite, and clearly points to a state of degrada- tion in which all things minister to fleshliness and sensuality. This can be said of wholesome food and drink as well as of intoxicants. This examination of the tirosh texts ought to satisfy any fair-minded person that the thing which tirosh stands for is as harmless as corn and wheat and oil, and is as certainly classed among the blessings of a kind Providence as they. It is nowhere prohibited nor does it anywhere suggest intoxication. Neither is it associated with vice or moral fault. Exactly here must the issue be met. Tirosh does not mean intoxicating wine. If this is not its character — if it stands for fer- mented and intoxicating wine — then the whole testi- mony of the Old Testament can be invoked to sup- port the deluge of intemperance and drunkenness. That precisely is the nerve of this entire question, and the crisis must be squarely met with these thirt>--eight quotations containing the word tirosh ! Our contention that tirosh is the name for unfer- mented wine is immensely strengthened by a careful survey of those texts which contain the specific He- brew term which never means anything but fermented wine; and that word is Sbekar Whenever the Old Testament writers wish to specify a kind of wine that is always condemned and prohib- ited, a drink that is without any sort of doubt intox- icating, the word invariably used is shekar. Gesenius says that it is “any kind of intoxicating liquor.” This word is found forty-two times in the Hebrew Bible, nineteen times in the verb form, and twenty-three times as a noun. To the word as a noun we direct special attention. The air is very much clarified touching the meaning of this word, for there is substantial agree- ment all along the line that it is always the name for fermented wine. Our English versions generally and very appropriately render it “strong drink.” There is not an instance in the Bible where this word enjoys the Divine approval as the name of a beverage, nor one in which it is found keeping company with God’s Cyclopedia of Temperance 61 gracious gifts to man. An examination of the texts which follow will satisfy any candid person of the cor- rectness of these statements: Lev. 10:9, “Drink not wine nor strong drink.” Wherever in Scripture this expression, “Wine and strong drink,” is found, the Hebrew terms invariably are yayin and shekar. Num. 28:7, “Cause the strong wine to be poured out.” Deut. 29:6, “Neither have ye drunk wine nor strong drink.” Judges 13:4, “Drink not wine nor strong drink.” Judges 13:14, “Neither let her drink wine nor strong drink.' ’ 1 Sam. 1:15, “I have drunk neither wine nor -strong drink.” Prov. 20:1, “Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging.” Prov. 31:4, “Not for the king to drink wine, nor princes strong drink.” Judges 13:7, “Drink no wine nor strong drink.” Prov. 31:6, “Give strong drink to him that is ready to perish.” This is an opiate, anesthetic or medical prescription: not a beverage. Isa. 5:11, “Woe to them that follow strong drink.” Isa. 5:22, “Woe to the men that mingle strong drink.” Isa. 24:9, “Strong drink shall be bitter to them that drink 11 . Isa. 28:7, “Priests and prophets have erred through strong drink.” (Thrice.) Isa. 29:9, “They stagger, but not with strong drink.” Isa. 56:12, “We will fill ourselves with strong drink.” Mic. 2:11, “Lying spirit prophesy wine and strong drink.” Num. 28:7, “Strong wine for a drink offering.” (Of- fered, not to be drunk.) Deuteronomy 14 :22-26 is a difficult passage, and seems to furnish an exception to the rule; but perhaps if rightly understood it does not. Professor F. D. Hem- menway, in an article in the Methodist Quarterly Re- view for July, 1878, makes this very judicious comment upon this passage: “It is among the tithes which every Hebrew must set apart to be eaten before the Lord in a solemn religious feast and as a special religious offering and its presence here is thought to be sig- nificant of its value rather than its common use as a beverage among men.” And this interpretation re- ceives strong support from the recent English ver- sions, from which all idea of “soul lusting” has dis- appeared. This canvass of the three important Hebrew words touches the very core of the Oriental wine question, and it is difficult to see how anything can be said that would change the situation one hair’s breadth ; and little need be added except what will throw further light upon, and afford stronger confirmation of, the doctrine here set forth. In our search for additional evidence we 62 Cyclopedia of Temperance will interview several important witnesses; and highest among them all stands the Septuagint. The Septuagint Altogether the most valuable corroborative evidence to be found anywhere is the testimony of the Greek version of the Old Testament made by Greek-Hebrew scholars more than two hundred years before Christ. It is therefore of the utmost importance to inquire how these old Hebrews treated the words under con- sideration; for, let it be remembered that the Septu- agint version is their embalmed opinion. Here we have their own statement as to what they thought these three words meant. Following is the state of the case as it stands forever stereotyped in that ancient version : Yayin, This word they uniformly rendered oinos, which must be accepted as entirely correct, for the first is the generic term for all kinds of wine in He- brew, precisely as the second is the generic term for all kinds of wine in Greek. One is the exact equiva- lent for the other. Tiiosh. This is the Hebrew name for unfermented wine, and they rendered it also with the Greek word oinos, except once (Isa. 65:8), with rox, “new wine in the cluster.” This treatment introduces confusion, as the Hebrew term is specific, while the Greek term is generic. But perhaps it was the best, if not the only, thing that could be done, because the Greek language has no specific term for un fermented wine. Everything in the nature of a beverage from the vine was called oinos. Shekar. With this word a radical change of treat- ment was adopted. They never once translated shekar with oinos. That is significant. That fact alone ought forever to settle the question that tirosh and shekar do not stand for the same kinds of wine. Seven times shekar is translated with a Greek word coined from the verb methuo, which means “I am drunk.” That these translators were obliged to resort to such a word to render shekar is sufficient evidence of its character. Add to this the further fact that they transliterated shekar twelve times making it read sikera, thus Hel- lenizing it and compelling it to retain its debauched character even in the Greek version ! And in that form Cyclopedia of Temperance 63 it appears once in the Greek New Testament (Tuke 1:15). Thus it will appear to any careful person that the overwhelming testimony of the Septuagint supports the thesis here taught, that yayin is the name for all bev- erages obtained from the vine without any reference to their quality or character; that tirosh is the specific term for unfermented wine; and that shekar is the term for all fermented and intoxicating liquors. E. L. Eaton. BIBLE WINES — See Bible and Drink. BIBLIOGRAPHY — Books upon the drink evil in its various phases and upon allied social questions which must be well understood before the drink problem can be mastered are given herewith, but their recommenda- tion does not imply entire agreement on the part of the editors to the sentiments advanced. Indeed, some of them are written from the antiprohibition and anti- abstinence standpoint : “Dry or Die: The Anglo-Saxon Dilemma,” by Clar- ence True Wilson, D.D. “The Greatest Common Destroyer,” by McCain and Pickett. “The Legalized Outlaw,” by Judge Samuel R. Artman. “Alcohol and the Human Body,” by Sir Victor Horsley and Dr. Mary D. Sturge. “Alcohol : How it Affects the Individual, the Com- munity, and the Race,” by Dr. Henry Smith Williams. “Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem,” by Harry S. Warner. “A Century of Drink Reform,” by Dr. August F. Fehlandt. “Profit and Loss in Man,” by Professor A. A. Hop- kins. “American Prohibition Yearbook (1910-11-12).” “Wealth and Waste,” by Professor A. A. Hopkins. “The Drink Problem in Its Medico-Sociological As- pects,” by Dr. T. N. Kelynack. “The Passing of the Saloon,” by Hammell. “The People versus The Liquor Traffic,” by John B. Finch. “The Challenge of the City,” by Josiah Strong. “Temperance Progress in the Nineteenth Century,” by Woolley and Johnson. 64 Cyclopedia of Temperance “The Christian Citizen,” by John G. Woolley. (Three volumes.) “The Saloon Keeper’s Ledger,” by Dr. Louis Albert Banks. “A Sower,” by John G. Woolley. “Civilization by Faith,” by John G. Woolley. “Substitutes for the Saloon; Committee of Fifty,” by Raymond G. Calkins. “Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem ; Commit- tee of Fifty,” by Koren. “The Psychology of Alcoholism,” by Geo. B. Cutten. “Regulation of the Liquor Traffic,” by various au- thors ; “Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science,” vol. 32, No. 2. “The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform,” edited by W. D. P. Bliss. “The Economics of Prohibition,” by Dr. James C. Fernald. “The World Book of Temperance,” by Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts. “Cyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition;” for facts and history of all organizations. Available at many public libraries. “Alcohol in Histo^,” by Eddy. “England in the Eighteenth Century,” by Lecky. “The Economic Basis of Prohibition,” by Patten. “Nervous and Mental Hygiene,” by Forel. “Dependents, Defectives, and Delinquents,” by Hen- derson. “The Effect of Total Abstinence on the Death Rate,” by Van Cise. “The Mortality of Alcohol,” by Phelps. “The Great White Plague,” by Otis. “American Charities,” by A. G. Warner. “The Human Body,” by Martin. “The Relation of Alcohol to Nutrition” — an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 35, 36, by W. S. Hall. “The Translated Proceedings of the Various Con- gresses on Alcoholism.” “Pauperism,” by Booth. “Dangerous Trades,” by Oliver. “The Evolution of Modem Capitalism,” by Hobson. “The Workingman and Social Problems,” by Stelzle. “The Anthracite Coal Communities,” by Roberts. Cyclopedia of Temperance 65 “Problems of Poverty,” by Hobson. “The Standard of Living Among Industrial People,” by Streightoff. “Political Economy,” by Ely. “The Social Condition of Labor,” by Gould. “Waifs of the Slums,” by Benedict. “The New Immigration,” by Roberts. “Immigration,” by Hall. “How the Other Half Lives,” by Riis. “Alien and American,” by Grose. “Utilitarianism,” by Mill. “The Church and Young Men,” by Cressey. “The Religious Conditions of Young Men,” by Oates. “Christian Missions and Social Progress,” by Dennis. “The License Question,” by Dwight Spencer. “The Spirit of Democracy,” by Dole. “The Philadelphia Negro,” by Du Bois. “Criminality Among Colored People,” by J. H. War- ing, in “Charities.” “Taxation in the United States Under the Internal Revenue System,” by Howe. “The American Commonwealth,” by Bryce. “Crime : Its Causes and Remedies,” by Lombroso. “Temperance Bible Commentary,” by Frederick R. Lees. “The Equivalent of War,” by William James. “The Cry of the Children,” by George R. Sims. “Alcohol,” by Mrs. Martha M. Allen. “Medical Temperance Dictionary,” by J. J. Ridge, M.D. “A Practical Treatise on Distillation and Rectifica- tion of Alcohol,” by Wm. Theo. Brannt. “Alcohol and the Human Brain,” by Joseph Cook. “Popular Drugs, Their Use and Abuse,” by Sydney Hillier. “The Action of Alcohol on the Body,” by Sir Benj. Richardson. . “Influence of Alcohol on Fatigue,” by Wm. Halse Rivers-Rivers. “Alcohol, The Sanction for Its Use,” by J. Starke. “Denatured Alcohol,” by Rufus Frost Herrick. “Industrial Alcohol,” by Harvey W. Wiley. “The Nam Family,” by Estabrook. “Inns, Ales, and Drinking Customs of Old England,” by Hackwood. 66 Cyclopedia of Temperance “The Non-Heredity of Inebriety,” by Leslie E. Keeley. “Inebriety or Narcomania,” by Norman Kerr. “Alcoholism,” by McDonald — Chap. 4 — Bureau of Education, Washington. “The History of Drink,” Samuelson. “The Temperance Compendium,” by Walter N. Ed- wards. “The History of Liquor Licensing in England,” by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. “National Efficiency and the Drink Traffic.” “Does it Pay?” by Jno. A. Nicholls. “Handbook of Prohibition,” by A. J. Jutkins. “High License,” by Frederic W. Thompson. “Socialism and the Drink Question,” by Philip Snow- den. “Women and Children in Public Houses,” Parlia- mentary Document. “People’s Refreshment House Association.” “Inebriety,” by Chas. Pollen Palmer. “Alcoholism and Insanity,” by Chas. L. Gregory. “If Not the Saloon, What?” by James E. Freeman. “The Temperance Problem and Social Reform.” “Social Studies,” by Richard Heber Newton. “The Underworld and the Upper,” by Chas. A. Starr. “Economics of the Drink Problem,” by J. Johnson Baker. “Alcoholism, A Study in Heredity,” by G. Archdall Reid. “Drunkenness in Massachusetts.” (Foxboro Hos- pital.) “Alcoholism in Industry,” by Wm. H. Tolman. “Alcoholism,” by W. C. Sullivan. Senate Document 48, Sixty-first Congress, entitled, “Scientific Conclusions Concerning the Alcohol Prob- lem.” “Indiana Circuit Court Decision (Artman) Relating to Liquor License;” Senate Document 284, Eifty-ninth Congress, Second Session. “Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue” (published annually in January). “Statistical Abstract of the United States” (published annually in March). “Relation of the Liquor Traffic to Pauperism, Insan- ity, and Crime,” Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Cyclopedia of Temperance 67 “Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem,” Twelfth Annual Report of the United States Commission of Labor. BLIND PIGS — It is a favorite argument with the liquor interests that wiping out the licensed saloon results in a large increase in the number of illicit places selling liquor. The direct contrary is true. The licensed saloon inevitably breeds blind pigs. As a rule, it is not hard to ascertain nearly the exact number of illicit liquor shops in any community. This is due to the fact that the blind pigger has a very wholesome fear of Uncle Sam, and while he is willing to operate without a state or local license, he is not willing to incur the danger of running without a permit from the federal government. So he pays his federal tax, takes his receipt, the transaction is recorded by the federal government, and then the pigger proceeds to business with no fear of the lesser authorities. In the fall of 1914 the Temperance Society, desiring to make a study that would turn up accurate informa- tion in regard to this question, conducted inquiries in every state of the Union to ascertain the disparity be- tween the number of state licenses or total of county licenses and the number of federal tax receipts in each of these states. Reliable figures were secured from Michigan, Florida, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Washington (then a license state), Texas, Ohio, Idaho, and Kansas. The following table tells the story: State Number Number Excess State Federal Federal Licenses Licenses Licenses Michigan *3,983 **7,187 3,204 Florida 354 1,051 697 New Hampshire 606 867 261 Rhode Island 397 2,502 2,105 Washington 2,340 2,802 462 Texas 3,100 4,964 1,864 Ohio 5,355 11,419 6,064 Idaho 226 624 398 Kansas ***515 515 *Both wholesale and retail. **Retail only. ***June 30, 1914. The federal figures in the former edition of this book were erroneously given as of June 30, 1914. 68 Cyclopedia of Temperance They were actually as of June 30, 1913. The present table gives federal figures for June 30, 1914. In no case do the federal figures cover anything except retail dealers in liquors and retail dealers in malt liquors. All state figures are for state licenses or are totals of local licenses. It should be noticed that these states represent practically every section of the country. After making all allowances for differences in state laws and federal laws, the above table conclusively proves that the more saloons licensed by the state the more saloons run without a state license. The difference between the number of federal licenses and state licenses is almost a census of the number of blind pigs in any state. The difference between these various license states and the prohibition state of Kansas, however, is even greater than this table would show, for whereas a blind pig in license territory usually runs year in and year out and is often connected with a house of ill-fame, in Kansas a man may buy a federal tax receipt, sell one drink, and go to jail for six months. It is exceedingly probable that not one man in one hundred who buys a federal tax receipt to sell liquors continues in business sixty days without facing a judge if he tries to do business in Kansas. The number of holders of federal tax receipts in Kansas is steadily decreasing, and it is certain that each succeeding year will show a less total, at least for many years to come. In 1909, the number was more than eight times the present figure. Figures are available also from New York and Illi- nois, but not from sources which warrant us in ^aran- teeing them. According to the liquor press, in New York, in 1913, there were 23,472 saloons licensed by the state. During this time the internal revenue collectors issued 34,522 permits to sell liquors. This means that there were in New York State just exactly 11,150 blind pigs, as contrasted with 515 in Kansas. The liquor press is also responsible for the statement that there are in Illinois 12,708 licensed saloons, but there are 22,754 dealers in liquors holding the federal tax receipt. This indicates the presence in Illinois of 10,046 blind pigs, tigers, etc. Cyclopedia of Temperance 69 The full significance of these figures, however, can only be gathered from their consideration in connec- tion with the state population. Looking at it from this standpoint New York has 1,239 blind pigs to the million of population; Illinois has 1,784 blind pigs to the million of population; Kansas has 305 to the mil- lion of population. The Tale of the Cities ' Investigations covering only license cities show very much the same results. There are 483 “lawful” saloons in Denver. Nevertheless, the number of federal tax receipts in force in the fall of 1914 was five hundred more than the number of local licenses. In San Fran- cisco there were in October, 1914, 4,213 legal saloons and an excess of tax receipts indicating 1,300 blind pigs. Indeed, Past Grand Valiant Commander William C. Wood, spokesman for the Knights of the Royal Arch Committee, admitted that there were not less than 1,200 blind pigs in the city in March, 1912, at a time when there were 3,300 liquor establishments. So it seems that an increase in the number of saloons of 913 had been accompanied by an increase in the number of blind pigs of one hundred. In Los Angeles, in the same state, in a year when there were 650 licensed saloons, there were 194 blind pigs arrested. Four years ago Portland, Ore., had eight hundred licensed saloons. According to the fed- eral record, there were also 1,000 holders of federal tax receipts who did not hold a license. Ohio and Pennsylvania have had the same experience as the Pacific Coast. The police of Cincinnati complain that the speak-easies give them more trouble than the Sunday closing proposition. In March, 1914, there was a statement in the Cleveland press that “speak-easies and bootlegging joints are running wide open in Cleve- land downtown districts.” Under Pennsylvania’s “Model” Law The official liquor license directory of the state of Pennsylvania for 1913 was said to contain the correct names and post office address of all brewers, distillers, wholesalers, retailers, hotels, and cafes in the state. Nearly fourteen thousand names were in the directory. However, according to the records of the Internal 70 Cyclopedia of Temperance Revenue Department there were at the same time 23,443 persons in Pennsylvania paying the government liquor tax. This means there were 9,443 speak-easies in that “model” license state. West Virginia’s Experience West Virginia operated her saloons under license for half a century and prided herself that she had the best license law of any state in the Union. Under that law speak-easies grew in number until in the wet centers they were more numerous than licensed places. Prior to the state-wide election Wheeling police reported 135 licensed saloons in that city. At the same time the revenue officials reported 272 federal taxpayers. That meant 135 licensed saloons and 137 speak-easies. In Parkersburg there were thirty-nine licensed dealers and forty-three speak-easies. This proportion held good in other wet towns. In 1912 the voters put the entire state in the dry column by nearly one hundred thousand majority, repudiating “the best license law in the coun- try.” At the time West Virginia voted dry there were 498 licensed dealers and 929 unlicensed dealers, but all these 929 had paid the government tax. The study is not weakened by turning to the South. In speaking of Birmingham, Ala., in June, 1914, Mida’s Criterion, the liquor magazine, said: “So great is the number of blind tigers in Birmingham that ten of them have been found in one block of the city and there are in existence wholesale blind tiger supply houses.” No wonder Alabama went dry! The best way to free territory from the unlicensed liquor traffic, the blind pig, is to strike the licensed liquor traffic, the seeing pig, with the ax of prohibition exactly where it will do the most good. BLUE LAWS — Much is heard from the liquor press about “Blue Laws.” They point with horror to the early days of Connecticut when “a mother could not kiss her child on the Sabbath Day.” We see no likeli- hood of the return of such a law, although it is exceed- ingly probable that it will soon be a crime to sell a poison that makes a father go home on the Sabbath Day and, instead of kissing his child, pitch it into the fireplace. In the Brewers’ Yearbook for 1911 they cite a long list of “Connecticut Blue Laws.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 71 But the brewers do not let us know that the so-called “Blue Laws” which they regard with such horror pro- vided for inflicting a fine upon any settlement that did not furnish a tavern and drink for the accommodation of the people. For a great many years now prohibitionists have been striving to overthrow the red laws, which make murder and poverty and insanity and social disorder a matter of revenue and commercialism. BLUE RIBBON MOVEMENT— The blue rib- bon is taken as a badge of abstinence by millions of people in Great Britain and has been similarly used to a slight extent in this country. The movement in Great Britain dates from about 1878. BOARDS — (For list of churches uttering temper- ance sentiments, see Churches. For information in regard to the Temperance Society, see Temperance Society of the Methodist Church.) The relation of Boards of Temperance of the various churches to the other boards of their denominations is necessarily vital. The close connection with the work of the Sunday School and Epworth League is apparent. It is not realized, however, how close this connection is with the work of the Freedmen’s Aid, Home Missions, Education, and even Foreign Missions. The Freedmen’s Aid is trying to uplift the Negro; the liquor traffic, located in centers of power, is using every device and agency to debauch him. The Board of Home Missions is trying to promote good citizen- ship among immigrants and in frontier towns ; the saloon is peculiarly a bane to our foreign-born citizens and to the undeveloped communities. The Board of Education is trying to promote the fullest development of the young life of the nation; the liquor traffic at every point bars progress. As the temperance work of the church prospers, every other activity is favorably affected. These great institutions of the Church are one in character, purpose, and necessity. None are minor. That of this many are ignorant, the blanks and nominal sums in the general minutes too sadly show. The truth is that these great interests are not separate and dis- tinct, the one major and the other minor in importance. 72 Cyclopedia of Temperance They are a unit in purpose and of like worth to the extent of their claims. A Chain of Seven Links Take as a center of consideration the Foreign Mis- sionary cause whose position is the best assured in the heart of the Church, and what have we? A young man has heard the voice of God in his soul and the call of the Church in his ear, summoning him to the ministry of the gospel. His heart prompts him to enter the foreign field. He offers himself to the Board of Foreign Missions and asks aid to secure an education. He is informed that the charter, laws, and ability of the Society prevent. They can only’ employ him when thoroughly equipped; “Go to the Board of Education, it is theirs to aid such as you.” With this help, always meager, where can he go to get the most for his money? Without a question, the schools maintained by the Freedmen’s Aid Society, or by our “Board of Education,” meet this condition. If he be preparing to teach, it is difficult to see where else he can secure his training. The time comes, however, when our young missionary has completed the curriculum of the schools, is accepted by the Board and assigned to his field. He must have Bibles in the vernacular of the people. The missionary society cannot honor his ap- peal. It is sent to the “Bible Society” and his need supplied. Now Sunday Schools must be established, not one, but a chain of them. We must reach the youth to make a certain and lasting success. If in the United States, private dwellings, schoolhouses, and groves are open to his purpose; but the general poverty and indif- ference is against making the necessary outlay to insure success. A letter to the mission rooms brings an- other refusal, but also a recommendation to the Board of Sunday Schools, which forwards the requisites re- quired. The Sunday Schools thus aided will grow into churches in the near future. Hundreds of congregations all over the land thus had their origin and would never have come to birth but for this begetting. So another want is born of the present achievement. Every success in the Lord’s work opens a new opportunity and a new demand. The need of a church building to be followed by many more is developed. Cyclopedia of Temperance 73 Appeals to Foreign Missionary authorities, if he be in a home field, are again futile; yet success cannot be permanent without a hive for his swarm. Buildings must be had. The people identified with him are as yet few and poor. Applications properly made to the “Board of Home Missions and Church Extension” bring aid sufficient, either by donation or loan, or both, to stimulate all to do their best; and so houses of worship are secured; this struggling church is still developing, this Board appropriates missionary funds to aid in the pastor’s support until the charge becomes able to sup- port itself. Four thousand such pastors are being aided now. But another want develops : They are without Chris- tian literature and there is no demand for it that would make books salable. What is to be done? An- other call upon the mission rooms results in a reference to the Temperance Society and supplies are granted and shipped at once to the missionap^. He will get tracts on tobacco, liquor, social purity, Sabbath ob- servance, moral reforms, wall rolls for total abstinence pledge signers, pledge cards, leaflets for Christian Citi- zenship Reading Circles, and books, plans, and field assistance in his aggressive fight with the powers of evil. Now tell me what link in this chain could have been omitted without disaster to the general cause? Which member can be amputated or maimed without suffering to all and defeat to the object of their creation and existence? Not only are they all important, but of equal importance in their several places. Each being part of a great whole, the impairing of one would break the completeness of the agency. We can serve the great missionary cause best, only, as we serve the others also. They are spokes in the wheel of which this is the hub. “All are members of the same body, and the eye cannot say unto the hand I have no need of thee, nor again the head to the feet I have no need of you.” The cause is one, the agency is a unit, the different benevolences are members of the same body. “And whether one member suffer all of the other members suffer with it; or one member be honored, all the members rejoice with it.” If suffer- ing comes to any, the one most in need is the one that 74 Cyclopedia of Temperance because of well-understood conditions is likely to re- ceive more than its share of privation through neglect. BOOZE — On March 22, 1915, two whisky bottles were sold in New York for $58. Blown into them was the name of E. C. Booz, a Philadelphia distiller of about 1840. It is said that his name introduced “booze” into the vernacular. There was an old English word, “bouse,” which meant alcoholic liquor, although one cannot say why. Sheridan used “boozed” in “The School for Scandal.” An interesting, though seemingly far-fetched supposi- tion is that the word is derived from the practice of worshiping Osiris, the Egyptian god, or- Busiris, as he was often called, with drinking orgies. It is supposed that when the Egyptians saw a man reeling down the street they would say, “He is boozy”; that is, “He is affected with the spirit of Busiris.” BRAIN — (See also Alcohol, Effects of; and Medi- cal Practice.) It is now a well-known fact that alcohol and similar poisons affect first the most delicate structures of the brain and nerve centers. It is because of the truth of this that the man who becomes intoxicated loses first his sense of decency, his ability to think clearly and accurately, and to associate ideas. As his intoxication progresses it affects those nerve and brain powers which control the senses. He begins to see double, to be unable to control his movements; his power of smell, hearing, and sight are distinctly lessened. It has been well said that intoxication epitomizes the whole histo^ of insanity. The man who becomes dead drunk within the space of a few hours undergoes very much the same change as the man who becomes gradually insane, and he who keeps his association and motor senses slightly drugged all of the time by “moderate” drink- ing is not entirely a sane man. He is constantly drunk to a slight degree, and is therefore constantly insane to a slight degree. BRANDY — Brandy is produced by distilling wine, or is supposed to be so produced. As a matter of fact, it is usually only an imitation of the pure product. BREWERS — The interests of the liquor trade are now largely in the hands of the brewers. It is they Cyclopedia of Temperance 75 who determine the methods by which the prohibition movement shall be opposed. At the present moment this opposition is inspired by frantic fear. According to the declaration of President Schmidt of the United States Brewers’ Association before their convention, held in New Orleans “the only organized opposition to the extra tax on beer has come from the vari- ous Methodist conferences, from the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the Anti-Saloon Ueague, and other prohibition bodies,” and that “the strongest forces arrayed on the side of the Hobson-Sheppard prohibition bill were the members of the Methodist and Baptist Churches, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the Epivorth League, and the Anti-Saloon League.” The Brewers Own the Saloons Every time they meet, the brewers resolve to “re- form,” and if reform is to be accomplished by internal revolution, it is well to look to the brewers for it, as they control a majority of the saloons in the United States to-day. A legislative commission, appointed by the state of Minnesota, found that 712 of the 814 saloons in St. Paul and Minneapolis were owned or controlled by brewers. Forty per cent of the licenses in Minneapolis and seventy-eight per cent in St. Paul were paid for by brewery checks. Four hundred and twenty-eight saloon buildings were owned by them. They also found that the brewers supplied beer to blind pigs, maintained a fund to pay fines for them, and employed men to defend them in court. There were 129 convictions of blind pigs in 1909 and 104 in 1910, In view of the success of the brewers in “reforming” in St. Paul and Minneapolis, where they control such a large proportion of the saloons, we do not wonder that National President Timothy McDonough of the Liquor League of the United States, in an address before the State Convention of the Iowa Liquor Dealers’ Associa- tion, May 23, 1911, said: “The resolutions of the brew- ers sound well, but they are ALL ROT.” But St. Paul and Minneapolis do not present the only testimony to the hypocrisy of the “reform” cry on the part of the brewers. Possibly nowhere are saloon conditions worse than in Pittsburgh, but an investiga- 76 Cyclopedia of Temperance tion by the Gazette-Times in that city revealed the fact that Pittsburgh saloons owe the breweries, on mortgages and judgments, more than $5,000,000. The Gazette-Times asserts that the brewers and wholesalers use the license transfer court as a collecting agency, and that “scores of places could not exist if the finan- cial backing now given them by the brewers were with- drawn.” It seems that the wholesalers habitually estab- lish places and set up saloon keepers where no existing trade demands such action. They are sent forward as trade scouts to cultivate the appetite for alcohol. In Collusion with Criminals The attitude of the brewers toward law and society in general was also made quite clear by President Sam- uel Dickie of Albion College, Albion, Mich., at the time he was preparing for his debate with Mayor Rose of Milwaukee. Dr. Dickie suggested to friends in Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana that they write to the most widely-known brewing firms of Milwaukee, frankly asking in what way they would cooperate in locating blind pigs in prohibition districts. One man wrote from the prohibition town of Harrisburg, 111., to the Fred Miller Brewing Company, and got the following reply: “We should, of course, like to supply that district with our beer, and we can either arrange to supply you from Cairo, or we can make casks that have an appear- ance the same as a sugar barrel. * * * We could send our advertising matter, also order postals, and we would inquire whether this arrangement would be satisfactory to you. * * * We have similar arrangements with a lot of our customers, and hope to hear from you cov- ering this matter further by return mail.” ♦ ♦ ♦ The Pabst Brewing Company, asked for similar trade from a “dry” county of Michigan, revealed their every- day attitude toward this sort of thing by eagerly encour- aging their supposed prospective customer and “thank- ing” him for his request. Similar inquiries brought similar responses from the Schlitz Brewing Company, from the Joseph Schultz Brewing Company, the Jung Brewing Company, and the Gutsch Brewing Company, all beer firms of Wisconsin’s metropolis. In fact, the replies, plainly betraying the brewing companies’ under- Cyclopedia of Temperance 77 standing of the supposed legal status of their prospec- tive patrons, were in several cases in the form of printed circular letters, showing the backbone of the “blind pig” industry in prohibition states is, in reality, the big brewer in the license cities of near-by license states. The brewers are no more law-abiding in license terri- tory. “Every time I arrest a man who is running a blind pig I find, when I get to court, that the representative of the brewery has been there before me. He threatens whatever judge is sitting there with political death if he doesn’t ‘listen to reason,’ ” said Detective J. N. Flynn of Chicago. And Mr. Robert J. Northold, an attorney of that city, stated that “the breweries are behind the Chicago blind pig men and fight tooth and nail to have them dis- charged when we have them arrested.” His testimony was backed up by Lieutenant John McCarthy of the police. Lieutenant McCarthy asserted that “if it wasn’t for the politicians and the influence of the breweries, I would drive the blind pigs out of Rogers Park in four weeks.” How the Brewers Fight The present line of opposition to the prohibition movement on the part of the brewers seems to involve a divorce from the distillery interests, the development of the liquor appetite among women and children, the building up of the family beer wagon trade, and the extension of the European idea of beer gardens “where a man may take his wife and children.” In a leading editorial of May 1, 1914, the Brewers' Journal, under the head, “Divorce Yourselves from Whisky,” clearly outlined this defensive campaign : “The franchise will be extended to all women in this country — some day. There is little doubt about that. Within a few years most of our large and indus- trially developing states will grant the vote to the opposite sex, and where will the brewing industry be then, if it is still considered to be in alliance with the distillers and whisky selling saloons? “The interests of the brewing industry demand a clean and resolute separation from the interests of the distilling industry. This separation must be effected 78 Cyclopedia ot Temperance at once, unless the brewing industry shall suffer with those whom an ever-growing number of voters are determined to eliminate from our social and economic fabric.” The Brewers’ Journal acknowledges that “the saloon has become an eyesore to hundreds of thousands of Americans, ”^and it concludes that, therefore, the saloon must go; that the brewing trade has no right to assist in its own destruction by continuing a detrimental alli- ance. It offers this program of reconstruction: “It will be comparatively easy to convince the women voters that beer and light wines are not detrimental to those accustomed to consuming them. The rapid devel- opment of the bottling trade shows that beer is a wel- come adjunct to the family meal, and women themselves enjoy taking a glass of beer in their own homes.” This is not simply an isolated editorial for practically all of the brewing press is constantly preaching the development of the trade along these lines. On Octo- ber 1, 1914, the Journal said : “Newspaper advertising for beer should be designed to attract and appeal to women as well as men, for if beer is to be used in the home, women must be won over to it.” How It is to Be Done And on a date somewhat previous (August 1, 1914) to the publication of the last paragraph we have quoted, the Journal suggests how this development may proceed : “The next step in order will be to invest part of the brewers’ capital in the purchase of land or buildings available for places of recreation and public entertain- ment. There should no longer be a brewery in this country that does not own or finance one or several beer gardens, restaurants, or other places where beer is served, the arrangement to be according to the w^ell- known and profitable European plan. “More beer will be consumed in places of that kind than in saloons where only comparatively few men will stand at the bar and hastily swallow the contents of a glass or two. Beer gardens and restaurants, as they exist everywhere in Germany, Austria, and some other European countries, are visited by a far larger proportion of the population than the American saloon. “Another important step to be taken by brewers, who have not done so already, is the stimulation of the Cyclopedia of Temperance 79 bottling trade. It increases the sale of the brewers’ product, as bottled beer goes to the families where it formerly was an unknown item in the housewife’s economy. “There are many thousands of families where bottled beer appears on the table at noon and evenings. The bottled beer is an effective weapon in the hands of the brewer who desires to do a profitable business and leave his brewery in the possession of his sons and daughters.” In promoting development along this line the brewers are using advertising illustrated with women holding glasses of beer in their hands, and are outlining such courses of advertising in their trade periodicals for the benefit of the retail trade. In Chicago, very recently, young men of attractive appearance were sent around to the residence districts to solicit orders for beer by the case. Premiums of chinaware and other articles interesting only to women and children were freely offered to promote sales. The Liberal Advocate, organ of the retail liquor deal- ers in Ohio, suggests that barmaids would improve the social tone of the retail places and induce the attend- ance of women. The makers of whisky are trying to edge into the brewers’ line of play. Bon fort’s Wine and Spirit Circular of December 10, 1914, said: “It’s a long lane that has no turning and a strange tide that has no ebb — so we may confidently count on the prohibition movement retreating one of these days. Before this occurs, however, the American saloon with its bar and its screens and its perpendicular drinking and its treating habit must be changed into a cafe which a man may enter without hesitation accompanied by his wife and daughter.” How can any man who is not an idiot fail to see that the thing most obnoxious to an American is the spectacle of women drinking, at home, in a cafe, or any- where else? Of course, this is middle-class provincialism, but it is also Americanism, and if the liquor people despise that sentiment the quicker they get out of the country the quicker they will be in harmonious sur- roundings. 80 Cyclopedia of Temperance After the Babies, Too And the brewers are not hesitating to push their propaganda not only among women, but among chil- dren. Among the booklets circulated at the Brewers’ Con- gress in Chicago and now being widely circulated was one, entitled, “A Genial Philosopher,” which glorifies in conversational form the “food and tonic properties of beer.” “Have I ever told you,” remarks the “philosopher,” “how my wife started beer drinking up at our house? She and the new baby hadn’t been in the best of health. In fact, we were all more or less run down. The little woman became imbued with the idea that we must have bottled beer and drink it with our meals.” “And baby, too?” queried Huston. “Well, obviously the boy would participate in its benefits,” replied Morgan. (For the effect of beer upon children, see Child Wel- fare.) The writer holds in his hand an advertisement of the Hennepin Brewing Company, the Moorhead (Minn.) branch. It is illustrated. The final picture, which is of a man, his wife, and a little boy, all drinking beer, has under it this verse : “And now, dear reader, you see. There is a new branch on the Brau family tree, If you want to know why. This kid is so spry. Just order some Brau and you will see.” (In this connection, see also Women, and Heredity.) BREWING — The art of brewing is one of the oldest arts of which we have any knowledge. Brewing was known and practiced by the Egyptians, perhaps 1,000 years before the beginning of the Christian era. It was practiced by the Greeks, Romans, and ancient Gauls. Herodotus, 450 B. C., tells us how Egyptians made wine from grain. Pliny repeats the same statement and many others of those early writers refer to it. Tacitus states in the first century A. D. that it was the usual beverage among the Germans, and further, the art of malting and brewing was probably introduced into Great Britain by the Romans. Even the Kaffirs, a race in Africa, make beer from millet seed. As early as the twelfth century beer was used in England and was Cyclopedia of Temperance 81 especially prepared from malt made by the monks. The convent at Burton on Trent became celebrated at a very early date for the quality of its ale, which was attributed to the special quality of the water. As early as 1585 there were twenty-six breweries in London, with an output of 650,000 barrels per annum. It is interesting to note that New York City produces ten times that quantity, and the entire United States pro- duces one hundred times that quantity. The term ale was used in England before the introduction of hops and probably came from the Scandinavians. The use of hops was derived from Germany and the name beer was first applied to malt liquor containing hops. Dr. Chandler, in speaking before the United States Master Brewers’ Association, said that when hops was first introduced into England in 1649 the people peti- tioned the King against its use, saying that it was a “wicked weed’’ which would spoil the drink and endan- ger the lives of the people. The English made a mis- take common to the present generation, which frequently attributes the evil of the saloon to tables, or chairs, or music, or screens, whereas the real evil in beer is spelled “alcohol.” (For a description of the process of making the beverage, see Beer; for information as to the develop- ment and strength of brewing industry and the pres- ent attitude of the brewing trade, see Brewers.) BRIBERY — See Brewers; and Lawlessness. BRYAN. WILLIAM JENNINGS— Mr. Bryan’s action in refusing to serve his guests with liquor and proffering instead grape juice was the logical culmina- tion of a life of total abstinence and temperance advo- cacy. Long ago he said : “A saloon is a nuisance. Its influence for evil cannot be confined to the building in which it is conducted any more than can the odors of a slaughter house be confined to the block in which it is located.” BULGARIA — (See Balkan countries.) BUSINESS — (For the effect of prohibition upon business, see State Prohibition, Local Prohibition, Kan- sas, West Virginia, North Carolina, and North Dakota. For the relation of the liquor industry to workmen. 82 Cyclopedia of Temperance see Labor; and for its relation to the producer of raw materials, see Farmer. For the effect of alcohol upon industrial efficiency and the changing attitude of great business organizations toward drinking, see Industry. See also Objections to Prohibition.) BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS. FAKE— Under the head of “Brewers” may be found a reference to the fondness of the liquor interests for operating under an alias. Never do they conduct a fight against prohibi- tion under their own name. They wear such masks as “Business Men’s Association,” “Manufacturers’ and Merchants’ League,” etc., etc. The action of Attorney-General Looney of Texas in starting suit against the “Business Men’s Association of Texas” revealed that this organization was composed of seven breweries. The evidence introduced by Attorney-General Looney showed that these breweries had violated their charter by pretending that they were organized for a certain purpose when they were really organized for another; that, contrary to state law, they had systematically paid the poll tax of Negroes and Mexicans in order to qual- ify them for voting; that they had used coercion in securing signatures to protests against national prohibi- tion ; and had been guilty of many other grave mis- demeanors. The evidence introduced involved a number of let- ters. One letter to the president of the Texas Brewing Company, Zane Gotti, from Adolphus Busch, under date of October 19, 1905, urged him to pay his assessment to the “Educational Bureau,” and said: This work has got to be done systematically, and the best writers of onr country will have to lend their assistance. It may cost us a million dollars and even more, but what of it if thereby we elevate our position? We will have to be liberal with the press of many states and with friends to gain the ear of Senators or Members of Congress. In another letter Mr. Busch, writing from Pasadena, Cal., asserts that he is willing to “give $100,000 extra, if necessary,” to defeat state-wide prohibition in Texas in the election of 1911, and he concludes his letter in this striking way : Besides losing our business by state-wide prohibition, we would lose our honor and standing of ourselves and families, and rather than lose that we should risk the majority of our fortunes. Now this is the way we have to talk to the boys in order to get them all in line to subscribe without hesitation. Cyclopedia of Temperance 83 Some of the letters offered by Attorney-General Looney in evidence threatened various business firms with loss of trade if they did not subscribe to the anti- prohibition fund, some of these letters even being directed as far as Bohemia. One communication chides a field worker for putting into writing an account of how they had paid the poll tax of Negroes. And it was all done under the name, “Business Men’s Association of Texas.” CALIFORNIA — One hundred and fifty-three super- visoral districts are dry and 117 wet. Only seven counties are entirely wet. Twenty counties are entirely dry outside incorporated towns. During the year, one city substituted a “Regulation Ordinance” for prohibi- tion, and one dry town disincorporated, but one town incorporated and voted dry, and one county seat voted dry, leaving ninety-eight dry cities and incorporated towns. One county adopted a county-wide prohibi- tion ordinance, thus adding three dry districts, and three districts previously wet voted dry under the local option law, a net gain of six districts. No dry dis- tricts have been lost this year, though the liquor in- terests have made attempts in seven districts. The Legislature passed the “Blind Pig Abatement Law” and a law prohibiting sale of liquor to Indians and to whites who habitually associate with Indians. The California Campaign Federation, formed by the federation of the temperance forces of the whole state, began, on Octo- ber 1, 1915, a campaign to carry two amendments to the state constitution. They provide for; “Forbidding dispensing alcoholic liquors in public places after Jan- uary 1, 1918”; and “Prohibiting all manufacture, sale, importation into or transportation within the state after January 1, 1920.” They will be voted upon November 7, 1916. CANADA — Temperance sentiment in Canada, to- quote the Canadian Royal Templar, is “making enor- mous strides, especially in Ontario and Manitoba. The- cause is at least holding its own, and here and there gaining ground, m Quebec and the maritime provinces. There is every indication of early fruition of earnest" efforts in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columi- bia. In a word, Canada is rapidly turning white.'' 84 Cyclopedia of Temperance The European war has given a great impetus to the Canadian temperance movement. The Toronto Globe, the organ of liberal opinion, early in 1915 said: “The people of Ontario care not one whit for petty matters of party advantage, but they do care and will insist that their elected representatives in the Legislature shall care, and shall care supremely, for those things that make for sober citizenship as against intemperance, for economic prudence as against waste, for industrial effi- ciency as against unfitness, and for moral reform as against reaction. The searchlight may have to be turned on the lobbyists of the liquor traffic who haunt the corridors of Parliament session after session, if indeed they do not sometimes fill the seats of legislation.” CAPITAL — The amount of capital tied up in the production of alcoholic liquors, according to the last available census returns, was $771,516,000. The invest- ment has grown in the past sixty years from about $10,000,000. The next census will probably show a distinct decrease in the amount of capital invested, but in the decade ending 1910 there had been an increase of 68.5 per cent. The following table from a bulletin of the United States Census shows the development of the liquor manufacturing industry during the past sixty years : Census Spirits Malt Liquors Wines Total 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 $ 5,409,334 12,445,675 15,545,116 24,247,595 31,006,178 32,551,604 72,450,000 $ 4,072,380 15,782,342 48,779,435 91,208,224 232,471,290 415,284,468 671,158,000 306,300 2,334,394 2,581,910 5,792,783 9,838,015 27,980,000 $ 9,481,714 28,534,317 66,658,945 118,037,729 269,270,251 457,674,087 771,516,000 The capital involved is distributed as follows : Total capital of the distilled liquor traffic of the United States $ 72,450,000 Total capital of the malt or fermented liquor traf- fic (beer) 671,158,000 Total capital of the vinous liquor traffic 27,908,000 Total capital invested in liquor traffic $771,516,000 (For the relation of the capital involved to wages, producer of raw materials, etc., see Labor, and Farmer.) CATCH-MY-PAL MOVEMENT— The catch-my- pal movement in Ireland is uniquely described by Dr. Clarence True Wilson in the following words : Cyclopedia of Temperance 85 “One of the most interesting features of the mod- ern temperance reform originated in old Ireland. One thing that makes it fascinating is that it is so strictly Irish. The Rev. Robert J. Patterson of Armagh was one day walking down the street, when he saw six men standing around a lamp post. One of them accosted him with the query, ‘Don’t you think it would be a good thing to take a temperance pledge to these fellows and get them to sign it?’ Some of the men were half un- der the influence of liquor at that time. This preacher did not despise his opportunity, but, turning and join- ing the company, began to appeal to those warm-hearted Irishmen on behalf of their native land. He showed them that the drinkers make the liquor problem, and the men who have made the problem ought to settle it; that, worse than absentee-landlordism for old Ire- land, is rum rule and the misery and poverty of drunk- enness. They were soon all ready to sign the pledge. ‘No,’ said Mr. Patterson, ‘we don’t want any more Christians who just want to save themselves, nor any more temperance men who are doing nothing to save the world. If you men mean business, report at the manse on Friday night when the curfew bell rings, and each one of you bring one of your pals.’ On Fri- day night, July 16, 1909, fourteen, all drinkers, filed into the Presbyterian Manse, and before the evening was over they had formed the ‘Catch-My-Pal’ Society; had taken as their motto, ‘We will see this thing through’; and, holding each other by the hand, had taken this pledge: ‘For God and home and native land, and with the help of Almighty God we pledge ourselves that we will not drink a drop of intoxicating liquor, and that on the weekly anniversary of this night we will assemble ourselves and report our experience and bring as many of our pals as we can induce to join us in this work to save old Ireland from rum.’ “No other temperance movement has ever grown with such rapidity. They do not add each week; they multi- ply. At the end of one year they had spread over Ireland, they had crossed the channel into Wales and England. The celebration of their first anniversary was one of the biggest holidays .Ireland ever witnessed. Hundreds of saloons have been closed and the multi- plying process is moving like a Pentecost. There is no counting the numbers. In a year and a half some 86 Cyclopedia of Tempeiance estimate them at a million. But whatever the number was last week, it is larger now. God bless old Ireland,” CATHOLIC TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES— The Catholic Church has not been generally considered by Protestants to be an asset of the temperance move- ment. Everybody remembers what happened to the boy who was trying to make plain to his companions that nearly every saloon keeper is a Catholic, and adopted the demonstration method of sticking his head in the first saloon and yelling, “To hell with the Pope!” But the Catholic Total Abstinence Union is rapidly grow- ing in strength and prestige and many Catholics are earnestly working for its advancement. On August 4, 5, 1914, a Catholic Prohibition League was organized at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and it looks as if it would realize its ambition — the enrollment of 100,000 Catholic men and women before July, 1915. Some utterances by leading Catholics against the liquor evil are : “Let pastors do their best to drive the plague of intem- perance from the fold of Christ by assiduous preaching and exhortation, and to shine before all as models of abstinence, that so many calamities with which this vice threatens both church and state may, by their strenuous endeavors, be averted.” — Letter dated Rome, March 27, 1887, to Arch- bishop Ireland. “As to the right of the state to prohibit, there can be no question, since the right to suppress crime involves the right to suppress its chief cause. Suppression of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages is the only adequate remedy.” — Bishop Spaulding, Peoria, 111. Archbishop Ireland would wipe out the accursed traffic. “Would God place in my hand a wand with which to dispel the evil of intemperance, I would strike the door of every saloon, of every distillery, of every brewery, until the ac- cursed traffic should be wiped from the face of the earth.” — “Catholics and Prohibition Quarterly.” Cardinal Manning says liquor is the antagonist of the Holy Ghost: “For thirty years I have been priest and bishop in Lon- don, and now approach my eightieth year. I have learned some lessons, and the first thing is this. The chief bar to the working of the Holy Spirit of God in the souls of men and women is intoxicating drink. I know no antagonist to the Holy Spirit more direct, more subtle, more stealthy, more ubiquitous than intoxicating drink.” — “Catholics and Pro- hibition Quarterly.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 87 CELL LIFE — Alcohol is a deadly enemy to the unit of animal life. The amoeba, that beautiful unicellular animal, is profoundly affected by even small doses of alcohol, actually by one drop of alcohol in one thou- sand drops of normal saline solution, the fluid in which it is best at home. By alcohol it is irritated, “stimu- lated,” if you like, just at first, but quickly numbed, then paralyzed, and finally killed. The white blood cell is practically an amoeba. Alco- hol taken into the stomach is rapidly absorbed through the mucous membrane into the blood vessels. There it comes into contact with the white corpuscles of the blood, and they likewise are irritated, numbed, paralyzed, and even killed. Thus these cells, which should be alert, discriminating, and efficient, like any well-trained con- stable, become lazy, inert, and altogether inefficient, when any undesirables in the shape of bacteria cause “riot in the veins.” (See also Leucocytes.) CENTRAL AMERICA — The manufacture of spir- its is to a large extent a government monopoly in Cen- tral America. Only San Salvador prohibits minors from entering- saloons or being served with liquors. Mr. Guy Hayler says : “There is no restriction in the hours of sale or the number of places, the idea being that the larger the number of saloons and the more liquor disposed of, the better for the revenue. There is also no law pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors to the Indians, and it is stated that the Maya Indians, which were once a great race, are being ‘wiped out of existence by the liquor traffic.’ The English and American traders are accused by the missionaries of distributing gin to the natives at Christmas, by which an enormous amount of mischief is done. At one time prohibition was thor- oughly enforced in the Moskito Indian Reservation in Nicaragua, but the government is now so decidedly in favor of the liquor traffic that even this restraint has been removed. It is greatly to be regretted that so little temperance work is being done there.” CHAMPAGNE — An effervescent wine containing about twelve per cent of alcohol. It gets its name from the province of Champagne, France. 88 Cyclopedia of Temperance The effervescent quality of the wine is due to the presence of carbonic acid gas. Champagne is made by bottling the wine before the second fermentation is completed. The gas in the bottle is retained by careful sealing. The word “dry,” used in qualifying cham- pagne, means the absence of any great amount of sugar or acid. CHESTERFIELD, LORD — In speaking against the Gin Act before the House of Lords, February 21, 1743, Lord Chesterfield assailed the principle of license in the following brilliant indictment: “To pretend, my lords, that the design of this bill is to prevent or diminish the use of spirits is to trample upon common sense and to violate the rules of decency as well as reason. For when did any man ever hear that a commodity was prohibited by licensing its sale, or that to offer and refuse is the same action? Surely it never before was conceived by any man entrusted with the administration of public affairs to raise taxes by the destruction of the people.” CHILD WELFARE — There are 29,499,136 children under fifteen years of age in America. The liquor interests take great delight in ignoring these thirty million Americans when a prohibition argu- ment is toward. Then they say, “You assume that Americans are children; we are men.” They ignore the thirty million children and the sixty million minors in the United States do not count at all with them, at least for purposes of argument. They count all right when it comes to creating an appetite. An investigation of 259 alcoholized patients at Belle- vue Hospital showed 6.5 per cent began to drink at from one to twelve years of age, twentj'-three per cent began to drink from twelve to sixteen years, thirty- nine per cent began from sixteen to twenty-one years. Only 31.5 per cent began the habit after they were of age. But in their opinion, children are not Americans ; let them all go to hob. Hie, hie, hurrah ! for Budweiser. An investigation conducted by Mrs. L. A. Rufe, a social worker widely known in northwestern Philadel- phia, revealed the fact that out of a total of 18.503 school children who were pupils in twenty-three public schools of Philadelphia. 4,438, or nearly one fourth, ad- Cyclopedia of Temperaace 89 mitted that they drank beer. Mrs. Rufe declares that she has reason to believe that the proportion is really much larger. Mr. John F. Cunneen, the eminent labor leader, says; “Wet orators and writers devote considerable time to denouncing child labor conditions in the Southern prohibition states. We have no apology for child labor anywhere. From the |^ay the wets talk some people may get the impression that child labor exists only in the Southern States which have espoused pro- hibition. We call attention of the Wets to the follow- ing facts given in United States Census of Manufac- ture for 1910: “ ‘In Georgia there were employed 6,041 children under sixteen years of age, but in wet Pennsylvania there were employed 29,107 children under sixteen years of age. In dry Mississippi there were employed 1,058 children under sixteen, but in wet Massachu- setts there were employed 21,488 children under six- teen. In wet Maryland there were 6,548, in wet Rhode Island 4,625. The wets ought to look at the wet states for child labor conditions.’ “The same United States Census report tells us that in Maine there were only 1,387 children employed in manufacturing industries who were under sixteen years of age. In North Dakota only fifty-seven, Kansas 235, Oklahoma only 123. In the eight prohibition states of Georgia, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, North Caro- lina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Tennessee there were employed 25,044 children under sixteen years of age in manufacturing industries, while in the one wet state of Pennsylvania there were employed 29,107 or 4,063 more than in all the eight prohibition states.” In a letter to the Temperance Society, Mr. Owen R. Lovejoy of the National Child Labor Committee said: “I am very sure that a large percentage of child labor is due to the intemperance of parents.” If “children” include young people in the period of adolescence, the problem becomes much more complex. A great many students of the question assert that fully one half of all the minors and females of the wage- earning and salaried classes in our great cities patron- ize the family entrances of saloons or procure beer regularly by the can or by the case. The writer counted seventy-five girls in the adolescent period, evidently 90 Cyclopedia of Temperance working girls or the daughters of mechanics and clerks, entering a Chicago saloon in one evening. Brewers Poison the Children The brewers are not only strenuously endeavoring to extend the consumption of liquor by children through the extension of the bottling trade and the institution of places “where a man may take his wife and babies,” but they are doing everything possible to capture recrea- tion centers. An investigation of 241 Chicago dance halls showed 190 of them adjoining or controlled by saloons, and children buying liquor in 146. Liquor was sold in eighty-eight per cent of these places, and many dance halls allow five minutes for dancing and twenty minutes for drinking. These statements were on dis- play at the Child Welfare Exhibit in Chicago in 1911. It is estimated that 3,500 babies die in Chicago each year from “preventable” causes, and what proportion of these preventable deaths is due to liquor may be judged from the fact that Mr. George R. Sims, who found in England an infant mortality of 123,000, and 475,000 cruelly neglected children in a single year, said: “We can leave poverty and environment and the hous- ing question out of the argument. We have to recog- nize the dominant fact that where children are cruelly neglected there is, in ninety per cent of the cases, a history of habitual intemperance in one or both parents.” The church is faced with the vital necessity of over- throwing the liquor traffic to prepare the way for con- structive work among certain classes of our young peo- ple. Of 370,000 young people of school age in Chicago, Cyclopedia of Temperance 91 only 120,746 attend Sabbath School. The remainder are either kept from the Sabbath Schools by the saloons, saloon-controlled recreation centers, or by the irreligious atmosphere inevitable to saloon conditions. Statistics based on an investigation of 5,184 children by the Committee of Fifty, in 1899, showed that 45.8 per cent of childhood’s burdens are caused by abuse or neglect traceable to intemperance in parents or guardians. Of every dollar given to relieve neglected or destitute children, forty-six cents goes to care for the results of drink. The Committee on Hygiene and Safety for the De- partment of the Seine, in France, attributes a very large per cent of congenital debility in children to alcoholism in parents, but this properly belongs to Heredity, which please see in this connection. CHINA — The use of alcohol in China is not exten- sive, but trade methods of the brewers are rapidly fix- ing drinking customs upon that country. They call beer “the Jesus poison.” There are at the present time two large breweries in China, and the outbreak of war prevented the erection of a third. The use of opium has been largely wiped out by drastic governmental measures, and complete victory over this curse has only been prevented by the atrocious bullying of Christian nations. CHURCHES — The Protestant Churches which have made declarations against the saloon and the liquor traffic, to the best of the information available to the Temperance Society of the Methodist Church, are as follows : The Methodist Episcopal Church. The Baptist Church. The Congregational Churches. The Presbyterian Church. The Disciples of Christ. The Free Methodist Church. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Friends Church. The Reformed Presbyterian Church. The Cumberland Presbyterian Church. The Protestant Episcopal Church. The Unitarian Church. The Seventh Day Adventists. The United Evangelical Church. The United Norwegian Lutheran Church. The Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene. 92 Cyclopedia of Temperance The Baptist Young People’s Union, the Epworth League, and the Christian Endeavor have also spoken strongly. (See Epworth League.) (For her historical attitude, see Methodism; and for information in regard to our own Church Temperance Society, see Temperance Society of the Methodist Epis- copal Church.) CIDER — This beverage is usually produced by hand presses in family orchards. When newly pressed, sweet cider is wholesome, but it soon becomes intoxicating. When the percentage of alcohol has reached nine the ferment of acetic acid begins to work, and it soon changes to vinegar. CITIES — A careful survey of the state of prohibi- tion sentiment and liquor law enforcement in cities of the second class was made by the Temperance Society of the Methodist Church some months ago. In eighty per cent of the cities investigated there was anoarent a distinct increase in prohibition sentiment, and in nearly all of them the enforcement of such laws as Sunday closing measures, etc., was much better than five years previous to the time at which the investigation was made. The most sensational advance of this character during 1915 was the decision of the mayor of Chicago, Mr. Thompson, to enforce the Illinois law requiring sa- loons to close on Sunday. The result of the first Sunday of Sundaj' closing was summarized by the Chicago Herald as follows: Dry Sunday — What it Meant Total saloons in Chicago 7.132 Number of saloons closed 7,146 Number of saloon emploj'ees resting 20,000 Violations of closing law 28 Number of saloons found open Sunday 6 Number technically violators 21 Saloon keeper found treating luncheon guests 1 Number of arrests for drunkenness Saturday 47 Number of arrests for drunkenness Sunday 16 Usual number of arrests on same two days 243 Cyclopedia of Temperance 93 Number of suicides None Usual number of suicides Two to three Number of murders None Usual number of murders 20 a month Automobile fatalities Four Average number 18 a month After some weeks of the policy, manufacturers and other employers of labor in great numbers testify to its benefits, especially upon the reporting of workmen for duty on Monday morning. CIVIL DAMAGE ACTS — A number of states have laws making saloon keepers liable for damages result- ing from their sale of liquor. So troublesome have been civil actions brought under these various laws that the liquor dealers have formed an insurance society to write policies covering such liability. Especially in Illinois have court actions of this nature been numerous. In 1914 the United States Supreme Court approved the principle of all of these acts when it ruled the Nebraska damage law to be constitutional. The case came to the Supreme Court on the appeal of a saloon keeper of Nebraska City, Neb., from a judgment of the state courts holding him liable in the sum of $5,000 to Mrs. May Bulger, because her husband had become an habitual drunkard. The decision was considered a severe blow to the trade generally. There is in Ohio a movement to compel the creation of a sinking fund by assessments upon liquor dealers, proceeds to be used in guaranteeing damages allowed. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts has recently rendered a decision in which it holds that the employer is liable for actions committed by a drunken employee. CLARET — A red wine of a slight acid taste. It has a less proportion of alcohol than any other wine. CLARK, BILLY JAMES — Born in Northampton, Mass., January 4, 1778; died in Glens Falls, N. Y., March 20, 1867. He was a physician. On April 30, 1808, he organized “The Union Temperance Society of Moro and Northumberland,” which is thought to haye been the first temperance society in the United States. It started with forty-three members. The pledge for- bade members to drink, except by adyice of physicians or at public dinners. Intoxication was punished by a 94 Cyclopedia of Temperance fine of fifty cents, and a fine of twenty-five cents was assessed against anyone offering liquor to any other person. (See Pledges.) COCAINE— {See Drugs.) COFFEE HOUSES — See Substitutes. COLLEGES — Half the colleges of the United States are now organized for the study of the liquor problem. This situation has been brought about largely through the work of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Associa- tion, which for fourteen years has been engaged in or- ganizing the students of American colleges for the pur- pose of training them for the duties of citizenship and for leadership in the antiliquor reform. The association is now organized in thirty-two states, with 248 college branches and approximately 7,500 mem- bers. It reaches and influences annually through its administrative and secretarial force 275 American col- leges and 75,000 college students. Fourteen years ago the work of the association was confined to a dozen colleges in five states. Slowly but steadily it has pushed forward. The ideal of intelli- gent leadership has everywhere been emphasized and exalted, and a successful effort has been made to link up this ideal with the need for leadership in the solu- tion of the liquor problem. The work of the I. P. A. is carried on through three principal channels : 1. Systematic study of the liquor problem through study classes, lectures, and scientific research. Stu- dents are led to investigate the problem in all its phases, chiefly under faculty direction. During the present year, systematic study courses are being con- ducted in about two hundred colleges, sixty-five of which grant full college credit for such study. 2. Oratorical contests, local, state, interstate, and national, constituting the most extensive system in America and leading to the highest national honors in college oratory. In preparation for the last national contest held in Topeka, December 29, 1914, over eleven hundred original orations were written and delivered by college students in all parts of the United States. 3. Practical field work in local and state-wide cam- paigns, providing opportunity for the development of Cyclopedia oi Temperance 95 the qualities of leadership through experience with actual conditions and for effective service to the prohi- bition cause. The efficiency of the I. P. A. is attested by the scores of leaders which the organization has trained for the prohibition movement, many of whom are now in the forefront of the fight. These include such men as Daniel A. Poling, president’s associate. United Society of Christian Endeavor, president National Temperance Council, member Flying Squadron; Virgil G. Hinshaw, National Chairman Prohibition Party; Dan B. Brum- mitt, editor Bpworth Herald; Harry G. McCain, ex- tension secretary Methodist Temperance Society; Rev. Elmer L. Williams, the “fighting parson” of Chicago; E. S. Shumaker, J. Frank Burke, Herbert H. Sawyer, R. P. Hutton, Peter J. Youngdahl, present or former state superintendents of the Anti-Saloon League; Ernest E. Taylor and J. Raymond Schmidt, state chairmen of the Prohibition Party; D. Leigh Colvin and Harry S. Warner, president and general secretary of the 1. P. A.; and Miss Mary F. Balcomb, general secretary of the Young People’s Civic League, Chicago. In addition to these more conspicuous examples, the I. P. A. has furnished scores and hundreds of secre- taries and field workers in state, county, and local cam- paigns. The present officers of the association are: President, D. Leigh Colvin, Ph.D. ; General Secretary and Treas- urer, Harry S. Warner; First Vice-President, Daniel A. Poling; Second Vice-President, Harry G. McCain; Secretary, Elon G. Borton; Members Executive Com- mittee, Neil D. Cramer, and Harley H. Gill. Head- quarters are in the Security Building, Chicago. The association maintains a force of six to nine field secretaries who visit each branch of the association an average of twice each college year. It also issues monthly the Intercollegiate Statesman, a twelve to twenty- four-page publication. In addition, the associa- tion maintains a monthly news service for the purpose of providing college publications with live news regard- ing the activity of the college world toward the liquor problem. This department has already won recognition from the National Wholesale Liquor Dealers’ Asso- ciation, which has recently inaugurated a similar serv- ice to counter the activities of the I. P. A. 96 Cyclopedia of Temperance The biennial national convention in Topeka, Kan., December 29 to January 1, 1915, was the first great student gathering of a civic character ever held. Four hundred student delegates were in attendance, some from the most distant parts of the country. A new program of extension was adopted, in accordance with which the association will undertake to extend its or- ganization to all the leading colleges of the United States. It is expected that this will be accomplished within the next two years. The I. P. A. occupies a strategic field. It is inspired by a high patriotic purpose and an abundant faith in college men and women as a most vital factor in the early solution of the liquor problem. Judged by its record of fourteen years the association has made good. It has proven its efficiency in training leaders for the antiliquor fight. It has, in fact, demonstrated that it is indispensable in the economy of the American prohibi- tion movement. No other department of the movement is doing a more vital and effective work; no other phase is greater in its possibilities. John F. Warner. COLORADO — Voted dry November 3, 1914. The law goes into effect January 1, 1916. The last Legis- lature passed a very stringent law providing for the enforcement of the constitutional amendment. The main provisions of the law are as follows : Statutory prohibition; anticlub law; antiadvertising law, unlawful to solicit orders within the state; defining a bootlegger; nuisance law ; law regarding common carriers handling liquors; search and seizure; citizen may employ an attorney to prosecute ; law concerning medicinal and sacramental use; penalties; governor given special power to enforce; ouster law. COMMERCIAL TEMPERANCE LEAGUE— This organization was effected in New York in 1886, and at one time had a considerable membership. The pledge was twofold: One to drink no intoxicating liquors as a beverage; second, to try to get ten others to join the League. COMMITTEE OF FIFTY — This committee was organized in 1893. It was composed of fifty distin- guished men. Hon. Seth Low of Columbia College, New York, was the president. The Committee con- Cyclopedia oi Temperance 97 ducted a great number of valuable investigations of various phases of the liquor problem and its figures are freely used in this volume. It was, however, an ultra- conservative body, tainted with prejudice against pro- hibition, which was not at that time popular. COMMUNION WINE — It is grossly improper to make use of a decayed product — fermented wine — to celebrate the victory of Jesus Christ over death and d^cay. The Passover wine used in the celebration of the He- brew rites, of which the communion may be said to be the successor, was unfermented, and in the accounts given by the three evangelists of the original Supper the drink used is spoken of as “the fruit of the vine.” During Christ’s life the preservation of wines from fermentation was well understood and widely practiced, and the terms used by Paul in tl;e discussion of the Lord’s Supper give a splendid ground for contending that it was celebrated then as it should be now, with the pure and undefiled product. Not even leavened bread was permitted at the Passover feast. (See Bible and Drink.) COMPARISONS — See Cost of the Liquor Traffic. COMPENSATION — Civilization rises up to de- throne King Alcohol whose reign has been so oppres- sive that the world rises in its wrath to destroy its great destroyer, and the hopelessness of the traffic is discovered in the whimpering plea of compensation for losses. No ConHscation A few things must be made clear. First, that pro- hibition is not the confiscation of property or even of property rights. When prohibition prevails everywhere, every saloon keeper, brewer, distiller, and wholesaler will have all the property and all the rights that any- body else can have. We will not take an inch of ground or a single building or equipment from a building. We simply propose to say you shall not use your property to debauch mankind. When we broke the power of slavery, stopped public gambling, outlawed the lottery systems and forbade Louisiana to advertise her lotteries through the mails of a Christian nation, it was never considered right, 98 Cyclopedia of Temperance just, or appropriate to compensate any of these evil- doers for the losses they sustained when they could no longer ply their nefarious trades. We did not take their property from them, but refused to let them use property to injure the whole body politic or the people’s morals. We owed them nothing; for they never had a nat- ural, inherent, or constitutional right to debauch the American people; and the liquor traffic belongs in this category, and has only been tolerated because of our long inertia, and if now we should demand compensa- tion for our losses, there is not enough invested in it of money or of men, if they sold their propertj', their bodies and their souls, to pay a millionth part of the bill they owe to modern civilization. Its Day of Grace Sinned Away The liquor traffic has brought this present move- ment upon itself. It has everywhere violated our laws, trampled on our rights, corrupted our politics, de- bauched our Legislatures, and even defiled our courts of justice, and compensation will therefore never be considered by anyone who is not grabbing at the last straw to save the liquor traffic from drowning in its own infamy. Hence the plea of liquor dealers for a money indem- nity reminds me of the man who killed both his father and his mother, and was convicted for it. When asked by the court if he had anything to say before sentence was pronounced, he remarked ; “Judge, you ought to be merciful to me. Remember I’m an orphan.” What the Courts Say Society has a right to adopt prohibition. Twelve different times the supreme court of the United States has used this language : “There is no inherent right in a citizen to thus sell intoxicating liquors; it is not a right of a citizen of a state or of a citizen of the United States.” Similar statements have been made by the Supreme Courts of practically all the states. In Crowley vs. Christenson (137 U. S. 86) the Su- preme Court, speaking of liquor making and selling, said : “As it is a business attended with danger to the Cyclopedia of Temperance 99 community, it may, as already said, be entirely pro- hibited.” The Supreme Court has also repeatedly decided that there can be no just claim for compensation either for the liquor manufacturer or for the retail dealer. Their trade was conducted under a license, which was a per- mit granted to do a thing which, without that license, would be illegal. The license was for a year only, sub- ject always to the chance that it might not be renewed. The court practically held that an investment made under it was the taking of a gambler’s chance; in ef- fect, a bet that the license would be renewed! But millions of voters will take you up and bet that it won’t be, permanently 1 What is a License? It is worth considering what a license to sell liquor is. Some people speak of it as though it were a re- striction put on the liquor traffic. It is a permission extended to one to traffic in liquor. Without this per- mission we would be under prohibition now. There is not a saloon which could not be suppressed as a com- mon nuisance should our license provisions all be re- pealed. The license is not a restriction; it is not, on the other hand, a vested right. It is acquired with money, but with certain well-known provisions. It extends its privileges for one year. It may or may not be renewed. Its renewal is not solely dependent on good behavior. It can be withdrawn for bad con- duct, on ground of lawlessness, or because the people change their mind and think the trade unprofitable to them. License does not even reach the dignity of a contract. Everyone knows that the courts have repeatedly held that the liquor traffic is so' bad that it has no inherent right to exist at all and no right of compensation when the people prohibit it. The United States Supreme Court, in Beer Company vs. Mass., 97 U. S. 32, says : “If the public safety or the public morals require the discontinuance of any manufacture or traffic the hand of the Legislature cannot be stayed from pro- ceeding for its discontinuance by any incidental incon- venience which individuals or corporations may suffer.” CONFISCATION — See Compensation. 100 Cyclopedia of Temperance CONGRESS — See Hobson-Sheppard Bill. CONGRESSIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY — A Congressional Temperance Society was formed on call of twenty-five members of Congress February 26, 1833. The first president of the society was Lewis Cass of Michigan, who was at that time secretary of war. After a subsidence of activity, the society was revived in 1867 with Schuyler Colfax and Henry Wilson as leaders. CONNECTICUT — There are eighty-nine dry towns and seventy-nine wet. There were sixty-five votes in the Legislature for the submission of a state-wide amendment; the first time it has ever had any support License fees were advanced about sixty per cent as a purely revenue measure. Other legislation was in the line of more stringent regulation both of saloons and clubs. CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITION— The placing of prohibition in the federal constitution requires its submission by a two-thirds vote of the House of Representatives and the Senate and the sub- sequent approval of three fourths of the state Legis- latures. A state may refuse to approve the amendment and afterward reverse its action, but if it once ap- proves it cannot withdraw that approval. There is no limit of time in which a state may act favorably, con- sequently the submission of the amendment would in- sure national prohibition at some time. The liquor men protest vigorously against the sub- mission of the amendment, because of the fact that “the small states could force prohibition upon the states of large population.” This is quite true. The principle involved lies at the very foundation of our Union, for it was only upon this concession that the small states could be induced to ratify the Constitution. To attack this principle is to attack the Union itself. (See National Prohibition and Objections to Prohibitioji.) CONSUMPTION OF LIQUORS— The per capita consumption of spirituous and malt liquors during the federal fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, was 22.68 gallons, a figure below that of both 1907 and 1911. The Cyclopedia of Temperance 101 preliminary report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for the year ending June 30, 1915, indicates that this per capita consumption has decreased by 2.18 gallons, by far the greatest decrease in many years. The sale of spirituous liquors for the year ending June 30, 1915, was 14,983,323 gallons less than for the year ending June 30, 1914. The sale of fermented liquors (beer, etc.) was 6,358,- 774 barrels less during the year ending June 30, 1915, than in the year ending June 30, 1914. The revenue from spirit and allied taxes was $14,- 478,477.94 smaller for the fiscal year 1915 than for the fiscal year 1914. There was an increase in the revenue taxes on beer of $12,247,434.27, due to the addition of fifty cents per barrel to the tax in 1915. But for this increase in the tax, the revenue from this source would show a decrease of $6,358,743.56. The number of retail liquor dealers decreased by 12,295; the number of wholesale liquor dealers de- creased by 672; the number of wholesale liquor dealers in malt liquors decreased by 1,233; and the decrease in the number of retail dealers in malt liquors will bring a total decrease of nearly 17,000 liquor dealers during the year. It is estimated that twenty-five and one-half per cent of the total population of the United States are users of alcoholic stimulants. This indicates a per capita consumption by users of eighty-nine gallons, of which about ninety-one per cent is beer. The following table shows the annual per capita con- sumption of malt and spirituous liquors in the United States for ten years : Year ending June 30: Spirits. Wines. Beers. Total. 1904. 1.45 .52 17.91 19.87 1905 .41 18.02 19.85 1906 .53 19.54 21.55 1907 1.58 .65 20.56 22.79 1908 1.39 .58 20.26 22.22 1909 1.32 .67 19.07 21.06 1910 1.42 .65 20.09 22.19 1911 1.46 .67 20.66 22.79 1912 .58 19.96 21.98 1913 1914 1.50 .56 20.62 22.68 22.68 20.50 1915 (preliminary estimate) The final figures for the year ending June 30, 1915, will not be available until the early part of 1916. 102 Cyclopedia of Temperaace How Prohibition Affects the Consumption The significance of these figures cannot be grasped without an understanding of the rapid and steady in- crease in the consumption of alcoholic liquors up to the beginning of the recent prohibition movement. Simply to check the increase is an achievement in view of the fact that the country is receiving practically a million immigrants every year, nearly all of whom go to great license centers and continue an already estab- lished practice of drinking. In 1870 the per capita con- sumption of liquors was only 7.70 gallons; in 1907 it had reached the figure of 22.79 gallons ; and in 1913 had declined by eleven points, to 22.68 gallons per capita. This alone was significant enough, but the late decline of 2.18 gallons per capita is astonishing. It is all the more remarkable in view of the fact that Arizona and West Virginia constitute the only additional dry states in 1914. Most of the prohibition laws enacted in 1914 and 1915 will not go into effect until 1916. But the campaigns which resulted in so many prohi- bition victories had a great effect upon the tendency of the people to drink. Also, the popular education caused by the hostility of warring nations to alcohol undoubtedly affected the popular conception of drink’s relation to efficiency and health. The hundreds of local option victories decreased the consumption of liquor largely. “Hard times” apparently had nothing to do with it. The decrease in revenues on other “luxuries” was ver 3 ' slight in comparison with the decrease in the revenue from liquor. It may, therefore, be accepted that prohibition has checked a rapidly rising tide of alcoholism. The Amer- ican Grocer is very generally accepted as an authority in estimating the annual liquor consumption and cost and they share this opinion. In reviewing the figures for 1914, the Grocer says: “This indicates that the prohibition movement is holding in check any marked increase in the use of alcoholic beverages.” The American Issue, the organ of the Anti-Saloon League, has an interesting little table illustrating this. It is as follows : Cyclopedia of Temperance 103 Per Capita Consumption of Liquor in Gallons in United States. 1850 4.08 1860 6.43 1870 7.70 1880 10.09 1890 15.53 1900 17.76 1907 22.79 1913 22.68 Percentage of Increase. Increase 1850 to 1860 57.5 Increase 1860 to 1870 19.7 Increase 1870 to 1880 31.0 Increase 1880 to 1890 53.9 Increase 1890 to 1900 14.2 Increase 1900 to 1907 28.0 Decrease 1907 to 1913 0.5 Decrease in 1915 10.0 It will be noticed that from 1850 up to 1907 the con- sumption of liquor advanced with leaps and bounds. There is not a decade but that decided increase is shown. A check was put upon this increase beginning in the year 1907. This was the year when the states throughout the nation began to enact legislation which resulted in the closing of thousands of saloons and from that year to the present, covering a period of six years, a natural decrease is shown. So decided was the effect of prohibition upon the con- sumption of liquors in 1915 that a number of concerns, including the great twelve million dollar Hoster-Colum- bus Breweries Company of Ohio, failed. The An- heuser-Busch Company lost ten per cent of its business during the year, and its secretary said : “Prohibition elections have hit us hard.” The whisky distillers, by agreement, curtailed the production of whisky by half. Whisky, when it is produced and put into the bonded warehouses, is locked up by the government. It may be withdrawn for sale at any time if the tax is paid, but it must be withdrawn at the end of eight years. The figures given by the federal government as “con- sumption figures” simply indicate the number of gallons of whisky withdrawn from the government warehouses or “tax paid.” After being withdrawn, it may have been that the whisky was sold, or it may have been stored in private warehouses. Millions of gallons which were necessarily withdrawn from government ware- houses in recent years because their eight-year term had expired, are still on the shelves of private ware- 104 Cyclopedia of Temperance houses, but according to the only available govern- ment figures they have been “consumed.” The Champion of Fair Play, the organ of the Illi- nois retail liquor dealers, in reporting that the con- sumption of beer in Alilwaukee was 89,920,000 glasses less for September, 1914, than for September, 1913, asserted that a leading brewer exclaimed : “I will not be surprised if I read that Hades has gone Methodist!”, Truth from the “Brewers’ Review” If you go back to the annual report of the Com- missioner of Internal Revenue for the year ending June 30, 1913, you will find that the increase in the produc- tion of beer was 2,998,219 barrels greater than for the previous year. This afforded an excellent opportunity for beer editorials pointing to the fact that prohibi- tion had failed to curtail the beer flood, but for some strange reason the editor of the Brewers’ Reznew de- cided to speak truth in the family circle, and the result was an illuminating study showing that the increase in that year had been in license centers. The editorial mentioned reads : “It has been suggested that this increase of production might in part be due to the purchase of beer by the dry communities. This would naturally suggest an increase of production on the part of the export brew- eries. But, if we compare the production of fermented liquors by states during the fiscal year with the corre- sponding figure for the previous year, this surmise is not borne out. Thus we find for the state of Missouri, with the large export breweries of St. Louis, an increase of production of about three and one-half per cent, and for Wisconsin, embracing the big export breweries of Milwaukee, an increase of about three per cent, whereas the increase for the entire country is about four and three-fourths per cent. It is thus seen that the states containing the principal export breweries fell below the percentage of increase for the entire coun- try.” Local and State Figures Showing Decrease Under Prohibition The United States Government does not show the consumption of liquor by states, although it does show the production. But in a number of prohibition states, including Kansas, there are laws requiring that all in- Cyclopedia of Temperance 105 coming liquor shipments be reported to county clerks. As no liquor, or practically none, is made in “dry” states, these state laws give the approximate liquor con- sumption by counties and for the state. How Much Does Kansas Drink? Under Kansas law the Methodist Temperance Society, with the aid of Governor George H. Hodges, investi- gated with a view to ascertaining just how much liquor is being consumed. A number of counties were inves- tigated, but Wyandotte, which contains Kansas City; Marion, which is half way agricultural and half way urban; and Johnson, a typical farming county, were taken for the purpose of study. Taking these three counties as a basis the per capita consumption of liquor in the state is estimated at 3.69 gallons, as against twenty-three gallons per capita for the nation as a whole. As one of these counties con- tains the largest city in the state it can easily be seen that the average for the state would probably be smaller rather than larger than that for the three counties taken as the basis for estimate. The total Kansas consumption of alcoholic beverages, estimated on these three counties, is 6,239,601.81 gallons per year. If the state used its due proportion of twenty- three gallons per capita, the total consumption yearly would be 38,891,827 gallons, a difference of more than 32,000,000 gallons. On this basis of estimate, Kansas paid, as her liquor bill, $5,303, 666,.04. This allows $4.00 per gallon for whislcy and fifty cents per gallon for beer. Had the state paid its quota of the liquor traffic’s receipts the bill would have been $34,509,929 instead of $5,303,666. According to Kansas officials, these shipments go mostly to foreign-born laborers — chiefly Mexicans and Russians. The Temperance Society report thus tabu- lates the facts learned under the operation of the Mahin Law : Kansas population 1,690,949 Liquor consumption, gallons 6,239,601.81 Paid for liquors $5,303,666.04 Paid per capita $3.04 Per capita cost in nation as a whole $21.00 At rate of $21 per capita Kansas would pay $34,509,929 Saving due to prohibition $29,206,263 106 Cyclopedia of Temperance The figures of the three counties selected as a basis for estimating the consumption in the state are even more impressive considering the fact that a large city — Kansas City — is in one of them and smaller cities are in another. The county of Wyandotte, in which is located Kansas City, according to the report of Mr. Frank M. Hol- comb, county clerk, to the governor, used 46,833 gallons of liquor in August, 1913, when the average temperature was close to one hundred degrees. There are 100,068 inhabitants of that county and they drink more than any other one hundred thousand people in Kansas. But if the consum.ption for August is taken as a basis, each citizen of that county used only five and one-half gallons annually. Shy nearly eighteen gallons. Marion County, half rural, half urban, B. B. Reimer county clerk, has a population of 22,415. During the hot weather of August, this county drank 9,943.75 gal- lons of liquor, indicating a per capita annual consump- tion of 5.51 gallons. During the month of September, when it had grown somewhat cooler, the consumption of Marion County fell to 4,160.50 gallons, which indi- cates a per capita yearly consumption of only 2.25 gal- lons. Johnson County, agricultural, and which may be taken as typical of the large majority of counties in the state, reports through W. J. Moore, its county clerk, a con- sumption during both months of August and Septem- ber of 4,575.25 gallons, a per capita consumption for the 18,288 people of that county of one-fourth gallon for the two months, or at the rate of one and one-half gallons a year. At the time of the campaign on the Pacific Coast the liquor people ran large paid advertisements, asserting that in September, 1913, Shawnee County, Kansas, which contains the capital city, Topeka, had registered as in- coming shipments with the county clerk 95,062 quarts of alcoholic liquors. Note that it is quarts and not gallons. This was the “top” month. In November the record was 67,308 quarts. The September figures, as the brewers took pains to comment, allowed nearly two quarts of liquor for every man, woman, and child in Shawnee County, and the liquor people asserted that this was a “terrible com- mentary” on prohibition. Cyclopedia of Temperance 107 The Temperance Society wishes to make the “terrible commentary” that if Topekans had gratified their thirst with a per capita consumption equal to that of the country as a whole, THEY WOUED HAVE CON- SUMED MORE THAN 400,000 QUARTS OF LIQUOR. These paid advertisements further said: “The Topeka State Journal, on July 8, 1913, quoted the Mahin Law as proving that 18,000,000 quarts of liquor had been consumed in the state of Kansas during the fiscal year preceding the publication, according to the record taken from the clerks of the various counties.” Eighteen million quarts of liquor is a vast consump- tion, but if the average per capita consumption of liquors in Kansas were equal to the average for the country as a whole THE KANSAS CONSUMPTION WOULD HAVE BEEN EXACTLY 226,556,000 QUARTS. According to the figures they themselves quoted, the average per capita consumption of liquors in Kansas is ten and one-half quarts, according to the government records, the average consumption in the United States as a whole is 86.72 quarts. As a matter of interest, the Temperance Society’s estimate of Kansas consumption (given above) was somewhat larger. Similar Figures from Elsewhere Similar investigations bring almost exactly the same results in other prohibition states and localities. The Chattanooga Morning^ Times some time ago said that no less than 78,180 drinks of liquor had been consumed by the thirsty of Chattanooga within the past thirty days. The Times concluded that prohibition was a failure. Had the people of Chattanooga been under license and consumed their due monthly proportion of this annual twenty-three-gallon average, they would have used, in- stead of 1,300 gallons, which they are reported by the Times to have consumed, about 89,208 gallons. So prohibition, although a dire failure, nevertheless lessened the monthly consumption of the people of Chattanooga from 89,208 to 1,300 gallons. What would it do if it succeeded? About the same per capita consumption was uncov- ered by figures in Lauderdale County, Tennessee, and 108 Cyclopedia of Temperance when a representative of the Richmond (Va.) Evening Journal traveled to Durham, N. C., in order to round up conclusive proof that the Tar Heelers use much liquor, this is what he found: Three hundred gallons of liquor are used in Dur- ham every day. Durham is a city of 20,000 population. 300X365=109,500 gallons per year. This is some liquor, as the Journal man remarked. But : 109,500-^20,000 gives 5.95 gallons as the yearly per capita consumption of liquor in Durham, taking the figures of the Journal man. The average per capita consumption of liquors in the United States is 21.68 gallons. Prohibition in Durham, N. C., prohibits to the tune of 15.73 gallons per capita every year. Some prohibition ! The Liquor is Principally Beer It is a favorite statement of the brewers to assert that prohibition decreases the consumption of beer, but increases the use of whisky. It is interesting in this connection to note that the Kansas figures compiled showed ninety per cent of the shipments into the state were beer. CONVICTS — The year 1914 saw a truly remarkable temperance movement among convicted criminals. From various prisons and penitentiaries in the nation, and from many prison publications, the states and nation were called upon to prohibit the sale of alcohol, to which from fifty per cent to ninety per cent of the convicts attribute their downfall. A petition to the Pennsylvania Legislature asking for prohibition was signed by 1,008 of the 1,478 prisoners in the Eastern penitentiary of that state The petition read as follows: To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly Met: Your petitioners, representing the major portion of the in- mates of the Eastern State Penitentiary, of Pennsylvania, re- spectfully aver: That they believe fully 70 per cent of crime within the state is directly attributable to the excessive use of intoxica- ting liquors, and That many of them have a personal knowledge of its de- basing influence as exemplified in their own lives, and Cyclopedia of Temperance 109 That, believing if the sale of intoxicating liquors was pro- hibited by the enactment of laws by your honorable body, that the effect would be to reduce crime at least 50 per cent, if not more. They therefore Respectfully pray that you will favorably consider the in- troduction of any measure having for its object the curtail- ment of the sale of intoxicating liquors, and use the great power with which you are clothed to obtain the passage of an act to prohibit the sale of such intoxicating liquor anywhere within the bounds of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. We further pray that you will give due consideration to this petition, coming to you as a voluntary deed of a body of earnest men and women, acting entirely on their own initiative, without suggestion from others. Twelve hundred convicts in the Joliet (111.) prison were preparing a similar petition to the Legislature of that state when it was forbidden by the warden. The crusade in the Eastern penitentiary of Pennsyl- yania was launched by the Umpire, the prison paper, and was taken up by Lend a Hand, in the prison of Salem, Ore.; the New Bra, published in the federal prison at Leayenworth, Kan. ; the Better Citizen, issued at the New Jersey Reform School, and similar publica- tions. These papers were full of pleas signed by con- victs. Here, for instance, is a letter to the Umpire from B 6815 : An open confession is good for the soul. I myself am willing to admit that intoxicating drink caused me to commit crimes which I would not have done had I been in my right mind. It is said that drunkenness is no excuse in law. Be that as it may. SufScient to say that when I committed my crime my mind was diseased from the effect of liquor. I ex- plained this to the judge. I believe he realized that I was not responsible for my actions at the time of my arrest. I have no patience with the class of persons who swell up their chest and say, “I can take a drink and I can leave it alone.” It sounds good, but as a rule they never leave it alone. In conclusion, let us get the good notion to dump the booze into the ocean. In the same paper is this communication from B 6828 : I favor the state prohibition of selling intoxicating drinks, as I believe it to be a curse to many. There are many good and honest men that are behind bars to-day that would not be there but for liquor. In the editorial columns is this comment : An exchange says that ‘‘Out in Everett, Ind., a drunken man clubbed his wife to death with an ax, then slashed her face and neck with a razor. Then he sent his oldest son for a rope, intending to hang himself. The state is going to attend to this matter for him, however, and then nine little children will be orphans.” There is not a man who reads this but has a knowledge of just such a whisky-inspired crime. There is scarcely a 110 Cyclopedia of Temperance prison in the country to-day that does not contain one or more men undergoing punishment for just such a brutal of- fense. Under the caption “Eliminate the Cause,” the New Era, published in the federal penitentiary at Leaven- worth, Kan., says editorially : The city of Chicago has passed an emergency ordinance prohibiting the purchasing of a revolver, except on a permit signed by the chief of police on the signed recommendation of two taxpayers. Goodl Now when legislation also eliminates that which so often causes the lamentable use of firearms — whisky — the lawmakers and the public will have made another long stride toward the reduction of much crime to a minimum. Whenever society starts at the bottom to investigate and eliminate, just that soon will wrongdoing against it diminish and the so-called “criminal classes" disappear. In another issue of the same weekly we find the fol- lowing item : Recent studies of the vital statistics of this country have revealed an alarming increase in the disease of degeneracy as a result of alcohol, which makes it necessary to take an in- ventory of the moral and physical stock of the people. Among these unfortunates we find; Insane, 200,000; feeble-minded and epileptics, 250,000; deaf and dumb, 100,000; blind, 100,- 000; juvenile delinquents in institutions, 50,000; paupers, 100,000; prisoners and criminals, 150,000, making a grand total of 950,000, which annually cost taxpayers $250,000,000. Evidently the editor of the New Era was set think- ing by these startling figures, for he follows up this economic observation with further statistics ; Careful investigation reveals the startling fact that about 90 per cent of all inmates of penitentiaries in this country have been victims of John Barleycorn, directly or indirectly. The federal government receives about $375,000,000 annually as a tax on this magnificent crime-breeding system, and tax- payers and the nation pay about $600,000,000 per annum in an effort to protect themselves against crime and criminals. Any mathematician can figure it out for himself. One of the convicts struck the rotten heart of the whole license system when he wrote : One of the King’s Daughters asked me if I intended to stop drinking whisky when I left here, and I told her I didn't know. As long as it is being shoved under your nose at every street corner in the city, I don’t believe any drinking man can safely promise to leave it alone. But if the tempta- tion was not at hand, then I for one feel that I could safely make the promise. That is the way I feel about prohibition. If you are still not impressed, read this communica- tion from No. 8780, as published in a recent issue of the New Era : To-day I am a husband without a wife — a father without a child and a man without a home; all having been swal- lowed up in the maelstrom of drink. Cyclopedia oi Temperance 111 COST OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC— The cost of the drink traffic to the American people divides into two broad streams of waste. The money spent at re- tail for intoxicating drinks is lost, for the transaction does not mark the production and use of wealth. The poverty and crime, insanity, and idiocy, the loss of effi- ciency and lives, constitute an indirect loss which is also chargeable to the liquor trade. The expenditures at retail for intoxicating liquors in the course of a year in the United States are vari- ously estimated at from $1,724,607,519, which is the impartial estimate of the authoritative American Grocer, to $2,290,000,000, which is the estimate of the society and takes into account adulterations, the large amount of beer sold as small beers, the bottled beers bringing fancy prices in resorts, etc. The American Grocer arrives at its estimate as fol- lows : Malt Liquors, Imported and Domestic $999,338,054 Spirituous Liquors, Imported and Domestic .... 590,633,301 Wines, Imported and Domestic 134,636,164 Total $1,724,607,519 The estimate of the Temperance Society is based upon the following retail price per gallon: Kind of Liquor. Price per gallon. Domestic spirits $6.25 Domestic spirits added in rectification 6.25 Imported spirits 8.00 Domestic beer 64% Imported beer 1.00 Domestic wine 2.00 Imported wine 4.00 The American Grocer estimates that only one fourth of the population of the United States uses liquors. If this be true, we have a price of nearly $90 for liquors consumed by each individual drinker in the course of a year. But it is not the cost to the drinker that needs to be considered so much as the cost to each American citi- zen, and this cost should take into consideration not only the retail liquor bill, but the consequential cost, also. How America Loses $5,000,000,000 Yearly The liquor traffic last year cost you and every man, woman, and child in America more than $50. 112 Cyclopedia of Temperance That was the per capita cost in money alone. It does not take into account the misery cost — the cost of manhood destroyed, character debauched, and the loss of love and happiness to thousands of homes. Had the liquor traffic been completely wiped out in the United States during the last twelve months, the drunkards protected from their appetites, the young man saved from temptation, there would have been, at the end of the year, something like $5,000,000,000 more of wealth in the land than there is to-day. Of course, the money spent for liquor and to pay for its consequences has not disappeared, but $5,000,000,- 000 worth of food, clothing, and legitimate luxuries, which should have been called into existence to serve and bless mankind, either was not produced because of the liquor traffic, or if it was produced, was not demanded for consumption because of the liquor trafiBc. Here is the problem in a nut shell : If a Chicago manufacturer of automobiles should get $5,000,000,000 in cash orders from his customers, and instead of for- warding the cars, should pack them on board a thou- sand barges and dump them into Lake Michigan, the $5,000,000,000 paid down would not be lost, but its fair equivalent to the patrons of the manufacturer would be. That is precisely the way the liquor traffic deals with its victims — money received, but no value, and far worse than no value, returned. Every bit of material used in the manufacture of liquor was destroyed, so far as its value to the world is concerned. Every dollar of wages paid represented waste of valuable time which should have contributed to the world’s wealth. Every cent paid for liquor over the bar represented loss. We give below a table which suggests something of the enormous robbery the people of America perpetu- ate by the license system. Summary of Losses and Waste for a Single Year, Due to the Liquor TrafBc Waste in Consumption. ( 1 ) The retail liquor bill for 1914 $2,290,000,000 Waste of Productive Time and of Efilciency. Seven per cent decreased efficiency of 20,000,000 (2) moderate-drinking workers 840,000,000 Three-fourths time of 600,000 drunkards 270,000,000 Three-fourths time of paupers and prisoners (220,670, census of 1910) 99,301,500 Cyclopedia of Temperance 113 One-fouTth time of insane and feeble-minded (207,791, census of 1910) f 31,168,650 Full time of handlers and sellers of liquor esti- mate, 1,000,000) 600,000,000 Waste of Productive Life By premature deaths, 65,897 (3) yearly 513,909,600 By premature deaths of insane and idiotic .... 240,899,600 Interest on three-fourths cost of alms houses.. 1,200,000 Interest on three-fourths cost of asylums 5,500,000 Interest on three-fourths cost of prisons, re- formatories, etc 28,000,000 Three-fourths cost of arrests, temporary deten- tions, etc 60,000,000 Total $4,979,989,410 (1) Our estimate. (2) Based on conclusions of Drs. Mayer, Berg and Kinz. (3) Based on Phelps’, the insurance authority, estimate of this number of deaths caused, wholly or in part, by al- cohol. To which should be added a large but unknown figure as the liquor traffic’s share in the cost of maintaining courts, police and special officers, hospitals, orphanages, private charities, and its share in causing drunken acci- dents, bad debts, fires, one third of all the gambling and prostitution, and the cost of taking necessary pre- cautions against crime. This is the price the American people pay for con- tinuing a foolish governmental policy, maintaining a corrupt, high-handed, and oppressive trade, submitting to the overriding of state authority under the protec- tion of the federal government, and constant, unbear- able insolence from the invading horde of conscience- less men who are not Americans by birth or in spirit, and who hate American ideals. (See also Labor, Farmer, and Consumption of Liquors.) A traveling salesman on a train suggested to a rep- resentative of the Temperance Society recently that the most effective weapon in fighting the liquor traffic would be to let the abstainers know how large a por- tion of the burden of drink falls upon them. The traveling man was from Dayton. He said: . “Why don’t you secure the enactment of laws caus- ing each locality to pay for the expense of its own crime, etc.? If you did you would wipe out the saloons in a hurry. The trouble is that the cities license the saloon, collect the revenue, and then pay only a part of the expense for the resulting crime. The remainder of the cost must be met by the county, state, and nation. 114 Cyclopedia of Temperance “Within ninety days Dayton has had five murders directly attributable to the saloon. Very possibly they will cost the state $50,000. If Dayton had to pay this $50,000, few additional arguments for prohibition would be needed.” Some Comparisons That Throw Light on the Subject Dr. Charles W. Eliot, president of the American Federation of Sex Hygiene, has prepared the following table of expenditures : Intoxicating liquors . Tobacco Jewelry and plate . . . Automobiles Church work at home Confectionery Soft drinks Tea and coffee Millinery Patent Medicines . . . . Chewing Gum Foreign Missions . . . . $2,290,000,000 . 1,200,000,000 800,000,000 500.000. 000 250.000. 000 200.000. 000 120,000,000 100,000,000 90.000. 000 80.000. 000 13.000. 000 12 . 000 . 000 The government crop reports indicate that the total value of farm products this year will be $10,000,000,000, which, however, is only five times the amount annually spent for liquor. Five years of the liquor bill would buy all the real estate in New York and Chicago at assessed valuation, would pay the national debts of France and Germany, and would pay our own national debt nearly ten times over, or meet its interest charges about four hundred and twenty times. Ten years of the liquor bill would buy every railroad in the coun- try. The money spent on drink in 1913 would pur- chase the annual output of coal at the mines twice over, and would pay the price of our iron products four times over. It is about fifteen times the value of the latest reported annual production of gold and silver com- bined, is one seventh the value of all the gold dug, coined, and consumed in the arts in all the world since Columbus discovered America. It would pay the ex- penses of every city in the United States having a population of 30,000 or over for four years. The total government revenue of the fifty leading countries of the world at the end of the year 1913 was $11,245,399,000. The direct and indirect loss of Amer- ica because of drink during the three years 1912-13-14 Cyclopedia of Temperance 115 would exceed the total revenue of these fifty leading countries by not less than $4,000,000. America loses a great deal more by fire than any other nation. A house burns on an average of every ten minutes, and the houses destroyed during a year, if set side by side on both sides of the road, would line an unbroken avenue of desolation from Chicago to New York. But the financial loss from fire, accord- ing to a recent statement by the head of the New York City Fire Department, is only $2.68 per capita, while the direct loss alone because of drink is $23 per capita. The national debt per capita is only $10.83 ; the gov- ernment expenditures per capita only $7.04. The United States exports annually goods to the value of $24.66 per capita, and receives into the country values to the extent of $18.41 per capita. The amount of money in circu- lation in 1913 was $34.64 for every man, woman, and child. Two out of three dollars in existence in Amer- ica pass through the hands of a liquor dealer during the year. Two years and eight months of the Boer War cost Great Britain $900,000,000. During the same time, the liquor traffic was costing the United States $5,500,000,000. COST OF LIVING — The high cost of living will never be properly understood except in the light of the truth that nothing is of value in this world save the product of labor, mental or physical, and this prod- uct must increase the aggregate wealth of the world and conduce to the continued productivity of its citi- zens. The employment of capital in the production of that which is not wealth does not decrease in the least the need of the world’s inhabitants, but it does prevent a part of the production which should satisfy legiti- mate needs. Money spent in the production of flour makes it easier for man to satisfy his hunger. Money spent in the production of clothing makes it easier for him to ward off cold. Money spent on good roads, good schools, sanitation, etc., increases his productivity. But money spent in the production of drink makes it harder for men to satisfy their hunger, harder for them to ward off cold, and decreases their power to produce food and clothing. The employment of capital in the 116 Cyclopedia of Temperance production of any evil product is exactly similar to the filching of useful material from the storehouse of the world’s commonwealth, and as the stock is decreased the amount of money representing labor which is nec- essary to secure a portion of the stock that remains is greater in a fixed ratio to the value of the goods abstracted by wasteful production. The more labor wasted in the production of liquors, the higher prices for legitimate nroductions must be. COURTS — The increasing hostility of the courts to the liquor traffic was recently noted by Mida’s Criterion, a leading liquor organ, in the following words: “The trend of the courts of this country seems of late years to be all in the direction of the curtailing of personal libertj', so that the only alternative that sug- gests itself is to leave society as far behind as possible and get back to nature.’’ The right of prohibition was clearly and finally rec- ognized by the United States Supreme Court in the cases of Mugler vs. Kansas, and Ziebold and Hegelin vs. Kansas, United States Supreme Court, Vol. 123, page 623, in the following words, which should also be taken as conclusive of the compensation controversy: Cyclopedia of Temperance 117 “The power which the states unquestionably have of prohibiting such use by individuals of their property as will be prejudicial to the health, the morals, or the safety of the public, is not, and consistently with the existence and safety of organized society cannot be, burdened with the condition that the state must com- pensate such individual owriers for pecuniary losses they sustain by reason of their not being permitted, by a noxious use of their property, to inflict injury upon the community. It is true that when the defendants in these cases purchased or erected their breweries, the laws of the state did not forbid the manufacture of intoxicating liquors. But the state did not thereby give assurance, or come under any obligation, that its legis- lation upon that subject would remain unchanged.” Justice Harlan of the Supreme Court also denied the inherent right of trafficking in liquors in a notable decision which, in part, said : “But surely it will not be said to be a part of anyone’s liberty as recognized by the supreme law of the land that he shall be allowed to introduce into commerce among the states any element that will be confessedly injurious to public morals.” Other historic decisions by various courts which are of special interest to prohibitionists are given below: “A saloon license is a mere permit.” — Supreme Court of Indiana (five times repeated), Indiana Appellate Court, Court of Appeals of New York, Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and several other states. “The privilege of keeping a saloon is a derivative right, springing alone from the provisions of the license statute.” — Supreme Court of Indiana. “A license is a permission, granted by some com- petent authority, to do an act which, without such per- mission, would be illegal.” — Supreme Court of Ohio (in two different saloon license cases). “The licensed saloon keeper does not sell liquor by reason of an inalienable right, inherent in citizenship, but because the government has delegated to him the exercise of such rights.” — Supreme Court of South Carolina, in State vs. Aiken, 42 S. C., 231. “The result of the definitions which have been given of a license, as implied in its etymology, is in con- formity with the sense in which the word is ordinarily used, and may be regarded as strictly accurate in all 118 Cyclopedia of Temperance respects. That is permitted that cannot be done with- out permission; and to say a person is permitted — licensed — to do what he may lawfully do without per- mission, is a misuse of words.” — Supreme Court of Ohio, in Adler vs. Whitbeck, 9 N. E., 672. In Plender vs. State, 10 N. W., 481, the Supreme Court of Nebraska held that the object of a license is to grant permission to do an act which, without the permission, would be illegal, adding: “So we say that the prohibition of the traffic is absolute, except upon certain specified conditions, and one of these condi- tions is the provision for its legalization by the pro- curement of a license.” Judge Cooley, speaking for the Supreme Court of Michigan (see Youngblood vs. Sexton, 20 Am. Rep., 654), said: “The popular understanding of the word ‘license’ undoubtedly is a permission to do something which, without the license, would not be allowable. This we are to suppose was the sense in which it was made use of in the constitution. But this is also the legal meaning.” An Indiana court says it again : “The right to sell intoxicating liquors is not a natural, inherent, or in- alienable right, or a property or personal right, and may therefore be restricted both in the number of licenses and the manner of their exercise.” — State ex rel. Ferguson vs. Board of Comr’s of Morgan County et al., 101 N. E., 813. So does Alabama: “There can be no vested right or an unqualified irrevocable privilege in traffic in liquors; and the state may close all possible avenues through which its prohibitory laws may be evaded or violated.” — Ex parte Woodward, 61 So. 295. “Licenses to sell liquor are not contracts, and create no vested rights. They are merely permits to do what would otherwise be an oflense against the law. and the license of plaintiff in error stated on its face that it was subject to all the laws of the state and ordinances of the village which then were or might be thereafter in force. Counsel admits that the license is not prop- erty; the liquor law may be changed and the license ended, although paid for, and that in such a_ case, a dram shop keeper has no vested rights to continue the business by virtue of his license ; but, he contends that he has a vested right in the property which cannot be Cyclopedia of Temperance 119 used for anything else. To say that a dram shop keeper has a right to continue the use of his bar fixtures for the sale of liquor because he can put them to no other use would authorize him to continue the business, and be equivalent to holding that the law could not be changed so as to deprive him of his license, or the right to continue the business, and that clearly is not the law.” — The People vs. McBride, 234 111., page 17d. CRIME — The Committee of Fifty found that 49.9 per cent of crime in more than 12,000 cases investigated was due to the consumption of alcoholic liquors. (See Committee of Fifty.) Court officials at various times have testified that as high as ninety per cent of the cases brought into court seem to have some alcohol connection, and offi- cials of penitentiaries give similar testimony. (See Convicts.) Of 269 murderers committed to Wisconsin State peni- tentiary at Waupun in recent years, nearly half were under the influence of alcohol when the crime was com- mitted, and 27.9 had been arrested before for drunken- ness, according to a report made by Dr. Rock Sleyster, superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Criminal Insane, and formerly physician in charge of the Wisconsin state prison hospital. Alcohol was used to excess by 41.5 per cent of these 269 murderers, while only 12.6 per cent were abstainers. The National Temperance Quarterly of London says that since 1887 it has been the practice in Sweden to make careful inquiry and report as to how many prison- ers were intoxicated at the moment of commission of crime and how many were addicted to drink before the crime. Between 1887 and 1905, of the men prisoners, 71.9 per cent were either intoxicated when the crime was committed or were habitual drinkers. The influence of alcohol was proved as follows: In 86.5 per cent of the cases of breaches of regulations and public order, in 85.2 per cent of assassinations, mur- ders, and other acts of violence ; in 82.3 per cent of cases of robbery with violence, in 71.2 per cent of breaches of military law, in 68.3 per cent of thefts and larcenies, and in 66.9 per cent of sexual crimes. Swind- ling, on the other hand, showed 38.8 per cent; perjury. 120 Cyclopedia of Temperance 34.6; and libel, thirty-three per cent of the cases com- mitted under the influence of alcohol. The growth of crime is alarming. In Missouri, since 1904, the number of men in confinement has increased sixty-five per cent, and there is a similar state of affairs in Illinois. In 1891 the appropriations for penal and reformatory institutions in the latter state amounted to only $574,100, but in 1911 the sum of $2,092,100 was required. The cost of crime in that state had increased during the period eight times faster than the population. The Effect of Prohibition Upon Crime If we compare the three wettest states (Pennsylvania, Montana, and Nevada) with three representative pro- hibition states (Maine, Kansas, and North Dakota), we find some very interesting facts in regard to the eifect of prohibition upon crime. This is the result: Prisoners per 100,000 Population. Maine 98 Pennsvlvania ..... 106 90 256 fiS 356 Rate of Commitment to Prison. Maine 707 Pennsylvania .... 200 1,069 North Dakota 163 Nevada All figures are on the basis of the last census returns (1910). . It is also most interesting to compare the statistics from Kansas and North Dakota with the other states in their respective geographical divisions and with the United States as a whole. This comparison shows: Prison Rates, 1910. United States 121.4 Minnesota 77.7 Missouri 107.1 South Dakota 47.8 Kansas 91.1 West North Central Division 80.2 Iowa 60.9 North Dakota 63.6 Nebraska 55.1 Rate of Commitment to Prison. United States 520 Minnesota 499 Missouri 481 South Dakota 273 Kansas 200 West North Central Division 465 (Average of license states) Iowa 585 North Dakota 163 Nebraska 482 Cyclopedia of Temperance 121 During 1910 there were actually committed to prison in the United States 493,934 men and women. If the rate for the entire United States had been the same as the average for the prohibition states, the number would have been only 283,274. If the rate for the United States had been the same as in Kansas, there would have been only 194,981 commitments, and if the rate throughout the United States had been the same as in the prohibition state of North Carolina, there would have been only 114,045 commitments. Just to give an instance which shows the need of vigilance in dealing with liquor statistics : These people very often compare the number of Kansas life prisoners with the number of life prisoners in license states. The simple explanation is that Kansas does not have capital punishment, therefore, it does not remove its worst offenders from the statistical column by death. The annual report of the manager of the Allegheny County (Pennsylvania) workhouse declares that of the 3,798 prisoners received, 3,472 were addicted to the use of liquors. In part, the report says : Most of the men are alcoholics, presenting, as they do, a wealth of ailments directly referable to their excessive use of alcohol. Some of these are border line delirium tremens cases, while others present marked arterio sclerosis and cirrhosis of the liver. We mention these to emphasize the lower phys- ical resistance these men have to the common infectious diseases, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. It is indeed amazing to note the rapid progress of these diseases upon this class of patients. This also accounts for the seriousness of the ordinary infections, such as infected fingers, scalps, etc. The mentality of the 'men comes below par. A Study of prohibition in any locality where it is well enforced never fails to show a startling effect upon the crime rate. In January, 1913, when Little Rock, Ark., had licensed saloons, fifteen days showed 278 cases in the police court, of which eighty-six were drunks. In the corresponding days of 1914, when the town was temporarily dry under the Going Law, the number of cases in the police court was 138, only five of which were drunks. Lima and Findlay, O., are county seat towns of adjoining counties. Lima is wet, Findlay is dry; Lima has double the population of Findlay. In 1912 there were 2,101 arrests in wet Lima, while in dry Findlay the number was 182. 122 Cyclopedia oi Temperance During the' year ending June 30, 1913, 22,994 prison- ers were confined in the county jails of Ohio. Of these 3,528 were in the jails of forty-four dry counties and 19,466 in the jails of the forty-two wet counties. Vin- ton, dry, and Clark, wet, not included. On the basis of the 1910 census there was one person in jail in dry counties to each 366 of the population, but in the wet counties there was a person in jail for each 178 of pop- ulation. The number of jail prisoners was more than twice as great, according to population, in wet counties as in dry counties. According to the report of the State Board of Chari- ties and Corrections of Virginia, one person in each 118 of the population was sent to jail during 1912 Taking all the wet territory of the state there was one jail commitment to each fifty-six of the popula- tion. In the dry territory for the same period there was one jail commitment to each 527 of the population. Virginia has since voted “dry.” These are simply instances taken at random and might be multiplied indefinitely. There is, however, another illustration of the effect of drink upon crime which is striking in the extreme. In May, 1906, the city of San Francisco was just beginning to recover from the demoralization brought about by the earthquake of the previous month. On May 5 the following editorial appeared in the Daily Chronicle : “A CITY WITHOUT CRIME” “THE SALUTARY EFFECT OF CLOSING THE SALOON” “San Francisco for the past fortnight has been abso- lutely free from disorder and virtually free from crimes of yiolence. There haye been no street brawls. No drunken brute has beaten his wife. No gamblers have murdered each other in low resorts. Except for some dealings with sneak thieves the occupation of the police courts is gone. It is a most impressive object lesson of the value to society of the restriction of the liquor traffic. We are promised a continuation of this peaceful condition for a considerable time to come, save only as drunken men may drift over from Oakland, where the authorities have been so reckless as to allow saloons to open. We may be compelled to renew quarantine against Oakland. This absolute demonstration that Cyclopedia of Temperance 123 the saloons are responsible for all crimes of violence make it imperative that whenever they shall be allowed to reopen in this city, their license fees will be fixed at a rate which will support the police department. There must be increased taxation. The public generally will protest against being taxed for the control or suppression of those forms of crime for which the saloons are now proved to be solely responsible. The public will look to the board of supervisors to place the cost of dealing with crime on the occupation which is responsible for all of it.” CRUSADE — The “Women’s Crusade” began in Ohio in December, 1873, and rapidly spread to other states. Bands of women visited the saloons, praying for the saloon keepers and entreating them to close up. Scores of saloons were closed. DEATHS FROM DRINK— See Mortality from Alcohol. DELAWARE — Of the three counties the two lower ones are totally dry and a portion of rural New Castle County is also dry. Wilmington is wet. The question of a constitutional amendment for state-wide prohibi- tion will enter into the legislative campaign in the spring of 1916. DELIRIUM TREMENS — Delirium tremens is a nervous disorder, the technical name of which might properly be translated “drinkers’ mania.” (See Alco- holism.) DEMOCRATIC PAJ?TF— Broadly speaking, the Democratic Party in the North is opposed to prohibi- tion, while in the South it is overwhelmingly in favor of that policy. (See Hobson-Sheppard Bill for in- formation as to Democratic votes on that measure.) DENATURED ALCOHOL — This is alcohol which has been rendered unfit for drinking, but which is valuable for industrial and similar purposes. The pro- duction and use of denatured alcohol in this country is increasing rapidly. There are indications that the time will come when the industrial demand for dena- tured alcohol will take all of the output possible to eyery distillery now existing. 124 Cyclopedia of Temperance DENMARK — The Danish temperance movement is fast ripening into national prohibition. In 1903 the government appointed a commission to recommend re- forms, but their recommendations were not accepted. In 1908 445,396 adults, more than half of the adult population, signed a local option petition and when the law failed to pass the people began to hold voluntary votings with the purpose of inducing the magistrates to end the sale of liquors. The latter have usually respected these unofficial mandates. Between January, 1907, and April, 1913, there were 196 such votings. In 172 of them the prohibitionists showed a majority and the aggregate number of voters favoring prohibition was three times as great as those opposed. Such na- tional organizations as that of the farm laborers, the farmers, etc., have approved national prohibition by a practically unanimous vote. A majority of the national Parliament are said to be known abstainers and pro- hibitionists. It is only a matter of time until Denmark will be a prohibition country. The dependencies of Denmark include the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, The Faroes, b}' parish vote, abolished the liquor traffic in 1907, the vote for prohibition being 1,541 to sixty-four against. Green- land prohibits the importation of any kind of intoxi- cating liquor. Iceland in 1909 passed a prohibition law prohibiting the importation January 1, 1912, and all sale in 1915. In signing this law the King said: “Few, if any, of my actions since I became king have given me more satisfaction than that of signing the prohibition law for Iceland, and if the Parliament of Denmark will pass a similar law I shall be more willing yet to approve.” DIPSOMANIA — The inability to control the appe- tite for liquor. DIRECT VETO — An English term for option. DISEASES CAUSED — Sir Victor Horsley, in his “Alcohol in the Human Body,” presents the following tabulations of the diseases caused wholly or in part by the use of alcohol: Cyclopedia of Temperance 125 Table 1. Diseases Due to Alcohol Alone. Acute Alcoholic Poisoning. Acute Mania (mania e potu). Delirium Tremens. Chronic Alcoholic Insanity. Alcoholic Epilepsy. Alcoholic Neuritis (Inflammation of the Nerve Sheaths). Alcoholic Paralysis. Table 2. Diseases of Which Alcohol is Frequently a Deter- mining or Frequently a Contributing Cause. Throat Pharjmgitis (Catarrhal or Granular Sore Throat). Stomach Gastric Catarrh and Chronic Dyspepsia. Dilatation of Stomach. Liver Congestion of Liver. Hypertrophic Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of Liver. Fatty Liver. Kidney Albuminuria. Chronic Bright’s Disease. Faulty Metabolism. . Gout. Altered Tissue Glycosuria. Change Obesity. Skin Congestion and Overgrowth of the Skin and its Glands. Inflammation of the Skin. Functional Disorders of the Ovaries and Breasts leading to — (1) Sterility. (2) Inability on the part of mothers to suckle their infants at the breast. Heart Dilatation of Heart. Fatty Heart. Blood-Vessels Arterio-sclerosis (degeneration and fibroid change in the vessels). Lungs Increased susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases, i.e., Inflamma- tion of the Lungs, Consumption, Bron- chial Catarrh, etc. Eyes Increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases of the eye. Nervous System ....Inflammation and degeneration of nerve structures, including the optic nerve. Epilepsy. Melancholia. Dementia. Imbecility. Hysteria. Idiocy. Sunstroke. Infectious Diseases e.g. Erysipelas, Blood-Poisoning of va- generally rious types. Tubercle, Syphilis, Diph- theria, Cholera, etc. Industrial Diseases.. e.g Lead Poisoning. DISTILLATION — In order to produce liquors in which the proportion of alcohol is more than thirteen and one-half per cent, it is necessary to place fermented liquor in a still and heat it. Alcohol boils at 170 de- 126 Cyclopedia of Temperance grees and water at 212 degrees, hence the alcohol be- comes vapor first and passes through the still which is kept cool. The cold tube condenses the vapor and it falls into the receiver in the form of a liquid. This is simply a process of separating the alcohol from the fermented liquor. DISTILLED LIQUORS — See Alcoholic Bever- ages; Distillation. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— [JnAtr the Jones- Works excise law the number of barrooms in the Dis- trict of Columbia was reduced November 1, 1915. to 271, and wholesale licenses to eighty-nine. In 1893 there were 1,100 licensed liquor places, one for every 218 of the population. Year by year the number was gradually reduced until 1914, when the Jones-Works law eliminated more than two hundred. November 1. 1915, there was one licensed place for each 1,000 of the population, approximately. It is noteworthy that during the past year a number of more or less notori- ous and objectionable liquor resorts were closed, among them a hotel located on United States propertj'. On November 1 the bar in Union Station was closed, a license being denied for another year. A prohibition measure for the District was intro- duced in the United States Senate last winter and was debated for two days. It was finally defeated by a small margin, although it did not come to a direct vote. A prohibition bill will be introduced in the coming Congress, and many connected with the liquor traffic share with prohibitionists the belief that it will become a law before the session closes. DIVORCE— From 1889 to 1906 there were 184.396 divorces due to intemperance on the part of husband or wife, according to a special report upon marriage and divorce issued by the Census Bureau in 1909. This number of such divorces constitutes 19.5 per cent of all cases of divorce. Drunkenness is not a ground for divorce in Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro- lina, or Texas. According to the statistical study of the Census Bureau, where the charge of wives against husbands was desertion drunkenness was found to be a factor Cyclopedia of Temperance 127 in 11.5 per cent cases; where it was adultery drunken- ness was present in 13.9 per cent of the cases; where it was neglect to provide drunkenness was present in 21.2 per cent; and where it was cruelty drunkenness was present in 32.4 per cent. Figures taken only from the Statistical Abstract of the Census should not be admitted in any controversy because they do not con- sider the influence of drink upon causes for divorce other than “drunkenness.” Neither should the student be confused by comparisons between license and pro- hibition states which are sometimes not to the advan- tage of the no-license commonwealth. The character of the population must be taken into consideration. Among certain classes of population especially strong in some states divorce is not thought of even for cruelty, whereas in a community of greater intelligence a woman will hardly put up with verbal abuse. Where a large percentage of the people are Catholics, divorce is very much less common than in states where the people are Protestant. Again, we must warn the reader from being deceived by skillful handling of figures by the liquor interests. In their comparisons they frequently accord to Kansas or to other prohibition states a divorce rate based upon the married population, in comparison with a rate in other states based upon the general population. Also, they will call attention to the fact that the Kansas rate is high without admitting that the divorce rate throughout the West is much higher than in the East. While being careful to shout aloud from the housetops that Kansas has a divorce rate of 109, which is higher than the average in the East, they carefully refrain from letting one know that the divorce rate in the pro- hibition state of North Dakota in 1910 was only eighty- eight; that in Arizona (then license) it was 120; in Arkansas (then license) 136; in Colorado (then license) 158; in Idaho (then license) 120; in Indiana 142; in Montana 167; in Oregon (then license) 134; in Wyo- ming 118; in Texas 131; and in Washington (then license) 184. In an article in the National Sunday Magazine, Evan- geline Booth, commander of the Salvation Army in the United States, declared that reports of hundreds of thousands of cases of rescues by the Salvation Army in all parts of the world indicate that drink is a cause 128 Cyclopedia of Temperance and seldom a result of trouble in the home. Miss Booth says : “Nine tenths of the drunkards in the world were habitual drunkards before they were married, having acquired the habit in clubs or saloons, according to their social status. The drink habit is almost invariably due to the positive influence of social intercourse of the wrong kind. “We often hear of cases of men being driven to drink because of the daughter having gone astray. But in an incredible number of cases, the daughter’s down- fall is due to the fact that the father’s treatment has made home life unbearable to her and has forced her upon the street. Then comes realization by the father, remorse and cowardly recourse to the bottle — thus forc- ing upon the mother, the natural guardian and burden- bearer of the family, the specter of drunkenness and disaster.’’ Drinking, however, figures in many more divorces than one in five, as it is frequently a concealed cause. Divorce in Ohio There were 5,575 divorce cases pending in the eighty- eight counties of Ohio on June 30, 1913. Of this num- ber 772 were in the forty-five dry counties and 4,803 in the forty-three wet counties. On the basis of the 1910 census one divorce case was pending to each 1.673 of the population in the dry counties and one to each 724 of the population in wet counties. There were more than double the cases in proportion to population in wet than in dry territory'. From 1896 to 1913 4,726 divorces were granted in Ohio for drunkenness alone, while thousands more were granted for causes grow- ing out of the use of liquor. This record bears out the systematic investigation and conclusions of Judge Gemmill of the Chicago Court of Domestic Relations, who says that the cause in forty-six out of every one hundred divorce cases in that city is excessive drink. “The great and prevailing cause for domestic in- felicity is drink,’’ says Jud.ge Andrew H. Wilson, Juvenile Court of New Orleans. Says the Denver Times: “Common, unromantic drunkenness is still far in the lead as a home wrecker.” DOW, NEAL — Born in Portland, Me., March 20, 1804; died October 2, 1897. He was the third candi- Cyclopedia of Temperance 129 date of the Prohibition Party for president, having won national fame for his labors in behalf of the Maine prohibitory law. President Lincoln made him a brigadier-general in the volunteer army in April, 1862. He was twice wounded in battle. DRINKING CUSTOMS, DEVELOPMENT OF — The time of the discovery of alcohol is not known, but some place it at the very beginning of the agri- cultural period, or 30,000 years ago. The very earliest Egyptian, Babylonian, and Hebrew writings give ac- counts of drunkenness. Ale brewing was common in Egypt 5,000 years ago, according to indications of Egyptian frescoes, and in China drunkenness was com- mon before the rise of Confucianism. The custom of drinking alcoholic liquors was from the first polygenetic, seemingly originating among all peoples independently, and not spreading from tribe to tribe. This does not indicate, as has been claimed, that the use of alcohol is natural, and, consequently, to some extent necessary and goad. It rather indicates that the cause of the use of alcohol is a natural impulse. Polygamy and sexual promiscuity were also poly- genetic, but that is no defense of these practices. There is no impulse to use intoxicants, but there is an impulse among undeveloped individuals or races to surge forward, impatient of the more orderly proc- esses of development, into wider spiritual and mental experience. There also is an impulse among decadent nations and senile individuals or among nations and individuals which are approaching decadence or senility to attain again by great effort or special means to the vigorous mental and spiritual life of their better days. Samuelson says that in every nation there has been a period just preceding the time of highest culture when intoxication was prevalent; and that again after the highest point of culture has been passed a second period of intemperance always ensues. Our savage forefathers sought in alcohol ecstatic feeling, a sense of increased, power, dreams that ushered them into a world of wider experience. This impulse flowed in a wrong channel when it led to the use of intoxicants, but nevertheless it was an impulse point- ing to a life of more intense action and intense feeling, and while the use of intoxicants has contributed noth- 130 Cyclopedia of Temperance ing to the advance of man, the impulse behind it has been the force that has propelled us forward. It is because of the nature of the motive that alcohol so soon became associated with state ceremonials, wor- ship, marriage, funerals, festivals, rites, hospitality, etc. Even to this day the alcohol tradition is encrusted with superstition and myth. Undeveloped peoples seek other neurotic conditions just as they seek intoxication. Epilepsy and chorea are frequently regarded by them as divine. Savages work themselves into a frenzy by rhythmical movement and sound, and, for that matter, so do birds and animals. Soma worship, perhaps the most ancient of all re- ligions, included intoxication as a sacred thing, but, for that matter, in India to-day prostitution is prac- ticed in the temples in the name of the gods. As a national indication the general use of intoxicants points to sluggish, undeveloped brain power or to burnt-out emotions. The progress of the drink habit has been verj' uniform. In the time of Moses and Rameses, and 5.0(W years before Christ, in China public bars existed as they exist to-day. They were then, as now. the source of social disorders and were associated with prostitution. The discovery of the art of distilling was especially notable as affecting the historj^ of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian development. If the development of the drink institution is to be checked the impulse to seek inhibition and stimulation must be directed into chan- nels of legitimate amusement and art expression. Music provides beneficial stimulation; so does every form of art and play. DRUGS — Through the efforts of temperance re- formers, Congress was induced to pass an antinarcotic bill taking effect March 1, 1915. Enforcement is vested in the Bureau of Internal Revenue. The law provides for penalties of S2.000 and five years in prison. No druggist can sell habit-forming drugs except on the prescription of a physician who is authorized by special license, and there are other dras- tic restrictions. It is estimated that at the time of the enactment of this law there were 2,000,000 addicts in the United States. Cyclopedia oi Temperance 131 The liquor interests have tried strenuously to show that prohibition causes those who have been robbed of their drink to turn to drugs, but drug fiends are much more numerous in license territory, indicating that the habit of drinking alcoholic liquors leads to drug consumption. The United States Government convicted a Chicago doctor on evidence showing that he had issued 20,00(} prescriptions to drug fiends during a period of a few months beginning March 1, 1915, and this in spite of the fact that Chicago has more than 7,000 saloons. A liquor writer who has harped strongly on the drug argument against prohibition is Dr. E. H. Williams of Montclair, N. J., who presents a mass of “official”’ figures, but never states how he gets these “official” figures and whether the methods of arriving at them are the same in the case of the various states. Boiled down, his matter amounts simply to the repetition of a lot of rumor. The splendid enforcement of the Harri- son antidrug law, which is a prohibitory measure of the most drastic kind, is beginning to render all such arguments absurd. License Fosters Drug Vice A report of the Federal Public Health Service issued late in 1914 reveals the fact that there are far more “dope” fiends in Ohio, Illinois, New York, and other license states than in the prohibition state of Tennessee, which was taken as a typical horrible example of pro- hibition’s influence upon drug consumption in a sen- sational pamphlet issued by the liquor dealers during the same year. The Tennessee conclusions in the Public Health Bulletin were based on data showing the result of the operation of the state antinarcotic law which prohibits the sale of habit-forming drugs to anyone not holding a permit. During the first six months of the operation of the law 1,403 permits were issued in Tennessee. Ohio, which has just about double the population of Tennessee, has, according to Mr. W. R. Hower, chief drug officer of Ohio, 100,000 drug addicts, instead of about three thousand which she would have at the Tennessee rate. The Columbus Dispatch declares that with four per cent of the popu- lation Ohio consumes five per cent of all the opium and coca leaves imported. 132 Cyclopedia of Temperance Other license centers show similar things. During the past two years there have been drug crusades and scandals in St. Louis, New York, Chicago, and Phila- delphia. According to the City Health Department of Denver, 21,000 residents of that city are drug fiends. We do not know why the hundreds of license saloons and the five hundred blind pigs of Denver do not save these drug victims. Perhaps Prohibition after January 1, 1916, will. Mr. Fred Kern of the Board of Administration, in requesting the State Board of Pharmacy to prosecute offending Chicago druggists, stated that alx)ut fifteen per cent of the patients of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane owe their downfall to drugs. The pamphlet which the liquor interests exploited so strongly charged that in Georgia one out of every forty-two insane patients is so because of drugs; in North Carolina, one in eighty-four; and in Tennessee, one in seventy- four. If Mr. Kern was correct, his statement does not lend itself to the effort to show that prohibition causes drug addiction. DRUNKENNESS— See Arrests. EDUCATIONAL LAWS — Largely through the in- fluence of the W. C. T. U., practically every state in the Union now has laws requiring scientific temperance instruction in the schools. The first such law passed was in 1883, and the last general law of this kind was enacted in Idaho in 1909. This statement does not take into consideration laws passed to stren^hen legislation already in existence. Generally speaking, these laws are well enforced, but there is greatly needed a move- ment looking to the education of the teachers who handle these subjects. Such a movement exists at the present time in England. EFFECTS OF HIGH LICENSE— See License. EFFECTS OF PROHIBITION— See Kansas. West Virginia, North Carolina, North Dakota, etc. ENGLAND— See “Great Britain.” EPWORTH LEAGUE— AX the 1914 convention in Buffalo the Epworth League adopted this resolution : “Whereas, the national prohibition resolutions now pending in both Houses of Congress measure the most significant and important stage in the fight for a stainless flag. Cyclopedia of Temperance 133 ‘ ‘Be It Resolved, That the Ninth International Convention of Epworth Leagues declare it to he the conviction of the more than twenty thousand organizations representing a mil- lion Methodist young people that the most urgent matter now before the nation is the national prohibition amendment at present pending. ‘ ‘Be It Resolved, That we ur ge upon our representatives and senators that they support and pass these resolutions at as early a date as possible.” There is a growing conviction that if the liquor prob- lem is to be permanently settled the young people of the churches must do it. Because of the historic atti- tude of their organization and of Methodism itself, be- cause of the efficient machinery of the League and the fervor of its spirit, Epworthians are under a peculiar obligation to lend their utmost power to the temperance movement. The local chapter should (a) make the service when temperance is the devotional topic a memorable occa- sion; (b) study the liquor problem; (c) do definite work for the overthrow of the liquor traffic. The Devotional Topic Weeks should be taken in preparing for the temper- ance devotional service. There are numerous little experiments which can be conducted with the co- operation of a local high school teacher, and there are many more experiments which need no expert super- vision at all and the results of which will lend inter- est to the evening. (See “Sunday School.”) The discussion of the topic should be carefully worked up. It is well to have a local physician discuss the physiological and medical phase of the problem, and a lawyer can set forth its social phase, but if local men are asked to participate in the meeting in this way, when the invitation is extended they should be handed some suggestive literature which will be furnished free by the Temperance Society, as it is often impracticable for busy professional men to get together the material they desire to use. If members of the chapter themselves will undertake to make these talks, they can be furnished with sugges- tive matter supplied by the Temperance Society which will enable them to do so in a most creditable way. The music used should all be of a special nature. Popular temperance songs and patriotic music suit the 134 Cyclopedia of Temperance occasion much better than hymns selected at random. An ideal devotional meeting on the temperance topic is given here ; Song, “My Country, ’Tis of Thee.’’ Prayer. Song, Special. Lesson and talk by leader. Discussion. (a) Progress of the temperance movement. (b) The physical effect of alcohol. (c) Why prohibition pays. (d) Has the saloon a legitimate appeal! (e) What is Methodism doing! Solo, Special. Recitation. Song, Special. The program outlined is intentionally long, but can be adjusted to the needs of the occasion. The discussion proposed, if properly conaucted, will make an interesting evening. The swift development of the prohibition movement, the rapidly changing atti- tude of business, the growth of total abstinence senti- ment — a short account of these developments will make a wonderful story. A talk based upon the physical ef- fects of alcohol can be specialized. For instance, it can take the material in this book under the head of Leucocytes and Cell Life and the result will be splen- did. For “Why prohibition pays,” the stoiy of West Virginia, North Carolina, or Kansas, as given in this book would be good. An article appearing in the Survey and reprinted in this book under the head of “Substitutes” will furnish matter for “Has the saloon a legitimate appeal?” A fitting climax of the evening would be an account of what Methodism and the Ep- worth League are doing. But the most important work for Leaguers is to equip themselves for intelligent effort against the license system. Why the League Should Study A great many people, young and old, are afflicted with the belief that they know all about the liquor proLlem without the trouble of studying it. It is a pernicious notion. The Central Office of the Epworth League has published a little book, “The Greatest Com- mon Destroyer,” which they sell at fifty cents in cloth. It has only eight chapters, but it gives a glimpse of Cyclopedia of Temperance 135 the history of the social, political, and financial con- nections of the liquor traffic, the significance of the drinking custom, and the theory of prohibition which could not be obtained by a century of casual reading. Every Epworth League chapter should organize a study class in “The Greatest Common Destroyer.” There can be no efficient opposition to the liquor traffic except such as is made upon knowledge. How the League Can Work One of the most effective ways in which the League can influence the local situation is to understand the law and work for its enforcement whether that law provides for restriction or prohibition. If a local no- license campaign is in progress the League should organize to distribute literature, and this should be done at least once a year whether a campaign is on or not. If the local secular paper is not publishing temper- ance news, try to make an arrangement by which they will give your League a column to be devoted to that purpose. The Temperance Society will furnish a weekly news bulletin which has splendid standing with the newspapers of the country. Prohibition oratorical con- tests and debates can be conducted; a quartet can be organized for propaganda purposes. A great many League chapters are conducting poster campaigns. The Temperance Society publishes a series of twelve posters which are furnished at cost. One of the most effective methods of educational work is the “shop window display.” Posters can be used in this shop window. Piles of groceries illustratirtg the amount of food that can be bought with the yearly drink bill of a man who drinks two glasses of beer a day are effective. The League should always count upon the Temper- ance Society of the Church to cooperate in the fullest and heartiest way. ETHER — Produced by acting on pure alcohol with chlorine. EUROPE — A prohibition map of Europe before the war would have shown the entire continent black, ex- cept Scotland, which will have local option after 1920, Norway and Sweden, which have local option at pres- ent, and Denmark, which has council option. Russia 136 Cyclopedia of Temperance had twice vetoed prohibition in Finland. In Russia the sale of vodka was a government monopoly. A detailed statement of the exact present situation in Europe may be found under the head of “War.” EXCISE — A license law or any laws taxing the sale of liquors are often called excise laws. This is espe- cially the case in New York. It is an old English term which was formerly applied to any tax upon home- made articles. FARMERS — According to the Abstract of the Cen- sus of 1910, “materials” to the value of $139,199,000 are used annually in the manufacture of distilled, malt, and vinous liquors. “Materials” used in this connection includes freight, heat, light, etc., as well as raw mate- rial purchased from the farmer. Aside from the two crops of molasses and hops, the farm products generally used in the manufacture of beer and whisky — crops produced in practically all sec- tions of the country — are wheat, corn, rj'e, barley, and oats, and of these crops the liquor trade uses a value of only $61,151,094. The total value of these five grain crops, according to the report of the Department of Agriculture, issued in December, 1913, was $2,863,761,- 000. (See Grains.) Every farmer knows that, in deal- ing with figures of this size, it is not uncommon for the Department of Agriculture to make an error in es- timating crops of at least sixty million, an error that never affects the market price in the slightest. The men engaged in the manufacture of liquor very often assail these figures thus : “It is very true that we only use $61,000,000 worth of grain, but still we do use that much, and if you cut off this market from the farmer, it would be a loss which he might be able to bear, but a loss nevertheless. The man who grows these grains is not going to see this much of a market lost to him without knowing the reason why.” There is a reason why the loss of this market would be a tremendous gain. Very generally, the farmers of the country realize this, for the Grange and similar organizations speak out annually in favor of prohibi- tion of the liquor traffic, and if a vote of the farm- ers were taken, the nation over, the majority against the continuance of the license policy would be enor- mous, but still it is well to review the facts occasionally. Cyclopedia of Temperance 137 What is most significant is the effect upon the farm- er’s market of the use of $771,516,000 of capital ern- ployed in the production of liquors. In twenty-six leading industries the producer of raw material receives an average of 58.73 per cent of the entire wholesale value of the products. In the industry of slaughtering and meat packing this percentage rises as high as 87.68 per cent. But the liquor industry, ranking lowest among these twenty-six industries, pays only 23.53 per cent for all of its raw material, including light, heat, freight, etc., and for these five grain crops we have been considering, it pays only 9.7 per cent of the whole- sale value of the liquors produced. If you consider the retail value, the percentage going to the farmer would be almost infinitesimal. Now, suppose the liquor industry were wiped out suddenly and completely over every inch of territory in the United States. Would that destroy the $771,- 516,000 now invested in producing liquors? It would not. It would simply force these buildings, the land, and the other capital involved to employ itself in the production of something else. Suppose, for instance, that the entire $771,516,000 were to be shifted to the lumber and timber industry. It would immediately get to paying the producer of raw material 43.94 per cent, a share for which the farmer could very readily afford to lose all the unfair percentage allowed him by the' manufacturer of liquors. If it went into the slaughter- ing business, it would pay the farmer 87.68 per cent, or if it were scattered through the entire list of the twenty-six leading industries, the farmer would get an average in return of 58.73 per cent. Below we give a little table showing the percentage of the wholesale price of various products going to the producer of raw material, as compared to the percentage allowed by the liquor industry: Agricultural implements 41.21 per cent Automobiles 52.82 per cent Clothing 88.96 per cent Furniture 45.34 per cent Slaughtering and meat packing. .87.68 per cent Liquors 23.53 per cent These industries were selected at random from the entire list, and represent fairly the average. 138 Cyclopedia of Temperance No attempt is made to show how much of the farm- er’s market is taken from him by the trade in distillery slops, rotten feed, etc., but there is strong reason to believe that the brewer and distiller rob the farmer of many millions of this market. And no attempt is made to show how much of liquor’s crop of crime, insanity, and woe must be taken care of by the farmer’s good money. Students very generally agree in the estimate that not less than one half of all the crime may be attributed to the liquor traffic. Other moderate estimates are that one fourth of all the insanity, a large percentage of the vice, about forty per cent of the pauperism, and much of degeneracy, is due to the sale of liquors. No city, county, or state can license the saloon with- out inflicting a grievous wrong upon every farmer throughout the land. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT — The Constitution of the United States limits the powers of the federal government in dealing with the liquor traffic to taxa- tion, customs, internal revenue, the regulation of inter- state commerce in such liquors, and the control of the traffic in territory owned by the federal government, and with the Indian tribes. Congress, therefore, has no police power over the traffic in liquors excepting in federal territory, on the high seas, and such as is incident to taxation. The first federal liquor revenue law was enacted March 1, 1791. This law was replaced by one of May 8, 1792. They constituted a part of Alexander Hamil- ton’s fiscal policy and were repealed upon the election of President Jefferson. Another liquor revenue law was passed August 2, 1813. This law was repealed Decem- ber 31, 1817. On July 1, 1862, the present liquor rev- enue policy was adopted. (See Revenue.) The amount of the tax has varied, but the principle has never been changed. At first the tax on spirituous liquors was twenty cents per gallon, but it rose to $2.00 by the close of 1864; in 1875 it was reduced to ninety cents, and at the beginning of the Spanish-American War it was raised to $1.10. The retailers’ tax was fixed at $25 annually. The revenue on malt liquors was originally placed at $1.00, reduced to sixty cents in 1863, and restored to $1.00 in 1864. It remained at this Cyclopedia of Temperance 139 figure until the Spanish-American War, when it was temporarily raised to $2.00. At the end of the war the excess taxation was taken off, but in 1914 the amount was again raised from $1.00 to $1.50. The retailers’ tax was fixed at $20. (For theory of taxation see License.) The result of the federal government’s revenue sys- tem has been to place it in an exceedingly intimate relation to the liquor traffic. Revenue officers vigorously hunt down manufacturers who have not paid the tax. The system for collecting the liquor revenue has gone to such lengths that Uncle Sam virtually conducts the business of every distiller. The distillery is under the constant supervision of revenue agents who carry the keys, oversee the bookkeeping, and make a record of every bushel of grain used. The distiller is not even allowed to come upon his own premises except during business hours and under certain regulations prescribed by the Treasury Department. He cannot go into his own warehouses unless the revenue agent is present. He can take nothing out and put nothing in without written permission, although the representatives of the government may come and go as they please, and if the distiller should attempt to hinder their movements they would be authorized to break in, and the owner would be fined $1,000 for interference. One of the greatest evils of the internal revenue policy was the federal interference with the police powers of the state, which gradually came about. In 1827 Chief Justice Taney held that Congress had no power to override the prohibition of any state, and that a prohibition commonwealth could assume author- ity over liquor immediately it came within the bounds of state lines. His decision held its force for nearly a half century, when the federal government began to assume and to be allowed complete authority over all interstate shipments until they were in the hands of consignees. This power was modified by the enactment of the Webb-Kenyon Bill. (See that subject.) Federal courts have consistently recognized the pro- hibition principle (see Courts), and their policy toward the liquor traffic in the federal possessions has never been very friendly. At the present time, however, the sale of liquor is permitted in all of our territorial pos- sessions, although under strict regulation. (For fed- 140 Cyclopedia of Tempeiance eral policy in regard to military and naval forces see Army, and Navy.) The close relation of the government to the manu- facturer of liquors has permitted many distillers to de- ceive the public. When an advertisement says, “Uncle Sam guarantees our liquors,” or anything of that nature, it is a falsehood pure and simple. There is no federal guarantee of the purity of liquors. FERMENTATION — See Beer; Brewing; and Wines. FERMENTED LIQUORS— Ste Alcoholic Bever- ages; Beer; Malt Liquors; and Wines. FINLAND — The Finnish Landtag voted twice for national prohibition before the war but Russian sanc- tion was withheld. In the meantime the Legislature, by raising beer taxes eightfold in three years, succeeded in ruining a full fifth of the breweries, and in reducing alcohol consumption to a record low point — 1.2 liters per capita. Finland, of course, as a dependency of Russia, is affected by Russia’s prohibition since the be- ginning of the war. FLORIDA — Has forty-five dry counties, nine coun- ties are wet. The Davis Law, passed at the last ses- sion of the Legislature, closed up over two hundred saloons in the state, leaving now only about seventy- five wholesale mail order and retail liquor houses. The Davis Act abolishes the treating system, also the free lunch ; also closes saloons at 6 P. M. until 7 A. M. The next Legislature will probably pass a Submission Bill. FLYING SQUADRON OF AMERICA— When the present national prohibition movement was launched at Columbus, O., a group of men called together in the historic Neil House, where Lincoln slept on his way to Washington, decided to make the movement impressive and popular by a great spectacular and nation-embracing campaign. Headed by Governor J. Frank Hanly, sec- onded by the young and brilliant Daniel A. Poling as secretary, the speakers were selected and the plans laid to reach every state capital, metropolis, educational center, and town of 25,000 population in the United States. Captain R. P. Hobson suggested the name. Cyclopedia of Temperance 141 “Flying Squadron.” The officers canvassed the coun- try for money to float the Squadron. The campaign began Wednesday, September 30, 1914, at Peoria, 111., and closed in Atlantic City, N. J., Sun- day, June 6, 1915 — 235 days traveling and speaking, not a date or place being missed. Two mass meetings were held every day, afternoon and evening; and sometimes two cities were visited by each group a day. Three groups visited each place, making a continuous three- day meeting; thus on each day three cities heard the message at the same time. In the 235 different cities they were heard by a million people. Everywhere the cause is stronger because of the consecration of the twenty men and women who made up the Squadron force. First division: Daniel A. Poling; Clarence True Wilson; Charles M. Sheldon; Wilhur F. Sheridan; and the musicians. Second division: Clinton N. Howard; Eugene W. Chafin; Mrs. Ella R. Boole; Mrs. Culla J. Vayhinger; and the mu- sicians. Third division : Gov. Hanly ; Oliver W. Stewart ; Ira W. Landrith ; and the musicians. Mrs. Ella S. Stewart took the place of absentees on any division and did notable work, appealing to the newly enfranchised women in all the Western States where women vote. Hon. John B. Lewis, who con- tributed $10,000 to the movement, acted throughout as treasurer and spoke effectively in many places. All the speeches are published in a notable volume. The Flight of the Squadron is told in a story of great interest. The Flying Squadron foundation has incorporated under the laws of Indiana. It is to publish a weekly newspaper, the National Enquirer, maintain a speaking force, and conduct a nation-wide propaganda for total abstinence and national prohibition. Its officers are : President, J. Frank Hanly; Vice-President, Oliver Wayne Stewart; Treasurer, Edward E. Mittman. Head- quarters : Indianapolis, Ind. FOOD VALUE — “It is only lately that we have begun to regard alcohol in its true light as a drug and not as a food,” said the late Sir Spencer Wells, M.D., F.R.S. There is hardly a reputable physician to-day who could be induced to assign any food value to alcohol. A slight quantity of the drug may be oxidized in the 142 Cyclopedia of Temperance body, but it is incorrect to say that it has food value because of this. As Dr. Harvey W. Wiley says, “It is without question a substance which does not nourish the body, build tissue, or repair waste.” Beer ordinarily has about four per cent of nutritive material. Flour has about eiehty-eight per cent The amount of poison in the beer exceeds the amount of nutritious material. (See Baron Liebig’s statement un- der the head of Beer.) FRANCE — (For further developments since the war see “War.”) Before the outbreak of hostilities France was un- doubtedly being undermined by alcohol, but a temper- ance movement of considerable proportions was devel- oping. The antialcohol group of the French Parliament had grown to 150 in number and included such men as Millerand, F. Buisson, Labori, Jaures, Doumer, Deschanel, Ribot, J. Reinach, Depuy, Meline, and Ber- enger. The men who claim that the use of wine in France had “solved the problem” make statements wide of the truth. Instead of saying that, “No one is ever drunk in France,” one might better say, in regard to certain sections of France at least. “No one is ever sober in France.” The amount of brandy manufactured, the growing consumption of absinthe, the great quantities of wine used, were producing the inevitable results. “You cannot make men good by law,” says M. Joseph Reinach, deputy, quoting the foolish adage of the friends of alcohol. “No, but j'ou can make them crazy. In 1881 France had 367.000 saloons and 47.000 insane ; in 1907, 477,000 saloons and 70,000 insane. Cause — the legislation of ’80.” Also, the traffic in wines had taken on many institu- tional evils. “Of our half million drink shops,” said AI. Joseph Reinach, “one tenth provide at the same time alcohol and women. There are in France fift\’ thou- sand of these cabarets furnishing filles en carte. In Lille, Rennes, the garrison towns, the seaport towns, one half of these girls are minors.” Also, AI. Reinach was not of the opinion that the use of light wines did not have physiological perils. At one time he exclaimed : “We have not a year to lose. It is a question of stopping this noble country, the land of Jeanne d‘Arc, and of the Kev- Cyclopedia of Temperance 143 olution, of Tincent de Paul and of Voltaire, upon the declivity of the most shameful of destructions.” And Dr. Dupre, Medecin des Hopitaux, asserted : ‘ ‘Alcoholism, agent in all physical and moral degeneracies, is, under the eyes of an indifferent and powerless govern- ment, moving on to the destruction of our land. I cannot too much insist on the literal truth of the sorrowful predic- tion and I affirm that one can inscribe this formula over all the drink shops of Prance: ‘Finis Galliae’.” M. Alfred Fouillee declares that “statisticians have proved twenty times, figures in hand, that the actual resources of charity suffice amply to prevent all extreme poverty if only this poverty were not multiplied tenfold by alcoholism.” And the effect of wine-drinking upon physical efficiency of army recruits has been such that, according to a correspondent in En Normandie, “Every fourth man has alcoholic trembling, tinglings in the hands, and mucous vomitings in the morning when rising. They have no power of resistance. On the march it is necessary to watch over them as if they were delicate children. The least strain induces in- testinal troubles which lay them up for many days. When one reproaches them on their drunkenness they reply, T can’t help it. I drink in spite of myself.’ ” France had made considerable advance in the tem- perance instruction of children. Such instruction had been edged into all studies, being injected into mathe- matical problems, etc. FRATERNITIES — Hostility marks the attitude of the American fraternities toward the liquor traffic. The Masons of Arkansas even went so far as to forbid their members to sign a saloon petition, and almost all reputable fraternities bar liquor dealers. These fraternities include the Knights of Pythias, Knights of Columbus, Catholic Mutual Benefit Associa- tion, Loyal Americans of the Republic, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Fraternal Union of America, Fra- ternal Brotherhood, National Union, Protected Home Circle, Heptasoph’s Improved Order, Royal League, Yeomen of America, Brotherhood of American Yeo- men, Order of the Star of Bethlehem, Odd Fellows, Woodmen of the World, United Workmen, United American Mechanics, Knights of Maccabees, Tribe of Ben Hur, American Legion of Honor, Mystic Circle, Independent Order of Foresters, Modern Woodmen of America, and Scottish Clans. 144 Cyclopedia of Temperance GAMBRINUS — A legendary king of Brabant. Pop- ular tradition accorded to him the distinction of hav- ing discovered the art of brewing beer. In Germany and Holland he is considered the patron saint of the brewers. GEORGIA — The special session of the Legislature in the fall of 1915 passed a bill prohibiting the sale of all liquors containing any proportion whatever of al- cohol, prohibiting liquor advertising and the importa- tion of liquors except for personal use. The previous prohibition law in Georgia had not been satisfactory to the drys. It was, indeed, not a prohibition law at all, as it permitted the sale of beer. GERMANY — (For developments since the war, see “War.”) The German prohibition and temperance movement may be directly traced to the beginning of the publica- tion of Professor Von Bunge’s Die Alkoholfrage in 1886. Its every development has had equally eminent parentage. The Anti-Alcohol Congress at Basel in 1895 was especially noteworthy for the reports of the Heidel- berg investigators, which have since wonderfully in- fluenced every country in the world. The effort to give the prosaloon movement in Amer- ica a German complexion is infamous and is so consid- ered by Germans in Europe. Professor Rade of Marburg, after visiting America, declared that he had been “painfully impressed by the part Germans are playing in the American alcohol war,” that while the second or third generation of Germans “gradually develop out of the lower German into the higher Anglo-American” point of view as to drink, native-born Germans, “with their fight for alcohol free- dom, represent a lower civilization as against the Anglo- American element, the protagonists of the prohibition movement. It is a matter of national honor that public opinion should be enlightened on the subject and should exercise the right influence across the sea. The Ger- man antiprohibitionists over there must be made to understand that they have not their relatives at home with them.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 145 “They have not their relatives at home with them!” Congressman Bartholdt and his kind are the worst enemies of the German in America, traitors to the repu- tation of their race. The part they are taking in de- ceiving their countrymen, in making them the victims and the servants of a brutal trust, is viewed with noth- ing but humiliation and contempt by the intellectual giants who are leading the fight for the redemption of the Fatherland. In 1893 there was but one known abstainer in the German Empire south of the Eider, Mr. Georg Asmus- sen, head engineer of the Blohm and Voss Docks in Hamburg, but since that time the temperance move- ment has grown to such proportions that it is utterly intolerant even of the “beer and light drinks theory.” “We should not discuss moderation with a man,” writes Dr. Matthaei, a staff physician in the German army, and in these words he voices the general opinion of German antialcoholists. “The thing has long since been settled by science. The use of narcotic poisons is simply indecent and criminal. * * * One should always decline to take part in any festival occasion where drink is used.” It is time that Germany is set right before the people of America. Listen to this statement from the lips of Professor Wilhelm Weygandt of Wurzburg: ‘ ‘If really, for OBce, the entire civilized race of mankind should abstain from alcohol for thirty years, so that a com- pletely sound generation could come into existence, there would result a transformation, a raising of the whole culture niveau, a heightening of the happiness and welfare of men, which could easily he placed beside the greatest historical reformations and revolutions of which we know anything.” And as typical of the attitude thinking Germans are beginning to take toward the prohibition movement this statement from Judge Friedrich Schmidt is illu- minating : ‘‘The state, then, has the right and duty to interfere with these drinking customs, the moderate as well as the immod- erate, in order to protect its citizens from the dangers which come from them. The simplest and most logical way would be to prohibit to everyone the use of alcoholic drinks. The state has this undoubted right since drinking in every form is a social danger.” In the summer of 1912 a local option petition filling nineteen bound volumes, with a half million signatures, was sent to the Reichstag. It was signed, among others. 146 Cyclopedia of Temperance by such men as Professor Haeckel of Jena, Professor Toennies of Kiel, Professor Bousset of Goettingen, Professor Paul Bart of Leipzig, and Dr. Horneffer of Munich, which gives some indication of the intellectual character of the movement. There are reasons for this intense activity against the liquor trade and the liquor habit in Germany. So far from proving a specific, light drinks have made Europe “alcohol sick.” Evidently, Professor Bollinger of Munich, for instance, does not think that beer is a healthful drink. He declares that autopsies upon 5,700 bodies show that every sixteenth male in Munich dies of beer heart. “One rarely finds in Munich a faultless heart or a normal kidney in an adult man,” he says. Professor Gravitz of Charlottenburg found alcoholic disturbances in thirty-four per cent of all his male patients over thirty years, and he declares that alcohol is undoubtedly the most important and commonest form of poisoning. Professor Dr. Stadelman of the Freid- richshain Hospital, Berlin, asserts that: “Our people suffer more in health and economic power from Schnaps than from tuberculosis, against which fight has been long successfully waged. The consequences of alcoholism are far more far-reaching and incomparably more destructive than those from tuberculosis.” Germany spends five times as much for alcohol as for education and all other kinds of cultural work and gets for it as Dr. Popert of Munich says, “A hateful disfigurement of its people.” “Just take a walk through Munich,” exclaims Dr. Popert, in disgust, “a city lying wholly in the brewers’ chains and observe the bellies and faces.” We in America also have beautiful pictures drawn for us of the quiet beer gardens of Germany, where a man can go “with his wife and children, etc.” Eminent Germans are responsible for the statement that the conditions obtaining among the waitresses at these ideal beer gardens are of a “character difficult to believe possible in a civilized land.” Dr. Blaschko estimates that thirty per cent of them are sexualh' sick. The growing intolerance of beer among the intellectual peo- ple is dealt with at some length under the head of “Beer.” Temperance teaching in the schools in Germany has made considerable progress, especially in Prussia, Cyclopedia of Temperance 147 Wurtemburg, and Weimar. Some of the greatest uni- versities in Germany have antialcohol courses. These include Berlin, Bonn, Strassburg, Vienna, Tuebingen, Heidelberg, Wurzburg, Kiel, Helsingfors, Munich, Prague, Basel, Goettingen, etc. There is a widespread industrial movement for prohi- bition in Germany, although it is not as extensive as in America. The Schaffhausen steel works sell to their men daily three hundred liters of milk, seventy-five of tea, and five hundred of lemonade. The directorate of the Rochling’sche steel works in Volklingen-a-Saar give a progressive premium to employees joining the Good Templars. Krupps forbade on November 1, 1910, the sale of beer in their steel works and opened milk booths. Professor Frederick von Reithdorf says : “Th6^ Germans adopted the drinking habit from for- eigners. Neither the word wine (from the Latin, vinum) nor beer (from the Latin, bibere) are of Ger- man origin. “Julius Caesar is authority for the fact that there was prohibition in Germany 1900 years ago. In his fourth book on the Gallic War at the close of the second chap- ter, he says of the brave ‘Schwabenvolk,’ ‘Vinum ad se omnino importari non sinunt quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari ar- bitrantur.’ ” (They do not allow the importation of wine at all because they are of the opinion that wine weakens and effeminates people, rendering them incapa- ble of a strenuous life.) GIN ACT — See Chesterfield-Lord. GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E.—On March 5, 1880, Mr. Gladstone, the “Grand Old Man” of England, said, in the House of Commons : “It has been said that greater calamities are in- flicted on mankind by intemperance than by the three great historic scourges of war, pestilence, and famine; that is true for us, and it is the measure of our dis- credit and disgrace.” The source of Mr. Gladstone’s quotation is probably Dr. Stephen Hales, F.R.S., who, in his “Friendly Ad- monition to Drinkers of Brandy, etc.” (published in 1734), says : 148 Cyclopedia of Temperance “Of all the miseries and plagues that unhappy man has been incident to none was ever so effectively de- structive as this, not even those three sore judgments of war, pestilence, or famine, ALL OF WHICH, AFTER RAGING SOME TIME, CEASE.” GOOD TEMPLARS. INTERNATIONAL OR- DER OF — The I. O. G. T. is an International Tem- perance Brotherhood, a nonsectarian religious, temper- ance organization, having for its cardinal principles : “The Fatherhood of God, the Brotherhood of Man” ; for its motto, “Faith, Hope, Charity”; for its mission, “Rescue, to save the fallen; prevention, to keep others from falling.” Founded upon the principles of equal- ity and justice, the I. O. G. T. was the first organiza- tion to recognize the equality of the sexes and to grant to women equal rights with men. The I. O. G. T. is a total abstinence organization, whose pledge — “never to buy, sell, use, furnish, or cause to be furnished to others, any spirituous liquors or any malt liquor, wine, or cider” — has been taken by over eight millions of people in rhe United States alone. The 1. O. G. T. is a nonpartisan prohibition organization, its platform (adopted in 1859) is; 1. Total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage. 2. No license in any form, under any circumstances, for the sale of intoxicating liquors to be used as a beverage. 3. The absolute prohibition of the manufacture, im- portation, and sale of intoxicating liquors. Prohibition by the will of the people expressed in due form of law. Founded in 1852, in Syracuse, N. Y., the Independent (later changed to International) Order of (Sood Tem- plars, spread throughout the United States and Canada. In 1868 Joseph Malins planted the order in England, from whence it spread throughout the British Empire, into Scandinavia and Continental Europe, across the sqas to Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Isles of the Sea. Its ritual has been translated into some twenty lan- guages. The I. O. G. T. is the largest temperance organiza- tion in the world, having 12,C)00 lodges and temples and nearly seven hundred thousand members, and is the only organization in the world having an international Cyclopedia of Temperance 149 governing body, viz : The International Supreme Lodge, meeting triennially. In 1863 the Good Templars of Illinois founded in Chicago, the “Washingtonian Home” for Inebriates. In 1865 James Black, Rev. Theo. Cuyler, and John N. Stearns, with other Good Templars, founded the “Na- tional Temperance Society of New York.” In 1869 the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the order voted to form a political party dedicated to the cause of national prohibition of the liquor traffic. February 22, 1872, was held the first national convention of the Prohibition Party ; the pioneer of prohibition political sentiment and advanced thought in American politics. In 1874, fol- lowing the Woman’s Crusade in New York and Ohio, Good Templar women formed the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. The Orphans’ Home at Vallejo, Cal., was founded by Good Templars. The I. O. G. T. led the battle which wrote prohibi- tion into the constitution of Maine and in the resub- mission campaign of 1911 furnished the plan of or- ganization, and the workers which (as stated by Geo. S. Norton, chairman of the general committee) “finally turned defeat into victory.” Prohibition in the state of Kansas was the result of the work of G. C. T. 'J. R. Detwiler and other splendid Good Templars. Prohibi- tion in Oklahoma was won under the leadership of National Electoral Superintendent Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie (now legislative superintendent of the order in Wash- ington, D. C.), assisted by then N. C. T. Geo. F. Cot- terill, international counselor, and others. The I. O. G. T. has been the drillmaster of the trained battalions of the Great Army of Reform throughout the world. Bsn D. Wright, National Chief Templar. GOTHENBURG SYSTEM— A system of public ownership of retail liquor shops first adopted by the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1865. It was designed to remove from the traffic all incentives to profit and to restrict it rigorously. The system was not successful. The most notable experiment with the Gothenburg plan in America was the state dispensary of South Carolina. It was rejected as a failure. 150 Cyclopedia of Temperance GOUGH. JOHN BARTHOLOMEW— Bom in Kent, England, August 22, 1817, died in Frankford, Pa., February 18, 1886. He emigrated to America in his twelfth year, learning the trade of bookbinding in the Methodist Book Concern of New York City. At the age of twenty-four he was a hopeless sot. He signed the pledge October 18, 1842, and although he yielded to his appetite thereafter, his further career entitles him to be ranked as one of the greatest temperance ad- vocates and orators of all time. GRAIN — Of the principal grain crops of the United States, barley, wheat, rye, corn, and oats, it is estimated that the liquor traffic uses annually 2.25 per cent. The exact figures are available for everything excepting the amount of grain used in the manufacture of beer. The percentages by crops are estimated as follows : Barley Wheat Rye . . Corn , Oats . 44.214 .003 10.218 1.124 .001 In addition to these crops, about 55,000 bushels of other grain materials are used each year, but this would constitute only about one twenty-fifth of one per cent of the total. In addition to grains, 44,363,133 gallons of molasses are used in the production of distilled spirits. Practically the entire crop of hops, which, how- ever, is a small matter, is used in the production of beer. The grain destroyed by being converted into liquor would have furnished a loaf of bread every day of the year to 15,000,000 families. It would have been available, at five cents per loaf, to the people for $300,- 000,000, although in the form of liquor it cost at retail more than $2,0^00,000,000, which shows how exorbitant the price of alcoholic beverages is. (See Farmer.) GREAT BRITAIN — (For action since the war see “War” ; for further treatment of historical develop- ment of the temperance movement in Great Britain see “History of the Temperance Reform.”) The United Kingdom Alliance, founded in 1853, which is the most powerful temperance organization in Great Cyclopedia oi Tempeiance 151 Britain, began in 1908 a strong effort to secure the pas- sage of a "Bicensing Bill,” which would grant local option immediately for new licenses and for all licenses after 1923. That bill was carried in the House of Commons by a majority of 350 to 113. It was killed by the House of Bords, but in its death it did much to pull down the pillars of their privilege. The aristocracy in England is the backbone of' the liquor evil. Twelve hundred and fifty Anglican clergy- men are holders of brewery stock, and 472 women in English rectories — wives and sisters of the clergy — possess similar holdings. Of the Anglican clergy in Bondon every tenth is a shareholder in breweries. These conspicuous facts have misled many people into thinking that there is no considerable temperance movement in England. The contrary is true. In 1911 3,903 rural parishes in England and Wales had no public houses. The present government, which is rep- resentative of the common people of Great Britain, is exceedingly friendly. The utterances of Mr. Bloyd- George in regard to this question have been so numerous that they are familiar to all, and Mr. Asquith is hardly less cordial in his support of the temperance movement. In 1912 over 2,500 elected representatives attended a prohibition convention in the city of Bondon. A very large proportion of the public school children through- out Great Britain and Ireland are receiving temperance instruction. The dissenting clergy differs but little from the min- istry in America in its attitude toward drink. The greatest victory won for temperance in the his- tory of the British movement was the passage of the Scotch Bocal Option Bill, which, however, will not go into full effect until 1920. At present there is one license to every 450 of the population in Scotland. The new bill provides for local option elections on the request of ten per cent of the electors in specified areas. The question is put on three propositions : 1. No change. 2. Reduction in the number of licenses of twenty-five per cent. 3. No license. The first two may be adopted by a majority. The provision for no-license must be approved by fifty-five per cent of those voting. In Ireland the drink situation is very bad. The most considerable movement in the history of Ireland was led by Father Matthew, who began his mission in 1838 152 Cyclopedia of Temperance and in five years pledged five million people to total abstinence. A later movement has also been very suc- cessful. (See “Catch- My-Pal Movement.”) GREELEY, HORACE— Eom in Amherst, N. H., February 3, 1811; died at Pleasantville, N. Y., Novem- ber 29, 1872. Mr. Greeley was the editor of the New York Tribune, which he founded. He was a radical temperance man and prohibitionist. In 1852 he said: “What the temperance men demand is not the regula- tion of the liquor traffic, but its destruction.” His pro- hibition editorials are historic. GROWTH OF THE TRADE—Ste the tables in the Appendix; also Consumption of Alcoholic Liquors. HASHEESH — A narcotic derived from hemp. It is used in India and the Orient. It is said that the word “assassin” is derived from the word “hasheesh,” due to the fact that Indian despots kept their hired assassins constantly intoxicated with this drug. HAWAII — There are 127 licensed liquor places in the Hawaiian Islands. Sole power to grant, refuse, suspend, revoke, regulate, and control liquor licenses is vested in a board of license commissioners appointed by the governor. It is estimated that Hawaii spends at retail about $3,570,000 a year for liquor. Temperance sentiment is very active and the native people would welcome prohibition. HEREDITY — The effect of parental drinking upon offspring is now well understood, due to the investiga- tions of eminent scientists and medical men. Dr. Demme of Berne, Switzerland, in observations covering twelve years, found that of the descendants of ten very temperate families eighty-two per cent were normal. Of the descendants of ten intemperate fam- ilies with nearly the same number of children, only 17.5 per cent were normal. Dr. W. C. Sullivan of Great Britain, in his book, “Alcoholism,” reports an investigation showing pro- gressing death rate among children as their mothers became more alcoholized. This investigator found that of eighty first-born children, 33.7 per cent died. Of eighty second-born children (after mothers were drink- ing more heavily), fifty per cent died. Of eighty third- born children, 52.6 per cent died. Of 111 fourth and Cyclopedia of Temperance 153 fifth-born children, sixty-five per cent died. Of ninety- three sixth to tenth-born children, seventy-two per cent died. Of the living children, 4.1 per cent were epileptic and others were mentally defective. Dr. R. W. Branthwaite, inspector under the Inebriates Act, has also issued a report of his investigations which show that the last 1,291 women admitted into Inebriate Reformatories had given birth to 4,086 children. Of these, forty-four per cent were dead. As to the rest: “Some are in reformatories or prisons; others are in asylums; some have already come under control as drunkards ; comparatively few are known to be useful members of society.” One of the most important of the European investi- gations was conducted by Professor Taav Laitinen of the University of Helsingfors, who reports a compari- son of children in fifty abstaining and fifty-nine drink- ing families in one village in Finland. In the abstain- ing families, the weakly children were found to constitute 1.3 per cent; in the drinking families they were 8.2 per cent. Of the children in the abstaining families, 18.5 per cent died while still children; in the drinking families, 24.8 per cent died. Dr. W. A. Potts of the Royal Commission on Care and Control of Feeble-Minded found that in one dis- trict in Birmingham, England, of one hundred normal children only seventeen per cent had alcoholic paren- tage, but of 250 feeble-minded children 41.6 per cent had such parentage. Professor A. Von Bunge of Basel, Switzerland, in trying to ascertain the effect of alcoholism upon heredi- tary tuberculosis found that 149 occasional drinkers had 8.7 per cent tuberculous children, and 169 habitual moderate drinkers had 10.7 per cent. Sixty-seven habit- ual immoderate drinkers had 16.4 per cent, and sixty confirmed drunkards had 21.7 per cent of tuberculous children. The percentages of defective children in these families were 2.3 per cent for the occasional drinkers, 4.6 per cent for the regular moderate drinkers, nine per cent for the regular heavy drinkers, and nineteen per cent for the drunkards. Some American Findings American investigations have brought similar results. Professor Hodge details in “Physiological Aspects of 154 Cyclopedia ot Temperance the Liquor Problem” the story of his experiments with dogs. Parents which were given alcohol once daily with their food, though not enough to intoxicate, had only 17.4 per cent of their puppies able to live, while the parents which had had no alcohol had 90.2 per cent of their puppies able to live. Professor Stockard of Cornell Medical College experimented with guinea pigs. When the father was alcoholic and the mother normal, out of twenty-four matings he got twelve young. Of these seven died in convulsions and the remaining five were runts. With the father normal and the mother alcoholic, of four matings he got five young. Three of these died and two lived. With both parents alcoholic, of fourteen matings he got one young, which died. With both parents free from alcohol, of nine matings he got seventeen young, all vigorous animals. In view of the fact that the brewers are doing every- thing possible to promote drinking among women and to get beer upon family tables, these statistics are im- portant. They are all the more important because it is estimated that there are two and one-half million babies born annually who are feeble-minded, epileptic, deaf, dumb, blind, insane, or otherwise defective. It is because of this that such institutions as the Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit issued statements of this kind : “Parents impaired by alcoholic beverages beget chil- dren lacking’ in physical and mental vigor and in will power. “Out of every one hundred children, twenty-four die when the mother is sober, thirty-three to seventy-two die when the mother drinks. Drinking exhausts the mother ; surviving children are disposed to neurosis, alcoholic, and drug habits and criminal tendencies.” _ Raphael Georges Levy of Paris has issued statistics of twenty-four families, chosen at random, twelve of which were temperate, and twelve of which were alco- holic ; Alcoholic. Temperate Died in infancy 12 5 Deaf and dumb 2 0 Idiots 8 2 Affected St. Vitus dance 2 0 Epileptics 13 0 Deformed 3 2 Dwarfs 5 0 Hereditary Drunkards 5 0 Healthy 9 50 (See also Child M'elfare, etc.) Cyclopedia of Temperance 155 HEROES AND MARTYRS “Wtiat hast thou done? The voice of thy brother’s blood crieth unto me from the ground.” Gen. 4:10. Col. Watson B. Smith was shot and instantly killed at Omaha, Neb., No- vember 4, 1881, because of his efforts to have the law enforced against the saloon keepers of that city. As a conscientious temperance man and chairman of the Law and Order League, he vigorously opposed the sa- loon, and had several vio- lators of the law indicted, thereby provoking their wrath. Rev. George C. Had- dock was murdered in cold blood at Sioux City, la., on the night of August 3, 1886, by John Arensdorf, a brewer, and his confeder- ates. The cause of this was that the liquor men had openly defied and willfully violated the law, and Had- dock signed complaints and gave testimony against them. Eleven of the con- spirators were arrested and tried; nine of them were acquitted by juries cor- rupted by the liquor men; one escaped, and after a long delay one was sen- tenced to the penitentiary for four years. His sen- tence, however, was after- ward commuted to three months by the antiprohibi- tion governor of the state. S. E. Logan, while at- tempting, as a sworn offi- cer, to arrest violators of the liquor law, was shot and killed at Des Moines, la., March 7, 1887, by em- ployees of Hurlburt Hess & Co., a firm of liquor deal- ers of that city. His mur- derer was tried and con- victed, appealed to the Supreme Court and let out on bond, and was still un- punished at last accounts. Roderick D. Gambrel, editor of the Sword and Shield, a prohibition paper at Jackson, Miss., was as- sassinated in that city May 5, 1887, by John S. Hamil- ton, chairman of the Sa- loonmen’s Committee and leader of the whisky ring in Hinds County. Three for- mer attempts had been made to assassinate him. Rev. Chas. H. Edwards, a missionary at Kake Is- land, Alaska, was shot and killed January 11, 1892, by Malcolm Campbell, a liquor dealer who had been smug- gling in whisky and selling it to the natives, in violation of law. He was tried and acquitted by a jury at Sitka, although a confessed crim- inal. Dr. J. H. Connett was tarred and feathered by masked men for his activity in securing testimony 156 Cyclopedia of Temperance against the murderers of Edwards. Joseph B. Rucker was shot and mortally wounded at Somerset, Ky., on the night of September 19, 1892, by John C. Anderson, a saloon keeper and ex-chief of police. Rucker was edi- tor of a paper called the Reporter, and his scathing and fearless exposures of their traffic angered the liquor fraternity and caused them to take his life. Al- though a large reward was offered for the arrest of the murderer, he was never ap- prehended. Rev. John R. Moffett, editor of a prohibition paper called Anti-Liquor, was murdered at Danville, Va., on the night of November 11, 1892, because of his open hostility to the saloons. The wretch who performed this cowardly deed, J. T. Clark, an ex-barkeeper and a member of the whisky ring, was convicted only of manslaughter and sentenced to five years by a jury of whisky sympathizers. Marshal William K. Glover, while attempting to enforce the laws against liquor outlaws conducting “blind pigs,” was shot and killed near Lithia Springs, in Douglass County, Ga., May 1, 1893. Dr. W. Schumaker was murdered a t Ackerman, Afiss., October 16, 1893, by W. H. Heflin, the keeper of a blind tiger. The doctor received five bullets in his body and died immediately. Sam D. Cox, editor and publisher of the Sentinel of Minatare, Neb., was shot and killed December 29, 1906, by Ernest Kennison, a saloon keeper. Cox was leading the dry forces at Minatare and was murdered by Kennison for his activ- ity against the saloons. Judge D. R. Cox of Mal- den, Mo., was shot and killed on February 18, 1907, on account of his leader- ship in the fight that car- ried the county for local prohibition. Dr. J. W. Beal was shot and killed by the same mur- derer on the same night that he fired the fatal shot that killed Judge Cox at Alalden, AIo. Sam Roberts, deputy un- der Chief Indian Officer William E. Johnson, was shot and killed at Porum, Indian Territory, July 5, 1907, by Jack Baldridge. Roberts was in the act of raiding a joint kept by the Titsworth Brothers. Bald- ridge swore in court that he was employed by the Titsworth gang to assassi- nate Johnson for $3,000. Randolph W. Cathey, deputy under former Chief Officer Johnson of the In- Cyclopedia of Temperance 157 dian Service, was shot and killed by a joint keeper at Paul’s Valley, November 3, 1907. Cathey and another of Johnson’s men had just raided the establishment. George Williams, as- sistant to former Chief Officer Johnson, was shot to death at Bartlesville, Okla., November 16, 1907, by a joint keeper, Ernest Lewis, whose business es- tablishment Johnson had wrecked shortly before. Rev. Mr. Corry, pastor of the Methodist Episco- pal Church at Booneville, Mo., was instantly killed by liquor sympathizers who crushed his skull for his activity in law enforcement. United States Senator Edward W. Carmack was assassinated on Monday, November 9, 1908. He was shot down in cold blood in one of the streets of Nash- ville, because of his fearless and persistent fight for civic righteousness against mu- nicipal corruption, and espe- cially because of his leader- ship in behalf of prohibition in the state of Tennessee. Charles Escalanti, a Yuma Indian and assistant to Chief Officer Johnson, was stabbed to death by two bootleggers whom he had arrested. The affair took place at Yuma Indian Res- ervation, California, May 18, 1909. Sheriff Harvey K. Brown, one of the most efficient officers and con- scientious citizens of Ore- gon, was instantly killed by the explosion of a dynamite bomb as he entered his gate October 10, 1909, at Baker City, Ore. The liquor men and gamblers procured his death for revenge. Carl Etherington, an officer of the law, who in faithful discharge of duty was compelled to shoot a “speak-easy” keeper in self- defense, at Newark, O., was taken from the county jail on the same night by a mob of liquor men and, without interference on the part of the city authorities or the county sheriff, was lynched on the public square of Newarn. The lynching oc- curred July 8, 1910. Walter Reed, Deputy Special Officer of the United States Indian Serv- ice, one of the assistants of former Chief Officer John- son, was shot to death at Bishop, Cal., while trying to arrest a Chinaman who had given liquor to an In- dian woman and debauched her. His murderer also shot and seriously wounded the City Marshal, who ac- companied Reed, but who returned the fire, killing the bandit. The murder took place on the night of April 13, 1912. 158 Cyclopedia of Temperance Robert Lee Bowman of Tulsa, Okla., was shot and killed on September 19, 1912, south of Caney, Kan., in the state of Oklahoma, while engaged in destroy- ing four wagon loads of in- toxicating liquor which had been hauled into the east- ern district of Oklahoma, which was formerly Indian Territory, from the state of Kansas. Four men in an automobile rushed up to the side of the wagon while he was engaged in this work and before he knew what had happened one of the persons fired two shots from an automatic shotgun, both of which took effect in his head. One of the per- sons who was implicated in the shooting was tried in Washington County, Okla- homa, and acquitted by the jury. This same person and two others, including Fred E. Behning, who ■ killed Bowman, were subsequently tried in the United States Court on a charge of con- spiring to prevent an officer from performing the rights conferred upon him by the Constitution of the United States and convicted. Behn- ing was sentenced to ten years and to pay a fine of $5,000. The others were sentenced, one to five and one to three years, respec- tively, in the federal peni- tentiary at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan. Holmes Davidson, Dep- uty United States Marshal, and also a Deputy Special Officer of the Indian Serv- ice, was shot and killed at Tulsa, Okla., by William J. Baber, former chief of police of Tulsa, and a no- torious bootlegger in that territory. This killing took place on July 23, 1914. At the same time that Mr. Davidson was killed Mr. Ed. Plank, another Deputy United States Marshal, was shot and killed by this same man Baber. These officers in company with I. W. Wil- kinson, a Deputy Special Officer in the Indian Serv- ice, had been very vigorous in their efforts to enforce the prohibitory legislation enacted by Congress to pro- tect the Indians in the for- mer Indian Territory, and because of their activity they had incurred the en- mity of the liquor element there and undoubtedly Baber was selected by them to dispose of these fearless and efficient officers, who were operating under Mr. H. A. Larson, now Chief Special Officer. Mr. Lar- son is also a member of the Board of Managers of the Methodist Temperance So- ciety. Cyclopedia of Temperance 159 OTHER HEROES WHO SUFFERED “These are they that cameup out of great tribulation.” — Rev. 7:14. Rev. John A. B. Wilson, D.D., a Methodist Episco- pal pastor at Leipsic, Del., while conducting a no-sa- loon campaign in 1874 was attacked by a mob and later almost killed, having en- tered one of the saloons to rescue a young man from the mob. He was struck in the back of the head by a ten pound weight con- cealed in a handkerchief, and when he was down a dozen men tried to stamp him to death, but in three days he recovered con- sciousness to give thirty more years to prohibition agitation as presiding elder and pastor of great churches in Delaware, Maryland, New York, and in California, where he died on May 30. 1906. Rev. J. A. Duncan, while making a prohibition speech at Springfield, Tenn., dur- ing the campaign of 1887, was attacked with dynamite by saloon hoodlums, who at- tempted to blow up the building in which the meet- ing was being held. G. G. Mandt was shot at Mount Horeb, Wis., Janu- ary 31, 1899, by a represen- tative of the liquor inter- ests, on account of his strong editorials in the Blue Mound Press. Rev. Lewis Albert Banks, D.D., was shot and seriously injured in Van- couver, Wash., in 1890, on account of his aggressive leadership of the moral and reform forces of that city in the fight against the liquor and other evils. E. J. Bonnett of Berlin Mills, N. H., was attacked by liquor men on October 17, 1890. A dynamite bomb was thrown into Mr. Bon- nett’s home and part of the building was badly wrecked, but Mr. Bonnett was not in- jured. Osborne Congleton, while speaking in the inter- ests of “The Sons of Tem- perance,” in San Francisco, was attacked on May 30, 1890, thrown into the bay and left for dead. He re- covered sufficiently to save himself. Marion Green, an offi- cer, was attacked by a liquor mob on the thirteenth of April, 1891, while serving papers on a saloon keeper of Burlington, la. As a re- sult of the attack Green sus- tained a fractured skull and the loss of one eye. Rev. Sam W. Small was brutally assaulted in Atlanta, Ga., November 12, 1891, by a saloon keeper, Tom Minor, who struck him a stunning blow in the face 160 Cyclopedia of Temperance and when he was down kicked him in the mouth, breaking out some of his teeth. Later when making a prohibition speech at Hazle- ton, Ind., September 15, 1892, a gang of drunken ruffians attempted to break up his meeting, and after it closed followed him to his hotel, firing a Flobert rifle at him through an open window. The ball struck him above the left knee, but did not inflict serious injury. Isaac Cowen was beaten almost into insensibility on October 1, 1892, by a drunken crowd at Cleve- land, O. He was Prohibi- tion candidate for Congress and was making a winning campaign E. J. Patterson of Cher- okee, la., suffered at the hands of the liquor element, which attempted to dyna- mite his residence on De- cember 19, 1892. John Mabin, editor of the Evening Journal oi Muscatine, la. ; E. M. Kis- singer, treasurer of the County Temperance Alli- ance ; and N. Rosenberger, prosecuting attorney, had all three been active in prosecuting lawless rum sellers; and on May 11, 1893, at 1 :30 A. M., their three residences were simul- taneously blown up with dynamite and almost utterly demolished. They were all asleep with their families, consisting of twelve persons in the three households, all of whom were endangered, but escaped death as by a miracle. Dr. A. F. Henderson of Grayson, Ky., was waylaid and assaulted on the night of June 17, 1893, while walking along the road re- turning from a lecture, with his wife at his side and an infant child in his arms. A cruel blow from a stone struck him on the head, near the temple, dashing the blood over his babe. Charles Park of Marion, ' Ind., had his residence wrecked by an explosion of dynamite on November 20, 1893. Liquor men were re- sponsible for the crime. Rev. Wm. P. F. Fergu- son of Whitesboro, N. Y., had a dynamite bomb ex- ploded in his sleeping apart- ment about 2 :30 A. M., June 4, 1894. W. O. Morris, editor of the Journal of Groesbeck, Tex., was assaulted by a saloon keeper on August 2, 1894, sustaining a broken arm and a severe wound in the head. Jacob Wolf, a prominent prohibitionist of Carthage, Ind., was shot and seriously wounded in the abdomen by a saloon keeper, John Mc- Carthy of that place, be- Cyclopedia of Temperance 161 cause he had used his influ- ence in opposing license. It occurred October 6, 1894. Daniel B. Garry, a prom- inent citizen and manufac- turer of Zanesville, O., and head of the Civic League of that city, suffered by having his manufacturing plant and his home both partially wrecked by dyna- mite on October 16, 1909. W. C. Sanders was called to the door of his home at McKey, Indian Territory, on the night of June 25, 1907, and shot through the side of his head. His life was despaired of for weeks, but he finally recovered. Sanders had aided former Chief Officer William E. Johnson just before this in cleaning up the locality. Dr. E. J. Sapper was shot through the side of the head on July 5, 1907, but recovered. Sapper was a deputy of former Chief Officer Johnson and was as- sisting Sam Roberts in raiding the Titsworth joint at Porum, Indian Territory, when shot. Omer D. Lewis, deputy under former Chief Officer Johnson, while in the per- formance of his duty, was horribly stabbed in the throat on Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana. He nearly bled to death while being rushed to a hospital at Missoula on a special engine loaned by the North- ern Pacific Railway. He finally recovered, but the cut through the larynx of the throat ruined his voice. He is now able to talk only in a whisper. Liquor thugs dynamited the residence of Rev. A. C. Hacke, Dickinson, N. D., April, 1911. It afterwards developed that the outrage was perpetrated on the wrong man, the explosive being intended for Rev. Mr. Watson, who lived near by and who had fearlessly led in law enforcement work. Rev. R. E. McClure, D.D., pastor of United Presbyterian Church, Blairs- ville. Pa., was shot for his activity in law enforcement there in 1913. The Bible carried in his left pocket saved his life; the bullet passed through the book and spent its force. Rev. C. C. Wilkins, pas- tor of the Methodist Epis- copal Church at Scammon and West Mineral, Kan., was seized from behind while on the public street, thrown into the gutter, and beaten into insensibility. Fifteen men were in the mob. The attack was insti- gated by the proprietor of a brewery in another state. Mr. Wilkins’ left eye was nearly ruined, he had three teeth knocked out, his jaw 162 Cyclopedia of Temperance broken, his nose broken, had a chance to shoot his and was left for dead. He assailant a few minutes bc- has not entirely recovered fore, when he stood off an yet, though he is pastor at attack, but did not do so. Clifton, Kan. Mr. Wilkins HIGH LICENSE— See License. HISTORY OF THE TEMPERANCE REFORM — Egyptian frescoes reveal ale brewing as an industry 5,000 years ago, and Hackwood records that a reformer one thousand years later “demanded a reduction in die number of places selling it to the people.” But it is the Saxon who has been especially in- volved in the legislative and moral struggle with the eala-hus and the witthus. The legislative attitude of both the British and Amer- ican Governments toward this great evil has been Janus- faced since the earliest time. The first decided gov- ernmental distrust of the liquor traffic in Great Britain was evidenced in the licensing law of 1552 in the reign of Edward VI, in which the position was taken that liquor selling was an evil to be tolerated only where it was demanded by the public. Since the beginning of the seventeenth century the British Government has passed fifty-nine measures designed to curb or partially prohibit the liquor traffic, but the contrarj' impulse struggling within the government has expressed itself in ten distinct laws designed to encourage the liquor traffic, either because of the assumption that beer is a temperance agent, or because of the need of the revenue. Before the reign of Henry VII the apothecary was the only dispenser of ardent spirits in Great Britain. The titles of some of the bills proposed in that early period illustrate the attitude of the hostile element in the government toward the traffic. In the eleventh year of the reign of Henry VII a law was passed under the significant title, “An Acte against Vacabounds and Beggars.” This act contains the germ of the licensing system. It says, in part: “And it be lawful to ij (two) of the Justices of the Peas (Peace), whereof one shal be of the quorum within their auctorite to rejecte and put awey comen ale selling in townes and places where they shal thinke convenyent, and to take suretie of the kepers of ale- Cyclopedia of Temperance 163 houses of their gode behaving by the discrecion of the seid Justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the time of their sessions.” Fifty-seven years later this law was extended into a full-fledged licensing measure, the preamble read- ing : “Forasmuche as intollerable hurtes and trobles to the Comon Wealthe of this Realme, doth daylie growe and encrease throughe such abuses and dis- orders as are had and used in comon Alehouses and other houses called Tiplinge houses.” The Wheel Turns Since that time British enactments designed to re- strict the trade have gradually embraced such modern features as partial Sunday closing, the prohibition of the sale of liquor to minors under certain circumstances, the forbidding of the payment of wages of miners near licensed drink shops, and the limiting of hours in which liquors can be sold. The various acts since that time also embrace a number of prohibition fea- tures, and express their hostility to the drink trade in terms like these: “For repressing the odious and loath- some sin of drunkenness;” “For reformation of ale- house keepers;” “For the better repressing of drunken- ness,” etc. Two bright spots in the record are the years 1758-59 and 1796-97, when distillation was pro- hibited, causing a much diminished consumption of spirits and a marked improvement in the condition of the people. The ten measures passed for the encouragement of the traffic in liquors either for the production of more revenue, or because it has been deemed that light liquors are the foes of stronger drink, have, without exception, proven unfortunate in their operation. The most unfortunate act passed by the British Parliament was put through by the government of the Duke of Wellington in 1830. This law repealed the duty on beer and otherwise encouraged the consumption of malt liquors. No measure ever passed by a British Parliament was so prolific of disaster, and if the policy then inaugurated had been followed out to the present day there is no reason whatever to doubt that Eng- land would be a second-class power. 164 Cyclopedia of Temperance How it Has Been with Us While the people of Great Britain have struggled against alcohol for generations, no less than twenty- three separate temperance measures having been put forward in Parliament, we in the United States have run the gamut of all the ages during our short historj- as a nation. We have thrown overboard the woeful policy of free trade in liquors, have discovered the fallacy of high license and have pushed our standard beyond the field of local option and state prohibition to the final battleground of national prohibition by federal constitutional amendment. Our struggle against the present paternal attitude of government toward the liquor traffic is in accord not only with the evolu- tion of the Anglo-Saxon race, but with our owm development as a nation. The whole philosophy of the liquor problem is clear in the light of both our racial and our national history. All of it is there — the plea of light drinks versus ardent spirits, of license as a mitigator of drink evils, the revenue plea, the eventual ultimate solution which we are rapidly ap- proaching. The steps by which we have reached our present happy state in the temperance reform have been splendidly summed up by Dr. Clarence True Wilson in the follpwing words : “About the year 1800 drunkenness was so common that all thoughtful patriots saw something would have to be done to stay the tides of intemperance. Two men had sounded a warning note. Rev. Dr. Weems rector of George Washington’s church and author of the first book Abraham Lincoln ever read, Weems’ ‘Life of Washington,’ wrote an arraignment of the drinking habits of American society, and Dr. Benja- min Rush, a leading physician of the United States, friend of Washington, signer of the Declaration of Independence, one of the makers of the American Constitution, wrote his book on ‘An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind.’ How the Church Awoke “In 1826 the temperance reformers of the nation got together at Boston, to discuss the failure of their plan and argued that it was the strong liquors that were doing the harm, and a movement for total ab- Cyclopedia of Temperance 165 stinence from all spirituous and distilled liquors was the thing needed. Three million people signed this pledge within the next ten years, but drunkenness was not decreased, for those who cut out whisky and brandy, doubled up on beer, wine, and hard cider, and were as drunk as before. Prohibition for the Individual “In 1836 at another national convention held in Sar- atoga, N. Y., a large number of the leaders determined on a total abstinence pledge from all intoxicating liq- uors. Those who signed this were called the ‘Tee- totalers’ to distinguish them from the total abstainers from the strong or distilled liquors. These teetotal agitators went on with their work and claimed that if it was wrong to drink intoxicating liquors it was wrong to give them away, and if wrong to give them to our neighbors it was wrong to sell them and make money out of them. The churches all took strong ground on this subject and sentiment became so strong that Neal Dow, in 1851, led the forces which secured abso- lute prohibition in satisfactory form for the state of Maine. How the War Checked Movement “The impression is that it has taken all these years to get up to the present situation, but this is a mistake. Prohibition was so successful in Maine and became so popular with the people of the country that had it not been for the Civil War interfering, there would not have been another saloon in America by 1865. “When General Dow and General Fisk returned from the war they found the whole temperance reform of fifty years sidetracked, and wanted to restart the fight, but were told that reconstruction was on and that they should not raise any divisive issue. They waited through 1865, 1866, 1867, and by 1868 the nation was sogged in whisky. The rum power was intrenched in Washington, the saloons had multiplied by tens of thousands and the boys in blue had marched home, having contracted drinking habits in the army. Drunk- enness prevailed on every hand and poverty and squalor were the result. Women, broken-hearted over the de- struction of sons and husbands and fathers, started out to plead with the saloon keepers and to pray on the sawdust or sanded floor of the barroom and the worn- 166 Cyclopedia of Temperance en’s crusade swept over the country like a pentecost. Then in 1869 the men had met in Indianapolis and es- tablished the Prohibition Party, and the members of that party have stood up to be knocked down at every election, without an office or the sight of a victory, or the hope of a reward. “Then in 1888 the Anti-Saloon League, not so radical, but eminently practical, began its agitation until to-day as a result of the work of the League, the W. C. T. U., Prohibition Party, and similar organizations, we have nine dry states with many others under local option laws. Wrong Methods Give Place to the Right “If j'ou have followed me closely you have noted that the temperance reform did not go the right way until all wrong ways had been tried. We tried letting it alone but it did not let us alone — our boys, our girls, our homes, our purses, our churches, our taxes. We tried moderation in use but the seeds of an insidious appetite were planted which, like a horse-leech, cried, ‘give, give!’ We tried total abstinence from the strong liquors but the milder drinks planted the appetite and cursed the drinker and his child. We tried total ab- stinence from all intoxicating drinks but this only saved the individual from drunkenness and left the rum shop to breed drunkards by the thousands. We tried license but this was a legal permission to do a wrong thing for a money consideration, and intrenched the liquor traffic by giving it the air of legality and throwing over it the false garb of respectability, mak- ing it a source of revenue, enabling it to bribe the voter’s conscience. We then raised the price to high license but high license formed a monopoly, organized it into a trust, coining into cash the appetites, the passions, and even the craving of mankind. It put it into politics, made it dominate our public officers, silenced the editor at his desk and made cowards of our business men. We tried government ownership and control. The state donned the white apron and stood like a red-nosed biped behind the bar; but the state only succeeded in befouling herself and left no clean spot on the liquor traffic. We tried local option and it has been a glorious success and has given decency a breathing spell in 10,000 communities, but it is too local for a national evil and too optional for a moral ques- Cyclopedia of Temperance 167 tion. We tried state-wide prohibition and have prac- tically solved the liquor problem in Maine, Kansas, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and many Southern states. But we elected a wet administration to administer dry laws, and now I will give you a little secret : A wet law and a wet administration make things wet, a dry law and a wet administration leave them damp, but a dry law and a dry administration will make things dry anywhere, as they are in Kansas. The Final Step “Alt these steps have led us to the final stride, which is national prohibition, with a constitutional amend- ment prohibiting the sale, importation, exportation, transportation of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, and Wednesday, December 10, 1913, 2,000 men, representing all the organizations that have worked for the redemp- tion of this country, presented to Congress its demand for a chance to let the sovereign states vote in their respective Legislatures on this national solution of the liquor problem. There is a better chance of passing it within the next two years than there was of ever getting the Webb bill through two years ago, but that bill passed over Brother Taft’s veto by a three-fourths majority in both Houses, and the poor President who was inaugurated in a snowstorm and defeated by an avalanche was knocked to smithereens by a head-on col- lision with the water wagon. “I do not know how long it will take the American people to settle this question by cutting off its source, but I know the temperance reform will never swing back a single inch and the liquor traffic in America is as doomed to-day as Judas' Iscariot.” (For record of prohibition laws, see “Legislative History of Prohibi- tion.”) HOBSON-SHEPPARD BILL— The Hobson- Sheppard Bill as voted upon in the House of Repre- sentatives December 22, 1914, read as follows : Resolved by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress as- sembled (two thirds of each House concurring therein), that the following amendment of the Constitution be and is hereby proposed to the states, to become valid as a part of the Constitution when ratified by the Leg- 168 Cyclopedia of Temperance islature of the several states as provided by the Con- stitution : Article Section 1. The sale, manufacture for sale, trans- portation for sale, importation for sale, and exportation for sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes in the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are forever prohibited. Section 2. Congress shall have power to provide for the manufacture, sale, importation, and transportation of intoxicating liquors for sacramental, medicinal, me- chanical, pharmaceutical, or scientific purposes, or for use in the arts, and shall have power to enforce this article by all needful legislation. The amendment presented by Mr. Hobson in behalf of the friends of the measure which was adopted before the bill was finally placed on its passage: Section 2. The Congress or the states shall have power independently or concurrently to enforce this article by all needful legislation. Note the words, “for sale.” The vote in Congress was a great triumph for the national prohibition movement. Of the 433 members of the House, 386 declared themselves on the Hobson resolution for constitutional prohibition. The vote in favor of the amendment was 197 to 189 against, a majority of eight of those voting. But more startling than the bare majority of the membership voting is the fact that seventeen state delegations voted solidly for prohibition, and twelve were for it by a majority vote. Only eight states voted solidly against prohibition, and only nine additional states gave a ma- jority against it. In view of the fact that only thirty- six states are needed to ratify a constitutional amend- ment providing for national prohibition, the significance of the action which placed the congressional delega- tions of twenty-nine commonwealths out of the forty- eight behind the Hobson bill is striking. The West and the South Are Won The South gave more than two thirds of its congress- men in favor of the bill and if the other sections of the country had voted “Aye” in equal strength, the meas- ure would have carried. Only four states commonly Cyclopedia of Temperance 169 known as Western — California, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Nevada — failed to support the resolution. “Of the 197 votes in favor of nation-wide prohibi- tion, eighty-nine were cast by Southern men; of the sixteen states commonly referred to as Southern, eleven- voted for it; of members representing the states that seceded, about eighty per cent favored it. So says the New York World in querulous complaint at the failure of the adherents of States Rights to be alarmed by the cry that the Hobson bill imperils that doctrine. The effort to use the States Rights theory as a bul- wark against the coming of national prohibition was advanced with such pitiful weakness that the Philadel- phia North American comments in this way: “The parallel with the slavery light fails when we compare the great orators and constitutional lawyers who defended slavery in Congress with the utterers of the feeble commonplaces in behalf of the liquor evil.” The stand on the Hobson bill by states is given below : Solid for prohibition — Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Da- kota, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming — seventeen. Gave majority for prohibition — Alabama, Georgiy Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia — twelve. Delegation evenly divided — Nebraska and Vermont — two. Gave majority against prohibition — California, Louisi- ana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin — nine. Solid against prohibition — Connecticut, Delaware, In- diana, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Utah — eight. Below we give an exact account of the way in which each member voted, with information as to party and state ; Alabama Democrats For — Abercrombie, Burnett, Hobson, Taylor. Total, four. Democrats Against — Blackmon, Dent, Heflin, Mulkey, Under- wood. Total, five. Democrat Not Voting — Harris. 170 Cyclopedia of Temperance Arizona Democrat For — Hayden. Arkansas Democrats For — Caraway, Floyd, Jacoway, Oldeld, Taylor, Wingo, Goodwin. Total seven. California Democrat For — Raker. Progressive Republicans For — Bell and Stephens. Total, two. Democrats Against — Church and Kettner. Total, two. Republicans Against — Curry, Hayes, Kahn, Knowland. Total, four. Independent Against — Kent. Progressive Not Voting — Nolan. Colorado Democrats For — Keating, Kindel, Seldomridge, Taylor. Total, four. Connecticut Democrats Against — Donovan, Kennedy, Lonergan, Mahan, Reilly. Total, five. Delaware Democrat Against — Brockson. Florida Democrats For — Clark and Sparkman. Total, two. Democrats Not Voting — L’Engle and Wilson. Total, two. Georgia Democrats For — Adamson, Bell, Crisp, Howard, Hughes, Park, Tribble, Walker. Total, eight. Democrats Against — Bartlett, Lee, Vinson. Total, three. Democrat Not Voting — Edwards. Idaho Republicans For — French and Smith. Total two. Illinois Democrats For — Borchers, Foster, Fowler, Hoxworth, O’Hair, Tavenner, Rainey. Total, seven. Republican For — McKenzie. Progressives For — Hinebaugh and Thomson. Total, two. Progressive Republican For — Copley. Democrats Against — Buchanan, Fitz-Heniy, Gallagher, Graham, Hill, McAndrews, Sabath, Stringer, Williams, Stone. Total, ten. Republicans Against — Britten, Madden, Mann. Total, three. Democrats Not Voting — Baltz and Gorman. Total, two. Indiana Democrats Against — Adair, Barnhart, Cline, Cox, Cullop, Dixon, Gray, Korbly, Lieb, Morrison, Moss, Peterson, Rauch. Total, thirteen. Cyclopedia of Temperance 171 Iowa Democrat For — Kirkpatrick. Republicans For — Good, Green, Kennedy, Prouty, Towner, Woods, Haugen. Total, seven. Democrat Against — Vollmer. Republican Against — Scott. Democrat Not Voting — Connolly. Kansas Democrats For — Connelly, Doolittle, Helvering, Taggart. Total, four. Republicans For — Anthony and Campbell. Total, two. Democrat Not Voting — Neely. Progressive Not Voting — Murdock. Kentucky Democrats For — Barley, Johnson, Helm, Fields, Thomas. To- tal, five. Republicans For — Langley and Powers. Total, two. Democrats Against — Cantrill, Rouse, Sherley, Stanley. Total, four. liouisiana Democrat For — Watkins. Democrats Against — Aswell, Broussard, Dupre, Estopinal, La- zaro, Morgan. Total, six. Democrat Not Voting — Elder. Maine Republicans For — Hinds and Peters. Total, two. Democrat Against — McGillicuddy. Republican Not Voting — Guernsey. Maryland Democrats For — Lewis and Smith. Total, two. Democrats Against — Coady, Linthicum, Price, Talbott. Total, four. Massachusetts Democrat For — Dietrich. Democrats Against — Gallivan, Gilmore, Mitchell, Phelan, Thatcher. Total, five. Republicans Against — Gardner, Gillette, Green, Paige, Roberts, Rogers, Treadway, Winslow. Total, eight. Michigan Republicans For — Orampton, Fordney, Hamilton, Kelley, Lind- quist, McLaughlin, Mapes, Smith, J. M. C., Smith, Samuel W. Total, nine. Progressives For — MacDonald and Woodruff. Total, two. Democrats Against — Beakes and Doremus. Total, two. Minnesota Republicans For — Anderson, Lindbergh, Steenerson, Volstead. Total, four. Democrat Against — Hammond. Republicans Against — Davis, Manahan, Miller, Smith, Stevens. Total, five. 172 Cyclopedia of Temperance Mississippi Democrats For — Candler, Collier, Harrison, Humphreys, Qnin, Sisson, Stephens. Total, seven. Democrat Against — Witherspoon. Missouri Democrats For — Alexander, Borland, Decker, Dickinson, Ham- lin, Hensley, Lloyd, Ruhey, Rucker, Russell, Shackleford. Total, eleven. Democrats Against — Booher, Gill, Igoe. Total, three. Republican Against — Bartholdt. Montana Democrats For — Evans and Stout. Total, two. Nebraska Republicans For — Barton, Kinkaid, Sloan. Total, three. Democrats Against — Lobeck, Maguire, Stephens. Total, three. Nevada Republican Against — Roberts. New Hampshire Democrats Against — Reed and Stevens. Total, two. New Jersey Democrat For — Baker. Democrats Against — Eagan, Hamill, Hart, Kinkead, Scully, Walsh. Total, six. Republicans Against — Browning, Drucker, Parker, Tuttle. To- tal, four. Democrat Not Voting — Townsend. New Mexico Democrat For — Fergusson. New York Republicans For — Dunn, Hamilton, Wallin. Total, three. Democrats Against^ — Brown, Bruckner, Cantor, Carew, Clancy, Conry, Dale, Dooling, Driscoll, Fitzgerald, George, Goldfogle, Goulden, GrifSn, Levy, Loft, Maher, O’Brien, Oglesby, O’Leary, Patten, Riordan, Smith, Talcott, Underhill, Wilson. 'Total, twenty-six. Republicans Against — Danforth, Mott, Parker, Platt. Total, four. Progressive Against — Chandler. Democrats Not Voting — Gittins, McClellan, Metz, Taylor, Ten Eyck. Total, five. Republicans Not Voting — Calder and Fairchild. Total, two. North Carolina Democrats For — Faison, Gudger, Kitchin, Page, Stedman, Webb. Total, six. Democrat Against — Pou. Democrats Not Voting — Doughton and Godwin. Total, two. Cyclopedia of Temperance 173 North Dakota Republicans For — Helgesen, Norton, Young. Total, three. Ohio Democrats For — Francis, Fess, Post, White. Total, four. Republicans For — Switzer and Willis. Total, two. Democrats Against — Allen, Bathrick, Bowdle, Bulkley, Grosser, Gard, Goeke, Gordon, Key, Sherwood, Whitacre. Total, eleven. Democrats Not Voting — Ansberry, Ashbrook, Brumbaugh, Clay- pool. Total, four. Oklahoma Democrats For — Carter, Ferris, Murray, Thompson, Weaver. Total, five. Republican For — Morgan. Democrat Not Voting — Davenport. Republican Not Voting — McGuire. Oregon Republicans For — Hawley and Sinnott. Total, two. Progressive Republican For — Lafferty. Pennsylvania Democrats For — Brodbeck, Carr, Dershem, Difenderfer. Total, four. Republicans For — Butler, Farr, Griest, Kiess, Keister, Kreider, Langham, Patton, Shreve. Total, nine. Progressives For — Hulings, Kelly, Lewis, Rupley, Temple, Walters. Total, six. Democrats Against — Bailey, Casey, Donohue, Lee, Lesher, Palmer. Total, six. Republicans Against — Barchfeld, Edmonds, Moore, Morin, Por- ter. Total, five. Democrats Not Voting — Logue and Rothermel. Total, two. Republicans Not Voting — Ainey, Burke, Graham, Vare. Total, four. Rhode Island Democrats Against — Gerry and O’Shaunessy. Total, two. Republican Against — Kennedy. South Carolina Democrats For — Aiken, Byrnes, Finley, Johnson, Lever, Rags- dale, Whaley. Total, seven. South Dakota Republicans For — Burke and Dillon. Total, two. Republican Not Voting — Martin. Tennessee Democrats For — Byrns, Houston, Hull, McKellar, Moon, Pad- gett, Sims. Total, seven. Republicans For — Austin and Sells. Total, two. Democrat Not Voting — Garrett. Texas Democrats For — Garrett, Smith, Stephens, Young. Total, four. Democrats Against — Buchanan, Burgess, Calloway, Dies, Eagle, Garner, Hardy, Henry, Rayburn, Slayden, Sumners, Vaughan. Total, twelve. Democrats Not Voting — Beall and Gregg. Total, two. 174 Cyclopedia of Temperance Utah Repuhlicans Against — Howell and Johnson. Total, two. Vermont Republican For — Plumley. Republican Against — Greene. Virginia Democrats For — Flood, Glass, Hay, Holland, Jones, Saunders, Watson. Total, seven. Republican For — Slemp. Democrats Against — Carlin and Montague. Total, two. Washington Republicans For — Humphrey, Johnson, La Follette. Total, three. Progressives For — Bryan and Falconer. Total, two. West Virginia Democrat For — Neely. Republicans For — Avis, Moss, Sutherland. Total, three. Democrat Not Voting — Brown. Republican Not Voting — Hughes. Wisconsin Republican For — Nelson. Democrats Against — Burke and Reilly. Total, two. Republicans Against — Browne, Cary, Cooper, Esch, Frear, Len- root, Stafford. Total, seven. Democrat Not Voting — Konop. Wyoming Republican For — Mondell. Mr. Small, after having voted “Nay,” called atten- tion to a pair with Mr. Doughton and changed his record to “Present.” The following pairs were also announced by the clerk; Mr. Davenport and Mr. Harris (for) with Mr. Konop (against). Mr. Neeley of Kansas and Mr. Martin (for) and Mr. Gregg (against). Mr. Ainey and Mr. Guernsey (for) with Mr. Fair- child (against). Mr. L’Engle and Mr. Doughton (for) with Mr. Small (against). Mr. McGuire of Oklahoma and Mr. Garrett of Ten- nessee (for) with Mr. Burke of Pennsylvania (against). HOLLAND — Until 1881 there was no restriction on the sale of intoxicating liquors in Holland, but in that year regulation began. During the thirty years since Cyclopedia of Temperance 175 1881 the consumption of spirits has decreased from 9.38 liters per capita to 5.19. The present struggle is toward total abstinence and local option. Voluntary votings in Holland have shown a decided majority for reduction in the number of licenses and for prohibition. The University of Utrecht is conducting courses in the al- cohol problem. HOME RULE - — See Objections to Prohibition. HOSPITALS—Stt Medical Practice. IDAHO — In February, 1915, the Idaho Legislature passed a statutory prohibitory law to be effective Jan- uary 1, 1916. It also voted to submit to popular vote in November, 1916, the question of constitutional pro- hibition to be effective January 1, 1917. The state at present has twenty-three dry counties and fourteen wet. Twenty-two cities of 1,000 or more population are dry and only eleven wet. The Idaho prohibition law is exceedingly strict, as it forbids even the possession of whisky or brandy, and one who has in his possession pure alcohol must make affidavit as to its purpose. ILLICIT DISTILLERIES—The report of the In- ternal Revenue Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, gives the number of illicit distilleries seized as 2,677. In 1911 the number was 2,471 ; in 1912, 2,466; and in 1913, 2,375. The number of persons arrested in 1914 was only 504 as compared with 529 in 1911, and 459 in 1913. Illicit distilleries seized in prohibition territories are uniformly small affairs. For instance, in 1912 there were seized in five Southern prohibition states a total of 1.254 gallons of illicit spirits. In the same year, there were seized in the one license state of Illinois 1,378 gallons, and in the two license states of Ohio and Michigan, 1,926 gallons. In 1913 there were eight prohibition states. In five of them — Maine, North Dakota, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Mississippi — not one illicit still was seized. The Rev- enue Bureau has never had a case of illicit distilling in Maine or Kansas or North Dakota in twenty years. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, there were seized in license states 34,758 gallons of illicit spirits. 176 Cyclopedia of Temperance and in prohibition states 1,524 gallons. This does not seem to indicate that prohibition increases “moon- shining.” ILLINOIS — The state has fifty-three dry and forty- nine wet counties. One hundred and fifty saloons were voted out of existence during 1915. IMMIGRATION — The problem of the foreigner in America and the problem of the new citizen is simple, even if difficult. The great nations of history have been, in almost every case, homogeneous peoples — peo- ples who have absorbed into themselves such new blood as has come to them without altering the fundamental characteristics of their racial stock. The original settlers of this country were almost en- tirely of Teutonic and Celtic blood. Even the French Huguenots had a very large proportion of Teutonic blood. Since 1821 the country has received about 32,- 000,000 immigrants. It has been said by some that all of us were at one time immigrants, but a nation cannot receive immigrants until it has established a national life and the people whp are the agents of achieving that nationality are, so to speak, charter members. They constitute the stock upon which subsequent additions are grafted. In large part the immigration to America up to 1850 partook of the same racial characteristics as the people who accomplished the American Revolution, and, con- sequently, they rapidly became an integral part of the nation, not affecting the homogeneity of what might be properly termed the American race. Even as late as 1867 not one per cent of the total immigration came from Austria-Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Russia, but by 1902 the percentage was over seventy. Out of this new immigration has grown the inevitable tendency to establish colonies, to retain ideals which are in some cases antagonistic to American ideals, and gradually to develop antagonism between the imported ideas and American principles. Sixty per cent of the population of Milwaukee is German. German immigration has been valuable to the United States, but obviously the congregation of so many Germans in one city will make German customs rather than American customs dominant in that city. Where the German custom of beer drinking in the home is reinforced by the preju- Cyclopedia of Temperance 177 dices of sixty per cent of the population, conflict with the American hostility to home consumption of liquors, or to any consumption of liquors by women and chil- dren, will inevitably arise, and the absorption of this immigration is delayed to the detriment of all parties concerned. Mr. Eliot Norton has well said in words which we do not necessarily endorse because we quote : ‘‘If one considers the American people from say 1775 to 1860, it is clear that a well-defined national character was in process of formation. What variations there were, were all of the same type, and these variations would have slowly grown less and less marked. It needs little study to see of what great value to any body of men, women, and children, a national or racial type is. It furnishes a standard of conduct by which anyone can set his course. The world is a difficult place in which to live, and to establish moral standards has been one of the chief occupations of mankind. Without such standards, man feels as a mariner without a compass. Religions, rules, laws, and customs are only the national character in the form of standards of conduct. Now national character can only be formed in a population which is stable. The repeated introduction into a body of men, of other men of different type or types, can- not but tend to prevent its formation. Thus the mil- lions of immigrants that have landed have tended to break up the type which was forming, and to make the formation of any other type difficult. Every million more will only intensify this result, and the absence of a national character is a loss to every man, woman, and child. It will show itself in our religions, rules of conduct, in our laws, in our customs.” The Task Calls for Heroism These thoughts are not advanced in opposition to im- migration. It is crudity to assail the strength of the new races coming to us just because they are strange. The greatest blessing ever coming to the English nation was the conquest by and immigration of the Normans. The native Americans of both the Northern and Southern States are all of “Northern” European blood, and, consequently, there is a tendency, especially in the South, to draw a line across Europe and say, “The people south of this line are inferior to the peo- 178 Cyclopedia of Temperance pie north of it,” but such a statement ignores such major facts in history as the Carthaginian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Grecian, Roman, French, and Austrian con- tributions to power, civilization, and culture. The peo- ples now arriving are not inferior; they are simply met with difficulties which, by hindering the grafting of their excellencies upon the fundamental character con- tributed by the makers of the nation, imposes upon us new obligations. We need their art; we need their music; we need their sense of beauty; we need their generous impulses ; but above all, we need to establish these characteristics as branches upon the sturdy trunk of Americanism. Drink as a Hindrance Foreigners drink. If they drank lightly in Europe, they drink heavily here, because of different conditions. In the mining towns of Pennsylvania it is nothing un- usual for judges to grant a license for every one hun- dred persons, men, women, and children. Saloon keep- ers are frequently the most effective leaders of the new industrial immigrants. There is hardly a drinking place in a foreign colony which does not have its politi- cal club. The brewers do everything possible to create a feel- ing of antagonism among the units of the new immigra- tion against the “Puritanism” of the “Anglo-Saxons.” At times their press frankly comments upon the neces- sity of creating and capitalizing this antagonism, and they make use of the saloon as their agency in so doing. “The drink habit is un-American,” says Roberts in “The New Immigration,” and he speaks from a close scrutiny of the saloon in centers of foreign population. 1. Immigration will prove a blessing only if the immigrants take on the main characteristics of native Americans. 2. The greatest hindrance to this absorption of the new immigration is the saloon and the liquor traffic. Therefore, the saloon is the keystone in the arch of the immigrant problem. Destroy the keystone and the problem will crumble. The liquor interests very carefully ignore the close connection between immigration and drink consumption, but a careful study of comparative statistics shows Cyclopedia of Temperance 179 that this connection is a vital factor of both the_ immi- grant and drink problems. In 189S, 258,536 immigrants arrived and the per capita consumption of liquors was 16.57 gallons. In 1896 the immigrants numbered 343,- 267 and the per capita consumption of liquors rose to 17.12 gallons. In 1897 immigration fell to 230,832 and the per capita liquor consumption likewise fell to 16.50 gallons. By 1900 the arrival of immigrants had reached the figure of 448,572 and the per capita consumption 17.56 gallons. From this time until 1906 immigration and the per capita consumption of liquors both rose together rapidly to about 1,300,000 arriving immigrants and 22.6 gallons of liquor as the per capita consumption. In that year a decline began in both connections and in 1909 immigration had fallen to 750,000 and the per capita consumption of liquor had fallen to nearly twen- ty-one gallons. A diagram showing that immigration and consump- tion of liquors fall and rise together can be easily con- structed from available figures and the movement in both cases can be shown to be nearly uniform. (See “Alcohol in the Melting Pot,” a leaflet of the Tem- perance Society.) INDIANA — Fifty-nine wet counties, thirty-three dry. Twenty-seven elections were won by the drys during 1915 and fifteen lost. The wets gained five saloons and lost 112. Important court decisions: That a club or lodge which dispenses liquor is a blind tiger; that pos- session of liquor in a drug store does not constitute a violation of the blind tiger law. An effort will be made to get a state-wide statutory prohibition law in 1917. INDIANS — For the year ending June 30, 1914, sev- enteen hundred cases were instituted by the Service for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic Among the Indians, headed by Chief Special Officer H. A. Larson. Jail penalties aggregating 124 years were imposed upon 590 persons, besides fines of $62,000. Seventy-seven persons were sent to the penitentiaries under sentences- aggregating 118 years, and fines of $19,000. In a period of a few months, the service had one man shot and several deputy marshals killed, while a number of bootleggers are peddling liquor in the Great Beyond. A feature of the year was the mani- 180 Cyclopedia of Temperance fest disposition of the United States Supreme Court to uphold the old Indian treaties which provide for the exclusion of liquor from the Indian country. Great trouble was caused by wholesalers of liquor who, in spite of their great desire to “reform the business,” consistently backed law violators. Danciger Brothers, wholesale liquor dealers of Kansas City, applied for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of one Dan Ward and another man named Greenwood, and also went into the courts to force the M. K. & T. Railway to carry liquor into Indian country. The Royal Brewing Company constituted another bunch of reformers who were not particularly helpful to the Indian Service during the past year. Nearly two hundred regular deputies were employed. Sixty persons were fined, without jail sentences, a total of over $15,000. Ninety-one were jailed, without fines, a total of nineteen years. Twenty-one were penned, without fines, a total of twenty-six years. INDUSTRY — During 1914 and 1915 an industrial movement against alcohol gained astonishing mo- mentum. This movement seems in large part to have been brought about by recent scientific experiments disclosing the loss of working efficiency caused by the most moderate use of alcoholic liquors and by the passage of industrial compensation laws rendering em- ployers of labor liable for accident damages to em- ployees. On January 1, 1914, the Diamond Match Company issued the following order to its employees : “Com- mencing with June 1, 1914, all employees of the com- pany must refrain from using intoxicating liquors, and all officers shall refuse employment to men known to frequent saloons.” At a meeting of superintendents and foremen of the Homestead Steel Works the general manager announced that subsequent to the order no employee would be allowed to drink during working hours, that all drinks at banquets would be abolished, and that any employee who drank out of working hours would be in danger of losing his position. The officials of the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company soon after posted this notice: “Hereafter any employee who brings beer, whisky, or any other intoxicating liquors into any house Cyclopedia of Temperance 181 or upon property of the company will be discharged. The Harbison- Walker Refractories Company.” This order affected the largest silica brick plant in the world. Other plants enacting or extending “industrial pro- hibition” during the year were the Hershey Chocolate people, the Cambria Steel Company, the Philadelphia Quartz Company, which declared an increase of ten per cent in wages to abstainers, the Craig-Ridgway Company of Coatesville, Pa., the Carnegie Steel Com- pany, the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company, the International Harvester Company, the Sherwin-Williams Company, the Sheffield Works, the United States Steel Corporation, the Western Electric Company, the Pull- man Company, the Edison Company, the Western Union, the Interborough Company, the Standard Oil Company, Sears, Roebuck & Co., and many similar or- ganizations. “There is no use wasting time on any young man who drinks liquor, no matter how exceptional his tal- ents,” says Andrew Carnegie, and the general un- friendly attitude of business men toward the non- abstainer is typified by the trenchant little saying: “The last man hired — the first man fired — the man who drinks !” There was also manifested an aggressive friendship for the policy of local, state, and national prohibition among business men during 1914. A number of the largest industrial concerns in America positively for- bade their employees to sign saloon petitions or to other- wise handicap the companies in their war against the license system. The manufacturers seem to have taken the position that alcoholic liquors, especially beer, are the greatest hindrance to labor efficiency, to prosperity and content among workmen, and to general prosperity. Why Business Fights Booze The Pittsburgh Steel Company, employing 5,250 men and having a monthly pay roll of $300,000, went so far as to address a letter to the license judges of West- moreland County, Pennsylvania, protesting earnestly against the licensing of saloons. In part, the letter said : ‘‘We have experienced a growing inefiSciency of the services of these men and increased carelessness in the mills, resulting in accidents and deaths, largely attributable to the excessive use of beer, whisky and other alcoholic drinks. 182 Cyclopedia of Temperance “One of the largest steel companies in this district, after an exhaustive examination of the causes of accidents in the mills, makes the broad statement, that 85 per cent of such accidents are attributable directly or indirectly to liquor. The efiSciency of our men has been so reduced in recent years, as to show that at least, if not more, than one tenth of our pay roll is paid out for services not rendered, and at least 20 per cent of the money we pay our men is spent upon liquor and lost to the use of their families.’’ It is also further declared that an investigation con- ducted by the steel company showed that eighty-three out of 106 prosecutions and trials in the town of Monessen were due directly to drink. “We feel safe in saying,” declares the company, “that the workmen spend at least twenty per cent of the wages we pay them for liquor, and their families are deprived’ of the benefit of much of their earnings.” A bulletin from the Colorado Fuel and Iron Com- pany, issued to deny the report that they operate sa- loons for their men, stated: “The ofiicers of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Com- pany believe in the policies adopted by certain important railroads prohibiting the use of intoxicating liquors by their employees, both on and off duty. With the advent of the federal troops, all saloons in the coal mining districts were closed, and as a result the efll- ciency of the workmen has greatly improved. The aver- age production of coal per man has greatly increased. “The production at this company’s mines in the southern district of Colorado for the first eighteen days of April averaged 5.85 tons per day for each miner at work. That was before the federal troops closed the saloons. “For the first eighteen days of June (with all saloons closed) each man produced 6.52 tons, which meant an average increase in wages of over eleven per cent per man. “This has confirmed the view long held by us, that if saloons and drinking could be eliminated from iFe coal districts, not only the minerSj but the companies would be greatly benefited.” Especially have the manufacturers been driven to their war against the saloon because of the increasing liability for accidents to employees. It has become genercdly recognized that, while drunkenness is but seldom a cause of accidents, the taking of even one Cyclopedia of Temperance 183 glass of beer is apt to bring about that state of “mild irresponsibility” which will bring disaster. On October 6, 1914, after a debate which seemed to be all affirmative, the other side being either not present or cowed, the “Safety First” Congress of business men in Chicago adopted a unanimous resolution in favor of business prohibition and total abstinence. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed among the seven hun- dred delegates when the congress gave its unbroken and official voice in favor of temperance, “safety first,” and efficiency. The members of the National Safety Council employ more than a million men. The resolution, which was offered by A. T. Morey of the Commonwealth Steel Company and chairman of the resolutions committee, follows: “Whereas, It is recognized that drinking of alcoholic stimu- lants is productive of a heavy per cent of the accidents and diseases, affecting the safety and efficiency of workingmen; he it “Resolved, That it is the sense of this organization to go on record in favor of eliminating the use of intoxicants in the industries of the nation.’’ Also, at the last meeting of the National Foundry- men’s Association, held in Chicago, a committee was appointed to secure legislation keeping saloons away from industrial plants. How the Saloon Preys on Industry That the saloon is a leech on business is well illus- trated by the following “Want Ad” clipped from the Chicago Tribune: SALOON — FOR SALE — GOOD CORNER, near factories; have other business; doing good business. Address W 304, Tribune. The good effect of prohibition in industrial com- munities fully warrants the strenuous warfare of em- ployers against liquor. Mr. Charles L,. Huston, vice- president of the Lukens Iron and Coal Company of Pennsylvania, says there was a decrease of fifty-four per cent in the number of accidents the first six dry months in Coatesville compared with the correspond- ing months of the previous year when the town was wet. The decrease in applications for aid during the same period was seventy-five per cent, while the de- crease in absence from work on Mondays or days fol- lowing pay days was eighty per cent. Superintendent Johnson of the American Car Foun- dry Works at Berwick, Pa., also testifies that industrial 184 Cyclopedia of Temperance accidents due to alcohol decreased one third after an evangelistic campaign which induced many workmen to sign the pledge, and the better condition of these em- ployees was shown by the fact that Berwick banks re- ported an increase of savings deposits of $80,000 within a short time after the conclusion of the revival. The medical directors of three great life insurance companies estimated that from seven to forty-three per cent of accidents are due, directly or indirectly, to alcohol. Seven per cent of the railroad accidents, eight per cent of the street car accidents, ten per cent of those caused by automobiles, eight per cent of those due to vehicles and horses, forty-three per cent of heat prostration and sunstroke, seven per cent of machinery accidents, eight per cent of the accidents in mines and quarries, thirteen per cent of the drowning, and ten per cent of the gunshot wounds are brought about, entirely or partially, by alcohol. Statistics show that in the year ending September 1, 1914, 35,000 people lost their lives as a result of indus- trial accidents in the United States. This fearful toll is at the rate of one life every fifteen minutes. It is esti- mated that the economic loss from the death of work- men due to industrial accidents is $250,000,000 annually. In view of these facts, it is no wonder that industrial prohibition spreads, that the Insurance Department of the State Industrial Accident Commission in Los Angeles has ruled that an employee injured after drink- ing is not entitled to compensation, and that the United States Government found that seventy-seven per cent of more than seven thousand employers discriminate against moderate drinkers. A Notable Investigation On September 20, 1915, the Methodist Temperance Society published the result of a survey covering the iron, coal, and steel trades of Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsjdvania, and Illinois. The result of that investi- gation was published as follows : The Illinois Steel Company located at Joliet, 111., maintains a club house for the use of its men. During the winter months many bowling clubs are formed. Recently a member of one of these clubs secured a position in Pittsburgh. Before his departure his fel- low members gave a banquet in his honor at one of the Cyclopedia of Temperance 185 hotels with twenty-five guests, foremen, and men hold- ing clerical positions with the Illinois Steel Company present. When these men went to the table there was a glass of cocktail at each plate. When they left the table there was still a glass of cocktail at each plate. Not one had been touched. How Liquor Views Industrial Prohibition “One of the most pregnant signs of the times is the steady and increasing tendency of big corporations to encroach on the personal liberties of workers,” says Mida’s Criterion, a standard liquor trade magazine. And the Brewers’ Journal remarks, “There are even companies and individual employers who threaten to discharge employees for drinking alcohol at any time. They do not care if that is social and economic slavery. Their main object is to protect their pocketbooks.” Scope of This Investigation The public press for the past year has said much in regard to this growing hostility to alcohol on the part of industry. In order to determine the extent of this feeling, and to throw a broad shaft of light on the attitude of all industry toward the movement for ab- stinence and prohibition, the Methodist Temperance Society has conducted a careful investigation covering the iron and steel trades of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and West Virginia. Information was secured from 140 companies, many of which have more than one plant. The Tendency of “Big Business” This investigation reveals conclusively that the ten- dency of industrial corporations is to take every prac- ticable measure to prevent drinking on duty or off. Al- most without exception they testify that the abstainer is more efficient in his work and that he alone is con- sidered when a place of responsibility is open. Many of these concerns are conducting extensive propagandas to induce their men to abstain at all times. The motto of the Illinois Steel Company is “Safety, Sobriety, Clean- liness,” and that motto is typical. Not so many years ago it was quite the custom for workmen to send boys out for beer during working hours. Of 120 concerns replying, only six say that they permit this at the present time. 186 Cyclopedia of Temperance (Here follow the names of 120 concerns, aggre- gating a billion dollars and more in capital.) Absolute Prohibition Undertaken by Some Ten concerns not only prohibit drinking during work- ing hours, but absolutely prohibit it at any time. One hundred others, in giving information on this point, say that they do everything possible to prevent drink- ing by their employees out of hours, but that the prac- tical difficulties prevent their announcing a blanket policy of prohibition. The ten concerns which have under- taken the Herculean task of preventing all drinking by their employees are : (Here follow the names of ten great steel corpora- tions.) “Any attempt to interfere with the habits of the men outside of working hours would be resented by them, but we recognize that even the moderate use of liquor is hurtful, and we exert every moral influence to pro- mote abstinence among our employees,” says the Lock- hart Iron & Steel Company of Pennsylvania. “It is impossible to prohibit the use of intoxicating liquors by employees while they are off duty, but we use every means to discourage and prevent it,” says the Jackson Iron & Steel Company of Ohio. The American Car Foundries Company of Pennsylvania dismisses men who go into saloons on the way to or from work, and the Lukens Iron & Steel Company of the same state suspends an employee one week for his first offense; for the second he is often discharged. The Lukens Company prohibits drinking both during working hours and out of working hours. These replies indicate the nature of many others. No Progress for the "Moderate” Drinker Eighty-three of the concerns queried discriminate against those who use alcoholic liquors in employing and advancing men. Even the most “moderate” use is fatal to a man’s chance of advancement. (Here follow the names of eighty-three concerns.) A Scientific Interest Manifested Sixty-three concerns have taken steps to determine the influence of the moderate use of liquor on working Cyclopedia of Temperance 187 efficiency and reliability, and without exception they testify that it is bad. These are the concerns : (Here follows a list of sixty-three steel companies.) Some Constructive Policies Pursued Some exceedingly interesting information was gath- ered as to the steps being taken by various establish- ments to promote abstinence among their employees. No less than sixty-three of these great industrial cor- porations are undertaking constructive abstinence work. “The doctrine of heaven and hell has not made the appeal necessary to get results, but the doctrine of per- sonal efficiency is doing and will do a great deal,” writes the Union Steel Castings Company of Pennsyl- vania. The American Manganese Steel Company of Chicago Heights, 111., is one of the great industrial concerns of America. At this plant the men have not only been warned that total abstainers are given the preference in the matter of promotion, but they have also been given to understand that frequenting saloons or bring- ing liquor into the plant means instant discharge. . A club which furnishes clean amusements has been started. At this club liquor and gambling are absolutely pro- hibited. The company has installed a lunch room, pro- viding soup and coffee inside of the plant at a nominal sum. This is intended as a substitute for the warm free lunch to be obtained at saloons. A saloon garnishment notice means the immediate discharge of the employee. The Interstate Steel & Iron Company of East Chi- cago, Ind., has been conducting a bulletin board cam- paign and requiring instruction in the principles of abstinence through the foremen. The company says : “We are succeeding famously. Most important is the fact that our men also see the good of it.” What the Illinois Steel Company Does The Illinois Steel Company of Joliet, 111., when run- ning to its full capacity, employs 4,000 men. About three years ago this concern stopped men from going out of the gates during the noon hour without a special pass, because of the fact that there were saloons close to the main entrance of the plant. Realizing the gravity of the problem, the Illinois Steel Company instituted well- considered measures to promote the abstinence and effi- 188 Cyclopedia of Temperance ciency of its men. This campaign was under the direc- tion of Mr. H. B. Smith, inspector of safety and labor. When it started one of the saloons across the street from the plant used eight bartenders. At the present time it uses two. The employees were definitely re- quested to abstain from liquors on their way to work. Striking posters were prepared for the bulletin boards, and the Mixer, the plant’s publication, contained tem- perance material in each issue. Mr. Smith, himself, holds frequent conferences with the foremen. Every opportunity is given to the men to procure milk and similiar substitutes. “When we employ a man,” says Mr. Smith, “he is asked if he is in the habit of drinking alcoholic liquors. If he is, he is informed that he might as well not go to work as he would be laid off sooner or later.” “Safety First" is the Battle Cry The industrial abstinence propaganda has become closely allied with the “Safety First” campaign. The whole movement is conducted in the name of efficiency, and abstinence campaigns are managed in the great industrial plants of the country in an attitude of s^-m- pathetic cooperation with the men themselves. Employers give detailed information as to the splen- did effect of these abstinence campaigns upon the acci- dent rate and the work output. Several of them announce that they are adopting more drastic rules be- cause of new compensation laws which are going into effect, and many of them take pains to express their sympathy with prohibition laws as an effective aid to the promotion of abstinence. Perhaps the most significant thing developed by the whole inquiry is the universal recognition of the fact that moderate drinking has a distinctly bad effect upon the efficiency and reliability of workingmen. There does not seem to be two opinions upon this point. (Here follow various miscellaneous extracts from letters.) In commenting upon this report the Manufacturers* Record said : “This very remarkable survey of the work that the foremost iron and steel people of the United States are doing to lessen the drink evil is one of the most interesting reports ever issued in this countn,\ The very Cyclopedia of Temperance 189 magnitude of the interests represented and of the state- ments made by them makes it impossible for any busi- ness concern or any newspaper to ignore their views, entirely without regard to what employers and employ- ees may have believed in the past as to this subject.” Industry Awaking in Europe The movement, while strongest in America, is not entirely confined to this country. In Germany the Prussian-Hessian Railroad finds that its orders against the use of alcohol not only make the men more fit for service, but aflPairs move with greater certainty and more smoothly, as the employees show more considera- tion and willingness, cases of insubordination and dis- putes have become less frequent, and the number of cases of sickness resulting from the use of alcohol has diminished. “Little by little,” says the Metal Arbeiter Zeitung (Metal Workers’ Journal), “business managers have come to see that a higher degree of efficiency can be sus- tained by the men when sober.” Knowledge of the dangers of the use of alcohol is making constant head- way, especially among the younger men. The railroads are not only requiring sobriety, but are making it easy for the employees to obtain nonalcoholic drinks by opening counters where tea, coffee, milk, mineral watery and cheap but nourishing hot food can be obtained. The Leipsic Sick Benefit Society found that when the general accident rate for insured workmen was one hundred per thousand, the accident rate among drinkers was 320 per thousand, and the Roeschlingsche Iron and Steel Works of Volklingen, Germany, discovered that while the average accident rate in their plant was twelve per thousand, the rate of abstainers was only eight per thousand. Chancellor Lloyd-George of England has testified that prohibition in Russia increased labor efficiency thirty to fifty per cent, and Mr. J. E. Hurley, late general manager of the Santa Fe Railroad, showed the effect of prohibition in Kansas upon this problem in the following words : “The railroad men of Kansas are, in my opinion, the best railroad men all around, in the United States for efficiency, on account of the absence of saloons in Kansas, owing to our state prohibition law. I make 190 Cyclopedia oi Temperance this statement unqualifiedly after thirty years of rail- road experience.” Everywhere laboring men are showing a disposition to fall in with these efforts to promote their own good. A report from Philadelphia says that among the 125,000 employees in the operating department of the Pennsylvania Railroad system, East, it takes a close hunt to find a man who indulges in intoxicating drinks. The company says that during 1913, 784,675 observations were made as to the use of intoxicants by employees, and only in 158 cases was discipline required. An interesting feature of the Pacific Coast crusade against the drinking of liquor by workingmen was the prohibition in Los Angeles of the cashing of pay checks in saloons. INJUNCTION LAWS — Injunction laws have been found one of the most valuable agents for the suppres- sion of the liquor traffic in prohibition territory. Under these laws courts can proceed against any place where liquors are sold as a common nuisance, enjoining it from further violation of the law. The injunction rests upon the law violator and upon the property as well, and continued violation brings severe penalties for contempt of court, the property suffering as well as the violator. INSANITY — According to Dr. Rosanoff of Clark University, twenty-five per cent of insanity is charge- able to the use of alcoholic liquors. Other students place the percentage as high as thirty-five to fifty per cent. Dr. W. A. Evans, medical editor of the Chicago Tribune, says that there are not less than 250,000 insane people in the United States, and if we were to include all mental defectives the number would be 300,000. He also says that only a small portion of these (33,000) are segregated in institutions. In nearly every state the expense of caring for the insane is mounting rapidly, due to a growing social conscience, but in view of the fact that such a small proportion of our mental defectives are now sheltered, the question of checking the increase of insanity is pressing. We are in great danger of not being able Cyclopedia of Temperance 191 to stand the burden if it increases as rapidly as it has in the last ten years. The effect of prohibition upon insanity statistics is made very apparent by the following tables which con- trast three representative prohibition states with three of the “wettest” states : Comparative Insanity Rate Maine Pennsylvania .... 195 Kansas . . . . 172 Montana North Dakota Nevada 288 A comparison between the representative prohibition states we have selected and their respective geographi- cal divisions, as well as a comparison with the United States as a whole, also shows to the great advantage of the prohibition policy. In the table below we give the insane in hospitals in the United States as a whole, in New England, in Maine, and in the other New Eng- land States : Comparing Eastern States and Maine United States 204 Maine 16P Vermont 278 Bhode Island 229 New England 293 New Hampshire 213: Massachusetts 344 Connecticut 321 And the following comparison shows how North Da- kota and Kansas stand in their section : Comparing Kansas, North Dakota, and West West North Central Division 194 Iowa 241 North Dakota 108 Nebraska 165 Minnesota 228 Missouri 187 South Dakota 148 Kansas 172 A comparison is also available between certain insane hospitals of Eastern states and insane institutions in prohibition states. The average percentage _of insanity due to alcohol in Manhattan Hospital, New York; Stockton Hospital, California: Farnhurst Hospital, Del- aware; Northern Hospital, Wisconsin; Mendota Hos- pital, Wisconsin; State Hospital, Nevada; Springfield Hospital, Maryland; Worcester Hospital, Massachu- 192 Cyclopedia of Temperance setts; Tewksbury Hospital, Massachusetts; Bridgewater Hospital, Massachusetts; Taunton Hospital, Massachu- setts; Overbrook Hospital, New Jersey; and Nonvich Hospital, Connecticut, was 26.9 per cent, but the aver- age in the following hospitals in prohibition states : Eastern Maine Hospital, Maine; State Hospital, Maine; Osawatomie Hospital, Kansas ; Topeka Hospital, Kan- sas; State Hospital, Kansas; Eastern Mississippi Hos- pital, Mississippi ; Morganton Hospital, North Carolina, was a little less than six per cent. The limitations of this book prevent us from giving space to voluminous studies by experts. In brief, this mass of information reveals that from twenty-five to fifty per cent of insanity is caused by drink, and the discrepancy between alcohol-caused insanity in prohibi- tion states and in license states is about one to five. INSURANCE — See Mortality from Alcohol. INTERNAL REVENUE— The term applied to revenue other than that derived from tariffs. (For liquor revenue see Revenue, Liquor.) INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ALCO- HOLISM — The International Congress on Alcoholism will probably meet in Atlantic City, N. J., in July, 1916. This congress now has a high international stand- ing. The latest session was held in Milan, Italy. Were it not for the war, delegates from forty nations would be present. The United States Government has made an appropriation of $40,000 for the entertainment of these delegates, and has regularly sent delegates to the congress when held in other countries. The Inter- national Prohibition Confederation will also hold its meeting in connection with the Congress on Alcoholism. INTERSTATE TRAFFIC— Under the United States Constitution all traffic between the states is under federal control. Consequently, interstate commpce of liquor cannot be prohibited by any state, excepting un- der the provisions of the Webb-Kenyon Bill. (See that subject.) INTOXICANTS — See Alcoholic Beverages. IOWA — The state is at present under the Mulct law, which makes ineffective a former prohibition act. The Cyclopedia of Temperance 193 Mulct law has been repealed and prohibition becomes effective again January 1, 1916. The 1915 Legislature submitted constitutional prohibition to be voted upon in the election of 1917, but the Legislature of that year must ratify this submission before the election is as- sured. The statutory provision effective January 1, 1916, prohibits liquor containing even a trace of alcohol. At the present time Iowa has 115 wet cities and towns and 725 dry cities. Des Moines, the capital, with a popula- tion of 105,000 is dry. No law was ever more bitterly fought or was the victim of more dirty politics. As a result, in 1894, the mulct law, which was simply a scheme to secure the nonenforcement of statutory prohibition in certain com- munities, was adopted. The repeal of the mulct law leaves the old prohibitory statute of 1884 in full effect. On January 1, 1915, Iowa had twelve wet counties, seventy-nine dry. IRELAND — See “Great Britain”; also “Catch-My- Pal Movement.” ITALY — (For development since the war see “War.”) “The opinion as to the great danger in which Italy stands from alcoholism is practically unanimous,” de- clares Dr. Amaldi, the Florentine alienist. This does not seem to indicate that wine has “solved the problem” there. Until the last few years wine drinking in Italy was practically universal, but a few years ago the govern- ment sent a circular to the various prefects of the provinces, asking their cooperation in combatting the evil, and since that time conditions have bettered some- what. Of 23,292 admissions of men into forty-nine lunatic asylums during the years 1905-1907 there was a per- centage of 14.2 of alcoholic psychoses. In twenty-six of these asylums the proportion of cases due exclusively and partially to the hereditary alcohol habit is given as 28.3 per cent. Said the Lancet, the leading British medical journal, for September, 1910: “Drunkenness in Italy has become common enough to lose much of the disgrace attached to it.” Between 1887 and 1908, while the number of 194 Cyclopedia of Temperance deaths in Italy declined by more than 100,000, the number of deaths from alcoholism doubled. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY— The liquor inter- ests frequently make use of comparisons between pro- hibition states and selected license states which seem to indicate that there is more juvenile delinquency in the prohibition territory. It should be borne in mind that juvenile delinquency laws vary greatly in the different states, especially in their history, standards of commit- ment, administration, etc. For instance. Maine had, on January 1, 1910, 343 juvenile delinquents. During 1910 seventj'-five were discharged or paroled, a percentage of twenty-one. Pennsylvania had, on January 1. 1910. 2.138 juvenile de- linquents, and during 1910, 1.019 of them were dis- charged or paroled, a percentage of fifty. It is ob- vious that such a difference in the methods of paroling and discharging delinquents makes it impossible to compare these two states and arrive at any correct con- clusions. Frequently the liquor publicity organizations compare Kansas or Maine with some other single state, when practically any other state selected in their respective territories would show the prohibition states to an ad- vantage. They compare klaine and Kansas with Ne- braska and Minnesota, but avoid comparing them with Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Mar 3 ’land, Michigan, New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and other states. A number of states have no juvenile delinquencj’ sys- tem at all. and in some it is hardly developed. The fol- lowing fable has been compiled W Mr. William P. F. Ferguson : New England and Maine Delinquency States New England . Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts . Rhode Island . Connecticut . . . Rate per 100,000 50 46 46 48 44 66 62 It is observable from this table that Maine, although under poor law enforcement, had a rate lower than the Cyclopedia of Temperance 195 states in its section, and as low as any other state in the group, save one. If we take the West North Central Division, we find several interesting things in the following table : Kansas, North Dakota, and the West North Central States West North Central Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Rate per 100,000 22 18 25 28 9 .... 15 .... 11 25 North Dakota, a prohibition state, has the lowest rate in this group, and Kansas has a rate next to the highest. This is a striking illustration of the difficulty of getting any “lesson” from such comparisons in the consideration of juvenile delinquency. The seeming in- consistency is accounted for by the different age of the juvenile delinquency systems of the states in this group, the varying percentage of discharges and paroles, etc. KANSAS — Constitutional prohibition has obtained in Kansas since 1880. Kansas swore off in these words, “The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this state.” Statutory legislation backs this up with a penalty of $100 to $500 and thirty to ninety days in jail for each offense. The jail sentence becomes six months if the offense is in maintaining a place where liquors are sold. Do not think this is merely a moribund measure on the statute books. It is a double-action, smokeless, and quick-firing law that does business whenever the occa- sion arises. For instance, a few weeks before this was written, a druggist of Topeka, Kan., was fined $500 and got a jail sentence of six months. This man was a first offender. The Pen for the Pigs There is another law for the incorrigible. This law provides a penalty of one year in the penitentiary at hard labor for the man who offends a second time. Neither is this law a “Quaker cannon.” A very short time ago, one William Briggs concluded that the pro- 196 Cyclopedia of Temperance hibition law was nothing to be afraid of, and made a second sale of liquor after having been once convicted. He was sentenced to the penitentiary. The Kansas prohibition law covers the state “like the dew.” Druggists cannot sell liquors. Kansas tried ex- empting them, and soon found that the exemption was a nuisance. If a Kansas citizen is bitten by a snake now, he has to go to Missouri to get treatment, unless he is an up-to-date, intelligent fellow, and knows that whisky is not good for snake bite. The Kansas law is double-riveted, copper-bottomed, and air-tight. It is pig tight. It forbids everything that ought to be forbidden, and spikes down its prohibi- tions with adequate penalties. Incidentally it provides a way by which the people can get rid of traitorous officials who refuse to enforce the law. Of course, some people drink anyway, as is their privilege. But nine tenths of the liquor consumed in Kansas is purchased in a perfectly legal way through interstate commerce, for the personal consumption of the man buying it. It does not come out of a corner saloon, filled with bums and loafers, spewing out hang- ers-on to make vile remarks about passing women, and vomiting forth crime, disorder, and pauperism. But the Kansans who do drink are not numerous, and they don’t d’’ink much. (See Consumption of Al- cohol.) How About Taxes? Neither does prohibition make the taxes high. The Kansas state tax rate is 1.2 mills. And to make a comparison with a state that lies just alongside Kansas, the Missouri state tax rate is 1.9 mills. There are two reasons why the Kansas tax rate is low. First, there is plenty of wealth in Kansas to tax; second, there is not so much need of taxes to take care of the insanity, crime, pauperism, etc., caused by the use of liquor. The assessment of taxable property in Kansas for 1913 totaled $2,810,961,092. This is a per capita assessed wealth of $1,684. Missouri, much more favored as to climate, topography, and soil, and, aside from its Negro population, with practically the same kind of people, has an assessed valuation of $1,765,476,990. This as- sessment, however, is on a basis of forty per cent, and Cyclopedia ot Temperance 197 as we wish to be perfectly fair, we multiply it by two and one-half times, thus estimating Missouri’s actual wealth at $4,391,192,475. Nevertheless, this gives a per capita wealth of only $1,333, as compared to the Kansas per capita wealth of $1,684. And at practically every point, the comparisons favor the prohibition state. The per capita valuation of live stock in Missouri, in 1910, was about $133 ; in Kansas it was $150. In the last twenty-one years, bank bal- ances in the prohibition state have increased four and one-half times, and the live stock wealth has increased nearly three times. Very nearly every family can af- ford a house to itself. The total number of families in Kansas is 395,771, and the total number of dwelling houses is 385,682. Yes, the state has the wealth to tax, but there is not so great a need to tax it as there is in license terri- tory. For instance, Missouri has 187 insane to every 100,000 and Kansas has only 172. The average of in- sane to the 100,000 in the whole West North Central division of states is 194. The rate of commitments to prison in 1910 for the United States was 520, and for the license states in the West North Central divi- sion 465, while in Kansas it was only two hundred. The Kansas rate was far below that of any other state ex- cept North Dakota, which is also under prohibition. If the Kansans did not assume much of the burden which should be borne by their neighbors, there would be a still greater disparity, for only twenty per cent of the prisoners received during the last two years were natives of Kansas, whereas, forty-nine per cent of those received by the Missouri prisons during that time were native products. (See Crime; also Insanity.) Growing Still Better And when Kansas succeeds in finally purging herself of the evils resulting from her early policy toward the liquor traffic, her showing will be still more wonderful. Of the patients in the insane hospitals less than ten per cent are under the age of thirty. • “About one eighth of all the cases received into the state hospitals for the insane during 1913 were due directly to heredi- tary mental diseases — hang-overs from saloon days,” says Mr. J. W. Howe, Secretary of the Kansas Board of Control. There were only fifteen patients received 198 Cyclopedia of Temperance during the entire year whose insanity was due to liquor consumption, a percentage of only 2.3. “I am told,” says Mr. Howe, “that in New York the percentage is 31.4, and in Massachusetts 30.6.” The difference is spelled in the letters of the prohibition law. Paupers are as scarce as rabbit horns in Kansas. During the last year there were only 812 in the entire state. Twenty-nine counties have no inmates of poor- houses at all. Over the line in Missouri, there were 2,443 paupers in the county poorhouses, and there were in the last year reported 6,711 cases of county relief of the poor. Missouri’s population is just about twice that of Kansas. (See Pauperism.) This is the Kansas prosperity scheme — to keep her citizens sane, law-abiding, intelligent, and at work. Missouri received into her county jails, in 1910, 13,587 prisoners. In 1913 Kansas managed to accumulate only 4,833 such offenders. Five counties — Cheyenne, Grant, Haskell, Stanton, and Wichita — had no prisoners in their county jails. In Trego County there was only one prisoner in her jail in the past twelve years. Eighteen as a vagrant. Hodgeman County has had only one prisoner during the year — a lonesome tramp picked up counties had no prisoners in the penitentiary at all in 1913. Twenty-three sent no prisoners to the Kansas penitentiary in the years 1911-12, and nineteen had but one man each. Wbat About Schools? The Jayhawker State believes in substitutes for the saloon. Her favorite “substitute” is the school. The percentage of illiteracy in Kansas is only 2.2, and of - the native white population, only eight tenths of one per cent. In Missouri the percentage is 4.3, and in - Vermont 3.7. In Kansas seventy-four per cent of those t enrolled attend schools; in Missouri seventy per cent, j Vermont pays her teachers an average of $35.46; Mis- ^ souri, $55.33; and Kansas, $75.07. Vermont expends on - her schools $4.61 per capita; Missouri, $4.32; and Kan- ■ sas, $5.94. ; You see, Kansas is a good place to live. Prohibition : has helped everything except the climate and it has -s: made its men and women so robust that the climate ha: few terrors for them. The death rate of the state Cyclopedia of Temperance 199 according to the State Board of Health, is only 10.14 per thousand. In Missouri it is 13.20 per thousand. i Liquor’s Deadly Hand Stayed in Kansas The United States Government has admitted Kansas to the registration area, which places the seal of gov- ernmental approval on the state vital statistics. ; These statistics are startling in what they reveal re- garding the effect of the prohibitory law on health and the death rate. “An important element in the good showing of Kan- sas is the absence of the saloon,” says Mr. W. J. V. Deacon, State Registrar. It is his opinion that the prohibitory law affects favorably the death rate from tuberculosis, pneumonia and broncho-pneumonia, Bright’s disease, diabetes, and suicide. 1 For instance, in 1913 there were 1,088 deaths from I all forms of tuberculosis in Kansas, making a specific 1 death rate of 64.6 per 100,000, as compared to a death i rate of 149.5 per 100,000 for the registration area of the ' United States in 1912. It is also worth noting in this connection that the deaths from this disease in Kansas have decreased no less than thirty-three and one-third iper cent since the closing of the “joints.” Dr. Deacon’s statement in connection with this report on tuberculosis says : “There is in Kansas a gratifying absence of slum 'districts, the housing conditions throughout the state ,are very fair, and we do not have a large percentage jof the very poor, among which class the mortality rate I from tuberculosis is always extremely high. Another important element is the absence of saloons. A con- ' 'stitution weakened by the effects of alcohol is an easy I prey for the tubercular bacilli. Moreover, the daily i jwage of the laborer is saved to the family to provide • jbetter living and housing conditions, which is so nec- • essary to establish and maintain body resistance to n infectious diseases.” I - 1 The specific death rate from diabetes in Kansas in jl913 was 12.9, as compared with fifteen per 100,000 in jin the registration area of the United States in 1912. j 5 Regarding the effect of prevalent abstinence from alco- as holic liquors upon the death rate due to this disease, te, jDr. Deacon says : 200 Cyclopedia of Temperance “As diabetes is one of those diseases which is largely considered to be influenced to a greater or less extent by the use of alcohol, it is perhaps a matter of con- gratulation to Kansas that this rate is favorable.” The death rate in Kansas from the diseases of pneu- monia and broncho-pneumonia together was 85.5 per 100,000 in 1913, a rate considerably less than that of the registration area, which was, for 1912, 132.2. In Bright’s disease the death rate in Kansas in 1913 was 64.5, and in the registration area for 1912 it was 92.5. “Here again,” says Mr. Deacon, “may be seen the effects of reduced consumption of alcohol.” The suicide rate in Kansas for 1913 was 10.9, while that of the registration area of the United States for 1912 was sixteen per 100,000. Similarly, the homicide rate in Kansas in 1913 was only 4.6, as compared to the registration area rate of 6.5. The death rate from other violent causes was also much less in Kansas than in the registration area. Mr. Deacon remarks that: “Much suicide is due to dissipation, resulting in weak- ened mentality and lowered resistance, and it is prob- able that to attribute this lower (Kansas) rate to the decreased opportunity for dissipation would not be far from wrong.” Dr. J. S. Crumbine, Secretary of the Board of Health and dean of the medical college of the state university, has just sworn to the following table of figures at the request of Mr. William Allen White: ? ? ^ s’ r' 5 CB m o ^ > to 2 Cirrhosis of liver Violent deaths, 20.3 11.1 6.0 14.0 14.0 7.0 accidents and homicides 110.5 102.2 96.0 74.6 *84.6 *56. **6.6 **4.8 Suicides 30.1 21.7 20.7 18. 16.2 12 2 Brights Disease 92.1 79.9 55.0 85.2 87.5 55.4 Pneumonia 101.5 136.0 64.8 119.7 89.2 45.6 ^Accidents. **Honiicides. Rates per 100,000. Cyclopedia of Temperance 201 The action of the United States Government in ap- proving these figures has been a blow to the anti- prohibition interests which, whenever they were con- fronted with Kansas’ favorable health showing, countered with the statement, “Kansas is not in the registration area.” No wonder the prohibition law is so popular that Senator Thompson said in Congress; “If prohibition were submitted again, it would carry by a larger ma- jority than any other question that could come before the people.” What the People Think But, after all, the most overwhelming proof of pro- hibition’s success in Kansas is the testimony of its people. In the campaign of 1914 one wet, the most influential antiprohibitionist in the state, ran against three leading dry candidates on the Republican, Demo- cratic, and Progressive tickets. He got a little more than eight per cent of the vote, and there is no reason to believe that he did not poll every wet vote in the state. President of Kansas Retailers TestiBes On October 6, 1914, Mr. George H. Knox of Garden City, president of the Kansas State Retailers’ Associa- tion, signed a statement as follows : “From my viewpoint as a retailer the saloon is a positive detriment to all lines of business. Money spent for booze is generally money which should be paid to the local merchant for the support of the family, and when it goes to the saloon there is absolutely noth- ing left to show for it. Our state is free from the saloon evil; our people are happy and prosperous, generally own their own homes, pay their bills, educate their children, and have money for an occasional trip. The success of the prohibitory law from a business man’s standpoint is proved in Kansas beyond a doubt and you would have to hunt the state over to find a retail merchant in favor of the open saloon in Kansas.” Kansas Supreme Court Testifies On October 3, 1914, Chief Justice and the Justices of the Kansas Supreme Court signed a statement as fol- lows : “The prohibitory law is well enforced throughout the state. It is as generally well enforced as any other 202 Cyclopedia of Temperance criminal law. The enforcement of the law distinctly promotes social welfare and reduces to a minimum economic waste consequent upon liquor traffic and allied evils. The saloon keeper and his comrades have been excluded from the effective participation in the politics of the state.” President of State Bankers TestiGes The president of the State Bankers’ Association of Kansas, Mr. E. E. Mullaney of Hill City, on October 1 made the following statement: “As a resident of Kansas for more than thirty years and a banker for two thirds of that time, I wish to say that I regard prohibition as the best business asset Kansas has. Cities and counties where this law has been best enforced longest are the most prosperous. Prosperity and development have come simultaneous with prohibition. This is evidenced by the fact that ■our assessed property valuation is nearly $2,000 com- pared with an average of $1,200 with the United States. We also offer in evidence our empty jails and poor- houses.” A recent poll of all the bankers in the state by the Temperance Society brought replies from 172, 166 of whom testified to the great benefit to business of the prohibition law. Only six could be found in all Kan- sas who doubted the wisdom of this legislation. President of Commercial Clubs TestiGes On October 6, 1914, Mr. E. E. Frizell, who is presi- dent of the Kansas state organization of commercial clubs, put his signature to the following statement: “Kansas is essentially a farm home state. Our great- est assets are our home builders. I have dealt in Kansas land for thirtj' years. I know thousands of home-seekers who come to Kansas every year, chiefly because prohibition has banished the saloon, which is the greatest enemy of the home. The absence of the saloon in Kansas has added real value to ever^- acre of Kansas land, and I know because I deal in land, that prohibition is one of the substantial commercial advantages of our state.” President of Kansas Medical Society TestiGes Dr. W. F. Sawhill, late president of the Kansas Medical Society, in view of the atrociously false state- Cyclopedia of Temperance 203 ments being made in an effort to mislead the people of the Pacific Coast States and states of other sections, has signed the following statement: “I have practiced over thirty years in a city of sev- eral thousand in a farming community and have an opportunity to note the workings of the prohibitory law in Kansas. During that time I have seen the amount of drunkenness diminished seventy-five per cent absolutely; and diseases that we know are caused by the excessive use of liquor have diminished greatly. In my earlier days of practice here I would see young men from the country drunk every Saturday night. I have not seen one for several years and my opportunity is the same. There is but one conclusion for any honest man who has lived in Kansas as I have to make, and that is that prohibition has done more for the people of the state morally, financially, and physically than any other one agency.” It is Unanimous _ Every political party in Kansas favors the prohibi- tion law. Every editor in the state of Kansas, excepting about ten out of nearly eight hundred, favors the prohibition law. So far as known, every minister in Kansas favors the prohibition law. So far as can be ascertained, every school-teacher in Kansas favors the prohibition law. It is unanimous. Of course, we do not mean to claim that this una- nimity includes the liquor dealers of Kansas City, Mo., St. Louis, etc., etc. We are speaking only of Kansas people. But the best testimony of all was the proffering in the Legislature by the speaker himself of a bill abso- lutely prohibiting liquors from being brought into the state for any purpose. (For the truth about illicit sale of liquors in Kansas see Blind Pigs.) KENTUCKY — Of the 120 counties in Kentucky, 106 are dry. Seven of the wet counties have saloons in but one place and three other counties have saloons in but two places. Pike County held a local option election during 1915 and remained dry by more than 204 Cyclopedia of Temperance eight to one. Boyd County, wet, remained so by a small majority. Five years ago Kentucky manufactured about 45,000,000 gallons of whisky; last year about 20,000.000 gallons. There is an agreement among the distillers that there will be only 14,000,000 gallons manufactured this year. KNIGHTS OF TEMPERANCE— This is a ju- venile temperance society organized in 1885 and is one branch of the work of the Protestant Episcopal Church Temperance Society. It is designed for boys and young men from fourteen to twenty-one years of age. Every company has a captain and nine other officers. Every boy joining the organization has to subscribe to its pledge. (See Pledge.) KORAN — The drinking of wine is forbidden in the Koran in more places than one. Because of this, liquor advocates often point to Turkey as a prohibition nation. But some of the same passages o_f the Koran in which Mohammed denounces the drinking of wine also carry a denunciation of gambling, and it would be just as fair to assert that the backward civilization of Mohammedan countries is the result of the prohibition of gambling as to say that it is because of the pro- hibition of wine. There is no just comparison between a religious injunction of Mohammed and a political policy. The one is merely a good feature of an abom- inable religion, a religion that obtains among a half- civilized people, but the other is an intelligent proposal to apply to a recognized evil, a principle of law of acknowledged validity. It is not correct, however, to sa}" as the liquor propagandists do that Turke}" is a featureless nation. Turkey’s diplomacy, by which the “sick man of Europe” has maintained his place in Europe for centuries, has been marvelous. The physical hardihood of her peo- ple and their prowess in battle rank them with the world’s best soldiers. Some of the military feats of the Turks against the Russians rank with the achieve- ments of the strategists of any other countr\'. and the early history of their soldierv' is too well known to need comment. They have produced such scholars as Hilali. Baki, iMihri, Nali. Raghib, and Naima. Cyclopedia of Temperance 205 However, if we are to judge prohibition by its effect upon the Mohammedans, we should consider the Sara- cens at the time when they were truly obedient to the prohibition command of their great leader. Then they swept through Europe like a besom of destruction and carried the Crescent to the Upper Danube. The world had up to that time never seen horsemen so wiry and tireless, so fearless and fierce, so all-consum- ing in their energy. LABOR — Liquor robs labor by tying up capital in an industry that employs fewer men to the million dollars of investment than any other great manufac- turing interest. What does the laboring man want? A fair chance. Steady employment at good wages. Who makes the fair chance for the laboring man? The consumer. The man with an appetite to satisfy and something to spend that it may be satisfied, the man who clothes his wife and children well, builds a comfortable home, and pays his debts. Without him, manufacturers must shut down and labor walk the streets. Without him, retailers must close their doors and their clerks go hungry. HE is the one who keeps the factory busy and the sign out, “MORE MEN WANTED.” And it is the manufacturer who must employ the MOST men to make one dollar’s worth of goods who is kept in busi- ness by the SOBER man. Leif Jones, the eminent member of the British Parlia- ment, said: “I met the finished product of the saloon. He was lying in the gutter. He had on no hat; the hat trade was suffering. His coat was full of holes; the cloth- ing trade was suffering. He had holes in his shoes; the shoe trade was suffering. He had on the remnant of a shirt; the woolen trade was suffering. He had on no socks; the hosiery trade was suffering. He was dirty; the soap trade was suffering. I can hardly mention a useful industry that was not suffering be- cause of that man’s insobriety.” The Sober Consumer Means Prosperity The SOBER MAN maintains the Sober industries. He has needs and money to meet his needs. He is 206 Cyclopedia of Temperance well clothed; the clothing trade prospers and its work- ingmen prosper with it. He is well fed ; the grocery trade, wholesale and retail, prospers and its men pros- per with it. The DRINKING MAN maintains the Drink indus- try — and nothing else. And the drink industry em- ploys fewer men to the million of capital than any other leading manufacturing interest. For every million dollars invested in the manufac- ture of lumber, FIVE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY- NINE men are employed. For every million dollars invested in the manufacture of textiles, FIVE HUN- DRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHT men are employed. For every million dollars invested in the manufacture of leather products, FOUR HUNDRED AND SIXTY- NINE men are employed. And for every million dollars invested in the manufacture of liquors, SEV- ENTY-SEVEN men are employed. (See Appendix C.) And as Mr. William P. F. Ferguson has said, “So far as other industries are concerned the liquor business is a middleman, charging an exorbitant commission on all moneys that he transmits from the people to indus- tries of any kind.’’ The liquor business has invested one dollar in twenty-two of the total capital investment in manufacturing industries; it employs one of everj' 102 wage-earners employed; it employs one in ninety- five of all persons engaged in industrj' in all capacities; it pays one dollar in seventy-three of the total indus- trial wage roll of the country, and one dollar in thirty- five of the industrial salary roll. Beer made Milwaukee famous, but in 1913, of the 4,181 establishments representing the various industries of that city, the beer interests supplied only eighteen. The producers of beer and malt in Milwaukee em- ployed 5,100 workmen on an investment of $53,450,000, or one workman to every $10,480. The boot and shoe industry of Milwaukee employed 3,925 workmen on an investment of $4,200,000, or one workman for every $1,078. Wanted — W orkingmen ! If the workingmen overthrow the traffic in liquors, they will force the Investment of the money now giving employment to a mere handful into channels where it will emploj' MANY MORE MEN. Cyclopedia of Temperance 207 And they will lift the “finished product’’ of the sa- loon out of the gutter and make him a buyer of food and clothing and a home and education for his chil- dren and the market for the products of America’s labor will be swelled by a new demand equal to Amer- ica’s foreign trade. The liquor traffic keeps hundreds of thousands of men out of work! America’s money spent for beer means America’s workingmen tramping the streets, seeking employment at any wage they can secure. America’s money spent for legitimate products means America’s workingmen constantly employed and well paid. During the panic of 1907 when banks were failing and business crumbling and wages being paid with clearing house certificates when they were paid at all, $96,000,000 in gold was imported from Europe to re- lieve the stringency. Only $96,000,000 but bank failures stopped, business revived, the workingman had money again. Last year, America’s drink bill was something more than $2,000,000,000. More than two billion dollars spent for something of no value, something that returns far below the average amount to labor! Billions for Labor and Business Suppose we were to banish the saloon, close up the breweries and distilleries and begin to spend that two* billions for legitimate products. It would mean two* billion dollars more business for the merchants, hun- dreds of millions more for the manufacturers, hundreds of millions more paid to labor and hundreds of thou- sands of the men now seeking work employed at good wages. Shoe factories would run overtime, clothing fac- tories would have to turn away orders. The mak^ers of steel products, of vehicles, of furniture, would be overwhelmed with orders and HUNTING DES- PERATELY FOR MORE WORKINGMEN. The grocery man would need more clerks, the butcher would telephone frantically for more meat to satisfy the mens who formerly spent their money for beer. 208 Cyclopedia of Temperance There would not be one man out of work in America and there would not be a single workingman who wanted work who could not demand higher wages than he is getting to-day. Some Things Would Languish But not everything would prosper. The prison would languish, for it is a known fact that beer and whisky supply a large majority of the prisoners. The hospitals would be full of empty rooms, but then they could turn their attention to fighting tuberculosis and help- ing the workingman to bring his baby past the danger stage. The asylums would seldom open their gates to a newcomer, but when they had done their last earthly duty toward the victims of drink they now shelter, better uses could be found for them. And the tax bill would dwindle steadily. But who will complain about that? Labor has the solution of its wrongs in its own hands. Let labor strike down the saloon and she will strike down unemployment, strike down the small wage, strike down high taxes, liberate thousands of workingmen from prisons and hospitals, crush forever the political alliance between corrupt government and corrupt busi- Cyclopedia of Temperance 209 ness, elevate the laboring man and his labor to a hitherto unknown dignity. Stop This Robbery The brewers and distillers and saloon keepers of this country have been taking $2,000,000,000 worth of hats and shoes and automobiles and other useful products out of the general store and have been returning noth- ing but whisky and dirt and disease and crime and insanity and just about enough revenue to repay one tenth of the court costs and upkeep of asylums and hospitals maintained for their victims. And labor pays the bill — pays it at the grocery store, because the brewers and distillers and saloon keepers are not making groceries. Labor pays it at the dry- goods store, because they are not making clothing. Everything is higher in price because labor is permitting these men to add the cost of their support to the cost of the workman’s support. LAW AND ORDER LEAGUES— A device for combining citizens to do the work which they have elected officials to do. LAW, AN IDEAL FORM OF — Prohibitory laws should never be directed against “intoxicating liquors.” They should always prohibit “alcoholic liquors,” or “beverage liquors_ containing alcohol.” Courts hold many differing opinions as to just what is “intoxicating liquor,” but there is never any doubt as to what is “alcoholic liquor.” A prohibition law should never be “mealy-mouthed.” To secure the best results it must be drastic and all- inclusive. The law of Arizona prohibits alcoholic liquors being transported into the state for any purpose whatever, and so does the new Idaho law. LAWLESSNESS — Early in 1915 Colonel Dan Mor- gan Smith, who was the attorney for the National Model License League, startled the liquor world by an- nouncing that he was done, that from henceforth he was for prohibition. He gave as his reason that the liquor people had induced him to go over the country fighting prohibition with promises that the liquor busi- ness would contend for strict “model” license, but that as soon as prohibition was defeated by these promises the liquor men inevitably did everything possible to 210 Cyclopedia of Temperance defeat model license laws and continued as lawless as before. One does not need to go further than the liquor press itself or the public utterances of liquor men to convict the liquor traffic of incorrigible lawlessness. Mr. Tim- othy McDonough, at that time president of the National Liquor League, in addressing the Iowa Convention of Retail Liquor Dealers, said: “This talk of reforming the saloon on the part of the brewers and wholesalers is all rot. It sounds well in the form of resolutions, but if they were sincere in their resolutions there would not be a dive saloon in the country one week from to-day !” Whether or not this indictment was justified may be judged by the reader himself if he will turn to the subject “Brewers” and read the account of how decoy letters sent to Pabst, Schultz, Schlitz, Jung, Gutsch, and other prominent brewers, readily elicited from them offers to supply blind pigs and to aid in their protection from the law by the concealment of shipments. And they supply these blind pigs not only in prohibition territory, but in Chicago, as has been proved in court time and again. “Every time I arrest a man who is running a blind pig,” complained Detective J. N. Flynn of Chicago, “I find, when I get to court, that the representative of the brewery has been there before me. He threatens whatever judge is sitting with political death if he does not ‘listen to reason.’ ” And Lieutenant John McCarthy of the police of that city declared, “If it were not for the influence of the breweries, I would drive the blind pigs out of Rogers Park in four weeks.” "I Am Guilty” The following confessions of guilt taken from the liquor press are typical: “The saloon as conducted is a nuisance — a loafing place for the idle and vicious,” acknowledged the Wine and Spirit Gazette of August 23, 1902. “It is generally on a prominent street and is run by a sport who cares only for the almighty dollar. From this resort the drunken man starts reeling home. At this resort the local fights are indulged in. It is a stench in the nos- trils of society.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 211 “Any man who knows the saloons well can honestly say that most of them have forfeited their right to live,” said the Wholesalers’ and Retailers’ Review of September, 1907. “There is not a licensed saloon keeper in Illinois who does not lay himself liable to prosecution a dozen times a day,” confessed the Champion of Pair Play, June 7, 1902. Bonfort’s Wine and Spirit Circular of January 10, 1914, said : “I have heard a distiller and importer say that he would fight to the last ditch any attempt to establish a saloon in the neighborhood in which he re- sides. If the people engaged in this business feel that way about it, they cannot find fault with others offering the same objections.” Practically every report of the Commissioner of In- ternal Revenue tells of from 4,000 to 5,000 criminal cases pending against liquor dealers. All but twenty- nine of the 129 saloon keepers of Joliet, 111., have been recently convicted of crimes against the law. A report of an investigation in Chicago in 1914 states that 14,602 women were discovered in the back rooms of 478 saloons on four main thoroughfares of that city. The facts were developed by a survey of Madison and Clark Streets and Wabash and Cottage Grove Avenues. It is further stated that out of 478 saloons visited only twenty-seven failed to contribute in some manner to the demoralization of women and girls. “Most of the women drinkers in the saloons,” says the report, “were amateurs who might be daugh- ters of almost anybody.” LEAFLETS — “Tall oaks from little acorns grow,” and great effects from little causes. Should any service seem small which may be helpful toward large results? Some methods have proven helpful in my work as pastor and temperance cam- paigner which I wish to share with my fellow laborers in the Master’s vineyard. One is a method of tract circulation. The old way was to scatter 1,000 in the hope that fifty persons might read them. My method sends out fifty with the certainty that 1,000 will read them. At the close of my junior meeting I gave each child a tract, and a card bearing these words : “We, the 212 Cyclopedia of Temperance undersigned, have read the accompanying leaflet,” with the instruction that one week from that hour the roll would be called, and each one would report the number of people who had read the tract, and bring forward the list of names and addresses of the readers. Some little prize of book or other keepsake was given all who secured a certain number of readers during the week. Usually I presented a “Hymnal with Notes” to the one who secured the highest number. Our new Sunday School Hymnal only costs twenty-five cents, when purchased in quantities, and is greatly appreci- ated by the children who can thus win a copy. No one will refuse to read a tract for a little boy or girl. Sometimes the entire household gathers around to hear the sweet message read. The boys and girls who thus engage in the work learn their tract by heart from hearing it read so many times. In seven churches — at Seaford, Del.; Sea Cliff, N. Y. ; Pasadena, Santa Monica, San Diego, Cal.; Newark, N. J. ; and Port- land, Ore. — revivals of far-reaching influence owed their inception to this work under my pastorates. It has been helpful in preparing for every revival with which God has blessed my charges. It enlists the active co- operation of all the children of the church. It reaches every class in the community. It is the quickest way I have found of making announcements, of dissem- inating missionary, temperance, or doctrinal information, or of pointing out duties to nonchurchgoers. A Rainy Day Stimulant In California, for example, once during the rainy season I selected that exquisite little tract by Frances R. Havergal, now published by our Temperance Society, “Why I Go to Church on Rainy Sundays.” The follow- ing Sabbath it rained. In other years there would have been no services on such a day. The morning congre- gation was not less than on the Sunday previous. The explanation came at the Junior meeting in the after- noon when the roll call brought the names of more than twelve hundred who had read that tract during the week. I here give a single Sabbath’s report. The tract was “How to Make Your Pastor Succeed,” by Bishop Fow- ler. Fourteen children received copies of it. The roll call brought out the following facts : A little girl Cyclopedia of Temperance 213 brought forward the names of 202 readers. Four boys had more than 120 each. Six children had more than one hundred readers. Four secured seventy-five read- ers. Only one fell short of fifty. You will see that these fourteen little workers found in a single week about sixteen hundred interested readers of that won- derfully helpful tract. All but two of them knew it by heart. /4s a Temperance Aid Twenty years ago I originated this plan. As an effective means of tract manipulation I have not heard of its equal, or as a practical means of employing sweet childhood in the service of the Lord. It was used once in a temperance campaign and it electrified the community. I wrote a leaflet, “Won’t You Vote Out the Saloons for My Sake?” Gave each boy and girl of all the Sunday Schools one each; offered a prize for the one in each school who would secure the most read- ers that week, and the effect was magical ; in twenty- four hours the town was ours. Three thousand per- sons read it and few could resist the appeal. In the recent Oregon campaign I used leaflets to great advantage by getting off trains at every stop and hand- ing out literature to every man and boy at the station. The eagerness of all to secure one indicated the cer- tainty of its being read. As soon as the first one is handed out, all hands are reached and everybody moves toward the car steps to get one. A Chicago Instance Some time ago, on one of the busiest streets of Chi- cago I was walking from an office with a package of printed leaflets headed, “William Jennings Bryan De- nounces the Liquor Traffic.” This was in large letters. A gentleman saw the title, stopped, and politely said : “I see you have something by an old favorite of mine. Would you mind letting me have one?” “Certainly, you shall have one,” I replied. Many other men were pass- ing, and, seeing I had something good to give away, they stepped up, and without moving I gave forty to fifty away in three minutes, and it did my soul good to see as many men walking down the street reading the words of “The Great Commoner” on the rum traffic. When on trains I frequently take a hundred of “Why I Quit Smoking,” by McCain, or “Alcohol and Tobacco,” 214 Cyclopedia of Temperance by Riddell, and walk forward through the smoker and hand every gentleman a copy. They invariably begin reading it; and I have seen every man in a crowded car so engaged. No harm can come of this and possibly great good. Out West In Western campaigns I have taken long stage rides and entertained myself and my fellow passengers by assorting my leaflets and dropping a package into every mail bag or box we passed on the road. I have put out three hundred packages of campaign literature in a single week’s trip. I always carry tracts in my pockets to hand to strangers and busy people with whom I cannot get time to converse. Having a good assortment, when a conversation in shop or parlor, or street or car sug- gests one, no one will be offended if you say, “That reminds me of a leaflet I have by a noted man on that very point.” It will be received with interest. For twenty years I have never been without leaflets and tracts, few days have passed without an opportu- nity to give one out, and no one was ever offended. “But don’t you think tract peddling is small busi- ness?” My friend, you are not a bit too large for this job; the only question is, are you big enough for it? What this world needs is a class not above doing little things well; men who will fight in the ranks whether there are any vacancies among the generals or not. Bishop Mallalieu of Boston was a big man, but he never sent out letters, friendly, business, or ofl5cial, without enclosing some heart-stirring leaflets. I have received many letters from him, but never one without something additional that was good to read. And Wilbur F. Crafts has kept the church and state throb- bing for twenty-five years by mailing to the right man at the right time the right leaflet on the moral reform then uppermost. How to Clinch the Point If pastors who preach on temperance or other speak- ers who lecture on prohibition would clinch their mes- sage by distributing at the door leaflets that more fully inform the people on the subject of the evening, the awakened interest would insure a careful reading, and the reading would deepen the conviction already made. Cyclopedia of Temperance 215 I have seen worldly men convicted and converted ; backsliders reclaimed and made aggressive workers ; stingy church members become conscientious tithers ; absentee Christians become regular at prayer meetings, and indifferent voters become leaders in the temper- ance reform — all through receiving at the proper time an appropriate tract. A Reading Club Without Books How to conduct a reading circle is a problem that almost every pastor and worker among the young has faced, has tried to force, and failed. The difficulty is this ; The thoughtful and reading few may be able and willing to buy books, but the class that needs the books most will not. If you give them books they soon tire of them. But there is no selection of books the indi- vidual chapters of which surpass in worth and interest the leaflets, easily secured, on the great reforms. I have conducted a reading circle for months at a time, using, instead of books, leaflets distributed one week ahead, so that each had one, and having a week to study the same chapter, could participate in the discussion. Tracts can be mailed to absentees or sent personally by one of the members. Each chapter is in convenient form to carry in the pocket. Being separated from the rest, it is more likely to be mastered than it would be if it were just one of a number of chapters in a book to be scanned and laid aside. The pastor, in conducting this chapter, and furnishing free of charge the reading matter, removed the most prevalent excuse offered as a reason for not joining, namely, the expense of the books. In San Diego at the First Methodist Church I had great success with this for an eight months’ course on Christian Citizenship, many years ago. One dollar will procure enough leaflets for eight meetings with fifty members, so that everyone may have the chapter in convenient form. What a lift it would give the temperance reform to have 10,000 study classes thus conducted with our leaflets ! We would raise up a generation of intelli- gent, well-equipped citizen soldiers who would fight rum with weapons more mighty than bullets. 216 Cyclopedia oi Tempeiance For any of these purposes, what an assortment we have to offer! The classics of the Temperance Re- form have been published as leaflets. If your heart is in this cause, you can well afford to invest some tithes for Temperance Tracts. Recently I spent a Sunday at Fort Smith, Ark., and visited six Sunday Schools. I put out 1,500 leaflets with a card saying: “We, the undersigned, have read the accompanying leaflet.” and offered a copy of “Dry or Die” to the Sunday School scholar who would get the most people to read the leaflet, and sign the card. Numbers of children got over two hundred readers; fifty workers got a hundred or more. Altogether, the readers totaled 20,000. Try it in your town; use “Why I Go to Church” to stir up church attendance; “Why Put Prohibition into the Constitution” to make sentiment for prohibition. — Clarence True Wilson. LEAFLETS. WHERE SECURED— (25 cents per hundred, postpaid.) The following leaflets may be pro- cured in any quantity of the Methodist Temperance Society : No. 1. Leaflets as Ammunition, Clarence True Wilson. 21. Who is Responsible, Bishop Fitzgerald. 22. The Militant Church, Samuel Dickie. 23. The Epworth League and Prohibition. Ward Platt. 24. A Center Shot, Senator H. W. Blair. 25. The Temperance Society of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, Deets Pickett. 26. Not a Battle But a War, Dr. Alfred Smith. 27. The Three Bs, A Life Story, Bishop McIntyre. 28. The Four Ds, or Why I Quit Smoking, Harry G. McCain. 29. A Love Affair, Clarence True Wilson. 31. Kaiser Wilhelm 11, in German. 32. Bob Burdette on Beer and Prohibition. 33. Saloon Signboard, Joseph Malins. 35. The Great Destroyer, Richmond P. Hobson. 36. Snakes in the Stump, Bishop McIntyre. 37. Child Labor and Liquor. Bishop Earl Cranston. 38. What the Bible Says, Selected by Clarence True Wilson. Cyclopedia of Temperance 217 40. Life in a Dry Country, Edwin Locke, D.D. 41. Why I Go to Church on Rainy Sabbaths, Frances R. Havergal. 42. How to Make Your Pastor Succeed, Bishop Fowler. 43. Won’t You Vote the Saloons Out for My Sake, A Child’s Appeal. 44. Alcohol and Tobacco, Newton N. Riddell. 45. Why a Boy Should Sign the Pledge, T. J. Everett. 46. Locating the Responsibility, John H. Willey. 47. What Would the Farmer Do? E. Deets Pickett. 49. Liquor Robs Labor, Deets Pickett. 50. The Rum Traffic, Bishop R. S. Foster. 51. The Call to Advance in the Temperance Reform, Clarence True Wilson. 52. Lift, Epworthians, Lift! McCain and Pickett. 53. Is it Right? Harry G. McCain. 54. Hurrah for Kansas ! Deets Pickett. 55. Does Prohibition Decrease the Use of Liquor? E. Deets Pickett. 56. Methodism’s War on Liquor, Clarence True Wilson. 57. Compensation Demand. 58. Hanly’s Hates — Telling Truth About Liquor. 59. 100 Years of Temperance Reform, Clarence True Wilson. 60. Nineteen Counts Against John Barleycorn, Deets Pickett. 61. Dry Life in a Land of Drought, Harry G. McCain. 62. A Prayer for Prohibition, Clarence True Wilson. 63. What the Church May Learn from the Saloon, Chas. Lauback. 64. Why Put Prohibition Into the Constitution, Clar- ence True Wilson. 65. Notice to Liquor Dealers to Quit, T. J. Scott. 66. Scoring from Third, adapted by Harry G. McCain. 67. Why Their Attorney Quit Them, Dan Morgan Smith. Spanish Leaflets 25A. The Temperance Society of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, Harry G. McCain. 38A. What the Bible Says, selected by Clarence True Wilson. 53A. Is it Right? Harry G. McCain. 60A. Nineteen Counts Against John Barleycorn, Deets . Pickett. 64A. Why Put Prohibition Into the Constitution, Clar- ence True Wilson. 218 Cyclopedia of Temperance Leaflets Classified Abstinence, Total: Nos. 27, 31, 44, 45, 66. Boys: Nos. 27, 28, 32, 44, 45, 66. Children’s : Nos. 27, 33, 41, 43. Church Work: Nos. 1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 52, 56, 63. Kansas : Nos. 40, 54, 61. Liquor: Nos. 21, 35, 36, 37, 38, 49, 50, 53, 58. Miscellaneous : Nos. 41, 42. Prohibition : Nos. 26, 29, 46, 47, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65. Tobacco: Nos. 28, 44, 66. Other Supplies Total Abstinence Pledge Cards, 25 cts. per 100. Wall Rolls for framing with space for 400 names, 25 cts. postpaid. Button-Badges of Methodist Temperance Society. One cent each, $1.00 per 100. Sunday School Temperance Programs for special and quarterly Temperance Day, free to all Sunday Schools. Big Red Posters in sets of 12, 20 cents postpaid. Books for Your Library Send FIVE dollars, and this splendid library will be expressed to you. Get five people to give a dollar each and put the set in your town or school library: A Century of Drink Reform, by August F. Feh- landt $1.00 Dry or Die: The Anglo-Saxon Dilemma, Clarence True Wilson 1.00 John Barleycorn, Jack London 1.30 Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem, Harry S. Warner 1.00 The Greatest Common Destroyer, McCain and Pickett 50 The Legalized Outlaw, Judge Samuel R. Artman. . . 1.00 Winning the Fight Against Drink, Dr. E. L- Eaton. 1.00 Net Retail Price , $6.80 From us, all express prepaid 5.00 Order from Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Shawnee Building, Topeka, Kan. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF PROHIBI- TION — Fortv-four different statutorv or constitutional Cyclopedia of Temperance 219 provisions for what might be classed in every case as state-wide prohibition have been put into effect in the various states. Prohibition has been passed and re- pealed, enacted by popular vote and repealed, passed as strong legislation and afterwards so progressively weakened to license that one cannot put his finger upon the exact date when prohibition ceased to apply. The summary given below has been prepared with great care and is, we think, as accurate as such a summary can be, but many prohibitory laws enacted during the early days were so hedged about by exemptions and exceptions that it is hard to tell whether they were really prohibitory laws or not. In some cases they prohibited the sale of liquors, but not their manufac- ture for sale without the state. Several states passed laws prohibiting the sale of liquors to be drunk on the premises, etc. : State Alabama, s Alabama, s Arizona, c, Ref Arkansas, s Colorado, c. Ref Connecticut, s Delaware, s Georgia, s Idaho, s Illinois’, s Indiana, s lowa^, s. Ref lowa^ c. Ref Iowa’, s Iowa“, s Kansas, c. Ref Maine®, s Maine, s. Ref Maine, c. Ref Massachusetts, s .... Massachusetts’, s ... Massachusetts, s . . . . Michigan®, s Mississippi, s Nebraska, s New Hampshire®, s . New York, s North Carolina, s. Ref North Dakota, c. Ref . Oklahoma, c. Ref . . . . Ohio’, s Ohio, c. Ref Oregon, c. Ref Rhode Island, s .... Passed Repealed .1915 Not repealed .1908 1911 Not repealed .1915 Not repealed .1914 Not repealed , .1854 1872 .1855 1857 Not repealed Not repealed .1851 1853 .1855 1858 .1855 1858 , .1880 1882 . .1884 1894 .1915 Not repealed .1880 Not repealed , .1846 1856 .1858 Not repealed .1884 Not repealed , .1852 1868 , .1869 1875 , .1873 1875 .1855 1875 Not repealed , .1855 1858 , .1855 1902 .1855 1856’» .1908 Not repealed Not repealed Not repealed . . 1850 , .1851 1888 .1914 Not repealed .1852 1863 220 Cyclopedia of Temperance State Rhode Island, s Passed Repealed 1875 Rhode Island, c. Ref 1889 South Carolina, c. Ref South Dakota, c. Ref Not repealed 1889 1896 Tennessee, s ■ 1841 Tennessee, s Not repealed ■Vermont's s 1902 Virginia, s, Ref Washington, s. Ref Not repealed 1914 Not repealed West Virginia, c. Ref 1913 Not repealed “s” indicates statutory; ‘ ‘c* ’ indicates constitutional ; “Sef” indicates referendum. In 1853 'Wisconsin voted ty referendum for prohibition and the legislature passed the hill, which was vetoed by the governor. All Indian reservations are under federal prohibition. Prohibition covered only sale of liquor to be drunk on the premises. Partial prohibition only. Invalidated on technicality. Overthrown by the Mulct law. ^ Repeal of Mulct law automatically left prohibition in force. ®. Better law in 1851, repealed in 1856. Law weakened to permit sale of beer, etc., in 1870. Strengthened again in 1873. Law weakened in 1861. Practically nullified in 1889. “. Declared unconstitutional. Law strengthened in 1852. LEUCOCYTES — “It is now about twenty years since the illustrious scientist. Professor Metchnikoff of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, announced to the world his discovery that the white corpuscles have the power of destroying the microbes to which so many of our diseases are due. These white blood-cells are the standing army or policemen of the body, and their duty is to attack, and, if possible, to destroy any foreign matter, such as dust, or disease germs, which may gain an entrance. They attack the germ by throwing out processes of their protoplasm, enclosing it and after- wards digesting it. “If microbes or chemical irritants are present in one particular part of the body, these white blood cells leave the blood vessels in the neighborhood in large numbers and stream towards the point affected. They then attack the germs and seek to destroy them. In so doing they are, many of them, in their turn de- stroyed, and their dead bodies, along with the fluids of the inflamed tissues form matter or pus, familiar as exhibited in cut or wound, in boil or abscess. Cyclopedia of Temperance 221 “Remembering the toxic action of alcohol upon cell life, it is easy to realize its effect in inhibiting resistance to disease by narcotizing the phagocytes — the superior white corpuscles — practically ‘making the policemen drunk,’ thus proving alcohol to be a bond servant to evils as bad as and sometimes more fatal than itself. Other properties which the blood possesses for the purpose of resisting disease also appear to be similarly interfered with. The abstainer from alcohol, as is well known, can, through the power of his effective repelling force, the more successfully resist the inroads of the tubercle-bacillus, the typhoid or pneumonia germ, or summarily destroy them if they should obtain an en- trance.” (See Cell Life.) LICENSE — A French prime minister once described alcohol as the beast of burden in a budget. At least, the liquor traffic does not complain of its burden. At the time Congress was considering increasing the beer tax in 1914 the National Liquor Dealers’ Journal of Pittsburgh said that the brewers “will make no com- plaint over the war tax.” It continued: “The tax will not be one on them, although they will act as the clearing house for the government in its collection. The taxpayers will be the ultimate consumers. Some of the big glasses of beer may be cut down a trifle, or a little more foam added to the ordinary glass will make up the difference.” And these sentences are typical of the attitude of the liquor trade toward the system of license and taxation. They have ever considered it one of the bulwarks of their safety. What is Involved The United States Government cannot derive revenue from the liquor traffic without affording that trade: 1. Permission. 2. Protection. 3. Promotion. It is obligated by its acceptance of part of the profits to confer upon the trade these three things. The brew- ers are not wrong when they claim that the United States Government cannot honestly accept revenue with- out permitting, protecting, and promoting their business. It is becoming fashionable for federal officers to re- fer to the federal license as “an occupation tax receipt,” 222 Cyclopedia of Temperance but the Internal Revenue Act of 1794 as well as the Act of 1814 referred to it as a “license,” the Act of 1862 designated it a “license,” all the argument on the measure, as well as all the Supreme Court decisions dealing with the legislation, referred to it as a “license." Not until the amended Act of 1868 was it changed to read “tax receipt” (not “occupation tax”). So that the term “license” applied to the thing sold has more precedent than “tax receipt,” and the late designation of “occupation tax” is a novelty. The endeavor to change the name of the federal license from “license” to “occupation tax” is an effort to evade responsibility for issuing such licenses in prohibition territory. At the present time the federal government collects the tax and issues a receipt with- out regard to state or local laws. The first two internal revenue acts distinctly provided that no recognition should be accorded liquor outlaws in the administration of federal revenue laws. In the internal revenue acts of 1794 and 1813, respectively the statesmen of that day were careful not to put the federal government, despite the pressing need for rev- enue, in a position to antagonize the reserved police powers of the states, or encourage lawlessness. The acts of 1794 and 1813 contain this provision; “Provided, always, that no license shall be granted to any person to sell wines or foreign-distilled spiritu- ous liquors who is prohibited to sell the same by the laws of any state.” Since the federal government has altered its former honorable policy and now connives at violation of state and municipal laws, the “license” becomes a “tax.” But if we concede that, since the federal govern- ment is acting under the revenue clause of the Con- stitution, it is theoretically levying a “tax” and not issu- ing a “license," how does that help the situation? The basis of taxation is protection, and if a government cannot protect the party “taxed” in his right of “occu- pation” on which the levy has been made, on what ground does it exact the payment? Here is the legal theory of taxation : “The theory of all taxation is that taxes are imposed as a compensation for something received by the tax- payer. General taxes are paid for the support of the government in return for the protection of life, liberty. Cyclopedia of Temperance 223 and property which the government gives.” — American and English Encyclopedia of Law (2d Ed.), p. 581. And, indeed, the government acts upon this theory, for the department prohibits the Internal Revenue col- lectors from testifying against the holders of these “tax receipts” in state courts when they are indicted for violating state liquor laws, and the United States mails are freely used by the liquor interests to defeat such laws. The right of Kansas to prohibit the liquor traffic is indisputable and its moral right to demand recognition of that prohibition from the federal government, nO' matter if the national revenue is affected, is impregna- ble. The Constitution says : “The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re- tained by the people.” — (Art. 9 of Constitution.) And if the law of uniformity of taxation is to be carried to the length of issuing the United States re- ceipts in prohibition territory, logically the states have no right to pass prohibitory laws, since they conflict with the license fiscal policy of the federal government. If the coast states were to levy an “occupation tax” on smugglers, issue them an “occupation tax” receipt and prohibit state officers from testifying against smug- glers in the federal courts, we can fancy the cries of “shame” and “dishonor” which would resound through the halls of Congress. But when the Treasury Depart- ment, backed by Congress, deals hand in glove with liquor outlaws, it makes a vast difference because it is the state ox that is gored. The Practical Effect of License The practical effect of license has been to strengthen the liquor traffic. It has caused it to organize, both for trade purposes and for the corruption of politics. At the time high license was first proposed it was said that it would wipe out the low dives, eliminate the blind pig, and aid in regulation. None of these things have proven true. Very frequently, the low dive, more completely abandoned to corruption, to alliance with the social evil and gambling, to political affiliations, has been more able to meet a high license than the shop which attempts to keep itself free from such things. The principle has not lessened the extension or the de- 224 Cyclopedia of Temperance gree of the drinking custom, nor has it mitigated in the slightest its evil consequences. Upon the other hand, by giving the traffic something of social and political prestige, it has tended to contribute to its growth and to diffuse its evil effects throughout the population. Nor has high license regulation tended to keep out the blind pig. (See that subject.) In 1850, before this accursed fraud of federal license was conceived in the bottomless pit and written into law over the protests and fears of patriotic congress- men, the per capita consumption of liquor in the United States was 4.8 gallons. In 1914, after sixty-four years of “curbing” the liquor traffic by taxing it, the per capita consumption had risen to approximately twenty- three gallons. The most effective argument advanced by the op- ponents of prohibition is: “We cannot spare the rev- enue.” It enables the brewer to pretend that he pays from his own pockets taxes really filched from the pockets of the man before the bar. Eliminate the federal, state, and municipal revenues from the liquor problem and you at once remove the entire political motive for the continuance of that traffic. LIGHT DRINKS— The United States, in 1909, drank 16.5 gallons of beer per capita, and 1.14 gallons of distilled liquors. Germany, where it is contended that the “universal use of beer has solved the problem,” uses 1.58 gallons of distilled spirits per capita and 22.2 gallons of beer. France, where wine has proved the “solution” of the problem^ uses 1.32 gallons of dis- tilled spirits per capita, and 38.9 gallons of wine. The United States uses less than one gallon of wine per capita each year. Denmark uses 19.1 gallons of beer per capita, and 2.16 gallons of distilled spirits. All figures are for 1909. These figures are taken from the Brewers’ Yearbook of 1913, and consequently they cannot complain if they do not show well for their contentions. It appears from this information that the brewers have given us that the heaviest consumers of beer and wine are also the heaviest consumers of stronger liquors, and that the increase of beer-drinking in the Cyclopedia of Temperance 225 United States would inevitably result in a like increase in the use of distilled liquors. It is customary for such probeer advocates as Con- gressman Bartholdt to claim that there is no drunken- ness and no “intemperance” in Germany. German leaders laugh at this statement, and assert that there is not only a grave problem of drunkenness in Ger- many, but that the habitual use of liquors on the part of those who never get drunk is productive of more evil, and is a greater menace to the nation than drunk- enness. (See Brewers; Germany, etc.) LINCOLN, ABRAHAM — The liquor interests never fail to make use of the name of Abraham Lin- coln to defend themselves in a prohibition campaign. They base their conclusions that Mr. Lincoln was an antiprohibitionist upon the following premises: The Liquor Men Claim This (1) That Mr. Lincoln said: “Prohibition will work great injury to the cause of temperance. It is a species of intemperance within itself, for it goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a man’s appetite by legislation, and in making crimes out of things that are not crimes. A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles on which our government was founded. I have always been found laboring to protect the weaker classes from the stronger, and I never can give my consent to such a law as you pro- pose to enact. Until my tongue shall be silenced in death I will continue to fight for the rights of men.” (2) That Mr. Lincoln and his partner. Berry, held a license to sell liquors in their store. (3) That Mr. Lincoln voted against state prohibition for Illinois when in the Legislature in 1840, and voted against a local option measure somewhat later. (4) That in one of the debates with Douglas, Mr. Lincoln interrupted Mr. Douglas when the latter ac- cused him of having sold liquor over a bar with this retort, “Mr. Douglas is quite right; I did sell liquor over the bar, but while I was on the inside selling it. Mr. Douglas was on the outside drinking it.” (5) That while the Battle of Shiloh was being fought. Mr. Lincoln sat up with a telegraph operator to get returns from the battle and drank beer. 226 Cyclopedia of Temperance But Here is the Truth The contention that Mr. Lincoln ever said what is attributed to him in the paragraph numbered (1) is ab- solutely without justification. The statement never came to light until a local option election in Atlanta, Ga., long after the war, when it was used to influence the Negro vote. Various liquor men of prominence, in- cluding Mr. Tom Gilmore of the National Model License League, have admitted that there is no record of Mr. Lincoln’s having made this statement, and Nicolay and Hay, his great biographers, have pro- nounced it spurious. It is true that a license to sell liquors was issued to Lincoln and Berry as is asserted in the paragraph num- bered (2). If Mr. Lincoln did sell liquors, the time at which he lived must be taken into consideration. But there is no evidence that he did sell liquors. There IS evidence that the liquor license was taken out by his partner. Berry, and that Lincoln disapproved of his partner’s action. Leonard Swett, one of his most inti- mate personal friends, in the volume, entitled, “Rem- iniscences of Abraham Lincoln,” brought out in 1886, wrote as follows of this period of Lincoln’s life: A difference, however, soon arose between him and the old proprietor, the present partner of Lincoln, in ref- erence to the introduction of whisky into the establish- ment. The partner insisted that, on the principle that honey catches flies, a barrel of whisky in the store would invite custom, and their sales would increase; while Lincoln, who never liked liquor, opposed the in- novation. He told me not more than a year before he was elected President that he had never tasted liquor in his life. “What!” I said. “Do you mean to say you never tasted it?” “Yes; I never tasted it.” The result was that a bargain was made by which Lincoln should retire from his partnership in the store. Lincoln retired from the partnership with Berr>- with a heavy debt resting upon him that it took him years to pay. In regard to the assertion in the paragraph numbered (3), that Mr. Lincoln voted against a prohibition law for Illinois ; it is true that in 1840, fighting against a drastic regulative law, a proliquor legislator, believed to have been the son of a Chicago dramshop keeper, intro- duced what read like a prohibitory bill in the Illinois Cyclopedia of Temperance 227 Legislature — introduced it with a proliquor speech — and Mr. Lincoln, as the recognized leader of the temperance forces, moved to lay it upon the table and was sup- ported in the motion by every recognized temperance man in the Legislature. And, upon a somewhat later occasion, when Lincoln and other temperance legislators of Illinois were fram- ing a law to give county commissioners the power to- refuse licenses, the liquor men introduced an amend- ment subjecting the action of the commissioners to a local option vote. This Mr. Lincoln voted against. The retort attributed to Mr. Lincoln in paragraph (4) is not supported by any evidence that would con- vince a student that it was ever made. It is possible that Mr. Lincoln did make a whimsical retort, and if he did, it was probably taken - as it was meant — as a jest. In the debate with Mr. Douglas at Ottawa, August 21, 1858, Mr. Lincoln, speaking in the third person, did make this statement which no one can deny is authentic: “The judge is woefully at fault about his early friend Lincoln’s being a grocery keeper. Lincoln never kept a grocery anywhere in the world.” At that time “grocery” meant “groggery.” As for the assertion that Mr. Lincoln drank beer with a telegraph operator while awaiting returns from the Battle of Shiloh, we have the best of authority that it is untrue, for only eighteen months after that battle Lincoln, in addressing a committee of the Sons of Temperance which visited the White House, April 29, 1863, said : “When I was a young man I, in an humble way, made temperance speeches, and I think I may say that to this day I have never by my example belied what I then said.” In speaking on Washington’s Birthday, February 22, 1842, in Springfield, 111., Mr. Lincoln compared the overthrow of intemperance to the revolution of 1776. Here is a typical case of how the liquor interests construct their Lincoln claims : A circular issued from St. Paul quotes Abraham Lincoln as saying that the injury done by liquor “did not arise from the use of a bad thing, but the abuse of a very good thing.” Here is what Mr. Lincoln actually said : “It is true that even then it was known and acknowledged that many were greatly injured by it (intemperance) ; but 228 Cyclopedia of Temperance none seemed to think the injury arose from the use of a bad thing, but from the abuse of a good thing.” This statement was made in Mr. Lincoln’s address of February 22, 1842. What His Secretary Says Mr. William O. Stoddard, who was secretary to Mr. Lincoln while he was President, in his volume, entitled, “Inside the White House in War Times,” after speak- ing of the general use of liquor as a feature of the so- cial life of Washington, says: “There is nothing of the sort in the White House at present, for Mr. Lin- coln is strictly abstinent as to all intoxicating drinks.” Major William H. Crook, who was executive clerk at the White House during Lincoln’s administration said only a few years ago: “Nowhere, while I was present, did I ever see or hear of Abraham Lincoln’s drinking one drop of liquor of any kind.” And former Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois, who knew Mr. Lincoln for many years before he became President, is ' reported in the Chicago Record-Herald of May 16, 1908, as saying: “Lincoln never drank, used tobacco, or swore.” Mr. Cullom says that when a committee of Springfield citizens called at Lincoln’s home to talk over arrangements for his notification, he said: “Boys, i I have never had a drop of liquor in my whole life, 1 and I don’t want to begin now.” Simeon W. King, who, at this writing, is eighty-three i years of age and the oldest United States commis- I sioner, says that Mr. Lincoln, putting a hand on his shoulder, said: “Don’t drink, my boy; great armies of men are killed each year by alcohol.” On January 23, 1853, Rev. James Smith, D.D., of Springfield, 111., delivered a temperance address, in which he said : “The liquor traffic is a cancer in society, eating out its vitals and threatening destruction, and all efforts to regulate it will not only prove abortive, but will aggravate the evil. There must be no more effort to regulate the cancer ; it must be eradicated ; not a root must be left, for until this is done all classes must continue in danger of becoming victims of strong drink.” On the following day thirty-nine citizens, of whom Mr. Lincoln was one, presented the following letter to Dr.* Smith : Cyclopedia of Temperance 229 “Springfield, 111., January 24, 1853. “Rev. Jambs Smith, D.D., “Dear Sir: The undersigned have listened with great satisfaction to the discourse, on the subject of temper- ance, delivered by you on last evening, and believing that if published and circulated among the people it would be productive of good, we respectfully request a copy thereof for publication. “Very respectfully, “Your Friends.” Major-General George Edward Pickett, one of Lee’s division commanders, was a close friend of Mr. Lincoln, having received his appointment to West Point through Lincoln’s influence. After the fall of Richmond, Mr. Lincoln hurried to that city and called upon General Pickett’s wife. In a letter which he wrote to the gen- eral when he was a young cadet at West Point he put this paragraph: “I have just told the folks here in Springfield on this 111th anniversary of the birth of him whose name, mightiest in the cause of civil awe, in naked, deathless splendor, that the one victory we can ever call com- plete will be that one which proclaims that there is not one slave or drunkard on the face of God’s green earth. Recruit for this victory!” LIQUEURS — Spirituous drinks which are flavored with various aromatic substances. LIQUOR — See Alcoholic Beverages. LIQUOR DEALERS — According to the report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for the year ending June 30, 1914, 190,083 persons paid the federal tax as “retail liquor dealers”; 15,760 paid the federal tax as “retail dealers in malt liquors.” In addition to these, there were 2,369 rectifiers, 6,949 wholesale liquor dealers, 1,392 brewers, and 12,143 wholesale dealers in malt liquors. According to the Preliminary Report of the Com- missioner of Internal Revenue for the year ending June 30, 1915, during that year the number of retail liquor dealers decreased by 12,295 ; the number of wholesale liquor dealers decreased by 672; the number of wholesale liquor dealers in malt liquors decreased 230 Cyclopedia of Temperance by 1,233 ; and the decrease in the number of retail dealers in malt liquors will bring a total decrease of nearly 17,000 liquor dealers during the year. LIQUOR PRESS — The attitude of the liquor trade toward the church may be judged from an editorial in the Brewers’ Journal of June 1, 1910: “Undoubtedly the Church and the saloon originated in prehistoric times — probably simultaneously. And they have been rivals ever since. Man first began to pray to his idols. The priest gathered around him under his sacred tree or in his sanctified cave those whom he could induce to believe in the ‘gods’ while the preparer of the REAL, joys of life required no argument to induce people to trade with him. So the saloon man had the advantage from the start. And he has ever maintained it, as is shown by the expenditures as com- pared with the income of the religious establishment. No wonder that the clergyman feels sore when he con- templates the national drink bill and then looks at the rather insignificant figures representing the sum of ‘offerings,’ salary and appurtenances with which he keeps his business going. The struggle of the Church against the ‘worldly’ enjoyments of man is a losing cause, as its champions fight with spiritual weapons against substantial matters.” And the Brewer and Malster of June 15, 1912, reveals this same spirit of bitter hatred when it refers to “the Anglo-American Churches — those hotbeds of narrow- mindedness and fanaticism.” Hope Has Fled The hopeless nature of the fight they are waging against the oncoming prohibition flood was set forth by the Champion of Fair Play, the organ of the retail liquor dealers of Illinois, recently in these startling words : “Sneering talk about the fighters against intoxicants has gone out of use. * * * The liquor dealers and ad- vocates have for some time acknowledged themselves on the run. Not many years ago it was considered by a majority of people in many communities that the best policy was to let the liquor traffic alone. * ♦ * But now the best of our people are letting go such a theory and believing that this nation will ere long become Cyclopedia of Temperance 231 saloonless. The liquor dealers are acknowledging that to stem the tide is an impossible job.” Another amazing piece of candor is found in Bon- fort’s Wine and Spirit Circular for February 25, 1914: “No dealer seems to feel secure in regard to his future, and this apprehension is as general among wholesalers now as among retailers. A very large proportion of the trade has come to the conclusion that this (na- tional prohibition) is not only a possibility, but a proba- bility.” This fear is general among the liquor people. The general counsel of the Wholesale L,iquor Dealers’ Association confidentially told a New York newspaper man, “Unless checked, the prohibitionists will accom- plish their purpose. There is grave probability that a constitutional amendment will go to the states, and once sent to the states no power on earth can prevent its eventual ratification.” Neither does the trade press try to conceal the growing hostility to the liquor industry in Europe. The special Munich correspondent of the Brewers’ Journal, just before the outbreak of the war, asserted. “The German Government covertly advances the agi- tation of the total abstinence fanatics.” This corre- spondent cited many definite instances in proof. In trying to locate the cause of this “deplorable state of affairs,” liquor papers make various accusations. Bonfort’s Wine and Spirit Circular believes that: “The new force against us is that of business. This new force in the movement for the restriction or abolition of liquor treats the matter from the economic standpoint. Its arguments are longer life, greater safety in railroad transportation and industrial labor, and a greater degree of efficiency in every department of the world’s work.” In continuing, Bonfort’s notes the extension of the antidrinking rule by railroads and various manufactur- ing industries. Mida’s Criterion for February, 1914, appears to find reason for the increasing hostility to the trade in legis- lative policies, for it says : “Just as soon as the Legis- lature of any state begins to sit, the first thing that develops is legislation antagonistic to the whisky busi- ness.” Mida’s is of the opinion, “It is futile to say that prohibition can never be accomplished by law. It 232 Cyclopedia of Temperance is awful to contemplate, but it seems to be just below the horizon.” A Brutal Theory Nevertheless, in spite of all its pessimism, the trade honestly believes that it has a legitimate place in the world, and that prohibition would be a calamity. The American Brewer^ Remew declares : “Instead of allowing nature to proceed in a selective way to eliminate those possessing neuropathic disposi- tions and that lack resistance to alcohol, people have been taught to * * * develop that element of the race which possesses the very properties which nature has been for thousands of years seeking to eliminate.” There is not an issue of a liquor trade periodical which does not furnish reams of good temperance argu- ment. LIQUOR TRAFFIC — See Capital; Labor; Farmer; Liquor Dealers; Expenditures; Consumption of Liq- uors; and tables appended at the end of the volume. LOCAL OPTION — The term literally means local choice. (See Prohibition, Local.) Mr. J. P. Newell of Portland, Ore., has illustrated the local option system by a comparison with the levee system of the Missis- sippi : “When the country was first settled the planters looked upon the floods as a necessary evil. Then one here and there began to build levees around his planta- tion. This proved highly profitable and the practice spread. Piece by piece was reclaimed and the lowlands made habitable. But as the number of levees increased it was noticed that the difficulty of maintaining them increased also. The floods, restricted in area, grew in height. The expense of protection became so great that many could not afford it. and became discoursed. It was found necessary to abandon the local systems and join in large districts comprising all the territory lying naturally together. By this plan a few large levees kept up by all the people of the district are sufficient to afford protection even from extraordinary floods and the difficulty and expense of maintenance are greatly reduced. “The local option system has worked well for a time, but it has proved insufficient As the reclaimed dis- Cyclopedia oi Tempeiance 233 trict increases in extent the pressure against the dykes becomes more severe. The liquor power, as its terri- tory is reduced in area, becomes more determined in its efforts to regain the lost ground, for its leaders realize that their dominion everywhere is threatened by successful revolt anywhere. Our safety lies in going forward. If we stop we shall lose all we have gained.” LOGIC, LIQUOR — See Objections to Prohibition and Anti-Prohibition. LONGEVITY—Stt Mortality from Alcohol. LOUISIANA — The state has thirty dry parishes and thirty-five wet. Fifty-one per cent oi the population is under no-license. There has been no notable change in the liquor laws during the past two years. LOYAL TEMPERANCE LEGION— The Na- tional Convention of the W. C. T. U. held at Newark, N. J., in 1876 advised that children be organized into “juvenile temperance societies.” The juvenile com- mittee of 1880 presented a constitution for children’s societies which included the pledge against all intoxi- cating liquors and tobacco. Under this constitution many societies were organized in different parts of the country. Up to 1886 these societies existed under many local names, but at the National Convention held in Minneapolis in 1886 it was decided to give these or- ganizations a uniform plan of work under the name of “Toyal Temperance Legion.” This organization con- sisted in each state of as many divisions as there are districts or counties, the local societies of each division being known as Company A, Company B, etc., accord- ing to the time of formation. The aim of the organization is not only to make children into total abstainers, but also to train them into efficient workers for prohibition in the state and nation. In no-Hcense and prohibition campaigns they have proven valuable helpers. Their loyalty to the 1 pledge of total abstinence against alcoholic beverages and tobacco, as well as profanity, has repeatedly stood the test of severe temptation, statistics gathered about i 1890 showing that ninety-three per cent of those pledged 1 stand true. The official periodical of the Loyal Tem- i perance Legion is the Young Crusader. Local socie- 234 Cyclopedia of Temperance ties have been formed in practically every part of the nation and continue to be very effective for the ac- complishment of the purposes of the organization. MAINE — Under constitutional prohibition enacted in 1884. The law forbids transportation when the liquor is intended for illegal use, forbids liquor advertising, the sale of cider for drinking, provides for search and seizure and seizure in transit, forbids possession with intent to sell, forbids drinking on trains, trolleys, and boats, makes place where liquor is sold or resorted for the purpose of drinking a nuisance, and provides for its abatement, makes liquor debts illegal, the payment of a United States revenue liquor tax prima facie evi- dence of guilt, the delivery of intoxicants a proof of sale, etc. MALT — Barley is steeped in warm water until it has begun to germinate, when it is spread out and dried. After it is crushed it is called malt. It is then used in brewing. Much of the nutriment of the barley is lost in the process of changing it to malt. MALT LIQUORS — Alcoholic drinks, such as beer, ale, etc. (See Alcoholic Beverages.) MARTYRS — See Heroes and Martyrs. MARYLAND — Fourteen counties out of twenty’- three are dry. An effort will be made to get the Legis- lature of 1915 to enact prohibition subject to referen- dum. The majority of both houses are pledged to do so. MASSACHUSETTS — The no-license vote in Massa- chusetts for the license year beginning ^May 1. 1915, was the heaviest ever cast. The license vote fell off 13,042 from the preceding year. Thus the license ma- jority of 2.471 was converted into a no-license majority of 18.398. a net gain for “No” of 20,869. Eighteen cities voted license and seventeen no-license. Seventy towns voted license and 248 no-license. The follow- ing cities and towns changed from “Yes” to “No”: Athol. Clinton. Falmouth, Lee, Maynard. Norfolk, Northampton Oxford and Shelburne, a total of eleven. The following changed from “No” to “Yes” : Enfield. Cyclopedia of Temperance 235 Leominster, Milford, Munroe, Oak Bluffs, Pepperell, Salisbury, Savoy, and Warren, a total of nine. North- ampton had been wet for many years. Two important measures were passed, one a perfecting amendment to the Idw governing the transportation of liquor by ex- press companies and the other making clear that the law governing the granting of sixth-class druggists license is not mandatory. The Legislature of 1915 passed a bill prohibiting transportation by licensed dealers of intoxicating liquors into dry territory, but the bill was vetoed. MEDICAL PRACTICE — Fifteen years ago not one physician in ten condemned the use of alcohol as an internal medicine. Whisky, wine, and beer were used in medical practice in dosage quantities equal to the quantities used in drinking. Beginning about that time, however, eminent doctors in Europe and America began to advocate the limitation of the use of alcohol as a medicine. Among these physicians were Sir Benjamin Ward, Richardson, Sims Woodhead, Forel, Kassowitz, and a few others in Europe, and Nathan S. Davis, T. D. Crothers, J. H. Kellogg, and a few others in America. In ten years time, however, so advanced had become the sentiment not only in regard to the limitation of the use of alcohol as a medicine, but in condemnation of its use as a beverage, that the London Times said : “According to recent developments of scientific opinion, it is not impossible that a belief in the strengthening and supporting qualities of alcohol will eventually be- come as obsolete as a belief in witchcraft.” Early in 1915, the Temperance Society, believing that the time had come when an effort should be made to show the trend of present medical opinion in regard to the use of alcohol as a beverage and its frequent use as a medicine, made an arrangement with Dr. Win- field Scott Hall, in charge of the Department of Physi- ology of the Medical College of Northwestern Univer- sity, to conduct an investigation among the presidents of state medical societies, the heads of the leading hos- pitals in large cities, the health officers of large cities, and instructors in the principal medical schools. In order that there should not even be a suggestion to influence the nature of replies and to more fully secure the scientific cooperation of those addressed, the letters 236 Cyclopedia of Temperance sent out were signed by Dr. Hall himself and written upon his letterheads and all replies went to him. No physician in America is more competent to handle such an inquiry than Dr. Hall, who is president of the American Medical Society for the Study of Alcohol and Other Narcotics and has held numerous medical honors. Hospitals Replies were received from forty-two hospitals lo- cated in leading central cities. In thirty-nine of these hospitals the use of alcohol as a remedial agent is de- creasing. In response to an inquiry as to how much less alcohol is used now than the amount used five years ago, a number of the replies say that the de- crease has beeu. so marked that practically none is now used. Others give figures ; for instance, the Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, with 3,026 patients in 1899, used $1,135.22 worth of alcoholic drinks, but in 1914, with 6,312 patients, the expenditure was only $364.53. Quite a number of the replies say that the decrease in the past five years amounts to ninety per cent; others say seventy-five per cent, and some fifty per cent, while few report a smaller decrease than thirty per cent. It seems from the replies from these hospitals that the use of alcohol as a remedy for shock is almost disappearing, and there also seems to be little belief in the brewers’ theory that beer is useful as an aid to convalescence. It is notable that in a great number of cases where alcohol is spoken of as possibly having some value, the qualification is made that it is of value in the treat- ment of habitual users only. It seems to be the gen- eral opinion that for others its value is confined to such purposes as^bathing. For internal purposes it is the general opinion that other remedies are more valuable. State Medical Leaders The replies from presidents of state medical societies represent twenty-seven states. Almost without excep- tion, they seem to agree that alcohol is useful as a medicine, but to a very limited extent, to a much more limited extent than is generally supposed. A great number of them think that “other drugs are better,” while many of them confine their prescription of alco- hol to habitual users of it and to external use. Dr. Cyclopedia of Temperance 237 Stephan Harnsberger, president of the Virginia Medi- cal Society, says : “Alcohol is sometimes valuable in fractional closes to allay the anxiety of patients or friends.” In other words, simply as a concession to superstition. City Health Officers The replies from the chief health officers of the lead- ing cities all indicate that alcohol is a considerable fac- tor in sickness and mortality rates. In reply to the question, “Do you have to contend with the giving of beer or other drinks to children?” the answers are usu- ally “No,” or “Infrequently.” The health officers of Milwaukee, Kansas City, Grand Rapids, Providence, and several other cities, however, say “Yes.” All of these officers report that without doubt a large decrease in the use of alcohol would have a great effect on the sickness and death rates. Dr. G. B. Young of Chicago, Dr. William K. Robbins of Manchester, and others say that the principal effect would be in the improvement of conditions of living among the poor. The replies received from medical colleges were chiefly signed by the Professors of Therapeutics and Practice. An indication of their general nature may.be found in the fact that twenty-four say that beer is of no value as an aid to convalescence. Fourteen find it valuable only under exceptional circumstances; for instance, for those who are accustomed to it as a bev- erage; and only one answers unconditionally “Yes.” In general, they agree with the other men queried that alcohol has a small place in medicine, much more lim- ited than is generally supposed. The Drift of Medical Opinion The investigation carried on by Dr. Hall, while it has secured more definite information from representative physicians than any other, has not revealed anything that was unknown. Medical opinion is rapidly and surely turning against the use of alcohol except as an occasional remedy and is more and more speaking out against its use as a beverage. For instance, the national ■convention of Alienists and Neurologists on July IS, 1914, in Chicago, passed the following resolutions : Whereas, in the opinion of the meeting of alienists and neurologists of the United States, in convention assembled, it has been definitely established that alcohol, when taken into 238 Cyclopedia of Temperance the system, acts as a definite poison to the brain and other tissues, and that the effects of this poison are directly or in- directly responsible for a large proportion of the insane, epileptic, feeble-minded and other forms of mental, moral and physical degeneracy; and Whereas, the laws of many States make alcohol freely avail- able for drinking purposes, and therefore cater to the physical, mental and moral degradation of the people, and many hos- pitals for the insane and other public institutions are now compelled to admit and care for a multitude of inebriates, and many States have already established separate colonies for the treatment and re-education of such inebriates, with great benefit to the individuals and to the commonwealth; therefore, be it Resolved, that we unqualifiedly condemn the use of alcoholic beverages and recommend that the various State Legislatures take steps to eliminate such use, and that we recommend the general establishments by all States and Territories of special colonies or hospitals for the care of inebriates; and Resolved, that organized science should initiate and carry on a systematic, persistent propaganda for the education of the public regarding the deleterious effects of alcohol; and be it further Resolved, that the medical profession should take the lead in securing adequate legislation to the ends herein specified. The North Carolina State Board of Health has be- come so aroused on the question that it issued abstinence literature under its own authority. So did the Board of Health of New York City. Such medical editors, as Dr. Evans of the Chicago Tribune, are con- stantly speaking out against alcoholic superstitions. Great surgeons like Dr. Howard A. Kelly of Johns Hopkins University, are saying such things as this : “Diquor in all its forms and used for any purpose is an unmitigated evil. I believe in fighting it in every way possible.” The Life Extension Institute in conven- tion at Philadelphia issued an antialcohol statement with the weight of ninety-four eminent scientists back of it. The Hygiene Reference Board of this organiza- tion includes among its members General William C. Gorgas, the world-famed sanitarian. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, distinguished inventor and student of eugenics; David Starr Jordan, president emeritus Le- land Stanford University; and Dr. G. H. Simmons, sec- retary of the American Medical Association. Scientists Denounce Alcohol It also includes such physiologists as Professor Wal- ter B. Cannon of Harvard, Professors Richard Af. Pearce and A. E. Taylor of the University of Pennsyl- vania, Russell H. Chittenden and Lafayette B. Mendel Cyclopedia of Temperance 239 of Yale, Lewellys F. Barker of Johns Hopkins, Mazyck P. Ravenel of Wisconsin, Dr. Theobald Smith of the Rockefeller Institute, as well as Dr. William J. Mayo, the distinguished surgeon; Dr. J. N. Hurty, ex-presi- dent of American Public Health Association ; Dr. Henry Smith Williams, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley of pure food fame. Dr. George Blumer, dean of the Yale Medical School ; such physical trainers as Dr. Dudley A. Sar- gent of Harvard gymnasium, Dr. William G. Ander- son of Yale gymnasium, Professor Alonzo A. Stagg of University of Chicago gymnasium. Dr. R. Tait McKen- zie of University of Pennsylvania, and such students- of the economic effects of alcohol as Professor Henry W. Farnam of Yale, former member of the famous, committee of fifty on alcohol, and Professor Irving Fisher. The following opinions of eminent medical men are fairly representative of practically the whole pro- fession : “It is only in quite recent years that the fact is being forced upon the scientific mind that even small quanti- ties of alcohol habitually taken may do serious harm.”' — Dr. W. McAdam Eccles of England. “Alcohol may itself exert an influence on the off- spring, but the poverty it entails, and, more important still, the neglect of the child, are very potent factors im the development of consumption.” — Dr. Harold Vallow,. Chief Tuberculosis Officer, Bradford, England. “I have no hesitation in attributing a very large pro- portion of some of the most painful and dangerous maladies which have come under my notice (during more than twenty years of professional life), as well as those which every medical man has to treat, to the ordinary and daily use of fermented drinks taken in, the quantity which is conventionally deemed moderate.”’ — Sir Henry Thompson. “The only proper use of alcohol to an ordinary healthy person is its disuse. Either as a food or as a drug, we recognize that alcohol is of no service — or of very little — to the community. No service as a food, and very doubtful service as a drug. A system of legislation should be enacted whereby the sale and use of alcohol' shall be very largely prohibited and prevented. The medical profession knows well that alcohol is a potent 240 Cyclopedia of Temperance cause of disease, poverty, and death.” — Sir Victor Hors- ley. “There is no scientific justification for the employ- ment of alcohol in medicine. Alcohol is a virulent poison, and, as such, should be placed in the list with arsenic, mercury, and other dangerous drugs.” — Dr. a. VV. Carpenter, the eminent physiologist. “Alcohol is a poison. In chemistry and physiology this is its proper place. Many readers may receive this dogmatic assertion with a ‘Pooh, pooh!' ‘fanaticism and folly,’ ‘we know better !’ Let me support the as- sertion, therefore, with authority. ‘The sedative action of alcohol on the brain,’ says Christianson — and we know no higher authority either as regards poisons or the article of the materia medica — ‘constitutes it a pow- erful narcotic poison.’ ” — The late Professor Miller, Edinburgh University. “Alcohol is one of the chief curtailers of human life. The man of twenty who drinks has a probable life of fifteen years before him, the abstainer one of forty-four years.” — Professor Lombroso, Italy. MEDICINE — See Medical Practice. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH— One of the first rules formulated for the United Societies of Methodists in 1743 was that all “members were ex- pected to evidence their desire of salvation, first, by doing no harm; by avoiding evil of every kind, espe- cially that which is most generally practiced, such as * * * drunkenness, buying or selling spirituous liquors, or drinking them, except in cases of extreme necessity.” (See Wesley, John.) Upon the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America in 1784, the following was made a part of the minutes : “Q. Should our friends be permitted to make spiritu- ous liquors, and sell and drink them in drams? A. By no means.” The radical nature of this strong stand against the evils of intemperance cannot be appreciated without a full understanding of the spirit of the times, which was anything but hostile to the use of intoxicants. Hardly a man could have been found in a day’s joumev. outside of the Methodists themselves and a few lead- ers of other churches, who would not have laughed at the absurdity of a total abstinence proposal. Cyclopedia of Temperance 241 Maybe You Didn’t Know This It was inevitable, however, that the entire lack of temperance sentiment should affect in some degree the belief within the church. As late as 1812 the General Conference voted down, after it had been called up five successive times, the following resolution; “Resolved, That no stationed or local preacher shall retail spirituous or malt liquors, without forfeiting his ministerial character among us.” But from that time the utterances of the Church be- came more and more radical, until they culminated in the declaration by the General Conference at Minneap- olis in 1912, that “all the woes of perdition lurk in the barroom,” and asserted that total abstinence is the plain duty of all our people of every clime and coun- try, that “the liquor traffic cannot be legalized without sin,” and that “we stand for the speediest possible suppression of the beverage liquor traffic.” This same General Conference memorialized Congress to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors in the District of Colum- bia, in Alaska, in our island possessions, and in all federal territory, and to repeal the federal tax on liquors. Especially important, however, was the action of the General Conference in giving its own church temperance society instructions that it “cooperate in all wisely di- rected movements against the liquor traffic,” but espe- cially take the lead within the church in educational matters. (See Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.) In every part of the United States leaders of the war against the liquor traffic have paid tribute to the faithful activity of Methodist pastors. By common consent they are the most active of all church leaders in this fight, and the liquor interests themselves have paid tribute to their prowess. Secretary Debar, in ad- dressing the convention of the National Wholesale Liquor Dealers’ Association in Washington, in May, 1914, said: What the Liquor Men Say “What church is it that is seeking to override, in- timidate. and browbeat men in public life with a view to political supremacy in this country? It is only necessary to read the list of those preachers who are active in the present propaganda for legislative pro- 242 Cyclopedia of Temperance hibition to realize that it is the Methodist Church which is obsessed with the ambition to gain control of our government. This is the fanatical, aggressive, and sometimes unscrupulous force which is leading the movement for political supremacy under the guise of temperance reform.” The National Convention of Brewers which met in New Orleans in the same year also paid attention to the Methodist Church. At one time, under the leader- ship of the Temperance Society, the pastors of Meth- odism had overwhelmed Congress with thousands of telegrams in favor of the Hobson-Sheppard Bill, and this aroused the brewers to declare that the Methodist Churches had no right to speak as units in regard to such matters. Utterances in the liquor press which pay unwilling tribute to the activity of the Afethodists against the liquor traffic are very numerous. In trying to arouse its constituency to the alarming nature of the action of the Methodist Church in reviving the Temperance Society upon the basis of a church benevolence. Bon- fort’s Wine and Spirit Circular of October 25, 1914, declared : “We must realize that the entire Methodist Church is a solidified, active, aggressive, and obedient unit in this warfare on our trade.” METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH — The utterances of the Alethodist Episcopal Church, South, have been so similar to those of the Methodist Episcopal Church that they might be summed up in this one quotation from the declaration of the General Conference held in St. Louis, in May, 1890: “We are emphatically a prohibition church.” METHODIST PROTESTANT CHURCH— The General Conference of this church has repeatedly taken the most radical stand possible in favor of the suppression of the liquor traffic and total abstinence in its membership. MICHIGAN — Forty-four dry counties, thirty-nine wet. Fourteen out of sixteen elections in 1915 were won by the drys. During the year a law was secured giving the right to township boards and village and city councils to reject liquor bonds. There \yill be a state-wide fight in 1916 for constitutional prohibition. Cyclopedia of Temperance 243 MINNESOTA — During the last session of the Leg- islature a county option bill was passed and signed by Governor Hammond on March 1. In eight months fifty-six counties in Minnesota held county option elec- tions, forty-five voted dry and eleven voted wet. Among these counties was Hennepin, which contains the city of Minneapolis, population 360,000. In this county an intense campaign was developed, and 30.000 temperance votes were cast, but 9,000 more votes were cast at the election than the complete registration, and the wets won by a majority of about 9,000. The output of beer from Minnesota breweries compared with the output for the same months during the year 1914 fell off 99,000 barrels, or 50,000,000 drinks. MISSIONS — The American expenditures for mis- sions are variously estimated at from $12,000,000 to $15,000,000. The contrast with the expenditure of $2,300,000,000 for liquors is startling. MISSISSIPPI — Under state prohibition. Legisla- ture and courts have materially strengthened the dry policy during the past two years. One law allows one third of fines to be devoted to the expense of securing convictions. Another prohibits the transportation of liquors into Mississippi for illegal purposes, and pro- vides that not more than one gallon of liquor shipped in either interstate or intrastate commerce can be de- livered to any person, firm, or corporation at a time. Delivery is also made conditional upon the signing of a special certificate defining the nature of the contents, from whence shipped, to whom delivered, and for what purpose. This certificate is required to be filed in the circuit derk’s office at once. Another law prohibits the carrying, sending, or delivering of liquors to any social club or lodge under any circumstances. All these measures stood the test of the Supreme Court. The shipments of liquor by express into Mississippi during 1915 amounted to twenty-eight per cent less in quantity than during 1914. MISSOURI — This state has eighty-one dry counties, sixteen mostly dry, and seventeen mostly wet. Ten local option elections were won by the drys in 1915, two by the wets, and the result of one is still in the courts for decision. During 1915 the drys added four 244 Cyclopedia oi Temperance counties to their list. Missouri has twenty-nine cities of more than 2,500 population dry. Fifty-one per cent of the population live in dry territory. The prohibition forces are contending before the Legislature for statu- tory prohibition or submission of the question to the people. MODERATION — This is the plea of the brewers. Temperance people have taken the stand that there can be no such thing as a moderate beverage use of a poison. The idea of the brewers as to what modera- tion is may be judged from the fact that at their ban- quet m connection with the Brewers’ Congress in Chi- cago in 1911, 1,200 brewers drank 9,219 bottles of beer. (See Brewers; also for facts in regard to moderation in wine and beer-drinking countries, see Germany, etc.) MOHAMMEDANS— 'See Koran. MONTANA — This state will vote on prohibition in 1916. The law proposed forbids the sale of any liquor containing alcohol if it may be used as a beverage, except wine for sacramental purposes, etc. The present dry territory consists of Richland County, all Indian reservations, and the towns of Corvallis, Victor, Ballan- tine. Warden, and Pompey’s Pillar. The last legislative assembly enactecf a law closing all saloons in the state in places having less than fifty residents within one fourth of a mile of a saloon; another law closing sa- loons on Sundays until 1 P. M.; and still another law giving county commissioners discretionary power in the granting of saloon licenses in unincorporated places. MONTENEGRO — See Balkan countries. MOONSHINE WHISKY— See Illicit Distilleries. MORAL SUASION — The place of moral suasion in the temperance reform is large, but it is to be brought to bear upon the individual to secure personal total abstinence, and has no place in dealing with a social, commercial, and economic problem such as the liquor traffic constitutes. MORTALITY FROM ALCOHOL— Mr. E. Bun- nell Phelps, author of “The Mortality of Alcohol.” estimates that 65.897 deaths occur annually in which Cyclopedia of Temperance 245 alcohol is a causative or contributing factor. Mr. Phelps is much opposed to the prohibitionists and his estimate is accepted by writers for the liquor interests. It may be taken as very conservative. On December 10, 1914, Mr. Arthur Hunter, chairman of the Central Bureau of the Medico-Actuarial Mortal- ity Investigation and Actuary of the New York Life Insurance Company, delivered an address before the eighth annual meeting of the Association of Life In- surance Presidents in New York City, in which he de- tailed the results of an investigation covering the rec- ords of two million lives over a period of twenty-five years. These records were furnished by forty-three of the leading life insurance companies of the United States and Canada. “It is certain,” said Mr. Hunter, “that abstainers live longer than persons who use alcoholic beverages. Among the men who admitted that they had taken alco- hol occasionally to excess in the past, but whose habits were considered satisfactory when they were insured, there were 289 deaths, while there would have been only 190 deaths had this group been made up of insured lives in general. The extra mortality was, therefore, over fifty per cent, which was equivalent to a reduction of over four years in the average life of these men. For example, at age thirty-five, the expectation of life is thirty-two years; in the first year after that age, instead of, say, nine persons dying, there would probably be twelve deaths ; that is, three men would each lose thirty-two years of life; in the next year probably four men would each lose thirty-one years of life, etc. As a matter of fact, many immoderate drinkers would live longer than thirty-two years, but not nearly so many as would live if they had been moderate drinkers, and far fewer than if they had been total abstainers from alcohol. “In the foregoing classes men who were in the liquor business, or in any other occupation involving hazard, were excluded. Gaining Five Hundred Thousand Lives “The Committee of the Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation did not make a report on the mortality among total abstainers, but sufficient statistics have been published by individual companies to justify the state- 246 Cyclopedia of Temperance ment that persons who have always been total abstainers have a mortality during the working years of life of about one half of that among those who use alcohol to the extent of at least two glasses of whisky per day. In view of this, the effect of prohibition of the manu- facture and sale of' alcoholic beverages in Russia must be very great. It is not too much to say that the loss of 500,000 men as the result of the present warfare could be made good in less than ten years through com- plete abstinence from alcoholic beverages by all the in- habitants of Russia.” Previously published investigations of occupational mortality issued by the American Actuarial Society had shown a significant difference in the death rate of men following what are generally called the “dan- gerous occupations” and those whose work brings them into constant contact with the “harmless” beverage of beer. A Bar to Life It is less dangerous to be a lineman, a pole-climber, arc-light trimmer, etc., than it is to attend bar in hotels, for the ratio of actual to expected death rates is 142 per cent in the case of the former as opposed to 178 per cent in the case of the latter. Possibly you have visited the steel mills at some time, and it may have been your misfortune to see a line of bloody forms laid out in some near-by undertaking establishment, and yet the death rate among rolling mill employees — hot-iron workers only — is only 117 per cent, while in the case of waiters in hotels, restaurants, and clubs where liquor is served, the rate is 177 per cent, and among foremen, malsters, and beer-pump repairers it is 135 per cent ! No need to thrill with horror again when you see the brave fireman going up the ladder to rescue the baby. The death rate among ladder men, pipemen, and hosemen is only 148 per cent. You had best save your feelings of horror for the moment when you step into the restaurant where liquors are served, and gaze upon the proprietor, for his death rate is 152 per cent, and the death liability" of his cook or chef in the kitchen is exactly the same. And the locomotive engineer who braves wreck and bursting boilers incurs less danger by fourteen per cent than the proprietor of a grocery with bar. Cyclopedia oi Temperance 247 Europe Learned it Long Ago About seventy-two years ago, a Quaker applied to an English life insurance company for life insurance, and was asked ten per cent extra because he was a total abstainer. This struck the Quaker as idiocy, and. so, we are informed, he immediately proceeded to or- ganize the United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident Institution of London. This company kept its total abstainers and nonabstainers in two separate classes, and in 1903, published the result of its experi- ment over that long term of years. The moderate drink- ers — of course heavy drinkers are not insured — died at the rate of 104 per cent of the death table, and the total abstainers at the rate of only 74.3 per cent. Sim- ilar reports have been issued by other European com- panies, such as the Gotha Life of Prussia, the Sceptre Life of England, the Scottish Temperance Life, and the Actuary of the Mutual Life of New York discovered a similar condition among the insured of that coiltpany. So well understood has become the danger to life of even occasional contact with intoxicating liquors, that the Northwestern Mutual Life will not even insure a traveling man who is required to carry liquors among his samples. (See Kansas for effect of prohibition upon death rate.) NARCOTICS— \ narcotic is a paralyzing poison capable of giving temporary anaesthetic relief. Its use induces languor and a sufficient quantity will bring about, first, insensibility, and then death. Its habitual use will create a mania, or, as Dr. Norman Kerr phrases it, “an inexpressibly intense, involuntary crave.” Alco- hol is now generally classed as a narcotic rather than as a true stimulant. NATIONAL PROHIBITION— SNhtn the Consti- tution was being formulated as a basis for a more complete union of the states, one of the most serious points of contention was the number of sovereignties which should be accorded to the federal government. Finally these powers were clearly defined, with a pro- hibition against an encroachment upon “the reserved rights’’ of the states themselves. 248 Cyclopedia of Tempeiance Under the Constitution, certain powers belong solely to the federal government, and certain powers solely to the states. Consequently, upon certain questions the state may go so far and no farther, and upon other questions the federal government may go a part but not all of the way. And in the evolution of the various state governments certain privileges were delegated to municipalities and some to counties. Is prohibition a local question to be decided by municipalities? Is it a state question to be finally acted upon by the various states as they may think best? Or is it a federal question concerning which it is not only proper, but necessary that the federal government exercise all of its rights and authority? The question must be decided by the determination of what branch of government possesses the powers or the majority of the powers which apply to the case in question. A Truly Local Question There are certain questions that are truly local. If a municipality wishes to float bonds for a new sewer system and the Legislature of the state has granted the right of local option on such questions in the char- ter held by the municipality, that locality can act with finality upon the question. The state will not inter- fere, nor will the federal government concern itself in the matter. But the drink traffic does not arise locally. It gets its power from state and federal governments, prin- cipally the latter, and no local action can influence the agencies which are under federal or state control. And this holds true of the state also. Let us see just what powers upon which the liquor traffic is de- pendent for its existence belong respectively to the city, the state, and the nation. Powers Exercised by the Municipality 1. The issuance of local liquor licenses. Powers Exercised by the State 1. Manufacture of intoxicating liquors in state terri- tory. 2. Sales inside state territorj-. 3. State and municipal licenses. 4. Shipments within the state. Cyclopedia of Temperance 249 Powers Exercised by the Federal Government 1. Interstate rail shipments. 2. Transportation by navigable waters, including coast line. 3. Tariff collections. 4. Regulation of manufacture. (Equal power with state governments.) 5. Treaties embodying the rights of importation and exportation. 6. Control of the United States mails. 7. Federal taxation of liquors. 8. Federal licenses, which may be issued even to violators of state laws. 9. The testimony of internal revenue collectors. 10. Distributing centers incident to interstate traffic, such as express offices, railroad depots, steamboat land- ings, etc. Here we have one power resting upon the local gov- ernment, and this power may be overridden by the state, which has equal right to forbid or, if it desires, to compel the issuance of local licenses. We have four powers belonging to the state, all of which may be overridden by superior power over the same matter belonging to the federal government. And then we have ten powers upon which the liquor traffic is de- pendent belonging to the federal government, and in only one case (the manufacture of liquors) has the state equal right to exercise authority. Some Truly State Questions There are some questions that belong wholly to the states, or to say the least, concerning which the states are sovereign. If Kansas wishes to enfranchise its women, it can do so without any reference to federal authority. The national government has no power to forbid such action or to compel it, excepting as its power may be enlarged by an amendment to the fed- eral constitution. The state is sovereign over the question of suffrage, with the one exception of limita- tion of suffrage because of race, which was added as an amendment to the Constitution. The federal govern- ment is sovereign as to matters falling within its juris- diction, such as the tariff, treaties, coinage of money, interstate commerce, etc., while some questions are covered by two sovereignties, the particulars over which 250 Cyclopedia of Temperance sovereignty is recognized being divided between the two governments. But if the state is sovereign as to suffrage, it cer- tainly cannot be said to be sovereign concerning a traffic which derives its rights in so much greater de- gree from the federal government. If a state suffrage law is passed it enforces itself. If a state prohibition law is passed, it faces a hostile attitude on the part of the federal government in many particulars. And it is right that the federal government should have authority over the liquor traffic. One drop of poison will flow throughout the entire body politic, cor- rupting its remotest centers, and New York cannot tolerate the liquor traffic within its borders without grievously wronging California. The Right of the States to Make the Nation Dry There is nothing more insincere than the outc^ of the liquor people that national prohibition will violate the doctrine of “States Rights.” When the Webb- Kenyon legislation was proposed to aid the states in curbing the liquor traffic the liquor press was full to overflowing with humor at the expense of the “ex- ploded” theory of “States Rights.” Now. the tune has changed. If there is one right of the states more sacred than any other, it is the right to amend the federal constitution. Three fourths of the states have a right to make the entire nation drJ^ It is significant that when the Hobson-Sheppard Bill came to a vote in the House of Representatives, Decem- ber 22, 1914, more than eighty per cent of the congress- men from the states which seceded voted “Aye.” Rightly or wrongly, the South believes that the doctrine of “States Rights” is essential to its safety. If there were anything in the cry of the liquor interests that national prohibition will violate that principle, there would have been a different line-up on the vote. NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY AND PUBLICATION HOUSE— In 1865, after peace had come, a national temperance convention assembled at Saratoga Springs at which the National Temperance Society and Publication House was organized, which became the real successor of the American Temperance Union by purchase of and payment for the property Cyclopedia of Temperance 251 belonging to that Union. Its first president was the Hon. Wm. E. Dodge. The National Temperance So- ciety has been constantly and consistently inclusive and cohesive — nonpartisan, nonsectarian, patriotic, and Christian. This Society in its fifty years of corporate life as such has published over twenty-four hundred publica- tions, has prepared and circulated fully two billion pages of temperance literature and has disbursed in this manner and in its many field activities over two million of dollars. Its present location is at 373 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Its officers are the Rev. David Stewart Dodge, D.D., President; A. A. Hopkins, Ph.D., Editor and Lecturer; and John W. Cummings, Business Man- ager and Treasurer. Its official periodical is the Na- tional Temperance Advocate. During 1915, it is cele- brating its fiftieth anniversary. NAVY — When Secretary Josephus Daniels issued an order that “the use or introduction for drinking pur- poses of alcoholic liquors on board any naval vessel or within any navy yard or station is strictly prohibited, and commanding officers will be held directly responsi- ble for the enforcement of the order,” he called down upon himself the bitter hostility of the liquor interests and every political opponent who was willing to make use of such capital. On October 17, 1909, long before this order was issued, the Chicago Tribune said: “To-day three mari- time Powers surpass all others in the matter of naval gunnery — Great Britain, Japan, and the United States — and knowing the strenuous total abstinence regulations now in force by these three nations, may we not as- sume that this superiority is due to the total abstinence encouraged or enforced?” An effort was made after Mr. Daniels issued his order to provoke rebellion against him in the navy. The New York World wired all the retired rear-ad- mirals of the navy for an expression on the order, but they refused to criticise it. Congress showed its tacit approval by appropriating $104,000 to pay for the offi- cial entertainment of foreign naval visitors, a thing it had never before been willing to do. Former Sec- retary of the Navy John D. Long spoke out in hearty 252 Cyclopedia of Temperance approval, and Surgeon-General Gorgas of the army, the man who conquered the mosquitoes of Panama, declared himself in entire sympathy with Mr. Daniels’ forward step, and likewise said that such an order would be a good thing for the army. Norway, immediately following the American ex- ample, “humiliated” her people and made herself “a laughing stock” by prohibiting the use of alcohol by the officers of the Norwegian navy. The order has been so rigidly enforced that when an attempt was made to carry beer through the Boston navy yards to the Argentine battle ship “Rivadavia,” the American naval officers forbade its passage. Do Not Be Misled Temperance people should be warned against the brutal attempts of certain agencies to assail the reputa- tion of Mr. Daniels’ administration of the depart- ment. Owing to faulty legislation, the navy is under- manned and underofficered, but for the first time in many years it is enlisted up to the capacity of legis- lation. No administration has seen abler handling of naval affairs. It was remarkable that ten days before the sinking of the “Lusitania” certain interests were howling at Secretary Daniels. “The wine-mess was abolished: everything was inefficient, rotten !” But the “Lusitania” had hardly disappeared below the waters than a strange silence ensued. In the face of war those who lifted their voices at all spoke with splendid confidence in the magnificent efficiency of the fleet. They called atten- tion to the fact that ninety-eight per cent of “our boys” are Americans and are acknowledged to average higher in intelligence than an}' other fighting force ever put on the waters. They gloried in the fact that the na\^ was readj', that even with its faults it was stronger than ever before. Secretary Daniels looked mighty good to the country then. There was ample warrant for Air. Daniels’ order. Not only has drinking in the American Nav 3 '- lost hun- dreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of property and wrecked at least one fine ship, but foreign officers of high standing have time and again expressed them- selves vigorously for enforced total abstinence. Ad- miral Charles Beresford and Vice-Admiral .1. G. Jelli- Cyclopedia of Temperance 253 coe, the latter commander-in-chief of the Atlantic fleet of the British navy, are among those who have spoken out. The. order issued by Mr. Daniels was based upon the following opinion of Dr. W. C. Braisted, surgeon-gen- eral of the navy: “It may be stated as a fact that, except as a tem- porary expedient in certain cases of illness, the use of alcohol is harmful, and its abuse disastrous alike to the individual and to the human race. Its use in the service is based upon worn-out customs, and there is no authority by law or otherwise for its continuance, except as contained in the naval instructions.” N AZARITES — The law of the Nazarites is con- tained in Numbers 6:3-6: “When either man or woman shall separate them- selves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate them- selves unto the Lord, he shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried. All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk. All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head ; until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the Lord, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow. All the days that he separateth himself unto the Lord he shall come at no dead body.” The Nazarites, consecrated to God from birth or by vow, were at various times quite numerous in Israel. NEBRASKA — The state will vote on prohibition in 1916. At present it has thirty dry counties and sixty- three wet : forty-eight dry county seats and forty-five wet; 351 dry villages and cities and 219 wet. There are 890 saloons in the state, of which one third are in Douglas County. During 1915 the drys gained thirty- three wet towns and lost seven. (See Anti-Prohibition.) NEGROES — Under slavery the Negroes were pro- tected from alcohol, consequently they developed no high degree of ability to resist its evil effects. It is well known that if a disease becomes prevalent in a 254 Cyclopedia of Temperance community where it has not existed for some genera- tions past, it is peculiarly virulent. This is true of alcoholism, as is commonly observed in regard to the Indians. At the present time the Negroes are subjected to the most energetic exploitation of Cincinnati, Louisville, and Jacksonville liquor wholesalers. Illustrated circu- lars fairly flood the cabins of the corn and cotton hands, and politicians who desire to make use of the Negro vote, which in some parts of the South is con- siderable and in other parts practically does not exist, frequently have their political documents printed on the back of liquor circulars and call attention to the fact that certain wholesalers are deserving of patron- age. Intelligent Negroes often break into the public prints of the South in protest against the custom of aban- doning their residential sections in cities to the saloon, and many of their most prominent leaders are doing everything possible to induce their people to abstain. The Rev. J. N. C. Coggin, who is field secretary of the Temperance Society of the Methodist Church for the colored people, in calling attention to the deplorable effect of alcohol upon the Negroes says : “Three fourths of all the crimes among Negroes can be traced to liquor, and their poverty is largely in- creased by the use of strong drink. In Orange County, South Carolina, in September. $27,000 was spent in the dispensaries ; in October, $32,000, and in the same month in Florence County, $54,000; a total of $113,000 in three months. Three fourths of this was spent by the col- ored people.” And Booker T. Washington, in 1914. in a letter to the Temperance Society declared; “When all the facts are considered, strong drink, I believe, is one of the chief causes of Negro crime in the South. In Macon County, Alabama, where I live, there are about twenty- two thousand Negroes and four thousand whites. The sheriff of my county recently reported that he had only one deputy and did not have enough work to keep him busy.” A recent report from Washington indicates that pro- hibition has done wonderful things in promoting the prosperity of the Negro. According to that report, the Negroes of the country at the present time own prop- Cyclopedia of Temperance 255 erty worth about $1,100,000,000. In 1909 their wealth amounted to about $570,000,000. It is remarkable that this wonderful increase in prosperity began at the time when a prohibition wave swept over the South, bringing state-wide prohibition in many cases, and drying up vast territories in the remaining license states. The Negro is a cotton-maker par excellence. Here- tofore he has made good cotton for the white man and poor cotton for himself. Hundreds of thousands of colored men who formerly owned straggling patches now cultivate strong and sturdy plants, and those who formerly raised a hound dog and a whisky habit arc now raising a family of pigs and a new appetite for industry. If he is let alone by the wholesale liquor dealers of Cincinnati and Louisville and Jacksonville, the Negro seems in a fair way to settle his own problem. NEVADA — The Indian reservations are the only dry territory in this state. NEW HAMPSHIRE — In 1914 every city and town voted on the question of license or no-license. The total license vote was 32,776, the no-license vote 40,439, giving a majority of 7,663, the largest no-license ma- jority ever given. One city and four towns changed from no-license to license, and five towns changed from license to no-license. The last Legislature enacted two restrictive measures bearing upon the liquor traffic. NEW JERSEY — This state has no dry counties. There are nine cities of 5,000 or more population under local dry laws. The prohibitionists are contending for a municipal local option bill, which the Senate of the state favors by a vote of twelve to nine. The House, however, has a heavy wet majority. In November, 1915, an unofficial referendum in Montclair, a city of 25,000, was won by the wets by a majority of 169, and a similar election in Burlington, with 9,000 population, was won by the wets by a majority of forty-nine. Collingswood, Haddonfield, Haddon Heights, Audubon, Oaklyn, West- mont, and Haddon Township, which have special char- ter provisions for “wet” and “dry” campaigns bien- nially, all voted dry by almost unanimous vote. 256 Cyclopedia of Temperance NEW MEXICO — Twenty-four out of the twenty- six counties have held local option elections during 1915. One county is entirely dry, and ten others are nearly so. In eastern New Mexico territory two hundred miles long by 150 wide has all been voted dry except about a dozen saloons remaining. Along the “cutoff” railroad for 250 miles there is but one town which re- tains the legalized saloon. From Las Vegas to Raton. 110 miles, but two towns retain saloons. The governor and most state officers are for prohibition. A cam- paign is now on to elect a Legislature which will sub- mit state-wide prohibition to vote of the people, where the drys claim it will probably carry by ten to twenty- thousand majority. NEWSPAPERS — See Advertising, Liquor. NEW YORK — In 1914 there were 408 totally dry- towns in New York. By November 1, 1915. the number had been increased to 421 out of a total of 932 in the state. In the elections of November 2. 1915, the drys added two entire counties to their list, making four in all. In addition to this, they added sixty-four dry- towns on that day-, so that now the total number of dry- towns in New York is 485. The state also elected three congressmen, all of whom were pledged to vote for the national prohibition amendment. NORTH CAROLINA — Under statutory- prohibition adopted by referendum May 26. 1908. There is a law prohibiting the delivery of liquor for beverage pur- poses which applies to nine counties. During 1915 the Legislature prohibited any drug store to retail liquors as a medicine or otherwise, put a limit on the amount of liquor that might be imported for personal use, pro- vided for the confiscation of automobiles or other vehicles hauling liquors for unlawful purposes. The amount of liquor imported into the state during the year declined by eighty per cent under these laws. In an investigation reaching every banker and whole- sale grocer in the state of North Carolina, the Rich- mond Virginian found that 306 favored the continu- ance of prohibition and only twenty-three voted that it should be abolished. This result seems to be repre- sentative of the entire state. Cyclopedia of Temperance 257 “Leading business interests of North Carolina — even though some of them opposed prohibition before they saw it to be a success — would not consider a return to old conditions,’’ declared Judge Peter C. Pritchard of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, before a mass meeting of Richmond (Va.) citizens gathered in the Lyric Theater. After quoting Governor Locke Craig’s now familiar assertion that “North Carolina has never known in all her history a period of greater prosperity than that through which she has passed since prohibition was adopted,” Judge Pritchard cited the opinion of leading business men, judges, and other citizens of promiflence. in the old North State. Hon. James J. Britt, third assistant postmaster-gen- eral under last administration : “State-wide prohibition in North Carolina has met every reasonable expectation of its friends. Temperance has been promoted, crime has been lessened, the state has gained in property values, and the public morals have been greatly improved. Prohibition is the wisest, the most beneficial, and the most uplifting social and moral change made in North Carolina since the war between the states. It has wrought a vast change for good in every part of the state.” Hon. M. H. Justice, Supreme Court judge: “I have held court in towns with free saloons — dis- pensaries — under the Ward law, local option, and the present prohibition law. I am not a fanatic, but I have been a close observer of the results of the legislation on the liquor question. The use of liquor has very greatly decreased. I can point to not one county, but to dozens of them, where there was almost a reign of terror and anarchy under the saloon system that are now quiet and law-abiding.” “It was earnestly insisted that prohibition, if adopted, would destroy Asheville, especially as a summer resort,” declares Judge Pritchard. “In order that the real effect of prohibition on that city may be understood, I call attention to the following statements by leading officials and business men : “Mr. Paul E. Wilkes, associate manager of the Grove Park Inn, Asheville: “ ‘From our own observations and from what Ashe- ville business men have told us, this city is now and 258 Cyclopedia of Temperance has been for the past winter more prosperous than in many years past.’ “The president of the Citizens Bank, Asheville: ‘“Business is better than it ever has been before; the liquor interests have been eliminated from politics; the banks have more on deposit than ever ; the building and loan association has made phenomenal headway, and real estate values and rents have materially advanced.’ “Hon. J. E. Rankin, mayor of Asheville, and also cashier of the Battery Park Bank: “‘I have been closely identified with the business life of this city for a number of years and at no time ■before in its history has there been such marked ac- ti'vity in all lines of business as now.’ “Mr. Wallace B. Davis, cashier of the Central Bank and Trust Company: “ ‘Asheville has never seen a more prosperous time than we are now having and have had since we voted whisky out.’ “Mr. W. B. Williamson, cashier of the Wachovial Bank and Trust Company: “ ‘Asheville shows every evidence of greater pros- perity now than it has shown before for many years, notwithstanding the fact that it has grown steadily for the past decade. There is now in the process of erec- tion and under contract more buildings than ever known here before. Although I am not a prohibitionist, I must admit that our city has been more prosperous since prohibition went into effect than before.’ “Hon. Junius G. Adems, police justice of Asheville: “ ‘I was bitterly opposed to prohibition when it was presented. My experience as judge of the city court of Asheville for the past three or four years, and my intimate association with the people directly affected by the workings of the prohibition law has made it absolutely necessary for me to change my ideas on this subject, although I did it very reluctantly. The law, as does any human law, produces bad effects in some respects, but I unhesitatingly say that prohibition tends to decrease crime of all kinds and to uplift the moral and general conditions of the people as a whole. Prohibition is for the welfare of the people in general. During the time we had barrooms in Asheville there were on an average as many as three damage suits on Cyclopedia of Temperance 259 our docket against the Southern Railway each year, on account of personal injuries sustained by persons while drunk on the tracks of the company, while since pro- hibition went into effect there has not been a suit of that character. Likewise, the street railway com- pany was subjected to many suits on account of drunken passengers, but since the barrooms have moved out I have not heard of a suit of this character. I could add the testimonials of thousands of our citizens, includ- ing public officials, ministers, doctors, lawyers, and railway officials. In fact, the great bulk of our people would contribute to the material advancement of our state would say with one accord that under no condi- tions would they be willing to repeal the prohibition law.’ ” George H. Taylor, a Philadelphian who is now a resi- dent of Wilmington, N. C., in the North American of his native city, declares that while he went to Wilming- ton a wet, he now believes prohibition to be “God’s richest material blessing to our city.” “Prohibition has done more for Wilmington than all other agencies combined,” says Mr. Taylor. “To-day the city has 35,000 people and, since prohibition, the most prosperous times we have ever had. “Property has doubled and trebled and in some cases quintupled in value, and we have forty miles of as good roads for automobiles as there are in the country, phosphate rock and cocanay construction. Two very large, handsome brick schools are about completed and plans for two additional ones are in process. The merchants who sell groceries, shoes, and other neces- saries are selling more and making better collections than ever, and not a vacant store or desirable house to be rented, except as they are built. “I came here not a prohibitionist, but a license man, and as I have been a reader of your paper for many years and for many years a resident of Philadelphia, I can truthfully say that I have been persuaded to be- lieve by experience here that national prohibition would be God’s richest material blessing to our country.” And Commissioner of Labor and Printing Shipman of North Carolina recently issued the following start- ling statement: “Gratifying effects are noticeable in every trade and among all classes of toilers throughout the state. Where 260 Cyclopedia of Temperance ignorance and vice once stalked abroad in the land, education and morality have become the pleasing boast of a happy and prosperous people. Whisky distilleries have been displaced with industrial plants and over the remains of the saloon have been erected splendid school buildings and magnificent church edifices. In Gaston County alone twenty-six distilleries were in operation under former conditions. It now boasts of forty-seven textile plants, employing more than seven thousand people, and makes the further claim of hav- ing one of the finest systems of public schools in the state. “The era of progress in morality, education, and along all lines of industrial endeavor, noted with the passing of the distillery and the saloon is not confined to any particular county or section. This condition prevails generally throughout the commonwealth. In- stead of spending their weekly earnings in saloons, and frequently in police stations, the wage-earners of North Carolina are now providing an abundance of wholesome food and adequate clothing for their fami- lies. True, some of them are being inveigled into the purchase of the Virginia product and ‘fall from grace’ once in a while. But drunkenness is less frequent and the deportment of our people much better than before the prohibition law became effective five years ago.” How Organizations Stand Various organizations of leading citizens have taken a similar stand. The Medical Society of North Carolina, recently in session, passed the following resolutions : “That the Medical Society of the State of North Carolina will use its best efforts to discourage the use of alcohol in any form as a beverage. “That it is the sense of this society that a member of the profession who does promiscuous, or unnecessary, prescribing of whisk}% either to patients or nonpatients, is violating one of the principles of our profession, and is deserving of censure. “That alcohol as a drug can be eliminated from the pharmacopoeia, without in any degree crippling the efficiency of the doctor’s armamentarium.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 261 The North Carolina Farmers’ Convention, meeting in Raleigh, August 24-27, 1914, passed the follow^ing resolution : “Whereas, North Carolina has enjoyed state- wide prohibition for five and a half years; and, whereas, other states are looking to North Carolina and asking if it is a benefit, therefore, be it “Resolved by the North Carolina Farmers’ Conven- tion of 1914 , That we endorse state-wide prohibition for its benefits to farmers and all other classes, and we urge other states to adopt it.” And the Negro school-teachers of North Carolina, in their 1914 convention, declared that prohibition has been a benefit to their race as well as to the white people. There is good reason for the popularity of the dry policy. It has made North Carolina one of the most prosperous states of the Union. According to a letter signed by Mr. R. B. Uacy, state treasurer, while the school appropriation in that state in 1907, the year be- fore the prohibition law went into effect, was only $197,320, it is now $698,852.61. The appropriation for Confederate soldiers has been increased since prohi- bition went into effect from $287,969.50 to $542,455.50. Besides this, several new institutions, including a teach- ers’ training school, have been built. The income from taxation was over $1,000,000 greater for 1913 than for 1907. Mr. Racy opposed the prohibition law, but he declares that “the wets will have to find some other argument than the financial condition of North Caro- lina.” A typical illustration of how the prohibition law is enforced in North Carolina occurred recently when five druggists in Raleigh, N. C., were fined $2,600 in cash fines, had their booze confiscated, and a judgment hung over their heads to prevent their selling liquors again. The court costs were additional to the fines. As the Cincinnati Commercial-Tribune facetiously put it, in North Carolina now they sing: “Old Father Hubbard Went to the cupboard. To cure his awful thirst. But when he got there The cupboard was bare; The Webb Bill had done its worst.” 262 Cyclopedia of Temperance NORTH DAKOTA — Constitutional prohibition went into effect in both North Dakota and South Da- kota in 1890. The policy had been approved by the people in a tentative election in 1885, but really effec- tive action was taken by both states in the fall of 1889, when both were admitted into the Union as prohibition states. North Dakota clung to its prohibition, but South Dakota abandoned it after a short trial. The contrast- ing development of these two states, one under a license and the other under a prohibition policy, should settle in the mind of any reasonable man that prohibi- tion pays. The two states are of about the same size, North Dakota having an area of 70,795 square miles and South Dakota a slightly larger area of 77,650 square miles. In 1890 South Dakota led North Dakota in practically every way. In 1890 South Dakota had 4.5 population to the square mile and North Dakota only 2.7, but in 1910 North Dakota, with’ its prohibition, had 8.2 people to the square mile and South Dakota 7.6. Not only has the prohibition state forged slightly ahead in population despite its large handicap in 1890, but it was ahead in all conditions that make for state and individual prosperity. According to the census of 1910, North Dakota had a foreign-born population of 35.4 per cent and South Dakota only twenty-two, al- though we are told that prohibition keeps out the im- migrant. In North Dakota eighty per cent of the people own their own homes, but in South Dakota the percentage was only 71.2. Paupers to the 100.000 of population in North Dakota in 1910 numbered only fourteen, but in South Dakota there were 24.8. The insane in North Dakota were 108.8 to the 100,000 of population, but in South Dakota thej' numbered 148 to the 100,000. North Dakota had a fairly high average rate of divorce, but South Dakota led her by fifteen to the 100,000 of population. The census of 1910 disclosed an almost startling de- velopment in North Dakota. It was shown that her population had increased in the decade by 80.8 per cent; her wealth grew from $225,166,751 in 1900 to $976,814,205 in 1910 — an increase of 281.9 per cent; the value of her farm products increased from $64,252,000 in 1900 to $220,000,000 in 1910 — or 211 per cent. Cyclopedia of Temperance 263 The value of North Dakota live stock increased from 1900 to 1910 155 per cent, probably a larger in- crease than any other state. The value of crops grew from $53,911,419 in 1900 to $180,279,872 in 1910— or 234.4 per cent increase. No other state exceeded this percentage of increase. North Dakota’s agricultural wealth exceeds the agricultural wealth of the seven combined New England States. Her bank deposits in- creased from 1898 to 1913 by more, than one thousand per cent. No license state in North Dakota territory has had anything like her prosperity. The Temperance Society, in an effort to arrive at the truth in regard to prohibition in North Dakota, wrote every banker, every wholesale merchant, officers of building and loan associations, and similar representa- tive citizens in that state. Of the replies received only one man was of the opinion that prohibition does not pay. “The benefits of prohibition can be seen on every hand,” writes Mr. F. J. Grady, the chief clerk of the Board of Control of state institutions. Mr. Grady bases his opinion upon his daily opportunities of view- ing the effect of prohibition in limiting crime, insanity, pauperism, and other state ills which are treated by the institutions under the management of the Board of Control. Some of the leading bankers and others who reply to the queries of the Society express themselves as fol- lows : “I have lived in saloon states ; also have been a resident of North Dakota for the past fifteen years. I am in favor of the prohibition state.” — Mr. H. W. Hansch, Citizens’ Bank of Kenmare, N. D. “I have watched this state develop since 1883 and it is largely on account of the prohibition laws so early put in force that such wonderful development has been made. Bank deposits are fifteen times greater than they were in the state twenty years ago.” — Mr. W. I. Forbes, Bank of Gilby, N. D. “Not under any conditions could I be induced to go back to a license community.” — Mr. W. H. McIntosh, Bottineau, N. D. “Prohibition is undoubtedly the greatest reform that North Dakota has adopted since statehood.” — Mr. L. B. 264 Cyclopedia of Temperance Garnaas, president Farmers’ and Merchants’ Bank, Sheyenne, N. D. “I was engaged in business for several years in Minne- sota in a high-license town, and I am convinced that prohibition is much to be preferred to high license.” — Mr. F. M. Rich, president First National Bank, Willow City, N. D. “Any banker in North Dakota who is candid will say that the effects of prohibition upon the commercial conditions of the state have been in every way favora- ble and in many ways very striking. I am acquainted with many bankers and business men of the state who are not prohibitionists from principle, but are radical prohibitionists from policy.” — Mr. R. J. Adams, presi- dent First National Bank, Lisbon, N. D. “There is nowhere near the quantity of alcohol used that there would be if we did not have state-wide prohibition. I am not biased in favor of prohibition, but the state is far better off under present conditions.” — Mr. E. A. Hoff, Farmers’ State Bank, Ypsilanti, N. D. “We would under no circumstances want a change. Temperance is playing no small part in our growth and development.” — Mr. E. G. Quamme, president State Bank of Findlay, N. D. “The absence of saloons in any town is a blessing. The law here is quite vigorously enforced.” — Mr. R. A. Werner, president First State Bank, Alfred, N. D. “On the dividing line of our state where licenses are issued the largest and best cities are built on the dry side, and it also seems to me that the higher class of citizens live in the dry towns. Prohibition stimulates legitimate business, banking included.” — Mr. N. H. El- vick, Michigan, N. D. “Prohibition has had a very wholesome effect on business. We need every dollar for the home and pro- hibition helps solve the problem.” — Mr. James A. Cooper. Spring Brook, N. D. “Under prohibition we have not the temptations thrown before decent people. As a result people are better off financially; they are able to pay their debts and maintain bank accounts. We make money on pro- hibition as well as everybody else.” — Mr. C. A. Jeglum, president Scandia-America Bank, Adams, N. D. “The prohibition law is not violated more than other laws. The children are growing up without coming in Cyclopedia of Temperance 265 contact with the saloon as a legitimate place of busi- ness.”— Mr. George F. Carpenter, secretary and treas- urer Dakota-Montana Mortgage Company, Williston, N. D. “In 1886 both North Dakota and Minnesota were allowing liquor to be sold, but when our state was ad- mitted as a prohibition state I noticed a great change. Here is hoping that Congress will endorse national prohibition.” — Mr. D. E. Bemis, Bank of Inkster, N. D. “Prohibition is a benefit to all kinds of legitimate business.” — Mr. E. M. Upson of Cumings, N. D., and Englewood, N. J. “There can be no doubt whatever of the good moral effect of prohibition. It also prohibits the influx of a careless, idle class of people.” — Mr. A. Nystrom, cashier the Scandinavian-American Bank, Van Hook, N. D. “By all means give us the present condition of pro- hibition in preference to license.” — Mr. J. H. Smith, president First National Bank of Crary, N. D. “It is the general opinion of merchants and bankers throughout the state that the prohibition law is bene- ficial. When the crops come in the proceeds go to the banks and the stores instead of the saloons.” — Mr. C. W. Fielder, cashier Bottineau County Bank, Bottineau, N. D. “Prohibition has been an advantage to our state in evei^ way.” — Mr. W. L. Richards, president Merchants' National Bank, Dickinson, N. D. “The benefits of prohibition are immeasurable from every standpoint. I speak from the standpoint of the employer and am not an absolute temperance man personally.” — Mr. J. A. Power, executor Helendale Stock Farm, Richland County, and president Farmers' Bank, Leonard, N. D. “I am in favor of keeping the state in the prohibition column.” — Mr. J. N. Fox, president Kenmare National Bank, Kenmare, N. D. “Prohibition has_ been a blessing to North Dakota.” — Mr. W. L. Williamson of the Williamson Mortgage Company, Lisbon, N. D. “There is not as much liquor used as if we had open saloons. It does not appeal to the young man. There is very little blind pigging done in this county as there are too many who will not stand for it. I can see the difference between this state and Minnesota 266 Cyclopedia of Temperance and Montana on either side of us.” — Mr. Jesse J. Taylor, cashier State Bank of Oriska, N. D. “Prohibition has been an advantage to North Dakota.” — Mr. E. R. Gamble, Long Beach, Cal., and Wahpeton, N. D. “The people enforce the laws and adhere to them. It would be easy to decide from my experience which is better, prohibition or license.”— rMr. W. A. Lanter- man, president state bank of Morton County, Mandan, N. D. “North Dakota has developed much faster under prohibition than it possibly could have developed under license.” — Mr. C. O. Follett, vice-president Fargo Mer- cantile Company, wholesale grocers, Fargo, N. D. “If resubmission were put to a vote now I question if there would be fifteen per cent in favor of license.” — Mr. G. G. Thompson of the Pioneer Express, Pembina, N. D. “This town and Lemmon, S. D., were started at the same time. Lemmon is twenty-three miles east of us and received the first impetus of building. The country about us is very much the same and identical conditions govern our prosperity, except that Lemmon has always had saloons — a municipal one just now. Our bonded debt here is about $10,000, while Lemmon has some $60,000. Our houses here are all occupied, while one third of the houses there are empty and almost half of the business houses are not in use. Their taxes are set at the limit allowed by law, but here only the school tax is high, the municipal tax being very low. Several murders and holdups have occurred there, but we have never had one here.” — Mr. Paul M. Brown, president Hettinger Bank, Hettinger, N. D. “We have got alcohol in this state on a par with morphine and cocaine. Our state is prospering mightily under prohibition.” — Mr. S. H. Sleeper, Mohall State Bank, Mohall, N. D. In addition to these, there are other letters marked “Confidential,” which could not be used in a public way. and which speak just as enthusiastically of the policy of prohibition. NORWAY — “Of all the countries in Europe Norway is, next to Finland, the one with the least amount of intoxicating liquor used,” says Arne Halgjen, Grand Cyclopedia of Temperance 267 Chief Templar of Norway. The temperance movements of Norway and Sweden are close akin and both are trending straight toward national prohibition. The royal family, a number of members of the cabinet, the leader of the Radical Party, the union of Norwegian workmen, and other influential persons and bodies favor national prohibition. As far back as 1854, the country adopted local option. Since that time some experiments have been made with public ownership of liquor stores, but these have not been satisfactory. The French Government forced Norway to permit the importation of wines against her will by the application of financial pressure. More than a majority of the Norwegian Parlia- mentary body is pledged to total abstinence and consid- ered favorable to immediate prohibition. Since the war the subject has become acute in political circles. NUISANCE — See Injunction Laws. NURSING— Set Women. NUTRITION— See Food Value. OBJECTIONS TO PROHIBITION— The con- flict of the ages between the church and saloon is just now coming on, and the intrenched liquor traffic has thrown out as defenses in the public thought certain skirmish lines which we will call objections to prohibi- tion progress. Many of them are embodied in trite sayings which express the whole line of resistance in a single proverb. I want to meet these skirmish lines one by one and see how many I can drive in, and then call up the reserves for the battle royal. 1. “Saloon Keeping is a Legitimate Business” The first thing to make clear is that this liquor power is not a business, but a crime. All human activities are divided into three classes, business, charity and crime. Business is commodity or service for profit. Charity is the same commodity or service without profit. Crime is the profit without the commodity or service. “The average man spends his money anyway.” But, if he spends it in the butcher shop, he has a beefsteak 268 Cyclopedia of Temperance on the table to show for it. If he spends it at the grocery store, he has good provisions in the pantry. If he deposits it in the bank, he has a bank account laid up for a rainy day. If he spends it in the millinery store, his wife is a well-dressed woman, with a hat you can’t see over. But one may spend his money every day for thirty years in the saloon, and he will have nothing but the color of his nose to show for his cash. Someone may claim that the saloon helps to pay his taxes, but this is a great error. Can you squeeze water out of a sponge? If you think you can, go down to the drug store and buy one. I will squeeze it. How much do I get? The only way you can get water out of a sponge is to bring the water in a basin, drop in the sponge and let it absorb it. Then you can squeeze some of it back. If you want to get money out of a saloon, the only way is to put the saloon down in the community and for every $28,000 it takes from the pockets of the people you can squeeze one thousand of it back in the form of city license. The saloon must pick the pockets of the poor — to pour a thin golden stream of revenue.* Every business is founded on the principle of mutual advantage. So fundamental is this agreement that one cannot make a contract of legal validity in which the advantage is all on one side. You cannot make a legal note without reco^izing this principle. You must write, “For value received, I promise to pay.” Busi- ness is for the public good; but crime leaves one the victim and the other the victor. Charity is the min- istration of mercy to the needy without profit to the donor. The sale of rum is therefore neither a business nor charity; it is a crime against the man, the home, the church, the state. Civilization that begot it must destroy it or go forever branded with the scarlet let- ter of its own shame. 2. “The Liquor TraSc Has a Natural Right to Exist!" The Supreme Court has declared that no man has a natural, inherent or constitutional right to engage in the sale of intoxicating liquors and that the only way he can acquire this right is to secure a license which is of the nature of a permission issued by the local au- Cyclopedia of Temperance 269 thorities. The right of said local authorities to permit implies the right to prohibit. There is no such thing as a natural right to do wrong, nor can there be a legal right to injure society. The people themselves cannot confer such a right, much less their representa- tives. The court decision of Samuel R. Artman of Indiana will one day be the law of Christendom. Law may pronounce what is right, but it cannot make rights, much less make them out of wrongs. 3. "Why Stir Everybody up on the Temperance Question?” Because the license system by which we perpetuate the iniquitous liquor traffic is eternally wrong and can never be settled until it is settled right. Unsettled moral problems have no mercy on the peace of nations. And secondly, in church and state, agitation is better than stagnation. Two different ministers go into the same community. One feels himself surrounded and surrenders ; the other hits and kicks and agitates until he has churned indif- ference into public sentiment for moral decency to stand upon. There are some passions that you had better not stir unless you want to get into trouble. The one is love of home and the other love of country. And the drink traffic has put his hand on both of these; and when the Anglo-Saxon realizes this, he will rise up in his wrath. Those who constitute the vicious minority have al- ways been active, while the righteous majority, like their churches, were found too often closed for the week. When not closed up they have often been asleep, dreaming that a giant wrong of the magnitude of the liquor power would abdicate for the crooked little compromise of our license system. Of course no law can give good government auto- matically; but, given a prohibitory law, and the saloon is on the run and a dozen righteously aggressive men can bring in a reign of righteousness anywhere. Law enforcement is easy where you have the man. And every jointkeeper in Kansas found that one woman was too much for them. 4. “Temptations Must Needs Come!” This is the Scripture selected by the liquor dealers and put on their placards in a recent campaign. As if 270 Cyclopedia of Temperance we had to side with the devil in order to make the Lord a true prophet! They did not, however, quote the balance of the verse: “But woe unto the man by whom the temptation cometh. It were better that a millstone were hanged about his neck and he be drowned in the midst of the sea than that he should cause one of the least of these that believe on me to stumble.” What a peculiar thing that some folks should try to quote the Scriptures when you think of the side they advocate ! They argue : “Prohibition attempts to re- move temptation from men, while God’s plan is to permit temptation to exist in order to strengthen the moral power of man. Therefore prohibition is not in accord with God’s methods.” The fallacy involved in this is due to the supposition that the object of prohibitory law is to make men moral. But the purpose of any criminal law, and this among others, is not to make men moral, but to stop a traffic that injures everyone in the community by disturbing public order, by endangering personal safety, by in- creasing public taxes for the support of paupers and criminals, by demoralizing legitimate productive indus- tries and by cursing the homes on which in the last analysis a nation is built, and in which its future cit- izens receive their bent toward virtue. It is to prevent this injury, positive and enormous, to the community as a whole and to every individual in it, that prohibitory law is advocated. Is it the state’s duty to supply temptation so that men’s moral nature will be tested and strengthened? That is what the objection involves, for no saloon can be legal unless the state protects it with its courts, its police, its militia, if necessary; nay, may even summon any citizen to take arms in its defense. If the supplying of temptation is an important aid to the development of virtue, then why is not the keep- ing of a saloon as important and beneficial to the com- munity as teaching a public school or preaching? If it is God’s method of increasing man’s virtue, then why should not you and your son keep a saloon, or con- duct a gambling house or publish obscene literature? Would you not be aiding thereby in God’s work? But the objection involves such positive disrespect to Satan ! It implies that he is not equal to the task of Cyclopedia of Temperance 271 supplying the world with sufficient temptations, and the development of virtue requires that we go into active partnership with him. We believe in giving the devil his due, and there is little cause to call in question his activity or ability in our times. Temptation is the devil’s job, not ours. The average saloon as a character builder ! — such a suggestion is enough to make a halfway decent demon blush up to the roots of his horns. 5. "You Can’t Make Men Good by Law” This is a bit of folly; we do not try. But you have made men bad by law. What we quarrel about is the latter attempt, whether the other can be done or not. The law is a great sentiment maker. Besides it fixes the environment of many absolutely. But is it true that men cannot be made good by law? The supposition of criminal laws is that they do have some restraining influence among men. They not only serve to punish bad men, to protect good men, but to keep many individuals out of a life of crime which they would have entered if there had been no such laws. I apprehend that we are a great deal better under law, and by reason of law, than we would be without any law. No doubt there is a good deal less of crime in the state than if we had no criminal code. By so much are men made better by means of law. A good pro- hibitory law reasonably enforced would serve to im- prove the character and lives of many people. Saloon keepers would be forced to go into some decent busi- ness, which would make them, their wives and children better. Many a young man who has been subjected to temptation and has just started on the road to ruin would be saved by a law shutting up saloons. Prohibition is not an attempt to make men moral. We recognize the fact that you cannot strengthen man’s will nor weaken his appetite by statute law. But what is any criminal law for? Do we send any thief to jail in order to make a moral man of him? Do we hang a murderer in order to make a moral man of him? Do we imprison a forger in order to make him good? No! Criminal law is not enacted to make men moral, but to protect the community against wrong-doing. The saloon breeds crime against the person, against public order, against life itself. Two thirds of the 272 Cyclopedia of Temperance arrests made are for drunkenness — either “plain drunks” or “drunks and disorderlies,” every one of which sig- nifies at the very least a public nuisance, and in very many cases a menace to life. The community has a right — it has a positive duty — to protect itself from these forms of wrong-doing. The purpose of prohib- itory law is not to make the drunkard moral and the saloon keeper virtuous, but to protect the public against wrong-doing. We ought to stop making men immoral by law. Men may get liquor if they hunt it, but we ought to stop the saloon from hunting men. We want a law that will shield and protect the young, the habit- bound and the helpless, and not become a snare to en- trap the unwary. 6. "It is Unreasonable” “Because one man out of ten makes a fool of him- self is no reason why the other nine should be deprived of the pleasure of drink.” Yes; but it does not stop with one man’s making a fool of himself. The trouble is that he makes, too often, a wild beast of himself, and in that condition he is liable to make a corpse of somebody else. 7. "It is Opposed to Personal Liberty” The American Brewers’ Review, March, 1914, said editorially : “With the increase of population, Ae gathering of the people closer together in cities, the greater division of labor and specialization of effort, have come a closer dependence of man upon man, a more constant, in- timate and vital contact, and hence, a greater restriction in the freedom of individual movement. We submit to-day to restrictions which, a hundred years ago, would have been considered monstrous. Regulations for the public safety, the general health, the facilitating of traffic and industry, minute prescriptions for the con- duct of elections, are established and acquiesed in from the conviction that without them there would be chaos.” And at another time it admitted : “The so-called personal liberty argument in behalf of alcoholic drink loses more and more of its force. Consideration of the public welfare continues to grow and overshadow the rights of the individual. The drink Cyclopedia of Temperance 273 question must be fought out upon the ultimate founda- tion of morals, hygiene and social order—in other words, the public welfare. If the public welfare re- quires the suppression of the alcoholic drink traffic it should be suppressed.” This is a frank repudiation of the personal liberty argument, and it is safe to say that restriction and prohibition will be extended to include the drinking of alcoholic liquors as well as their manufacture and sale ; for the statement of the temperance reformer that we do not intend to regulate one’s appetite is illogical. If the drinker of liquor voluntarily puts himself in a self- responsible condition to endanger others, he should be punished for the condition, without waiting for the deed that injures another. The condition threatens and menaces society. At present there is no law against drunkenness; and as there is no penalty no man fears to get drunk. This would be justifiable if all individuals lived apart; but every man is a part of the social compact; and, when we allow him to put himself in an irresponsible condi- tion, to disturb the public peace and menace the public safety, we blunder in underestimating the rights of society. Individual rights can only be absolute in a population of one,” says Sir Wilfred Lawson, M.P. If one is going to live in society his standards of liberty are different from one who lives a Robinson Crusoe life alone. If he goes to a desert, mountain, or island, he may plant an orchard, make apple brandy, and drink himself full where the wolves will get his body and the devil will take his soul, and still be within his natural rights ; but if he is going to share the life of the social compact there is no liberty but in obedience to righteous law, and the unwritten code of the public good. They talk of “blue laws.” Why, all laws look “blue” to the one who violates them. “No rogue e’er felt the halter draw, With good opinion of the law.” 8. “It is a Bad Thing to Have Laws That Are not Enforced” Yes, but a worse thing to have laws which decent people cannot respect; enactments which, instead of reflecting the sentiments of the best classes, only mark 274 Cyclopedia of Temperance the level of morality among the lowest and vilest. Shall we go around among horse thieves, train robbers, safe breakers, and thugs, and ask them what kind of laws they are willing to obey? Shall we put on our statute books only the laws that can be enforced without dif- ficulty? And if we find something particularly favored by these classes, something which will make a great deal of trouble if we try to enforce it, shall we legalize the thing and encourage it, no matter how much mis- chief it will work among men? If not, we ought not to do so with reference to the sale of liquor. Liquor selling is more dangerous to society than gambling, more dangerous than making counterfeit money, more dangerous than any one thing now placed under the ban of the law. Why not be consistent and treat liquor selling as we treat other dangerous things? But the temperance reform is the only one which is reversed when it proves its case. We start out charging the brewer and saloon keeper with anarchy, saying they violate every restrictive law on the statute books. When we vote them out and they come back and violate the prohibitory law, instead of rebuking them, or the perjured scoundrel who is under oath and salary to enforce law, you go back on us and vote the law breakers a new lease on life. Whenever you have blind pigs you have blind officers ; and when you have a blind officer he is taking something to keep his eyes closed. Why a puppy gets his eyes- open in nine days ; we might get our officers’ eyes open sooner if we would go to electing pups. I don’t mean any reflection on any respectable dog, remember. I only mean : If you want to get rid of blind tigers you must elect officers who have eyes. But in passing let me inquire why we have named them “blind pigs’’ and “blind tigers’’? I never saw the significance. If we must name an illicit rumshop for any animal, I propose to call it a skunk; that is the beast that dispenses strong liquor without a license ! 9. ’‘Prohibition Don’t Prohibit” The logic of this objection is as bad as its grammar. If prohibition doesn’t prohibit, what will? If it doesn’t prohibit, it isn’t prohibition. If it is prohibition, it does prohibit. We have tried total abstinence, but it managed the private appetite and let the public traffic Cyclopedia of Temperance 275 go unrestricted. We tried license, but license is per- mission, not prohibition. We raised the price, and high license entrenched the traffic. We tried restriction, but the legalized outlaw was stronger than any restrictive measures. It is easier to kill it than confine it. There is only one mode of dealing with intrinsic evils and with that which is evil in all its results; the Divine method must become the human method: Prohibition. This has been tried with duelling, slavery, fighting; it will work as well on rum selling. It does it now. All the states have tried it with success once a year — on elec- tion day. Most of them run prohibition quite success- fully once a week — on Sunday. If prohibition can be made to prohibit one day a year and as easily one day each week, the same legal system and the same officers could make it prohibit on every other. 10. “The Brewers Have Agreed to Reform” The citizens of the United States began to receive promises a dozen years ago that the liquor trade was to be reformed; the brewers were going to do it. A Model License League was established with headquar- ters at Louisville, Ky., financed by the liquor men. No more saloons were to be thrust into residence sections, women would not be permitted to frequent any of them, observance of Sunday laws was' to be strict, no sales to minors or inebriates, saloons to close within legal hours; but all this was just before election day. The Model License League had a great attorney. Major Dan Morgan Smith, who went into fifteen or twenty states promising all these reforms, if prohibition could be voted down. In many instances the promises were believed, but when the election was over these pre- election promises, like some New Year’s resolutions, “folded their tents like the Arabs and silently stole away.’’ The voters in many of these states, disgusted at the deception, have since prohibited the liquor traffic, and in the remainder they are preparing to do so, and Major Smith, disgusted with his attempts to reform the liquor trade, has become a prohibitionist, and says there is not a model license law on the statute books of any state in the Union or a well-regulated saloon on the whole earth. The ease with which the liquor men have fooled good' people reminds one of a certain philosopher’s comment: 276 Cyclopedia of Temperance on human nature: “There is a sucker born every min- ute.” The liquor trade will never be reformed as long as alcohol dwells in whisky and beer. It is not the reputation of the man behind the bar nor the color of the saloon, whether it is gilded or white-washed, nor the amount paid for the license, nor the resolutions of the Model License League that stamps the character of the saloon; it is the nature of the beverage it deals over the bar that goes to a man’s head, dethrones his reason, saps the integrity of his conscience, takes strength from his character, leaves him an unbridled beast to do evil deeds and leaves us to take the consequences and pay the damages. 11. “Prohibition is Hurting Business” “Don’t you know you’re hurtin’ bizness,” Said the red fox to the hound. “When instead of sleepin’ peaceful, You come snoopin’, sniffin’ round? What’s the good of all your barkin’? What’s the use of all this fuss? What were chickens ever made for If they weren’t made for us?” “Can’t you see you’re hurtin’ bizness?” Said the South Sea savage chief To the fearless missionary Who was sitting on the reef. “I have seven white men captured That I want to sell as meat; What were white folks ever made for If they weren’t made to eat?” “Don’t you know you’re hurtin’ bizness?” Said the robber in the jail While the stubborn sheriff listened To his almost tearful tale. “Those who make and sell the jimmies, Don’t you see, are losin’ trade While you foolishly confine me Where no getaways are made.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 277 “Can’t you see you’re hurtin’ bizness?” Said the Devil to the Man, Who was steadily progressing On the live-and-let-live plan. “You are keepin’ men from failin’ Who, if sorely pressed, might fall. Why, if all men done as you do, I would have no job at all.” 12. “Prohibition is Sumptuary Legislation” See “Sumptuary Laws.” 13. “We Ought to Compensate Liquor Dealers for Their Losses'’ See “Compensation.” 14. “Half a Loaf is Better Than no Bread” That all depends on whether the half loaf is poisoned. It is better to work for a whole loaf and miss getting it through no fault of ours than compromise on a half loaf that has been poisoned and then stain our hands with the blood of our children and our neigh- bors’ children who drink their degradation and death in the saloon our votes have intrenched. It is better to vote for what you want and not get it than to vote for what you don’t want and succeed. Every compromise right makes with wrong is a new intrenchment for the wrong. 15. “Of Two Evils, Choose the Least” Of two evils, there is no choice for me. You go into a refreshment store and call for an egg in your soda. The clerk informs you that he has but two eggs left, one is rotten ; the other, spoiled. Which will you choose? You would say: “I will take the spoiled one,” but I should say : “I will wait till the hens lay.” Of those easy folks who in every contest for better things allow the enemy to fix up a concoction for them as a substitute for prohibition, I have no uncharitable re- marks. A great deal depends on the taste ! As between low license and high license, there can be no choice, for our license system is not a restriction nor a prohibition, but a legal permission to do a wrong act detrimental to the public good for a price. The archway of triumph through which the liquor traffic expects to march tri- 278 Cyclopedia of Tempeiance umphantly into the future is supported by two pillars : respectability, to trap the youth; and revenue, to bribe the voter, both erected by our infamous license system, a sale of souls for revenue only. 16. “We Need Home Rule for American Cities” There is a systematic movement from one side of the continent to the other to put into the constitutions of our states Home Rule Amendments. This is a plan to exempt cities and corporate towns from the working of the local option laws of our counties and the prohibi- tion laws of our states. In other words, to let the cities govern themselves, independent of the police regulations of the commonwealth. But there is not a good thing that will not be debased or a bad thing that will not be exalted by this measure. It is unfair and un-American to tax the farmers of a given county for the expenses incurred by courts, jails, almshouses, penitentiaries, etc., and give them no say as to the institution that makes four fifths of these expenses. Besides, the county is the unit of taxation and of government as every court house testifies, and if a county votes dry, it should be dry; but the Home Rule Amendment would then permit every little rum hole of a municipality to set up a city election, and vote itself wet in defiance of the vote of the whole county of which it is a part. It is an outrage upon the taxpayer of the little town and farm to make him foot the bills of his whole county for city vices and give him no say as to whether our cities shall be law-abiding or wide open. It is un-American to tax him for what he has no voice in controlling. To let the farmer vote only on what concerns his county outside of city interests and then let the city dweller vote on all that concerns the city and all that concerns the whole county as well is to give the city man two votes and deprive the farmer of the vote which concerns him most, namely, a vote on the char- acter of the county which is the unit of government and taxation. The Home Rule Amendments would make our cities little principalities absolutely independent of the moral sentiment and police regulations of county and state, and there is hardly a reform that has ever been wrought out in an American city but was accomplished by state Cyclopedia of Temperance 279 laws and through state and county officers, notably by sheriffs and district attorneys. Reforms do not come to cities through the city councils and city officers, and I have a conviction that our nation can only be saved by turning the pure stream of country sentiment and township morals to flush out the cesspools of the cities and so save civilization from pollution. Besides, the fathers and mothers who live in the country are as much entitled to say what kind of places our college town, our capital city, and our metropolis shall be as the people who live in them. These places were not made by the people who dwell there. They were made by the people who came to them to attend school, to transact business, to invest fortunes, or to settle for a lifework; and it is a matter of vital concern to every family in the state what political conditions shall prevail in our towns. The liquor dealers of the nation seek to exempt their traffic from a state-wide vote or from county measures and put its fate in the hands of the corrupted city and slum vote; and our people must open their eyes to the un- fairness, un-Americanism and -evil influence of the so- called Home Rule bills. It is the liquor traffic’s scheme to trade a little country territory for the perpetual right to the towns, where Home Rule is misrule. 17. “Why Put Prohibition Into the Constitution?” Prohibition should be put into the constitution of the state : Because the liquor traffic is vast enough as a public evil to justify this extreme measure. Because this evil is state-wide, and active everywhere; and the remedy must be as extensive as the wrong. Because nothing short of a constitutional amendment breaking up the trade can eliminate the liquor traffic from politics. Because state-wide prohibition alone goes to the source of the trouble and strikes down the manufacture as well as the sale. Because of the utter inadequacy of local option as we now have it — too local for a national wrong and too optional for a moral question. Because fictitious lines whether of precinct, township, county, ward, or city so limit prohibition as to deprive it of a fair chance to do its work. 280 Cyclopedia of Temperance Because this is the only method society ever uses in dealing with kindred vices. What have we done with the gambling hell, the lottery and the brothel but pro- hibit them? Because nothing short of a constitutional amendment is permanent enough to give prohibition a fair trial. What the people thus adopt will stay till they see fit to change it. Because the state is the unit of sovereignty in the American system of government. The evil of rum rule is not local and the blessings that have attended the local prohibitions should now be extended to all the states. Because the efforts of good men should be concen- trated on law enforcement and wise selection of rulers and not divided by efforts to prevent legislative repeals, amendments, judicial interpretations or executive vetoes. Because the liquor power is a disturber of the public peace. It threatens public safety; it induces private vice ; it fosters crime and political corruption and every community in the state needs and will equally profit by its banishment. Because in dealing with recognized crimes and great public evils prohibition is the fundamental principle of government and hence should be imbedded in the con- stitution. and must not be left to mere statutory enact- ment. What is wrong in one part of the state cannot be right in another. Because our present local option laws are aimed at the saloon and the blind pig, but the center of the evil and the instigator of lawlessness is not the bootlegger or even the saloon keeper, but the organized brewers, distillers, and wholesalers who control the manufacture and distribution, and browbeat government. Permanent cure must get rid of the source of the curse. Because the cities are a part of the state. The farmer is taxed to support the criminal and delinquent classes ; the sons and daughters of the townspeople and country men must come to the cities to study and to settle; and it is a matter of vital concern to ever>’ family in the state what moral conditions shall prevail in our state capital, our metropolis, our college towns, and other cities. Because constitutional amendments prohibiting the traffic can alone prevent the liquor dealers from using Cyclopedia of Temperance 281 the referendum to put their own vicious legislation un- der the name of Home Rule, which when invoked by them, always means rum rule, into the constitution of all the states, thus excluding the people of the towns and country from any say as to the character of the cities and incorporated towns, while taxing them for the results of the cities’ vices and voting open sin upon the pure country places through the city slum vote. Because national prohibition can only come through the multiplying of dry states. We have nineteen such now, having won five out of seven that voted in 1914 and every progressive state should feel the moral re- sponsibility of being a leader in this greatest moral and economic reform of the century and not a “hold- back.” They should push on the collar and not pull in the breeches. States like individuals have their epochal status fixed by their relation to the dominant reform of their generation. 18. “This is Not a National Issue” National prohibition must come, because under the American scheme of government, no state can exercise complete and controlling influence over the liquor traffic. The state controls state license, and little else. The Federal Government controls interstate commerce, navigable waters, and mails which carry advertisements, treaties, imports and exports, federal license, the testi- mony of federal revenue officers, all territory belonging to the federal government, even within the bounds of the state itself. The Liquor Problem is a federal question; for the federal government alone can exer- cise a direct and conclusive control of the traffic; and therefore national prohibition by federal amendment to the Constitution is the ultimate solution of the Liquor Problem. Every state should count one in helping to bring that result. See “National Prohibi- tion.” C. T. W. OHIO — The vote against state-wide prohibition in the election of 1914 was 84,251. In the election of 1915. the majority against the measure was 55,412. OKLAHOMA — The state was admitted into the Union November 16, 1907, as “a Constitutional Prohibi- tion” state. The code prohibits the advertising of in- 282 Cyclopedia of Temperance toxicating liquors in any manner whatever, and makes it unlawful to drink in public and upon railroad trains. It also prohibits druggists of the state from handling intoxicating liquors of any kind, including alcohol, for sale, A druggist may purchase pure grain alcohol from the state agent appointed by the governor, for com- pounding prescriptions or medicines, the sale of which will not subject him to the payment of the special liquor dealers’ tax to the United States Government, The state has complete search and seizure and injunc- tion laws, and a civil statute fixing the penalty from $100 up to $1,000 per day against the premises where the law is violated. OPIUM — This drug is manufactured from the juice of the poppy. The use of opium was, until recently, common in China, but prohibition of the cultivation of the poppy by the Chinese Government, together with the absolute prohibition of the use of opium, seems to be wiping out the evil in that country, although old treaties still prevent China from prohibiting the impor- tation of opium from the outside. The enactment of the antidrug law by the federal government taking effect Alarch 1. 1915, seems to be at least the beginning of the end of the use of opium in America. (See Drugs.) OREGON — The state voted dry November 3, 1914, by a majority of 36.340. The law becomes effective January 1, 1916. At present the state has five dr^- counties and twenty-nine wet. There are about one thousand saloons. Exceedingly drastic laws have been framed for the enforcement of prohibition when it becomes effective. ORIGINAL PACKAGES — This was a term used in federal legislation prior to the Webb-Kenyon law which was designed to protect the supposed right of any person in a prohibition state to receive liquors from another state without interference. The theorj^ was that liquor in the original package would not pass through the hands of any intermediarj' before reach- ing the ultimate consumer. PALESTINE — See Bible and Drink; and Com- munion Wines. Cyclopedia of Temperance 283 PARENT AGESee ChM Welfare; Heredity; and Women. PAUPERISM — The Committee of Fifty found that thirty-seven per cent of all pauperism and a much larger per cent of “poverty” is due to drink. A question so shifting in its phases and one affected by such various legislation in the states is difficult of exact analysis, but it is certain that a very large per cent of extreme poverty is due to the use of liquor, and it is still more certain that such poverty is seldom found among abstainers. Wherever the probe is pushed into the body social this fact is touched. For instance, a straw vote of nearly twenty thousand destitute and homeless men, taken by the Charity Organization on the streets of New York City, showed that sixty per cent of these men ascribed their destitution to in- temperance, only seventeen per cent to sickness and injury, and twenty-three per cent to old age and slack work. Naturally, they would shield themselves as much as possible by saying “sickness,” unless the evidences of their intemperance were apparent to the casual in- vestigator. An investigation by a superintendent of a municipal lodging house in the same city which cov- ered 2,000 cases revealed that thirty per cent of these people were vagrants solely because of addiction to intoxicating liquors, and that in fifty per cent of the cases there was a very excessive consumption of alco- hol. The number of abstainers among these 2,000 is not reported. The results of such investigations are nearly uni- form. An agent of the Associated Charities of Toledo found 120 needy families in his ward. In his report he says that in all cases except two these families became dependent through drink on the part of husband or father. Effect of Prohibition Upon Pauperism It is hard to make a comparison between states in regard to pauperism which will be just, but in almost all cases the injustice will be done to the prohibition states. For instance, the liquor people are accustomed to saying that Kansas shows fewer paupers because its counties do not maintain poorhouses, but the Census of 1910 shows that seventy-four of the 105 counties of Kansas do maintain poor-farms or poorhouses, while 284 Cyclopedia of Temperance in Nebraska only fifty-one counties out of ninety-two had such houses. If all the prohibition states and all the licenje states are taken, however, we can reach some satisfactory results, because the prohibition states are so well scat- tered that they are typical of the entire country, and the same is true of the license states. Upon this, basis we find that the following is true : Census of 1910 Rate for the Continental United States.. 88,319 If the rate in the license states prevailed throughout the country 108,808 If the rate in the prohibition states pre- vailed throughout the country 27,309 If the Kansas rate had prevailed throughout the country 22,819 If we divide the rate of commitments to poorhouses in all of the states by the population of the respective states, we get the following rate per 100,000 of popu- lation : Alabama 22.4 Arizona 497.3 Arkansas 31.0 California 404.4 Colorado 87.2 Connecticut 244.9 Delaware 212.8 District of Columbia 51.6 Florida 124.0 Oeorgia 19.7 Idaho 54.4 Illinois 99.1 Indiana 64.4 Iowa 37.0 Kansas 24.9 Kentucky 49.4 Louisiana 6.7 Maine 115.9 Maryland 150.5 Massachusetts ' 282.8 Michigan 99.0 Minnesota 39.2 Mississippi 13.6 Missouri 34.9 Montana 266.2 Nebraska 92.3 Nevada 562.9 New Hampshire 188.8 New Jersey 68.4 New York 189.6 North Carolina 33.0 Cyclopedia ot Temperance 285 North Dakota 19.7 Ohio 121.9 Oklahoma 3.6 Oregon 75.0 Pennsylvania 123.6 Bhode Island 97.0 South Carolina 18.8 South Dakota ,. 27.4 Tennessee 56.1 Texas 27.7 Utah 48.4 Vermont 75.7 Virginia 116.6 Washington 109.2 West Virginia 43.4 Wisconsin 50.4 Wyoming 37.0 New Mexico is not included because it had no poor- houses and was not reported in the census. If we segregate the prohibition states and the license states in this group, we get the following rates of ad- missions : License states 110.0 United States 96.3 Prohibition states 29.8 If the reader will contrast for himself the rate in the various prohibition states with the states near him in geographical position, he will find that the result is highly favorable to the prohibition policy. These comparisons can be made by selecting states from the table above and segregating them in groups. For instance, if we compare North Dakota with near-by states, we find the following: North Dakota 19.7 Minnesota 39.2 South Dakota 27.4 Montana 266.2 The showing of Kansas with its neighbors, excluding the prohibition state of Oklahoma, where the rate is abnormal, is as follows; Kansas 24.9 Missouri 34.9 Iowa 37.0 Nebraska 92.3 Colorado 87.2 PENALTIES — Laws and juries are becoming con- stantly more severe in their treatment of violators of 286 Cyclopedia of Temperance prohibitory statutes. In Kansas, the law provides for a penalty of $100 to $500 and thirty to ninety days in jail for each offense in selling liquors. Where fifteen or twenty cases are proven against the man, obviously the penalty becomes heavy. If the offense is in main- taining a place where liquors are sold, the minimum jail sentence in Kansas is six months. However, the most significant feature of the Kansas penalty is the provision that a man may be sent to the penitentiary for one year to be spent in hard labor if he offends the second time. The state will permit no contempt for its prohibition law. Practically all of the other prohibition states are adopting penalties as heavy, especially those which have recently passed pro- hibition laws. PENNSYLVANIA — In 1681 William Penn dra'fted a constitution for an ideal government, calling it a “fundamental constitution.” In it appears this para- graph : “THERE SHALL BE NO TAVERNS OR ALE HOUSES, AND HORSE RACES, BULL AND BEAR BAITING, GAMES OF CARDS AND DICE SHALL BE PROHIBITED.” Pennsylvania has a high license law and the grant- ing of licenses is in the hands of county judges. The decision of Judge Criswell, later approved by the Su- preme and Superior Courts, makes the judge the final and sole arbiter in the matter. Under the operations of that law Pennsylvania now has ten dry counties. There has been no new legislation on this question in Pennsylvania in twenty-five years. The contention of the prohibitionists in the state is for a county local option law. PERSONAL LIBERTY — See Objections to Pro- hibition. PETITIONS — The right of petition is fundamental in the government of the United States and is vig- orously used by prohibitionists and their opponents alike. Perhaps the most notable instance of effective petitioning was on the first of July, 1914, when there was an opportunity to bring the federal prohibition bill to a vote in the House of Representatives at Washing- ton. The Temperance Society sent out a bulletin to Cyclopedia of Temperance 287 all pastors asking them to vote their congregations and report the result to Congress by telegraph. The result was startling. Congress was nearly swamped with a mass of Night Letters. Nothing else did so much to strengthen the Hobson bill in the House of Represen- tatives. An investigation showed that from April 20, 1914, to May 5, 1914, there was received by Congress a total of 612 petitions for the adoption of the prohibition amendment, and only 435 against it. PHYSICAL TRAINING— See Athletics. PLEDGES — The pledge has been one of the most effective weapons in the war against intemperance. Practically every temperance organization has pushed its work by the circulation of total abstinence pledges. But the pledge method is not by any means confined to temperance organizations. Religious, social, and all juvenile delinquent societies have made extensive use of it. The pledge method is used widely by police judges to effect the reformation of men accused of habitual drunkenness, nonsupport of family, etc. The various stages of development in the temperance reform are accurately registered in pledges. For in- stance, the pledges up to 1826 promoted “moderation” in the use of intoxicants; the pledges in use from 1826 to 1836 emphasize abstinence from the use of “distilled” liquors; after 1836 all pledges were for total abstinence; beginning with 1842 practically all pledges stressed the idea of fighting the traffic in intoxicants as well as inculcating sobriety in the individual, while after 1869 most new forms taught fighting the traffic by political methods. This shows a distinct advance, step by step, to the present position held by most prohibition workers. Within the last ten years there has been a revival of interest in the pledge-signing method. Many or- ganizations have again begun to stress the importance of this work. Most of the large denominations in America have Temperance Boards which push pledge- signing crusades. The Temperance Society of the Methodist Episeopal Church has secured the signatures of about a million boys and girls in the past three years. POISONS — There are quick-acting poisons, slow- acting poisons, and racial poisons. Alcohol is a slow- 288 Cyclopedia of Temperance acting, racial poison, and is becoming recognized as such because of the fact that in any quantity it has a deleterious effect upon the physical system, and in suffi- cient quantity it is capable of producing death. At its annual meeting in Lincoln, Neb., December, 1914, the Board of Managers of the Temperance So- ciety authorized the introduction in Congress of a bill requiring all alcoholic beverages to bear this label : “This bottle contains alcohol, a habit-forming, irritant, nar- cotic drug.” POLITICAL ACTION — Sooner or later, no doubt, prohibition will enter into partisan politics between the dominant parties, unless Congress submits a constitu- tional amendment putting the matter up to the states. It is generally believed by the friends of prohibition that it would be a misfortune for it to become a subject of controversy between great parties. Believing that the question of the expediency of attempting to secure plat- form planks in favor of prohibition in 1916 is a vital matter, the Temperance Society of the Methodist Church sent a list of questions to the daily newspapers of the country. The questions asked were not “leading,” and the end sought was to arrive at that “multitude of counsel” which is wisdom. The exact questions as submitted were as follows : 1. Do you believe that your party, in its 1916 national platform, should favor the submission of a prohibition constitutional amendment by Congress? 2. Do you believe that your party should, in its plat- form, oppose such action by Congress? 3. Do you believe that the platform of your part\- should propose any other method of dealing with the liquor problem? 4. Do you believe that your party should absolutely ignore the liquor question in its platform? 5. May we quote your reply? The result of the inquiry uncovered some highly im- portant and intensely interesting opinions. These points stand out prominently in surveying the replies: 1. More papers favor the incorporation of a prohibi- tion plank in the national platforms of their respective parties than oppose it. The exact figures are : For. 265 ; Against, 174; Indefinite, seventy-two. This clearly in- Cyclopedia of Temperance 289 dicates that the majority of the editors think that pro- hibition would prove a political asset in the presidential campaign. 2. A majority of the 174 opposing such action by their party conventions are friendly to prohibition, but think it would be a great mistake for the question to creep into party politics. One editor says : "It would be good for the party, but bad for the cause;” and a number express the earnest hope that Congress will sub- mit the question in order that it may be kept out of the campaign. Many replies, especially of independent papers, favor the advocacy of prohibition by ail party platforms, which they think would not subject the cause to the uncertainties of party rivalry. One editor very tersely says : "Both or none,” and several express the opinion that if one party favored the issue and the others did not the wets would consolidate while the drys would remain divided. 3. The belief that "the time is not yet ripe” is held by numerous editors. Some prefer that prohibition should progress along present lines until it lias gained more territory, while several say that while it should not be an issue in 1916 it will inevitably become so in 1920, unless it is disposed of before that date. Quite a few replies use the words, “Prohibition is of increasing importance,” while more than 150 consider it even now of paramount importance. The present progress of the cause is indicated by the fact that quite a number of papers announce that they have recently come to the conclusion that prohibition is a national issue. One paper founded in 1822 says that it “came out” for national prohibition last January. 4. Only forty-two papers of the 550 replying believe that the campaign platforms of their parties should oppose submission of the prohibition resolution, while 396 hold the contrary opinion and sixty-eight are in- definite. More significant is the fact that only 131 papers believe that their parties can safely ignore the question absolutely, while 303 oppose such a policy and fifty-seven are indefinite. However, a number who favor ignoring the question are friendly to the policy. 5. Only sixty-four papers believe that their parties, should propose any other method of dealing with the liquor problem, and this includes several who favor such action only in event the party should fail to indi- 290 Cyclopedia of Temperance cate a stand in favor of national prohibition. In oppo- sition to the proposal of any other method are 279, with fifty-seven indefinite. Only thirteen Southern papers favor proposing other methods as opposed to seventy “No’s,” which indicates that the South will not lend its support to the States’ Rights plea. An unexpectedly small number mention States’ Rights, and it is notable that the number of editors declaring it to be a state question includes more Republicans than Democrats and more from the North than from the South. Several papers which say they are friendly to prohibition but consider it a state question express themselves in favor of severing all federal government relations with the traffic and prohibiting absolutely all interstate com- merce in liquors. The issue appears to be clearly drawn, not only along national lines, but in other ways, for only five papers sajqanything about compensation. Two. however, suggest that proper time should be given to dispose of stocks and readjust property interests. 6. A large number of friendly editors insist that there is a crying need of a greater educational move- ment to establish a foundation for prohibitory law. The church and the temperance forces are taken to task for neglecting this phase of the question. 7. The proportion of papers believing that their parties should favor the submission of prohibition is just about the same in the East, the West, and the South. The West has a slight leadership over both of the other sections. Alany of the comments were exceedingl 3 ’' interesting, but it is impossible to give them here. A cop 3 ' of the entire report will be sent to anj-one who makes a re- quest of the Temperance Society of the Alethodist Church, Topeka, Kan., and incloses a two-cent stamp. POLITICAL EVILS — See Brewers; and Lawless- ness. POOR MAN’S CLUB — A term applied to the sa- loon by those who wish to magnify the harmless social features of that institution and minimize its evils. It is true that the saloon at the present time fills a cer- tain social place that no other institution has success- fully occupied, but it is also true that the dues of money and character demanded are far too high. The poor man’s club has always been responsible for many a Cyclopedia of Temperance 291 poor man’s miserable home. (See Substitutes for the Saloon.) POPULAR FALLACIES — See Objections to Pro- hibition. PORT — A heavy wine usually containing more than twenty per cent of alcohol. PORTUGAL — There is practically no temperance movement in Portugal. The evils of drinking are very extensive. More settled political conditions will un- doubtedly give birth to reforms. POSTERS — The use of posters to warn the people against the eifects of alcohol has been much more common in Europe than in America. In France the government alone is permitted to display posters printed in black and white, and at various times the French Government has seen fit to warn the people against “alcoholism, which is the chronic poisoning resulting from the habitual use of alcohol, even when the latter would not produce drunkenness.” The Italian Govern- ment has also advised governors of various provinces to warn the people in a similar way. In England a large use is made of the poster m,ethod. Very fre- quently they are displayed under the authority of med- ical officers of health, mayors, sanitary committees, temperance organizations, and distinguished medical practitioners. Upon the outbreak of war anti-alcohol posters became especially common in England. One of the most famous of these posters is given here: Effects of Alcohol on Naval and Military Work To all men serving the Empire it has been proved by the most careful scientific experiments and completely confirmed by actual experience in athletics and war as attested by Field-Marshal Lord Roberts, V.C.. K.G.. K.P.; Field-Marshal Lord Wolseley, K.P., G.C.B.; and many other army leaders that alcohol or drink (1) slows the power to see signals, (2) confuses prompt judgment, (3) spoils accurate shooting, (4) hastens fatigue, (5) lessens resistance to diseases and exposure, and (6) increases shock from wounds. We, therefore, most strongly urge you for your own health and efficiency that at least as long as the war lasts you should become total abstainers. (Signed) : 292 Cyclopedia of Temperance Thomas Barlow, M.D., F.R.S., K.C.V.O., Pres. Coll. Phys., Physician to H.M. the King; Frederick Treves, F.R.C.S., G.C.V.O., Hon. Col. R.A.M.C., T.F., Ser- geant-Surgeon to H.M. the King; G. J. H. Evatt, M.D., C.B., Surgeon-General R.A.M.C. ; Victor Horsley, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Captain R.A.M.C., T.F. ; and G. Sims Woodhead, M.D., F.R.S., Lt-Col. R.A.M.C., T.F. At the present time the Temperance Society is pub- lishing a series of twelve posters, three of which are illustrated. They are exceedingly low in price, but are high in fighting efficiency. A sample set of twelve is sent to any address for twenty cents. PROFITS OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC— Barrels and Bottles of Indianapolis is responsible for the statement that “the cost of pure whisl^ with corn around fifty cents a bushel is about seven cents a gallon. In view of these facts let us see what becomes of the averment that the people of our country spend some two billions of dollars annually for strong drink. Nine tenths of the outlay is for licenses, excises, imposts, taxes, and the enormous cost of espionage and collec- tion, together with the various species of graft, tribute, and excessive profit involved in the traffic. Drinkers pay it, doubtless, but not for drink. Most of those two billions are blackmail.” There is undoubtedly a startling difference between the cost of producing whisky and the cost of drinking it. The Rugby Distillery Company of Louisville, Ky., recently said that, at the current price of corn, whisky can be produced in Louisville for twenty-seven cents per gallon. The average price to the consumer who buys by the gallon is $4.00, and over the saloon bar that same gallon of whisky will sell for $8.53. According to the testimony of L. F. Padberg, a brewer of St. Louis, in a proceeding in which the Mutual Brewing Company was involved, it costs only $2.52 to manufacture a thirty-one gallon barrel of beer, which will sell over the bar for $26.90. The profits of the saloon are being constantly brought out in the “Want Ad” columns of daily newspapers. A recent ad in the New York World states that an in- vestment of $1,400 will yield $7,500 profit during the year. An ad in the Chicago Tribune promises $350 a month in return for an investment of $1,400, and an- Cyclopedia of Temperance 293 other ad in the same paper says, “This saloon has made two men rich; will sell cheap for a quick deal.” The federal government’s tax on a gallon of whisky is $1.10, and on a barrel of beer $1.50. After bleeding the public with such prices as these for scores of years, have the liquor interests a right now to cry for compensation? PROGRESSIVE PARTY— The attitude of this young party toward prohibition has, up to the present, been highly creditable. In no place has it opposed that policy, and in a number of important campaigns it has spoken emphatically in favor of the principle. In Ohio Mr. Roosevelt declared that he would vote for state prohibition. In the vote upon the Hobson bill in the House of Representatives, December 22, 1914, only one Progressive opposed the resolution, and a number of Progressives were prominent advocates of its adop- tion. PROHIBITION, BENEFITS OF— See Benefits of Prohibition; also Kansas; West Virginia, etc. PROHIBITION, GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF — “The legal prohibition of an act is solely upon the grounds of its evil effect upon society, and not at all upon the grounds of the inherent evil of the act itself.” The evil effect of the liquor traffic upon society is indisputable. The very presence of the saloon lessens the value of surrounding property and raises the fire insurance rates. When a man engages in a traffic which lessens the value of property in his vicinity, which increases the burdens of taxation, which promotes crime, disease, and social disorder in the community, then the inter- ests of the people become affected. The personal rights of others become invaded, which rights it is the duty of the state to protect. Prohibition is justified as a remedy for these evils because the evils do not result from the abuse of a good thing, but the use of a bad thing. It is not reasonable to prohibit any good thing be- cause its use is abused. It is reasonable to prohibit a thing which is evil in itself — always and everywhere evil. 294 Cyclopedia of Temperance It is not a question of the man that gets drunk. It is a question of an institution that exists for the pur- pose of making men drink. Mr. C. A. Windle, prize spieler for the poison ven- ders, says : “A man gets sick. You send for a doctor. You give the sick man medicine, but do not compel every man in town to take medicine because one man is sick.” Neither do you license shops to retail typhoid fever germs, tuberculosis germs, etc. Prohibition says, “Give the sick man medicine and clean up the cess- pool that made him sick.” If the saloon can be run without harm to the com- munity, why isn’t it? If the “abuses” of the liquor traffic can be separated from the sale of liquors, why is it not done? The principle of prohibition is not now applied in the hope that it will act directly upon the morals of the individual. As Dr. Matt S. Hughes has said : “Paris green does not add to the edible qualities of potatoes any more than legislation directly acts upon the moral character of men. But when the potato bugs are getting in their work on the crop, a dose of paris green protects the plant, insures the crop and gives us potatoes to eat which otherwise would be destroyed. Thus law may not make men moral, but it can do much to keep them from immorality. It can la}' hands upon the parasites who commercialize the weakness and ruin of their fellows and thus give the weak members of the community a chance of survival. At any rate it can forever put a stop to the legalized encouragement of drunkenness with all its evils and the artificial stim- ulation of all kinds of vice for the sake of the dollar.” Efficiency of the Method The efficacy of the prohibition policy in dealing with the evil has been proven both by experience and logic. The saloon advocates say, “Prohibit the saloon and there will be more drinking than ever.” Go to any business house in town and say: “Close your doors and take down your signs. The people will hunt you up and give you more patronage than ever before.” Doesn’t it sound silly? The majority of men and boys drink because of the accessibility of the saloon, because of its bright signs Cyclopedia of Temperance 295 and its bright windows, because of its flamboyant temp- tation. Remove these features and you remove their inclination to drink. The average self-respecting young man will shudder with disgust at the mere thought of hunting up a sneak- ing bootlegger. The policy has been applied to other evils. For in- stance, in 1908, 5,623 serious accidents were reported as the result of the use of fireworks in the celebration of Independence Day. In 1913 the number had been decreased to 1,163. This reform was accomplished by the enactment of prohibitory laws and ordinances. It is a clear case of prohibition accomplishing a great task in spite of the personal liberty of American citizens to shoot fire crackers, etc. It is noticeable that these laws did not entirely wipe out the evil at which they were aimed, still very few people call them failures. In the words of the Chicago Tribune, which was edi- torially advocating this reform, “the way to prevent is to prohibit.”' (For the practical effects of prohibition see Kansas; West Virginia; Local Prohibition, etc.) In Bonfort’s Wine and Spirit Circular of January 10, 1914, Mr. Lee Bernheim of the Bernheim Distilling Company, one of the largest whisky distilleries of the United States, said, in reviewing the year 1913 : “Busi- ness has been bad in Ohio, Texas, and Arkansas. Ad- verse legislation cut down the business very heavily.” And yet these people would be the last ones in any other connection to admit that adverse legislation had any effect at all upon the consumption of liquor. Bonfort’s Wine and Spirit Circular of June 10 offers a striking illustration of the insincerity of the attacks upon the prohibition principle : “Let anyone visit the homes and the clubs of Maine, Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, or any other so-called prohibitory state and jhe is impressed with the sentiment fn favor of prohibition and Jhe belief that prohibition is working wonders for society.” This is from page 78. On page 98 the following appears : 296 Cyclopedia of Temperance “There is not a state in the Union to-day living under dry laws in which a large proportion of the population is not disgusted with existing conditions.” PROHIBITION, LOCAL — Local prohibition op- erates under the handicap of a hostile state and federal policy. It has very appropriately been called “prohibi- tion with half a chance.” And yet, even with half a chance, local prohibition very frequently shows amaz- ing results. The amount of available data in this connection is so large that we confine ourselves to a report of a careful survey of the state of Illinois made by the Temperance Society itself in January, 1915. In the spring of 1914, 1,100 saloons were voted out of Illinois. The Society conducted an investigation reach- ing every town which voted dry at that time. Accord- ing to representative bankers, lawyers, ministers, mer- chants, and city officials in these contented towns, the 1,100 saloons have small chance of a welcome back. Some of the towns reached were Rockford, Herrin, Mount Sterling, Woodstock, Plano, Carmi, Warren, Geneseo, Ava, Canton, Dwight, Hinckley, Taylorville, Stockton, Somonauk, Grant Park, Ashkum, Harrisburg, Fairbury, Sandwich, Manteno, Libertyville, Grafton, Genoa, and Freeport. The business men were taken “as they come,” and were urged to express their opin- ions, whether favorable or unfavorable to the dry law. “License Mayor” is Now a Dry Mr. Chandler Starr, once known as the “license mayor” of Rockford, the largest dry city in Illinois, says that the actual operation of the dry law in that city has changed his opinion. “Speaking as a business man and not as a politician.” said Mr. Starr, “I believe that prohibition has been very beneficial to this city of 50,000 to 60,000 people. When it was first voted upon Rockford 1 was opposed to it, believing it would be a failure as was the case under the old dramshop act. But after prohibitioa had been tried under this new law for a period of six months I became satisfied that it was a great success. Blind pigs are few and far between, and are very gen- erally suppressed after a short run. Cyclopedia of Temperance 297 “Our merchants have claimed that under this present law they sell more for cash and less on credit ac- counts. There are more savings accounts throughout the city, and the working people are much better off. Under the old law nearly ninety per cent of the pay checks from the factories came into the banks with saloon accounts. Now, as a general thing, the wives come in and get these checks cashed, or they are used to pay bills at grocery stores, drygoods stores, etc.” Mr. Starr is now the cashier of the Winnebago Na- tional Bank of Rockford, a half-million dollar insti- tution. His opinion in regard to the law is shared by the president of the bank, Mr. W. T. Robertson. Mr. J. D. Waterman, president of the Forest City National Bank of Rockford, and Mr. G. C. Spafford, president of the Third National Bank, also believe that Rockford is better off without saloons. “Manufacturers in general are pleased with the effects of the law,” says Mr. Spafford. And Mr. F. F. Wormwood, presi- dent of the People’s Trust Company, says this satis- faction extends to all employers of labor as well as the manufacturers. What Prohibition Did for Herrin A shining example for the prohibitionists is afforded by the little town of Herrin, where an investigation was conducted for the Society by Mr. Manly J. Mumford. Herrin Township, including the city of Herrin, closed its saloons May 7, 1914. The arrests for intoxication for the last seven months under saloons numbered ninety-two, but for the first seven months after saloons were banished, such arrests numbered only twelve, as is shown by the following table: Arrests for Intoxication With saloons Oct., 1913 24 Nov., 1913 28 Dec., 1913 13 Jan., 1914 7 Feb., 1914 . . . . : 8 Mar., 1914 8 Apr., 1914 4 Without saloons June, 1914 1 July, 1914 0 Aug., 1914 0 Sept., 1914 1 Oct., 1914 5 Nov., 1914 2 Dec., 1914 3 Total 92 Total 12 298 Cyclopedia of Temperance There was very nearly as wide a discrepancy in the matter of arrests for disturbing the peace, assault and batte^, etc. Some places were discovered which still sell liquor, but it was found that the number of such places was not greater than the number in addition to the saloons under license. It was Mr. Mumford’s opinion that the consumption of liquor in Herrin is not now more than one fifth as great as it was before the saloons were voted out. It should also be understood that the officers of the law in Herrin are not supposed to be overly friendly to the prohibition law, and the splendid showing outlined is not due to entirely favor- able conditions. Representative opinions secured from other Illinois towns are almost uniformly favorable. Some of these opinions in brief are; “The second time Mount Sterling voted on prohibi- tion it doubled the former majority for the drys, and the third time it doubled the second majority. There is only one empty store building in the city, and the owners refuse to rent that. Illicit sale of liquor is very small. A dry town is better for every business but the saloon business.” — Mr. F. D. Crane, bank presi- dent, Mount Sterling. “As a business proposition, the dry law has been a good thing. The volume of banking business is much larger.” — Mr. J. E. Allison, vice-president Brown County State Bank, Mount Sterling. “All lines of business are healthier and better.” — Mr. J. D. Donovan, Woodstock. Mr. E. E. Richards, president of the State Bank of Woodstock, and also the officials of the Farmers’ Ex- change Bank, declare that prohibition has not injured their business in the slightest. “The abolition of saloons has been beneficial in a great many respects here.” — Mr. Albert H. Sears, pro- prietor Sears Bank, Plano. “The dry law, in my judgment, is the only salvation for our poorer classes particularly.” — Mr. John M. Crebs, Carmi. “There is no doubt of the beneficial effects of the dry law on the general business of the community. We have, so far, no evidence of violation.” — Mr. S. A. Clark, cashier Farmers’ National Bank of Warren. Cyclopedia of Temperance 299 “The dry law has been of great benefit to all busi- ness other than the liquor business. There is more money for the merchants and that makes more for the bankers.” — Mr. O. W. Hoyt, president of the First National Bank, Geneseo. "Customers Are More Reliable” “Our customers have more money and are more re- liable than v\rhen they could get booze. The dry law has a good effect on business.” — Mr. E. A. Brown, banker, Ava. “The actual direct effect of no-license is positively beneficial to industrial classes and mercantile concerns. There has been a decided improvement in the credit system among merchants.” — Mr. H. B. Heald, cashier Canton National Bank, Canton. “The effect is good in every way.” — ^The First Na- tional Bank of Canton. “There is no doubt of the effect of the dry law as to the betterment of social and economic conditions.” — Mr. Edward McWilliams, president Bank of Dwight, Dwight. “There has been a gain in new accounts since the inauguration of prohibition here. We are successfully prosecuting every man who undertakes to sell liquor in any form.” — H. D. Wagner & Co., bankers, Hinck- ley. “Under prohibition there is a larger number who start savings accounts, and some men who formerly drank to excess are giving their business better attention.” — Mr. F. W. Anderson, president First National Bank, Taylorville. “Nothing lost, everything gained.” — P. S. Rindes- bacher & Co., bankers, Stockton. “We can see no difference in our business. We had to prosecute a beer wagon driver with the wet house he represented, but we got -him. We still have some sort of place where they get liquor under a club ar- rangement, but this will be looked after soon.” — Mr. C. H. White, president Farmers’ State Bank, Somonauk. “Since it went dry the town has been more pros- perous than at any other time in its history.” — Mr. E. C. Curtis, member Forty-seventh Assembly of Illinois, Grant Park. 300 Cyclopedia of Temperance "Old Soaks Bleaching Out” “The old soaks and drunks here are beginning to bleach out and are now spending their time at home with their wives. Conditions in our city are improv- ing.” — Mr. R. R. Meents, Ashkum Bank, Ashkum. “The dry law has helped our business as well as all industrial lines. The difference in favor of a dry law is very gratifying indeed.” — Mr. Joseph V. Capul, banker, Harrisburg. “Our deposits have held up under adverse banking conditions. We are satisfied.” — The Fairbury Bank, Fairbury. “We lost four accounts when the town went dry — those were the accounts of the four saloons, that is all. We are not mourning.” — Mr. T. S. Mosher, presi- dent the Sandwich Bank, Sandwich. “Under bad business conditions we have held our own well.” — Mr. Leon Euziere, grain and coal dealer, Manteno. "125 New Savings Accounts” “The deposits in our bank have steadily increased since the town went dry. In the First National Bank, of which I am president, we have had 125 new savings accounts opened, besides new checking accounts. The merchants report business as good as at any time, and collections better. Men who used to frequent saloons and were behind on the grocery bills are now paying up promptly. The moral condition of the town is a great deal better. We have a better class of people coming here to buy property. “The only adverse argument I have heard is that we have lost a little of the farmer business. There is an- other town about eight miles from here which has saloons, and some of the farmers living between the two towns who could go either way to transact their business, I believe go to the wet town. Of course, these are farmers who want their drink when the 5 ' go to town. This does not amount to a very large item in a business way, and is more than offset by the better conditions in the town itself.” — Mr. Benjamin H. ^fil- ler, attorney, Libertyville. A peculiar loss in business is reported by Mr. E. Meysenburg, cashier of the Grafton Bank. Grafton. Mr. Meysenburg says : “We formerly derived consid- Cyclopedia of Temperance 301 erable business from the sporting fraternity that cruised up and down the river. All of that is gone now.” “The loafers are gone; there is a difference in de- posits, and the town is better.” — Mr. George W. Buck, banker, Genoa. “Conditions are improved under the dry law.” — The Exchange Bank, Genoa. At Freeport, 111., Mr. A. Bidwell, president of the First National Bank, was of the opinion that the dry regime was but little different from the wet, because “the city administration is wet and the law is not strictly enforced.” But Mr. D. F. Graham, president of the Second National Bank, believes that when conditions are taken into consideration the prohibition law can yet be said to have benefited the city much. “Many of the places occupied by saloons formerly are now occupied by business of other character,” he says. “There are but few of them vacant. Out of the whole number, forty-eight, I do not think there are more than five empty at the present time and two of them are owned by former saloon men who will not rent. In the face of all , drawbacks I think the de- posits in the banks of the city are fully as large, if not larger, by quite a little, than they were a year ago at this time.” PROHIBITION PARTY— The national headquar- ters of the Prohibition Party at the present time are located at 106 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Mr. Virgil Hinshaw is chairman of the national committee. The Prohibition Party was organized by a convention meeting in Chicago on September 1, 1869, with five hundred delegates in attendance. Its first nominating convention was convened in Columbus, O., February 22, 1872. The presidential candidates with the vote polled by each are given in the table that follows : Tear Place Nominees Vote 1872 — Columbus James Black, Pennsylvania . . 5,607 John Russell, Michigan. , 1876 — Cleveland Green Clay Smith, Kentucky. . 9,737 Gideon T. Stewart, O. 1880 — Cleveland Neal Dow, Maine 10,366 H. A. Thompson, O. 1884 — Pittsburgh John P. St. John, Kansas .... 150,626 William Daniel, Maryland. 1888 — Indianapolis Clinton B. Risk, New Jersey. .249,945 J. A. Brooks, Missouri. 302 Cyclopedia of Temperance Year Place 1892 — Cincinnati 1896 — Pittsburgh 1900 — Chicago 1904 — Indianapolis 1908 — Columbus 1912 — Atlantic City Nominees Tote John Bidwell, California ....270,710 J. B. Cranfill, Texas. Joshua Levering, Maryland ..130,753 Hale Johnson, Illinois. John G. Woolley, Illinois . . . .209,469 H. B. Metcalf, Rhode Island. S. C. Swallow, Pennsylvania. .258,205 Geo. B. Carroll, Texas. Eugene W. Chafin, Illinois. . .263,231 Aaron S. Watkins, O. Eugene W. Chafin, Arizona . .208,923 Aaron S. Watkins, 0. The party suffered from a split in 1896, the dividing issues being free silver and woman suffrage. The principle upon which the Prohibition Party is founded is that this is a government of political parties, and that the executive, judicial, and legislative branches as well as the state and federal government cannot be united in opposition to the liquor traffic except by the victory of a political party pledged to the prohibition policy. The influence of the Prohibition Party upon the movement in America has been much larger than its vote. In 1884 it prevented the election of James G. Blaine to the presidency, and ever since it has been considered by other parties as a menace. Frequently, a slight increase in the vote for the Prohibition Party state candidates has resulted in substantial concessions by the old parties to prohibition sentiment. The Prohibition Party has the distinct honor of having been the first political party to advocate in its platform a great number of measures commonly called “progressive.” These measures include such proposi- tions as universal suffrage, civil service reform, direct election, reduction of letter postage, international arbi- tration, prohibition of polygamy, uniformity in marriage and divorce laws, a permanent tariff commission, income tax, federal prohibition of child labor, conservation of resources, etc. PSYCHOLOGY OF INTEMPERANCE— In the field of psychological investigation, emphasis is laid on the manner in which alcohol intoxicates and thus causes the many and varied results which we so long have observed. Its action on nerve tissue and brain cells has been studied with a view to showing how it affects mental states and physical action. The method Cyclopedia of Temperance 303 of arriving at these results has been the modern labora- tory method — actual investigation and classification of the phenomena concerned. The actual results of this work can best be summarized under the following heads : 1. The whole fallacy of the so-called “stimulating” power of alcohol has been exploded. (See STIMULA- TION.) 2. It has shown us that the alcohol habit is largely mental rather than physical. The old belief was that a man’s stomach cried out for alcohol. The new knowledge shows us that it is a man’s mind that points back to the lethal pleasures of the bowl and tells him that his nerves tingle for the intoxicating effects of alcohol. The effect of this drug is to give a person a temporary “surcease of sorrow” through the nar- cotization of the higher brain centers, which releases the cruder, more primitive impulses, and emotions and turns a man into a care-free animal. This is unques- tionably a pleasant sensation and is soon developed into a mental habit. From a practical standpoint this is a source of great hope. It is easier to make a man’s mind think than to control the appetites of his stomach. If the motive con- sists in the knowledge that alcohol “makes him feel good,” then the remedy consists in putting a motive for sobriety into his mind that will outweigh the motive toward intoxication. We have this ready to hand. It is absolutely certain that the benefit derived from intox- ication is very temporary and that there are evil re- sults that far outweigh the supposed benefits. Make a man know this and his personal problem is largely solved. The notion has long prevailed that to take liquor away from people intensifies their desire and determina- tion to get it. The natural supposition is that if the habit is a mental one, the knowledge that alcohol can no longer be obtained would be a help to sobriety rather than an inducement toward intemperance. The investigations of workers in the psychological field show this to be entirely true. For instance, Mr. G. E. Partridge, Ph.D., made many studies among men de- tained in hospitals and prisons for drunkenness. He found that almost invariably, even in the most con- firmed cases, the appetite wholly ceased as soon as the 304 Cyclopedia of Temperance subject realized absolutely that alcohol could no longer be obtained. Thus, the facts, instead of presenting an argument against prohibition, are urgent in their in- sistence upon the advisability of that principle. It further follows that the more complete we make pro- hibition the more thorough will be the suppression of the alcohol habit. 3. Another important result of this work is the light that it has thrown upon the relation of intem- perance to crime. For a long time we knew very little about “how” alcohol increases a man’s tendency toward criminaiit 3 ^ The common thought was that a drunken man commits crime “because he doesn’t know what he’s doing.” Psychological research has proven that to say a man commits crime “because he doesn’t care what he’s doing” is a much truer statement. The results of “a million years of evolution” are temporarily swept away by a drunken debauch. Brain centers and thought association circuits are broken up so that he becomes actually “de-civilized.” Those higher ideals of social and ethical conduct which make a man different from an animal are for the time being surrendered. Is it any wonder that a man in such condition is more apt to commit crime? 4. The knowledge that the alcohol habit is not handed down from father to son is another result of the psychological study of intemperance. True, a drinker’s children are apt to inherit weakened bodies and nervous systems which are highly susceptible to alcohol or other drugs; but that the actual craving for such is handed down to them is thoroughly disproven. (See STIMULATION IMPULSE.) 5. Perhaps the most important result of this line of study, from a practical standpoint, is the emphasis placed upon the knowledge that drinking customs are almost entirely social. This, in addition to the fact that the habit is mental rather than physical, is bound to be productive of large results in working out meth- ods of handling the situation after we achieve prohibi- tion — in helping the social temperance forces to provide “substitutes” (not competitors) for saloons. See “The Psychology of Intemperance,” by Partridge, and “The Psychology of Alcoholism,” by Cutten. Cyclopedia of Temperance 305 PUBLICITY — The agents commonly used by both parties to the prohibition fight in America are addresses in churches and city halls, street speaking, the circu- lation of literature, the securing of space in publica- tions, and the use of posters. In the use of at least two of these methods of reaching the people — the circulation of leaflets and the securing of space in publications — the Temperance So- ciety of the Methodist Church now occupies first place. While its speaking force is still somewhat limited, it has the services of the General Secretary himself. Dr. Clarence True Wilson, and the Extension Secretary, Rev. Harry G. McCain. Numerous speakers have been employed on occasion, and efforts have been made to reach special classes, such as the Negroes. Posters are furnished to Methodist pastors and others at cost. The peculiar situation of the society as a church benevo- lence has given it access to the columns of hundreds of newspapers which accept its bulletins as reliable and important. Newspapers Do Not Always Know The importance of this work is tremendous not only because it affords an opportunity of getting accurate prohibition news and information before the people, but because of its educational influence upon editorial opinion. Perhaps the editors of the country constitute one of the most intelligent classes, yet the best of them sometimes show a woeful lack of information on the prohibition issue. A great Pennsylvania daily several years ago assailed the prohibitionists for asserting that the per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States was,' at that time, twenty-one gallons. “The statement is absurd. It is not one tenth of that.” The statement seemed absurd to that writer, but, as a matter of fact, it was based upon United States returns and was unassailable. On November S, 1914, the Tren- ton (N. J.) Times, in an editorial upon the death of some men in Bristol, Vt., said: ‘Wermont is a dry state, but some of the residents have a thirst, etc.” The Trenton Times is a splendid paper, well edited, and yet this editorial writer did not know that Vermont was at that time a license, not a prohibition, state. This instance is an illustration of how frequently newspapers which depend solely upon the general news agencies for 306 Cyclopedia of Temperance information in regard to the temperance and prohibi- tion question fall down. The Chicago Tribune, one of the greatest newspapers in the world, immediately after the election of November 3, 1914, said that “thirteen states now have prohibition.” The number was at that time fourteen, not thirteen. It further said, “That part of Oklahoma that was Indian Territory is under prohi- bition.” In reality, all of Oklahoma is under constitu- tional prohibition. Because of the fact that the large news agencies only handle temperance news of unusual importance and therefore even the best newspapers seldom have available any temperance or prohibition news except that which arises locally or is of suffi- cient importance to be handled by the news agencies, the Temperance Society of the Methodist Church is supplying a weekly review of news and argument cov- ering the entire field. This bulletin has been wonder- fully well received by the press. The Importance of Opinion The value of issuing bulletins that can command re- •spect not only to secure space for matter, but to influ- ence editorial opinion, is recognized by the liquor inter- ests and other interests as well. During the Colorado coal troubles the operators issued a bulletin that went not only to newspapers, but to prominent men in all parts of the country. They had no hope of securing space for what they said, but they desired to shape influential opinion. The liquor interests do not secure one tenth the free space secured by the Temperance Society, but they pay large salaries, station leading newspaper men in big cities, buy advertising space, and, the whisky people especially, issue a vast quantity of bureau matter. The brewers are also taking up this work. “During the past year,” said Edward A. Schmidt, president of the Brewers’ Association, in his address to that convention in New Orleans, “a department of publicity has been organized in a modest way, the wis- dom of which has already shown itself. I am firmly convinced that the work of this department will have to expand and grow to very large proportions during the ensuing year, as it is clearly indicated that only through educational and publicity channels can we look for permanent success in winning the good will of the people of this country.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 307 Mida’s Criterion, the standard liquor magazine, under date of December 16, 1914, summed up the whole neces- sity from the standpoint of both parties to the war when it said: “The education of the public by means of literature ready for distribution broadcast, as well as a steady fire kept up in the press, even if space has to be paid for, must be a part of our work.” There is particular need at this time to reach Ameri- cans speaking foreign languages with literature and speakers of their own tongues. In this connection see Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; Street Speaking; Leaflets, Posters, etc. PUBLIC SENTIMENT— The relation of prohibi- tion to public sentiment is twofold. It must register the conviction of a sufficient proportion of the peo- ple to make it effective, and it must contribute toward the education of the remainder of the population. Its importance as an educational factor must not be mini- mized. Few people could be found in the United States to-day who would deny the good fortune of the establishment of American independence, but if Wash- ington had been defeated, it is probable that the entire population would say, “Washington was a good man and meant well, but see what a great nation we have now and what a calamity it would have been if the Revolution had succeeded and the political power of the Anglo-Saxon race had been divided !” Existing conditions exert a powerful influence upon existing beliefs, and, therefore, it is highly important that the conditions should be in accord with right prin- ciples. RACE SUICIDE— The use of alcohol does not de- crease the birth rate, but it does increase infant and adult mortality. According to T. Alexander Mac- Nicholl, the eminent surgeon of New York, the birth rate in the United States has fallen off thirty-three per cent within the past few years. The necessity, therefore, of conserving life and conserving the racial good qualities is apparent. (See Child Welfare; Hered- ity; etc.) ■308 Cyclopedia of Temperance RAILROADS — Practically every railroad in the United States operates under this rule: “The use of intoxicants by employees while on duty is prohibited. Their use or the frequenting of places where they are sold is sufficient cause for dismissal.” This rule has very generally been extended now to prohibit the use of intoxicants on or off duty, and ob- servation by the Pennsylvania Railroad and others shows that the rule is rarely violated. Railroads are also beginning to manifest their hostility by discontin- uing the sale of liquor in their stations and on dining cars. Applications for positions very frequently must bear a pledge against the use of liquors, and almost all agreements, general regulations, etc., embody a prohi- bition clause. RECHABITES — The Rechabites of Bible times were descended from Jonadab, the son of Rechab. As a clan and religious order they wholly abstained from wine. They were finally admitted into the tribe of Levi. The Independent Order of Rechabites is a modem fra- ternity, especially strong in England. The English branch was founded in August, 1835, and the order was established in America August 2, 1842. The Rechabites of England constitute the oldest of the modern secret temperance societies. RECTIFICATION — Rectification consists of re- peating the process of distillation for the purpose of concentrating alcoholic spirits. The number of recti- fiers paying the federal tax in the year ending June 30. 1914, was 2,369. REPUBLICAN PARTY— This party has been more inclined to favor temperance and prohibition meas- ures in the North than the Democratic Party. In the South the contrary is true, although there is hardly enough of the Republican Party in the South to bear the opprobrium. (For the vote of the Republican con- gressmen on the national prohibition bill see Hobson- Sheppard Bill.) REVENUE — The total net federal revenue from the manufacture and sale of distilled spirits for the year ending June 30, 1914, was $159,068,025.36. The net rev- Cyclopedia of Temperance 309 enue from the manufacture and sale of fermented liq- uors was $67,073,331.38, making a total of $226,141,356.74. This revenue was derived from the following taxes levied during the fiscal year of 1914: Brewers of less than 500 barrels $ 50.00 Brewers of 500 barrels or more 100.00 Rectifiers of less than 500 barrels 100.00 Rectifiers of 500 barrels or more 200.00 Dealers, retail liquor 25.00 Dealers, wholesale liquor 100.00 Dealers in malt liquors, wholesale 50.00 Dealers in malt liquors only, retail 20.00 Manufacturers of stills 50.00 And for each still manufactured 20.00 And for each worm manufactured 20.00 Distilled spirits, per gallon 1.10 Wines, imitation, pint bottle .10 Wines, imitation, quart bottle .20 Fermented liquor (beer), per barrel of 31 gal 1.00 The revenue from spirit and allied taxes was $14,- 478,477.94 smaller for the fiscal year 1915 than for the fiscal year 1914. There was an increase in the revenue taxes on beer of $12,247,434.27, due to the addition of fifty cents per barrel to the tax in 1915. But for this increase in the tax, the revenue from this source would show a decrease of $6,358,743.56. In a bulletin issued by the Census Bureau on Wealth, Debt, and Taxation, the statistics for the year 1913 show that the liquor revenue received by state, county, and municipal governments amounted to only $79,516,- 989, or a per capita of eighty-two cents. This includes all incorporated places of 2,500 people and oVer. This liquor revenue constituted only 4.3 per cent of the total state, county, and municipal revenues, $1,845,901,128. To put it simply, the states, counties, and cities got a total revenue of $19 per capita and a liquor revenue of only eighty-two cents. If prohibition wiped out the liquor revenue entirely and there were no compensating features to decrease the total of revenue needed, the general property tax alone, if increased 7.3 per cent, would take care of the loss. Inasmuch as the per capita drink bill of the Ameri- can people is in excess of $23, it is apparent that we spend about $1.00 for every three and one-half cents returned to the states, counties, and cities by the liquor traffic. 310 Cyclopedia of Temperance A consideration of the federal figures will also tend to allay the alarm of anyone who is agitated by the problem, “What can we do when the government loses the liquor revenue?” The volume on Wealth, Debt, and Taxation referred to above showed the wealth of the American people in 1912 to be $175,425,551,588, with wealth exempted from taxation to the amount of $12,- 000,000, and more, A tax rate of one and one-half mills, or an average tax payment of $1,50 upon every thousand dollars of taxable property of the American people, would replace the liquor revenue in the federal treasury. The amount could be easily secured by the imposition of inheritance and increased income rates. Through a long period of America’s histoiyq with infinitely less of resources to draw upon, our federal affairs were administered without a cent of revenue from the liquor traffic. Two additional facts should be borne in mind in the consideration of this question : There is no proof what- ever that prohibition would result in permanently in- creased taxation. There is not on record a case where the loss of revenue from state or local prohibition has resulted in an increase in the tax rate. (See Taxes.) In the second place, the consumer pays the tax. We may quote the National Liquor Dealers’ Journal to this effect. It says : “The consumers pay all of it without complaints. The consumers pay the more than $300,000,000 of taxes, the consumers pay the profits made by the manufacturers, the jobbers and retailers. You say the taxes are only $300,000,000 and the poor consumers have to paj' to these retailers, to the saloon men about seven times as much. (They don’t have to if they don’t want to; no- body is compelled to pay one cent for liquors.)” This statement is true except in its assertion that “nobody is compelled to spend one cent for liquors.” A very large part of the liquor bought is bought under the compulsion of an abnormal appetite, against which its victim is as powerless as the patient is powerless against disease germs — an appetite which the traffic creates, fosters, and tempts and depends upon as its most valuable asset. Cyclopedia of Temperance 311 RHODE ISLAND — Seven dry and thirty-one wet towns. During the past two years one dry town has been added and one lost. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH— See Catholic Temperance Societies. ROOSEVELT. THEODORE— Ur. Roosevelt has never claimed to be a total abstainer nor a prohibi- tionist, but when the state-wide prohibition campaign was on in Ohio in the fall of 1914 he declared, “If I were a voter in this state I would vote for prohibition.” Mr. Roosevelt declared further, “It is now a ques- tion of whether the liquor interests are to dominate your parties, dominate your public life, and dominate your government.” In Kansas City, just previous to his Ohio declaration, he said: “It is strange that we always find whisky and crooked politics hand in hand.” During the state-wide prohibition campaign in 1914 in the West the liquor people attempted to use Mr. Roosevelt’s name in opposing prohibition. Mr. Roose- velt took notice of this in a letter to Mr. W. E. Johnson, dated October 2, 1914, in which he said: “I am informed that my name is being used by cer- tain saloon leagues and other organizations against the cause of temperance, and that statements purporting to come from me are quoted to give the impression that I have declared against state-wide prohibition in various states where the issue is up this fall. “I have made no statements of any kind or sort to warrant such use of my name. Where I have spoken at all on the subject it has been with reference to the special needs of the state in which I have spoken, and the utterances which I have made are public and ac- cessible to everyone.” In a letter to Mr. Charles Stelzle, Mr. Roosevelt said : “There is nothing more absurd than the belief that the closing of the saloon will cause working men to lose their jobs. There are few things more important to our social advancement than the loosening of the grip of the liquor interests upon the labor movement. The saloon represents economic loss.” ROUMANIA — See Balkan Countries. ROYAL TEMPLARS OF TEMPERANCE— The purpose of the Royal Templars of Temperance was to 312 Cyclopedia of Temperance form a league of members who belonged to the Good Templars, Sons of Templars, and Templars of Honor. It was organized in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1869, to do a purely educational work along total abstinence lines. It was never intended to be more than a local organ- ization, no attempt being made to organize it in other places. In 1877 it was reorganized as a beneficiary so- ciety, and contains two classes of members — beneficiary and honorary. RUM — This drink is distilled from the juice of the sugar cane, from molasses, or other sugar cane prod- ucts. The name is derived from “rumbullion,” pro- vincial English for “a great tumult.” (See Brewers; Capital; Cost of the Liquor Traffic, etc.) RUSH, BENJAMIN, M.Z).— 1745-1813, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, is gen- erally recognized as the father of the antiliquor move- ment in the United States. Dr. Rush was one of the most prominent physicians of his time and a professor in the Philadelphia Medical College which was consoli- dated with the University of Pennsylvania in 1791. He was also prominent in social and political circles. In 1799 he was chosen Treasurer of the United States mint, which position- he held to his death in 1813. Dr. Rush’s essay on “The Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind.” published in 1785, marks the beginning of the public discussion of the problem of intemperance, at least in English-speaking countries. It was read widely, having run through many editions besides appearing in several prominent news- papers and magazines. This article uncompromisingly condemned all beverage use of distilled liquors but. in accordance with the popular belief of the time, allowed the use of malt liquors. Dr. Rush even supposing them to contain valuable food qualities. It is especially in- teresting to notice that Dr. Rush recommended sub- stitutes for the help of the man suddenly breaking off the liquor habit. Among these the one most promi- nently mentioned is opium. Other opiates were also fully recommended. This shows most strikingly the ignorance of the time on this whole question. Dr. Rush did not create an organized following. Cyclopedia of Temperance 313 RUSSIA — The startling action of Russia in abso- lutely prohibiting the sale of alcoholic liquors during the war and in permanently abandoning the govern- ment sale of vodka is all the more amazing because of the suddenness of the reform. A few years ago there was in Petersburg and Mos- cow, Russia, an association called “The Brethren of Abstinence.” At Moscow the leaders of -the union were arrested and detained in jail eighteen months without trial. Finally two were condemned to eight months of hard labor. Many girl members of the order were arrested, submitted to an odious examina- tion, and set free after several months of arbitrary de- tention because the physicians who examined them de- clared them innocent of immorality. So it was. Now Russia is a prohibition country. So it is. The Russian prohibition extends not only to the fiery vodka, but to light wines and beers. It was held by the military authorities that the wealthier classes should not be allowed to drink champagne while the peasants were deprived of their stronger liquors. The falsity of the claim that light liquors drive out the stronger beverages had been fully demonstrated. While the consumption of beer increased in Russia nearly fifty per cent between 1901 and 1913, the consumption of spirits also increased by fourteen per cent. By its action the Russian Government wiped out an annual revenue of $403,019,945 at the moment when money was sorely needed for the prosecution of the war. “The prosperity of the national treasury must not be made dependent upon the moral and material ruin of my people,” said Czar Nicholas II. Prohibition Paid in Russia But if the Russian Government thought that it was making a great sacrifice with a probability of benefit only to the peasants themselves, there is now reason for a different opinion. Not only did the antidrink rule enable the Russian army to complete mobilization which, for its rapidity and thoroughness, astonished the world, but it has been responsible for a large part of the unexpected efficiency in the operation of the Russian war machine and of efficiency in the labor of the industrial classes remaining at home. 314 Cyclopedia of Temperance This wonderful increase in efficiency in labor was noted by Lloyd-George, chancellor of England, in an address before the British Parliament. He said : “Rus- sia has, since the war began, enormously increased her resources by suppressing the sale of alcoholic liquors. By that means alone she has increased the productiv- ity of her labor by something between thirty and fifty per cent.” There is no doubt that prohibition in Russia worked and works. The Russian correspondent of the London Times, Mr. Stephen Graham, writing from Moscow soon after the outbreak of war, declared that “all vodka shops have been closed for a month, and Russia, at a word from the Czar has taken on the appearance of sobriety. It has been impossible to obtain alcoholic liquors of any kind, and as a consequence drunkenness has disappeared from the streets, and with it a great army of beggars who only beg that they may gather twenty kopeks for a bottle. The absence of vodka has made a great blank in the peasants’ lives, but that blank has been filled up by the war and the interest of the war. Ordinarily the peasants feel they have nothing to do but drink, but now it is otherwise.” In a previous issue of the Times is given the following message from the St. Petersburg correspondent: “The appear- ance of the streets of St. Petersburg on Sunday was remarkable for the entire absence of inebriates. Rus- sia has been dead sober now for four weeks. It is impossible to obtain beer or wine except at first-class restaurants.” Statistics also testify to the efficiency of Russian pro- hibition. In September, 1913, the receipts from the sale of liquors amounted to $38,298,215. In September, 1914, they amounted to $852,000. (See War.) SALOONS — See Liquor Dealers. SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR TEMPERANCE— See Alcohol, Effects of. SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE FEDERATION — This organization has headquarters in Boston, Mass., and is engaged in the compilation of temperance facts and figures from scientific sources. SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE INSTRUCTION — See Educational Laws. Cyclopedia of Temperance 315 SCOTLAND— See “Great Britain.” SHERRY — A strong, amber-colored wine. It de- rives its name from Xeres, Spain. SIZE OF THE PROBLEM— The L9ndon Times remarked a great many years ago that if the liquor trade is doing harm its magnitude is the greatest argu- ment against it. It is important not to underestimate or overestimate the economic magnitude of the question. Even if there were no compensating features, the entire liquor traffic could be wiped out without any possibility of disaster. But as is shown under the head, “Cost of the Liquor Traffic,” it is of sufficient size to outweigh greatly any other public question now before the American people. SOCIAL PURITY— See Vice. SOFT DRINKS — Undoubtedly, prohibition increases the use of harmless soft drinks. In prohibition com- munities frequently the drug stores and confectionery shops take on many appearances of social centers. Be- cause of their usual cleanliness, the constant presence of respectable women, etc., they offer much of the legitimate appeal now offered in part by the saloon. Within five blocks on Kansas Avenue, the principal street of Topeka, Kan., are fifteen places which sell buttermilk, and some of these stores average from sixty to ninety gallons a day during the hot season. A specu- lative “soda-jerker” hazarded the opinion that Kansas Avenue dispenses a thousand gallons of buttermilk daily to citizens of this little town during the hot season. Police court records fail to reveal any fights due to buttermilk. A recent survey of the city made no charge that buttermilk causes a large percentage of the pov- erty in the city, or that it has sent any to the insane asylums, and it is said that not a doctor in Topeka has found a single case of cirrhosis of the liver due to the buttermilk habit. A Similar Tale from Virginia When Virginia voted on state-wide prohibition the saloons were closed for several days, and the soft drink places were overwhelmed with thirsty crowds. 316 Cyclopedia of Temperance “Believe me, I am going to quit this job right flat on its syrup when Virginia goes dry,” said one jaded dis- penser of soft drinks on a day when saloons were closed. “Why? Because I am not equal to standing the strain like we have been through since the bars closed Saturday night. Why, I have served more of this soft stuff the past three days than I did the whole of the hottest week we have had this summer. Men who have not been regular customers have been frequent visitors since Monday morning. Buttermilk has al- most poured over the counter. You would laugh to see how the old left foot begins to paw for the rail the minute they line up at the counter. When it fails to find its usual resting place there comes stealing a most surprised look over their faces — the customers’ not the feet’s faces — and it is all they can do to keep from setting ’em up by the round system. “No 'soda fountain job for mine if this state goes dry. There’s too much work about it,” and he took the orders of two men whoses noses did not look as if soda water had been their regular drink. SONS OF JONADAB—On September 13, 1867, seven gentlemen met in the city of Washington. D. C.. and organized the order of the “Sons of Jonadab.” Only two of them remained firm and true to their vows, therefore the order has perpetuated the names of James Croggon and Samuel G. Mills with honor In the organization of the sovereign council of the Sons of Jonadab two fundamental and unchangeable principles were laid down: (1) Membership shall be confined to white male individuals over sixteen years of age ; (2) persons becoming members of the order must subscribe to a pledge and oath to abstain from the use, manufacture, and sale of all intoxicating drinks for life. It is a secret order and has a beneficial so- ciety known as the Jonadab Beneficial Societj'. Its work is strictly fraternal and educational. Its present headquarters are located in Washington,^ D. C. SONS OF TEMPERANCE— \yhfn the order of Sons of Temperance was formed in the city of New York on the twenty-ninth of September, 1842, its ob- jects were declared to be threefold: (1) To shield its members from the evils of intemperance; (2) to fur- Cyclopedia of Temperance 317 nish mutual assistance in case of sickness; (3) to ele- vate them as men. A total abstinence pledge was adopted at that time which has never since been changed. Prior to 1866 membership in the order was confined to men, but that year at the twenty-second session, held at Montreal, the door was opened wide to women and the words, “as a man,” were eliminated from the pledge. The order has ever taken great interest in enrolling boys and girls in the total abstinence armv, and numer- ous plans for effective work in this direction have from time to time been put into effect. In 1890 at Ocean Grove, N. J., the national division called into exis- tence “The Toyal Crusader” for boys and girls up to thirteen years of age. Various other juvenile branches of the work have been formed under such names as Bands of Hope, etc. In 1910 an effort was made to consolidate all the different juvenile divisions of the order into one so- ciety to be known as “Crusaders of Temperance,” and a system of rules and regulations governing the new organization was adopted. The pledge is fourfold in terms and provides (1) that no member shall make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage any intoxicating liquors; (2) to abstain from the use of profane or vulgar lan- guage; (3) to abstain from the use of cigarettes; (4) to abstain from tobacco in every form. The total membership in North America of all classes at the last report was over twenty thousand. It is a nonpartisan, total abstinence society for all and its work is confined to an educational propaganda. SOUTH AMERICA — There is a small but active temperance movement in various countries of South America, especially in the Argentine. In British Guiana the sale of liquor to the Indians is prohibited, and in Chile some steps have been taken by the government to curb the consumption of liquors. In Colombia the United States Brewing Company has a large brewery at Colombia, but in the Canal Zone the policy is hostile to the sale and consumption of liquors. In various parts of South America the United States liquor inter- ests are pushing their traffic. This is especially true in Ecuador. 318 Cyclopedia of Temperance SOUTH CAROLINA— On September 14, 1915, South Carolina voted for state-wide prohibition by 41,- 735 to 16,809. The law becomes effective December 31, 1915. SOUTH DAKOTA — Twenty counties dry, twelve have only one saloon town, and thirty-three have more than one saloon town. Of the 2,235 incorporated towns where the sale of liquor might be legalized, only ninety places do legalize it. In the no-license elections last spring forty-three wet towns voted dry, and eight towns voted wet. A constitutional amendment for state-wide prohibition has been submitted to a vote and will be decided November 7, 1916. SPECIAL TAXPAYERS— Set Revenue; also Liq- uor Dealers. SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS — A term usually applied to liquors produced by distillation. See Alcoholic Bev- erages ; also Distillation. STATE PROHIBITION—Stt Kansas; North Carolina; West Virginia. STATES RIGHTS — See National Prohibition. STATUTORY PROHIBITION— Proh\h\\.\on by act of Legislature. STIMULANTS — See Stimulation Impulse; Psychol- ogy of Intemperance; etc. STIMULATION — When a person takes alcohol he feels stronger. Certain physical processes are tem- porarily quickened. This has. until quite recently, been interpreted to mean that alcohol is a stimulant. It was thought to have a real food value. But in view of the many recent careful experiments this view is no longer tenable. Alcohol is an irritant, narcotic poison. (There are bills pending before state Legislatures at the present time to require such a label to be put on every bottle containing alcoholic liquors.) It narcotizes nerve cen- ters which control mental and physical activities. Thus the process may be summarized ; alcohol is taken into Cyclopedia of Temperance 319 the stomach. It is carried to the brain and at once has a stupefying effect upon nerve centers. These nerve centers are the dispatchers that control the move- ments of the muscles. When they are stupefied they are, of course, forced to release their control over muscular activity'. This allows muscular force to run wild. Thus, the first apparent effect is one of stimula- tion, but, as a matter of fact, no real power has been gained. It is as if the governor on a steam engine should become disabled. The first probable effect would be a speeding up. But anyone who knows a b c about a steam engine realizes that the engine’s power would not be increased. The only way to do that would be to put more wood in the furnace. So it is ; alcohol does not put wood into the human furnace — it only smashes the governor. STIMULATION IMPULSE— This is often spoken of as the “intoxication impulse,” but the term should be avoided on account of the false impression it creates. Many people have come to understand the term, “in- toxication impulse,” as meaning that there is in human nature an inherent desire for intoxicants. Nothing is farther from the truth. A close examination will show that very few psychologists use the term in that sense, although a few do seem to do so. At least three rea- sons may be given as proving conclusively that there is no such thing as an “inherent intoxication impulse” : 1. Alcohol is an artificial product not found nor- mally in nature. It is true that processes of decay some- times give rise to alcohol without man’s aid, but rarely indeed. Few, if any, would deny that in all probability it was long ages after man appeared on the earth that he discovered the process of making alcohol. It does not seem reasonable to suppose that he came with an “inherent” inclination to use something which did not, for him, exist. Furthermore, in the times when he knew little or nothing of controlling the forces of nature, man was shaped to his environment rather than shaping his environment to himself. 2. Another proof of this contention is that every drinker is forced to learn to like alcohol, and often against a terrific resistance of this very nature which is said to have an inherent drift toward the process of intoxication. Jack London in “John Barleycorn” tells 320 Cyclopedia of Temperance what stubborn persistence was required in his case to acquire the taste for alcohol. A careful study of the experiences of drinking people will convince anyone that Jack London’s is not an exaggerated case. Human nature rebels against this poison. Surely there is little comfort here for those who prate about the human body’s need of alcohol. 3. A third fact and one that strongly substantiates the proof just given is that the liquor appetite is not inherited. If it were natural or inherent, it would be. It is only “acquired characteristics’’ that are not passed down from generation to generation. The root of this whole matter lies just here; human nature demands recreation ; we want something, at times, to cause us to forget the cares and duties of life. Our very nature cries out for relaxation. In other words, there is a “stimulation impulse.” Some- how primitive man discovered alcohol and found that it has a seeming power to fill this need; he knew noth- ing whatever about it except that it made him “feel good.” He used it and it has been used ever since. Its use has been handed down by social custom and deepened by commercialized greed. Thus we have the liquor problem of to-day. But be not deceived ; when the liquor traffic is destroyed man will be deprived of nothing that his nature demands. STREET MEETINGS — Almost the most effective campaigning that has been done in the temperance re- form has been done at out-of-door meetings. The history of street preaching and campaigning is one full of incidents and thrilling adventure. One of the most famous stories is that of the seven years’ street preach- ing, by William Taylor in the parks and streets of San Francisco. He would open his meetings by sing- ing, “Hear the Royal Proclamation,” and soon collect a throng of hearers. Then with all kinds of men. gamblers, sports, cutthroats, around him, men fresh from the mining camps and the ships, and men at their work, he would begin to preach the gospel of Christ. California Methodism owes its start to this effective work by William Taylor, whose work for temperance and the gospel in California, Australia, India, and South Africa has made a complete history on four continents. Then came the days of the abandonment of this work. Cyclopedia of Temperance 321 but the camp meetings continued it and then the Chau- tauqua. Reviving the Practice The credit of reinaugurating the custom and reviv- ing the popularity of street meetings for the promotion of the temperance cause belongs to Dr. Clarence True Wilson, who, when five years ago elected the General Secretary of the Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, found that there was so much preju- dice against an additional benevolence that it was diffi- cult to get into the churches of Chicago anywhere. He then went on the streets and held great temperance meetings in practically all the big cities of the con- tinent. Three hundred thousand men signed the pledge. In connection with his visiting the annual conferences, he would go out on the streets in the early part of the evening, hold a great street meeting, and then march the street congregation into the' church, in many cases filling the church to overflowing for the evening mass meeting. Nine tenths of all these meetings have been as orderly and quiet as they would have been in the church. But he had some of the other kind of experiences, too. Once on Labor Day in a mining camp town of Colo- rado the liquor men sent a group of drunken men out to break up his meeting. Dr. Wilson went on with his speech until he had been interrupted a third time, and then pointing to the open mouth of the loudest talker, said : “Don’t you know you violate the law of this state every time you open your mouth?” “No,” said the man. “Yes, you open that rum hole without a license.” Then some of the man’s friends hissed. He remarked: “I see another old red nose has got into cold water. You can hear it sizz.” There were no more interrup- tions that day. On another occasion he was speaking in a town in Idaho. A great throng had gathered for Sunday after- noon to hear the address. His box had been put on the sidewalk. One of the wettest police officers in that notoriously wet “no-license” town appeared. Dr. Wil- son proceeded with his speech for about five minutes and had the attention of everybody, when this big policeman came up and said : “You’re violating the ordinance of this city in blocking this sidewalk. That 322 Cyclopedia of Temperance box has got to get off of the sidewalk.” Dr. Wilson politely stepped down, picked the box up, moved it with- out a word into the street, and mounting it again, said: “I wish to commend this officer of the law for his fidelity in enforcing the ordinance of the city. You people are to be congratulated upon having such a faith- ful officer and I daresay that a man who would break up a temperance meeting attended by a thousand people sooner than deviate from his oath of office one iota by permitting the ordinance to be violated to the extent of the delivery of a speech on a sidewalk would never allow a blind pig to be established here to ruin your boys.” This officer, known as a perjured scoundrel who was then doing his utmost to make the local option law of none effect, sneaked away amid the applause and laughter of the people. Dr. Wilson went on with his meeting undisturbed. And This One Also Shut Up On another occasion a wet attorney stepped up and said: “You know that if local option prevailed, there would be more liquor sold here than ever.” Dr. Wil- son replied : “Friend, don’t you think the saloon keepers of this town are selling all the liquor they can now?” “Why, yes, I suppose they are,” was the answer. “Xow, ladies and gentlemen,” replied the speaker, “I want to show you how this liquor attorney reasons. I want to give you a sample of his logic. He has declared here that the liquor dealers of this town are selling all the liquor they can now, but he says that if you enact prohibition they will sell more than they can.” The lawyer retreated amid the hooting laughter of the crowd. During the campaigns conducted for prohibition on the Pacific Coast, the Temperance Society of the Meth- odist Church purchased an automobile, which became famous as the “Oregon Water Wagon.” It was manned by Clarence True Wilson, Harry G. McCain, and Mr. M. C. Reed, a Portland business man, and was driven by Dr. Wilson’s little girl, Virginia, fifteen years of age, for about five thousand miles. More than four hundred and sixty addresses were delivered from this platform on wheels and the auto will be known in future histories of the temperance reform as the agency that did more than any other one thing to carry Oregon Cyclopedia of Temperance 323 dry. It became famous as the “Oregon Water Wagon” and all the towns of the state were on the lookout for it to appear in their community with its three speakers and its load of free literature. After two or three ad- dresses, volunteers would be secured to divide the whole town up immediately and go down the streets, leaving literature in every house. This means of campaigning must come into vogue. It secures the greatest number of hearers under the freest and most auspicious circumstances at the least possible cost and utilizes the speakers’ time by giving them five times as many meetings as they could schedule in the old way of conducting their services in the churches and halls. It saves all hall rent and advertis- ing bills. Above all, it prevents the folly of expecting to win prohibition victories by making sentiment among the good men and women at the church services, where all are already committed to the no-license policy. There are few preachers who could not more than double their efficiency and multiply the number of the people reached by their ministry if they would spend Wo nights a week on the crowded streets addressing, man-fashion, the throngs of men who are always will- ing to listen to sensible talk from manly men and who have been too long given over to the irresponsibles who talk anarchy and teach disrespect for every institution in that five-ply fabric of American civilization — the home, the church, the school, the press, and the voting booth. In a recent campaign the Temperance Society had as many as forty-two men at one time engaged in the campaigns on the streets of the five Western states that voted on prohibition. Not an unpleasant in- cident was recorded. Dr. Wilson, the General Secre- tary, had a few rules that he insisted upon: Don’t go with a group of singers. This will involve taking women on the street and street work is not women’s work. Don’t ring hells, blow horns, or beat drums; the hu- man voice in earnest conversation will draw better than all other attractions. Don’t he noisy on the street. Talk so low that the people will have to come to you to hear and so kindly that they zvill want to come. When you have a great throng on the street, give them your best message then and there. Don’t try to 324 Cyclopedia of Temperance lead them away to a church to hear the best, for you lose the very men who need your message most. Never denounce the saloon or the saloon keeper on the street. The men who are listening to you know ten times as much about both as you do and will resent your exaggeration of the evils of either. E. H. Anderson, Treasurer. • STRONG DRINKS — A term often applied to dis- tilled liquors. SUBSTITUTES FOR THE S/lLOOiV— Substitu- tion as a factor in eliminating the saloon involves some recognition of the fact that the saloon has good as well as bad features. There has not been in America any attempt to offer substitutes for the saloon in any gen- eral or aggressive way. Mr. Frank Charles Laubach, in the Survey, has dis- cussed the question : “What the Church May Learn from the Saloon.” This article, while confining itself to one side of the question, is of vast significance to the student, and we republish it herewith : What the Saloon Teaches Unquestionably the saloon has succeeded. In New York City alone over $1,000,000 a day is spent for drink. That is enough money to buy for twenty mil- lion people a five-cent beer, with a free lunch thrown in. It would purchase twenty-five cents’ worth of liquor for every man and woman in the city. Between one and two million men spend a part of every day in saloons Thirteen thousand bars are supported by this vast army. Is thirst alone what all these men are seeking to satisfy? If it were, there would not be a saloon in the city. Every grocery would sell liquor. Men would order their drinks by telephone. The saloon exists because liquor is not all men want Three fourths of the saloon’s patrons are impelled by one of the finest cravings of the soul, the craving for human fellowship. This demand cannot and ought not to be repressed. It is the most wholesotne thing in the world. The saloon, or something which will afford a comradeship as free and democratic, is becoming more indispensable every day. Cyclopedia oi Temperance 325 Quite the opposite is true of drinking. The craving for alcoholic stimulant is a disease. It betrays an un- sound condition, a dull brain to be lashed, a weary body to be stupefied, a coward’s heart to be made brazen, a conscience to be drugged, trouble to be drowned. Education is rapidly showing the younger generation the folly of its use. As our schools become more prac- tical and efficient the use of liquor will diminish. Seeing this curious combination of virtue and vice, there have been many people .within the last few years who have believed it possible to remove the vice of selling strong drinks and leave the saloon. Is the saloon really proving of service to the com- munity? If it is, who are the people whom it serves? What functions would the saloon still perform if it were liquorless and viceless? These are the questions which we must answer if we are to consider such a suggestion. We will try to give them a partial answer. On the streets of every large city a^re innumerable gangs of boys and young men. There is one aspiration which they hold in common. It is that they may have club rooms of their own. Like other people they want the best they can get for the least money. Now the saloon keeper offers club rooms for less than anyone else in the community, and frequently the rooms are free. As a matter of course, the boys expect and are expected to patronize the man who has afforded them a meeting place. The rival bidders for the patronage of boys and men's clubs are church houses and social settlements. Yet they are at such a disadvantage that they are to be commended for doing as well as they do. They are at a disadvantage, in the first place, from the inadequacy of their numbers. A study of the charities directory reveals that there are not over six hundred social organizations in New York seriously going after these clubs, most of them as a side issue. What outcome can be expected in a contest in which the numbers are six hundred on one side and 13,000 on the other? It is enlightening to compare a saloon and a “sub- stitute.” The majority of church houses have steps leading up to the door — the saloon avoids even a door- step. The “substitute” is seldom conspicuous, and often has a little sign so modestly unobtrusive that one may 326 Cyclopedia of Temperance pass it twice, and then ask a policeman where it is. If he knows, you are fortunate. The saloon dazzles with lights and glitters with advertisements of liquor. The policeman knows where it is. The door of the “substitute” is locked, and you wait in the cold until someone with three other jobs lets you in, looks you over to determine whether you have come to beg or donate, and asks your business. The saloon has a push-door; touch it, you are inside, and nobody asks your business. Ring the bell at the door of most churches on Monday morning and you will wait until Wednesday night for an answer. The saloon is open every hour the law will allow, to say the least. A rich man may take his car to his private club or entertain at home. The poor man has hardly room in his flat for his family, and he cannot afford to be a member of any private club. He goes to the public club — the saloon. Here he finds other men who under- stand him because they are in the same position, just as glad as he to get away from an overcrowded home and a nerve-wrecked wife, and just as glad to forget their troubles over a social glass. In a church he would feel out of place with his threadbare and greasy clothes. Here he is dressed like the other men. He treats his friends, talks with a glibness that surprises even him- self, hears the news, and goes home feeling warm and oblivious to the hard facts of reality. At noon he wants something to eat, and wants it cheap. He buys a beer at the saloon which is always nearer than the nearest lunch room, and gets a first- rate free lunch. While saloons have been little embarrassed by the competition of churches, they are running close compe- tition with each other. This competition has driven them to resort to many other expedients besides the low rental of club rooms and free lunches. Without realizing it they have become experiment stations for trying out games and amusements. Many saloons have bowling alleys, and find them extremely popular. But they also found that the game became so engrossing that the men forgot to drink, and bowling alleys are not so popular with the saloon keepers as with patrons. About one saloon in six has billiard and pool tables. The crowds which may be seen about them every even- ing attest their popularity. Cyclopedia of Temperance 327 Eleven saloons out of twelve furnish tables and chairs, located either in a rear room or in attractive alcoves. These are much used for card games. They are more used for chats over the glass. About these tables and over the bars, the ruling political opinions of our large cities are being created and disseminated. The poli- tics of large municipalities are as good as their sources, no better, no worse. One saloon in ten is closely connected with a dance hall. Two things stand out clearly to a spectator of the tremendous patronage of these places — the preva- lence of the passion for dancing, and the peril of mixing dancing with liquor. Every saloon has a toilet. The traveling man finds the ubiquitous saloon indispensable for washing, hav- ing his shoes blacked, consulting a directory or a tirne table, asking some necessary questions about the community, telephoning, getting a $20 bill changed — who has not found that the saloon keeper is the only man willing to take large bills! You may preach the abolition of the saloon to your heart’s content and then in certain parts of the city, miles from home, you may find the saloon the only friend you have. . What would that vast army of draymen, delivery men, cab drivers, chauffeurs, and messengers do if they could not go to the saloon and thaw out their benumbed fingers, or inquire an address, the best road to travel, or the nearest repair shop? Daily there pours into eveFy large city a stream of horsemen, cattlemen, lumbermen, farm hands, mill men, sailors, laborers, of every variety, who have a few hours off, and are looking for diversion. It is too cold to walk the streets, they do not appreciate art, they are unacquainted with the city, they are not well dressed. Where shall they go? The brightest lighted and most convenient place they see is always a saloon. There the stranger need only buy a drink or a cigar, and he may talk for an hour about the wonders of the city, its crime, its shows, its wealth, its secrets. The poor man does not need to be told the evils of alcoholism. They are before his eyes every day. But to lose the saloon, the sine qua non of his social life, seems a more intolerable evil. The poor man holds the majority vote. Never can liquor be abolished until we give ample guarantee that the integrity of the most 328 Cyclopedia of Temperance precious thing in the laborer’s life will be preserved. The moment other means are provided for satisfying the universal instincts for social life and recreation, so that the millions of men who now rely upon the saloon may satisfy their social impulses without buying liquor, that moment the backbone of the saloon’s power will be broken. SUMPTUARY LAWS — Whenever a proposition is made looking to the protection of the American people from the liquor traffic, a cry comes out of every snake hole of America: “This is Sumptuary Legislation!” What is Sumptuary Legislation? Centuries ago among the Spartans, Greeks, and even the Romans, it became customary to regulate absolutely private matters by law. In England the law undertook to regulate woman’s wardrobe, and state that the working class should eat meats only once a day, that shoes should only have so much point, and hats could not be above a certain height. Prohibitionists have always been opposed to this, and no man in public life to-day who is not either ignorant or mendacious would say that the regulation of the public traffic in liquors bears the slightest resemblance to Sumptuary Legislation. Sumptuary law is any legis- lation that limits or regulates the private or personal expenditures of any individual or fixes the price of commodities or wages. The temperance reform has never advocated such legislation and is as much opposed to it as the wettest dripping orator brewery money ever sent out. C. T. W. SUNDAY CLOSING— See Cities. SUNDAY SCHOOLS— The Sunday School army is the reserve force from which the prohibition battle line must draw its future material. This publication cannot give sufficient space to a discussion of tem- perance in the Sunday School to do justice to the subject. The Temperance Society has published “What to Do on Temperance Sunday,” which will be fur- nished free to any Methodist pastor, Sunday School superintendent, or teacher who will ask for it, although it regularly sells in revised form for ten cents. It gives suggestions for teaching the temperance lessons and for adapting the exposition to the different grades, Cyclopedia of Temperance 329 in addition to a great deal of information, material for talks, experiments, and illustrations. During 1915 the Society carried forward a church-wide, year- long campaign with the object of unifying the four quarterly Temperance Sundays into one broad and general discussion of the problem. Suggestions and Demonstrations for Practical Use “What is sauce for the goose” may be “sauce for the gander,” but what is good for the adult Bible classes doesn’t do at all for the little tots. In these days of efficiency, grading is vitally important in the Sunday School. Considered broadly, the temperance lesson should be adapted to three different ages: First, those between six and twelve should be taught the simpler properties of alcohol and its effect on the body. Second, those between twelve and twenty should hear more as to the effect of alcohol upon the physical and mental being, with a special stress made upon athletics, scientific conclusions, etc. Third, the classes for young men and classes for young women as well as adult Bible classes should con- sider the effect of alcohol upon the race, the vital social aspects of the problem, such as the relation of the liquor traffic to business, to social delinquency and to the work of the Church, and the duty of fighting it in the name of patriotism. The Temperance Society frequently gets requests for simple outlines for talks to children, Sunday Schools, and young people’s meetings, with demonstrations that will appeal to the eye. We give below a suggested lesson for use before the entire Sunday School, in the class room, or among any group of young people : Scope of Lesson : (1) To teach some of the simpler properties of al- cohol. (2) To contrast water and alcohol showing that water is beneficial and that alcohol is injurious. (3) To show how water helps the work of the body. Apparatus : Glass cylinders or test tubes, salt, sugar, an egg, al- cohol, aniline, wood alcohol, specimens pre- served in alcohol. 330 Cyclopedia of Temperance Notes of Ivcsson : Elicit from the children some of the uses of water as follows : (a) To quench thirst. (b) To sustain life. (c) To remove waste material from the body. (d) To soften food. (e) To keep the body moist and cool. (f) To cleanse the body outside. Teach the following facts: (1) That we cannot live without water. (2) That water forms a part of all the tissues of the body. (3) That water is an important food. (4) That so necessary is it, that from three and one fourth to five pints are required by an adult every day. (5) That water is present in nearly every' kind of food. Next point out: (1) That we can live without alcohol. Millions of abstainers, if we may judge from Insurance statistics, are living longer and healthier lives without it, than those who use it. All the animal world lives without it. (2) That alcohol does not form any part of the tissues of the body. It cannot build up bone, or brain, or blood, or muscle. (3) That alcohol is not a food. (4) That it is never needed by the healthy body. (5) That it is not present in any natural and whole- some food. (6) That it is no substitute for water. Water dissolves certain foods and helps in the solu- tion of all foods and in this respect it is our friend. Illustrate the differences between water and alcohol in the following way : Experiment — Into two tubes, place pieces of salt, and into two others some white of egg. Add to one of each of the sets of tubes water, and shake. Add to the re- maining tubes of each set alcohol, and shake. In every case the water will break down the substance, and in every case the alcohol will harden it. Cyclopedia of Temperance 331 Another experiment may be shown as follows : Attach two pieces of sugar to pieces of string and suspend them in two glasses. Saturate each piece of sugar with a little aniline dye; this will penetrate the sugar through and through. To one glass add alcohol, to the other glass add water, and let both stand for five or six minutes. In each case the liquid will become colored by the aniline, but with this difference: whereas in the first glass the sugar remains intact and is simply washed cleaner by the alcohol, the sugar in the glass with the water will disappear. The water has not only washed out the aniline, but it has also done its natural work of dissolving the sugar. It must be remembered that the alcohol not only came into contact with the outer surface of the sugar, but penetrated it thoroughly and surrounded every tiny crystal and yet had no solvent effect. This is a striking illustration of the difference between water and alcohol. A further experiment shows that alcohol not only prevents food substances from dissolving in water, but it has the power of throwing substances out of their solutions. Make a saturated solution of salt and water. A solution is saturated when it cannot further dis- solve any particular substances. To make a saturated solution of salt, put two or three lumps of salt in a boiling tube. Add water and boil. If all the salt dis- solves, add more until it is found that some remains at the bottom of the glass undissolved, no matter how much it is stirred; cool the liquid. The clear water above is a saturated solution of salt in water. Pour some of this clear solution off into a test tube and add alcohol. As the alcohol is added the salt will be thrown out of solution and precipitated to the bottom of the tube. The same kind of experiment can be shown with a solution of lime, thus showing that although the water had done its work of solution that work is undone by the addition of alcohol. Then show specimens of substances preserved in alco- hol, such as meat, bread, fish, etc. It has been remarked that alcohol can preserve a dead body, but it can also kill a living one. As water is both good and necessary and we see that the properties of alcohol are just the opposite of water, it follows that it cannot be good and necessary too. 332 Cyclopedia of Temperance Our lesson shows the valuable properties of water and teaches us that it is not only itself a food, but that it helps us to get value from other foods, and in many ways it helps the body to live and to grow. Alcohol acts in the opposite way and we are justified therefore in speaking of water as our friend, and alcohol as our foe. End with a Blackboard Summary. SWEDEN — Sweden was the birthplace of the Goth- enburg movement for public ownership of the liquor traffic. The system has completely broken down in the country of its origin and the movement for national prohibition is gaining great headway. The Crown Prince of Sweden has declared : “I do not hesitate to say that the people which first frees itself from the influence of alcohol will in this way acquire a distinct advantage over other nations in the peaceful yet intense struggle. I hope it will be our own people who will be the first to win this start over the others.” This statement is all the more significant in view of the fact that prior to the year 1800 the Swedish royal family were granted a monopoly of the native spirit. Branvin. Later this monopoly was abolished and private citizens allowed to manufacture on payment of a small fee. By 1827 there were 173.124 domestic spirit stills; the country was consuming forty-six liters per capita, and Sweden was on the brink of a disaster. In 1835 the Riksdag abolished the domestic spirit stills and within ten years the consumption fell to twenty-two liters per head. An eminent commission was appointed some 3 'ears ago to study the liquor problem and provide for reduc- tion in the consumption of liquors and for final prohibi- tion. There is no doubt whatever that prohibition has the support of a vast majority of the people and is inevitable. In 1914 the total consumption of spirituous liquors was only 2.979.682 liters, compared with 5.004.- 642 liters for the year before. The decrease in 1915 has been even more marked. SWITZERLAND — Switzerland prohibited absinthe in 1908 by a vote of 241.078 to 138.669. The member- ship of total abstinence organizations has increased from Cyclopedia of Temperance 333 about 6,000 in 1891 to more than 100,000 at the present time. The probability is that the country will adopt a system of local option in the very near future. TAX — The federal tax on liquors is discussed under the head “Revenue.” TAXES /IS AFFECTED BY PROHIBITION — There is not a case upon record where state or local prohibition, enforced by honest officials, has increased the tax rate even slightly, while in innumerable cases it has resulted in a decreased levy. According to the latest volume on Wealth, Debt, and Taxation issued by the federal government, there are only two states having a lower tax rate for state pur- poses than Kansas, and one of these is the prohibition state of West Virginia. The tax rate for each state as given by that volume is as follows: Average Tax Geographic Rate per Division $100 of Assessed and State Valuation. Total New England Maine New Hampshire .... Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central . . . Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central . . Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia 1912 $1.94 1.69 2.16 1.59 1.81 1.72 1.32 1.58 1.95 1.99 1.98 1.84 1.88 1.18 2.40 3.62 2.07 1.49 2.23 2.58 4.05 .1.91 4.05 3.03 4.27 1.20 1.57 1.91 1.32 1.50 1.60 .86 334 Cyclopedia of Temperance Geographic Division and State North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia Florida East South Central Kentucky Tennessee Alahanta Mississippi West South Central Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico . . . Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific Washington . . . . Oregon California Average Tax Rate per $100 of Assessed Valuation. $1.34 2.37 2.19 3.96 1.96 1.71 2.26 1.76 2.41 1.65 2.48 2.62 1.65 1.30 3.33 3.24 4.15 1.44 4.01 4.73 3.11 3.26 2.25 2.30 3.10 1.89 2.15 The people of Arizona were preparing to vote on November 3, 1914, and during the campaign Mr. G. F. Rinehart of Phoenix called attention to a specific case, showing how the liquor traffic increases taxes. Mr. James McKisson, now a resident of Peoria, Ariz., showed Mr. Rinehart a tax receipt for $20.90 on land in Kansas. This land had been traded for land at Peoria, Ariz., even exchange of value. The tax receipt for the assessment on the Peoria land was $105.73, or five times as much in wet Arizona as in dry Kansas. Mr. Ora R. Weed also traded 140 acres of Kansas land for 120 acres near Peoria, Ariz., the two lots being of practically the same valuation. The tax on the Kansas land was $17.42, and on the Arizona land $136.55. Arizona got wise to these things and voted dry on November 3. Cities Show the Same Thing The same thing is true in regard to cities. At the very time when the liquor people were preaching in Cyclopedia of Temperance 335 Seattle that prohibition would raise the tax rate, the total of state, county, and city taxes piled up a rate of 42.56, while in Topeka, Kan., the rate was just one third of that figure. In Portland, Ore., in 1913-14, the city tax rate was 7.7, but in the very face of the “dis- astrous action” of the voters in favor of prohibition at the polls on November 3, 1914, the rate was lowered for the following year to 7.5, and the entire rate in Multnomah County, which contains Portland, was re- duced from twenty-seven mills to 22.5 mills. A recently issued census bulletin giving the financial statistics of all cities having a population of 30,000 or over affords a striking refutation of the theory that prohibition increases the tax rate. A comparison of all towns between 45,000 and 60,000 in population embraces the two cities of Topeka and Wichita, Kan. These two cities are the only towns in this group which are located in prohibition states, Wichita having 59,222 (by census bureau estimate, 1912), and Topeka 45,478. Only eight of the cities in license states have a less rate than Wichita, and only five have a less rate than the rate given for Topeka. Only one city in the entire list, and that Atlantic City, N. J., with its great hotels, reports a larger as- sessed valuation than Wichita, which certainly does not indicate a lack of business prosperity due to prohibi- tion, and although Topeka stands at the bottom of the. list in population, only two license cities report a larger assessed valuation of property. Just three cities spend less than Topeka on their police departments, indicating that the dry policy of the Kansas capital affords a noticeable saving at this point, and although Wichita has a larger population than any of the other cities considered, there are six that spend more for police protection. Only five license cities spend more than Wichita on conservation of health and sanitation, and only five use larger sums than Topeka for this purpose, in spite of Topeka’s place at the foot of the list in the number of inhabitants. In the matter of schools and recreation the two pro- hibition cities also show up well, even though their tax rate is low. Only seven license cities exceed Wichita in the item of schools, and only six exceed Topeka. 336 Cyclopedia of Temperance For recreation, Wichita spends annually $17,490, and Topeka $22,866, and only six cities lead the former prohibition town in this matter, only four exceeding Topeka. According to the Presbyterian Board of Temperance, the comptroller of the state of California, by his report of 1912, shows the following tax rates: Wet Towns Oakland $1,75 Stockton 1.62 Bakersfield 1.71 Santa Bosa 1.35 Monterey 1.45 Marysville 1.80 Eureka 1.10 Femdale 1.30 Blue Lake 1.25 Areata 97 Average $1.43 Dry Towns Berkeley $ .97 Pasadena 1.11 Long Beach . 1.30 Santa Ana 1.20 Alhambra 1.15 Palo Alto 95 Woodland 1.26 Los Gatos 1.20 National City 1.10 Fortuna 1.26 Average $1.15 The above figures include the bonded debts of the cities. Substracting these debts, which are usually for permanent improvements, the average of the above cities is : FOR THE TEN WET TOWNS $1.10 FOR THE TEN DRY TOWNS 89 Official figures of all license and no-license cities in Massachusetts for twenty-five years show that, with a slightly lower average tax rate, the no-license cities : Had 8 per cent smaller debt. Spent 22 per cent less for police. Spent 48 per cent less for poverty. Spent 25 per cent more for good streets. Spent 41 per cent more for education. Increased 66 per cent more in taxable property. Increased 79 per cent more in industry. Increased 90 per cent more in population. Rockford, 111., is the largest dry town in that state. It has 50.000 population. On a valuation of $3,000 a Cyclopedia of Temperance 337 citizen of Rockford, in 1914, paid taxes of $45.56. If he lived in the wet city of Quincy he would have to pay $46.10; in Springfield, $53.10; in Joliet, $64.70; and in East St. Louis, $70.20. Galesburg, 111., once dry, in- creased its tax rate after going wet. A comparison of eleven dry cities in Indiana having a population of 107,429 with eleven wet cities having a population of 107,527 showed a tax rate for the prohibi- tion communities of $2.85, and for the license communi- ties of $3.36. TEMPERANCE — The true definition of temperance would be “moderation in the use of everything good, abstinence from the use of everything bad.” TEMPERANCE COMMISSION OF THE FED- ERAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN AMERICA — Represents thirty denominations with 17,000,000 communicants. The last meeting of the ex- ecutive committee of the Commission was held in Washington, D. C., January 29, 1915. The Hon. Alonzo E. Wilson of Chicago represented the Temperance So- ciety of the Methodist Episcopal Church at this meeting. TEMPERANCE SOCIETY OF THE METH- ODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH— This church benevolence, incorporated, under the laws of Kansas with headquarters at Topeka, is the outgrowth of the Permanent Committee on Temperance and Prohibition established by the General Conference in 1888, of which Dr. J. G. Evans was for many years the efficient and devoted chairman. The General Conference of 1904, meeting in Los Angeles, broadened the work and changed the name of this organization to “The Tem- perance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church,” and made it one of the benevolent enterprises, appoint- ing Bishop William F. McDowell as the president of the organization with its headquarters in Chicago. Vari- ous meetings of the newly appointed Board were held during the quadrennium, and through the efficient co- operation with the president of Mr. Alonzo E. Wilson as treasurer, sums of money were raised to aid all the states having fights for constitutional amendments. But the Society was left without any regular means of support; there was no direct way to secure funds and the work was greatly crippled. 338 Cyclopedia of Temperance The General Conference of 1908 met at Baltimore, gave the Society a broader task and requested every minister in the connection to present the claims of the Society and take a free-will offering of their people. The bishops nominated Bishop Robert McIntyre to serve as president for the quadrennium and Dr. W. A. Smith was elected secretary cmd Alonzo E. Wilson treasurer. The Board of Managers met in Chicago semiannually to send aid where there were special calls for it. Numerous pamphlets and leaflets were freely published and sent out, some of which have become famous : “Awake, O Church of God,” by Bishop Berry; “Who is Responsible?” by Bishop Fitzgerald; “The Epworth League and Prohibition,” by Dr. Ward Platt ; and “The Militant Church,” by President Samuel Dickie. These leaflets have had millions of circulation in the United States and have each been translated into more than ten languages and are still circulating around the world through the efforts of the Temper- ance Society. When Oklahoma was having her fight for state-wide prohibition, the Society raised funds and sent speakers which have generally been credited with tipping the scales in the right direction and making that state dry. An Epoch in Reform But the real history-making event of the Temperance Society occurred in the May meeting of 1910 when the Board of Managers decided to elect two men to devote their time to the temperance reform in the United States. At a later meeting in July, they elected as field secretaries for the United States Rev. Clarence True Wilson, D.D., then closing his sixth year as a pastor in Portland, Ore., and as assistant field secretary Rev. Alfred Smith, D.D., for a number of years temperance evangelist of the Wilmington Conference. These men entered upon their work without an office, or a desk, or a cent of regular income, without anybody to guar- antee salary, or even expenses. Dr. Wilson rented an office in the Chicago Book Concern, furnished the room at his own expense, pur- chased literature by the hundreds of thousands of pages, printed Sunday School programs, leaflet litera- ture for campaigning, and total abstinence pledge cards. He flew from state to state, from conference to con- ference, with incredible rapidity, and for nearly two Cyclopedia of Temperance 339 years was responsible for every bill the Society made. During the two years before the General Conference met he had visited three fourths of the conferences of Methodism, many of them twice. He had lectured, debated with liquor attorneys, and made campaign speeches on street corners and in Sunday Schools and churches and halls of every description in thirty- four states. Mrs. Clarence True Wilson had acted as office secretary during these two years, without salary or expenses, and had shipped literature until more than twenty thousand packages or books had been handled in the office and all the Sunday Schools of Methodism had been circularized to induce them to use our pledge cards and programs. The appointments of the two secretaries had been checked up and made from the office. When the General Conference met it was found that in two years a hundred thousand total abstinence pledge cards had been signed. Over forty-five thousand men had signed the pledge to drink no liquor and always to vote for prohibition, in Sunday Schools and at Dr. Wilson’s street and campaign meetings. Assistance had been rendered to every state that was voting on con- stitutional prohibition and only a little less than one hundred cities and counties that had the fight on, and it was said by the Committee on Temperance of the General Conference of 1912 that probably never before in the history of reform had such a vast amount of work been accomplished or such definite results achieved by the expenditure of ten times the money that had been secured by the Temperance Society. The Society Strides Forward The General Conference by an absolutely unanimous vote commended the administration for its aggressive and wise policy, enlarged its Board of Managers to twenty members, moved its headquarters to Topeka, Kan., voted a $50,000 apportionment as a yearly mini- mum for its support, commended the" Society to the liberality of the Church, instructed it specifically to con- duct a campaign for total abstinence, the publishing and distribution of literature, the inculcation of prohi- bition principles and knowledge, the creation of senti- ment among Sunday Schools, Epworth Leagues, Junior Leagues, and our people generally, and to cooperate in 340 Cyclopedia of Temperance all wisely directed movements against the liquor traffic. For the new quadrennium, the Board of Bishops des- ignated Bishop William O. Shepard of Kansas City to the presidency of the Church Temperance Society and the Board of Managers at once elected Clarence True Wilson, general secretary, the vice-president of the Board being J. M. Miller, the recording secretary Dr. Edwin Locke, and the treasurer Mr. E. H. Anderson. A Vast Work Now The Society is -now comfortably located in a suite of six rooms, Shawnee Building, Topeka, Kan., and each year its secretaries travel more than a hundred thousand miles, average addresses at more than a thousand pub- lic meetings and circulate ten millions of pages of literature. Two books have been produced from the office — “Dry or Die,” made up of nine addresses by its general secretary. Dr. Wilson, and “The Greatest Com- mon Destroyer,” a volume in the Epworth League study course, prepared jointly by Mr. Deets Pickett, the re- search secretary of the Society, and Rev. Harry G. McCain, the extension secretary. A library of the seven most noted volumes on the liquor problem is being furnished for five dollars, express prepaid, to public libraries and Sunday School libraries, or to individuals. The Society furnishes attractive posters to be publicly displayed in campaigns, Sunday School temperance pro- grams for each quarterly Temperance Day, button badges for those who sign our pledge, wall rolls suitable for framing and hanging on the walls of Sunday Schools for the names of the pledge signers, and total abstinence pledge cards, some adapted for our Sunday Schools, and others adapted to the man on the street. In the recent campaign of 1914, in which seven states voted on constitutional prohibition and in which all but two adopted it by overwhelming majorities, the Temper- ance Society played an all-important part. It furnished a weekly “clip-sheet” to every daily and weekly paper published in the several states; it sent the Voice to every pastor to equip him for leading the sentiment in his community; and it circulated eight millions of leaf- lets during the campaign. It purchased an automobile to make a canvass of the entire state of Oregon, manned it with four workers and sent it out over fortj’-six hun- dred miles for more than four hundred addresses. At Cyclopedia of Temperance 341 one time the Temperance Society had fifty-four men speaking in Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, and Colorado, and their work was second to none in making four of those states dry. A characteristic of the Society has been its economy of administration. It makes a given amount of benevo- lent money go to the farthest limit possible. It has the absolute devotion of the people who are giving their time to the cause. During ten months of the year 1915 Dr. Wilson visited fifty annual conferences, addressed a number of the greatest conventions, traveled 60,000 miles, reached 400,000 people, consulted with committees of various character, participated in campaigns, and stopped only long enough to undergo a double opera- tion. All of this, in addition to the by no means light task of directing the entire work of the Society. Under the immediate oversight of the General Secre- tary, Rev. Harry G. McCain, B.D., of the Extension Department, has conducted an extensive field work. Men have been addressed in railroad shops, mines, lumber -camps, and sociological departments of colleges. Mr. McCain has reached Epworth League conventions, institutes, campaigns, and conferences. An especial effort has been made during the year to extend organization work in the Sunday Schools. Dis- trict Superintendents have cooperated most heartily in creating live lists. The Society’s programs have been used more extensively than ever before and vast numbers of young Methodists have been pledged to total abstinence. Epworth Leagues have continued to organize study classes in the liquor problem, using the text-book prepared in the offices of the Temperance Society. Prize contests have been conducted among college students. Foreign language leaflets have been published and the circulation of all leaflets has been so large that the total for the quadrennium will be 50,000,- 000. Seventy-four thousand books have been circulated. But perhaps the most far-reaching work of the Tem- perance Society to-day is being done by the Research Department, under the able direction of Mr. Deets Pickett, who is a walking encyclopedia of informing facts and a diligent^ compiler of important statistics. He edits our publication, the Voice, every month, which goes to every Methodist preacher in the United States, and the “clip-sheet” which goes every week to every 342 Cyclopedia of Temperance daily paper in the United States and every great period- ical, secular and religious. He has been pronounced by a great national leader to be the best-informed man on the liquor problem in the United States. Dr. Wilson has declared that Mr. Pickett could easily dictate an encyclopedia of universal knowledge on the liquor prob- lem that would be as adequate and as informing as any extant. Mr. Pickett holds himself in readiness to answer inquiries and replied to more than a thousand such requests for information last year. He is writing a series of temperance articles for our Sunday School publications, and to vary his usual activity, keeps the men in the field informed as to the changing front of the antiliquor fight. The Research Department has done an extensive research and publicity work, making thorough investiga- tions which have added to the permanent literature of the reform and have secured large publicity in the newspapers of New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and other large cities of the country. Everj’ editor of a daily newspaper in the United States has been reached at least once a week with prohibition news and argument, and they have met the advances of the Society with the greatest cordiality. Definite plans have been considered for great extension of this successful work. The Society also sent the “Pocket Cyclopedia of Temperance” free to Methodist pastors. Thousands of this little book have been sold to other parties. The receipts of the Societj' increased considerably during the year. Pastors and officials of the Church have shown a spirit of cooperation most highly appre- ciated. The relations of the Society with the Anti- Saloon League, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the Prohibition Party, and other reform organ- izations have been fraternal. A great many definite things were achieved during the year. For instance, more than eighty daily news- papers were induced to exclude liquor advertising by the work of the Society, bringing the total of such “ab- staining” newspapers to more than six hundred. Great magazines also took this step under the Societ3i’’s influ- ence. A score of similar victories were won by the eflForts of this Methodist organization. The Society maintains a department for work among the colored people of the South, with Rev. J. N. C. Cyclopedia of Temperance 343 Coggin, D.D., of Covington, Ga., as the field secretary. The Society has also sold more than forty thousand books in the last four years, secured the writing by Dr. E. L- Eaton of “Winning the Fight Against Drink,” and placed this work in the conference course of study for young ministers. There are seven workers con- stantly employed at the office besides the cooperation the Society secures for many others in the field force. E. H. Anderson, Treasurer. TEMPLARS OF HONOR AND TEMPER- ANCE — This was organized December 5, 1845, by mem- bers of the Sons of Temperance as a subsidiary society. It separated from that order in 1849, becoming a secret fraternal order. It was the first such to admit women into its membership, which it began to do on its sep- aration from the Sons of Temperance. It also has the distinction of being the first temperance organization to form a boys’ department, which it did in 1880. Its work is wholly educational. TEMPTATION — The liquor interests say that the prohibitionists are forgetful of the biblical statement that “Temptation must needs come,” but, in the words of Dr. Clarence True Wilson, they forget the other part of the declaration, “But woe to him by whom tempta- tion cometh.” The liquor press frequently speaks of alcohol as a “selective force” which eliminates the weaklings from the race and therefore contributes to the average strength of character and body. (See Liquor Press.) It is true that alcohol contributes somewhat to “the survival of the fittest ” — those that are fittest for survival only. Instead of removing the weaklings from the race it frequently removes such men as Robert Burns, Edgar Allen Poe, and others whose names will occur to any student of history. TENNESSEE — Tennessee became a prohibition state July 1, 1909, by act of the Legislature. The law was practically ignored in Nashville, Memphis, and Chattanooga until the passage in 1913 of the nuisance act. This legislation was further reenforced in 1915 by the passage of the Ouster Bill for the removal of nonenforcing officials, and the Soft-Drink Stand Act. These laws have made Nashville, Memphis, and Chatta- nooga dry. Legislation will be asked by the drys in 344 Cyclopedia of Temperance 1917 to close the wholesale liquor houses which ship liquors without the state. TEXAS — There are 178 counties dry by vote, fifty- two are dry except in one or two places, and twenty are totally wet. Seven eighths of the territory and prac- tically four fifths of the population are dry. Recent legislation prohibits the importation of liquors, the intrastate transportation of liquors into dry counties, the solicitation of orders for liquors, etc. TOTAL ABSTINENCE — See Abstinence and Pledges. TRAVELING MEN — “In the old days,” says John D Rockefeller, Jr., “when a salesman applied for a job he was often asked to take a drink of whisky, and, in- cidentally, he was tested to see how much he could drink and hold his wits. Usually the man who could drink most got the job. Now all that is changed. Great corporations will not employ men who drink, and their emphasis is on total abstinence.” The United Commercial Travelers of Kansas and Oklahoma, in session at Salina, Kan., gave endorsement to the Hobson-Sheppard prohibition amendment bill now before Congress. TREATING — This is peculiarly an American cus- tom, and undoubtedly augments the total consumption of liquors greatly. Measures have been proposed in various Legislatures and city councils to prohibit treat- ing, but they are impracticable and have made no head- way. TUBERCULOSIS — A report of the Phipps Insti- tute for 1907-08, regarding tuberculous patients, showed that of those patients who had been obviously harmed by alcohol, 29.5 per cent improved under treatment. Of patients who were abstainers or light drinkers, 49.2 per cent improved. Of patients whom alcohol had obviously harmed, 21.8 per cent died. Of patients who were abstainers or light drinkers, 9.9 per cent died. In view of this the popular superstition that whisky is a great aid to the consumptive appears in its true char- acter as a falsehood. Cyclopedia of Temperance 345 M. Henri Schmidt, Deputy for the Vosges, in France, is responsible for a recent statement coming from that country that in the more sober districts of France the number of deaths from tuberculosis is 1.95 per 1,000. On the other hand, in Western France, where the con- sumption of alcohol is large, the proportion of deaths due to tuberculosis is 2.61 per 1,000; the maximum of death from tuberculosis — 4.54 per 1,000 — is attained by the area around Paris, where the influence of alcohol is joined to that of bad housing and exhausting con- ditions of life. Tuberculosis tends to increase in the country, particularly in the districts where the right of private distilling exists. Mr. Schmidt quotes Dr. Brunon as saying that alcohol is in some cases put into babies’ bottles, especially in Normandy, where the larg- est number of mothers addicted to alcohol is found. Indeed, this is so well understood in Europe at the present time that at the International Convention on Tuberculosis, at Paris in 1905, the following resolu- tion was passed:. “In view of the close connection between alcoholism and tuberculosis, this congress strongly emphasizes the importance of combining the fight against tuberculosis with the struggle against alcoholism.” (See Medical Practice.) TURKEY— See Koran. UNEMPLOYMENT— See Labor and Liquor. UNFERMENTED WINES— See Bible and Drink; and Communion Wines. UNIONS — The Committee of Fifty, in their exhaus- tive study of the liquor traffic, found that out of the unions investigated one out of every five is, by its con- stitution, directly opposed to the saloon, one out of every three is at least generally opposed to it, while only about twenty-five per cent of all unions seem' to have no definite policy in relation to the liquor traffic. To inquiries, answers were received as follows; Order of Railway Conductors — “We are absolutely opposed to the saloon, and it is incorporated in our laws that a man cannot engage in the liquor traffic and remain a member of this organization.” 346 Cyclopedia of Temperance Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen — “We oppose the saloon to the extent that the Brotherhood will not tolerate a member being connected with the sale of liquor.” United Garment Workers — “Our organization is de- cidedly opposed to the saloon.” International Seamen’s Union — “We continually en- join sobriety upon our members by refusing to pub- lish advertisements of the saloon, etc., in the official organ of the union.” The Journeymen Tailors — “The officers of our organ- ization are decidedly opposed to the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage and its general secretary adds : T have not failed whenever the opportunity has pre- sented itself, to declare myself upon this question.’ ” The United Mine Workers of America — “The offi- cers of the United Mine Workers of America discour- age ‘in every respect saloon business.” The constitution of the Telegraphers reads — “The use of alcoholic liquor as a beverage shall be a sufficient cause for rejecting any petition for inembership.” And to crown it all, and to prove that the fight against the saloon is not of recent origin, in 1894 the International Typographical Union in its conven- tion called for “the state and national destruction of the liquor traffic.” Thos. L. Lewis, president United Mine Workers — “If you want to know where the miners of America stand upon the temperance question. I’ll tell you. In our constitution we have a clause which forbids any member to sell intoxicants even at a picnic. That’s what we think of the liquor traffic. Some people say that the saloon is a necessary evil. I don’t believe in that kind of doctrine. Because the liquor traffic tends to enslave the people, to make them satisfied with im- proper conditions, and keeps them ignorant, the leaders of the trades unions are called on to fight the saloon.” UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE— The organ- ization in England which corresponds to the Anti-Sa- loon League in America. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT— See Fed- eral Government and the Liquor Traffic. Cyclopedia of Temperance 347 UNITED STATES TEMPERANCE UNION— See American Temperance Society. UTAH — Utah is largely dry. Passed a strong prohi- bition bill through the 1915 Legislature with only five votes in the House against it and two in the Senate. When the governor found that the bill could be passed over his veto, he held it for action until after the close of the Legislature, and then vetoed it. In the June local option elections all cities voted dry with larger majori- ties than before. A new governor will be elected in 1916 and Utah will undoubtedly go dry in 1917. VERMONT — Local option law adopted 1903. At March elections, 1915, twenty towns voted for license, 226 no-license. Saloon licenses were taken out in four- teen towns. Total majority in state against license 10,658. The Legislature of 1915 passed a state-wide prohibitory referendum law to be voted on March 7, 1916. If adopted, it goes into effect May 1, 1916. VICE — “The committee finds that the chief direct cause of the downfall of women and girls is the close connection between alcoholic drink and commercialized vice,” says the report of the Wisconsin Legislative Committee appointed to investigate vice. The close and vital relation of the saloon and the traffic in liquors to the trade in vicious service has been established beyond all controversy by the reports of such responsible bodies as the Chicago Vice Com- mission, which was made up of Chicago’s most eminent citizens, the Minneapolis Commission, the Philadelphia Commission, etc. “In the commission’s investigations of the social evil,” says the report of the Chicago Commission, “it found the most conspicuous and important element next to the house of prostitution itself was the saloon and the most important financial interest — the liquor interest. As a contributory influence to immorality there is no other interest so dangerous. Many of the disorderly saloons are under the control of the brewery companies, which have gone on record as opposed to the sale of liquors in connection with prostitution.” The research of the Chicago Commission included an investigation of 445 saloons. “No less than 236 of these saloons,” to quote Dean Sumner, head of the 348 Cyclopedia of Temperance commission, “were nothing but houses of prostitution, and in the majority of cases their licenses were held by brewery concerns. In 445 saloons investigated there were counted 928 prostitutes.” Children, girls whose innocence yet followed hard upon their shame, tiny boys and even babies, messen- gers far under age and half-frightened countrymen were found in practically every saloon, while drunken women, short-skirted and blear-eyed, with sin and disease writ- ten strong upon their faces, lolled beside them and drank imitation drinks for which exorbitant prices had been charged. Indecent exposures of the person and almost unbelievable community freedom were prevalent in saloons of apparent exterior respectability. The report of the Vice Commission reveals conclu- sively that wayward girls are brought to their ruin almost exclusively through alcoholic drinks. Does the tired working girl seek recreation in the dance, sooner or later she must yield to the temptation to drink, and then — her future is settled for all time. Does the girl beset with poverty seek “the easiest way”? She goes to the nearest saloon, where she is met with smiles and flattery and put to work to add to the bar’s receipts. The Saloon and Schools In numerous instances the Chicago investigators found foul saloons located in proximity to schools. At one place only thirty-two steps separated a school which was daily filled with innocent children and a saloon in which the investigator found eighteen prostitutes drink- ing at one time. Five of these women invited the visi- tor to participate in immoral deeds. Every effort to secure the revocation of the license was in vain. The saloon pays the prostitute’s fines and bails her out when arrested, and she returns the favor by con- fining her activities to the saloon of her “protector.” The investigators found beer on sale at practically every house of prostitution, kept not in the ice box, but in various filthy out-of-the-way places, because the sale of liquors in such places was prohibited in Chi- cago. Who supplied the beer? Not the_ brewers, of course, for they are honorable men and will yet “down the dive.” Cyclopedia of Temperance 349 A “Want Ad” clipped recently from the Chicago Tribune sets forth clearly, indeed, the relationship of the saloon and vice. It reads: SALOON AND LICENSE— SOUTH; AVER- ages $60 a day receipts ; has 25 furnished rooms; cheap rent; will sell cheap; good trans- fer corner ; established over 26 years. See COGAN, 118 No. La Salle St. Note that it says “twenty-five furnished rooms.” Good business there, no doubt. This is one of the ideal saloons the license system promotes. It is obviously impossible to handle such a question as vice in a book for general circulation in the frank way that would lay bare its connection with the liquor problem. The experience of Europe parallels the experience of America, for segregation has failed as a remedy for prostitution there and liquor has been found there, as here, as a principal cause of vice. Forel, a scientist of high rank, found seventy-five per cent of 211 cases of vicious disease due to drink. Forty-seven per cent, however, were only in “a state of slight exhilaration” when they became infected. According to the 1909 report of the inspector under the inebriate acts (Great Britain), on 865 immoral women in British reformatories, forty per cent of the immorality was found to be due solely to drink. VINOUS LIQUORS — Alcoholic drinks produced by fermentation from any vegetable products other than grain are called vinous liquors. (See Alcoholic Bev- erages.) VIRGINIA — Voted for prohibition in fall of 1914. Law will not be passed until February, 1916, and will not go into effect until November 1, 1916. Eighty-four counties out of one hundred are already dry. WAR — Below we give a calendar of antialcohol ac- tion in Europe since the outbreak of war: France August, 1914. A few days after the outbreak of war the military governors of Paris and Lyons prohibited the sale of absinthe in their territory. 350 Cyclopedia of Temperance On August 16 the French Government enjoined Pre- fects to take the same step in their departments. February 12, 1915. The President of the French Re- public issued a decree prohibiting the sale of absinthe throughout France. The French Chamber of Deputies, by 481 votes to fifty-two, passed a bill suppressing for all time the manufacture, sale, and exportation of absinthe. “Sim- ilar drinks” to absinthe were also prohibited. The Senate ratified the measure. April. General Joffre forbade the sale of spirits to the French army in the war zone. June. General Goiran forbade the sale of spirits to the soldiers of the French, British, and Belgian armies in Normandy. July. General Gallieni, military governor of Paris, forbade the sale of spirits to the troops in the Paris command. October. The sale of liquor before noon forbidden and sale to women and children prohibited. Right of private manufacture of alcoholic liquors repealed. “Though evident drunkenness is unusual in France,” says Arno Dosch, “in certain parts of the country the workmen are never thoroughly sober. They are always under the false stimulation of alcohol.” Russia July 31, 1914. By order of the Czar “all wine shops, beer saloons, and government vodka shops were closed” during mobilization. The order prohibited, during this period, the sale of all intoxicants, except in first-class hotels and restaurants. September 16. A further order prohibited the sale of vodka and all spirits until the end of the war. October 11. The Czar, in answer to a great petition from the Russian people asking that the prohibition of the state sale of vodka should be made permanent, said: “I have decided to prohibit forever in Russia the gov- ernment sale of vodka.” October 23. Local government bodies throughout Russia were empowered to petition for the prohibition of the sale of all strong drinks. This power of petition has been freely used. Peti- tions have usually been granted, so that in most of the Cyclopedia of Temperance 351 principal cities the sale of wines and beer has been severely restricted or prohibited. The Russian Government acquired the business of selling vodka in 1894. On February 10, 1915, M. Khar- itonov, the Russian Treasury Controller, said in the Duma : “Russia has entered the path of resolute conflict with the ancient national curse. Intemperance, which weakene'd the will, strength, and enterprise of the popu- lation, and destroyed its well-being.” On January 30, 1914, the Czar had sent an historic letter to M. Barck, the new Minister of Finance, in which he said : “It is not meet that the welfare of the exchequer should be dependent upon the ruin of the spiritual and productive energies of numbers of my loyal subjects.” Because of prohibition, Russia was able to complete her initial mobilization in sixteen days instead of a month, and was actually under way weeks in advance of the day that either Germany or Austria had counted on. In August, 1915, Professor Pares, the official British eye- witness with the Russian forces, said : “I can state with certainty that there is not one case of drunkenness in the whole Russian army.” In 1913 the state savings banks of Russia showed savings of 38,600,000 rubles, or about half that sum in dollars. In 1914 the amount was 95,300,000 rubles. 'In the first four months only of 1915 the amount was 198,- 900,000 rubles. The increase was evidently due to prohibition. The amount of revenue surrendered by the Russian Government was approximately $300,000,000. All sources testify to the benefits of the policy. Germany It is known that : (1) During the first period of mobilization (i. e., until August 11, lOMI the sale of alcohol was forbidden in German towns. There were wild scenes of intoxi- cation when the order was withdrawn. (2) The . sale of spirits to soldiers in uniform has been prohibited in certain areas. (3) For economic reasons local authorities were given power in March, 1915, to limit the supply and sale of spirits. (4) The quantity of beer which can be brewed throughout the German Empire has been limited to 352 Cyclopedia oi Temperance forty per cent of the average output, so as to preserve barley for bread. Great Britain August 12, 1914. Powers were given to the naval and military authorities to close at any time licensed prem- ises in or near a fortified place. August 31. Intoxicating liquor (temporary restric- tion) act became law. November 18. War tax on beer. February 28, 1915. Mr. Lloyd-George, as chancellor of the Exchequer, stated at Bangor that war work was being delayed by the drinking habits of a minority of the workers. “Drink is doing us more damage in the war than all the German submarines put together,” he said. March 17. Mr. Lloyd-George told a Conference of Trade Union representatives — convened at the request of the government — that drinking habits were “gravely interfering” with the output and transport of muni- tions of war. March 26. The executive of the Transport Workers’ Federation “in the interests of national well-being.” urged the government “to take immediate decisive action to reduce the results of intemperance to a minimum." March 29. A deputation from the Shipbuilding Em- ployers’ Federation waited on the chancellor and urged “the total prohibition during the period of the war of the sale of excisable liquors.” Mr. Lloyd-George said in reply, “Nothing but root-and-branch methods will be of the slightest avail in dealing with this evil. I am permitted to say that the King is very deeply con- cerned on this very question.” March 30. Lord Stamfordham wrote in the King’s name to the chancellor expressing deep concern at the delay, “without doubt largely due to drink.” in the out- put and transport of munitions. “The King will be prepared,” he added, “to set the example by giUng up all alcoholic liquor himself, and Issuing orders against its consumption in the royal household, so that no differ- ence shall be made so far as his majesty is concerned between the treatment of the rich and poor in this question.” April 29. The Government Drink Bill introduced. Cyclopedia of Temperance 353 May 2. An official return published, setting out the evidence of delays, attributed to drink, in the output and transport of munitions. May 7. The proposed heavy taxes on liquor with- drawn in face of the opposition of the liquor trade. May 19. The proposals for complete state control of the liquor traffic in war work areas became a law. May 26. A Central Control Board appointed to ex- ercise the new powers of the state in war-work areas. June 10. Powers of the Central Control Board an- nounced. These powers permit the Board to deal with the liquor situation in war-work areas absolutely as may seem best to them. On March 29, 1915, Hon. David Lloyd-George made his famous statement: “We are fighting Germany, Aus- tria, and Drink, and as far as I can see the greatest of these three deadly foes is Drink.” Dord Kitchener warned the expeditionary force against wine and tem- perance propaganda movements have been numerous and vigorous. The majority of the leading military and naval men are setting an example of total ab- stinence. It has been well said that in Great Britain it was the normal drink evil which was suddenly seen to be a great menace to national safety and welfare. Drink- ing was not abnormal after the outbreak of war. The estimated national drink bill for 1914 was $10,000,000 less than for 1913. Strong drink, not in exceptional quantities, but as Great Britain had used itself to liquor, was threatening the life of the nation. Neutral Countries In Denmark the sale of liquor to soldiers in certain districts has been prohibited and the manufacture of alcohol frdm potatoes and various kinds of corn for- bidden. In Norway steps were taken to curtail the consump- tion of liquors, and prohibition is at the present time a political issue. In Sweden the measures taken resulted in decreasing the consumption of liquor by half. Eventual prohibition is certain. In Switzerland the Federal Council prohibited the use of grain and potatoes in the making of spirits. 354 Cyclopedia of Temperance WASHINGTON — November 3, 1914. Washington adopted a drastic prohibition law, by a majority of 18,632, the law to take effect January 1, 1916. The law prohibits sale, manufacture, giving away or otherwise furnishing or disposing of all intoxicating liquor; or having in possession any intoxicating liquor, or any drug or medicine, containing alcohol, capable of being used as a beverage. The law allows the importation of liquor for indi- vidual use, in quantity not exceeding two quarts of liquor other than beer, or twelve quarts or twentj’-four pints of beer, as often as once every twenty- days, under a very strict regulation, which requires the importer to secure a permit from the county auditor, the permit good for only one shipment, and for only thirty days, and shipments of liquor cannot be accepted at the state line by transportation companies except with this per- mit attached, cancelled, and not in larger quantity than allowed by law. The law was attacked in the Supreme Court by the liquor people, case argued before the Supreme Court on October 25, and a decision in favor of the drys has been rendered. The liquor people have initiated a license law which will come before the people on November 7. 1916, which purports to allow the sale of liquor in hotels of fifty rooms or more, in the state of Washington. WASHINGTONIAN SOCIETY— On April 6. 1840, a temperance lecturer visited the city of Baltimore. Through his efforts a drinking club consisting of six men — W. K. Mitchell, a tailor; J. F. Hoss, a carpenter; David Anderson and George Steers, blacksmiths; James McCurley, a coachmaker; and .Archibald Campbell, a silversmith — were induced to leave off their habits of drink -and sign a total abstinence pledge. This was the beginning of the celebrated moral sua- sion crusade known as the Washingtonian movement, the official name of their organization being the Wash- ington Temperance Societ3". Within a 5’ear there were seven hundred members in the city of Baltimore, and under the leadership of John H. W. Hawkins, who was probably the most prominent Washington agitator, the movement spread like wildfire through other cities and states. Within two years at least 100.000 pledges Cyclopedia oi Temperance 355 had been signed and more than one third of them by confirmed drinkers. Societies for women, known as Martha Washington Societies, were inaugurated in 1841. The order of Sons of Temperance, started by six persons in New York City, September 29, 1842, was also an offspring of this crusade. The force of this movement was spent by 1843, but its energy was of great and lasting benefit to the gen- eral temperance movement. Like all similar moral sua- sion movements, this proved that propaganda of moral suasion is not sufficient to solve the drink problem. WA^TE — See Cost of the Drink Traffic. WEBB-KENYON BILL— On February 28, 1913, the Senate of the United States passed over the veto of President William H. Taft the Webb-Kenyon bill to prohibit the shipment of intoxicating liquors into any state when they are intended to be used in viola- tion of state laws. The Senate vote was sixty-three to twenty-one. On March 1 the House of Representatives also overrode the President’s veto by a vote of 244 to ninety-five. The questions involved in the passage of the Webb- Kenyon bill are delicate. By the Constitution, all con- trol of interstate commerce is vested in Congress, and Congress itself cannot delegate such control to the states. Only an amendment to the Constitution can empower the states to assume control over interstate shipments. Therefore, the Webb-Kenyon bill does not delegate authority to the states, but penalizes by direct action of Congress itself all shipments intended for use contrary to state law by depriving them of all the rights and privileges of interstate commerce. Court decisions, which have been numerous, have upheld the constitutionality of state legislation enacted under the Webb-Kenyon law many times since- March, 1913. At the present time no state prohibits the possession or use of intoxicants. Therefore, it is not possible for a state officer to interfere with a liquor shipment when it is intended for the personal use of the consignee, but it is now, under the Webb-Kenyon law, quite pos- sible for a state, by prohibiting the delivery or posses- sion of intoxicants, absolutely to shut liquors out of its borders. 356 Cyclopedia of Temperance WESLEY, JOHN — John Wesley’s attitude toward drinking and the drink traffic may be made plain by quoting what he said of wine drinking; “You see the wine when it sparkles in the cup, and are going to drink it. I say, there is poison in it, and therefore beg you to throw it away. If you add, ‘It is not poison to me, though it may be to others’ ; then I say, Throw it away for thy brother’s sake, lest thou embolden him to drink also. Why should thy strength occasion thy weak brother to perish, for whom Christ died?’’ In 1760 he arraigned liquor sellers in these words : “All who sell liquors in the common way, . to any that will buy, are poisoners general. They murder His Majesty’s subjects by wholesale; neither does their eye pity or spare. They drive them to hell like sheep. And what is their gain? Is it not the blood of these men? Who, then, would envy their large estates and sumptuous palaces? A curse is in the midst of them. The curse of God is in their gardens, their groves — a fire that burns to the nethermost hell. Blood, blood is there! The foundation, the floors, walls, the roof, are stained with blood !’’ In view of the time in which he lived, it is not re- markable that he was especially severe in speaking of ardent spirits. WEST VIRGINIA — Under state-wide prohibition. The law provides in brief for the following : Intoxicating liquors defined to cover all malt or brewed liquors whether intoxicating or not, and the sale, storing, or keeping of such liquors is prohibited. Liquors are prohibited either for personal use or otherwise in certain designated places, to wit : office buildings, club houses, poolrooms, bowling alleys, liverv- stables, parks, roads, streets or alleys, or in any public buildings. They have the search and seizure law which makes the finding of liquor a prima facie case against the owner or keeper of the place where it is found. It is a violation of the law to bring up children as drinkers. It is, also, a violation of the law for one to receive intoxicating liquors for any purpose whatever from a common or other carrier, and all liquor which is brought into the state must, if it consists of more Cyclopedia of Temperance 357 than two quarts, show by a display in large English letters on the outside of the suitcase or receptacle the kind and quantity of liquor contained therein. A violation of any of these laws is punishable upon conviction by a fine of not less than $100 or more than $500 and imprisonment in the county jail for not less than two or more than six months. For a second of- fense the punishment is not less than one year or more than three years in the state penitentiary. A first-hand investigation conducted by the Temper- ance Society of the Methodist Church in all parts of the state reveals bankers, wholesalers, retailers, and business men of every class heartily favoring the dry policy as “a great business asset.” Abandoned Saloons Rented for Better Business “The quarters formerly occupied by the saloons have been turned into attractive places of legitimate busi- ness,” declares Mr. Howard Hazlett of Hazlett & Son, investment brokers. Wheeling. “Some of our brew- eries have been converted into cold storage plants.” Mr. E. J. Ashworth, president of the Twentieth Street Bank of Huntington, also testifies that the voting out of saloons was not disastrous to the real estate business, for, while “thirty business rooms were vacated, to-day, four months later, all, with one ^exception, are occupied by other businesses.” “The few vacant store rooms fast filled up with busi- nesses more valuable to the state,” says Mr. W. A. McCorkle of Charleston. Former Wets Are Now Dry “I am personally acquainted with quite a number of former drinking men who have reformed since pro- hibition and are now sober, aggressive, good citizens,” says Mr. E. J. Taylor, president of the Citizens’ Na- tional Bank of Pennsboro, and Mr. Kyger, cashier, as well as Mr. Floyd, president, of the Central Banking Company, Huntington, says that “careful inquiry among our patrons who were wet shows that, without excep- tion, they are thoroughly convinced that business has not been hurt by prohibition.” “I have the first business man yet to hear speak of the prohibition law except to say that it is a great help to business and a great help in many other ways,” 358 Cyclopedia of Temperance says Mr. Amos Bright, president of the Home National Bank of Sutton. Many New Bank Accounts and Old Ones Grow “There has been a wonderful increase in savings ac- counts throughout our commonwealth,” says Mr. O. Jay Fleming, cashier of the First National Bank of Grafton, and he continues, “Hundreds and thousands of the laboring class who were in the habit of spending their all across the saloon bar, leaving their families in want, have started savings accounts.” “Men who formerly spent their money for drink save it now and put it in the bank,” declares Dr. A. S. Grimm, president of the Pleasants County Bank. “Our bank has opened up approximately three hun- dred new accounts since July 1, a very large per cent of which came from the laboring class who formerly spent their money for intoxicants,” asserts Mr. P. M. Snyder of the Bank of Mount Hope. “Deposits are more than for this period last year and more industries are being installed or contemplated,” says Mr. H. B. Rowe of the First National Bank, Alderson. “There are many having bank accounts now who never had one before,” says Mr. Jeremiah Thomas of the Bruce- ton Bank. “The drink money is finding its way into savings accounts,” says Mr. John L. Ruhl of the Clarks- burg Trust Company. Liquor Mail Orders Decrease in Number Mr. A. G. Mathews of the Bank of Grantsville testi- fies that whereas many of their customers formerly were in the habit of ordering liquors from near-by towns and paying with personal checks, “our cashier informs me that since the prohibition amendment went into effect but few checks have been drawn in paj-ment of whisky bills, and the former whisky buyers naturally have larger balances.” Fuller Testimony from These Business Men “The $15,000 per week that went to the support of the saloons in our city now goes to other lines of trade. “Merchants report better collections. “Real estate men report better collections and a de- mand for better houses. Cyclopedia of Temperance 359 “Banks report an increase in small deposits and all the factories in the city are busy. “Gambling is reported as not profitable any more. “Vice and immorality are on the decrease. “Children are better clothed and better fed. “Taxation on account of no licenses has NOT in- creased. “Real estate has maintained its usual increase.” — Mr. L. J. Ashworth, president of the Twentieth Street Bank, Huntington. “If the matter were submitted to West Virginia voters again since we have seen the results, the amendment would carry by an increased majority. Conditions everywhere are better.” — Mr. John I. Bender, president of the Burnsville Exchange Bank. “A drunken person on our streets is a novelty. The city workhouse has been practically abandoned. Many men who were in the habit of taking their dram when the saloons were open tell me they are more than satis- fied with present conditions and would vote for prohi- bition.” — Mr. Howard Hazlett of Howard Hazlett & Son, Wheeling. “The effect of prohibition has been fine. The volume of business is distinctly larger. Prohibition has been of enormous benefit to the city of Charleston and to West Virginia. This is the consensus of opinion every- where in the state.” — Mr. W. A. MacCorkle of Chilton, MacCorkle & Chilton of Charleston. “The financial interests of the entire state are showing a very decided improvement because of prohibition.” — Reese Blizzard, Citizens’ National Bank, Parkersburg. “Apart from the great moral uplift, there was an appreciable improvement in business until the great European war set in. One of our leading bankers here remarked to me this morning that the change for the better in our community, morally and in a business way, since prohibition is most marked. He said that he regretted having voted against the amendment.” — Mr. E. M. Gilkeson, Wood County Bank, Parkersburg. “Prohibition in this state has been the most advanced step in prosperity that could have been taken. It is a money-maker for West Virginia.”— Mr. O. Jay Fleming, First National Bank, Grafton. “We need less police, have fewer accidents in the mills, have fewer drunken men, no saloon flaunting 360 Cyclopedia of Temperance itself in the face of the public, temptation to drink is largely removed.”- — Mr. B. M. Spurr, president First National Bank, Moundsville. “As a physician, as well as president of the Pleasants County Bank, I will say that industrial and economic conditions have improved since the saloon was banished. Prohibition is a God-send to West Virginia.” — Dr. A. S. Grimm, president Pleasants County Bank. “Notwithstanding we are just across from a wet town in Maryland, there is a noticeable difference for good since state-wide prohibition.” — Mr. M. A. Patrick, presi- dent of the First National Bank, Piedmont. “The merchants are doing just as much business and the people are materially benefited by prohibition.” — Mr. R. B. Parrish, cashier of the National Bank of Commerce, Williamson. “As a business proposition there can be no doubt that the legalization of the sale of whisky had a bad effect wherever allowed. In West Virginia the influence of liquor in politics is a thing of the past, and that alone was sufficient to warrant the state’s going dry.” — Mr. D H. Barger, Bank of Metoka. “Since the state adopted prohibition there has been a vast change. Business has taken on new life.”- — Mr. E. J. Taylor, president Citizens’ National Bank, Penns- boro. “Economically and industrially, conditions have im- proved since the state went dry. The moral effect is wonderful.” — Mr. W. R. Floyd, president; Mr. W. R. Kyger, cashier. Central Banking Company, Huntington. “It is the general opinion that prohibition has been beneficial to business. Many coal operators tell me their men work more steadily and are getting along much better since the state went dry.” — Mr. P. M. Sny- der, Bank of Mount Hope. “The dry law has been helpful. There is no fear that West Virginia will ever go back to the sale of intoxicants.” — Mr. Amos Bright, president of the Home National Bank, Sutton. “West Virginia is a great deal better off economically, industrially, financially. Arrests have been greatly re- duced. Practically all buildings formerly occupied by saloons in Charleston are now occupied by other indus- tries.” — Mr. C. J. Pearson, St. Albans. Cyclopedia of Temperance 361 “Prohibition has a telling effect, especially among the people of moderate circumstances.” — Mr. W. H. Vine- yard, president Poca Valley Bank, Walton. “Business conditions are very much improved.” — Mr. H. B. Rowe, First National Bank, Alderson. “West Virginia would go dry now if the state voted again by as large or a larger majority.” — Mr. W. R. Reitz, cashier of the Farmers’ and Producers’ National Bank, Sistersville. “Prohibition has certainly been a God’s blessing to the miners. They are now working faithfully, full time instead of half time. Industrial conditions are wonder- fully improved.” — Mr. James T. McCreery, president National Bank of Summers, Hinton. “There has been a marked improvement in business and industrial conditions.” — Mr. Jeremiah Thomas, pres- ident the Bruceton Bank. “Deposits are increasing all the time. Our money is in demand because business is better.” — Mr. J. S. Wickline, president of the Bank of Renick. “Prohibition has been helpful to business. Savings accounts from our working population are steadily increasing. There has been a marked decrease in crime.” — Mr. John L. Ruhl of the Clarksburg Trust Company, Clarksburg. “It is the opinion of the officials of this bank that the prohibition amendment has made business conditions materially and substantially better.” — Mr. A. G. Mathews, president of the Bank of Grantsville. The Story of a City’s Regeneration Parkersburg would not be a good spot for one to try to prove that prohibition means vacant store buildings. As far as an investigation could ascertain, there is not a single room in the city formerly occupied by a sa- loon which is not now given over to a legitimate busi- ness. Many of these rooms have been remodeled and hold splendid, “going” business concerns. At the corner of Market and Fifth Streets, formerly occupied by the “Phoenix” saloon, there is an up-to-date jewelry establishment. The former “Hofbrau,” between Sixth and Seventh on Market Street, is now a bakery. The famous “Johnson Corner” (Julianna and Third) has been repaired and remodeled and will be occupied by a drygoods store. Garrity’s former saloon on lower 362 Cyclopedia of Temperance Anne Street is now a restaurant. Theodore Hiehle now conducts a prosperous restaurant where he had a saloon. The former “Majestic” — Market and Seventh — is now an auction room. The “Blennerhassett” is now a restaurant, the old “Garden” is now a feed store, the former “Commercial” bar is now the location of a news stand, the Chancellor Hotel bar is now an ice cream parlor, the former bar of the Hotel Monroe is a res- taurant. The old “DuQuesne” saloon is a news stand. Buttermilk is now sold instead of beer at Buehler’s. There is a “Style Center” where Goetz and Eyth for- merly dispensed booze. And the Parkersburg brewery which formerly turned out beer is now making ice cream. What the Figures Show in Clarksburg Bearing the authorization not only of Rev. G. D. Smith, a Methodist pastor, but of H. L. Brooks, the chief of police, the following figures were furnished the Temperance Society in regard to arrests in Clarks- burg: Arrests for Other 1913 drunkenness arrests Total July 138 69 207 August 143 100 243 September 117 163 285 October 189 91 280 1914 July 7 ■ 40 47 August 20 38 58 September 21 36 57 October 26 35 61 A block in Clarksburg which formerly had eight saloons has now been transformed into one of the most desirable business sections in the city. Instead of the saloons there is now a shoe store, the National Woolen Mills store, two jewelry stores, two or three good restaurants, and a telegraph office. The stores now have attractive show windows instead of screens to bar the public gaze from drinking scenes. Practically every' coal company and many other corporations in Clarks- burg have given glowing testimony to the benefits of the state-wide dry law. Cyclopedia of Temperance 363 Wheeling Figures Justify Optimism of Its Bankers The following table giving comparative showing as to arrests and arrests for drunkenness in Wheeling show that the bankers of that city are justified in their opinion that prohibition pays; Arrests for Other 1913 drunkenness arrests Total July ’ 78 294 372 August 109 127 236 September 1914 115 171 286 July 15 88 103 August 42 162 204 September 25 73 98 It will be observed that the total number of arrests for September, 1914, is fewer than the number of ar- rests for drunkenness, in September, 1913. Maximum number of guards and employees at the workhouse previous to July 1, 1914, fifteen. Employees and guards at the close of July, 1914, two. Average number of prisoners in the workhouse previ- ous to July 1, 1914, fifty. Number of prisoners in the workhouse at the close of July, 1914, nine. Numljer of prisoners in the workhouse at the close of September, 1914, six. Previous to July 1 there were no policemen to per- form traffic duty, but since that date policemen have been doing duty at all leading business corners in the city. Wheeling has never experienced such building opera- tions as since July 1. The total valuation of buildings under construction at the end of July was about $750,000. The former plant of the Reymann Brewing Company is being converted into a packing house, improvements being made to the extent of $125,000. In the packing house there will be employed between 200 and 250 men, while the brewing company employed not more than seventy-five men. In one block in which there were fourteen saloons a shoe dealers’ business has increased thirty-five per cent since July 1. Panhandlers who used to buy cast-off shoes now buy new shoes. One saloon in this block, about which it was necessary 364 Cyclopedia of Temperance nearly all the time to keep a policeman has been since July 1, an orderly place. The transformation that has been wrought in the old saloon buildings is remarkable. On Main Street where was the most aristocratic saloon in the city is now a firm which sells ladies’ and men’s furnishings. The three-story wholesale liquor house extending from Market through to Main has been remodeled from basement to roof and is now occupied by the largest wholesale wall paper and rug firm in the city. Im- mediately adjoining it is a drug store where formerly was the old Palace saloon. Immediately across the street a former saloon has been transformed into a butcher shop conducted by the same man as formerly rented the saloon. A few doors further down the street where another wholesale liquor house was is now a shoe store, belonging to a chain of stores throughout the country. The building that was formerly occupied by the well-known White Front Cafe, renting at $250 as a barroom, has been changed beyond recognition and is now occupied by the leading confectionery of the city at a rental of $300 per month. Another place worthy of mention is the old Senate saloon. The building in which this place was has been torn down and there is now being erected on this same spot a bank building. Other former saloon rooms are occupied as billiard rooms, and automobile agencies. The following was published by the Wheeling Tele- graph in its October 14 edition : “There are more restaurants in the city than ever before, according to a census just completed. There are eighty-four restaurants and fifteen hotels, and if they were all to be grouped together they would occupy every building from Eleventh Street to Fifteenth Street on Market, both sides of the street included. “The establishment of so many new restaurants is an outgrowth of the closing of the saloons where thou- sands were fed every day at the lunch counters.” There are twenty-two real estate firms doing busi- ness in the city and over eight hundred wagons are daily in use. In fact, the demand for wagon licenses was so great that the city exhausted its supply of tags and is now issuing a substitute tag to teamsters. The number of autos in the city closely approaches six hun- dred and by spring it is expected that at least seven Cyclopedia of Temperance 365 hundred license tags will have been issued. In fact, since the first of July the city has issued approximately 1,800 licenses of all kinds against a total of 1,300 licenses last year, a decided gain for a single year. The amount of license revenue collected this year will surpass, by several thousands, collections for any former years. In one West Virginia town they ordered a new auto- mobile police patrol just before the dry law went into effect. It was not delivered for some weeks and after seeing the result of prohibition they canceled the order, saying that the ole hawss could do all the work neces- sary. WHISKY — The word “whisky” is from the Gaelic "Visge-Beatha,” meaning “Water of Life.” Its manu- facture in Scotland and Ireland dates back into the Dark Ages, which it helped greatly to prolong. The smoky taste peculiar to Scotch and Irish whisky is due to the century-old process of burning peat-moss under the drying ovens while preparing the malt. Almost any cereal, corn, wheat, oats, barley, or rye, singly or in combination, will do for the manufacture of whisky. The grain is ground into a coarse flour or meal and is then scalded to break down the starch cells, after which it is called “mash.” The addition of yeast to malted grain causes the mash to ferment. During fermentation the malt diastase converts the grain starch into sugar, which in turn is converted into ethyl alcohol. The fermented mash is next boiled over a slow fire to evaporate the alcohol, which rises in the form of steam or vapor, floats away into a cold coil of copper pipe, and. being condensed on its journey through the pipe, finds lodgment as whisky. The oak barrels which con- tain it are usually charred on the interior. The charring gives the whisky its color. New whisky is colorless and has a taste which is modified during years of storage by the oxidation of the oils it contains. WHITE SHIELD LEAGUE— This organization was founded by the Rev. John T. McFarland, D.D., late editor of the Sunday School Publications of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, endorsed by the General Con- ference, and became the official total abstinence society of the denomination. For twelve years up to 1912 it was very effective in enlisting the young people of our Sun- 366 Cyclopedia of Temperance day Schools for total abstinence. The new pledge of the Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church reads : “For Christ and Home and Country, I hereby enroll myself a member of the Methodist Tem- perance Society and promise with God’s help to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage and use my influence to abolish the drink habit and the liquor traffic.” It is estimated that a million and a half have signed this pledge since 1912. WHITE SLAVERY—Ste Vice. WILLARD, FRANCES Frances E. Willard was born at Churchville, N. Y., September 28, 1839. She was graduated in 1859 from what is now the Woman’s College of Northwestern University, Evans- ton, 111. Traveling in Europe from 1869 to 1870 she carefully studied the social condition of woman in the countries she visited. Miss Willard became dean of the Woman’s Depart- ment of Northwestern University and professor of rhetoric in a faculty otherwise composed of men. She organized the World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in 1883. The same year she and Miss Anna Gor- don visited each of the states and territories of the United States on an organization trip. Among her numerous books are “Woman and Tem- perance,” “Hints and Helps in Temperance Work,” and “Glimpses of Fifty Years,” an autobiography written at the request of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, of which she was president. For sixteen years Miss Willard traveled almost con- stantly carrying on the organization of the W. C. T. U. In 1888, at Washington, D. C., she organized, and was made president of, the National Council of Women. She died in 1898. WILSON, WOODROW — President Wilson has made only two utterances on the liquor traffic. In May, 1911, he wrote to Rev. Thomas B. Shannon of Newark, N. J., as follows : “I am in favor of local option. I am a thorough be- liever in local self-government and believe that every self-governing community which constitutes a social unit should have the right to control the matter of the regulation or the withholding of licenses. But the Cyclopedia of Temperance 367 questions involved are social and moral and are not susceptible of being made part of a party program.” Subsequent to that he wrote to Mr. W. E. Grogan of Texas, favoring state-wide prohibition there in these words : “I believe that, for some states, state-wide prohibition is possible and desirable because of their relative homo- geneity, while for others I think that state-wide prohibi- tion is not practicable. I have no reason to doubt from what I know of the circumstances that state-wide pro- hibition is both practicable and desirable in Texas.” WINE — Produced by fermentation of grape juice. The alcohol content is frequently increased by the addi- tion of brandy, etc. This is called “fortifying.” “White wines” are made from white grapes; so-called “li.ght wines” are relatively weak in alcohol ; “dry wines” are so called because they have a minimum of both sweet- ness and acidity; “astringent wines” have a strong flavor of tannic acid. Champagne or other sparkling or effervescent wines are impregnated with carbonic acid gas. Wines that do not effervesce are called “still.” The names of the various wines are usually derived from the place of manufacture. For instance, Madeira comes from the Madeira Islands ; Port from Portugal ; Malaga from Spain, etc. “Sack,” frequently mentioned in literature, is derived from the French word, “sec,” meaning dry. The alcohol percentage of wine varies from seven to twenty-four. (See “Alcoholic Bever- ages,” etc.) WISCONSIN — One county entirely dry. Other dry territory covers more than twenty-five per cent of the population. Thirty-three incorporated cities and vil- lages and seventeen townships changed from wet to dry last spring. Only one incorporated village that was dry went wet. Sixty thousand people voted to oust saloons in sixty-five incorporated towns and villages in the last two years. WOMAN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION — The headquarters of the Woman’s Chris- tian Temperance Union are in Rest Cottage, the former home of Frances E. Willard at Evanston, 111. The general officers of the organization are: Miss Anna 368 Cyclopedia of Temperance Gordon, Evanston, 111., president; Mrs. Ella A. Boole, 1429 Avenue H, Brooklyn, N. Y., vice-president-at-large ; Mrs. Frances P. Parks, Evanston, 111., corresponding secretary; Mrs. Elizabeth P. Anderson, Jamestown, N. D., recording secretary ; Mrs. Sara H. Hoge, Lincoln, Va., assistant recording secretary; Mrs. Elizabeth P. Hutchinson, Evanston, 111., treasurer. The World’s W. C. T. U., organized by Miss Willard in November, 1883, has a membership of over half a million. Its officers are : Rosalind, Countess of Car- lisle, president ; Mrs. Lillian M. N. Stevens, vice-presi- dent; Miss Agnes E. Slack and Miss Anna A. Gordon, honorary secretaries ; and Mrs. Mary E. Sanderson, treasurer. The National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, “the sober second thought” of the Woman’s Crusade of 1873-74, was organized in Cleveland, 0., in Novem- ber, 1874. Every state and territory in the United States has its state or territorial union and they, in turn, are made up of district or county unions. There are many thousands of local unions organ- ized in towns and cities. National organizers, lecturers, and evangelists are kept constantly in the field, in addi- tion to many who are employed in the several states. Nearly fifty departments of work, under the direction of superintendents, are duplicated in the national, the state, and the local W. C. T. U’s, although no line of work is binding upon any local or state union. Two branches of work reach the young people and the chil- dren. namely, the Young People’s Branch of the W. C. T. U., and the Loyal Temperance Legion. WOMEN — The effect of alcohol upon women is in- evitably worse than its effect upon men. Drunkenness among women in England, Scotland, and certain other European countries is fearfully common. Great Britain especially has been faced with a problem in controlling drunkenness among the wives of soldiers since the out- break of the European war. The efforts of the brewers to increase drinking among women in America strike at the very fountain of racial purity. Although they recommend beer for nursing mothers, such famous physicians as Dr. W. McAddam Eccles of England has said : Cyclopedia of Temperance 369 “The amount of milk is not increased by alcoholic beverages, and there is no such thing as ‘nourishing beer of the greatest value to nursing mothers.’ Fre- quently the milk contains a very appreciable amount of the drug which the mother has been imbibing, for al- cohol can be readily traced in the mother’s milk within twenty minutes of its ingestion into her stomach, and it may be detected in it for as long as eight hours after a large dose.” It is not commonly understood by the layman that the ability of a mother to nurse her child is vitally con- nected with its future health and longevity. It is also a peculiar fact that when the ability to nurse is lost by a woman it is rarely present in her daughter. Once it disappears from a family it seems to be gone for- ever. Dr. C. S. Carr, writing in Physical Culture, puts in a very striking way the effect of “moderate” beer drink- ing upon women : “In the office where I have been for the last twenty- five years, a number of girls are employed. Sometimes twenty, sometimes over one hundred. I see these girls without knowing their names or having very much ac- quaintance with them. “I recall one girl — a beautiful girl. Rather slim, but round. Mahogany colored hair, with a skin as white as milk and beautiful teeth. Round, brown eyes. Well, I won’t attempt to describe her further than by saying she was beautiful. “She left the office. Someone else took her place. I heard that she was married. Two years afterward I met her. I did not know her. She introduced herself and reminded me that she was the office girl I used to know. She was coarse, bloated, pudgy. The white skin was red. Even the hair had turned to a sort of a tawny color. I pretended not to notice the change. I found afterwards she had married a convivial sort of a fellow, who was employed in a beer bottling establish- ment. She joined him in his convivial habits, and be- came a constant beer drinker.” WORLD ADVANCE — See Africa, Australasia, Central America, Europe, European Countries by name, and South America. 370 Cyclopedia of Temperance WYOMING — The state is under license and munici- pal council option in incorporated towns and villages, while unincorporated sections are under prohibition. There is a Sunday closing law. Sixty-six per cent of the population reside under no-license. 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Population 92,174,515 National Debt Per Capita $11.85 Government Expenditures per capita 7.30 Government Receipts per capita 7.48 Exports per capita 18.28 Imports per capita 16.54 Total Wealth $140,000,000,000 Per Capita Wealth $1,517.77 Circulation of Money per Capita $34.33 ★ Appendix F ADDITIONAL FIGDEES FOB COMPARISON, FROM 1910 CENSES. Total National Debt $1,046,449,185.25 Gold Coined 104,723,735.00 Silver Coined 3,740,468.00 Total Money in Circulation 3,102,355,605.00 Paid in Capital of National Banks 989,567,114.00 Total Individual Deposits in all Banks 15,283,396,254.00 Total Government Receipts 675,511,715.00 Total Imports 1,556,947,430.00 Total Exports 1,744,984,720.00 Value of Farms and Farm Property 40,991,449,090.00 Value of Farm Products 8,694,000,000.00 Total Value of Mineral Products in tJ. S. . . 2,003,744,869.00 ^blic Schools Total Expenditures 426,250,434.00 Failures in U. S. Amount of Liabilities .... 201,757,097.00 Index and References (See subjects suggested in addition to that for which page is given) Absinthe 9 (See section entitled France, under head of War.) Abstinence 9 (For reasons see Alcohol, Effects of: Alcoholism; Appetite; Beer; Bible and Drink; Cell Life; Diseases Caused; Heredity; Leucocytes; Medical Practice; Mor- tality from Alcohol; Nursing; Nutrition; Parentage; and Stimulation Impulse.) Accidents 9 (See Alcohol, Effects of; and Industry.) Adulteration ' 9 Advertising, Liquor in Magazines 11 Advertising, Liquor in Newspapers 13 (See Publicity.) Africa 17 Alabama 18 Alaska 18 Alcohol 19 Alcohol, Effects of 19 (See all subjects mentioned under Abstinence.) Alcoholic Beverages 27 Alcoholism 28 Ale 30 (See Brewing.) Amendments, Constitutional 30 (See Legislative History of Prohibition.) American Temperance Union 31 American Temperance Society and Union 31 Anti-Prohibition 31 (See Blue Laws; Brewers; Business Organizations, Fake; Liquor Dealers; Liquor Press; and Logic, Liquor. To combat fallacies of, see all subjects, but especially to com- bat false figures and arguments see all subjects, but es- pecially Alcoholism: Arrests for Drunkenness; Blind Pigs; Capital; Compensation; Consumption of Liquors: Crime; Divorce; Drugs; Effects of Prohibition; all prohibition states by head; Prohibition, Local; Food Value; Illicit Distilleries: Insanity; Juvenile Delin- quency: Koran; Labor; Light Drinks; Lincoln, Abra- ham; Medical Practice; Moderation; Mortality from Alcohol; Objections to Prohibition: Pauperism; Pro- hibition, General Principles of : Revenue ; Sumptuary Laws; Taxes as Affected by Prohibition; and Vice.) Anti-Saloon League 36 Appetite 38 Appleton, James 39 Arizona 39 Arkansas 39 Army 40 (See Alcohol, Effects of; Navy; and Var.) Arrests for Drunkenness 41 Artman, Samuel 44 Asia 44 Athletics 44 (See Alcohol, Effects of.) 376 Index and References 377 Australasia 47 Austria-Hungary 49 (See Europe and references under that head.) Bacchus 49 Balkan Countries 50 (See Europe and references under that head.) Bands of Hope 50 Bank Deposits 50 (See Kansas; North Dakota; Prohibition, Local; and West Virginia.) Beer 50 (See Brewing; and Brewers.) Belgium 56 (See Europe and references under that head.) Benefits of Prohibition 56 (See all subjects under Anti-Prohibition.) Bible and Drink 57 Bible Wines 63 Bibliography 63 Blind Pigs 67 (See Illicit Distilleries.) Blue Laws 70 Blue Ribbon Movement 71 Boards 71 Booze 74 Brain 74 (See Alcohol, Effects of; Diseases Caused; and Stimu- lation Impulse.) Brandy 74 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Brewers 74 (See Beer; Brewing; Lawlessness; Business Organi- zations, Pake; and Liquor Press.) Brewing 80 (See all subjects under Brewers.) Bribery 81 (See Brewers; and Lawlessness.) Bryan, William Jennings 81 Bulgaria 81 (See Balkan Countries; and Europe and references under that head.) Business 81 (See all prohibition states by subject for proofs of prosperity; also. Capital, Prohibition, Local; Industry; Taxes as Affected by Prohibition; and Revenue.) Business Organizations, Pake 82 California 83 Canada 83 Capital 84 (See Business and all references under that head.) Catch-My-Pal Movement 84 Catholic Temperance Societies 86 Cell Life 87 (See Alcohol, Effects of; and Leucocytes.) Central America 87 Champagne 87 (See Alcoholic Beverages; and Wine.) Chesterfield, Lord 88 i 378 Index and References Child Welfare 88 (See Heredity; Diseases Caused; Nursing; Parentage; and Women.) China 91 (See Asia.) Churches 91 (See Methodist Episcopal Church; Methodist Episcopal Church, South; Methodist Protestant Church; Catholic Temperance Societies; and Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.) Cider 92 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Cities 92 (See Brewers; Blind Pigs; and Lawlessness.) Civil Damage Acts 93 Claret 93 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Clark, Billy James 93 Cocaine 94 (See Drugs.) Coffee-Houses 94 (See Substitutes.) Colleges 94 Colorado 96 Commercial Temperance League 96 Committee of Fifty 96 Communion Wine 97 (See Bible and Drink.) Comparisons 97 (See Anti-Prohibition and all cross-references under that subject.) Compensation 97 Confiscation 99 (See Compensation.) Congress 100 (See Hobson-Sheppard Bill.) Congressional Temperance Society 100 Connecticut 100 Constitutional Prohibition 100 (See Amendments, Constitutional; and Legislative His- tory of Prohibition.) Consumption of Liquors 100 (See Blind Pigs; Illicit Distilleries; and Immigra- tion.) Convicts 108 (See Crime; and Cost of the Liquor Traffic.) Cost of the Liquor Traffic Ill (See Alcohol, Effects of; Diseases Caused; Divorce; Industry; Insanity; Juvenile Delinquency; Mortality from Alcohol; Pauperism; and Taxes as Affected by Prohibition.) Cost of Living 115 (See all cross references under Cost of the Liquor Traffic.) Courts IIG (See Compensation.) Crime 119 (See Convicts.) Crusade 123 Index and References 379 Deaths from Drink (See Alcoholism; Diseases Caused; and Mortality from Alcohol.) Delaware Delirium Tremens (See Alcoholism; and Dipsomania.) Democratic Party (See Wilson, Woodrow; and Bryan, William Jen- nings.) Denatured Alcohol Denmark (See Europe and references under that head.) Dipsomania (See Alcoholism; and Delirium Tremens.) Direct Veto Diseases Caused (See Alcoholism; Alcohol, Effects of; Delirium Tre- mens; and Dipsomania.) Distillation (See Alcoholic Beverages; Distilled Liquors; and Whisky.) Distilled Liquors (See Alcoholic Beverages; Distillation; and Whisky.) District of Columbia Divorce Dow, Neal (See Appleton, James; and Maine.) Drinking Customs (See History of the Temperance Reform; Psychology of Intemperance; and Stimulation Impulse.) Drugs Drunkenness (See Arrests for Drunkenness; Alcoholism; Delirium Tremens; and Dipsomania.) Educational Laws Effects of High License Effects of Prohibition (See all references under Anti-Prohibition.) England (See Great Britain; also Europe and references under that head.) Epworth League Ether Europe (See Austria-Hungary; Belgium; Balkan Countries; Denmark ; Germany ; France ; Finland ; Great Britain ; Holland; Italy; Norway; Portugal; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; and War.) Excise (See Lic.ense ; Revenue; Tax; and Federal Govern- ment.) Farmers (See Grain.) Federal Government (See all references under Excise.) Fermentation (See Brewing.) Fermented Liquors (See Alcoholic Beverages; and Brewing.) 123 123 123 123 123 124 124 124 124 125 126 126 126 128 130 132 132 132 132 132 132 135 135 136 136 138 140 140 380 Index and References Finland (See Europe and references under that head.) Florida 140 Flying Squadron of America 140 Food Value France (See Europe and references under that head.) Fraternities 143 Gambrinus Georgia 144 Germany 144 (See Europe and references under that head.) Gin Act 147 (See History of Temperance Reform.) Gladstone, William E 147 Good Templars 148 Gothenburg System 149 (See Sweden.) Gough, John Bartholomew : 150 Grain 150 (See Farmers.) Great Britain _ 150 Greeley, Horace ’ 152 Growth of the Trade 152 (See Consumption of Liquors; Beer; and Federal Government.) Hasheesh 152 (See Beer.) Hawaii 152 Heredity 152 (See all references under Child Welfare.) Heroes and Martyrs 155 High License ■ 162 (See License; Federal Government; Revenue; and Tax.) History of the Temperance Reform 162 (See Legislative History of Prohibition.) Hohson-Sheppard Bill 167 Holland 174 (See Europe and references under that head.) Home Rule 175 (See Objections to Prohibition.) Hospitals 175 (See Diseases Caused; and Medical Practice.) Idaho 175 Illicit Distilleries 175 (See Blind Pigs.) Illinois 176 (See Prohibition, Local.) Immigration 176 (See Europe and references under that head.) Indiana 179 Indians 179 Industry 180 (See Business and references under that head.) Injunction Laws 190 Insanity 190 Insurance 192 (See Diseases Caused; and Mortality from Alcohol.) Index and References 381 Internal Bevenue 192 (See Bevenue and references under that head.) International Congress on Alcoholism 192 Interstate TrafSo 192 (See Wehh-Kenyon Bill.) Intoxicants 192 (See Alcoholic Beverages; Ale; Beer; Whisky; and Wine.) Iowa 192 Ireland 193 (See Catch-My-Pal Movement; and Great Britain.) Italy 193 (See Europe and references under that head.) Juvenile Delinquency 194 (See Child Welfare and references under that head.) Kansas 195 (See Anti-Prohibition and references under that head.) Kentucky , 203 Knights of Temperance 204 Koran 204 Labor 205 Law and Order Leagues 209 Law, Ideal Form of 209 Lawlessness 209 (See Brewers and references under that head.) Leaflets 211 Leaflets, Where Secured 216 Legislative History of Prohibition 218 Leucocytes 220 (See Alcohol, Effects of; and Cell Life.) License 221 (See High License and all references under that head.) Light Drinks 224 (See Brewers; Prance; Germany; Italy; and Modera- tion.) Lincoln, Abraham 225 Liqueurs 229 Liquor 229 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Liquor Dealers 229 Liquor Press 230 Liquor Traffic 232 (See Brewers and all references under that head.) Local Option 232 (See Prohibition, Local; and National Prohibition.) Logic, Liquor 233 (See Anti-Prohibition and references under that head.) Longevity 233 (See Alcohol, Effects of; Diseases Caused; and Mor- tality from Alcohol.) Louisiana 233 Loyal Temperance Legion 233 Maine 234 (See Appleton, James; and Dow, Neal.) Malt 234 (See Brewing and references under that head.) Malt Liquors 234 (See Alcoholic Beverages; Ale; Brewing, and refer- ences under that head.) 382 Index and References Martyrs 234 (See Heroes and Martyrs.) Maryland 234 Massachusetts 234 Medical Practice 235 (See Diseases Caused.) Medicine 240 (See Diseases Caused; and Medical Practice.) Methodist Episcopal Church 240 (See Epworth League; Sunday School; Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church; and Wes- ley, John.) Methodist Episcopal Church, South 242 Methodist Protestant Church 242 Michigan 242 Minnesota 243 Missions 243 (See Africa and Asia.) Mississippi 243 Missouri 243 Moderation 244 (See Light Drinks and references under that head.) Mohammedans 244 (See Koran.) Montana 244 Montenegro 244 (See Balkan Countries; also Europe and references under that head.) Moonshine Whisky 244 (See Illicit Distilleries.) Moral Suasion 244 (See Prohibition, General Principles of.) Mortality from Alcohol 244 (See Diseases Caused; and Medical Practice.) Narcotics 247 (See Alcohol; and Beer.) National Prohibition 247 (See Amendments, Constitutional; Hobson-Sheppard Bill ; also, Anti-Prohibition and references under that head.) National Temperance Society 250 Navy 251 (See Army and references under that head.) Nazarite 253 Nebraska 253 (See Anti-Prohibition.) Negroes 253 Nevada 255 New Hampshire 255 New Jersey 255 New Mexico 256 Newspapers ...256 (See Advertising, Liquor in Newspapers; and Public- ity.) New York 256 North Carolina 256 North Dakota 262 Norway .266 (See Europe and references under that head.) Index and References 383 Nuisance 267 (See Compensation; and Injunction Laws.) Nursing 267 (See Child Welfare and references under that head.) Nutrition 267 (See Food Value.) Objections to Prohibition 267 (See Anti-Prohibition and references under that head.) Ohio 281 Oklahoma 281 Opium 282 (See Drugs.) Oregon 282 Original Packages 282 Palestine 282 (See Bible and Drink.) Parentage 283 (See Child Welfare and references under that head.) Pauperism 283 Penalties 285 Pennsylvania 286 Personal Liberty 286 (See Objections to Prohibition.) Petitions 287 Physical Training 287 (See Alcohol, Effects of; Athletics and references under that head.) Pledges 287 (See History of the Temperance Reform.) Poisons 287 (See Alcohol; and Drugs.) Political Action 290 Political Evils 290 Poor Man’s Club 290 (See Substitutes.) Popular Fallacies 291 (See Objections to Prohibition.) Port 291 (See Alcoholic Beverages; and Wine.) Portugal 291 (See Europe and references under that head.) Posters 291 Profits of the Liquor Traffic 292 (See Cost of the Liquor Traffic.) Progressive Party 293 (See Roosevelt, Theodore.) Prohibition, Benefits of 293 (See Benefits of Prohibition and references under that head.) Prohibition, General Principles of 293 . Prohibition, Local 296' (See Local Option.) Prohibition Party 301 Psychology of Intemperance 302 (See Stimulation Impulse.) Publicity 305 (See Leaflets; and Posters.) Public Sentiment 307 384 Index and References Race Suicide (See Child Welfare and references under that head.) Railroads (See Industry.) Rechahites Rectification (See Distillation; Distilled Liquors; and Whisky.) Republican Party Revenue (See Federal Government; and Taxes as Affected by Prohibition.) Rhode Island Roman Catholic Church (See Catholic Temperance Societies.) Roosevelt, Theodore (See Progressive Party.) Roumania (See Balkan Countries; also Europe and references under that head.) Royal Templars of Temperance Rum (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Rush. Benjamin (See History of the Temperance Reform.) Russia (See Europe and references under that head.) Saloons Scientific Basis for Temperance (See Alcohol, Effects of.) Scientific Temperance Federation Scientific Temperance Instruction Scotland (See Great Britain.) Sherry (See Alcoholic Beverages; and Wine.) Size of the Problem Social Purity (See Vice.) Soft Drinks Sons of Jonadab Sons of Temperance South America South Carolina South Dakota (See North Dakota.) Special Taxpayers Spirituous Liquors (See Alcoholic Beverages; Liqueurs; and Whisky.) State Prohibition (See Benefits of Prohibition and references under that head.) States Rights Statutory Prohibition ■ (See Amendments, Constitutional; and Legislative His- tory of Prohibition.) Stimulants Stimulation Stimulation Impulse (See Psychology of Intemperance.) 307 308 308 308 308 308 311 311 311 311 311 312 312 313 314 314 314 314 315 315 315 315 315 316 316 317 318 318 318 318 .318 318 313 318 313 319 Index and References 385 street Meetings 320 Strong Drinks 324 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Substitutes for the Saloon 324 Sumptuary Laws 328 Sunday Closing 328 (See Cities.) Sunday Schools 328 Sweden 332 (See Europe and references under that head.) Switzerland 332 (See Europe and references under that head.) Tax 333 (See Revenue: and Federal Government.) Taxes as Affected by Prohibition 333 Temperance 337 Temperance Commission of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America 337 Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church... 337 (See Methodist Episcopal Church and references under that head.) Templars of Honor and Temperance 343 Temptation 343 Tennessee 343 Texas 344 Total Abstinence 344 (See Abstinence and references under that head.) Traveling Men 344 Treating 344 Tuberculosis 344 Turkey 345 (See Koran; also Europe and reference under that head.) Unemployment 345 (See Labor.) Unfermented Wines 345 (See Bible and Drink; and Communion Wines.) Unions 345 (See Labor.) United Kingdom Alliance 346 (See Great Britain.) United States Government 346 (See Federal Government.) United States Temperance Union 347 Utah 347 Vermont 347 Vice 347 Vinous Liquors 349 (See Alcoholic Beverages; and Wine.) Virginia 349 War 349 (See Europe and references under that head; Army; and Navy.) Washington 354 Washingtonian Society 354 Waste 355 Webb-Kenyon Bill 355 Wesley, John f 356 (See Methodist Episcopal Church and references under that head.) 386 Index and References West Virginia 356 Whisky 365 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) White Shield League 365 White Slavery ,..366 Willard, Frances E 366 Wilson, Woodrow 366 (See Democratic Party; and Bryan, William Jennings.) Wine 367 (See Alcoholic Beverages.) Wisconsin 367 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 367 Women 368 (See Brewers; Child Welfare and references under that head.) World Advance 369 (See Europe and references under that head; the various states ; Asia ; Central America ; South America ; Australasia; Africa; and War.) Wyoming 370 the subject, “Leaflets, Where Secured.” Date Due Dec20’3o_^ '• •!« 3!EC ft YJf THE ANGLO-SAXON DILEMIN|A Nino Great I 3Cu’j.- es by Clarence True Y/ilson, 'O.D. Special price 25 cents Order To-day From The Temperance Society of the Meohodist Episcopal Church Topeka, Kaasr - Shawnee Buildmg